[
{"content": "Wisemen always affirm and say, the best is for a diligent man to apply himself, and in no way can he enterprise another faculty. He that will and cannot is never like him that has left the hosier's craft and falls to making the smith's. A black draper, wise with wit, goes to writing. An old butler, between a cutler, I wene shall prove a thief. In old trot, that good cannot but ever kiss the cup with her pysyke. Will she keep oneseke till she has soued him up. A man of law, who never saw the ways to buy and sell, waking to arise. By merchandise, I pray God speed him well. A merchant's clerk, who will good seek, by all the means he may, falls in suit till he disputes his money clean away. Pleting the law, for every straw shall prove a thrifty man, with bate and strife. But by my life, I cannot tell you when an hatter will go smarter. Or a peddler wax a medlar in theology.\nAll that's expressed below, they drove so near a cast that evermore they boasted they would outdo themselves at last. This thing was cried and tied here by a sergeant late, who treacherously raped about the head while he wanted to see how he could, in God's name, play the friar. Now, if you will know how it filled, take heed and you shall hear. It happened not long ago, a thrifty man died, a hundred pounds of nobles round that he had laid aside. His son he would have this gold for, to begin with all. But to suffice his child well, the money was too small! Yet, before this day, I have said that many a man, with a good cast, has become rich at last who began with less. But this young man is so skilled at employing his money that certainly, his poverty might overcast him, or by misfortune, men with some wile might beguile him and diminish his substance. For every why, (reason)\nOf his own wit, he dug up a great deal in a pot, but he thought that was nothing and left it there. So he was willing, from then on, to put it in a cup. And by and by, he suppered it fairly in his breast. He thought it best to enclose his money. Then he knew well what ever fell, he could never lose it. He carried then, of another man, money and merchandise, never paid it. Up he laid it, in like manner, yet on the get-go, that he would rather not have what he had. So it were nice (spent). As for the price, he could not be content with lusty sport and the company of jesters. In mirth and play, he lived many a day. And men had sworn, Some man is born to have a goodly flower. And so was he, For such degree, he gained and such honor, That when he went out, a sergeant was ready to waylay him, as soon as on the mayor. But he doubtless, Of his meekness, hated such pomp and pride.\nAnd drew himself aside to St. Catherine, straight as a line, he got there at a time for promotion or promotion, there he spent his time till it was all past, and to him came many to ask their debt, but none could get a penny's worth with a stern face. He bore it out to the hard hedge for a month or two, till he was ready to lay his gown to pledge. Then he was there, in greater fear than when he came there. And he would as soon have turned against it, but he didn't know which way. After this, to a trend of his, he went and stayed there. Where he lay, so sick all the way, he might not come abroad. It happened then, a merchant man, whom he owed money to, began to inquire what he should do. He answered, \"Be not afraid, take action therefore. I beseech you, I shall give him rest, and then care for no more.\" \"It won't be that way,\" he said, \"for he won't come out.\" The sergeant said.\nBe not afraid; it shall be brought about in many a game, like to the same, I have been well in turn, and for your sake, let me be baked. But if I do this cure, they both part, and to him goes a pace this officer. And for a day, all his array he changed with a friar. So was he mighty, that no man might deny him for a friar. He doped and doked, he spoke and looked, so reliably. Yet in a glass, or he would pass, he touched and petitioned his heart for pride. Leapt in his side, to see how well he fraternized, then forth a pace, unto the place, he goes in God's name, to do this deed. But now take heed; for here begins the game. He drew nigh, and softly, at the door he knocked. A damsel heard him well, came and unlocked it. The friar said, \"God speed, fair maiden; here lodge such a man.\" It is told me, \"Well, sir,\" said she, \"and if he does what then?\" Said she, \"mistress,\" \"no harm doubles, it longs for our order. To hurt no man, but as we can, every man with him truly.\"\nFair enough, here's the cleaned text:\n\nFaine would I speak, sir, that she might speak with him today, the fair maid said. Yet I pray you this much at my request, vouch safe to do as go to him and say an Austin friar is coming, entreat with him and break matters for his sake. The fair maid promised. She stayed there still till I come down again. Up she went and told him so, as she was bidden. He was mystifying. No manner of thing said the maiden, go your way. And fetch him hither, that we may talk it down, she went and came up. She thought no harm but it made some people wroth. This friar (angry), when he was come aside, he dipped and greeted this man religiously and often. And he again, right glad and fair, took them there by the hand. The friar then said, you are dismayed, I understand the trouble, in truth he said. It has been better with me than it is, sir said the friar. Be of good cheer, yet shall it be better after this, for Christ's sake.\nLook not in your breast, God may turn all,\nAnd so he shall, I trust unto the best,\nBut I would now,\nLoom with you, in counsel if you please,\nOr else not,\nOf matters that shall set your heart at ease,\nDown went the maid,\nThe merchant said, Now say on, gentle brother,\nOf all this tidings,\nThat you bring to me, I long full sore to hear,\nWhen there was none,\nBut they alone, the fretted with evil grace,\nSaid I rest thee,\nCome on with me, and out he took his mace,\nThou shalt obey,\nCome on thy way, I have thee in my clutch,\nThou goest not hence,\nFor all the pence the mayor has in his pouch,\nThis merchant here,\nFor wrath and fear, grew well nigh mad,\nSaid Horse-name the thief,\nWith a mace, who has caught the good,\nAnd with his fist,\nUpon the list, he gave him such a blow,\nThat backward down,\nAlmost in a swoon, the friar is o'erthrown,\nYet was this man,\nWell farther than, lest he the friar had slain,\nTill with good raps,\nAnd heavy claps, he dawdled him up again,\nThe friar took heart.\nAnd he set up and laid about them both,\nBetween them both, many altercations arose.\nThey renounced and tore, each other here, and clung together fast,\nUntil with lifting and juggling, they both fell down at last.\nThey lay together round, with many additional strokes,\nThe roll and rumble, they turn and tumble, like pigs in a poke.\nSo long above, they heave and show, together, that at the last,\nThey made the wife, to break the strife, hasten forward.\nAnd when they see,\nThey captives lie, wallowing on the place.\nThey pulled a good one down about this face,\nWhile he was blind.\nThe wench behind, lent him on the floor.\nMany a jolt,\nAbout the noise, with a great battle door.\nThe wife came yet,\nAnd with her feet, she helped to keep him down,\nAnd with her rock,\nMany a knock she gave him on the crown.\nThey laid his mace,\nAbout his fist, that he was mad for pain.\nThe friar strikes,\nGives many a swap, till he was near slain.\nUp they lift him.\nAnd they threw him down with evil thrift,\nHeding all the stairs.\nThey commanded us to the mayor,\nThe friar arose,\nBut I suppose, astonished was his head,\nHe shook his ears,\nAnd from great fears, he thought himself well fled,\nQuoth he, \"Now I have lost,\nIs all this cost, we shall never be nearer,\nIll more the,\nThat caused me to make myself a friar.\nNow masters all,\nAnd now I shall end there, I began,\nIn any way,\nI would advise and counsel every man\nHis own craft use,\nAll new refuse, and utterly let them go,\nPlay not the friar,\nNow make good there, and welcome every one.\n\nPrinted at Loudoun by me, Julian Notary, dwelling in Powys church yard at the wistoria, at the sign of St. Macke.", "creation_year": 1516, "creation_year_earliest": 1516, "creation_year_latest": 1516, "source_dataset": "EEBO", "source_dataset_detailed": "EEBO_Phase1"},
{"content": "Here begins the Calendar of the new Legend of England. The first treatise of this present book is taken from the new Legend of the saints of England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, for those who do not understand the Latin tongue. They may be occupied with it at their pleasure, and be the more apt to learn the remainder when they hear the whole Legend. It should be noted that not only those saints who were born in these countries are in the said Legend and in this little treatise, but also various other blessed saints who were born beyond the sea and came into any of these countries: England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, doing there any notable thing to the honor of God and to the profit of the people, such as preaching to them the Faith of our Lord, and setting the people in good order, or who lived a blessed life in any of these countries to give the people an example of good living. These saints are also in the said Legend.\npresent treatise and be accounted as belonging to the country that they came into, as Saint Augustine, the apostle of England, whom blessed Saint Gregory then being pope sent from Rome with Saint Paul, Saint Lawrence the confessor, and diverse others in his company, to preach the faith of our Lord to the people of this realm, then being idolaters and clearly alienated from the truth. Saint Augustine faithfully accomplishing his authority with his company, converted Saint Ethelbert, then king of Kent, and all his people to the faith of our Lord. And after Saint Pauline converted Saint Edwin, then king of Northumbria and all his people, in whose countries churches were built, temples of idolatry were destroyed or turned into churches, bishops and priests were ordained in all the country. And the faith was gladly received with great devotion, and after the death of Saint Augustine and of King Ethelbert, King Eadbald soon fell into idolatry, forsaking the Christian faith.\nWhereby the faith was nearly extinguished, whom you call Saint Laurence, bishop of Canterbury after Saint Augustine, was restored to the faith through a special miracle of Saint Peter, as appears in the life of Saint Laurence. And long after their time, other saints such as Saint Adrian, Saint Honorius, Saint Felix, Saint Beryn, and various others came from beyond the sea and greatly edified the people in this Realm of England, and established that faith which Saint Augustine, Saint Pauline, Saint Laurence, and their companions had begun, and also various counties in England which were not yet converted in Saint Augustine's days, and some that after his days fell back into idolatry, they were reduced to the faith of the Lord. And nevertheless, few in this Realm of England, particularly of the Common people, have heard of such men, and even just hearing their names will be a learning to most men, and the same is true of various other blessed men.\nAnd women born in this Realm, who have done many notable things for the common wealth of their people, both profitable for this life and for the life to come, as Saint Dunstan, Saint Deusdedit, Saint Wulfhride, Saint Osvald, Saint Cedd, and Saint Chad, bishops; Saint Ethelbert, Saint Edwin, Saint Edgar, and Saint Oswald, kings; Saint Sexburga and Saint Ermenilda, queens; Saint Walstan, Saint Giles, Saint Wulric, and diverse other holy men and women, as it appears in the said legend, and also in this treatise, have received and greatly prospered in this Realm. And also, saints born in other Countries, as before appears, have received the faith of our Lord through the mercy of our Lord, and many of our ancestors, neighbors, and friends are now in the joys of heaven to pray for us. And for all the people and we also, by the grace and goodness of our Lord, are heirs apparent to the kingdom of heaven. And if the law of God had not been known.\nthey both we and our ancestors might have lived in errors as others do. Therefore, we are much bound to love and honor them, and likewise to help others as they helped us and our ancestors and friends. And truly, if there were now in these days the high charity and perfect love for almighty God and our neighbor, it was in these blessed saints, or at least a desire for it with the love of justice and zeal for the common wealth. It would renew the face of this world and bring a new light among the people, as it did in the time of the said glorious saints, in whom flourished and shone all perfection of virtues, evidently appearing to those who will read their true legends. In inexpressible patience, simple obedience, heavenly wisdom, they fought charity, love of justice with mercy, pity, and compassion.\nNeighbors were rich in poverty and poverty in riches, along with other virtues and gracious gifts from God. Many of them appeared needy outwardly but were replenished within with spiritual sweetness and comfort. In the sight of the world and in their own sight, they were vile and abject. But in the sight of Almighty God and all saints, they were precious and singularly elect.\n\nThe people of Ireland have St. Patrick for his blessed life and for converting many people there to the faith in great honor and in their necessities. They call upon him for help with great devotion. Similarly, in Scotland, the people there have great devotion to St. Ninian, commonly known as St. Tronyon, for the same reason. In Wales, they have devotion to St. David for his blessed life and for confirming and establishing the people in the faith through his preaching and good example. However, in this realm of England, few people, in comparison to the multitude, have this occurrence.\nDevotion to any of these blessed saints who have labored for the welfare of the people in this Realm in the past or who are honored in this way, as other countries have their saints in similar cases. We know right well that saints in heaven are in such favor with Almighty God that their prayer is heard for such persons as they pray for, and we may not doubt that they are ready to pray for us if we do worship them and call upon them in prayer for help. God forgive us if any of us should think or say the contrary in mind or in this way: Saints are above in heaven and we are below here, and therefore they have no mind to help us or pray for us. To think or say this is to think plainly and to say that saints have no charity, but this is not so. If they had charity when they were on earth much more they have it now in heaven. But when they were on earth they had great charity, as it is evident from the great labors they undertook.\nThe people of this realm prayed for them and were not called upon to do so. What should the great charity do that they have now in heaven? Let us believe, as Saint Paul says, \"Charity never faileth.\" The charity that any person has here and keeps while he lives does not exist in heaven, nor is it diminished, but it is increased and made greater. Therefore, if the great charity that they had here made them so ready to pray for the people who called upon them for no help or prayer, as was said before, will not their great charity that they have now in heaven make them much more ready to pray specifically for all those who worship them and call for help unto them? Moreover, if their prayer was hard to hear here on earth where they were more distant from the blessed presence of God, must not then their prayer be heard now above in heaven where they have God present face to face?\nLet us first ensure that they are ready to pray for all who will devoutly call upon them. Also, let us seal this with the understanding that their prayer will be heard. Let us pray devoutly with all our hearts, calling upon them for help, and may our Lord grant that they hear our prayer and grant us what we desire or something more profitable for us. In this realm of England, the people honor the glorious martyr St. George as their chief patron and defender. By whose prayer and special protection, they have been preserved against their enemies in the past, and by the grace of our Lord, they shall be preserved in the future. If they also honor these glorious saints who have labored in this country for the people's health as mentioned before, they will truly please their patron saint St. George, and so they will do with all other saints whom they have honored and had devotion to in the past. Among the blessed saints in heaven, there is one who will... one.\nlove and one full charity, where you honor all is honor to one, and the honor to one is honor to them all. If anything herein is mistaken or not spoken in conveyable English or due order as it should be, or if it is over briefly touched or not sufficiently expressed, such that any manner of person might be offended or take exception, it is intended for the best. For so it is meant and charitably referred to by the Legend. Where need be taking the principlal intent of this treatise to be as a calendar, to show the names of the saints of their country and where they lie, as it shall do, when it appears so far in the Legend as it most commonly does, but not in all places. Also, to show some little thing of their virtues and miracles with some part of their stories briefly touched, that it may be as a preparation or beginning to reduce the people of this Realm the rather to have the said blessed saints in love and honor, for there is nothing loved.\nThis text appears to be in Old English, with some Latin and special characters. I will translate it into modern English and remove unnecessary elements.\n\nThe honored text is known, and for almost all intents and purposes, this treatise, which is now assembled in such a manner as it is, is more akin to a calendar than a legend. Most of the saints in the said legend and this calendar were either born in this realm or resided here. Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, in truth, ought to be subjects and obedient to this realm of England, as it seems this little treatise may be conveniently called the calendar of the new legend of England.\n\nFurthermore, following the calendar is the short life of St. Birgitta, a holy and blessed widow. Her life is most expedient for every manner of person, especially for those living in the state of widowhood, so they may see what grace and virtue were in this blessed woman who lived in the same condition as they.\ndo and the rather be encouraged to desire to have like grace and virtue In the latter end of this book is a little draft of Master water Hiltone of the mixed life she wing how and by whom it should be used & though it have been Imprinted before this time yet take it charitably / for the more a good thing is known the better it is and perhaps by this occasion it may come to the knowledge of some men, who otherwise should never have heard of it.\n\nExplicit Prologue.\n\nHere after follows the Table of the saints.\n\nDe sancto Adriano Abbate & confessore. Folio.\ni.\nDe sancto Aidosio Aidano abbate. folio.\ni.\nDe sancto Aidano Episcopo & confessore. fo.\nii.\nDe sancto Albano martyr. fo.\niii.\nDe sancto Aldelmo episcopo & confessore. fo.\niii.\nDe sancto Alredo Episcopo & confessore. fo.\niv.\nDe sancto Amphibalo martyr. fo.\niv.\nDe sancto Anselmo archbishop. fo.\nv.\nDe sancto Audoeno Episcopo & confessore. fo.\nvi.\nDe sancto Augustino Episcopo & confessore: fo.\nvi.\nDe sancto Bartholomeo monk. fo.\nviii.\nDe sancto Benedicto\n[fo. viii. De sancto Beda presbytero. fo. ix. De sancto Benigno Episcopo & confessore. fo. ix. De sancto Bernardo Abbate & confessore. fo. x. De sancto Birino Episcopo & confessore. fo. xi. De sancto Bonifacio Episcopo & martyre. fo. xi. De sancto Bothulpho Abbate & confessore. fo. xii. De sancto Bregwinus Episcopo & confessore. fo. xiii. De sancto Brendano Abbate. fo. xiii. De sancta Brigida Virgine. fo. xiv. De sancto Brithuno Abbate. fo. xiv. De sancto Bertelino Hermita & confessore. fo. xv. De sancto Cadoco Episcopo & martyre. fo. xv. De sancto Carodoco Hermita. fo. xvi. De sancto Carantoco Confessore. fo. xvi. De sancto Ceddo Episcopo & confessore. fo. fo. xvii. De sancto Cedda Episcopo & confessore. fo. xvii. De sancto Claro Presbytero & martyre. fo. l. De sancto Iosephab Arimathiae. fo. lv. De sancto Clituno Rege & martyre. fo. xviii. De sancto Colfrido Abbate & confessore. fo. xviii. De sancto Columba Abbate & confessore. fo. xix. De sancto Columbano Abbate & confessore. xx. De sancto Cuthberto]\n[De sancta Cuthburga Regina et virgine, De sancto Cungaro Heremita, De sancto Daudi Episcopo et confessore, De sancto Decimiano Heremita et martyre, De sancto Deusdedit Archiepiscopo, De sancto Dubacio Episcopo et confessore, De sancto Dunstano Archiepiscopo, De sancta Eanswida virgine et abbatissa, De sancto Eata Episcopo et confessore, De sancta Ebba virgine et abbatissa, De sancta Edburga virgine et martyre, De sancta Editha virgine et abbatissa, De sancto Edmundo Episcopo et confessore, De sancto Edmundo Rege et martyre, De sancto Edwardo Rege et confessore, De sancto Edwardo Rege et martyre, De sancto Edwino Rege et martyre, De sancto Edwoldo confessore, De sancto Egberto monacho, De sancto Egbino monacho, De sancto Egwinus Episcopo et confessore, De sancta Elfleda Abbatissa et virgine]\n[sancto Elphego Archiepiscopo & martyre.\nDe sancto Erkenwald Episcopo & confessore.\nDe sancta Ermenilda Reginae.\nDe sancto Esterwino Abbate.\nDe sancto Ethelberto Regis & confessore.\nDe sancto Ethelberto Regis & martyre.\nDe sancta Ethelburga virginis & abbatissae.\nDe sancta Etheldreda virginis.\nDe sanctis Ethelredo & Ethelbricto martyribus.\nDe sancto Ethelwoldo Episcopo & confessore.\nDe sancto Felice Episcopo & confessore.\nDe sancto Fiacrio heremita & confessus.\nDe sancto Finane Episcopo & confessore.\nDe sancto Foillano Episcopo & martyr.\nDe sancto Fremundo Regis & martyr.\nDe sancta Frediswida virginis.\nDe sancto Furseo Abbate & confessore.\nDe sancto Gildas Abbate & martyr.\nDe sancto Gilberto confessore.\nDe sancto Godricusdei & heremita.\nDe sancto Grimbaldo Abbate & confessore.\nDe sancto Gudwalo Episcopo & confessore.]\n[folio].\nDe sancto Gundleo Rege et confessore. [folio].\nDe sancto Guthlaco confessore. [folio].\nDe sancta Helena Regina. [folii].\nDe sancto Henrico Heremita. [folii].\nDe sanctis Hewaldo Nigro et Hewaldo albo martyribus. [folio].\nDe sancta Hilda virgine et Abbatissa. [folii].\nDe sancta Hildelitha virgine et Abbatissa. [folii].\nDe sancto Honorio Archiepiscopo et confessore. [folio].\nDe sancto puero Hugonea Iudeiscrucifixo. [folio].\nDe sancto Hugone Episcopo et confessore. [folio].\nDe sancto Iohanne de Byrdlyngton. [lix].\nDe sancto Iutto Abbate et confessore. [lx].\nDe sancto Indracto et socis eius martyribus. [lx].\nDe sancto Iohe de Beuerlaco Episcopo et confessore. [lxi].\nDe sancto Ithamar Episcopo et confessore. [lxi].\nDe sancto Iuone Episcopo et confessore. [lxi].\nDe sancto Iwyo confessore. [lxii].\nDe sancto Iustiniano martyre et monacho. [lxii].\nDe sancto Iusto Archiepiscopo et confessore. [lxiii].\nDe sancta Iuthwara virgine et martyre. [lxiii].\nDe sancto Kebio Episcopo et confessore. [lxiv].\nDe sancta Keyna virgine.\n[lxv. De sancto Kynedo, confessore.\nlxvi. De sancto Kenelmo Rege et martyre.\nlxvi. De sancto Kentegerno Episcopo et confessore.\nlxvi. De sancto Kylyano cum socis suis martyribus.\nlxviii. De sanctis Kyneburga Regina et abbatissa, et de sanctis Kyneswyda et Tibba virginibus.\nlxviii. De sancto Lamfranco Archiepiscopo.\nlxix. De sancto Laurencio Archiepiscopo.\nlxix. De sancto Lethardo Episcopo et confessore.\nlxix. De sancto Machuto Episcopo et confessore.\nlxx. De sancto Maglorio Episcopo et confessore.\nlxxii. De sancto Malachia Episcopo et confessore.\nlxxii. De sancta Margareta Regina Scotiae.\nlxxiii. De sancta Maxencia virgine et martyre.\nlxxiiii. De sancto Mellito Archiepiscopo et confessore.\nlxxiiii. De sancto Melone Episcopo.\nlxxv. De sancta Milburga virgine.\nlxxv. De sancta Mildreda virgine et abbatissa.\nlxxvi. De sancta Modwenna virgine et abbatissa.\nlxxvii. De sancto Neoto abate et confessore.\nlxxviii. De sancto Niniano Episcopo]\n[lxxviii. De sancto Odonis Archiepiscopo, [lxxix. De sancto Odulfo confessore, lxxx. De sancta Ositha virginis et martyris, lxxx. De sancta Osmanna virginis, lxxxi. De sancto Osmundo Episcopo et confessore, lxxxi. De sancto Oswaldo Archiepiscopo et confessore, lxxxii. De sancto Oswaldo Regis et martyris, lxxxiii. De sancto Oswyno Regis et martyris, lxxxiv. De sancto Ondocico Episcopo et confessore, lxxxv. De sancto Patrone Episcopo et confessore, lxxxv. De sancto Patricio Episcopo et confessore, lxxxvii. De sancto Paulino Episcopo et confessore, lxxxviii. De sancto Petroco Abbate et confessore, lxxxix. De sancto Pirano Episcopo et confessore, lxxxx. De sancto Ricardo Episcopo et confessore, lxxxxi. De servo Dei Roberto Abbate venerabili, lxxxxi. De sancto Rumwaldo confessore, lxxxxi. De sancto Samsonis Episcopi et confessoris, lxxxxi. De sancta Sexburga Regina, lxxxxi. De sancto Swithuno Episcopo et confessore, lxxxxi. De sancto Theato Episcopo et confessore]\n[De sancto Theoilio Episcopo & confessore. fo. lxxxxvii.\nDe sancto Theodoro Archiepiscopo & confessore. fo. lxxxxvii.\nDe sancto Thoma Episcopo Herfordie. fo. lxxxxvii.\nDe sancto Thoma Archiepiscopo. fo. lxxxxvii.\nDe sancto Thoma Monacho a gallis occiso. fo. lxxxxviii.\nDe sancta Walburga virgine. fo. lxxxviii.\nDe sancto Waleno Abbate. fo. lxxxxix.\nDe sancto Walstano confessore. fo.\nDe sancta Wenefreda virgine & martyre. fo. Ci.\nDe sancta Werburga virgine. fo. Ci.\nDe sancto Wilfrido Episcopo & confessore. fo. Cii.\nDe sancto Wyro Episcopo & confessore. fo. Ciii.\nDe sancto Willibrordo Episcopo & confessore. fo. Ciiii.\nDe sancto Wilhelmo puero & martyre. fo. Cv.\nDe sancto Wilhelmo Episcopo & confessore. fo. Cvi.\nDe sancto Wilhelmo martyre. fo. Cvi.\nDe sancto Wynwaloco Abbate & confessore. fo. Cvii.\nDe sancto Wistano Rege & martyre. fo. Cvii.\nDe sancta Withburga virgine. fo. Cvii.\nDe sancta Ursula & undecim milibus virginum martyribus. fo. Cviii.\nDe sancta Wlfhilda virgine. fo. Cxiii.\nDe sancto Wlrico confessore. fo. Cxiiii.\nDe sancto Wlsino Episcopo]\nSaint Adrian was the abbot of the monastery of Viridian, which is a little way from Naples. For the sake of Saint Theodore, he could be elected there. Under this condition, he agreed to accompany Saint Theodore to England and refused the honor, instead taking on the labor. Upon arriving in England, he obtained the rule of the monastery of Saint Augustine in Canterbury and gathered a large multitude of disciples there. He taught them metry, arithmetic, and divinity. Many of his disciples could read Greek and Latin as well as their own language. He, along with Saint Theodore, introduced the art of singing in the English church, which was previously only used in Kent. He departed from this world, leaving behind many good works and examples. The five Ihsian brothers were delivered by prayer to Saint Adrian. He raised a [...]\nA man from death appeared to one and showed St. Dunstan that he dwelt in houses that were well and sufficiently covered. But the mother of almighty God and he, and his servants, opened themselves to the heavens. Therefore, St. Dunstan repaired the Church of our Lady and spent much time there in contemplation. And on a night as he was there in prayer, he saw evidently our Lady and St. Adrian in the said Church lauding and honoring our Lord.\n\nA man of Ireland named Sedna and his wife prayed certain holy men to pray for them so that they might have a child. After they had prayed, they commanded the man and his wife to go. In the following night, the husband saw a bright star fall into the mouth of his wife. She saw a bright moon fall into the mouth of her husband. And after they had a son whom they called Aidus or Aidanus, when he came of age, he and his companion Molassus intended to go on pilgrimage and were uncertain where to. And by inspiration of the Lord, they bad two.\ngreat trees grow there and tell them what they should do. And the two trees fell down, one toward the north and the other toward the south. And so the children divided, and St. Aidan came into the country of Lagmenciu2. An angel brought him to the place where he was to be, and he went up the water to a place where two children were drowned. By his prayers, he raised them to life. Afterward, he came to see St. David in Wales and stayed with him for a long time. As he hurriedly went to the wood, he left his book open behind him. It rained in other places, but it did not rain upon his book. And St. David, missing him, was very sad. And when he was reproached for leaving his book behind, he immediately lay prostrate before St. David. He would not rise until he was commanded to do so. And St. David returned and beckoned to him to rise. And the flow of the sea came, and as he lay, the sea rose about him but did not touch him. And when St. David missed him, he was greatly distressed.\nsent Brotherne for him and they found him lying at the bottom of the sea and drew him up into their ship. And once when St. Aidan went from St. David to Ireland, he left his cymbale behind in Wales. When he needed it, it was suddenly brought over the sea to him. Therefore he thanked the Lord. And another time St. David sent for him, and he went to him. When he was to go again to Ireland, he asked St. David how he should get over the sea, and he told him to go to the sea side and any beast that he found would carry him to his monastery. He found a beast like a horse and on it he went over the sea to Ireland. Then the Beast went back into the sea. He was a great giver of alms and fasted half the days and nights to get there. He died in great age full of good works and virtues the day before the first of March. He is called Moidart at St. David's, and there his feast is kept with great honor.\n\nThere is a monastery on the Isle of Iona.\nwhich of old time belonged to Britain now called England, and the Picts gave it to the Scots because they were first conquered by them. And Aidan, being a bishop, was sent from that isle to preach to the people of England. He taught nothing other than how he lived himself. Whatever was given to him by the king or rich men, he gave to the poor. He went on foot to preach and rode not unless it was necessary. All who were in his company should read or pray. And when he was at dinner, though it was seldom he would go forth and pray, he would always reprove rich men when they offended and not spare them for fear or their authority. He gave oil to a priest called Utter, as he was going to anoint Edwin's daughter to be married to Oswy, and he told him that if any tempest took him in the sea, he should cast the oil into the sea, and it would cease. And so it proved. And when Penda had thought to have burned him.\nThe city of Bamburghe, which he could not win by force, he laid much wood and set it near the town. Saint Aidan, being on the Isle of Fern, miles away, saw the fire above the city walls and prayed to the Lord for help. The wind changed, and the town was saved. He died the day before the Kalends of September in the year of Grace 611 and was buried a little from the said city. Part of his relics are at Duresme, and part were taken to Scotland. Twice the house wherein he died, which was adjacent to the church, was saved when the church and all the street were burned. This venerable man, according to his life, was a great lover of peace and charity, an overcomer of anger and covetousness, a disdainer of vanity, a reprover of proud men, and a comforter of sick men and poor men. As far as he could learn, this blessed man omitted nothing of the evangelists or their teachings.\nIn the time of Dioclesian's persecution, Saint Albans dwelt in the town that is now called Saint Albans. And in this period, Saint Amphibal came into Britain and lodged in the house of Saint Albans. He exhorted him to convert and showed him some aspects of our Lord's belief. Albans gave little credence to his teachings. That very night, Albans saw a vision that signified the Mysteries of the Incarnation, Passion, Resurrection, and Ascension of our Lord, as the legend reveals. In the morning, he asked Saint Amphibal what his vision meant, and when Amphibal had explained the whole mystery, he revealed how our Lord suffered Passion and Death, and how he Rose.\nAgain, he ascended to Heaven; he said it was all true that he had said. And immediately he believed and was baptized. Then he was complained about for having been baptized. Therefore, he was summoned and was taken as he was praying before a cross. And so he was brought to the judge. There, he confessed constantly that he was a Christian. And so he was put in prison and remained there for six months. During that time, no rain fell, and the people, thinking that the god Albo worshipped had prohibited the rain, took him out of prison. They wanted to let him go. And he, seeing that great miracles that our Lord had shown for him were covered up, and St. Albans was beheaded by the ten caliphs of Julius in the year of our Lord God 1366. And immediately his eyes struck it out and he was buried at St. Albans. And somewhat the legend leaves it in doubt whether he lies now at St. Albans or elsewhere, but it seems more likely that he should lie at St. Albans.\nLegend says King Offa repaired the monastery of St. Albans, and Pelagian heresy began at Bangor and was extincted. St. Aelhelm was related to Iude, king of the West Saxons. In his youth, he prophesied much in the congregation. After he became a monk at Malmesbury and then a priest and an abbot, his fame spread so far that it reached Pope Sergius. He sent for him to Rome, and after he had said mass in the Lateran Church and held the vestments behind him for one of his servants to take, none was there. For a long time, a woman, with a child, defamed the Pope. St. Aelhelm, hearing this, was greatly distressed and commanded the child, who was only nine days old, in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, to show whether the Pope was his father. The child replied, \"no.\" The Pope was thus freed from the crime. St. Aelhelm brought an altar stone with him from Rome, which broke along the way. With his prayer and blessing, it was made whole.\nThe same stone is yet in the priory of Briton, now called Bruton. He was a great writer of books and maintained the keeping of the Esters diligently. He never left his Monastery of Monastary without a great cause. He gave great alms and would stand in the water though it were frosty and snowy until he had said a whole Psalter. And after he was made bishop of Sherborne and in great age full of good works, he went to our Lord on the 8th of June. In the year of our Lord 709. He lies in his monastery at Malmesbury.\n\nWhen Saint Aldred was in his cradle, his face shone like the sun. And in his childhood, he had the spirit of prophecy. He told the very day of the bishop of York's death, and he was in such favor with King David of Scotland that he was second to him. A knight envied him greatly, so much so that sometimes in the king's presence, he would speak opprobrious words to him. But he took it all patiently, and the knight was astonished and took penance and asked him forgiveness.\nforgeiveness; he told him that he should love him more, for by his hatred he increased the more in the love of our lord, and by him his peace was provided. He was so meek that though he was hurt, he was not much troubled by it. And if anyone accused him, he was not provoked to revenge. He did good for evil, and when the king wanted to make him bishop in Reygill, which is of the Cistercian order, and was master of the novices, a novice who was unstable was twice brought back to the monastery by his prayers when he was going away. And when he was made abbot of Hereford, he counseled his brethren that no foul word should go out of their mouths nor any detraction or other thing. He reformed the entire county of Galway and wrote the life of St. Edward the King and Confessor, and did many other things. He was of great abstinence and would much read in books that should move compunction. He had great sickness ten years before he died.\nand took it in great peace and would not allow any flesh, and he was often visited by angels. He knew the true day of his death. He told his brethren that after he entered religion, he never fretted in malice nor detracted with any person who stayed with him until night. He had always loved peace, brotherly love, and his own spiritual quietness. He went to our lord the day before the first Idus of January in the year of our Lord God 1561 and various things are omitted &c.\n\nWhen Saint Amphibalus had converted Saint Albion, Saint Albion advised him to leave the city. He went to Wales, and after Saint Albion was martyred, a bright pillar ascended from his tomb to heaven. A great multitude of people saw it and were converted. They sent for Saint Amphibalus to instruct them in the faith. The messengers found him in Wales preaching to the people.\n\nMeanwhile, a commotion arose in the city that some of the city wanted to go out.\nAmphybell, whom you see and cast away your worship of their gods, a large company of people furiously went to him. When they found him, they bound his arms and made him go before their horses barefoot. In the way, he carried a sick man. And when men of Verolame met him, they put him to cruel martyrdom. Many, seeing his constance, were converted, and therefore they were put to death in his sight, a.M. persons whom he had joyfully committed to the Lord. And as he was stoned, he was in prayer. And our Lord appeared to him with many angels, and St. Albans was among them. A voice said that he should be with his disciples in paradise. And so angels took his soul to heaven. And all who did anything against him were severely punished by the hand of God. And the people, seeing the terrible punishment that followed, were all converted. Many went to Rome to do penance. He was buried at Radbourne and lay there long.\n\nSaint Anselm was born in the city of Augusta in the mountains of Alps. In his youth, he\nIn the monastery of Becceuse, in Normandy, he spent three years under Lamfrank. He lived a religious life there, and when Lamfrank was made ruler of the monastery of Cadomence, Anselm was appointed prior of Becceuse. He turned his mind away from the world and worldly things, dedicating himself to holy study and contemplation. Anselm resolved many doubts in scripture that had not been resolved before his time. He abstained so much that all gluttony was extinct in him, leaving him with no desire or hunger like other men. A younger brother of harsh manners envied him, and he endured it all without breaking the rules of the religion. The child eventually came to admire Saint Anselm and sought his monitions, eventually taking his corrections. An old brother who had long envied him, when he was sick, cried out and said that two wolf-like creatures were between his arms, threatening to strangle him. Hearing this, Saint Anselm made the sign of the cross.\nand they went away. Saint Anselm wrote many books. The devil had great envy towards them. And sometimes he tore them in pieces. He showed, through various godly examples, that children should be instructed not only by fear but also by fair means. After he became an abbot, he used much contemplation and appointed other approved men to rule under him. He was diligent in receiving guests. And when he came to England, where after the death of Saint Lafrake he was made archbishop of Canterbury during the time of William Rufus, who was a great tyrant and oppressor of the Church, the bishops gave up their obedience to Saint Anselm. And after he had asked three times of the king to go to Rome, the king forbade him to go or to return, and after he went to Rome, he obtained a decree for making:\nButchers should not be made by giving a staff, and as he came homeward, he saw in vision the King. Our lord gave a burning arrow to St. Albans, and he said he would take it to a wicked spirit that took vengeance for sin. And so he threw it into the earth like a comet star, by which vision St. Anselm knew that the king was dead. Afterward, he came to England, and by King Henry's desire, he went again to Rome to change the decree. When the King knew that the Pope would not change it, he seized the bishopric of Canterbury into his hands. And after King and he were agreed, and the king left the old custom of making bishops by giving a staff, in the year of our Lord 1009, he went to our Lord the 11 Kalends of May, and lies at Canterbury.\n\nSt. Audwin was archbishop of Rouen, and after he was chosen, he would not assume it at once but went first to Spain.\nAnd there preached to the people, and by his prayer they had abundant rain that had been lacking for seven years without. And he went to our Lord on the ninth calendar day of September, and was buried in Rouen. Thirty years after, his body was found undecayed. And in the time of King Edward, four clerks came to his court and told him that they had brought with them the relics of St. Audoin. And when he doubted and marveled at this, they said without further ado that it was so, as proven by miracles. If they lied, let them be punished and expelled from the realm. The King said that it belonged to spiritual examination and not to him. He commanded them to wait until the Archbishop arrived. And who was this Archbishop?\n\nThe clerks persisted in this opinion and prayed that it might be tried by showing of almighty God. And so a leper was brought forth, and with devout prayer, the Archbishop made a cross over him with the bones they brought. Immediately, he was healed, and a man sick with the palsy was healed with his head.\nAnd with deep prayer made in the name of Saint Auden, he was healed. And so the relics were brought with great honor to Canterbury, and the said clerks saying that the place was made Monks and they ended their lives in the service of the Lord and of Saint Auden. In his life, there were many notable things of his virtues, counsel, and miracles.\n\nSaint Gregory saw English children for sale at Rome, and when he learned they were called Angles, and that they were not baptized, he said it was a great pity that the spirit of Dionysius should have such fair people, for he said they were well called Angles, meaning angels. And so he had a great desire to preach the faith to them himself, but the people of Rome would not allow him to go so far. And when he was made Pope, he sent Augustine and many others to England as he had long desired, and they took interpreters with them from France. They landed on the Isle of Thanet, and Ethelbert was then king in Kent, and he had married a [woman].\nLady of the King's blood of France, who was christened, and when they should meet the King they brought before him a cross and an image of our Lord. And when St. Augustine had preached a long sermon to the King about the power of our Lord, His passion and resurrection, and the intent of their coming was to have Him forsake idolatry and believe in our Lord, and so come into an everlasting kingdom, the King yielded because they had come from far-off countries to show him that they thought it was best. He would receive them favorably and minister to their needs, but as for changing his belief that his ancestors had kept for so long, he would take his time. So he appointed them lodging in Canterbury and gave them permission to convert as many as they could, and after the King had seen their blessed life and miracles that they performed, St. Augustine was made Archbishop of Canterbury, of the Archbishopric of Arelatense.\nSaint Augustine sent to Rome to question Saint Gregory. Saint Gregory answered at length as the Legenda relates, and also wrote numerous good Epistles to King Ethelbert, to the queen, and to Saint Augustine. When they returned, they did not come to an accord with one another. This was because Saint Augustine did not rise to greet them, which they took as a sign of pride. At the monastery of Bagnoregio, where there were 200 monks present at that time, many of them were later destroyed by King Ethelred of Northumbria, a pagan, because it was shown to him that they had come to pray for an enemy of his. Saint Augustine went to York on foot to preach, and there he contracted the palsy. He was baptized and baptized above ten thousand people there. As he was leaving, he encountered a leper at Cerne in Dorset. There, our Lord appeared to him in a familiar way and comforted him, saying, \"I am with you in all that you do,\" and in that place.\nwhere our Lord stood he set his staff and there sprang up a fair Well when he was at Cumpton in Oxfordshire. It was shown to him that the lord there would not pay his tithes, and after, as he was going to mass, he commanded that no cursed man should remain within the church. An immediate corpse arose and entered the churchyard. Saint Augustine went to him and asked what he was, and he replied that he had once been the lord of that manor. Because he refused to pay his tithes, he was cursed by the curate, and so he died. Anon, the curate, by Saint Augustine's command, rose and approached him. They fell again to ashes. The man who had denied payment of his tithes saw this and fell down at the foot of Saint Augustine, confessing his offense, and afterward became Saint Augustine's disciple. He went always on foot, sometimes barefoot, and with long kneeling he had great calls on his knees. In his time, King Ethelbert built Saint Paul's Church in London.\nRochester went out of this world on the seventh calends of June and lies at Canterbury. He was translated in the year of our Lord God 1081, three days before the nativity of our Lady. St. Bartholomew was born in the province of White and, in his youth, saw the Blessed Virgin with his bodily eyes, St. Peter, St. John Evangelist, and the Blessed Virgin with a pleasant countenance asked him for mercy and, when he lay prostrate and cried \"Have mercy on me,\" our Lord answered \"I have mercy on you\" and granted him mercy for eternity. After entering religion at Duresme, as he knelt before the crucifix, he saw in spirit the crucifix bow down to him and take him in its arms and kiss him. He lived in great humility and obedience, and performed such works of God that other brethren forgot or could not do. He vowed that one brother should help another, and, by the monetary intervention of St. Cuthbert.\nHe went to the Isle of Pharnes, for that place he said was ordained for him by God. There he lived a strict and blessed life for many years, and a life of great example in his diet, fasting, praying, and in his apparel. He was of such reverence and goodly demeanor that rich, proud men were afraid to appear before him. And at his desire, they would act like a lion, like a bull, or like an ape. Once he lay so heavy upon him and held his throat so hard that he nearly failed under him, and as he cried \"Our Lady, help!\" he was delivered. He was wont to say that the wicked spirit was but frail and like smoke and soon would be overcome. And on a night, he saw St. Cuthbert appear visibly at the altar and make him ready to say Mass. He helped him to Mass to the end. The Isle of Pharnes is full of birds that are called St. Cuthbert's birds. And one of them had lost her bird in a rock, and she came and pulled St. Bartholomew by the skirt.\nSaint Benet Biscop was of noble blood from England and possessed great lands given to him by King Oswy, which he refused. He entered religion on the Isle of Lissey and remained there for two years. He then went to Rome and returned with Saint Theodore, bringing many relics with him. Afterward, he founded two monasteries, one of Saint Peter and the other of Saint Paul, where Venerable Bede was brought up. He served as master to Venerable Bede and made five trips to Rome, always returning with more riches of heavenly things. He continually sought to profit those under him, both in work and example. He gave up his spirit to our Lord the day before the Ides of January, in the year 700.\nAnd Bede, the venerable, was born in Gyrwence, near the river Tyne. He was brought up under St. Benet Biscop's monasteries, which St. Benet had founded by the rivers of Tyne and Wear. After attaining great learning in liberal sciences, he dedicated himself to the study of scripture. He learned Greek and Latin from the disciples of St. Theodore and St. Adrian. As he grew in learning and wisdom, so did his fear of the Lord. Among the 600 brethren in both monasteries, whatever virtue any of them possessed was complete in this blessed man. In the ninth year of his age, he took tonsure, and for thirty years he devoted himself to the rule of his religion and to scripture. He was always ready for reading, writing, or teaching. Many came to him with doubts about scripture, and those who could not come in person sent their questions in writing. His fame spread far and wide.\nAnd he, who had received grace from the Lord, that he would grant him grace to come to the everlasting well of consolation in heaven, then turned to his brethren and said to them that he desired to be dissolved and to be with our Lord. He asked them if he had labored for them or prophesied in any way to the church of God, that they would therefore remember him in their prayers and live on in whole mind and merry countenance. He made a special prayer to the holy Ghost, and as he said, \"Gloria patri et Filio et spiritui sancto,\" with the naming of the holy Ghost, he yielded up his spirit on the seventh of June. He lies now with the body of St. Cuthbert. In his legend, there are two reasons why he was called Venerable Bede, which for brevity are omitted here. Some men add another cause for this, that his omission was an oversight.\n\nAfter St. Benignus.\nhad been many years a Bushop in Ireland, he was warned by an Angel that he should leave his own country and live in a desert. So he left Ireland and came to Glastonbury. And there he found St. Patrick, and he bade him go forth and set his staff in the ground. And if it were the place that was appointed for him by our Lord, it would grow. So he went forth with one child and came to the Isle of Ferromore. There he set his staff in the ground, which grew and bore leaves. And that place lacked water. And as the child was fetching water far off and slept by the way, the devil stole away his vessel. Wherefore when he awoke, he was very heavy. And he charged him who had taken it away in the name of God whom his master revered, that he should bring it back. And the devil had no power to keep it any longer but brought it back. And when his master heard of it, he prayed heartily to our Lord. And an Angel appeared to him and bade him send his child.\nSaint Bernake went into the eastern part of his cell and planted his staff in the ground. He should have had water, and so it was. A river rose from that place where none had been before. He encountered the Devil on a bridge and asked him what he was doing there. The Devil replied that he had come to deceive him, and Bernake took him and beat him with his staff. Afterward, he threw him into a deep pit where no man has dared to come since, for it is said to have no bottom. The Devil showed the brethren the very hour of his death and, with his eyes lifted up to heaven, he gave his soul to our Lord on the third nones of November in the year 1046 AD. His body was taken up and brought to the Church of Glastonbury. The Abbot blessed the people with one of his bones, and many of them were healed of their diseases.\n\nSaint Bernake was of noble birth and kept the commandments of God. He had great riches which he used for good.\nforsook and went to Rome, and there, through prayer, destroyed a cruel monster that had destroyed many people. When he began to be greatly revered by the people, he withdrew himself privately and came to little Britain, where he performed many miracles. Then, eschewing the praise of the world, he came alone to the seashore. When he found no ship ready, he committed himself to the Lord. And upon a stone, he crossed the sea to North Wales and there drove away wicked spirits from a place that he had inhabited in the past, which before his time was inhabitable. He frequently punished his body through great fasting, vigils, and wearing sharp clothes. He gave to the poor what he kept for himself. He made a heart to draw in the chariot and a wolf to keep his cow. And once, when his cow was taken away by the king's command, the water it should have been boiled in would not heat up in any way. Therefore, the king came to him on his bare feet and asked for forgiveness. He forgave.\nThe cow stood before them all. For the king's supper of water, he made wine and of stone fish. In the morning, the king relinquished his position and all related duties, freeing himself from all exactions. He went to our Lord on the seventh ides of April.\n\nSt. Birinus was made bishop by him, who was accustomed to minister the blessed sacrament. He armed himself with faith and went out of the ship into the sea. He fetched his pall and returned to the ship, finding it still there, which before had gone a great course. Many in the ship's company were converted from this miracle. Thirty-eight years after St. Augustine's coming, he came to a gate among the people of the West Saxons, who were all pagans at the time. There he healed a woman who could neither hear nor see. He christened King Cynegils and King Oswald, who had come to the wedding of Cynegils' daughter. Oswald was Cynegils' godfather.\nKings gave to St. Bryne Dorchester to make a cathedral there / And put in it two secular canons / In the time of William the Conqueror, that see was translated to Lincoln by the cathedral dean / And in the time of King Stephen, the cathedral Alexander put regular canons into Dorchester / and begged the gestes Anglorum to write it thus: after Bryne had converted many people & built many churches, he died & was buried in Dorchester. St. Boniface was born in England / And when he was five years old, he desired to be a hermit and inquired diligently what would be profitable to him for the life to come / And after he entered into religion at Hilsington, he acquired great learning in holy scripture / and gave an example of good living to all men.\nLiving so that his name was spread in all monasteries, and upon great deliberation he asked for permission from his Abbot to preach to pagans to convert them to the faith. Afterward, he went to Rome, and there he was honorably received by a great company of disciples, and many people came to hear his doctrine. Charlemagne, King of France, made him bishop of Magunce after that, and he destroyed heresies there. He also instructed the people to keep the synodales according to the law of the Church, punished offenders, loved peace, and provided for widows and orphans, except that he left his wife and lived in adultery. He reproved him greatly and showed him examples of diverse kings who for this vice were grievously punished by Almighty God. The aforementioned Ethelbal, because he did not follow his counsel, was killed by a tyrant and was buried at Repingdon. When Saint Boniface was of great age, he left his bishopric to a man of approved manners and showed him that his time of resolution from this world had come.\nAfter Drawes conquered this realm of England and faith was somewhat received, but still grossly, many noble men of England sent their children to old Saxony to be more fully instructed in the faith and in holy conversation. Among whom were Botulp and his brother Adulphe, who immediately sought for a place there.\nBothulf entered Relygyon, where he was received among perfect men in the monastery. After disposing himself to return to England, two nuns from the king of South England were sent with him to teach virtues, sent by Bothulf to their brother, the king. They requested that he give Bothulf a certain piece of land to build a monastery upon, and he agreed. Bothulf then built a monastery in a deserted place called Ikanhoo, which was then filled with wicked spirits. Through his prayers and the sign of the Cross, he drove them all away. He gathered disciples and, having learned from the sea he showed to his disciples diligently, he had no pride or forward manners but was humble and meek in all things. He performed many miracles in his life and had the gift of prophecy, showing things as though they had already happened. When he was sick, Job was patient, speaking only for the glory of God.\nSaint's health / and joy of heaven / He admonished his brothers to observe the rule of their religion and he left the prison of this life on the 15th of June / and was buried in the Monastery he had made, which after his death was destroyed by Danes / And after a pause, by commandment of Saint Ethelwold, they would take up his relics / and they would not remove them until he took up also the relics of Saint Adulph / and the head of Saint Botulf was sent to Ely and his body, along with the body of Saint Adulph, were taken to Thorney.\n\nSaint Bridget was born in Saxony / and was chosen by God in his mother's womb / Due to the great learning that flourished in England from the time of Saint Theodore, he left his own country and came to England / And immediately he prophesied much in holy teaching and heavenly wisdom / And at last, forsaking this deceitful world, he associated himself with a college of Monks / and was made bishop after Saint Cuthbert / And he shone so clearly in virtuous works.\nevery man could see in his steps the way to live virtuously. In the third year after he became bishop, he went to heaven on the seventh of September and lies at Canterbury. A man without reverence placed his corn on St. Bridget's tomb, and it was immediately thrown a good distance away. The second time it was sparkled all over the pavement, and henceforth his shrine was held in greater reverence. A lame man who went to him at his tomb was healed.\n\nSt. Brendan was born in the western part of Ireland. His mother, while in labor with him, saw her bosom full of shining gold and herds of shining herds, a marvelous brightness which vision Eric, the bishop, interpreted as a sign that she would bear a child of great holiness. In the night when he was born, Eric the bishop saw the entire province illuminated by a great light and angels flying about in white vestments. He nursed the child and brought him up in holy learning, as did the bishop and others.\nA man, father of three monkeys, came rushing out of fear for his enemy's world. He made fourteen rulers over them and lived with them in an oratory. After traveling long distances at sea and escaping many perils through the Lord's special assistance, he had been away for four and a half years. Upon his return to the monastery, his staff was placed upon a dead child, and after three days, the child came back to life when two kings intended to destroy other countries and were prevented by his intercession. They could not leave their place, revealing their weakness, and abandoned their enterprise. He departed from this world on the seventeenth of June at Cluenarca.\n\nSaint Bride was born in Ireland, and when she was in childbirth, her mother was sold into slavery.\nShe cast off all the metals that she received from the witches, and he perceived it and said that he was unwilling, and that the Maid was full of the spirit of God, and could not take her food. And he saw that, and was converted and gave her twelve cows, and made her free, and sent her to her father. And after her father thought to sell her again because she gave secretly to poor men all that she could get, and offered to sell her to the King. And when the king asked her why she gave away her father's sword, she said she had given it to our Lord, and if he asked both the king and her father, she said she would gladly give them both to him, and then the king gave her freedom.\nShe answered to give her father, she was ever intent on holiness and sobriety, and increased from virtue to virtue. She prayed to our Lord that some deformity might fall upon her, so that no man would ask her in marriage. And at once she made herself a servant of the poor in Esther. She served Lepers afflicted with palsy, the blind possessed by devils, and a virgin who was blind prayed to St. Bride to bless her eyes, so that she might see. She did so. Immediately she had her sight restored, and she prayed her to close her eyes again, for the nearer a man is to God, the less he is in the world. And then St. Bride closed her eyes again. One night in frost and snow, when others slept, she went into a pond weeping and praying. She thought she had persevered, but our Lord had other plans. She knew when her time to pass out of this world had drawn near. About the year of our Lord five hundred and eighteen, she went to our Lord in the calends of.\nSaint Brythune was born in Englod and was a disciple of Saint John of Beverley for many years. For his holy life and laudable conduct, he was made Abbot of Deirwode, now called Beverley. He was a lover of virtues and a persecutor of vices, a dispenser of the world and desirous of the kingdom of heaven, and a diligent instructor of the flock committed to him. He was an executor of justice and mercy, a great giver of alms, and a keeper of hospitality, and was ready to do all things that he might please the Lord. He lived in good works until great [obscured].\n\nSaint Bartholomew was the son of a king in the country of Stafford, and he left his country and went to Ireland. There, in great familiarity with a king of Ireland, he secretly got the king's daughter with child and brought her and the child into England. They were treacherously killed in a forest.\nWith Wolfes, whom he accompanied, he remained in default for which he endured great penance for many years. The Devil tempted him to make stone bread, but to the contrary, he made bread into a stone that still remains at Bretesmesley. Afterward, he went with St. Guthlake from Kephedon to Crowland and lived with him in great penance for many years. And when St. Guthlake had departed from this transitory life, and St. Bertelin had seen him buried, he returned to his father. His father gave him the land where the staff is now built, with bushes and berries to live there in a solitary life. But his father did not know that it was his son. And after his father's death, a king who entered the Realm by might intended to take the land from him under the color of law and offered to join battle. And by an angel who was his champion, he defended it. After that, the king and all the people revered him as their own father. He granted them temporal peace.\nHonour the left that place and lived in desert placements in prayers and vigils, and ended this life the five Jews of September. At Stafford, our Lord has,\n\nSaint Cadoc was soon to King Gwydlen's court, and before his birth, there were seen in the chamber where his mother was, four lambs at four corners of the chamber with a great light. And when he was born, an angel bade the king take a holy emblem which, on the morrow, should come to him to christen his son. And the same night of his birth, all the cellars were found full of oil and honey. And when he came to an age in wild habiliments, he used to be at the church, and at night he took a little bread and water, and all that he had he gave to pour men. And when he was desirous to play, he would go to the church and pray, crying out of the blindness of man that ever coveted transitory things and forsook things everlasting. And saying that when the dreadful day of our Lord shall come, laughing shall be turned into weeping, and weeping into laughing.\nThis blessed man was a man of great perception and had singular graces from our Lord, as his life demonstrated, which are omitted here. He was thrice at Jerusalem and seven times at Rome. By the gift of our Lord, he spoke in various languages. And through his prayers, a queen named Beraine conceived and had a son who succeeded him. By his prayers, a great Darius was averted from destroying a king who intended to do so, allowing the king to see nothing. He converted many people in Scotland and there built a church in honor of his name, as a giant who had been dead for many years and was in Hell was resurrected. His monastery was three miles from Conbury and, as he was coming from St Michael's Mount in Cornwall and was very dry, he struck his staff into the ground, and a fair spring of water gushed up. After the providence of God, he was made abbot beyond the sea. Suddenly, he was taken.\nThyder, named Sophye, was made Busshope and, while saying mass, was struck dead by a tyrant's company who came to destroy the city. He had granted to him that whoever in trouble called upon him for help, the Lord would deliver him. Therefore, he yielded his spirit to the Lord on the ninth of February, the nine saints Carodoke was born in Wales and, in his youth, went to learn. After serving in the prince of South Wales's household, he had the keeping of two greyhounds. For amusing himself with them, the king threatened him with great punishment of death. Carodoke then said he would serve a master who would give a better reward to his servants. He went to Lanadenses and took orders, then went to see St. David. There he took orders for the priesthood and increased in virtue. The devil once appeared to him in the likeness of a man, and he knew and feared him.\nSaint nothing offered him his service, and he refused, and after he was in the province of Rosence, at the Monastery of St. Ismael, and there the sight of him went from the Monastery a great distance, and he knew by revelation that it was the certain day of his Death, and he died of the plague in the year of our Lord AMAC and XXIV, and is buried at St. David's. Many years after his body was found undecayed. And when a monk of Malmesbury, out of devotion, wished to cut off one of his fingers as a relic, he closed his hand and drew it away. St. Carantoke was soon to King Ceredig, and when the people wanted to make him king, he fled instead, following the will of God, and a white doe went before him to a place where he built a Church. After he went to Ireland for the love of St. Patrick about thirty years before St. David was born, and he did many things.\nMyracles / And wherever he went, an Angel in the likeness of a deer accompanied him. Daily and nightly, he said innumerable prayers. And when he had converted many people in Ireland, he returned to his own country at Keretyca. There, the Lord gave him an altar that no man could tell of what color it was, and he put it into the Severn and bade it go before him thither as the Lord would have him find it. And at the desire of King Arthur, he called a serpent. The king of the altar wanted to make a table, and whatever he set upon it was cast away. And then it was cast into the sea. And there, as it came up, the king gave him the twelfth part of the land. And there he made a church. And afterwards, by the monition of an Angel, he went again into Ireland. And there, in great age full of good works, he went out of this world on the seventeenth of June, and is buried in a city called Chernac.\n\nSaint Cedd and three other priests were sent by\nOswy, king of Northumbria, with Edwin, king of Middle England, who had married his daughter to instruct him and his people in the faith; and the said Edwin was baptized beforehand by Bishop Finan; and Saint Cedd, with his company, converted many people to the faith there. After he was taken from there by King Oswy, he was sent to Sabertus, king of the East Saxons, to preach the faith there. And when he had converted many people there, he returned to his country, and there Bishop Finan made him bishop of the East Angles. Then he went again and gathered a great company of disciples and taught them regular discipline as their roughness could bear. He frequently returned to his country of Northumbria, and the king there gave him land to found a monastery, which he called Lasting. Before beginning the foundation, he fasted.\nPrayed that the ground might be cleansed from the old sins, and there he went to our Lord and left his brother Cedd Abbott after him. The day and year he died are not known. St. Chad, St. Cedd's brother, was disputatious with St. Aidan. He was sent by King Oswy to Canterbury to be made Bishop of York. Since the see of Canterbury was vacant, he was consecrated Bishop of the West Saxons. At that time, there was no lawfully made bishop in all England except for Wine. He gave great diligence to Reading, Praying, and humility, and went on preaching in his diocese on foot, not on horseback. When St. Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury, was sent and said he was not duly consecrated, he answered meekly that if he thought he was not duly consecrated, he was content to resign. And he, seeing his humility, said he would rather have his election confirmed than leave his bishopric. After he was desired by Wielferus, King of Mercia.\nMarshlonde lived in Bushop and Lyndesey, and he had a vision in Lychefelde, as well as a place two miles from there where he frequently went for prayer. The king gave him a certain land in the province of Lyndesey to build a monastery, which he named after himself because he was deeply fearful of God. When he heard any contrary weather, he would prostrate himself in prayer for himself and the people, out of fear of punishment, for he considered it a warning from God. A little before his death, one of his disciples heard a sweet voice of angels singing that came down from heaven to the house where St. Chad was praying. They stayed there for nearly an hour before returning to heaven. The angels told the disciple that Marshlonde would depart from this world seven days later. Then he advised his brothers to keep love and peace among themselves and to follow the rules.\nIn the seventh day, which was the sixth nonas of March, as the angel had shown him, Edward of Orchester, a man, gave up his soul to our Lord, as the angel had shown him. In King Edmond's time, a man named Edward and his wife of Orchester prayed to the Lord with great devotion that they might have a child obedient to his will. And so they had a son whom they named Clare. They instructed him in learning. When he came of age, they proposed to marry him. Therefore, he fled over the sea into Normandy. There he encountered an injured hermit and went to a monastery where St. Odbert was. The hermit, desiring to show them how to save their souls, asked him to recite the words of the Lord, which he said: \"He who will follow me, let him deny himself, take up his cross and follow me. And love the Lord God with all your heart and mind. And your neighbor as yourself. Love God above all things.\"\nWithdraw your mind from earthly things and devote yourself entirely to our Lord. Afterward, he built a monastery at Wicassyno and lived there only with the daughters of Erbis. Out of malice, he was beheaded on the fourth day of November, and his head was taken to his monastery, where the Lord has shown many miracles.\n\nSaint Clitake was king in South Wales and kept justice and peace among his subjects. A virgin, the daughter of a mighty man named Lloyd the Younger, declared she would never marry but unto him. One of the king's servants, known for his libidinous nature, coveted the maiden. Hearing her response out of malice, as the king was by a water's side in prayer and devotion, a company of hutters called him traitorously. They intended to remove him over the water, but his body was too heavy, and it would not move until, by God's goodness, it did.\nwas led to a place that the Lord showed them. In the night following, a Pillar of Fire was seen ascending from his tube to heaven, where a church was built in his honor.\n\nSaint Colfryde was made Abbot in the monastery of Saint Paul by the River Tyne, and also in the Monastery of Saint Peter, five miles away. By his side, a Psalter was kept canonically. He celebrated Mass every day except one when he was on the see and three days before he died.\n\nSaint Columba was born of noble blood in Ireland. He came into great Britain, into the northern pictures, to preach to them the word of God in the year of our Lord five hundred and sixty-five. The south pictures were before that time converted by Saint Ninian. And when he had converted them to the faith, he established a Monastery on the Isle of Iona. He was a man of angelic aspect and great eloquence. He suffered no hour to pass but he was praying, reading, or doing some good works. He had the spirit of prophecy and showed this through his visions.\nHe was once falsely accused and, when he came before Saint Brendan, the saint rose to him in reverence. He was reprimanded for showing reverence to an accused man. The man saw a bright pillar of fire before him, with angels accompanying it. This caused the others to honor him. A great company of devilish black creatures came to his monastery. Through his prayers, they were driven away. They went to another monastery and brought sickness, pestilence, and death. By his prayer, Apples, which were bitter, were made sweet. His face was often seen shining brightly. On one occasion, he was very merry and cheerful. By great insistence, he showed that the Lord had promised him long ago that that day he would be taken to heaven. Therefore, he was glad and, through the prayers of others, showed the Lord that.\nHe should tarry four years longer, therefore he was heavy, and for three days he was in a chamber without food or drink, and was comforted by angels and heard there many great secrets of God revealed to him. His voice was sometimes heard far off to those present, and he died on the Isle of Jonas the 5th of June, and in the monastery there he was buried with great honor, and many notable things are omitted here.\n\nSaint Columban was born in Ireland. In his youth, when he had shown much virtue, he intended to leave the world. He took leave of his mother and his companions. His mother would in no way consent to his going, but stood on the threshold and blocked his way. He said, \"Mother, have you not heard the words of our Lord, that he who loves his father and mother more than me is not worthy of me?\" And his mother wept, wailed, and lay prostrate, saying, \"I will never consent.\" He went over her.\nHe said to her, \"Be merry and said she should never see him again in this world. So he went to the Monastery of Benechor and was made a monk. When he was twenty years old, he went into France and preached the word of God. He had many brethren, and if any of his brethren had anything in proprietary, he would be put out of their company, and no man dared speak a hasty word to another, so they lived an angelic life. In a wilderness called Vosague, he established a monastery. He also established various other monasteries in France and Almayne. And in some of them, as it is said, they admitted none but Irish men. For nine years, he and his brethren had no other food but roots and herbs. An abbot, by the monition of our Lord, sent them food. A monk who brought it said, \"If it is God's will that they should have it, the horse shall go to the monastery the straight way without leading, and so he let them go in the wilderness.\"\nThey went directly to St. Columban's Monastery. He used to say that those who served the Lord should not despair, and this proved true. For often when he and his brothers lacked, they had help from the Lord. Sometimes their barns were suddenly filled with corn, sometimes food was sent suddenly, sometimes bread multiplied, and sometimes birds were sent suddenly from heaven. No one had seen such things before. He suffered great persecution for justice and he departed this world around the year 615 AD on the ninth calends of December.\n\nCuthbert was a prince of Ireland. At his birth, the house was filled with a heavenly light. A holy bishop thanked the Lord and asked to have the child brought up. After the bishop's death, Cuthbert and his mother went to St. Columba in Britain. Along the way, his book fell into the sea, and a fish slowly swam it up. When they landed, they cast it up safely to land.\nHis brother left him with two bishops, who were his brethren in Scotland, and went to Rome. In the night, the child would be in prayer in a hill where he drove away the devil with his staff. Their footsteps are still seen there. And as he was keeping beasts on a night, being in prayer, he saw the soul of St. Aidan go to heaven. Upon this, he left the keeping of the beasts and entered Reqyryon at the monastery of Melrose. There, he was among his companions, reading, singing, praying, and working. Afterward, in the monastery of Ripon, he was put into the office to receive guests. There, he received an angel as a guest. And immediately, he washed his feet and gave him water to drink and bread. When he came again, the angel had gone, leaving behind him an aroma, sweet as a lily, and three loaves of bread which were white as a lily. From that time forth, he was often visited by these sweet-smelling loaves.\nWith Angellys, and when he became Abbot of Lindferrers, he frequently argued with his brethren over their Rule, and suffered injuries from them patiently. However, he would not again give the same monasticity as before, until with great persistence he brought them to reform. He was a man of great patience, and bearing troubles never made him heavy-faced. He used such constant kneeling that he had deep flesh on his knees, and he took so little head to his body that he changed his shoes but once a year. No man departed from him without comfort; the sorrow they brought did not leave him. At a council in the presence of the King and Archbishop Theodore, he was made Bishop of Lindferrers, despite his repeated refusals. But the King on his knees begged him to accept, and immediately he defended the people committed to him with diligent prayers and teachings. And as he taught, he did so.\nDeparting from the world, he suffered great sicknesses peacefully. Bede was with him in his sickness. And he yielded up his spirit on the thirteenth day of April in the year of our Lord 604. Seven years after that, his body was found whole, more like asleep than dead. His senses were flexible, and his clothes were undamaged. In the year of our Lord 1004, his body was again found incorrupt. He lies now at Durham. In the latter end of St. Cuthbert's life, he is mentioned among many kings of England who had left their kingdoms. Some entered religion, some went on pilgrimage to Rome, or otherwise made a blessed end, as the legend relates.\n\nSt. Cuthburgh was sister to King Ibe of Wessex. Hearing of her beauty and virtue, Alfried, King of Northumbria, sent ambassadors to her brother, desiring to have her in marriage. When her brother had shown her to him, she refused and chose to remain in a monastery.\nShe answered that if she could live beyond her own appetite, no husband in all of Britain would please her, but she would not disobey him if he otherwise ordered, lest it be disobedience to God, putting her trust only in the Lord. And so she was married. When her husband and she entered the chamber, she showed him her purpose of keeping virginity and exhorted him to it in such a manner with such great charity and meekness that he was content. She left all pomp of the world and built a monastery in Wymbourne, and there she punished her body with fasting, watching, and constant prayers, and was very meek to God and man. In her monastery, she gathered many virgins. When she knew that her time drew near to leave this world, she exhorted her sisters to consider the deceitfulness of the world and, with all diligence, to keep their hearts. For of that life proceeds. And to love all that our Lord.\nWhich is their spouse Louith, and to hate all that he hates and to love each other, and always to desire the everlasting life. She had made them a long exhortation, and she charged this life upon them the day before the Kalends of September.\n\nSeytcingar was soon to the Emperor of Constantinople and to Empress Lucyna. And when he should have been married to a great king's daughter, he went away privately in poor apparel. The Emperor sent messengers after him, but our Lord saved him from them. And so he came into France and then to England. With all his diligences, he intended to keep a solitary life. Being in this purpose, he came to a place now called Cogesbury. He kept fasting and prayers diligently, and every morning he stood in the water until he had said three Hail Marys. At the ninth hour, he refreshed himself with harlequin bread. The king gave him the territory about.\nSaint David was at Congresbury, where he built a temple for twelve canons. Due to his great miracles, there was such a great resort to him that for his quietude, he left that place and went to Wales. In a place shown to him by an angel, he made an oratory. Afterward, he went on pilgrimage to Rome and then to Jerusalem. At Jerusalem, he devoted his life. And as it is said, his company brought his body back with them to Congresbury.\n\nSaint David was soon to the King of North Wales. His mother's name was Nonnita. And as Saint Patrick was in the Vale of Rosin, where is now Saint David's, an angel appeared to him and said that that place was not ordained for him but for one who should be born thirty years later. When Saint Patrick was astounded that he was so humbled for one not yet born, an angel showed him being in Wales and told him that in that country, he would suffer much for the Lord. And that the Lord would be with him.\nHe built a church in all that he did, and when the child was born, all the place where he was shown had great clarity. A stone at the feet of Nonita in her journey gave place to her feet, as if it had been wax. And in the same place, a church was made. He made twelve monasteries and came to Glastonbury, where he built the church. With his blessing, he purified waters at Bath and made them continually hot and wholesome for bathing. When poisoned bread was served to him, he blessed it and gave one part to a lithe dog which died straightway, and another part to a crow which also died. The third part he ate himself and suffered no harm. An abbot, on a horse borrowed from St. David, trusted in his blessing and safely rode over the sea at a time when his disciples and he had suffered great wrong. He said to them:\nHe who serves our Lord shall endure tribulation, but he may not be overcome by evil, but must overcome evil with good. For he said, \"If our Lord be with us, who can be against us? He will have all his disciples labor, saying with the apostle, 'He who will not labor shall not eat.' And as they labored, they prayed or thought something pleasant to almighty God. They lived with bread and leeks, and took milk for their drink. And when labor was done, they were praying, reading, or writing. He took nothing from them that should be received among them into religion. And after the monetary contribution of an Angel, he went to Jerusalem with St. Thecla and St. Patrone. There they preached against the Jews and strengthened many in the faith. And every man understood them in his own tongue. And there he was made an archbishop, and the patriarch gave him an altar, a staff, a bell, & a coat covered with gold, by which great miracles have been performed.\ndon / And whe\u0304 he was come home agayne / He was desyryd to Preche agaynste the Heresye of Pelagyen / and as he stode amo\u0304\u00a6ge the people he had a Chylde that he hadde Reysyd by the way fro deth to Lyfe ley his napkyn vnder his feet & standynge therupon he began to Preche / And as he pre\u00a6chyd the grounde that he stoude on rose with hym lyke a Hyll wheruppon a Churche is buldyd / And by his pre\u00a6chynge\nthe people were confermyd / And all the Clergye toke there doctryne at hym / And he was as a Father to all the people / And he knewe the verye Day of his Deth And at his departynge our Lorde apperyd vnto hym wt a great company of Au\u0304gellys / And he sayde to hym Lor\u00a6de take me with the / And so he wente with oure Lorde in the kalendas of Marche and he was Buryed at Seynt Dauythys / and oure Lorde hath shewyd for hym many Myracles bothe in his lyfe / and after his Deth / And fou\u00a6re hundred and .xxi. yere after his departynge out of this worlde his Body was translatyd to Glastonbury as in the latter ende of seynt\nPatrick's life appeared. St. Deciman, also called Dekeman, was born in the western part of Wales. When he was past childhood years, he did not allow his mind to wander but kept it under discipline. Instead of joining his companions in hunting, he went to the church to pray. He did not set his heart on great conniving but on good life and contemplation. Therefore, he thought to leave his country. And so he did, and when he came to Severn, he had no ship to cross over. He made a raft of Rod's wood and crossed into England, near the castle of Dorchester, where there was a great wilderness. There he lived with Herbs, Roots, and Fasting, and used the place. And the less he was seen by men, the more he was visited by Angels. A cursed man, filled with envy for his holy life, struck him on the head. He took up his head and carried it to a well that he was accustomed to.\nWasse he found and buried honorably in the land of the West Saxons in England. St. Desdedus was originally named Frythona, but the people changed his name due to his great merits and called him Deusdedit, meaning \"god-given.\" After the death of Archbishop Honorius, he was made archbishop of Canterbury. He was a lover of virtues, a destroyer of vices, a diligent disseminator of the word of God, and was devoted to prayer, fasting, and giving alms. With great diligence, he labored for the people committed to him. After taking holy orders, he always kept his mind fixed on our Lord and refreshed the poor, clothed the naked, visited the sick, and had persevering love for God and his neighbor. He was full of the spirit of wisdom and meekness. St. Augustine, St. Lawrence, St. Melitus, Justus, and Honorius succeeded one after another. This blessed man, through preaching, began this series.\nAdmonishments/corrections were more fully established, and when he had brought all things to good order in the year of our Lord God 642, in the Idus of July, he went to our Lord and lies at Canterbury. The mother of St. Dubric had no husband; therefore, her father, who was a king in Wales, perceiving her to be with child in great distress, cast her into the water in a vessel of glass. And as often as she was cast in, she was brought safely back to land. Then her father cast her into a great fire, and in the morning, when they thought she had been burned to ashes, they found her safe and her newborn son in her arms. Not a hair of her hurt. And the king, hearing of this, sent for them. As he kissed the child and the child touched the king's face with his hand, the king was immediately cured of a great disease he had in his mouth. And when he began to learn, he prophesied so much that men of great learning came to him.\nSaint Dunstan was born of noble blood of England, of the country of Wessex, in the time of King Athelstan. In this period, the virtue of obedience was scarcely valued, and the name of an abbot was scarcely known. Saint Aldhelm, archbishop of Canterbury, uncle to Saint Dunstan, committed him to King Athelstan, who cherished him much. He sometimes prayed for him, sometimes judged cases for the people, and pleased no one who lived well as he was preparing to become a priest. His harp, without being touched, produced sound (antiphons rejoicing in Celis). And though all the company thought it was a miracle.\nby Veyll coming, he took it as a warning that it was the will of our lord that he should live a harder life. And after certain malicious persons, by the Devil's instigation, persuaded the king to believe that Dunstan did nothing with God's help but by witchcraft, he left the court and went to his uncle Elphegus Busshope of Winchester. There he took orders of priesthood and was made a monk at Glastonbury. And there, as he was working in a forge, the Devil appeared to him in the form of a woman to tempt him. And he, recognizing who it was, took hold of his nose with his fiery tongues so sore that he cried out so terribly that it frightened all the inhabitants of the town. The Devil had great envy towards him because of his blessed life, and he had such special grace that he knew in spirit the least thing that the enemy did. And he always had the victory. He lived seven king's days under Athelstan and Eadgild. Athelstan, with whom the king took displeasure and banished him from the realm.\nHe tarried in Floders all the days of Edwin and there he lived a blessed life in the monastery of Gandanense. After the death of King Edwin, King Edgar brought him back with great honor. After the death of Odo, archbishop of Canterbury, Elfwin, who had long labored for it, was made archbishop by corruption of money. While he was going towards the snowe, and shortly after St Dunstan was elected archbishop, he fetched his pall at Rome. And on the first day that he came home and was greeting the people, suddenly a cloud came over the church and a white dove was seen descending upon him. And once he came to King Edgar, he reproved him for keeping a nun. And when the king wanted to seat him by him, he said he would not be friends with him to whom the Lord was an enemy. Hearing this, the king was afraid and immediately recognized his offense and asked for penance and forgiveness. St Dunstan gave him penance that he should not wear [clothing made of] wool.\nHis Crown for seven years, and he should fast twice a week, which Penance the King did impose. After seven years, he regained his Crown, and this penance brought great joy to the realm. This blessed man, full of good works, went to our Lord on the fourteenth of June. He was buried at Canterbury and later translated to Glastonbury.\n\nSaint Eanswythe was the daughter of King Ethelbert's son, Eadbald. From you, she forsook the pomp of the world and induced her father to build an oratory at Folkestone, so she might serve the Lord in virginity. As the oratory was being built, the king of Northumbria, who was a pagan, desired to marry her. Her father counseled her to agree, and he prayed the king much. She said if he could, in the name of his gods, make a beam of her oratory, which was too short, she would consent to him; otherwise, she desired to be left alone. The king, trusting in his gods, agreed.\nassentyd / And when he hadde longe Prayde / all was in vayne that he dyd / and soo he went away with shame / And thenne the virgyn Prayed in the name of oure Lorde / And anone her Prayer was herde / and the Bame made longe Inoughe / And so the Kynge departyd / And by her prayer water came agayn\u00a6ste the Hylle fro a Towne callyd Swecton to her orato\u2223ry / And it came by a noder Ryuer and yet Ioynyd not with it / foure Bretherne of great Ryches denyed to ge\u2223ue Dysmes to seynt Eauswyda / And after many yerys. iii. of theym were compuncte / and aduertysyd the .iiii. to goo with them to her sepulcre to doo penaunce / and ma\u2223ke satysfaccyon / and he denyed it / And anon the Deuyll enteryd into hym / And soo his Bretherne bounde hym And broughte hym to her Aulter / And anone he was made Hoolle and Payed his Tythes / And she wente\nfro this present lyfe the day before the kale\u0304das of septem\u2223ber And bycause her church was dystroyed with the see her bodye was brought to Folkstane.\nWHen seynt Oswalde had opteynyd the\nKingdoms of Deira and Bernicia / and had summoned Saint Aidan to teach their people in the faith of our Lord / Saint Aidan took twelve English children to instruct / and was busy with great joy among all the people, praying / diligently urging the people / and eager to give alms / And whatever he knew by the Holy Spirit was to be done promptly and devoutly, he would see it done / He ended this life of a sickness called the Dissenter's complaint at Hagustaldens / Thomas, archbishop of York, wanted to translate him to York / And on the night before, he intended to translate him, Saint Eata appeared to him and told him that he had attempted to do what was not the will of our Lord / And so he abandoned that enterprise.\n\nSeentebba was sister to King Oswy / She renounced the world and all its pleasures / and became a nun at Saint Finan's Monastery of Lindisfarne / and after she was Abbess of the Convent of Coldingham.\nSaint Edith, daughter of King Ethelbert, was called Coldingham.VI. Mileis from Berwick. She established a monastery at Saint Edburgh and was enclosed with monks from Durham.\n\nSaint Edith, daughter of King Edgar, was born, and her mother entered religion at Wilton, where she was made abbess. Edith, while keeping her mother, also became a nun there.\nThe king's daughter, Edith, entered Religion under her mother's guidance. She was greatly comforted by the blessed life of her aunt Edith, who lived a pious life in Polesworth as she did at Wilton. Edith was filled with pity and compassion, and the more she saw suffering in any creature, the more charitable and helpful she became towards them. Under her outer appearance, which was somewhat precious, she was humble. Saint Ethel would tell her that such apparel was not pleasing to her spouse. Then she showed him the reason for her humility. He was pleased, considering that all was one purple and sackcloth, so that the mind would be clear. After she was anointed, he was given knowledge by the Lord when she would die. He said the wretched world was not worthy to have such a light, and he was present at her death, which was on the 16th of October, around the year of our Lord.\nLord, the fourth day of the fifth month, she lies in her grave, who in her youth was corrupt except for her thumb that she had used to cross herself. He found it all as she said. A monk of Glastonbury boldly cut a piece of her cloak. And it happened to touch her body, and her blood flowed as if she were alive.\n\nSaint Edmund was born in Abingdon\n\nTheir bodies were carried away or he departed from his service, he had such honor for holy scripture that he never opened the Bible but kissed it. His old herbs, if they were laid in the fire, would not burn. As he studied in the night, his candle fell upon his Bible and it did not burn. And he was elected Bishop of Canterbury, or he was aware. And he said that he feared he would have displeased almighty God if he had refused. He sought counsel from other prelates about what should be done. It was thought that he should admonish the king and other offenders. No amendment was made.\nHad he waited many days, and when he saw there was no improvement, he passed sentence on other offenders and spared the king. When he saw that they were still not complying, he had such great honor and fervor for the sacrament of the altar that it may serve as an example to others. At his tomb, blind men have recovered their sight, lame men their walking, dumb men their speech, deaf men their hearing, possessed men have been delivered, and dead men have been raised to life, in the year of our Lord God 1245. The monks at Pontyvance cut off his arm for an unknown reason, and after the miracles ceased.\n\nSaint Edmond was born in Saxony. He went to King Alcmund, who was related to King Offa of East Anglia, as King Offa had no children and was going to Jerusalem. There, Saint Edmond gave him such diligent attendance that he liked him much.\nAnd when he departed, he showed Edmunde a ring and asked him to send it to him by the token, so that he might immediately carry out what he desired. And when King Offa at the battlefront fell sick unto death, he delivered the ring to his servants, and bound them by an oath that they should deliver it to Edmund and take him with them. And make him king in every rightful way. And he was a father to widows and orphans, and to all men who were in need, because he would not forsake the faith of our Lord. He was taken by the Danes, Hungar and Hubba, and bound to a stake, and shot with arrows, so that he was like an irchyn. And when they saw that in all this torment, he cried out for our Lord, they struck off his head and hid it in a wood. And when the war was somewhat abated, Christian men sought the head in the wood. And one of them cried out, \"Where art thou?\" The head answered three times, \"Here, here, here.\" And so it was found. A great wolf kept it.\nButwyxte's legs were taken and brought to the body, and it was honorably buried. After his body was removed, he was found undecayed. His head had grown back to his body, and nothing appeared corrupt from the Cue Country. And he blasphemed St. Edmond and demanded a great tribute from the people. They feared much. A monk, who was very devout to St. Edmond, washed his body and combed his head as if he were alive. He prayed to him for help, and he spoke to him familiarly, commanding him to go to Swans and cease in his name. When the monk had done this and nothing hindered but that he had much to do to save his life, the same night King Swans was killed among his people with St. Edmond's sword. No one knew why. Therefore, Swans' son dealt more mildly with St. Edmond from then on. He dug a ditch around his grave, discharged it of all tributes, and built a church over his body, endowing it.\nSaint Edward was the son of King Ethelred. Fearing the Danes, he was sent to Norway. There, he often attended church and prayed. He was chaste of body, true of heart, and had little speech. He visited monasteries and accompanied himself with the most virtuous monks he saw. When he saw that he was destitute of all worldly help, his father died, his brother married his mother to his enemy with devout prayers, and he committed himself holy to our Lord. After the death of Cyning, he was summoned and chosen as king with great joy from all the people. Immediately, all things were brought into good order. The clergy performed their duty, the people did their duty, and monasteries kept their religion. He was never inflamed with pride or anger nor dishonest with gluttony. He was never more merry for gaining money nor sorrier if he lost it. He saw one of his servants steal his treasure but still would not.\nDiscover him, but beware his steward. By the counsel of his lords, he took to wife the daughter of Goodwyn, a blessed virgin. They lived chastely all their lives. At the time of Leuacyon, he saw the King of Denmark as he was coming into England to wage war drown in the sea. He repaired the abbey of Westhouse and endowed it anew for the redemption of his wife to Rome. He saw the Devil sitting upon money that his counsel had gathered from the commons. He caused it to be repaid. At Westhouse, our Lord showed himself to him bodily at mass and with his right hand blessed him with the sign of the Cross. As the King and Earl Goodwyn sat at dinner, the Earl prayed God that if he was guilty of the death of Alerude, the King's brother, that a piece of bread which he intended to eat should never pass through him. And the King blessed it. And immediately as he would have eaten it, he was strangely choked. As they sat at dinner, he died. He saw the seven sleepers turn them on.\nThe left side, which long ago lay on the right side, signified great trouble coming in the world. St. John the Evangelist sent him a Ring by two Pilgrims, whom he had before given the Ring to St. John in Alms. In the likeness of a poor man. He sent him the word that within six months he should depart from this world. And so it happened. Our Lord showed many Miracles for him, inso much that the water in which he was washed healed many people of various diseases. His days were full of peace in England. And immediately after his days, great trouble arose. He died in the year of our Lord God. M.lxvi. The day before the first nonas of January. And he lies at Westminster. Thirty-six years after he was buried, his body was found undecayed.\n\nSaint Edward, King and Martyr, was the son of King Edgar. And after his father's death, with the help of St. Dunstan and St. Oswald, he was made King, as his father had commanded. But yet, his mother by law, Alfryth, contended to have her son Ethelred as King.\nEdward went to Corfe Castle with a small company to see his brother Ethelred / And came, by his mother's law, to him / She offered him drink and had him treacherously killed as he was drinking on the fifteenth of April in the year of grace 942 / And in the following night, a light came into the Chamber where his body lay / It is known that Queen Aelfthryth hid his Body in secret places / And by a bright beam that shone there, like a Budda lying there / it was discovered and taken up by the people of that province / And when his miracles were known, he was taken up again and found undecayed / And was buried honorably with various bishops at the monastery of Septon / His sister Edith and her Mother were present / And as it is said, Queen Aelfthryth, for her penance, founded the monasteries of Wharwell and Malmesbury / And endowed them with great possessions.\n\nEdward, son of Elle, King of Northumbria, was his desire.\nAnd by Etherfryde, who had married his sister Acca, he was put out of his realm. He fled to Radwold, king of East Anglia. Radwold promised to deliver him to his brother's hands in exchange for rewards. Being in great fear, a man came to him and told him that if he promised to be baptized, he would not be handed over to his brother but restored to his kingdom instead. He made the promise and the man placed his right hand on his head, warning him that when the sign appeared to him, he should not waver in keeping the Christian faith. St. Paulinus was assigned to be with her. After the king of Wessex, under treason, sent a messenger to King Edwin with a poisoned knife to kill him suddenly. When the king was saved by a faithful servant who interposed himself between the king and the stroke, Edwin prepared for war.\nAgainst that king who had instigated the treason / And promised St. Paulinus that if he succeeded in this journey, he would be baptized / and a daughter he had newly born he committed to our Lord and to the care of Paulinus / and she was baptized and named Eadburgh, the first ever to be baptized in those times / and after he succeeded well in his journey and obtained victory / yet he hesitated to be baptized / and the people / and then he said he would consult with his lords, and so he did / And one of them said truly, \"This faith we have kept is of no value or profit but in vain, and the new one is better,\" and all the others were of the same opinion. And so the king himself destroyed the idols and was baptized at York on Easter day, in the year of our Lord 597. And all the people followed his example / And St. Paulinus inspired King Edwin of Northumbria to embrace Christianity.\n\"Cristianity brought such great peace that a child could travel from one sea to another without harm. The king set up brassesses as a sign of ease for the people, and no one dared to remove them. After being wounded in battle by Penda, king of Mercia, and Cedwalla, king of Wessex, on the 4th of October in the year 633 AD, his head lies at York in St. Peter's Church. St. Edwold, brother of St. Edmund, king and martyr, was a devout follower and full of virtues towards his brother. He welcomed spiritual doctrine gladly, respected the Church, helped the needy, and always kept the pleasures of the world suspect. By little and little, he left them behind and desired to live as an anchorite. When all the people wanted to make him king after his brother's death, he prayed to our Lord.\"\nThe lord instructed him to seek a silva, and it was she who advised him to do so. He gave away all that he had to the poor and left his country. After searching many provinces and not finding the silva, he came to Septon. There, a shepherd told him where to find the silva. When he arrived, he planted his staff in the ground, and from it grew a beautiful tree. He hired the shepherd to bring him three loaves of bread and sometimes milk each week, and gave him a penny every time. He warned the shepherd never to discover him, for if he did, he would forfeit his reward. After the shepherd discovered him, and when he came to him next, he gave him a penny and told him it was the last he would ever receive from him. When the shepherd came to him the next time, he found him departed from this world. He died on the fourth of September and was buried in his cell four miles from the Abbey of Cerue.\nAfter being taken to Cirencester by St. Dunstan and St. Ethelwold, and with the water from his well, many have been healed of their diseases. St. Egbert was born in England. He went to Ireland to learn scripture and good living, as did many others from England during that time. In the Monastery of Rathmelsigi, he was struck with the pestilence. When he thought he was going to die, he began to remember his past life with many tears and great contrition for his sins. He asked Almighty God if it was His will that he might yet live and make amends for his negligences. Therefore, for the greater restraint of his own affections, he vowed that he would never return to England where he was born, and if sickness allowed it, he would daily say the whole Psalter and fast every week. His fellow who was also sick with a sickness from which he died, by revelation knew his piety, and told him this.\nof all almighty God, and when he was whole, he intended to go to Germany, as English men came to preach the faith to them. Some of them were pagans then and after. One of his brothers showed him that his master Bayfylus had recently appeared to him and showed him that it was not God's will that he should go to Germany but that it was God's will that he should go to the monasteries of St. Columba to set them in order. He was twice warned by the same brother, and moreover that he should not go, yet he did not believe him but made ready his company and ships. When he was on the sea, a contrary wind rose against him, and a tempest arose against him, whereby he knew it was not the will of our Lord that he should go there. Therefore, he sent St. Wilfrid and others there, and he went to the Isle of Iona in the Scottish sea to the said monasteries of St. Columba to set them in order. There he was gladly received.\nAnd there he taught them the true Catholic way of living and brought them to keep the due time of Easter. He departed from this world in the year of our Lord 759 on the 29th of May, which was Easter day, on which day he had said Mass and kept the feast of Easter according to the due order.\n\nSaint Egwin was born in Britain. After his death, his mother entered religion and became a nun of St. James, and he, hearing the words of the Lord in the Gospel that he who will not renounce all things cannot be his disciple, forsook all things and was made a monk in the monastery of Tan-y-rall where St. Winwaloe was. And as St. Winwaloe and St. Egwin, being dean, were going to say Mass a mile from the monastery, a poor leper, full of sores, begged their help. He said that without their help, he would die, for his nostrils were burned with the fifth of his sickness place. The poor man did not say this but that he would die if they did not help him.\nAnd he gently attempted to cleanse it. And when he thought he had eased the poor man, it was the son of God, our Lord Jesus Christ. And a marvelous stone fell into his mouth. And as St. Egwin held our Lord in his arms, he looked up and saw a cross appear on His head. And Angelus came to greet Him. And so He ascended, saying to them, \"Because you have not refused me in my trouble, I shall not refuse you in the kingdom of heaven.\" And so he was received into heaven. And St. Winwalus recorded it for the merits of St. Egwin for his great obedience. And St. Egwin referred it to St. Winwalus for his order of priesthood. And after St. Egwin went to Ireland and there built a church and healed a lame man and raised a child from death. And when he was near forty-six years old, he yielded his spirit to our Lord on the twelfth calends of November.\n\nSt. Egwin was of the kings' blood of Marshes. He lived a religious life at Worcester.\nHe took pleasure in nothing temporal / He took order of priesthood & lived a contemplative life, by the holy assent of King Ethelred and his people, he was made bishop of Worcester. After this, he used much preaching and provided the people with many marriages and other terrible sins. The people, out of malice, rose against him with false tales and put him out of his see. The miracle filled all Rome, and many people came to see him and receive his blessing. He gave himself to contemplation, reading, fasting, and vigils, and especially to preaching. When he had been long sick, and always thanked the Lord for it, he called his brethren to him and showed them the perfect way of good living, and exhorted them to beware lest the world deceive them. He left this present life around the year 730-740 AD.\nThe third day of January / And he lies at Evesham / Our lord has shown him many miracles, both in his life and after his death.\n\nSaint Elfied was born in England. And when her mother was with child within her, she saw in her sleep a thing like a shining beam of light descending upon her head. It remained there for a long time. And when she was born, the more she grew in age, the more she desired the ambition of all fleshly pleasures. After her father's death, her mother, by her father's will, gave his manor that he dwelt in, called Clare, to the monastery of Romsey. After her mother took another husband, and since, as is often the case, the child lacked, King Edgar, remembering the good service of her father, put her in the monastery of Romsey under Abbess Merwenna. She loved her as her own daughter and brought her up in all virtue. And once her candle went out, and the fingers of her right hand gave light.\nall that were about her, the more honor she received from her sisters, the more meek and obedient she became. After she was made abbess, no one can tell the alms she gave or the prayers and weeping she used, both for herself and for the people. One night, when she was with the queen, she went into the water at night for prayer. The queen, suspecting it was for impurity, followed and was astonished to find her going into the water suddenly. The queen was taken out of her mind and turned in anger, unable to rest until St. Elfled prayed for her, saying, \"Lord, forgive this offense, for she knew not what she did.\" And so she was healed. When she was reproved as a waster of the monastery's goods, certain money that she had given in alms by her prayer was put back into the bags. After living many years in good life, she went to our Lord.\nfourth kalendas of November about the year of our Lord 970. St. Elphege was born in England, and in his youth he was so apt at learning of conjuring and virtue that his father and mother marveled at his capacity. They allowed him to go to school, and after his father's death, he left his inheritance and tenderly abandoned his mother. He entered religion at Deerth and was known to all as a prophet. Those he could not prophesize to, he studied so as not to harm them. After he came to bathe where he lived a marvelous life of penance, a great company of monks soon resorted to him. When there was great variance among the clerks and monks for the election of the bishop at Winchester, St. Dunstan appeared to St. Elphege and urged him to choose Elphegus. And so he was elected. After St. Dunstan knew he was going to die, he prayed to the Lord that Elphegus might be his successor at Canterbury. And at this time, Danes were greatly oppressed.\nthis realm and this blessed man would preach to them the word of God and redeem those in captivity, feeding those oppressed by hunger. And after the City of Canterbury was destroyed by the Danes through the treachery of Edric the traitor, whom the king had put in great authority, and because the king put his brother to death for his offenses, he went out of the court and confederated with the Danes. They besieged the City of Canterbury, and when they had won it, they showed great cruelty to the people. Therefore, Saint Elphegus offered himself to them and begged them to spare the people and take him. He was taken and put in prison. And there he lay until the officers were so punished by God's stroke that they took him out of prison and cried for mercy. He forgave them and blessed bread and gave it to them. And immediately they were healed. And when they were healed, the rulers asked him if he would have his life and liberty.\nThree thousand marks / Because he would not give the people leave to abandon the Money, he denied it, and so he was put back in cruel prison. There the Devil appeared to him like an Angel of light and persuaded him to leave prison by many examples. He followed him, and when he had brought him among waters in the dark night, the Devil left him and then he knew it was the craft of the enemy. He lifted his mind to our Lord and cried for help. And immediately a young man in bright shining apparel appeared to him and had him go again to receive the Crown of martyrdom. When he came to the prison and was truly taken, he was beaten. Foul Stinking Donge was cast upon him. And then St. Dunstan appeared to him and comforted him. And at last he was beaten with stones, and his own godson struck him in the head with a hatchet, and so he was martyred on the 13th of May, and the punishment of God fell upon the offenders, so that some of them killed themselves.\nAnd some went madde. Many fledde to the sea and their Ships were drowned about a C. and lx. Ships. And after, when King came into England and saw great punishment fall upon him and his people, he took counsel of some Englishmen who took his part. They thought it was wrong to say Saint Elphege's name. Therefore, by their counsel, he promised that when he had peace, he would bring the body of Saint Elphege to Canterbury. Seventeen years later, he found the body uncorrupted and brought it to Canterbury honorably as he had promised.\n\nSaint Erkenwald and his sister Ethelburg, commonly called Alburh, were born in that part of England called Lynsey. Saint Erkenwald was converted to the faith when Saint Augustine came into England and was disciple to the Bishop Militus. And his sister followed her brother's example. When she was christened, she was called Ethelburg. And Saint Erkenwald founded the Monastery of Chertsey for himself where he was Abbot.\nSaint Erkenwald was the brother of King Ethelburg of Barking, and was made sheriff of London by Saint Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury. When a beam ordered for the monastery of Barking was too short, he and his sister Ethelburg extended it and made it long enough. While preaching in a chariot, one wheel came off, but the chariot continued upright. He showed the very day of his death and comforted the people with God's word until the end. He died at Barking, and at his death there was a large crowd due to the miraculous occurrence. The stone became hollow and gave way to reveal the blessed relics. Afterward, many great miracles were performed at his shrine, as recorded in the legend, but they are omitted here.\n\nSaint Ermengild was the daughter of King Ercombert of Kent and Saint Sexburga his wife. She was disposed with great pity and compassion, and endeavored with a motherly pity to help the needs of every man, and there.\nShe was always constant on Benygnyte, on Charity, on desire for Heavenly things. She was married to Ulferus, son of Penda, king of Mercia, who, after his father's death, was christened and, through her exhortations and good manners, tamed the wild people and brought them to the faith. She put down rebellions mightily and did not cease until idolatry and worship of devils were completely eliminated, with the help of the king. Churches were built for divine service throughout the realm, and they had a daughter named Werburga. After the king's death, Queen Eadburh became a nun and was known as St. Eadburh. She left temporal armor and took spiritual armor, entering religion under the name Brother Benet in the monastery of St. Peter. However, despite this, he looked for nothing more honorable, but he was soon humbled and won over. He lived happily with the brethren, milking cows and sheep in the barn.\nKechyn was a monk and involved in all other business of the Monastery. After St. Coolfride, abbot of the monastery of St. Paul, was elected abbot in the year 583, while he was in the monastery of St. Peter. During his tenure as abbot, he continued to be as humble as before. When he saw the brothers work, he would join them. He was a man of great strength, eloquent speech, merry, and liberal. He ate the same food as the brothers and slept in the same quarters. When he was about to die, he kissed all the brothers as a token of peace and instructed them with many blessed monitions. He went to our Lord in the nascent illness of Marche.\n\nSt. Ethelbert was the third king of Kent, but he was the first to go to Heaven. All that St. Augustine did for the enhancement of faith may also be attributed to this blessed king, as far as it appears to man, since he helped St. Augustine and other works.\nSaint Ethelburgh, commonly known as Saint Alburh, was born in the province of Lindsey. From her youth, she despised bodily pleasures and the flattery of the world. The ancient enemy, envy, stirred her father against her, making him a cruel persecutor. Therefore, she often went to a chapel where she was baptized. And after she should have been married, she left her father and mother and went away privately with one maid. Along the way, the maid fell into such a great thirst that without help, she was near death. Saint Alburh prayed for help to the Lord, and immediately a fair well sprang up, which is there to this day. When certain work was assigned to her in Herueste, she went to prayer, and her work was done without her laying a hand on it. Her father, through her, was converted to the faith, and later her brother followed.\nSaint Erkengar, from his patrimony, established the Abbey of Barking, where she served as abbess. There, she subdued the body to the spirit through continuous fasting, vigils, and prayers, and urged the sisters to persevere. An image was then seen shining in the dormitory of the sisters, and bright cords were seen stretching into heaven with the image. Afterward, Saint Alburh departed from this world on the fifth ides of October, around the year 715-716, and it is believed that the image was shown to her. Her monastery has been visited numerous times to ward off pagans through special miracles. Sometimes wild beasts protected it, preventing enemies from approaching. At other times, offenders were struck down, some with madness, some with blindness, and some with death. Many miracles have been attributed to this virtuous virgin.\n\nSaint Etheldreda, commonly known as Saint Audrey, was the daughter of Anna, King of East Anglia.\nEnglode was married against her will to King Tontbert of the South Gyrwies, on the Isle of Ely. Upon entering the chamber, she committed her virginity to the Lord. When her husband looked into the chamber, it seemed as if the entire chamber was on fire, and he forbade her from approaching, declaring that the Lord was her protector. Shortly thereafter, he died. Twelve years later, she was married to King Egfrid of Northumbria not as a wife but as a lady. For her holiness, he greatly revered her and promised great gifts to persuade her into marriage with him. The Bishop contrarywise exhorted her to remain a virgin. Eventually, with the king's consent, she entered religion at Coldingham under Abbess Ebba. When the king repented and wished to fetch her from the monastery, she committed herself to the Lord. She and two sisters retreated to a hill, and there they remained.\nLord brought them to see about them, keeping them in prayer without food or drink, and when the king saw this, he departed and repented of his presumption. She then went to Ely, which was given to her by her husband Thurstan, and there she repaired a monastery, and gathered many sisters for their sustenance. They had not done this as was customary, and the priest, waking up, saw him go into his tomb again.\n\nSaint Ethelbert was King of East England. In his youth, he prospered much in learning. He did not give his mind to voluptuous pleasures but to prayers, alms-giving, and other good works. And while his companions were at play, he would be at church. After the death of his father King Ethelred, he was made king. He was profound in counsel, righteous in judgment, and sober in speech. He would spare his subjects and resist prodigals. And after the whole assembly's consent, he was desired to marry, and for the love of children, he assented to it.\nAnd he refused the daughter of a great consul, because her father was a man full of friends and discord, and alienated from Truth. And in the end, it was concluded that he should go to offer homage to a King of the Marshes. And when he was going, the earth quaked, and the sun grew dark, so that one could scarcely see the other. And when all around him were afraid and marveled at what it signified, he said, \"Let us do what is in us, and humble our hearts to Almighty God, and pray that He banish the darknesses, both of body and soul, and send us the light of His clearness.\" And so they lay prostrate and prayed. And anon, the darknesses departed. Then he went forth on his journey, and when he came into the kingdom of the Marshes, he had a marvelous dream: as he stood with his council, he thought his house fell down, and then he saw a lovely tree that he had never seen before, and certain persons were winging at the tree to cut it down, and a stream of blood followed from their hewing.\nHe thought he was a bird, and that his wings were bloody. He saw a bright beam brighter than the sun come out of the south, ascending into heaven. He thought he flew to the top of the tree and saw all that was in the firmament. He heard a song of great melody. Some thought it signified the exaltation of his kingdom. He said, whatever our Lord disposes, he would take it patiently. When he came before King [name], on advice of the queen for the sake of his kingdom, his head was struck by the thirteen calamities of Jupiter, as appears in his legend at great length. And when the virgin Alfrieda, whom he was to marry, knew of it, she sent his servants back to their country. Her master had been beheaded. She said to her mother, \"Your son will not live three years. Your kingdom will not be stable. And you shall not live in the confession of God over three months. A blind man.\"\nThe king Milfryde recovered his sight and was seen every night with a bright beam upon his sepulcher. He had a beautiful church built over him and endowed it with great possessions. He was the first king to establish a bishopric there.\n\nThey called it Wakefield, and the translation was made in November.\n\nSaint Ethelwold was born in Winchester. While she was pregnant with him, his mother saw two visions indicating that she would give birth to a child of great perfection. When the nurse was carrying the child in her arms and was unable to reach the church due to a great tempest, she was suddenly brought into the church and did not know how she had gotten there. When the child grew up, he was sent to school. He had a quick wit and whatever he learned, he remembered. King Ethelstan, hearing of his fame, ordered him to take on the priesthood. Saint Dunstan and one Ethelstan were made bishops together.\nPrester's on one day by St. Aldhelm; and he said that two of them should be bishops, and the third should give him to Luxury and make an evil end. This occurred with the aforementioned Ethelstan. After St. Ethelwold went to Glastonbury, a mockery was made under St. Dunstan where he always aspired to the height of virtue. Though he was much cherished and beloved by all men, he ran into no peril of Pride, but kept himself always in humility. And after King Athelred gave him a place in Abingdon, he renewed the Monastery of Abingdon and put monks in it. And by commandment of King Edgar, St. Dunstan made him bishop of Winchester, and there he put in monks and also at Hyde. He made a place of Nuns at Winchester, and he made Peterborough and Thorney, and went about all monasteries to set them in good order and to comfort good men and to correct those who were obstinate. He never punished anyone cruelly but for love. He was a.\nA father and shepherd to religious men, a defender of virgins, a comforter of widows, a receiver of pilgrims, a refresher of the poor, a helper of children and orphans, and when a great famine was in all England, he sold the ornaments of his Church and the plate to help the poor people. He had continual sicknesses, so that many nights he slept nothing. He never ate flesh but twice, once by command of St. Dunstan and another time in his sicknesses, and he died of it. His candle burned up above his book until it wore out, and yet it did not harm his book. It is read of him in Chronicles that when he was at great feasts which began in England at the coming in of the Danes, he would eat no other thing but bread, and would drink water. He went to the Lord in the calends of August in the year of our Lord 900 forty-four, and he lies at Winchester where the Lord has shown many miracles for him. A man and a child who were blind at his tomb received their sight.\nSaint Felix was born in Pies, a city of Burgundy, and there he established a workshop. In the time that he taught, he fully carried out good works. The Archbishop welcomed him charitably upon his arrival. But when he knew his intention was to persist, he was even more glad, and so he went into the province of East England. In the year of our Lord 573, and after entering religion, she never wore linen; she ate only once a day. She was diligent in vigils and prayers, and before her death she had a great swelling in her throat and in her cheek, which she greatly delighted in, and said it was a great goodness of our Lord that this pain might take away the pain she was worthy to have for her pride and offenses in wearing gold and precious stones about her neck when she was young. And when a surgeon had cut the sore place and eased her for a time, the pain returned on the third day after. She yielded her soul to our Lord on the 9th of the Kalends (January 1).\nIuly after she had ben abbesse .vii. yere / & whe\u0304 she had lyen .xvi. ye\u2223rys her Body & all her clothys were founde vncorrupte And her necke was hoole & a tokyn apperyd of the Cut\u2223tynge / & after the monasterye was destroyed by Inguer & hubba / & was renewyd agayne by seynt Ethelwolde by helpe of ye kynge Edgar / A man that had ben a great vserer & full ofe Myracle knowyn he was let goo / & so he enteryd into re\u00a6lygyon as he before purposyd.\nSEynt ethelberte that was conuertyd by Seynt augustyne had Issu Edbalde / edbalde had two sonnes E\nIssu theys blessyd martyrs Ethelrede / & Ethelbricte & a doughter callyd do\u0304puena which was maryed to ye kyn\u2223ge of Mershyes / & after the deth of theyr fader & moder bycause they were then but yonge they were put to the ke\u00a6pynge of Egbert sone of the sayde Ercombert to brynge vp / And therupon a cursyd man callyd thu\u0304nir yt had gre\u00a6te rule vnder the kynge ferynge yt if they lyuyd they shul\u2223de be gretter in fauoure wt the kynge then he / enuyed the\u0304 moch / & tolde the kynge\nMany false tales claim that they would expel him from his realm and conspiratorially urged the king to let them do so privately. When the king, out of fear of God and love for them, refused to assent in any way, the cursed man, in defiance, called on the king one night and killed them both. The king, rising in the night, saw a great light in the hall and was greatly afraid for the children. He called for his counselors spiritual and temporal, and by their counsel, he sent for Dompena, their sister. For the death of her brothers, she asked as much ground in the Isle of Tenet as her hind would go about, saying she was so commanded by our Lord. When the hind had gone a certain distance and all the people followed her, Thumnyr.\nFounded a great defect at the king's grant and wished to stop it. He spoke the word and, immediately, he fell from his horse and broke his neck. He was buried in the same place, and a great rock of stones was cast upon him. It is called Thunerslane to this day. Afterward, under King Ethelred, the glorious martyrs were translated from a place where the blessed King Sigbert previously ruled. Before that time, Sigbert had fled to France out of fear of Redwald. There, he was christened. Upon returning to his country, he established a monastery by the counsel of St. Felix and took the tonsure. There, he served the Lord. In a short time, St. Felix converted all the people, and was made bishop of the City of Domino. King Sigbert, with St. Felix's help, established schools for bringing up children throughout the country. He went to the Lord on the 8th ides of March and was buried in the same city. His relics were brought to Seham.\nWhich was destroyed by Danys, and then his relics were brought to Ramsey where they lie at this day. St. Fyacre was born of noble blood in Ireland, and because he desired much to lead a solitary life, he left his country and friends and went to St. Pharao Busshope of Meldes. And when he knew the intent of his companions, he cherished him much and gave him a certain land in the wood of Brodyle, far from the reach of people, where he built a monastery in honor of our Lady. There he daily increased in virtues, and he gave it to the poor. With only touching of his hands, and with God's help, he healed many men of various diseases. He made a ditch around it in a day to make a garden, and he was greatly respected. And when he returned home, he made his prayers and drew his staff after him. With a touch of the staff, the ground became void and hollow like a ditch, and all the trees in the vicinity fell down.\nA woman seeing the Dike mercilessly / and told of its bushes / and said that the Hermit was a witch and an enchanter / not the servant of God / and came again to him, presumptuously speaking to him courteously / and charged him in the Bishop's name to cease his work\nAnd he, hearing it, was heavy / and sat down upon a stone which became soft and hollow to him like a seat which remains there to this day / and by touching it, various sick men have been healed\nAnd when the Bishop saw the miracles that were done / he loved St. Fyacre much more / and was ever after more favorable to him / nevertheless, St. Fyacre prayed to our Lord that if any woman ever came into his Monastery / she should fall into some sickness / and so it proved to be of diverse women\nHe went out of this world the 15th of September, about the year of our Lord 622.\n\nSaint Finian was born of the people of Arade, and Saint Patrick prophesied that he should be a holy Bishop. Therefore\nHis friends in trust of St. Patrick's words at a supper brought him three vessels of small ale. By his blessing, it was turned into wine. After he was committed to the jailer to inform, and as he once wished to be baptized, an angel held his hand up in the air. Therefore, he said he would no longer be baptized. And after a holy abbot also refused to have him as his disciple, for he said he was greater in merits than he, and should be a holy hermit instead. The child said a holy hermit was coming out of Britain, who should be his master. So there was, and he went with him to his hermitage, called Maguns, where he was made a monk. He had a man who, for his sins, had a legion of demons. He drank poison, and it hurt him not. After he went to Rome where he was made a priest, and was there for seven years. As he preached at Rome out of envy, they slit open his belly and blew out his organs. The people thanked the Lord that his voice was heard above all this. He covered himself much.\npeople about Italy / and there the hand of a King would have crucified him stake fast to the Cross till he and all the people were penitent / and were converted / then he went to his own country / and was made Bishop / and in Ireland he did so many Miracles that no man can tell / He was sick a whole year lying in his bed / And when his time drew near, he received the blessed Body of our Lord on the fourth Idus of September / And he was buried in Scotland at Cumgham at a place that after his name is called Kilwynny.\n\nSaint Foylan Bishop and martyr was born of noble blood in Ireland / and he made his blood more noble by his good living / and like the patriarch Abraham / He left his own country and his carnal friends / And went to France / where he was Instructor to Saint Gertrude / and she gave to him and to his brother Ultan a ground called Foles to make there a Monastery to receive pilgrims / And Ultan was made ruler thereof / And Saint Foylan still remained to instruct.\nSaint Gertrude and her companions, including Foylane, went to visit Foylane's brother Ultran, a monk. Along the way, they encountered the Devil, who promised to bring them to good lodging but intended to murder them. Saint Foylane, guided by the Holy Ghost, gave himself to prayers and comforted his brethren to be strong in the Lord. The wicked man and his companions struck their heads the day before the Kalends of November. They left their bodies in a desolate place and sold their horses and apparel. When Saint Gertrude grew concerned about Ultran's prolonged absence, she sent word to the monastery. Ultran replied that she should use her wisdom to uncover his vision, as while he was praying, he thought he saw a white dove with bloody wings fly up to Heaven. He knew not of whom he spoke. Therefore, Saint Gertrude and all the brethren and fathers were to be informed of his martyrdom. And she was to find him by a token that the Lord would show her.\nShe found him and his companions forty-eight days after their martyrdom. A bright shining crown appeared over them on the day of his finding. Saint Ferreus, his brother, died on the same day, and he was buried in the same monastery where the Lord had shown him many miracles.\n\nA child three days old prophesied that in his time a king of England would have a son named Fremund, who would convert him and his mother, as well as the entire country, to the faith of our Lord. In his youth, he would heal lepers and blind men. At his birth, a bright beam would appear over the house. And as he spoke, it came to pass in every detail.\n\nWhen the king grew old, he made Saint Fremund king, despite his refusal. He reigned for a year and a half, caring for the poor, increasing peace, and putting down rebellions. Then he left all that honor and, with two clerks, went privately in a small ship without a sail into the sea.\ntrusting in the help of our lord and not in the wind, and on the fifth day they came to an island called Ilefage, where no man had dared to dwell before due to fear of the devil. There he lived unknown by Rootye and Erbys for seven years, and his appearance did not change during that time. After his departure from his country, the Danes came into the ship, and when they had martyred Saint Edmond, his father was very afraid and sent messengers for his son. They found him and showed him the content of their message. He gave himself to prayer to know the will of the Lord in this matter, and by an angel he was advised to go with them. The angel showed him that he would have victory, and that every man who came with him to the battle would appear as a thousand men. So he went into his country where he found his father overcome by the infidels. With his two companions and the twenty-two others who came for him, each one of them appeared as a thousand men.\nAungell said \"killd thouxeen thousand pagans.\" After the victory, he went to prayer and thanked our Lord. A Christian man named Oswy, who had forsaken the Faith due to a promise from the Danes to make him king, had his head struck off on the fifth ides of May. The blood that fell upon him burned him with such intolerable heat that immediately he fell prostrate and cried for mercy. The head spoke and forgave him. Then he took up his own head and bore it to a place between Huchyn and Harbury and washed it in a well that sprang up there by his prayer. After he was taken to a place called \"of the church\" where he was buried and lay there for nine years, he was removed by the monks of an angel's command to three Maidens who were all cured of their diseases, to a place between Charwell and Bradmore. He lay unknown there for many years until it was shown by an angel to a pilgrim at Jerusalem.\nSaint Berryne was taken up by Saint Berryne honorably and led to the next monastery as the Pope had commanded. Along the way, Saint Berryne's relics refused to move any further. Therefore, Saint Berryne went to Rome and honorably showed them to the same place on the fifth of April. One of his arms and one of his ribs, as well as a part of his jaw, now lie at Dunstable. The remainder of his body lies at Cropredy.\n\nSaint Frideswide was born in Oxford around the year 750. After her childhood, she lived on bread, barley, and water. With her father and mother's consent, she became a nun. Twelve other noble virgins also entered religion due to her example. With the king's help, she established a monastery where she lived in fasting and constant prayer, praying one hundred times a day and as many times at night, kneeling before the devil.\nAnd he appeared to her as our Lord with angels, and asked her to worship him, whom she had long served. By spirit she recognized him and despised him. He went away with a great stench. She continued in prayer quietly and without fear. Then the devil moved King Alger to desire her for his voluptuous pleasure. The king sent his servants for her, but she could not be persuaded to come to the king. They tried to take her by force, but were immediately struck blind. By the desire of all the people who came to witness this, she made them see again. And that same night, an angel appeared to her and told her to go to Chamysside. There she would find a boat and a young man prepared by the Lord to convey her. For the king intended to come and take her away. So she went to Chames, and with two sisters she was conveyed in the said boat within ten miles. Suddenly, the boat and the rower were gone.\nThey lived in a wilderness for three years in great asceticism / in vigils and prayers. The king, unable to find her in the morning, studied to destroy the tower. When he came to the northern gate, he was struck blind. It is said that it is a penalty for kings of England to enter the town of Oxford for this reason. After three years, she returned and built an oratory at Thornbury near Oxford. There, by her prayers, a fair well sprang up. Once, when she came to Oxford, all the people gathered to meet her. A foul leper begged her, in the name of God, to kiss him, and she did. Instantly, he was healed. An angel told her that she would die on the fourteenth of November. The angel then left her sick with the ague. When her strength was greatly diminished, she saw St. Catherine and St. Cecilia, whom she had always revered. She cried out, \"I come, Ladies, I come,\" and went to join them.\nLord, on the fourteenth day of November, / And then a great light entered the house, filling it all / And the town with a goodly sweet fragrance.\n\nSaint Fursa was born in Ireland. / He was the brother of Saint Foillan. / He was fair and chaste in body, / devout in mind, / full of grace and good works. / From his youth, he was raised in holy letters / and learning of religion.\n\nOnce, when he was sick and seeing his reflection, / a great darkness fell upon him. / He was brought near to death. / Then three angels appeared to him. / He heard them sing (hic cantant sancti de virtute invirtutem) and other wonderful sweet songs. / After the Devil, before our Lord, laid many things against him. / And the angels defended him from their accusations. / And from great terrifying Fires that he saw. / And from all other dangers, except that he took a gown from one who was a sinner to pray for him. / The Devil threw that man upon him, pinning his shoulder down.\nThe Angels bade him look into the world, and he saw the world as a great valley, where were four Fires. The Angels said that these Fires consume all the world. The first is the Fire of lying, when men at their Baptism promise to forsake the Devil and all his works and do not. The second is the Fire of covetousness, when men set the love of the world before the love of heavenly things. The third is the Fire of discord, when men fear not to offend their neighbors for trivial reasons. And the fourth is the Fire of wickedness, when great men fear not to rob and spoil the poor. As he looked up, he saw a great company of Angels in heaven singing (Holy, holy, holy, Lord God Almighty), and there he was much comforted and said it was great joy to hear it heavenly sung. Then two holy Bishops who had recently gone to heaven appeared to him, urging him to return to the world again, for he was very heavy.\nA year after he recovered, an angel appeared to him and said he would live yet. He was to spend 12 years in preaching God's word. Afterwards, he went to King Sixtus of East England and was warmly received. At Canterbury, he founded a monastery. Whenever he spoke of his vision, even in cold winter, he grew feverish. After leaving the monastery's care to his brother St. Foylan, he went to France and founded a monastery at Latinyacum. He left this world on the 17th of February and lies at Perona. Four years after his burial, his body was found incorrupt. He departed around the year 560 AD.\nSaint Gilda, a Scottish king's son, was educated in liberal arts. After going to France, he stayed there for seven years. From France, he came to Britain, where many scoundrels gathered around him. He lived like a hermit, always busy in prayer, and wore a hair shirt made of ashes. He drank water and never ate flesh. At night, he said certain prayers in the water, taking sleep upon a stone. And the heavenly rewards were always in his desire. He taught his disciples to despise all that was transitory. Once, as he preached in the country of Epidaunus, his voice was suddenly stopped. When all the people marveled at this, he asked them all to leave the church so that he might find out if any of them were the cause. At last, Nunnyta, mother of Saint David, was found in the church with a child. And he said that she should have a blessed child, who would be unlike any man in his time.\nSaint Gildas blessed the child for his presence. His speech was halted. Then Saint Gildas went to Ireland and converted many people. After King Arthur had avenged his brother well, he came to Britain and forgave King Arthur for his brother's death. He lived by the Severn River and built a church there, where he led a hermit's life. He wrote a book of the Four Gospels, which was held in such honor that the people dared not open it. They believed that there was no agreement between enemies except through this book. Afterward, he came to Glastonbury and built a church on a riverbank where he lived as a hermit. When he fell ill, he sent for the Abbot of Glastonbury and requested to be buried in his monastery. He departed from this world on the fourth of February in the year 492 and 12, and a great light was seen around his body. He lies at Glastonbury.\n\nSaint Gilbert was born at\nIn his youth, Sempyngham was so humble in his father's house that the servants refused to sit with him at meals. At Schole, he showed promise. He then went to France and took a master's degree. Upon returning to England, he established the Sempyngham order for men and women. He labored for the welfare of all he could and prophesied to them in word, deed, and example. His father approved of his conduct and presented him to the churches of Sempyngham and Tyrington. One time, there was a temptation between him and his host's daughter. The following night, he dreamed that he had placed his head so far in her bosom that he could not withdraw it. Frightened, he left that place. A virgin was one of the seven whom he began to convert. After he was made a priest, he gave all that he had above his necessary living to the poor. He then went to Rome.\nPope Engeny was to have the Religion of Cisteux given authority over his monasteries. The Pope would not consent to this. Nor would the Cisteux, and then the Pope ordered that men be appointed for this purpose by himself. He did so, and during this journey he was very familiar with Saint Malachy, Bishop of Ireland, and with Saint Bernarde. He appointed the Rule of Saint Augustine for his brothers and the Rule of Saint Benedict for the sisters. He corrected whatever he disliked in either rule and sent his rule to Rome for confirmation. He founded thirteen monasteries, in which at his death were about seven hundred brothers and five hundred sisters. He loved all his places equally and showed the same diligence for one as for the other. His riding apparel was simple, and his company was honest. He always abstained from flesh except in great sicknesses. In Lent and Advent he abstained from fish. He had at his table a dish called the dish of Jesus, in which he put:\nA man for the poor, not of the refuse, was very good. After dinner, he had Redinge (reading or meditation). He was in Wyntre (Winter) and Sumerlyke (summer), and he chose one of his disciples to be his master and was obedient to him. He took the habit of a canon. A man with wearing of his socks was summoned from the gate. Also, fire fled from the house where he was praying and did not harm it. In the year of our Lord God, one thousand four hundred and ninety-nine, on the day before the Nonas of February, full of good works and good examples, he went to our Lord and was buried honorably in the monastery of Sempyngham, which he had founded.\n\nThe father and mother of St. Godryk dwelt in Norfolk in a town called Walpole. They were poor in worldly substance but rich in virtues, devoutly praying to the Lord that they might have a child suitable for his service. And so they had a son whom they called Godryk. In his youth, he was a merchant dealing in Feyrrys (Fairries, possibly a typo for Fairs) and Markettys. He went to see St.\nAndriew in Scotland & then to Rome, traveling with merchants by water. He spent 16 years in such ventures. Afterward, he went to Britain, Flanders, and Denmark. He won much wealth. And for 16 years, he spent his time in such businesses. He went to Rome twice; once by way of St. Giles, and the other time he took his mother with him, who went barefoot. When he arrived the last time, he sold all that he had and gave it to the poor, living unknown at Carleile. Many people began to worship him there, so he went into a wood and lived there with herbs and fruits, having no house. Afterward, he met an old hermit, and they called each other by their names, yet they had never heard of each other before. He stayed with him until the other hermit died. Then St. Cuthbert appeared to him and instructed him to go to Jerusalem and be crucified with the Lord. Afterward, he was to return to a wood called Finckale, which is a little way from Duresme. He took no sustenance on this journey except dry barley bread and water. He did not change it.\nThey did not change their clothes or wash them until they came there, so stones and gravel grew into their feet so painfully that the flesh and bones could scarcely endure. At the Jordan, he bathed and wished for his Herod. From that time on, he had no shoes. Then he returned again to Finkale and by the river there he made a little house where he lived unknown for several years with Leus and Rotus. Afterward, he began to labor to obtain his food by his labor. He dug the ground and sowed it, and made a garden. He never lay in a bed but on the ground with a herb under him and a stone under his head. Of all things, he avoided idleness and would either be in prayer, meditation, or labor. He would stand in the water though it were freezing, and sometimes a month together in the night until the morning. When his teeth chattered in his head, he would say, \"This is painful, but the fire of Hell is much more painful.\" In the cold winter, he would go barefoot so that his feet froze.\nfeet sometimes were cut so severely that a man could put his finger in the wound. He chose the prior of Duresme to be his master and would not speak with any man without licence of him for four days a week. Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, and Friday, and also during Lent and from September to Easter, he kept silence. After he began to inhabit that place, he never left it but three times. He had diverse times great foul diseases of the bladder and other parts of his body with intolerable pain. Yet he would take no medicine, for he believed he was worthy to suffer pain for his offenses. He made one to rub his sores with salt. After eleven years in the wilderness, a great swelling took him in the face and all over his body, which he could scarcely recognize, and he had great internal pain as though worms had consumed him, which he always took in patience. When his time drew near, he called the brethren and they laid him upon a bed with ashes and put on him a stem and a cowl, for he\nA little before, a monk named Grymbalde was made at Duresme. He went to our Lord on the twelfth calends of June in the year of our Lord 1570, and many great miracles that our Lord showed for this blessed man. There were also the great temptations that the spiritual enemy often appeared to him, deceiving him at times like a pilgrimage, at times like a woman, and sometimes terrifyingly in the likeness of diverse beasts. And how he had the victory with the sign of the cross was omitted. Our Lady and diverse other saints appeared to him and comforted him many times for his shortness.\n\nAlfred, king of Wessex, sent for a monk called Grymbalde from Flanders and made him abbot in a monastery he had newly built in Winchester. There, Abbot Grymbalde gathered a great company of monks and taught them diligently letters and good manners. He gave great alms, was devout in prayers, and often used vigils, and was full of good examples. In great age, he left this world and went to the Everlasting reward.\nIn Hewyn, on the 8th day of July, around the year 805 AD, Saint Gudwalle was buried in his monastery at Winchester, now called Hyde, where he is held in great honor.\n\nSaint Gudwalle was born of noble blood in the parts of Britain. In his youth, he was put to learning. When he came of age, he was made a priest and, after Bushoppe, he abhorred all worldly things. Whatever prospered for him in the world, he turned to the honor of God. Realizing that his bishopric was in a way a chain binding him to the world, he left it to a discreet man and went to a monastery in his diocese. Near the monastery was a great rock, like an island, and he and a fellow made him a little house in the stone. When he lacked water, he struck his staff into the rock, and by his prayer, a fair well sprang out of it. Afterward, he gathered there a hundred and forty-four brethren.\nye see was so nygh the Monasterye that the grownde was ve\u00a6rye lytell for so many {per}sonys wherfore he went to the see syde / & set his staffe in ye grou\u0304de & chargyd the see in the name of our Lord Ihesu crist yt it shulde not passe that marke / & the see obeyed vnto hym / On a tyme he sent his discyples into a place where great rayne fell in all the co\u0304\u2223trey & by his merytes there felle none in ye wey where his\ndiscyples were / he helyd a wolfe yt had hurte his fote & co\u0304\u00a6mau\u0304dyd hym he shuld neuer doo hurte to any creature & that he shulde euer after ete Hey lyke an Oxe & so he dyd on a tyme a pore man askyd of hym almes / & bycause he had no other thynge at hande he gaue hym a Horse / and when the seruauntys on the morowe grudgyde at it the\u2223re came a noder Horse lyke to ye same Horse i\u0304 euery thyn\u00a6ge / & yet was not the same whom they toke & put to wer\u2223ke / seynt Myghell the arcaungell apperyd to hym & tol\u2223de hym the veray daye that he shulde leue this worlde / & anon as he was gon / seynt Peter & seynt\nPaul appeared to him and comforted him. He died on the eighth day of Iune, and when his body was placed in a wagon to be taken to a certain place for burial, the oxen became unmovable and could not go or turn. By common consent, two wild boars were put into the wagon, and they went straight to an island called Plecyt, where he was honorably buried. After many years, for fear of enemies, the people of that island fled to various countries. The Brethren, seeing other men taking the relics with them, went to Frauce to Clermont where the blessed relics were laid. St. Gundleus was the son of a king of South Britain. After his father's death, he divided his realm into seven parts and gave his six brothers their portions. They all obeyed him as their superior. He had a son named Cadoc. One night, an angel appeared to him and his wife in their bed and said, \"Our Lord will it that this be yours.\"\nshulde turn them with all their hearts to his service, and he showed them in the mornings they should go to a little hill by a river side. And where they saw a white ox standing there, they should abide. In the mornings, the king left his realm to St. Cadoc's son and went to the said hill. And as the angel had said, there he found a white ox and there he built a church and lived in great abstinence. He ate only barley bread, of which the third part was ashes, and drank water. He would wake up in the night and bathe in the water. He would live on his own labor. After St. Cadoc, the abbot of Nancarbanense, came to visit him. And St. Cadoc said to him, \"The kingdom of heaven is not promised to those who begin well, but to those who persevere. And for the lack of water, St. Gundleus prayed and struck his staff into the ground. And immediately, a fair well sprang up. And when his time drew near, he sent for St. Dubricius Bushope of Landavese and for his son Cadoke.\nHad comforted him and welcomed him, he went to our Lord on the fourth calends of April. Angelys have often seen visitors at the place where he was buried, and various men have been severely punished for wrongdoing to his Church.\n\nSaint Guthlake was born in the time of Ethelred, King of Mercia, and he was of the king's blood. At his birth, a hand like that of a red man, of a heavenly color, was seen at the door making a cross. When he was 24 years old, he gave himself to acts of chivalry and defeated his father mightily against his enemies. He took down castles and towns, and in his most cruelty, he was also merciful and would give to his enemies the third part of the spoils. And after he considered that the glory of the world was but as smoke and a transient vapor, he cast away his armor and went to repeat his vows. He took orders, giving himself to monastic learning, and he would drink nothing that might be an occasion for.\nThis blessed man went to Crowland where no one dared to approach due to fear of wicked spirits. He lived a blessed life there and suffered great temptations and persecutions from wicked spirits, as the legend describes at length. He was often delivered from troubles and temptations by St. Bartholomew, whom he had in singular devotion. Once, two devils in the likeness of men came to him and persuaded him to fast not for two or three days but for whole weeks. They put him in mind of Moses and how they fasted, and of the fasting of the old fathers of Syria. He knew they were wicked spirits, so he made his prayer, and they vanished away. Then he took his sustenance of barley bread, as was his custom. This blessed man had such a wholehearted intent on God that there was never in his heart but pity and charity. In his mouth there was nothing but \"our Lord Jesus Christ, mercy, and forgiveness.\" He was never seen angry, proud, or heavy but always joyful.\nWhen he saw two devilish figures weeping, and asked them why, they replied because he frequently opposed them, and he made the sign of the cross, causing them to vanish immediately. As he was on his way to see St. Guthlake, one of his chaplains mentioned that he had seen many hermits, some good and some evil. He added that if he had ever seen him, he could tell whether he was as good as his reputation suggested. Upon arriving at St. Guthlake's dwelling, the abbot, knowing his words, asked him about the man he had spoken of the previous day. The man was abashed and fell down, asking for forgiveness. The abbot then made him a priest. He had a sister named Peg, whom he did not wish to see in this life, but rather in the life to come. Near the end of his time, he showed his disciple Berthilyn where to find him buried and asked him to pray to St. Guthlake to reveal his identity. Berthilyn did so.\nThe man had seen him every day since his first coming to him speaking with him in the mornings and evenings. He said that since he came to the wilderness, he had an Angel to comfort him and help him in his temptations. This Angel showed him things to come with great secrets, which it was not lawful to speak of. Bertelyn was instructed to keep it secret and not to reveal it to anyone except his sister Pega and a holy man named Egbert. After speaking thus, a sweet smell came out of his mouth, as of rose flowers or balm. From midnight to morning, a great light was seen in the entire house. Then he told his disciple that his time had come. Lifting up his eyes and hands into heaven, he slept in the Lord around the year of grace 705 and 6. About a year after his death, his body was removed and was found undecayed with all his clothes. A king named Ethelbalde, who had been wrongfully driven out of his kingdom and was much more familiar with St. Guthlac in his life, came to his tomb and prayed devoutly to.\nHelper, he appeared to him and told him that within two years he would be restored to his kingdom, and so it happened. He bought a crown and endowed it with great loads and many liberties, as he had promised to St. Guthlake in his life.\n\nHelen was the daughter of Cole, king of great Britain. In those days, the senate of Rome, which had subdued the country of Spain to them, sought also to subdue Britain, now called England. Cole, acknowledging the great wisdom of Constantius, immediately agreed to pay the old tribute. Constantius then took Helen, his daughter, as his wife and had a son by her, Constantine. After the death of his father, Helen went to Rome with great power of Britain and took his mother with him. She put down Maxentius the tyrant and was made Empress. After he was converted to the faith and baptized by St. Silvester, his mother prayed that he had left the worship of idols, but she thought he should rather have received the faith of the Christians.\ngod of the Iues, whom she had received; then she was to receive the faith of a man crucified. At a certain time, it was appointed between them to have both laws disputed. On that day, Saint Sylvester's profound arguments and the miracles that our Lord showed in proof of the faith of Saint Helena and all the doctors of the Iues she brought with her were sufficient to convert them to the faith. When she was baptized, she encouraged herself to spread the Christian faith as much as she could and went to Jerusalem with a great power. There she found the holy cross with the three nails and the crybbe on which our Lord was laid, and part of the Virgin's veil. She made monasteries where our Lord suffered his death and passion, as the holy cross was found, and at Bethlehem and in many other places. After she went to India, she made many churches and brought with her part of the bodies of the three kings of Colchis. She brought part of the holy cross to Constantinople after she went to Rome and grew to such great heights.\nCharity was like a mother to all persons. After she fell ill, she saw heaven open and the Lord standing with a great multitude of angels, whose cross shone marvelously. This comforted her much. She went to the Lord on the 15th of September and was honorably buried by the Pope, with great weeping from all the people. It is said that her body was transported to Constantinople, and now it lies in Venice.\n\nSaint Henry the hermit was born in Denmark. One time, when everything was ordered that he should marry, the Lord prohibited him from doing so and commanded him to keep himself clean and immaculate from this world. He was to go to the Isle of Cockett. He came to Tynmouth and received permission from the prior to go to the Isle of Cockett. He lived there with bread and water. After he ate only three times a week, and on three days of the week he kept vigil, having no boat to go over the water, but a boat from the other side broke, allowing him to make his prayer and cross over.\ntied to him and came over to him / and so he went over in it. His friends hearing where he was sent to him, and moved him to come again into his country, saying there were diverse solitary places in that country more suitable for living a solitary life than that. He was moved thereto, and in the following night he made his prayers before the crucifix to know the will of our Lord with great devotion. The crucifix spoke to him and bade him persevere strongly in it that he had begun and not leave it to the end of his life. Hearing this, he lay prostrate and begged our Lord that he should not have the power to go, though he would. And anon a great swelling fell into his knee which grew so grievous that he sat against the son. Worms came out of it, and he would take them up and bid them go back to that which was their inheritance and life that had nourished them. The more grievous the disease grew, the gladder he was, yielding ever thankings to our Lord.\nLord, although the sickness grew extremely grievous, he wished to be alone, enduring the weariness of the long night without help. When the hour of death arrived, he took the bell rope in his hand to ring the bell and so departed. A monk arrived and found him dead, sitting upon a stone with the bell rope in his hand, and a candlestick standing by him, illuminated by a heavenly light. When his body was cleansed from the filth, it was as white as snow, nothing remaining of the first disease. His face shone with such brightness that he could scarcely be recognized. He died in the year 1000 and 20, on the 17th of February, and lies at Tynmouth, not far from the body of St. Oswyne.\n\nWhen St. Wilfrid and his companions had converted many people in Northumbria to the faith, two blessed men were born in England, both named Hewald. They had spent a long time in Ireland and went to old Saxony to preach the word of God for diversity's sake.\nof the one was called the Black Hewald, and the other the White Hewald. When they arrived in Friesland, they were lodged with a husbandman, whom they asked to arrange a meeting with the ruler of that country to deliver a message to him. He promised to do so, and when they had stayed with him for a certain period of time, the barbarous people, hearing that they were of a different religion and used much prayer and daily said mass, suspected that if they spoke with their ruler, they would convert him to the Christian faith, and so the entire province might follow, leaving their old law. Therefore, they both, the White Hewald on the 5th of October, and the Black Hewald by short martyrdom, were killed, and their bodies were cast into the River Rhine. When the ruler heard of this, he was very angry that they would not let them speak with him, and he summoned all the barbarous people who had killed the blessed martyrs and also burned their bodies.\nThe town and the bodies of the blessed men went 10 miles upstream to a place where their fellows were. A bright shining beam was seen every night there as their bodies lay, and they were taken up and buried honorably, like glorious martyrs. Pippin, the French king, later removed their bodies to Colyne, and in those parts their feast is celebrated with great devotion.\n\nSaint Hilda was the daughter of Heremod, a newcomer to King Edwin. When King Edwin was converted by the preaching of Saint Paulin, Hilda was also converted. She immediately left her secular habit and dedicated herself to serving the Lord. She went to the king of East Anglia, to whom she was related by kinship, asking him to help her go to her sister Hereswitha in the convent of Chester-le-Street. After she had spent about a year there, Saint Aidan came. He was the first person ever in the province of Northumbria. After Saint Hilda founded the monastery of Streaneshalch, now called Whithyby.\nAnd as she had been ordered by holy men to establish her first monastery with regular discipline, she also established this monastery and taught them pretty abstinence and other virtues, especially to have peace and charity. She was of such great wisdom that not only the poor but also kings and princes would seek her counsel. By her prayers, a great multitude of serpents, which frightened her sisters, were turned to stones. Her servants, by her commandment, had a great flock of geese that destroyed the corn of her monastery go into a certain enclosed ground, and without delay they went there as they were bid. When she came there, she bade them go where they would, and one of the birds that was dead she raised to life and bade it follow its fellows. And so it did. By the will of our Lord, she had great continual sickness for six years before she died, and in the seventh year, by great internal pain, she left this world.\nKalendas of December, and a nun in a monastery named Hacanos, who was Saint Hilda, a little before her death, had found, which was thirteen miles from thence; and Saint Hilda saw her soul born into Heaven with a great company of angels.\n\nSaint Hildelyth was the Abbess of Barking next after Saint Alburgh, and lived to great age in keeping of regular observances. By her exhortations and good conduct, she encouraged all men to heavenly things. At Barking, her feast is solemnized in great honor. Saint Hildelyth was not only honored with Saint Dunstan, Saint Ethelwold, and Saint Elphege, but also with many other old holy Fathers. Her holiness is commended, and it is written of her that she was full of charity, a teacher of virtue, a giver of good examples in vigils, fasting, benevolence, and mercy, and that she produced great diligence for all others in body and soul, so that before God and man, she lived without offense.\nnot of her life nor of her miracles, but the three blind women who came all at once - one to St. Alburgh, another to St. Hildelyth, and the third to St. Wulfhilde - received their sight.\n\nSt. Honorius was a disciple of St. Gregory and, after St. Justus, was elected archbishop of Canterbury. He was consecrated by Paulinus, archbishop of York, and Pope Honorius sent to him a pall with his letters, wherein he decreed that whichever of the archbishops of Canterbury or York died first, the survivor should have authority to make a new appointment and not go to Rome every time for such great journeys. This blessed man consecrated St. Felix as bishop of East Anglia, who converted the entire country to the faith. When St. Edwin was dead and the country of Northumbria was troubled with pagans, St. Paulinus and Queen Ethelburghe, who was wife to King Edwin, went to St. Honorius. He consecrated St. Paulinus as bishop of Rochester, and Queen Ethelburghe as a nun at a place.\nCalled Limming, where she had found a Monastery upon the ground which she had of the gift of her Brother King Edwald. Here she was Mother to many virgins and widows. This blessed man made parishes, ordained clerks and priests, and bade them that they should instruct the people as much by examples and pacience as by high doctrine, so that the rude people might be brought to the love of Almighty God as much by sweet teaching as by sharpenings and fear. And our Lord endowed this blessed man with pure faith and goodly conversion in many signs and virtues, so that he shone in this realm of England as a lantern and put away errors and converted many pagans to the faith, relieving the wretchedness of the people with prayer and consolation. His life shone like glass to all who would look in it. He was strict and hard with himself and liberal to the poor people, serving the Lord humbly and charitably. He went out of the prison of this world the day before the calends of October in the year of our Lord.\nlorde god syx Hundred fyghtye and thre / & lyeth in the monasterye of seynt Peter and paule at Cau\u0304terbury & many yerys after when his Body was remouyd there was so goodly as wete sauoure that all yt were there p\u0304sent gaue tha\u0304kynges & laudys to our lorde.\nIN the yere of our Lorde a .M.CC. & .lv. aboute ye feestys of seynt Peter & paule / ye Iewys of Lyncol\u2223ne stale a cristen Chylde that was aboute the age of .viii. yerys callyd hugh / & they put hym i\u0304 a secrete house & fed\u00a6de hym .x. dayes with mylke yt he myght abyde ye gretter turme\u0304tys / & thereupo\u0304 they sent to all ye townys in Englo\u0304\u00a6de, wherein were any Iewys to haue some of the\u0304 to be at ye\nsacryfyce of this Chylde which they entendyd to crucy\u2223fye in despyte of our lorde Ihesu Cryste / And when they were gaderyd they appoyntyd a Iuge as for Pylat / & so they Iugyd Hym to deth / And then they bet hym soo that the blode folowyd / they crownyd hym with thorne they spyt vppon hym / and mockyd hym / and euery man pryckyd hym with his Knyfe / they gaue hym\nTo drink gall, and with great opprobriums and blasphemous words they called him Jesus, the cursed prophet. After they crucified him, and with a spear thrust him to the heart, and when he was dead they took his body from the cross and unwound it for their enchantments. Afterward, when they laid his body in the ground, the ground would not keep it but cast it up again. Therefore, they were terribly afraid and threw him into a pit. After the mother of the child wept greatly and inquired for him earnestly, she was told that he had last been seen at a Jewish house playing with Jewish children. And so she went suddenly to the house and found the child there. Upon this suspicion, the man who owned the house was taken, and he confessed to the murder. Therefore, eighteen of the richest Jews of Lincoln assented to the martyrdom of the blessed child, and the canon of Lincoln asked for his body.\nA child was said to have been buried like a glorious martyr when he was eight years old. Saint Hugh, from a young age, was subjected to regular discipline and was always brought up in virtue. He knew nothing of the world's pleasures or learned any kind of disports. After being made a canon regular in a monastery in Grammont, where his father lived under regular discipline, he served his father by wiping his shoes and making his bed, and was diligent in all other things. For the zeal of a stricter religion, he entered the order of Chartreux and there was made a priest. When he was at Mass, he ordered himself as if the Lord were visibly present. He used many vigils, frequent fasting, and scourgings. He wore the habit as the religion prescribed and, after being made proctor, he thought in his sleep that the one who had made him a priest came to him and opened his belly with a razor and cut from him a thing like a burning billet, and he never felt temptation of the flesh after that.\nBut after the desire of King Henry the second, he was sent to England to be Prior of Wymondham, though he much refused it. And once, when he came to the king for certain matters, and the king gave him little comfort but fair words, one Gerard who came with St. Hugh embraced him and truly said he should never leave him, but that he would keep him and take counsel from him for the health of his soul. And immediately he gave to St. Hugh all that he asked. One time when the king was in great peril at sea, he had great trust in the prayer of St. Hugh and his brothers. And as it is said, he acknowledged that if he came safely to land, he would make him a bishop and forthwith the tempest ceased. When the building was done at Wymondham, he would ever be occupied in prayer, reading meditation or some spiritual collation or exhortation. He would never lie in his bed waking but either rise and go to prayer or\nImmediately sleep again, and when the bishop of Lincoln was translated to Rome, Saint Hugh was elected in his place. He said he would not assume the position without the consent of the head house. Once this was obtained, he would not agree until he was assured of the whole consent of all the canons of Lincoln. The dean of Lincoln and the chief of the chapiter came to him at Whitham. When they had heard him speak, they all urged him with great insistence and devotion to accept the position. Then he assented on the first night that he came into his bishopric. He heard a voice say to him in his sleep, \"Egressus es, I salute you and your people in the name of Christ.\" After Saint Hugh, he cursed King Foster for acting against the liberty of the church. The king took great offense and the matter was not yet determined. The king desired him for one of his clerks the vacant benefice that was in the gift of Saint Hugh, but he refused. Therefore, the king.\nwas more angry and sent for him. When he came, he found the king sitting among his lords, and the king would not allow any of them to rise to him. Yet, despite his anger, when he had heard the answers and his saying, \"you are the king,\" the king was contented. And every year or twice, he would be at Westminster and keep his seal. Sometimes, when he came out due to family speaking with our lord, he had two bright beams come from his face. A voice bade a clerk three times that he should go to the bishop of Lincoln and bid him, along with him, more diligently help to reform the clergy, for our lord was greatly displeased with them. Curates were made who were unable, and beadles were set to farm for temporal profit, not considering the health of souls or the comfort of the poor. And when the clerk doubted how the bishop should believe him because of his youth, the voice said:\nwhen he had shown the bishop that he would see him as he was at Mass, he should believe him: And so he went and did his message. When the bishop was at Mass, he saw the Host turn into the true body of our Lord Ihu Crist. It was like a little child, more beautiful than man can tell. When he had shown this to the bishop, he told him to keep it secret and advised him that he who had seen such things should never engage himself in the world but should enter into Religion. He kissed him, for he said he deserved it. The king, marveling at his constancy, smiled and kissed him. At that Mass time, the king perceived well that he was a holy man. When an archbishop kissed the king for the peace, the king rose and kissed St. Hugh. After Mass, he admonished the king to take care of the health of his soul and how he did inwardly. When the king told him that he thought his.\nConscious was clear, but because of hatred towards his enemies, he said there was a commoner claiming that he did not keep his marriage vows and neglected his duties. After he had pleaded with the king about various matters, he gave the king his blessing and departed. The king remarked that if there were many such bishops, no prince would dare to act against them. And when the king had a great victory over the French king shortly after, he attributed it to the prayers of St. Hugh. He had two persons who were possessed by devils exorcised, and when he was about to be anointed, he went barefoot to a hermitage with a cross and prayed for a long time. Among other things, he said that for love, fear, hatred, or any other reason, he never intentionally deviated from the truth. In the year of our Lord God 1506, in the octaves of St. Martin, the bishop went to our Lord, as he was carrying to Lincoln four tapers.\nbur\u2223ned contynually by the way that neuer went out / At bykles\u00a6wade by his meryt{is} a man was made hole that had broken his arme / and at staumforde a cordoner whiche had great deuocion to seynt Hughe bysought almyghty god that he myght dye & go to heuyn wt hym / & so beynge confessyd & howselyd he dyed fourth with and seynt Hughe was cary\u2223ed\nfourth to Lyncoln\u0304 & was there buryed honourably.\nSEynt Iohn\u0304 of Brydlyngton\u0304 was brone in ye Cou\u0304\u2223te of yorke by the seesyde / and in his youth he was set to lernynge by his Fader and moder / & he put nat his mynde oonly to haue cu\u0304nynge / but also to heuynly thynges somtyme when he was at Oxforde he wolde leue the sophystycall argument{is} & lyft his mynde in prayer to or lorde / and for his cu\u0304nynge and vertue a great riche man to\u00a6ke hym to be maister to his children nat oonly to teche them cu\u0304nynge but also to eschewe vyces / & when he was about ye age of .xx. yeres he consydered the deceytfull flateryng of ye worlde wherfore he entred into Relygyon at the\nMonastery of Bridlington, where he was obedient and charitable, shunning the world in stern asceticism, endowed with justice, vigils, and prayers without ceasing, serving the Lord. There, he was chosen to be the presenter and almoner, and then supporter. After the prior resigned, he was chosen to be prior, but he refused and said that, knowing his ignorance, he would rather suffer great pain than take it upon himself. Another was then chosen, and after his death, St. John was again elected by the whole assembly. Trusting in the mercy of our Lord, considering that greater labor would have greater reward, he took on the charge. In this office, he kept the vigils with the convent in the night and also the service in the day, fed the hungry, clothed the naked, comforted those in sorrow, relieved strife, and nourished love so actively that he never forgot contemplation. Sometimes, when he was at mass, he was in such a state.\nHe could not restrain himself from weeping, and on numerous occasions, he advised his brothers to be wary of temptations and to exclude women from their company. He always dined and suppered with the brothers in the refectory without the presence of large numbers of strangers. He lay in the dormitory and would not tolerate anything further than lamb. On one occasion, one of his brothers spoke evil and unkind words to him in the presence of many people, and he responded with nothing. When someone expressed concern about this, he said it was not the time to add more fuel to the fire, but by good diligence, the matter would come to a good resolution. Despite his Coleric complexion, by grace, he subdued nature to reason. Against those who sought to disturb his Church, he was armed with great constance. Once, not in anger but charitably, he said to a servant of a great man who intended to do great harm to his monastery:\nthat he should beware lest for his master's pleasure he went not himself to hell and those words took effect in the man who in the morning said while he lived he would be a friend to the house. And so his mind changed and the variance ceased. Our Lord showed for him many miracles, he appeared to men in the sea who were in peril and saved them in like manner as it is read of St. Nicholas. And they afterward knew him by the Figure that appeared to them in the sea. By his prayer, a woman who, by the likelihood of age, seemed unlikely to have children, conceived and had two daughters. One of them had a great deformity in her face. Wherefore he told the father that when he came home he should lay his thumb upon the place so deformed. And in the meantime, he would pray for her. And he did so, and within the space of an hour the deformity disappeared. Also, by his blessing, where his barn increased tenfold, as much as it was. After he fell sick of illnesses, and then he called his brothers and exhorted them.\nThey were to keep humbly their unity, obedience and charity, and their statutes were not to be broken even in the least observances of their Religion. They were told when he was gone to elect another who should order and nourish the brethren. They should know that he had not abundance of riches, and that yet he was out of debt. In his sickness he took fish, for he said he would do what was in him for his health. Three days he was visited by angels. And when he had been Prior for seventeen years, he went to heaven. In the year of our Lord one thousand three hundred and seventy-nine. He lies in his Monastery. When our Lord Jesus Christ was crucified, Joseph of Arimathia asked of Pilate the body of our Lord, and laid it in a clean shroud, and put it in a Sepulchre that no man had been buried in, as the Evangelist testifies. And the Jews, hearing of this, put him in a dark prison that had no window, and after, when they had.\nThey thought to have put him to death, so they sent for him to the prison. The previous night, our lord appeared to him with great brightness as he was praying. And the Lord said to him, \"I am Jesus whom you have buried.\" Joseph replied, \"Lord, if you are he, show me the tomb that I put you in.\" Our Lord took him by the hand and led him to the sepulcher. From there, he brought him to his house in Arimathea. After the Jews sent for him and asked him how he had come out of prison, he told them as before. They let him go, and he became a disciple of Saint Philip. He and his son Joseph were baptized, and he was a messenger between Saint John the Evangelist and the Lord. He was present at her dying, along with other disciples. He was a constant preacher of the word of God, as he had heard from our Lord and from our Lady. He and his son Joseph went to France and converted many people.\nSaint Philip, and he sent Joseph and his son, with ten others, into Britain. They eventually reached a place then called Insultyryu (now called Glastonbury), and these verses were composed at Glastonbury of their coming.\n\nIntrat Auallonia, two Danish chieftains, received a man,\nJoseph is the first of the company,\nJoseph, the son of Joseph, was the leader,\nThese, along with ten others, possessed lands in Glastonbury.\n\nAnd after the monk Gabriel's suggestion, they built a church or oratory for their Lady,\nand there they lived a blessed life in vigils, fasting, and prayers.\nTwo kings, seeing their blessed life though they were pagans, gave to each of them a hide of land, which to this day are called the twelve hides,\nand there they died, and Joseph was buried near the said oratory.\n\nSaint Iltyd was the son of a noble knight related to King Arthur. In his youth, whatever he heard from his mother, he always carried away with him. Afterward, he went to King Arthur, where he was honorably received.\nreceived then he went to King Morgan and there he was in such favor that he was second to him. After hearing that the ground opened and swallowed up his servants for doing wrong to St. Cadoc, he asked for forgiveness from St. Cadoc. And, by the counsel of St. Cadoc and the entreaty of an angel that urged him never to love transitory things, he left the world. He took orders from Bishop Dubrice of Landaff and established a church where he lived a blessed life in fasting and prayer. He would labor with his own hands and not trust the labor of any other at night. He would be praying in the water on his knees half the night. St. Sampson, Paulinus, and David were his disciples, along with many others in such great numbers that he appointed fifty to be in prayer at all times. When the great waves of the sea troubled the Monastery through his prayers, the sea withdrew its course and left the ground dry for a great distance, which still endures to this day.\nA fair well of fresh water sprang from the same ground, nearby to the salt water. The king's bailiff troubled the monastery greatly. Therefore, he melted away like wax, and the king, hearing of this, became angry and wanted to kill St. Iltute. He fled and hid himself for a year in a cave. Every day, he was brought food from the monastery's provisions by the Lord. Thieves who stole his pigs at night returned to the monastery's gates the following morning, but refused to stop. They attempted to steal again the next night, but were turned into stones that remain there to this day. In the end of his life, he went to little Britain and died on the 8th day of November. St. Indract, a king's son, was born in Ireland, and he, along with nine companions and his sister Dominique, went to Britain. There, they built an oratory and lived a strict life in the service of God for many years. He had a well with certain waters.\nFishes therein, and though one was taken daily, the number didn't decrease until one of his fellows stayed behind and took one of them. And then they mocked and said that it wasn't the will of God that he should tarry any longer there. So with his eight fellows, he went to Rome and after returning to Glastonbury, he worshipped St. Patrick, for in those days Irish men came much to Glastonbury for love of St. Patrick. And as he wished to return to his country, he and his companions so desired that they ate their own flesh. A woman, who before that time would not be converted by any preaching, was converted when she saw the beam that the king saw upon the blessed saint. She and forty scores of others were also converted by the report of what she had seen.\n\nSaint John of Beverley was born in England. In his young age, he was committed to St. Theoderic, Archbishop of Canterbury, to instruct. He informed him in holy scripture. And when he was well instructed, he\nprechyd in the countre in small vyllages to ye people / and when Cata the bysshop dyed he was made bys\u00a6shop & gaue ordre of presthode to venerable Bede / he vsed euery Lent to prouyde some pore impotent persone that he myght do charyte vpon / & one that was so {pro}uyded whiche was mute fro his natiuyte he helyd / also wt his blessynge he helyd a Nonne yt wt lettyng of blode in vnco\u0304uenyent tyme was at the poynt of deth / after the deth of Bosa Archebys\u2223shop of yorke he was electetd thyther / and when he came to great age he lefte his Bysshopryche and went to his Mo\u2223nasterye at Beuerley there he lyued a blessyd solytarie lyfe & he dyed in the yere of our lord .vii.C. & .xxi. in the Nonas of Maii / for whom our lorde hath she wyd many great myra\u2223cles / he helyd two blynde children & two women that were contracte / & in the yere of or lord .M.CCC. & .xii. oyle came out of his tumbe tyll thre of the cloke of the next day yt helyd many blynde men / kyng Ethelstan\u0304 prayed vnto sei\u0304t Iohn\u0304 that by his prayer some\nEudced took it as right that Scotland should be subject to England, and with his sword he struck upon a rock at Dobarre in Scotland, and it became hollow with the stroke, an elde deep which continues to this day. While he was praying in the porch of St. Michael's in York, the holy ghost appeared to him in the likeness of a dove, brighter than the sun beam. When the people in the church marveled at the light, one of the deacons went to the porch and saw the bishop there in prayer. With the heat of the holy ghost, his face was struck, and the skin shrank together. Then St. John handed him his cheek and healed it, and told him to keep the vision secret.\n\nSaint Ithamar was a bishop from the country of Kent and succeeded St. Paulinus as bishop of Rochester. According to Bede, he lived a virtuous life and was like his predecessor in kindness. After his departure from this world, almighty God showed many miracles for him, diverse ones that were afflicted with axes.\nA child who had been greatly weakened became dumb and died at the tomb of St. Ithamar, receiving perfect health at Rochester where he lies. A bishop of Rochester, who had a great illness in his eyes, removed his relics and placed them in a new chest on the fourth day of June. His service is kept in remembrance of this miracle and others that the Lord showed for him.\n\nSaint Yves was a king's son born in the city of Fribourg in Persyde. After being made bishop there, he was later made Archbishop of Aix-en-Provence, where, due to the sins of the people, such a death fell upon the father, mother, and subjects that the father ate the son, the mother the daughter, and the prelates their subjects. Therefore, Saint Yves, with eleven religious men, went to Rome, and by the counsel of the Pope, they were separated into diverse countries. Saint Yves with Sythio his new companion and Intio his kinsman.\nAbout the year 600, in a town called Slepe, three miles from Huttingdon, in England, a man served Almighty God through fasting, prayer, and good works. His tomb remained unknown for many years until it was discovered by a husbandman with his plow. By revelation, a smith was shown who he was and what his name was. He was translated to Ramsey, as he had appointed. In the year 1001, on the 8th of May, and the 4th of June, his translation was consecrated. From his tomb, fair water springs forth, which has given health to many a lord and has shown many miracles for him.\n\nSaint Iwo was of noble birth among the Britons and was brought up on the Isle of Lindisfarne. He was a disciple of Saint Cuthbert. In his youth, he took orders from his father or mother, and from Saint Cuthbert, he received the deaconate. He prophesied marvelously in the church, so that learned clerks marveled at him.\nHe was frequently in church at prayer, and he was not worldly concerning what would happen tomorrow. He endeavored to help every man as best he could, giving alms to the poor, forgiving those who had offended him, clothing the naked, and comforting those in need. While helping Saint Cuthbert say mass, a poor man sick with the axe came, offering and kissing Saint Cuthbert's hand. Saint Cuthbert took the man's hand to help him, and he was healed immediately. The man attributed his healing to Saint Cuthbert's holiness rather than his own. He gave a man on the side to drink, and the man was healed of his long-standing disease. Fearing the vain glory of the world, he went to little Britain and healed a leper there. He punished his body with frequent vigils and fasting and gave an example of meekness and all virtues. The day before, the day before the Nonas of October, he passed away.\nSaint Justin was of noble birth in little Britain, and after he was ordained a priest, he heard a voice commanding him to leave his country, his kin, and his father's house. He obeyed and departed with certain companions in a ship made of leather and rods, praying to Almighty God to bring him to a place where he could live a solitary life. He arrived in a land called Cornwall, where many were inspired by his example to renounce the world. However, he was later instructed to leave that place as well. He then set sail and, as the wind carried him, reached an island called Lemonia. The fame of this holy man reached Saint David, who was delighted by his arrival and sent messengers for him. Saint David welcomed him warmly, acknowledging him as his spiritual father. Once, a wicked spirit appeared to Saint David in the form of men and showed him that Saint David was Saint Justin.\nwas sick and had sent for him / therefore he took ship with them / and on the sea he perceived they were wicked spirits and not men / & then he lifted up his heart to almighty God and began the psalm Deus in adiutorium meum intende. And when he came to this verse Confundatur et revertantur qui quaerunt animam meam: they vanished away like black crows / and left him in the sea. On a stone that rose from the bottom of the sea, he was brought safely to land and found St. David in good health. The devil, seeing he could not prevail,\n\nAfter King Ethelbert and his people were converted to the faith by St. Augustine, he sent word of it to Rome to St. Gregory / and it was reported that there was much corn but few laborers. Therefore, St. Gregory, always diligent for England, sent St. Justus / and three other holy Fathers, Mellitus, Paulinus, and Rufinus / into England to assist St. Augustine in spiritual works and the instruction of the people. St. Augustine made St. Justus bishop of Rochester,\n\nAfter he was driven out of his see by (unknown)\nEdbald, son of King Ethelbert and one of the three sons of Sabert, king of the East Saxons, who were apostates as described in the life of St. Melytus, went to France. When Edbald was converted by St. Lawrence, Melytus was dead, and St. Justin was made Archbishop of Canterbury. He endeavored to magnify the Lord among the people through fair speech, threats, promises of everlasting joy, and fear of pain, all in charity. He converted many people to the faith and was a man of great merits, as appears in his letters. St. Iuthwara, a virgin, served the Lord in good works from her youth. She was very diligent in serving poor pilgrims who came to her father's house. Her mother, in law, sought occasions against her frequently and watched her, fasted, and prayed long. She grew pale and, after her father's death, her mother-in-law, under the guise of illness, advised her to lie with new men.\nHer head to help the pains of her breasts, and she trusted nothing. Afterward, her mother-in-law told her brother Banam that she was with child and bade him look on her breasts and find milk in them. Before many people in great haste, he demanded of her who had gotten her with child, and she, astonished, denied and said she was not with child. Her brother, as he had been taught, opened her breasts, and when he saw milk around them, he became enraged in a furious rage with his sword and struck her head. She took up her head before all the people and carried it to the church, and there, as her head was struck off, a fair well sprang up by miracle from the same well. Many years later, with great wind, it was blown down upon the next house, so that the bows stopped its coming in. The owner of the house wanted to cut away the bows and the tree immediately rose upright again and took a young man with it who was about to chop it down.\nA knight, who was lame and went to Saint Iuthwara's sepulcher for help, was healed there. Saint Kebius, born of noble blood in Cornwall, studied for twenty years in his country before going to Hilary, Bishop of Pictanes. There, he healed the blind, helped those with palsy who were mute or possessed by devils, and Hilary made him a bishop. After many years, he returned to his country, lodging his company in the king's meadow. As the king was coming to drive them away, his horse suddenly fell dead under him, and he and all his company were struck blind. By Saint Kebius' prayer, they were all healed again. The king then gave him two churches. From there, he went to Saint David's and then to Ireland, where the servants of a rich man took his calf and tied it to a tree, intending to...\nThe calve and the cart were delivered, but after a prayer to St. Cyprian, both the calf and the cart were pulled up by the ropes from the rich man's house to the dwelling which St. Cyprian had arranged for an old man, his kinsman, who could eat no other food but milk. After the rich man would not allow him to remain within his land, he removed him several times and was very harsh towards him. An angel appeared to him and advised him what he should do. In a vessel that had no leather, he crossed the sea to an island called Monie. He sent one of his disciples to a blacksmith for fire, but he would not give it to him unless he carried it in his bosom. He did so without harm. Once, while the king was hunting a hart for sport, the hart sought refuge at St. Cyprian's. The king followed and demanded that he let it go or else he would remove him from that place. He replied that it was not within his power to remove him from that place, but in the power of God. However, he said if the king would give to God and to him as much land as the hart.\nIn the west part of Great Britain, in the kingdom of Breghernoke, lived Saint Keyne, the virgin daughter of the king. She was near kin to Saints David and Cadoc. During her pregnancy, her mother saw in a vision her bosom filled with myrrh and balm, and her head shining with a heavenly light. She believed she had given birth to a fair youth instead of a child. At her marriage, her face was sometimes white as snow, other times bright, shining like the sun. Abandoning all marriages, she chose to keep her virginity and lived in a desert beyond Severn, where through her prayers, serpents had been vanquished before that time. One day, before the Feast of the Fifth Idus of November, the king went to our Lord. Saint Keyne, the virgin daughter of the king of Breghernoke in the western part of Great Britain, saw in a vision during her pregnancy that her bosom was filled with myrrh and balm, and her head shone with a heavenly light. She believed she had given birth to a fair youth instead of a child. At her marriage, her face was sometimes white as snow and other times bright, shining like the sun. Forsaking all marriages, she chose to keep her virginity and lived in a desert beyond Severn, where through her prayers, serpents had been vanquished before that time. The king, after some resistance, granted her the castle in accordance with his promise, and on the fifth ides of November, he went to the Lord.\nCounter inhabited turned into stones, Saint Keyne made many orators. After she went to Saint Michael's mount, there she met with Saint Cadoc. By the monition of an angel, she went into her country again and dwelt at the foot of a hill. There, by her prayers, a fair well sprang up, where many have been healed. She saw in her sleep a beam of fire descend there, where she lay on a bare pavement with green bows under her and two angels appeared to her. One of them reverently took a hair she had used to wear and appareled her with goodly apparel. He told her to be ready to go with them into the kingdom of her father. When she gladly wanted to follow them, she awoke feeling sick of the axes. Then she called Saint Cadoc to her and told him she would be buried in that same place, which she said she would often visit in spirit before her death. She saw a great company of angels ready to take her soul with great joy without fear or parallel.\nShe departed about it on the eight Idus of October, and immediately her face took on a color like red roses and a sweet scent surrounded her, which all those present thought was like the joy of Paradise. St. Cadoc buried her in her oratory where she had lived a hard and blessed life for many years.\n\nThe father and mother of St. Kinade were of little Britain, but St. Kinade was born in great Britain during the time when King Arthur reigned. His life is so full of the marvelous great power and goodness of almighty God that I leave it to write about it in this little calendar, and refer it to those who wish to read the whole Legend. He was immediately after his birth cast into the water and preserved in a little ark in the great waves of the sea. He was taken out of the sea by birds, and in his youth sucked on a bell that had a little thing like a teat. This tasted to him in various ways, as manna did to the children of Israel. He had not the filth that other children did.\nA man and his wife found him and brought him to their house. Birds destroyed their house and their best things, making them willing to take him back. He was fed with a hind filled with bellying her milk. An angel appeared to him often and told him what food he should use, with the harder food being better for him. After he had lived as a hermit there for eighteen years, an angel instructed him to leave that place. His servant denied him and struck the bell, causing him to go mad and live like a beast with Meniuia for seven years. He was healed again by the prayers of St. Kyned. He went to our Lord in the calendar of August.\n\nIn the year of our Lord eight hundred and nineteen, King Kenulphus of Mercia renounced the world and left his son.\nKenelmus, a young child to be king after him, and his sister Quenippedia, who couldn't reign by any means due to poisoning him, induced Aschebercus, who ruled over him, with great rewards and promises that he would be a fellow ruler in the realm, to agree to kill him. Aschebercus led the young king, who was only seven years old, into the woods for hunting entertainment. While the child slept, his ruler dug a pit to bury him in. When the child awoke, he told him he should not lie there but in another place and that he should see that it was true that he had struck his staff into the ground, which didn't grow, and afterward a beautiful ash tree sprang forth from it, known as Saint Kenelm's ash. The cursed man then took him to a deep valley in the woods called Clent. There, as it is said, the young king cried out, \"Tedeum candidatum et cetera.\" The cursed man, hiding under a thorn, struck his head, and there he buried him often.\nA bright beam was seen descending upon the place where he lay, and a cow often visited this spot and could not be kept away. When she returned, she yielded as much milk as any of the others. After his death, Quenreda took charge, and no one dared speak of the young king or seek him out for fear of Quenreda. A bull brought a bill to Pope Leo as he was at mass in Rome, bearing this message in English: \"In Clent, in Cowbach, under a thorn, lies King Kenelm, his head shorn. The pope sent legates and cardinals to Wilfrid, bishop of Canterbury, and other English bishops, instructing them to remove him. He was taken up and, as he lay there, sprang up suddenly from a fair well. As his sister looked out of a window to have the enchantment lifted from his burial suddenly, her eyes fell upon the book, which book is still to be seen. There she died mysteriously: one who was blind and another dumb, through the merits of St. Kenelm, were made whole.\nThe mother of St. Kentigern was born in the north part of Britain. Hearing sermons, she was converted. Although she had not been baptized, she, hearing that the Blessed Virgin was chaste, desired in the same way to have a child in chastity. Making fervent prayers, she went to a high hill and threw herself down to be torn apart, lifting her heart to the Lord and making her prayers, she was saved without harm. Her father, suspecting witchcraft, put her in a small ship of leather without an oar, which brought her more swiftly than a sail could have driven her. She was delivered at a place called Colenrose without help. At the same time of her delivery, St. Saran heard angels sing in the air. In the morning, he went there and found:\n\nCleaned Text: The mother of St. Kentigern was born in the north part of Britain. Hearing sermons, she was converted. Despite being unbaptized, she, hearing that the Blessed Virgin was chaste, desired to have a child in chastity. Making fervent prayers, she went to a high hill and threw herself down to be torn apart, lifting her heart to the Lord and making her prayers, she was saved without harm. Her father, suspecting witchcraft, put her in a small ship of leather without an oar, which brought her more swiftly than a sail could have driven her. She was delivered at a place called Colenrose without help. At the same time of her delivery, St. Saran heard angels sing in the air. In the morning, he went there and found:\nThe monk brought the child to his house and christened them both. The child prospered greatly in learning and virtue, and Saint Saran loved him above all his disciples. This caused envy among his companions, who killed a bird that Saran loved and presented it to Kentegern by consent. Saran made a cross on the bird, reviving it to life. He also raised Saint Saran's cock from the dead, as instructed by Saran and due to the instigation of his enemies. Yet, his good and virtuous life continued to provoke envy among his enemies. He left that place and went to a place called Glastonbury. On his journey, the water of Mallen divided before him, as the Red Sea did for the children of Israel. At Glastonbury, he lived in great abstinence and was made bishop. He wore the hair shirt and used a hollow stone for his bed, with some ashes cast beneath him, and fought against the temptations of his flesh by grace.\nwas clearly taken from him / and he gave all his goods to poor men & abstained from flesh and wine and from all that might disturb him / he always had a Manual in his hand ready to do his office when needed / he caused wild hearts to go to plow / and a wolf that killed one of the herds he caused to take its place and to bear the same yoke that he did / he went on foot to preach / and every Lent he went to some desert place and lived there with herbs and roots / and sometimes, by special grace, he fasted the entire Lent / he used often to stand in cold water until he had said the whole Psalter / In his judgments he always considered the matter and not the person / he founded an Abbey where there were 90 and 160 monks whom he divided into three parts so that some were always in the choir / when he was at divine service, sometimes a white dove, sometimes a bright beam of light would descend upon him / on Good Thursday he would wash the feet of the poor and lepers and kiss them.\nSaint Kilian converted many people to the faith in his diocese. He destroyed idols and built churches, and afterwards. He made seven trips to Rome and showed Saint Gregory his life, who confirmed his election, supplying what was lacking in his consecration. When he was 50 and 85 years old, he died without pain on the Ides of January, sitting in hot water as he had been taught by an angel. And various of his brethren went into the same water as he had appointed them to do, and they died without pain and went with him into the kingdom of Heaven. He lies at Glastonbury where our Lord has shown many miracles for him.\n\nSaint Colman was born of noble blood in Scotland. In his youth, as he studied for the priesthood, he also studied for virtue. And finally, he entered into religion. He lived in great obedience with watchfulness and instituted prayers. The brethren saw his perseverance in virtue and elected him to the rule of the Monastery, though he knew it would be challenging.\nMyndyness took the devotion upon himself, out of love for Charity and the prophecy of others. After his fame spread far and wide, he devised a way to leave his own country and live in a foreign land where he might have little knowledge and be reputed of a small bloodline. He took certain of his brethren with him who had like favor as he had. From thence, he went to Great Britain, then to France, and from France to Almain, which is called Austria, to a town called Wirtzburg. Afterward, he went to Rome and was granted authority to preach and was made a bishop. Upon his return to Wirtzburg, he converted the duke and the entire country to the faith. When he learned that the Duke had married his brother's wife, he waited for a time and did not speak to the duke about it, lest it cause trouble in his new conversion. However, when he saw that the duke was strengthened in the faith, he confessed it to him.\nThe queen had secretly buried St. Kilian and his companions, along with their books, in a hidden place and built a stable over them so they would never be found. When the king returned, she told him they had gone on a pilgrimage. The wicked men who had put them to death were filled with madness and cried out, \"Kilian, Kilian, why do you torment us?\" Not long after, the queen was taken by a devil, and she said she was worthy of torment because she had tormented the righteous men. A priest heard Childeborne say that St. Kilian was performing signs; he must be taken up because he was not in a convenient place. When Childeborne paid no heed to their words, the next night he was struck blind. He heard a voice say to him, \"Unless you believe, you shall not see.\" Then he sought for them and, upon finding the place where they were, he summoned the Archbishop of Mainz and told him where they lay.\nSaint Kinburgh and Cynewysa were daughters of King Penda, a cruel pagan who ruled the Marshes. Yet, despite this, his daughters were christianized. Kinburgh was married, but without her husband's consent, she entered a convent. There, she gave birth to many spiritual children in a short time. She established a monastery called Dormuncastre, not far from the river named Where, and was made abbess. With what diligence she nurtured the souls in her community and how she kept the commandments of the Lord and her holy purpose in religion, no tongue can tell. Saint Cynewysa lived in virginity. After the death of Saint Kinburgh, a king of the East Saxons wanted to marry Cynewysa. He attempted not only with fair speech but also with threats. Because she would not consent, all her friends were against her. Therefore, she prayed devoutly to our Lady for help. And our Lady appeared to her and comforted her.\nand said there was nothing better for her than to keep her Immaculate, as she was born, and nothing more noble than to take her son to be her spouse. Moreover, she bade her not to fear, for she said she would pray for her. And thereupon, St. Kinseyda, taking boldness, sent word to the King that in no way she would assent. The King, considering her blessed life and seeing that he and all his riches were despised by a young maiden, left the world and went to Rome, where he entered into Religion. St. Tibba, who was kin to St. Kynesbury, lived many years a blessed solitary life. After her death, she appeared to a holy man on St. Lucia's day and told him that on that day she yielded her soul to heaven. In the year of our Lord one thousand and five, the relics of the blessed women Kynesbury, Kynesda, and Tibba were translated to Peterborough. Their feast is celebrated there on the day before the Nonas of March.\n\nSt. Lamfranc was born in\nthe Cytie of pape\u00a6der / and in his youth he forsoke his faders succes\u00a6syon gyuynge hym to studye / And when he had atteynyd hygh seculer lernynge he came into Norman\u2223dye / and there he was takyn with theuys and was cob\u2223byd of all that he had / wherupon he went to the abbey of Beccense in Normandye as to the porest house he could here of / and there he founde the Abbot bakynge of Bre\u2223de / and his handys were myrye to stoppe the Ouen / and there he enteryd into Relygyon / and lyuyd in profounde humylyte / & obedyence / On a tyme as he redde the lectu\u2223re the presydent founde a defaute at his redynge & bade hym amende it / and he redde as he was commaundyd / and yet he hadde redde better before / but that he dyd to shewe hym selfe obedyent / For the euyll maners of the Bretherne he thought to leue the Abbey and lyue in De\u2223sert and vsyd vnder coloure of a medesyn to ere Erbys to proue how he myght endure with them / And on a nyght a kynnesman of ye Abbottys lately decessyd apperyd vn\u2223to hym / and shewyd hym the\nLamfrake objected to the Abbot's plan to leave, believing it was not in his best interest. When the Abbot displayed his distress to Lamfrake, he saw his countenance was disconcerted. Consequently, Lamfrake stayed and was made prior there. Later, he became Abbot of Cadonyence. This blessed man arrived in England with William the Conqueror and was made Archbishop of Canterbury, carrying out many notable deeds in this realm. He granted great possessions to the Church of Rochester and restored St. Alban to his first estate. As he sat by the King at a solemn feast, a jester, seeing the King seated in resplendent attire, exclaimed, \"Lo, I see God! Lo, I see God!\" Saint Lamfrake, recalling the history of Herod, advised the King not to allow such words to be spoken to him that only belonged to God, but to command him to speak them between himself and the jester, so that he would never again dare to speak such words. This was done. He was a man of great piety.\nSaint Dunstan, a generous benefactor, annually gave five hundred pounds, was a quick-witted man who recovered many things wrongfully taken from his Church. Saint Dunstan frequently appeared to him, offering comfort and warning him of his enemies' cunning plans. He was highly favored at Rome by the Pope, and when he was there, he behaved humbly, acting as if he were still a priest. He was profoundly humble, large in alms, a great helper of the poor, a defender of orphans, and a comforter of widows. With sobriety, he reformed the monks of Canterbury, who before his time had engaged in hunting, hawking, and other wanton pastimes. In the nineteenth year after he had been abbot, he died on the fifth of June and lies in a Church that he built in Canterbury.\n\nSaint Laurence, abbot of Canterbury after Saint Augustine, and after King Ethelbert's death,\nKing Ethelred's son fell into idolatry, and likewise, after Sabertus, King of the East Saxons, was slain, his three sons did the same, causing great trouble to the faith. Melitus Bushop of London and Justin Bushop of Rochester were expelled from their bishoprics as a result. By Saint Lawrence's consent, they went to France. Saint Lawrence intended to follow but was prevented from doing so that night, as he lay in the Church of Saint Peter and Paul. An apparition of Saint Peter appeared to him, chastising him with rods because he intended to abandon the flock of God that he had taken charge of. Saint Peter advised him to remain among the people of the Lord until his death, as he had done. Consequently, Saint Lawrence went to King Ethelred and showed him the reason for his actions. The king received the faith and abandoned his adultery. After Saint Lawrence converted many people to the faith in Scotland, he continued his journey there.\nOver you see dry foot and a holy bishop of Ireland came thither to him, and hearing his opposition to the keeping of Easter confirmed him in it, and taught his people to follow the same. After he returned to England and raised a child where he was lodged from death to life, in the year of our Lord God 619, on the third nones of February, he left this world, and is buried by St. Augustine.\n\nSt. Leathard was assigned to come with Queen Bertha when she should be married to King Ethelberht, who was a pagan to be her leader, daughter, and protector in virtue, and to defend her from the idolatry then practiced in England. There he suffered great opprobrium and mocking for doing the service of God, which he used to do in an old church of St. Martin near Canterbury, in which church the queen and her servants, who were baptized, used to hear divine service. At the tomb of St. Leathard, a blind maid received her sight, as a man who was cured of palsy.\nwas lame from the middle down, Ward was praying for health at his tomb. He appeared and said, \"People in their sickness pray with great devotion for health. But when they are well, they forget the benefits of God and are unkind and turn again to sin. And when the sick person faithfully promises to amend, St. Lathard said, 'Of one leg thou shalt be healed so that thou mayst know the goodness of God, and the other shall be as it was, lest thou become unkind.' And it was done. This blessed man was the predecessor of St. Augustine and made the way ready for him to bring in the faith, for which he is much to be honored by the English.\n\nSt. Machute was born in great Britain on Easter evening in a noble monastery in the vale of Nantcarrow, where his mother came to keep vigils. He was baptized by St. Brendan, who was Abbot of the said monastery, and thirty-three children were born the same night of the women who came to bear his mother company. From his youth, he\nwas virtuous and when his fellowships were quaking for cold, he sweated and laid aside his clothes, which were of a burning charity that was in him. On one occasion, the sea flowed there as he lay and slept, and the ground where he lay rose like an island, and so he was saved. St. Brendan saw that the holy ghost was with him, advising him to become a priest. He said he was not worthy to take that office, nevertheless, after he assented. And when he was made a priest, a white dove was seen descending upon his shoulder. He spoke much with St. Brendan in his journeys, and in his company, with the sign of the Cross, he drove away a serpent that had killed three children. In little Britain, he was made bishop of Arthurea. And when he should be consecrated at Tours, a white dove was seen descending upon his neck as he bowed his head to be blessed. He used great watchings, fastings, and prayers. And when he rode by the way, either he spoke of God or prayed, there was no time but he prophesied to others or to himself.\nHe himself was ever a sharp herald against him, and was a great preacher to the people. He went to Rome with seven disciples and children he found there to be sold; he bought them and christened them. On the way home, he was in great peril at sea. Saint Peter appeared to him and saved him and all his company when he was 133 years old. He died on the 17th of November. He raised up the dead, a man who was dead, and a lame man. He healed a child who was drowned, and by his prayers, a blind woman recovered her sight. For the wretchedness of the people, he cursed them, and went to Aygauya, where he stayed for seven years during which time there was great drought and famine in little Britain. He was desired to come again to bless the people, and as soon as he came, the rain fell, and great plenty followed in all the country.\n\nSaint Maglorius, bishop, was born in great Britain. He was\nFelowe went to St. Sampson and was his successor / by an Angel he was admonished to leave his bishopric and live a solitary life, which he did / He kept an Earl who was leprous, for which reason he gave him half of a certain ground / To this ground came many birds with great abundance of fish / And therefore the Earl, by the counsel of his wife, took the ground from him and gave him the other half / And then the birds and fish came to both parts / She was a pure virgin and lived on barley bread and lentils / Every Wednesday and Friday she fasted and scourged her body with a hairshirt / She never drank wine or sidre / Sometimes when the brethren were asleep, he would go privately to the seashore / & there wake in prayers / On Easter evening as he watched in the Church, an Angel appeared to him and showed him that his time was near.\nDraw near to leave this world, and if it had been an illusion, made in haste, prayer had been offered. And when the angel had thrice affirmed the same, he received the blessed sacrament from the angel. And after that time, if there were not the greater hindrance, he used ever to say this verse: Unam petii a dono hanc requiram ut inhabite in domo doni &c. And he went to our Lord on the 9th of November.\n\nSaint Malachy was born in Ireland among barbarous people. And, as a fish is in the salt sea and is not salted, so was Saint Malachy good among evil people. He went to a man who lived a solitary life serving the Lord in fasting and prayers, and from him he took his example of living. In a short time, he had many disciples, and there he took the order of priesthood. The bishop committed to him his authority to preach to the rude people, which he did with great favor. And whatever he saw out of good order, he spared not to reprove them for it. He had great love and zeal for the service of.\ngod and honored the Sacraments of the Church and went to a holy shop called Malcus, born in Ireland and brought up in England, and who had been a monk at Winchester, to learn from him. After being made bishop of Conereth in Ireland, he perceived that the people were barely and rude, Christian in name only and not in deed. They paid no tithes, lived out of lawful matrimony, made no confessions, and there was no one to enforce penance. They made more noise in the Church than the preacher or those who sang. Therefore, to reform these people, he put himself in jeopardy as a good shepherd and admonished them openly and secretly. He wept tenderly over them and spoke sharply when necessary and easily when not. Whenever anything prevented them from coming to Church, he humbly watched in prayer for them to the Lord. When they would not come to the Church, he would go to them, looking for anyone he might reach.\nwyn to our lord / when\neuyll wordes were sayde to hym he spake fayre / and when he was wronged he toke pacyence / and so with goodnesse he ouercame euyll. Thus were the people reformed / Chur\u00a6ches were buylded the lawes of the Churche receyued the Sacramentes duely mynystred / & the people went to con\u2223fessyons and toke penaunce after the deth of the Archebys\u00a6shop Celsus he was made Archebysshop of Archemacan / and yet he wolde neuer haue seruaunt ne house of his owne he went in maner a wayes aboute the parysshes prechynge the worde of god and leued of the Gospell / Other prelates toke Lordshyp in the Clergye / and he made hymselfe ser\u2223uaunte to all men / After he gaue vp the Archebysshopry\u2223che and went to his parysshe agayne / Thenne he wente to Rome & there the Pope toke a Myter fro his owne hedde / and set it vpon his hedde / and also gaue hym a stole and a phanon / Fro thens he went to Clareuall to seynt Bernar\u2223de / and leuynge with hym foure of his disciples / he went in to Scotlande where our Lorde shewyd\nfor many miracles, and after he went to Ireland and there healed a monk of the great falling sickness. Then he went to Scotland and on through England to Clareville to see St. Bernarde, and there he died on the fourth nonas of November in the year of our Lord God one thousand and forty-eight. St. Bernarde wrote his life, in which there are many notable things.\n\nSt. Margaret, Queen of Scotland, was the daughter of Edward, outlawed son of Earl Ernisey. By the providence of God, she was married to Malcolm, king of Scotland. She delighted more in good works than in possessions or riches. Often she called her children before her and admonished them to love and fear the Lord, and daily she prayed for them that they might please Him. She induced the king to do justice with mercy, and in her days the king's servants dared not take anything from the poor or harm them in any way. She reproved the people of Scotland for beginning Lent so early.\nmyght faste .xl. dayes besyde the sondayes / and that theyr prestes sange nat masse after the custome of the Churche / and that the people were nat howseled at Ester that they kept nat ye sondayes / and that they maryed theyr moders in lawe and susters in lawe & she reformed theym in thyse poynt{is} / The kynge seynge the holy ghost was with her helped her fore\u2223warde in all that she went aboute / She serched where she myght fynde pore people to do almes vpon / on the nyght{is} she sayd Matens of the Trinite / of the holy crosse / & of our ladye / the Dirige and the Psalter / And thenne she vsed to wasshe .vi. pore men / and then she toke rest In the mornyn\u2223ges she refressed .ix. orphanes and serued theym knelynge And afore dyner the kynge and she serued .CCC. pore peo\u00a6ple / her boke fell into the water and lay there a daye and a nyght without hurte she knewe the deth of her husbonde / & sone that were slayne in Batayle whiche she toke pacyent\u2223ly she dyed the .iiii. Idus of Iune / & lyeth in the Churche of the\nSaint Maxence, the daughter of Marcolan, king of Scotland, had built a church at the same place where she was married. Saint Maxence's father gave his consent when a prince named Maxencius, a pagan, desired her in marriage. Perceiving this, she fled to a church and dedicated her virginity to the Lord. With an old man and a maiden, she fled secretly and came to France to a place called Pontis. It is said that she crossed the waters of the Isaar without harm. The prince made such a search that he found where she was, but he could not obtain her consent. In a fit of rage, he seized her by the hair and struck her head, and afterwards killed both her servants. She took up her head and carried it to the place where she now lies, and over her is built a godly church, where the Lord has shown many miracles. King Charles, who reigned in those days, loved her church.\nSaint Gregory gave much to the conversion of the people of England. Saint Gregory was very diligent in converting the people of England to the faith and in ordering them after their conversion. Therefore, he is much honored by the English. After King Ethelbert and his people were converted by Saint Augustine, Gregory sent word to him as recorded in the life of Saint Mellitus. Then Saint Gregory sent Mellitus, Justus, and Palladius, along with various others, to England to preach to the people. Mellitus, in the year 604 of our Lord, was made bishop in the province of the East Saxons near Thames where London is the metropolis, and by him that province was converted. The see of the bishop of Saint Paul, which was made by King Ethelbert, is the bishopric's seat. After the death of King Ethelbert and of King Saeberht, their idolatrous children, who would have been baptized like others but refused, Saint Mellitus would not allow it.\nIn the time of Valerian the Emperor, Melly, who was a pagan at the time, was sent from Great Britain to Rome to pay tribute. Hearing Pope Stephen preach, he was converted and gave all that he had to the poor after receiving the order of priesthood. He used much fasting and vigils and, as he was saying Mass, the Pope and he saw an angel on his right hand.\nof the alter: when mass was done, he gave him a bishop's staff and said to him, \"With this staff, you shall rule the people of Rethomagense in the territories of Nestrie.\" Having received the pope's blessing, he embarked on his journey. In Antisioder, holding the staff in his hand, he stopped to help a man whose foot had been cut in two with an axe. Arriving faithfully in Rethomagense, fulfilling his appointment, and filled with virtues and miracles, he went to the Lord and lies at Rethomagense.\n\nMelianus, duke of Cornwall, father of St. Morwenna, was killed by his brother Rynold, who took the dukedom for himself. He took Melianus with him to Cornwall when he was seven years old, intending to kill him there. However, the people begged him not to, but instead to strike off his right hand and left foot and let him go. This was done, and a silver head and foot were made for him, and he was put to live there.\nA monastery in Cornwall, where he increased in all virtue and learned scripture until the age of fourteen, was the monk Cerialtanus. The abbot, at the duke's request, beheaded him in the calendar of October. As his son was carrying the head to Rynold by the way, he fell down from a wall and broke his neck. Then his father took the head to bring it to the duke. By the way, when he was near death from thirst, the head bid him set his staff in the ground, and there a fair well sprang up at the root. However, when he had refreshed himself, he bore the head forth, and the duke received it gladly and ordered him to a hill nearby. There he was struck blind and died instantly, and his flesh melted away like wax at the fire.\nThe body of Saint Melory was buried three times and each time it was found above the ground. For this reason, he was placed in a cart and two wild bulls were put with it in a place that the people did not like. When the people attempted to remove it and could not, they buried it there dishonorably. The head was brought to Rinald, and when he touched it three days after his death, it was buried by the bishops and the clergy with the body. Now his relics are at Malmesbury.\n\nKing Ethelbert, who was converted by Saint Augustine, was a great father to Domneva, who was the mother of Saint Milburgh. She was the daughter of Merwald, King of Mercia. In the latter part of their lives, they, with Domneva's consent, lived chastely. Saint Milburgh entered religion, and in a monastery that she founded on the Isle of Thanet, she was mother and mistress to many virgins. She gathered similarly many nuns there.\nMonastery that she founded was called Wenloke. The pleasures of the world, a mortal spouse and carnal children, were vile in her sight. A king's summons thought by violence to take her and marry her. Therefore, she, knowing his coming, fled over a river. And when she was past the river, it rose suddenly and stopped his passage. By her prayer, geese that destroyed her corn went away without returning of them or of any of that kind, as she woke from sleep unwillingly. She cast off her veil from her, and the sun lifted it up so that it did not touch the ground. She raised a child from death to life, and as she was in her prayers for the child, there was a great sight around her, as if she had been in the midst of a fire. She died by the axe and was buried in her Monastery: In the Legend is a good pedigree from King Ethelbert to this glorious virgin and to diverse others. And also a good story how the said king Merwald her Father was converted by Edfred a holy priest.\nIn her vision, Saint Mildred had seen a goodly sight before her conversion. Saint Mildred, sister to Saint Milburg, was sent by her mother over the sea to a place called Calum to learn, in her secular habit, where she quickly surpassed all her companions in knowledge and virtues. A young man of noble birth and related to the Abbess labored to marry her, and the Abbess conspired with him. When the Abbess saw that she could not persuade her to marry, she threatened the virgin and bet her. When this did not move her from her virginity, the Abbess, in a fit of madness, put her in a hot burning oven and shut the mouth. When they thought she had been burned flesh and bone, she was found whole and untouched by the fire, just as her mind was untouched by carnal pleasure. However, the Abbess' malice did not cease there. She pulled the virgin by the hair and trampled on her, but the virgin always committed her virginity to our Lord. Afterward, she sent word to her mother about how she was.\nentreated and she sent for her. The virgin, having no other relief, went privately to the sea. The abbess, hearing this, sent company to bring her back. The ship that stood upon the dry ground by her prayer was immediately lifted up with the sea, and she escaped and came to an island called Ipplefech. As she set her foot upon a four-square stone, her foot sank into it as if it had been snow. Afterward, by St. Theodore, she was made abbess to seventy nuns. Once, the devil, while she was praying, blew out her candle and an angel relit it. She died on the third day of July. Her successors, who were called Edburgh, took up her body to remove it to a more honorable place. After her monastery was destroyed, it was made a parish church. Her relics were brought to Canterbury, but it is uncertain whether they lie in the church of St. Augustine or of St. Gregory. Miracles are reported there.\nOn a night as she was in prayer, the holy ghost appeared to her, appearing above and sitting on her head with wings spreading around it like a crown, emitting such light that she could scarcely be seen for an hour. St. Modwen was born in Ireland, and through St. Patrick's preaching, she entered into religion. From then on, she devoted herself to learning and despised the vanities of the world, keeping her heart steadfast with all diligence and punishing her body with fasting and vigils. Nothing came before the love of God in her heart, harboring great desire for the joys of heaven with constant fear of the pains of hell. Her brother, following her example, renounced the world, and after, was made a bishop. She established a monastery and lived there with her brother, earning her living with her own labor. Many noble matrons came to her, queens and virgins, to hear the word of God. Eight virgins joined her, among whom were St. Bride and Orbila. Orbila, for her part, joined them.\nA young woman named Modwen took the rule of the monastery upon herself, donned the habit, and was instantly transformed into an old woman. She assumed the leadership of the Monastery with good will. She ordered a wolf that had killed one of her cows to follow the herd and protect them, and this practice continued with wolves of that kind to this day. A notorious thief named Glunelach killed eight priests that Saint Patrick had sent to visit Saint Modwen. Hearing of this, Saint Modwen and forty-nine nuns went to bury them. Glunelach and forty-nine thieves met them, intending to seize the virgins. However, when they attempted to lay hands on the virgins, they suddenly fell into a deep sleep and slept for two days. The spirit of Saint Modwen and Glunelach were led by an angel into heaven and hell, respectively. When Glunelache came to, he was converted and lived a good and blessed life. A holy bishop named Cheyn was converted by her.\ncraft of ye deuyll yt Glunelach ye thefe / by prayer of seynt Modwen shuld haue his place in Heuyn / and that all was in vayne that he had done in the seruyce of god / wherfore the bysshop thought to destroye her and her Monasterye / and as he was co\u0304mynge therto she had knowlege therof by our lorde / and so she met hym and shewyd hym that his ene\u00a6mye had deceyued hym greatly and anone he sawe the de\u2223uyll that brought hym to ye temptacyon lyke a blacke Ethy\u00a6ope / wherfore he toke great repentau\u0304ce: Then seynt Mod\u00a6wen to the entent she myght the more surely conferme hym in our lord / put her staffe into a welle yt she vsed oftymes in the wynter to stande in tyl she had sayd a hole Psaulter / she drewe her staffe after her agaynst ye hylle / & the water folo\u2223wed the staffe into ye toppe of the hylle / wherupon he dep{per}ted & lyued after a blyssed lyf: On a tyme when she entended to go into Engla\u0304de she lacked a shyp & at her prayer ye grou\u0304de reysed it self vp about her lyke an Ile & so co\u0304ueyed her &\nHer company sailed over the sea into England, where she and St. Edith, who was sister to King Edgar, revived Ositha, who had been drowned from death to life. She went three times to Rome for the remission of her sins and died in Ireland on the third nones of July. After her death, great variance arose between Englishmen, Irishmen, and Scots for her body, and the bishop counseled them that eight men should take it up and that the country which the Lord would have them go toward should possess the body. By the will of the Lord, they went straight toward England, and she was brought into England and lies at Andresia. After her death, she appeared to one of the nuns in a vision and told her that she heard some of the sisters speaking in silence and that her body yet being among them unburied, she marveled that they had forgotten her doctrine and regular observance, and bade them not to break the least observance, lest by little and little they fell into greater defects, saying to the sister:\nShe appeared to her, saying she would be ready within seven days. St. Neot, commonly known as St. Ed, was the king's son of West England and Kent. When he came of age, he renounced the pride and pomp of the world and became a monk at Glastonbury under St. Dunstan. He ascended to high religious perfection there, despite his small stature; at Mass, he had something under his feet. He was full of virtues and good manners, eloquent in speech, discreet in words, and of great learning. He lived among all men with the intention of avoiding their favor, and he spent seven years in Cornwall, where a wilderness is now called Neotstoke. Afterward, he went to Rome and was honorably received by Alfred, his brother. Alfred had banished him from the realm due to his pride and tyranny, but St. Ed prayed to the Lord for restoration.\nAnd should convert his enemy to faith, and it proceeded after every thing as he had said. By St. Edith, the king was converted from tyranny to sobriety. The worshipping of devils was abated, and the people of our Lord much increased in all the country he left. This world he departed from the day before the calendar of August. St. Ninian, in English called St. Trony, was a king's son of great Britain. And as he had passed his years of childhood, he had great devotion to be in the Church and great love spiritual to his fellows. He was sober in diet, discrete of words, busy in reading, sad of manners, abstaining from pleasures, and always labored to subject the body to the spirit. He went to Rome on pilgrimage where he profited much in learning and was in singular favor with the pope. The miracle he prayed for: that the staff might grow; and when he set it into the ground, forthwith it grew and had roots and new bark with goodly arms and braunches. And at the root thereof springing a fair well, whose water.\nA very holy man died on the 16th of October in a new church he had built in honor of St. Martin. A child born with great deformities brought great sorrow to his father and mother at the tomb of St. Tryphon. The child received perfect health and was washed with leprous water at St. Tryphon's well. Their flesh was made clean, like that of a healthy child.\n\nSaint Odo was the son of a Pagan, of Danish blood, who came with Hynguar. Because he often spoke to his father about things contrary to Christian faith, his father corrected him cruelly and disinherited him. Therefore, he left his father and mother and came to a duke, a nobleman in King Edwin's household. The duke welcomed him joyously. There he was baptized and learned Latin and Greek, which were much used in England after the time of St. Theodore. After taking orders, he was made deacon, and later priest. By his prayers, the duke was favored.\nmade hole of a great sykenesse as he was goynge towarde Rome / And after he was made bysshop of Salisbury and fro thense was electyd to be Archebysshop of Caunterbu\u2223ry / whiche he wolde nat take vpon hym tyll he was made monke / and so he entred into Relygion / and when he was Archebyssop he reproued the kynge of his abhominable ad\u00a6uoutrie and the women that the kynge kepthe toke theym / and burned theym in the face with yron & abanysshed them the Realme. To reforme certeyn clark{is} that erred in the sa\u2223crament of the Aultre affermynge it to be a fygure of ye pas\u00a6syon of our lorde by his prayer as he was at masse at ye bre\u2223kynge of the Hoest very blode ran out therof into the Cha\u2223les\n/ and the clerkes seynge it were conuerted / and then the blode went agayne into the nature of wyne / By his prayer there felle noo rayne in his Churche all the whyle it was in buyldynge whiche was thre hole yeres / He was alway ad\u2223uersarye inflexible agaynst synne / The pleasure or Ioyes of the world ne yet thretes coulde nat\nSaint Dunstan was neither allowed him to leave doing justice / he prophesied that Saint Dunstan,\n\nSaint Odulph was born of noble blood in Flanders and he forsake his friends and went to the Bishop of Trier's court / where he lived diverse years in vigils, fasting, praying, and holy reading. He scorned all earthly things so that after this life he might have everlasting reward in heaven. By his prayer, the fire ceased from his day before the Ides of June. At his death was a sweet savior that comforted all who were present. His relics were brought to London during the time of King Cnut, and from there they were conveyed to Canterbury honorably. Although he was never in England while he was alive, yet because his relics are in England, he is put into the legend.\n\nSaint Osith was the daughter of King Frethewald and she was taken in her youth to Saint Modwen,\n\nSaint Modwen took her to Saint Edith, & she, on one occasion, being at Polesworth, sent a letter to her.\nSaint Osyth went to St. Modwen's shrine and was blown by the wind into the water and drowned. She lay dead for three days, but by the intervention of St. Athelwold, St. Modwen returned to life. After being forcibly married against her will to the king of the East Saxons, she kept her husband at bay for a long time through various excuses. However, when he had decided to accept no more excuses, sudden news reached him that a heart had been found near the palaces. While the king was delaying for several days on his hunting, the virgin sent for two bishops and became a nun. When the king returned and learned of this, he was greatly moved but allowed it and gave her the town of Chichester. In the year of our Lord 642, Danes invaded the East Saxon countryside because Saint Osyth refused to perform sacrifices.\nShe was beheaded to her idol, and she bore her head to the church door. Her father and mother buried her at Aylesbury, where she lay many years until St. Osith appeared to Asmith and commanded him to remove her relics from Aylesbury to Checester. He did so, and the bishop of London laid them in a shrine. The bishop of Rochester being present was held ill due to a long-standing illness. Shipmen had stolen a piece of marble from the porch of St. Osith's Church, and their ship was made unmovable until they confessed their trespasses and returned it. She healed a woman who was contracted and a child who was dumb and dead.\n\nSaint Osman was of noble birth in Ireland. From her youth, in her heart she lived as a chosen vessel of almighty God, her father and mother being gentiles. Seeing that they could not remove her from the faith of our Lord Jesus Christ through no compulsion, they attempted to marry her, thinking that by this means she would forget our faith.\nA lord and his believers hated Christians. A woman, perceived this, and fled with one maid over the sea into a wood by the River of Lygerim, where she lived with roots and leaves of trees. She made her clothes from rushes and long grass. She was found by a wild boar that fled to her for protection when she was hunted by a bishop's servants. When they intended to kill the boar, their knights refused to enter its flesh. They then went to the bishop and reported they were dealing with a witch. The bishop went to her and found her steadfast in her faith. She told him she desired nothing more than to be baptized, which pleased the bishop greatly. After her baptism, the maid received his sight. The bishop left her a servant to be her guardian, so she could have herbs to live. The devil moved that man to speak evil words to her often to anger her, and promised him a great reward for doing so. When he had agreed, he was suddenly struck down.\nBlind and so he came to repentance. The son of the Queen of Spain cursed his mother, who was a pagan because she forbade him from giving alms, and therefore he lost both his speech and his sight. The queen, seeing that for sorrow she fell out of her mind, and by St. Osmund they were both healed. And so, filled with great miracles, she went to our Lord on the fifth day of September.\n\nSt. Osmund was bishop of Salisbury, and in his youth, he put himself to learning and kept the commandments of the Fathers. He was of the king's blood and daily in the presence of his prince. Yet he would hear the causes of poor men, orphans and widows. He gave great alms to the poor and endowed the Church with great possessions, abjuring himself utterly from all temporal things. And he who will examine his life by order, will plainly see that our Lord always led him by the straight path, giving to him the way of perfection, by which he might deserve the kingdom.\nheuyn / and so at the laste as an ap\u2223proued seruaunt and faythfull werker in the vyneyarde of our Lorde wysely expendynge his talentes he was co\u0304mau\u0304\u2223ded to entre into ye Ioye of his lord yeldyng his soule to he\u00a6uyn the daye byfore the nonas of Decembre / and was bu\u2223ryed at Salysburye / A childe that was drowned at Salys\u00a6burye at the tumbe of seynt Osmunde was restored to lyfe agayne. On a nyght a Clerke called Thomas that as he thought went to bedde in good helth when he awoke of his slepe he felt his senewes dryed vp and one of his legges dra\u00a6wen vp to his buttockes / and the thirde nyght after that he had prayed for helth at seynt Osmunde stumbe he thought in his slepe that he sae mornynge he was perfyghtly hole / he was Canony\u00a6sed by Pope Calixt the thirde in the yere of our Lorde god. CCCClvi. at whiche Canonisacion the \nthynges necessarye in his owne person and for this blessyd man our lorde hath shewed many and innumerable myra\u2223cles.\nSEynt Oswalde in his youth eschewyd all wanton\u00a6nes and gaue hymselfe\nAfter committing to his uncle, Odo, archbishop of Canterbury, to learn conjuring and good manners, and having achieved great proficiency in scripture, he was made canon at Winchester, and later dean. Unable to remove them from their old evil customs there, he went to Flanders, where St. Benet lies, and was made a monk. There he profited much in virtue. The devil appeared to him as he was praying and made fearful noises to make him cease, sometimes roaring like a lion, sometimes hissing like a serpent. In the faith, he feared nothing and the devil, seeing the sign of the Cross, vanished away like smoke. He was of little sleep, sober in diet, and discrete in speech.\nand he was busy in praying for Pacientia to be meek, sober, and benevolent in pure, clean charity, which is above man's estimation to show. Saint Odo, hearing of his fame, was very glad and thankful to our Lord, who sent for him not only because he was in great age to instruct others in regular discipline, but the people of Floriacum were very sorry, yet they couldn't disobey so holy a Father, so they sent him over. Before he came to Canterbury, the Archbishop was dead. Then he went to his uncle Osulf at Dorchester. And when he was made Archbishop of York, Saint Oswald, through the means of Saint Dunstan, was put in charge at Dorchester. At Westbury, he gathered twelve monks and instructed them with wholesome monitions, setting them to work to fast, pray, and after he had made a monastery, the Earl Aylwin, by the monition of an angel, had built a chapel, and the Earl gave great possessions to that monastery. An abbot, who was of Saint Oswald's making, was fervent in his religion.\nHe was harsh and cruel to his subjects, and as he lay on the bed, he took back his spirit and raised himself up, saying he was led to judgment by St. Benet. By the prayers of St. Oswald, his sins were forgiven him, and he showed those present the holiness of St. Oswald. He was determined to carry out this task and would not be removed by any means. When St. Oswald arrived, he saw the devil sitting on a stone mocking those who labored, and with the sign of the Cross, he drove him away. Few could remove it before. He was made Bishop of Worcester, and by the coercion of King Edgar and St. Dunstan, and with the consent of the clergy, he was made Archbishop of York. He changed six places from clergy to monks: Alborne, Ely, Bamflet, and others. He fed twelve poor men every day and gave them money. He knew he would die the next day and kept the church and the quarrel.\nThe night he spent in praise of almighty God, in the morning he was anointed and clothed in a linen cloth, washed and dried the feet of poor men, kissed them as was his custom, and after saying the fifteen Psalms, he said \"Gloria Patri &c.\" As he paid the poor men, and was saying \"Sanctus,\" he yielded up his spirit in the year of our Lord 972, before the Kalends of March, and as he was being taken to the church, a white dove and a bright beam were seen descending upon him. He was buried at York, and twelve years after his death, he was removed to Worcester as he had wished to be, where he lies now. The Queen Aethelflaed, daughter of King Alfred, after her husband King Athelred was slain in battle, fled with St. Oswald and other of her children to the Scottish people, who knelt down and prayed for help in their righteous quarrel, and so with a small company he had.\nvictory in a place called Deusborne against the said Cedwalla, a right mighty and cruel king, and at the said cross, and also in the said place where he made his prayer, which is called Heynfelde, great miracles have been done. After Saint Oswald sent into Scotland where he was baptized, desiring to have Saint Aidan the bishop instruct him and his people in the faith, and when Saint Aidan came, the king gave him a bishopric on the Isle of Lindisfarne and immediately the people were converted. Churches were built, and monasteries founded. This blessed man, not only obtained a full hope of an Everlasting kingdom but also of earthly kingdoms. He had more lordship than any of his ancestors, for he obtained not only the kingdoms of Deira and Bernicia, but also all the nations of Britain, wherein there were four different languages: Bryttish, Scotish, English, and of the Picts he took into his dominion. He was a great giver of alms.\nWilliam would not allow any Christian man to go openly on beginnings, as he and St. Aidan did, and as it is said from Matins to this day, he would be in prayer and hold his hands up to pray and give thanks to our Lord. After he was slain in battle by King Penda at a place called Masefelde, seven miles from Shrewsbury on the eighth day of August, as was shown before, he was praying devoutly for himself and for the people. His relics have been frequently removed. His head lies now in the Monastery of St. Cuthbert, one of his arms at Bamburgh, and the other at Peterborough. His body and bones are at Gloucester, where Ethelred, Duke of Mercia, built a church in his honor. Another church was built to his honor at Farthering. Great miracles have been done there. In the legend is a noble pedigree from Ida, who was the first English king in Northumbria. The kingdom of Deira stretched from there.\nAfter the death of Saint Oswald, king of Deira and Bernicia, and his brother Oswy, Saint Oswy succeeded him in the kingdoms of Deira and Bernicia. After the blessed Saint Oswy's reign, it was King Osric of Deira who ruled, having long been an outlaw among the West Saxons due to his fear of Cedwalla, king of the Britons, who had killed his father. Hearing that King Oswald was dead, by the consent of all the people of Deira, Osric was made king of that country. Oswy was put out of power and ruled only in Bernicia instead. Oswy was a man of great charity, a staff to the weak, a foot to the halting, an eye to the blind, and a father to widows and orphans. He was also beautiful of visage, tall of stature, merry of countenance, sober of manners, and very generous. The king gave a horse to Saint Aidan, and when a poor man asked alms of him and he had none other to give,\nyou have the following to give him, he gave him the said horse, and when the king heard of it, he was displeased and said to the bishop, who sat at the table with him, \"A worse horse than this would have been given in alms.\" To whom the bishop replied, \"What is it that you complain about? Is it because the son of a mare is more beloved by you, or because this horse was given to the Lord Jesus Christ? The king, hearing this, fell down at the bishop's feet and asked for forgiveness, promising faithfully that he would never again be displeased with what he gave to poor people in the name of the Lord. After the same dinner, the bishop, when asked why he wept, answered that the king should not live long and said he had never before found such a meek king, and that the wicked people were not worthy to have such a king. After he had reigned for nine years, King Oswy of Bernicia came against him with a great host.\nAdversaries remembering the words of St. Aidan told his people he would not place them in parallel for his title, but would place himself in the hands of God. He caused them to return home again, and with one man he fled to Earl Hunwald, to whom he had given great possessions. Traitorously, Earl Hunwald discovered him to his enemy, and then he sent Ethelwyn, steward of his house, who cruelly martyred him and a knight who was with him, rather than die than live without their master, in the year of our Lord God 643. As it was prophesied by St. Aidan, he was buried at Tynemouth. After his burial there, the people held the place in such reverence that the entire country made it a place of their burial. A countess, who had great devotion to St. Oswine, by the bishop's license, took a relic from his shrine, not out of mistrust but to show the merits of this glorious king and martyr. She threw part of the relic into a fire.\nWhere it lay by the space of an hour and burned not, he healed a woman named in all her body and saved a knight who with his horse fell from a high hill. He appeared to one in prison and bade him go to Tynmouth at once, and his hands and feet were lowered and the door unlocked. He healed two blind women and cured one of palsy. He gave hearing to two dying men and delivered a maid vexed by a spirit. He appeared to a woman tormented by a devil all year and told her various sins she had not confessed, and of a Saint Onorius, from his youth he lived virtuously and full of good works with fasting, vigils, and prayers. He went to Rome and from thence went to see Saint David and, coming by the church of Saint Thelanus, he took certain Relics with him and the thieves who would have robbed him because they thought he had great riches were struck blind. By his prayer, they regained their sight when he was made whole.\nBishop as he went by the way, he desired of certain women who were washing butter, to have a vessel to drink from. And when they answered somewhat disparagingly that they had nothing but butter, he took a piece of the butter and made it like a bell and drank water from it. The bell still continues in the church of Laudense like pure gold, as a king was hunting a heart, the heart came to the man of God for succor. The king, seeing that miracle, asked forgiveness and gave him all that he asked for. After he left his bishopric, he made a monastery near the water of Wey, where he gathered a great company of brethren and lived a blessed life for many years. He died on the 6th nonas of July.\n\nSaint Paternus was born in little Britain, and he bequeathed his earthly inheritance to be higher in the kingdom of heaven. Hearing from his mother that his father had forsaken his own country and lived a blessed life in Ireland, he determined to go to him, and he took with him 817 monks in those days.\nPurposefully leaving little Britain and coming into great Britain, they followed him, singing hymns and proclaiming him as their leader. They entered great Britain, where he established a monastery in a place called Mauritania. Leaving his brothers, he went to Ireland to his father. By sight of him, two kings and their hosts were reconciled, who before had been prepared for battle. He returned to Britain to his brothers and found a brother he had left behind in little Britain, who could not live without him. In trust in the Lord and in the power of St. Patrick, he came out of little Britain onto a stone that rose from the bottom of the sea, safe to the said monastery. St. David, St. Patrick, and St. Telam, at the instigation of an angel, went to Jerusalem. There they preached like the apostles, and the Holy Ghost worked in them so powerfully that every man understood in them his own speech as they did of the apostles, and there they were made bishops.\nbyshops near the Patriarch's residence, and in return, they were given a coat embellished with gold and a staff. After they returned to Wales, the country was divided into three bishoprics. A Welsh king named Caro terra-dunum subdued little Britain. And there, the people showed him Saint Patrick, who was adorned with gold and carried a staff. But he could not be satisfied to be subject to him. Instead, the king went over to him and asked him to come for the instruction of the people. So he went, suffering great persecution patiently. Bishop Sampson, a holy man, was gathering a certain tithe in his diocese when he came near the city where Saint Patrick had built a monastery. One of the monks of the bishopry deceived him, suggesting that for the sake of Saint Patrick's humility, who had recently come from Britain, he should send for him. The messenger should bring him in the same state that he found him, and the bishop, taking the monk's advice, sent forth a messenger. He found:\nWith one hose on, Saint Paterne followed him, and when he came before the bishop, the monk who gave the counsel laughed at him. Immediately, he was seized by a devil and fell to the ground. Perceiving that the monk was the cause of this temptation, the bishop, Sampson, asked for mercy for him. In response, Saint Paterne drove away the devil and made him disappear. Therefore, the bishop released him from all such payments.\n\nAt a synod, Saint Paterne had trouble with some who envied him. Eventually, peace was made. However, fearing that endurance might provoke Ire or harm his humility, he left that country. Three years after his death, no rain or dew fell in that land. The people, remembering that Saint Paterne had left the country due to injuries inflicted upon him by a hole, went to France to fetch his body.\nwhen they could not get anything but only a bone of one of his arms, yet all their company could not remove it. A nobleman of the city of Genoa said that St. Patrick in his life had asked of him often a site to build a church and he would not grant it; but now he was contented, and they took the bone lightly and bore it with them to the said city, which was his bishop's see, and there it lies in a church built on the ground of the said nobleman. In his life, one of his servants, who went to the woods, was killed by them, and St. Patrick, hearing of this, went to the woods and called the servant by his name and asked where he was. He answered, \"I am here.\" Then he went to the place where he heard him speak and, laying his head and body together, lifting up his deceased body, he rose up whole. And thereupon, a mighty man from that country came to the bishop and said they were his men who did it and, fearing.\nthat the vengeance of God would prevent him from asking for mercy and granted him a part of the ground. He benevolently forgave him, saying that before his death, he should please our Lord, and that he should be honorably buried in holy burial.\n\nSaint Patrick was born in Britain, now called England, and in his youth, he was taken prisoner and put in custody. For a hundred days in the day and as many times in the night, he prayed, and an angel appeared to him, showing him that he should find a certain thing there like a hog root, which he should take to pay his ransom. He was then delivered from bondage as he was going home by his prayer. His companions found that there had been a long absence of food, and he could not remove it. Then he cried out twice, \"Help me, help me,\" and help came and delivered him. The devil then said that after that day, he would have no power over him. And the Lord removed from him all torment and heaviness, and his strength was clearly restored to him again. In his sleep, he thought that one brought him a letter.\nThe beginning was written in human voice. And as he was reading it, in that very moment he heard a voice of many. He thought it was the will of God that he should preach in that country. Therefore, because he wished to learn scripture, he went to the bishop of Antisiodorense and stayed with him for forty years, reading and fulfilling holy scripture. After he had been with Saint Martin for forty days, he received a staff from a holy hermit. Our Lord had held this staff in His own hand, and it is called the staff of Jesus. To this day, the staff remains in his city in Ireland. From a bishop named Amotus, he was made bishop, and so he went to Rome where he was in great favor with Pope Celestine. He sent him to Ireland to convert the people to the faith in the year of our Lord CCCC XXV. And when he came to the sea, a leper asked to go over with him and his company would not consent. Therefore, Saint Patrick threw his altar into the sea, and the leper sitting there followed the ship until they came into the country.\nHe went to Lagyne, but the people there would not receive him, so the sea destroyed the entire region. Next, he went to the north part of Ireland to the man where he was in bondage. Many people awaited his coming because they had heard from prophets that such a man would come. However, King Loegar commanded them to put him away. When a fiery dog was turned towards him, he became unmoving like a stone. A giant intended to kill him, but he too was made unmoving. The giant's brother, an old man named Russeynge, fought against Saint Patrick and asked him what age he intended to dispose him to fight. He also asked if he would believe if he made him young again. Saint Patrick put him to prayer, and he immediately became a fair young man once more. He and his sons, as well as many others, were converted.\nwere christened, and Patrick asked him if he would live any longer in this world or go straight to heaven. He desired to go to heaven, and so he received the sacrament and went to our Lord. As he was saying Mass, a witch threw down his chalice, and with that, the ground opened and swallowed him up. A great tyrant named Magnus and his company feigned one of them to be dead, intending to deceive him. But when they saw that he was truly dead, they exclaimed among themselves, \"This is the man of God!\" Magnus was then converted and baptized, and was ready to do penance. Then Saint Patrick said that he could not judge him, but that God should judge him. Nevertheless, he had him taken to the sea, taking nothing with him but a simple vestment, and instructed him to go onto a ship with only one skin without a guide or oar, and to tie his legs together and throw his knee into the sea. And wherever the wind took him, he was to serve God there. When he had promised to do this.\nSaint Patrick addressed the man who was deceased and, on the same day, went to the sea as he was bidden. He came to an island called Mannia where he found two holy bishops. They took pity on him and welcomed him gladly. He stayed with them and was made a bishop himself. He became a great man in that country, where there is a city called the city of Magnal, the bishopric of which still exists. Our Lord was with him in all that he did. He was a great confounder of enchanters, and through his prayers he put away the snow and darkness that they had suddenly created with the help of the devil. A man who was malicious to him was suddenly lifted up into the air and let fall again, from which he died miserably. An earthquake suddenly came and frightened a king who was maintaining the said enchanter. The king came to repentance. He raised a man to life who had been dead for ten years. This was his daily life, he said, every day he recited the Psalter with CC prayers and daily said mass. He taught disciples and preached to the people.\nEvery hour he marked himself with AC crosses. In the beginning of the night, he said CC psalms and knelt CC times. From the cock's crowing, he stood in water until he had finished his prayers. Then he slept lying upon a bare stone, and another under his head. Often times he saw heaven open, and our Lord Jesus standing with his Angels in heaven. Therefore, his heart always burned in an unquenchable fire of the love of God. He was a Clean and austere man in body and spirit. He changed this life in the sixteenth of April, Kalends of April. And after one opinion, he was buried in the City of Dublin in Ireland. But in the latter end of the legend, it is said that after he had covered Ireland, he came into the Isle of Avalon and was there thirty-nine years. St. Paulin came into England with St. Augustine and converted King Edwin, who was king of Northumbria and much feared by all the people.\nIn the year of our Lord 547, and the 27th, the people there showed such fervor and desire for the faith that St. Germanus baptized them in the waters of Gleni, which is in the kingdom of Bernicia, as there were no fonts at the time. He also baptized many in the waters of Swala, which is in the kingdom of Deira, and in the province of Lindsey in Lincolnshire, and in the Trent River for six years, which were all the days of King Edwin. He continued preaching and baptizing the people, and King Edwin made a bishop's see for him in York and began to build for him a church of stone in honor of St. Peter. Before it was finished, he was martyred, and St. Oswald who succeeded him completed the work. He built diverse churches, one in Lincolnshire, where long after it was decayed, miracles were frequently reported. And when Paulinus was bishop there, Honorius became bishop; he was of long stature and somewhat stooping.\nA black and lean-faced, venerable and terrible man, Saint Paulin, came to Kent after the good King Edwin was martyred. He left James, his deacon, at York and brought with him a good Cross and a chalice of gold, which is still on display in Kent. He was consecrated bishop of Rochester by Honorius, and James lived until the time of the venerable Bede. In the year of our Lord 625 and 43, on the sixth ide of October, he ended his life. A woman who had long continued in sin, on one occasion as she was going to offer herself to him, was stopped at the first threshold several times and saw nothing that made her much concerned. She prayed to the monks to pray for her, and was confessed. Yet she fell again, and after she was sick, she was fearfully afraid of God's harsh judgment and was confessed to the bishop and sent to Saint Paulin, saying, \"If Saint Paulin receives my offering, I am forgiven.\"\nIf I shall have eternal pain, and when it was sent there, he received it who had first refused; for he regarded not the offering, but there, St. Peter was born in Cumberland and was a king's son. From his youth, he was a follower of the Apostles. He was sober, meek, fervent in charity, and ready to all marks of reverence. And when he should have been made king, he forsook the pomp of the world and took with him sixty followers, entering into religion. After he went to Ireland and was there twenty years, where he profited much in learning and intending to return to his country, he found a ship ready there that he had left without a keeper. And when he came to Britain, he found men laboring there who spoke harsh words to him. Whether it was to test his holiness or to restrain their own dryness, they asked him to make a well of sweet water in a rock that was there, and he did so. Then he heard of a holy man called Sarahson and that he led a solitary life in great strength with barley bread.\nfastyng{is} & prayers / & when he sawe Sam\u00a6pson he prayed our lorde yt he shuld nat remoue tyll he had spoken wt hym & his prayer was herde & sa\u0304pson therby was bou\u0304den tyll they had saluted eche other & nygh to Sa\u0304pson he made a Monastery & lyued theyr .xxx. yer{is} i\u0304 great fasti\u0304g{is} prayers and colde restreynyng glotony and vnlaufully mo\u00a6cyons / all which tyme he lyued in suche innocencye yt he dyd nothynge yt he wolde nat haue done to hym / After .xxx. yer{is} he went to Rome & came agayne into Cornewayle wherin a great tempest to co\u0304forte his discyples he sayd the tempest shuld cease ye next day. And whan it dyd nat so he was heuy aud repented hym self moche of the p\u0304su\u0304pcion yt he had sayd otherwyse then as it folowed / wherfore the thirde day after he went to Rome agayne & so to Iert great labours\nto the Est occean there he fou\u0304de a vessell mete oonly for one man / wherby he went into an Ilande where he lyued in co\u0304\u00a6templacion .vii. yeres / & al that tyme he was fedde with one fysshe / and afterwarde\nAn angel conveyed him in the same vessel to the western part of Britain, where once before there had been a cruel king who had gathered many venomous serpents to punish felons and men who had offended. And when he was dead, his son refused this cruelty, so one serpent, out of hunger, killed another. A terrible serpent prevailed that killed man and beast. Saint Peter drove him into a wilderness where he should harm no man. And before all the people, he raised a man from death to life. When he should die, he called his disciples and instructed them on how they should keep religion away from them, having forsaken worldly businesses. They should also eschew all deceitful pleasures of the world and thrust down all anger and hatred from them.\n\nSaint Pyran was born in Ireland. In his youth, he went to an island called Clera, where he lived in great abstinence and holy works for thirty years. Afterward, he went to Rome, where he was made bishop.\nSaint Patrik went before him into Ireland to preach to the people and build a monastery by the River Waram, as he heard his bell without touching it. This was done. Through his preaching, faith increased greatly in Ireland, and many were inspired by his example to turn to God, including Brendan, who established a place not far from Saint Patrik. A child possessed by the devil put out the fire under the Licor to make drink for the monks. Saint Patrik said there would be no fire in this place until the Lord sent it from above. The next day, the child was killed in a wood by wolves. When Geran, the child's master, came to Saint Patrik, he prayed, and fire fell into his bosom without harming his clothes. And when they were about to go to supper, Geran said he would not eat until his child came back to life, and then, through prayer, the child came back to life.\nSaint Pyre the child rose from death and ate with them / A king took from Saint Pyre's mother the maiden Brunet, whom she was to bring up, and kept her in his castle as a bondwoman. And when Saint Pyre spoke to him for her, he said he would not release her. That same night, a great snow fell around the castle, and neither Saint Pyre nor his company were affected. In the morning, a messenger came to the castle, awakening the king with Brunet's noise. The king then lay prostrate at the feet of Saint Pyre and cried for mercy, releasing Brunet to him. However, after he believed he had released her, and when he tried to take her back, he found she was dead. Angered, he vowed to remove Saint Pyre from that place and said to him, \"I am not God, and this place is not mine, but Almighty God's.\" The king, being very angry, left, and he saw his castle on fire. The queen had left him two sons, this son.\nShe loved best of all those who were behind her, whom she had committed to St. Pyre. When the castle was burned, the child was saved. The king, greatly astonished, came to St. Pyre and said he would gladly do whatever he asked and offered him his two sons to serve God. When the king had gone, Brunet raised himself again from the dead, as if he were about to be taken, committed them to St. Pyre, and suddenly a fire rose in the wood between the pursuers and them. This saved them and they came to St. Pyre and stayed with him all his life. He raised diverse people from death. He went upon the water. He ceased the fire by his blessing. He multiplied food that fed many. He turned water into wine. Two kings at his monition refused to cease from Bataytle. Therefore, by his prayer, a great wood that was between them suddenly fell down and stopped them, so they could not meet. In all his life.\nHe never had a life but the best of skins from flesh, and had strong desires for the flesh. He abstained strongly from all that could temper him. He took little sleep and was often visited by angels. He made many priests and clerks, and was over 100 years old when he died, having few sicknesses, neither losing teeth nor yet appearing to have lost his sight. He made enemies into friends and did good for evil. He had mercy and pity on his neighbors, and he labored with his own hands so that he might give to alms. He punished his body with fasting and vigils in cold, hunger, and thirst. He kept charity, chastity, and hospitality. He was always, from his youth, ready for prayer, reading, or doing some good works, and was humble, gentle in speech, wise, sober, and merciful. He omitted nothing of God's commandments. He fed the hungry, gave drink to the thirsty, received the harborless, clothed the naked, and taught the brethren to love one another and direct their eyes.\nTheir mind was always to Almighty God and to desire the kingdom of heaven, after he called his disciples and told them it was the will of God that he should go to Cornwall and showed them of many great troubles that would come into that country, and prayed them to pray for him that after his death he might find the Lord merciful and pleasant to him. And when he came to Cornwall, he made a house where the Lord showed many miracles to him. When he knew he should depart from this transitory life, he called his disciples and preached to them many things of the kingdom of heaven and caused his grave to be made. Going into it, he departed with great brightness. The third nun of March is where he lies in Cornwall, near Severne from Petrockstowe. fifteen miles, and from Monshole twenty miles.\n\nSaint Richard was born in the diocese of Worcester, in which, in his youth, he shunned dancing and vain plays. He twice forsook marriage and went to study at Oxford, at Bonaventure and Aquinas. There he profited much.\nin law, Cannon was constant in faith after he was made Chancellor with St. Edmund, Archbishop of Canterbury. He remained steadfast in all his troubles during this office, refusing any rewards and administering justice impartially, regardless of the persons, be they rich or poor. When he was chosen bishop of Chichester, King Henry III would not consent to his election and kept him from his lands and goods. He went to Rome and was consecrated by Pope Innocent IV. Upon his return to England, he visited the relics of his master, St. Edmund. After enduring many great rebukes and injuries in great patience for a long time, he was eventually restored to his possessions. This blessed man, after being made bishop, went about his diocese preaching, visiting, and ministering to the sacraments. He was from then on more devoted to these duties.\nHe was fervent in prayer and more liberal in alms-giving, more diligent about poor men. His demeanor was meek. He made a place where priests who fell into poverty could be relieved. A great man whom he had cursed for wrongdoing against the Church came to him, and he received him warmly, inviting him to dinner. For that time, he would pardon him. After that time, the sentence would return unless he made amends for what he had offended against the Church. He sought out poor men as he went on visits and would comfort them with both his presence and his alms. He heard confessions, absolved penitents, gave counsel to those who asked for it, strengthened those who were fervent in serving God, and multiplied bread for them.\nFedde many people and rode a Child who was born this blessed man, as he was preaching with the Pope's authority for help of the Holy Land, died around the third nonas of April and was brought thence to Chester, where our Lord showed miracles for him.\n\nSaint Robert was born in the province of York. He took orders of priesthood and had a benefice which he forsook and entered into Religion at Whitby. After, by the license of his Abbot, he went to Fountains where Richard Priory of Saint Mary of York had built a Monastery. There no man lived idly but gave him labor. The brethren went hungry to their table and weary to bed, they lived without murmuring or complaining, and in great fervor they lauded our Lord. After Saint Robert made a new Monastery, and there he was made abbot. He never rose from his table fully satisfied. He fasted every Lenten bread and water. At an Easter time when he had no appetite to eat, he said he thought that if he had eaten bread with butter, he would have eaten it.\nand when it was brought to his consideration that he had given in to his concupiscence, he would not eat it but sent it to the gate for the poor. An angel, like a young man with a bright shining face, took the dish, and vanished away immediately. When the dish was asked for, it suddenly appeared before St. Robert on the table. He said daily beside his duty the Psalms C. and M. As he went by a new castle, he saw the devil among many young people. By compulsion, he showed St. Robert that if he had not been present, the husband would have been made a pompous bridegroom, as if to be slain by his enemies. And by his presence, he said all his plans were thwarted. One night he thought he saw the devil among his brethren and received a false report that was not stable. He pulled him into his basket with his hook. In the morning, St. Robert inquired about him, and he was gone, and accompanied him to the thieves, where shortly after his head was taken.\nA man named [name] was struck down and saw three angels bearing his soul to Heaven. Saint Godryk said that a blessed woman from Hastings accompanied him in death and received one reward in Heaven. He died in the year 1015 AD, on the seventh day of June. A man who had long been at Saint Thomas was commanded by Saint Thomas to go to the new Monastery of Saint Robert, where he was indeed held. A knight saw in a vision many devils going towards the new Monastery. He thought a monk in white apparition emerged from the Monastery, lifting his crosier to prohibit them from going further. He believed a cross nearby was thrown down, and it appeared so when he sent there in the morning.\n\nThe mother of Saint Ruwald was the daughter of King Peda.\nA pagan woman and she was christened, and was married to the king of Northumbria, who was a pagan. She earnestly prayed to our Lord that her body should never be defiled with a man unknown to his law. And when she came into the chamber, she told her husband that she would never accompany him until he was christened. And by the will of our Lord, he consented. Afterward, as they were going to her father's house, she was delivered in Thetis, in a meadow beside Bamburgh called Sutton. And immediately as the child was born, he cried three times, \"I am a Christian man.\" And he said he would not have rich, proud men of the world as his godfathers but chose two holy priests, Wyderinus and Edwoldus. He showed a hollow stone that he should be christened in. And when many people could not remove the stone, he bade Wyderinus and Edwoldus, in the name of our Lord, bring it. And immediately they brought it without difficulty. And so he was christened.\nCalled Rumwald as he appointed, and immediately he preached to the people the high mysteries of the Trinity, how they were three persons and one God, and of the Articles of Faith, and of the Ten Commandments, and specifically of the love for Almighty God and our neighbor, and exhorted the people to do penance for their sins which is to leave their evil life and make amends for what they have offended with fasting, prayers, and almsdeeds, and advised the people to love and honor each other, not to accuse or detract from each other, not to steal or be false, and when he had made a long sermon and approved it by great authorities of Scripture, he said it was not for him to live in this world, and so after three days his spirit went to heaven on the third nonas of November, and as he had appointed, his body lay one year there where he was born, and two years at Brackley and then at Buckingham, where he lies at this day. At that time these towns were not named as they are now.\nSaint Sampson was born in great Britain. The Lord showed him in a vision to his mother Anne, who lived a blessed life with her husband in fasting and prayers, that she would have a son whom she should call Sampson, who would be great with the Lord and worthy of priestly order when he was seven years old. He was committed to Saint Iltyd, and he said he would be a great bishop and profit much in the church of God. When he took deaconhood and priesthood, and was made bishop, a white dove was seen descending upon him. The higher the degree he took, the stronger his life became. He never ate flesh throughout his life. The new cellarer, who was eager to become abbot after his uncle, feared that Saint Sampson would get the position, so he put a great poison into his chalice. Saint Sampson blessed it and drank it without harm.\nHousebound by St. Sappho on a Sunday, the Devil entered him and vexed him severely. Saint Sappho delivered him with water and oil that he blessed and gave him. By day he labored and prayed. And at night he read scripture and practiced meditation. When he lay down to sleep, he leaned against some wall and never slept in a bed. His father was sick and said he would never be well nor receive the sacraments until he saw his son Sappho. Though he was reluctant, by the counsel of St. Iltute he went to him, who was glad to see him. He confessed to him a great head sin he had long concealed. Afterward, he and his wife, along with all their children, dedicated themselves to the service of God. With the sign of the cross, he killed a great serpent, as Celerer had complained that it had wasted the house. When Dubryee attempted to prove it, Sappho made the sign of the cross over the vessels, and instantly all the vessels he had were restored.\nBefore going back into alms, he was filled again with honey, after he had been Abbot for three years. Then he went into Scotland, where he performed many great miracles and instructed the people. And when he came to the place where Dubricius, by the commandment of an angel, made him bishop, he went into little Britain. There he found a man at the seashore looking for one who, as it was shown to him by the Lord, should come from beyond the sea to heal his wife, who was a leper, and his daughter, who was tormented by a devil. And he healed them both. At the queen's great malice, he was given Pison. And after that, a wild lion was turned into him, and he escaped from both, and by his word the lion died. The queen, seeing this miracle, asked for forgiveness from him. Every Lent, he would withdraw to some secret place from the people. He departed from this life, the founder of the monastery of Dol in little Britain, as he had founded diverse other monasteries. This\nA blessed man had such grace that ever as he was at mass, angels assisted him and ministered to him in the sacrifice.\n\nSaint Sexburga was Daughter to Anna, king of East Anglia. And she was married to Ercombertus, king of Kent, and had issue Egbert and Lothair, who were after Kings and two daughters Ermengarde and Ethelburga. She was in that high degree meek and poor in spirit, she ruled her riches, it ruled not her, she was good to them in high degree and also in low degree. Seldom was she seen among the people, & often in the church, she induced her husband to destroy all idolatries that were in his realm, and christendom was brought in throughout the realm, and at her desire he made numerous monasteries. She taught her children diligently to fear God and to keep his commandments. And when the King was dead, she entered into Religion at Ely under her sister Etheldreda, who lived there a blessed life in great fasting.\nWatching and laboring, and in great humility she followed her sister's example, who after her death was made abbess. Then she was very diligent because she knew she had more care and charge than before. She ended this present life on the day before the Nonas of July, around the year 604 and 40. Her sister buried her.\n\nSaint Swithun was born during the reign of King Egbert, who was the eighth king from King Cynegeld, who was converted by Saint Birinus. After he took holy orders, he devoted himself to preaching the word of God Catholicly and truly, and to correcting those who lived inordinately, after the death of Helstan, who was the bishop of Winchester. He was chosen as bishop there. He built new churches and repaired decayed ones. When he consecrated any church, he did not do so with great pomp, but went on his bare feet. To his feasts, he called not rich men but poor men, and ever he.\nCalled upon sinners to do penance,\nEncouraged men who lived virtuously to persevere in virtue,\nHe never took a full meal but moderately for sustenance,\nAnd after long vigils and great labors, he took little sleep,\nHe built the bridge at the east end of Winchester,\nAnd as he was looking upon the work, a woman came by with eggs in a basket.\nBy the negligence of the workmen, her eggs were broken.\nWherefore she wept and made sorrow,\nThe Bishop, having pity with his right hand, blessed the basket,\nAnd all the eggs were whole again,\nHe was ever busy,\nWith psalms and spiritual melody,\nAnd with all diligence he kept his heart in all cleanliness,\nAnd he persevered in keeping the commandments of our Lord until his departure from this world, which was the sixth nonas of July, in the year of our Lord 1362.\nHe was translated,\nIn the year of our Lord 1461, on the Ide of July.\nAnd the same day of his translation, our Lord showed forth.\nA thousand miracles / A child was born, to whom a throng of blind women regained their sight: The irons of one in prison broke, and the man was released. A sick man with the palsy was healed, and twenty-five others were cured of various ailments.\nSaint Thaso was born to a king in Iceland, called Thathalius. From his youth, he kept himself undefiled from all vices. When his father and mother saw him disdain all worldly things, they placed him in school. He profited greatly in virtue and knowledge, and from all the country, young people came to hear his Doctrine. After his father fell ill and called him to take charge of the realm, an angel appeared to him and advised him not to covet the corrupt inheritance of this world. He said that all that we see will soon vanish away with heaviness and sorrow. And so, in the morning with eight companions, he went to Wales in a ship without sail or oar.\nthey were resting in a town nearby. He sent one to secure the boat that he had come to, where the messenger found a heart holding the rope and saving the boat from drowning. The heart was led to St. Tathaway, where by the power of God it lay down on the ground and stretched out its head, making signs that it should be killed. So it was, to make meat for the brethren. Afterwards, at the king Cradoke's request, he gathered many scholars and established a Church of the Blessed Trinity. By the bishop of Landaff's counsel, he installed twelve canons. The king's servants with their horses destroyed his land. And suddenly, all the horses died. When the king heard of it, he came to him and cried for mercy. And immediately, all the horses rose again. The king, seeing the miracle, gave him the town with his own palaces. The servants of King Gundlens stole his cow and killed her, and the more it set, the rawer it was. St. Tathaway heard this and followed.\nby the way, she found the print of her foot marvelously printed in a stone and followed it to the king's Palaces. Malice and in mockage, the evil servants covered the cauldrons and made it look like a seat. When he had sat down there, he would have been scalded. And it was to him, when he sat down hard and secure, and the king, hearing of it, knelt down and asked him for mercy. And then flesh and bones were laid in the skin, and the Cow rose up before them all. And St. Cadoc soon said to the king, \"This miracle became my disciple.\" And after many virtuous works, vigils, and abstinence, he yielded his soul to the Lord on the seventh of January. St. Thelianus, from his youth, used vigils, prayers, and gave all that he had to the poor. He made himself lean that he might make others fat, and he was informed in scripture about St. Dubric. Afterward, he went to a wise woman called Pauline, where he accompanied St. David in such a way.\naffectionately it is related that there was but one will between them when wood lacked at the Monastery of St. Theclas. Leaving his studies, St. Theclas went to the wood, where two hearts offered their necks to the yoke, and so they brought home the wood and served long after in the Monastery. This blessed maiden, accompanied by the monks of an angel, went with St. Paterne and St. David to Jerusalem. They remained there for three days in contemplation and had forgotten all earthly things. Afterward, three chairs were ordered for them and for humility, St. Theclas sat down in the lowest of the three chairs. It was a chair that the Lord had sat in. When he knew that he knelt down with great reverence, the people desired him to preach, and so he did. The people of strange tongues understood him. After he was consecrated bishop, in token of the grace he had received, a cymbal was given to him, which held diverse men and condemned those who were perjured upon it, and every hour.\nIt owned itself without changing until wretched sinners presumptuously touched it, and so it lost its virtue. This blessed man, as the trumpet of our Lord, persistently admonished the people towards Heavenly things. He left this world on the fifth ides of February. Immediately, there was great strife for his body between three parties. And as the people came to an agreement, fell to prayer. Three bodies appeared, all alike. There was no variation in favorable color nor vestments. Landaff had one of the bodies, another was taken a little by the side of Caremerthyne, and the third was taken into West Wales, where it is held in great honor.\n\nSaint Theodore was from the country of Tarsus in Cilicia. He was a man of approved manners and instruction, skilled in both Latin and Greek tongues. When Saint Adrian of Canterbury refused to be Archbishop of Canterbury, he appointed him as his excuse. The Pope admitted him with the condition that he would accompany Saint Theodore to England.\nSaint Theodore assented and upon arriving in England, he went about the country teaching the people the true way of living and the correct time to keep their Easter. He was the first Archbishop to whom the entire Church of England obeyed. He, along with Saint Adrian, established the manner of singing in all the churches of England, which before his time was only used in Kent. He also ordained schools for both Latin and Greek students and taught them astronomy, arithmetic, and divinity. Many of his disciples were as skilled in these subjects as in their own. He traveled throughout the realm and ordained bishops where necessary and corrected any imperfections. When the error of Eutychianism arose at Constantinople, Saint Theodore gathered all the people and clergy together with great diligence. When he found them united and stable in the eternal life, it was on the thirteenth day of October in the year 1460 of our Lord.\nIn his time, the Church of England prospered spiritually more than ever before his days. Saint Thomas of Hereford was born in England, the son of William de Catslup, and in his youth, he studied at Oxford and then Paris, where he was made master. After returning to Oxford, he was made Doctor of Law, and then Chancellor of the University. Against his will, he was then made Chancellor to King Henry III, in which office he daily increased in virtue and remained clean from all rewards for the pleasure of rich men or the poor, refusing to act against justice. After the king's death, he returned again to Oxford and studied divinity. This blessed man was of such sobriety that his servants never saw him exceed in food or drink. He punished his body with vigils and fasting, and privately wore a hairshirt. In the year of our Lord 1475, he was made Bishop of Hereford and defended the rights of his church.\nTo his great pain, he went to Rome where he was honorably received by Pope Martin. In return, he departed from this world at Florence, near the hill of Fiascon, on the sixth nonas of October in the year of our Lord 1587. His body was kept for six days, and then it was given a sweet savour and his flesh was stripped from the bones and buried in the Church of St. Severin there. His bones were later brought to Hereford. Three score and ten men have been raised from death to life by his merits, and twelve blind men recovered their sight, among other contracts, mutes, and those suffering from palsy.\n\nThe life and whole procession of this glorious means of the king of England \u2013 the French king told him he was too willful and knew none other but he should be banned from there. The French king, seeing his constancy, took him in even greater favor than before. And the Archbishop of York was cursed for having taken upon himself to crown the king's son.\nIn the belonging to the see of Canterbury, which caused more grudge, and how he, in the end, spoke of it in this short treatise, should only make the story more dark and not open as it should be. Therefore, I commit the reader hereof who is disposed to see more of this case that health was not expedient for the health of his soul. He went again to his tomb and prayed, that if bodily health were not to the health of his soul, his sicknesses should come again, and so it did.\n\nWhen Louis' son came to the French king at the desire of various noble men of England with a great host into England, they found this blessed saint Thomas at Dorchester alone in the dormitory, a man of a venerable age, meek and sober. From him, they brought up a monk in monastic French. And when he would not reveal the riches of the Monastery by fair words nor threats, they boldly rebuked them for their sacrilege and cruelty, with a sword in great malice they.\nMartyred is St. Walburgh at the Nonas of August, in the year of our Lord M.CC.lxxxxv. At her tomb, a man possessed was healed. Four men had their fight, and five were raised from death to life.\n\nSt. Walburgh was sister to Saints Willibrord and Wynnybolde. With them, she left England. When they reached St. Boniface's shrine in Maguntineese, he made Willibrord bishop of Heystatenese, and Wynnobolde entered religion at Heydanhem. After their deaths, St. Walburgh was made abbess of that monastery and governed many virgins.\n\nOne night, when the keeper of the church denied her light, she took it in great patience. In the doorway where she went, there was a great heavenly light that lasted until Matins time, astonishing all the nuns. She thanked the Lord for it and attributed it to the merits of her brethren, not her own. One night, she went unknown to a rich man's house where a maid lay sick. When the man saw her, he warned her.\nA woman said that the man who had brought her there would save her from the dogs. Once he learned her name, he took her into his house with great reverence. When it was time for him to rest, he asked her where she would like to lie down, and she replied that it was where her sister lay sick, where she gave her prayers and cared for the maid. In the morning, she returned to her monastery, filled with good works. She went to our Lord on the Kalend of May and was honorably buried in the same monastery. After her death, she appeared to Bishop Otgar of Heystatense and reproached him for neglecting the monastery. She promised him that he would perceive that he had not done well by her. Shortly after, at the roof of a house, there was a collapse on the north wall, frightening them greatly. Otgar then repaired the church and removed the bodies of Saints Walburgh and Wynnybold to Heystatense. Saint Walburge, also known as Walthesse, was the daughter of Sirron.\nThe Earl of Huntingdon and his mother were daughters of the Earl of Northumberland. According to his name, he was a good thief, keeping the kingdom of heaven's secrets and virtues hidden. When his father was disgraced and died in France, St. Walstan was made a canon in the monastery of St. Oswald in York. At the age of sixteen, he was chosen to be prior of Kirkham. He was so meek that he was more so in his own sight than in the opinion of others. As he was at mass on Christmas Day, and had spoken the sacramental words, he saw a beautiful child more white than snow with a crown of gold. This child, with mild countenance, touched his face and head. The vision often kissed and blessed him, and then vanished, leaving nothing behind but the host. He never afterward remembered that vision but wept for joy. Afterward, he entered the religion of Cistercians at Wardon. Later, he was made abbot at Melrose. By his power.\nHis kinsman Symond built the monastery of St. Andrews in Northampton, outside the town and the saltery abbey. Three gestes came to him, washing their hands and feasting. One of them suddenly departed. In the following night, an angel appeared to one of the brethren and said he was the gest who had suddenly left them, appointed by our Lord to be the keeper of that place. He saw in a vision the three kings doing their offering, and how our Lord was scourged, mocked, crowned with the crown of thorns, crucified, and suffered death. Blood and water came out of His side. He rose from death, leaving the keepers as if dead. Once, when the devil appeared to him, he took the Sacrament and commanded the cursed wretch to show his jug that would send him to hell. Then he could no longer endure and had to leave.\nVanyssed away / He refused to be a bishop. He multiplied corn and bread that served much people and held a man of the dropesy. He went to heaven the third nonas of August, in the year of our Lord God, a thousand hundred and three score. And after he appeared to a brother, tempted by the devil to prefer the law of the Jews before the Christian law. He also said there was no life but this, and showed him in vision death saw our Lord with his bodily lying.\n\nSaint Walstan was born in the south part of England in a town called Baburgh. He was of the king's blood. And when he was about the age of twelve years, by inspiration of the Holy Ghost, he forsook all his inheritance and his country and went into the northern parts. He put himself in service to a man in the town of Taverham. He was a great giver of alms in so much that he gave not only his own meat to poor men but also once his shoe and went himself barefoot. And when his dame knew it, she was greatly displeased.\nPerceived it, she feigned great need to have thorns and caused him to go to the wood to fetch them home. By the goodness of our Lord, the thorns were to him like rose flowers, hurting him nothing. And when his mother knew that she cried for mercy, and he immediately forgave her. His master, seeing the signs that he loved him much and would have made him his heir, which he refused, and would have nothing else but only that which one of his men was after plowing in a meadow with one of his companions. An augury appeared to him and showed him that the third day following he should depart from this world. Therefore he was alarmed and took all the sacraments of the Church and, at the said day, he took his master and diverse other honest persons with him and went to the said meadow. There he willed that when he was dead, his body should be put in a cart and his two oxen put in it and allowed to go with it wherever they would without any leader.\nThey stayed with him until he was buried. He had granted that any laborer who came to help him with his illness or for his beasts should be heard, and so he departed from this world on the third calendar day of June, in the year 1061. When he was placed in a cart, two oxen brought him to Bamberg. On the way, the cart did not sink into the water, and at three places where they rested, three fair wells sprang up. He lies in Bamberg, where a church is dedicated in his honor. Our Lord has shown many great miracles there, both for men and beasts.\n\nA man of great virtues named Benno came to the father of St. Winfred and asked him for a plot of land where he might build a church to serve Almighty God. He gladly assented and assigned a place to him. Moreover, he committed his only begotten daughter named Winfred to him to inform her.\npreaching and the intention in her heart to forsake all the pleasures of the world and keep virginity. She dared not reveal this purpose to her father and mother, but to her master, whom she showed it to, and they were greatly pleased. It happened afterwards that when her father and mother were at church on a Sunday, Cradoke found her alone in her father's house. He promised her great gifts to consent to him, and she suddenly feigned disinterest, pretending to be sorry and asking him to let her go to her chamber to dress more appropriately. Once in the chamber, she ran privately towards the church. When he perceived this, he became very angry and followed her. He overtook her on a hill, and when she would not consent to him in any way, he struck off her head. As her head fell, a fair well sprang up, and the stones of it have red spots like blood to this day.\nThe head rolled down into the Church where they were at service, and all the people were astonished. Her father and mother made great lamentation. Her master went to the place where her body lay, and there was the king's son drying his sword. When he had reproved him for his wicked deed and he had no repentance, the king's son suddenly died, and it was not known where his body went. Then her master showed the head to the people and revealed how she had confessed her intention to be a nun. He made his prayer, and she rose up as if she had been sleeping, nothing appearing of the beheading but only a little white circle around her neck. And the people, seeing these miracles, fell to the feast of Benevento and desired to be baptized. So they were, and then she was made a nun and kept her virginity according to her vow. After her master left her, she used to send him a gift every year.\nCertainly came and laid it in a linen cloth & placed it in the said well as her master had appointed her to do. It was conveyed to him fifty miles in the water. And yet the cloth was never wet. After her master's death, by the will of the Lord, she went to a place called Witheriacus. The Abbot there, through the spirit, knew of her coming and met her, bringing her into the company of virgins. He made her their ruler. Our Lord Jesus appeared to her and told her that her time was drawing near. In the fourth nonas of November, she yielded her spirit to the Lord, for whom she had been shown many miracles. She now lies at Shrewsbury.\n\nQueen Ermenilde came to St. Worbury, descended from St. Ethelbert, King of Kent, who was converted by St. Augustine. A noble lineage is recorded of this in the Legend. Wulferus was her father. This glorious virgin despised all.\nConcupiscence and pleasures of the world entered into Reginy at Ely under her aunt St. Etheldreda, where she showed herself to be the meek handmaiden of our Lord. And when her father was dead, her brother Ethelred made her ruler of all the convents of nuns in England. Nevertheless, she showed herself rather as a servant than a mistress, forming those under her not by commandment but by good example. Her body being in earth, her mind was in heaven. When she was in the monastery of Wherwell, that is, at Hampton, certain birds destroyed the corn. She commanded them to be brought home and put in custody. And so they were on foot as though they could not have flown. In the morning, when she had licensed them to go away, and one of the sisters had hidden one of them, all the flock came about the house where St. Werburgh was. They would not go away until she had caused their fellow to be delivered. Then they went away without returning.\nTheym or any of that kind, when she knew that the time drew near when she should die, willed that her body be taken to the Monastery of Hamburgense, and after the third nonas of February, she went to our Lord. When her body was brought to Tricynm, and was kept there diligently with the doors shut, suddenly all the company fell asleep, and men of Hamburgense came to fetch away the body according to her will. The doors flew open, and they took the body without resistance, and buried it honorably where many miracles were shown for her by our Lord. Nine years after, her body and clothes were found undecayed, and her body lay undecayed until the coming of the Danes. Her flesh was incorrupt not by her body's goodness but by the goodness of God, rather than her body should be unhonorably touched by the infidels. Her bones were afterward translated to Chester where they lie at this day.\n\nSaint Wilfrid was born of noble blood in England, and in his youth, he gave himself not to lightness and wantonness but ordered himself.\nHe should live soberly in all things, not using childish babbling or strife. When he reached the age of fourteen, he showed Queen Elflede that his purpose was to leave the world and serve our Lord. The queen sent him to Lindfernense, where he associated himself with a college of monks. For a certain time, he served our Lord there. Afterward, he traveled toward Rome with Saint Benet, Bishop, and the Bishop of Lyons liked him so well that he wanted to give him great possessions and marry him to his brother's daughter. But he told him that he had chosen another way of conversation. When the bishop heard this, he sent him to Rome with great gifts, and there in the Church of Saint Andrew, he prayed earnestly for forgiveness of his sins and that he might have wisdom and eloquence to understand and show the word of God. Straightway, he perceived in himself that a quicker keenness of wit was given to him than before. Afterward, he returned.\nIn England, King Oswy gave away the church of Ripon, as the Scots refused to uphold the right of Easter. During his time, there were great disturbances in England regarding the observance of Easter. Many conflicting opinions existed, and at times, when the king kept Easter, the queen kept Palm Sunday. This controversy was resolved at a great council at Whitby by Saint Wilfrid with compelling reasons and authorities in the year 664 AD. After he was made bishop of York, he refused the position; in response, Queen Eanflaed informed King Ecgfrith of Saint Theodore, archbishop of Canterbury, of this, and he was severely reprimanded. At that time, Candida Casa belonged to England, which is why he appealed to Rome. While on his way to Rome by sea, the wind drove him to Frisia. There, he converted thousands of people to the faith, and the previously dry and barren land became fruitful and plentiful.\nAnd when he came to Rome, he presented his cause charitably, neither accusing St. Theodore nor omitting his own innocence. When the queen, who was believed to be in the wrong for what was done to St. Wilfrid, was released, he prayed for her and made the queen well. After converting many lords and people in the kingdom of Wessex, where the king of that country had previously been converted and few of his people were, he also converted the Isle of Wight. King Egfrid was killed in battle, which St. Wilfrid saw in a vision as he was at Mass. Then St. Theodore sent for him and begged mercy for having given him so much support against him. Shortly after, he was restored to his see again and lived in peace for five years. He was wrongfully put out again, and was later restored to Rome. While on his way home and near death in France, St. Michael appeared to him and told him.\nHe should escape that sickness and be restored to his seat and die in peace, for he said our Lady had accepted his service, and for the prophecy of others he would yet live. And suddenly he was made whole, and all marveled at him. After two kings were punished because they would not allow him to be in peace, and when King Osred was made king, he had him in great favor. And when he knew that his time drew near, he called his brethren and bade them nothing should separate them from the charity of God. And as he said the verse \"Emitte spiritum tuum et creabitur,\" he yielded his spirit to the Lord on the 8th of May in the year 709. He was buried in Ripon in a monastery that he had newly built. And after Odo, archbishop of Canterbury, removed most of his relics to Canterbury, he left part at Ripon.\n\nSaint\nWyre was born in Scotland. As he grew older, he grew in virtue. He would not be overly humbled by adversity nor overly elated by prosperity. He was not weary of holy vigils. He was fed with prayers and merry in fasting. He was elected to be Bishop, which he much refused, saying it became him rather to be a disciple than a master. Despite the people's desire, he took it.\n\nSaint Wilfrid was born in the Province of Northumbria. His parents were blessed folk. When she was with child, his mother saw a monkey fall into her mouth that continued to grow larger and larger. And her belly shone brightly, which signified the holiness of the child she carried. And his father entered religion. And when the child was weaned, he was put to school at Ripon. There he made himself a monk. Afterwards, for a more strict religious life, he went to Ireland. There he lived in great high religion and studied for twelve years. And after, with eleven more.\nFellowes went over the sea to preach to the Infidels in the country of Friesland and came to a place called Trajecte. He went to Pyppyn, ruler of Flanders, where he put away errors and converted many people. Pyppyn then sent him to Rome, and the pope learned of his coming through revelation, warning him to receive him graciously. The pope granted him all that he asked for and made him an archbishop. He departed from Rome and converted many people to the faith in France, Friesland, and Denmark. In Denmark, he came to an island where among the Gentiles the well in it was held in such honor that they dared not touch anything in it nor the well itself. In this well, St. Willibrord baptized three men, and the one called Kilian, whose life was like his words, though he would not be baptized. Kilian sent St. Willibrord to Pyppyn honorably after Pyppyn's death, where the tube for his burial was miraculously found to be too short.\nlong after it seemed made for him. St. Wyge had twelve red sins, as if it had been sparkled with blood. And when she put the fish into her bosom, she thought it grew so much that her bosom could not hold it. Suddenly, it flew above the clouds into heaven. And the apparition, who had great grace in revealing visions, said she would have a blessed child who, in the age of twelve years, would go to heaven. When he was a young child, it happened to him that he touched the irons of a man who was fettered. Instantly, the irons fell off. And when he was but seven years old, he would fast three days a week and be at the church in prayer. And after Norwich, he was put in an enclosure, where on an Easter day he was taken privately by the Jews. They, in contempt of our Lord, mocked him by making him bleed from his head with cords. And then they shaved his head and scourged it with thorns. And they put him on a cross and thrust him into the left side cruelly.\nThe great martyrdom occurred on the seventh Kalends of May, and they took him to our Lord. They led him towards a wood to hide him, but a Christian man came upon them and prevented them from carrying away a dead man. They hid him in a tree in the wood with a rope, and went to the sheriff for a reward of fifty marks. The sheriff made the man swear that he would never reveal it while he lived. Five years later, when he was to die, St. William appeared to him and told him to reveal it, fearing nothing. He did so, and a light from heaven shone upon the spot where he lay. On an Easter evening, his body was found by a nun in the wood, lying at the root of an oak, dressed in a coat, hosed, and shod, and two crows attempted to tear him apart and eat him, but they had no power to do so. He was then taken up with the people and buried with great joy. A man who had been sick for a long time was led in.\nA vision by an angel in a pleasant place full of lovely flowers. And there he saw the Lord sitting on a throne, and an innumerable number of angels about Him. And on His right hand was the seat of our blessed Lady. And at the Feet of our Lord, he saw a child about the age of twelve years sitting in a seat of gold and a crown of gold on his head. His face shone brightly, as the sun. Angels did honor to him. Then he asked the angel who he was. And the angel said, \"This is he that in derision and opprobrium of the Passion of our Lord, the Jews of Norwich put to death. And by him, he said, you shall be made whole.\" And so he vanished a way. And when his spirit was come again to the body, he went to Norwich and was made whole as the angel said. And many other miracles our Lord has shown for this blessed Child: four that were blind, five that were mute, two of the dropsy, three possessed by devils, and men of the falling sickness.\nSaint Wiliam, the martyr, was born to Emme, sister to King Stephen. He was of noble birth and also noble in manners. Due to his virtue and good life, he was made treasurer of York. He thought nothing greater than helping those in need. Eugenie, who was of the Cistercian order and favored his religion, made Henry Murdache archbishop. Against all, he made the sign of the Cross and, as the new bridge sank, he came up safely. In a few years, he was full of good works, almsdeeds, fastings, and vigils. He went to our Lord on the sixth day of June by his martyrdom. A blind maid received her sight from a native state, three contracted persons were restored to their former condition, a deaf man received his hearing, a man with dropsy was healed, and one of the lepers was restored.\n\nSaint Wiliam the Martyr was born to Emme, daughter of King Stephen. He was of noble birth and also noble in manners. Due to his virtue and good life, he was made treasurer of York. He thought nothing greater than helping those in need. Eugenie, a Cistercian nun who favored his religion, made Henry Murdache archbishop. Against all, he made the sign of the Cross and, as the new bridge sank, he came up safely. In a few years, he was full of good works, almsdeeds, fastings, and vigils. He went to our Lord on the sixth day of June by his martyrdom. A blind maid regained her sight from birth, three contracted persons were restored to their former condition, a deaf man received his hearing, a man with dropsy was healed, and a leper was restored.\nA town in Scotland. In his youth, he lived a wanton secular life. Suddenly, he was transformed into a new man, chastising his body and subduing his flesh to the spirit. He learned the craft of baking and every tenth loaf of the highways told him that it was the way. Once he had brought him to his purpose from all ways, he killed him with a hatchet and left him in the wood where a madwoman, running naked in the woods, came by the place where the glorious martyr lay. When she saw him, she made a garland of herbs and put it on his head. Like a woman in that state, she spoke to him as if he were alive. The next day, she came again and said she would have her garland back. She took it from his head and put it on hers. As soon as it touched her head, she was healed and had her wits restored, and immediately became a shameless exhibitionist, knowing that she was healed by the merits of the said glorious martyr.\nAnd he lies at Rochester.\nSaint Wynwaloco was born in Britain. His father heard that there was a place called Little Britain in Armorica, now called Brittany, where the great sickness was not present, not far from the gate called Breast. And when a great tempest took them on the sea, so that his father feared much, he bade his father trust in our Lord who rules both sea and land, adding thereto that he should love him and fear nothing. And he said immediately the weather cleared up. When he was at Schole, he prophesied much in learning. He comforted one of his companions who had broken his thigh. And whenever he heard any poor man, he would go to him to do him some good, and if he had nothing to give him, he would weep for compassion and comfort him with hope of eternal reward. One of his companions, who envied him, told him that he feigned mercy that he did not have in deed. Wherefore he thanked the Lord and said, \"Brother truly, you have the true judgment in me.\"\nA blind man brought a sibling to him, whose eye was plucked out by a bird that had eaten it. He took the bird's eye and placed it back in his sibling's head, and it healed. With the sign of the Cross, he killed a serpent that had poisoned a man and healed him. It is said that through his prayer, no serpent of that kind would come to that country. He raised a child from death and, with his companions, went out to sea to the place where he now lies, starting from the age of 21. He never sat in a church, was never heavy, angry, nor greatly merry, but lived in one soberness. Every day, he said three hundred and fifty psalms. He never desired wealth or willed it, but clothed himself in coarse garments. He lived on barley bread mixed with ashes and drank water. Every second or third day, he lay on rotten and gravel, with two stones under his head. He was never idle from some spiritual occupation. The Devil appeared to him.\nas he was in prayer, a marvelous and terrible sickness troubled him, and when he had suffered long, he rebuked him who dared to trouble the servants of our Lord, and told him that he would have more pain therefore at the day of Judgment. And anon he vanished away, having once made a blind woman see an angel appear to him, showing him that all the company of Heaven desired that he should be delivered from this earthly life and come to the everlasting life. Then he bade his brothers be ready, for he said that the Lord would take him from this world six hours after he had said Mass on the fifth nones of March, around the year 900 and 50, clean from any bodily sicknesses as he was clean from bodily sin. He lies in his monastery of Canraco, where our Lord shows many miracles for him.\nSaint Egwin, in likeness of a hare, represented our Lord, as depicted in the life of Saint Egwin.\n\nSaint Wystan was the son of Wombode, King of the Fens, and Elfleda his wife. When his father died, he succeeded and a great lord named Brythfarde, who was the king's godfather and also related to the king, desired to be king. He wished to marry the queen, thinking that by doing so he would more quickly achieve his goal. When he had sent messengers to the queen, she asked counsel of the king. The king advised her to take the Lord Jesus Christ as her spouse, which would give her a perpetual dwelling in the kingdom of Heaven. The queen readily assented to this counsel.\n\nWhen the impediments of the marriage became known to Brythfarde, he began to hasten the king's death. He desired to speak with the king at a certain day. When they met at a place now called Wistanstowe, Brythfarde desired to speak with the king.\nSaint Withburghe secretly approached him apart and, under the guise of friendship, traitorously struck him with her sword. He beheaded him and another ran him through with a sword in the Kalends of June. Immediately, without delay, the mad king, who neither had the queen nor the kingdom, appeared before the young king lying brightly. For thirty days, a beam extending into heaven appeared, and every year on the day he was martyred, the pillar appeared among the grass, which no man could remove. At a certain time, he lay at Repandon and was translated to the monastery of Evesham, which was greatly endowed by the king's kinsman for the glory of the martyr.\n\nSaint Withburghe was sister to Saint Audrey. In her young years, she founded a monastery at Derham where she became a nun. One time, when she had nothing for her workers but only dry bread, she prayed.\nOur Lady appeared to her in her sleep and told her to trust in the Lord and not to worry too much about bodily sustenance. She added that in the morning, she should send two of her maids to a certain river, and there they would find two wild horses that would give them milk. This happened as Our Lady had said, and the ruler of the town, upon hearing this, granted her the request that she might choose and deliver to her 11,000 virgins. She chose the fairest and wisest among them, both king's and dukes' daughters, as well as others, and chose 11,000 of them. She sent them with noble apparel and all that was necessary for them to the blessed Virgin Ursula, who received them gladly and graciously, as a heavenly gift or sending. By the aforementioned angel, she was also warned to take her procession of virgins to Colyn, and there they were to have and receive the wild horses.\nThe crown and palm of martyrdom showing her all the circumstances thereof, and in what manner it should be, where they took their ships which were all ready with all that was needed, and so came to Cologne through the help of almighty God, holy angels being their guides in much less time than it was possible to do by any means of help or power. Where they were righteously and gladly received, not only by the bishop of that city but also by the citizens, with many other nobles, for a certain space. And since their time of triumph had not yet come, for their enemies were not yet come there, they were warned again by the angel to go to Rome to come before almighty God, our Lady Saint Mary, and the holy apostles, with all other saints, where they took their ships again. And going toward Rome with a prosperous course, they came to the city of Basyle in the space of two or three days, which was eight days' journey.\nand there they were gladly received, as before stated, and left their ships there and so continued their journey/pilgrimage to Romeward on foot, without chariot, horse, or mule to carry them. They went lightly and merrily, for they were comforted and strengthened through the family's hospitality and the fellowship of angels and other saints and holy virgins. Nothing was heavy or painful to them. In fact, various matrons in their fellowship carried their children in their arms and went as lightly and easily as those who bore none. The said young babes and children were comforted by the vision of angels and other saints, and they made many evident signs of joy and gladness in their manner as they could. Furthermore, these Innocents, wise beyond their years, never faltered but continued their way at their pleasure, never losing their way, and wherever they came in country or city, they increased in number.\nMany people, including kings, bishops, princes, dukes, and many other nobles, matrons, and virgins, who were on this journey, were well-fed and delicately provided for within, but it was tedious and grievous for them to take it, at Rome, certain of these virgins who were yet unbaptized were baptized by the holy pope Cyrus. Cyrus warned one of these virgins by an angel that her own husband, the noble prince Olfernes, thought to persecute her. But for all this, she was neither moved nor changed her countenance, but, as she who desired to be with her true spouse, Christ Jesus, she was not only fearless of death but also earnestly desired it, and longed sorely in her heart for it, knowing that thereby she would come to her purpose and her heart's desire. Therefore, the said Tyreus, seeing that she would not incline to him in any way after all her company, caused her to be slain and martyred cruelly.\nA man could have witnessed much tyranny exercised by these booksellers, who acted like ravening dogs or wolves, shedding innocent blood without pity or mercy. They slew all these Holy virgins and their companions in a rage and fury, cutting their bodies into small pieces, and casting and sparking them about the field. Among them were young children in their mothers' wombs. According to revelation, they too were received into the everlasting life and partners in the reward of martyrdom, such as Babylon the Great, who were slain for Christ's sake. Otherwise, they could not have been saved. In their number were the 11,000 virgins, and besides them were about 40,000 and above, as it appears in their history in the legend. Also, in the number of the 11,000 virgins, there was none who with all their might could have fled.\nThe wicked prisoners and all the desolate citizens of Colyne, who had long dwelling times, performed many things to Almighty God and numerous miracles, as recorded in history, which I omit for brevity. Also, Saint Elizabeth, the holy virgin, speaks much of these holy virgins, whom I previously left unmentioned. In the passage of time, men have become forgetful due to the dullness of their wits. Cold and dry virgins, to his honor and theirs, and primarily to the honor of the aforementioned glorious virgin, and also for our consolation and help, many years after their passion, showed themselves through revelation in the aforementioned legend. There was among the same company of Blessed virgins one virgin named Cordula. When the other virgins were in their martyrdoms, she hid herself all night in the bottom of a ship. Nevertheless, in the morning, she offered herself freely to death, and just as the other virgins did, she received the Crown of martyrdom. It is not for any man to think that this Blessed virgin, by this, was not truly a martyr.\nA little fear troubled only one hundred of them regarding her reward, or the Crown of martyrdom, neither Peter denying our Lord nor Thomas doubting the resurrection were a reason for a holy woman named Helente to offer herself gladly to death. Dying in our Lord, I neither left the company of my sisters nor lacked a similar reward as they had from the Crown of martyrdom. Therefore, I command you in my name to instruct the sisters that the day after they have served the entire company of the blessed virgins, they should do something for my honor. It is not expedient for me to be left unhonored among that company. And then the body of one of those virgins promised that he would place her in his church in a coffin of silk. He kept her a whole year upon the altar in a wooden coffin. In a night, as the abbot and convent were all together in prayer, and as he was going to drive away the hindrances, he fell from his horse and died straightway.\nAfter she was filled with good works and good examples, she went to our Lord and was buried at Dereham. After the monastery was destroyed by the Danes, a parish church now stands there. In the year of our Lord 974, during the time of King Edgar, her body was translated to Ely, which was then newly repaired by Saint Ethelwold. All the way in the night, a bright star followed the body, lasting a long time. In the year of our Lord 1026, her body was removed by Richard, the last abbot, to its current place. Her body and clothes were found undecayed. A monk touched her body and found it flexible; her cheeks were rosy, as if she had been alive.\n\nIn much of Britain, now called England, there was a Christian king who had a noble and virtuous queen as his wife. They lived together for a long time without any children. Therefore, they were heavy-hearted and, through continuous prayers and good works, they obtained from almighty God a daughter.\nwhom they christened and named Ursula and nurtured, and brought her up in the faith of our Lord, virtuously and graciously, with all their might and cunning. Her virtue and grace increased so marvelously in all things that the fame of her spread rapidly throughout many countries and lands, reaching the knowledge of a certain pagan king. But he was very powerful and cruel, yet his queen was very noble in all her behavior, courteous and gentle, and beloved by everyone. This king had a young son named Olfernes, lowly and courteous. Hearing of this fair and virtuous young lady Ursula, they greatly desired to have her as their son's bride. Immediately, they sent messengers with pleasant letters to the king her father and to the queen her mother, promising great gifts and rewards if they would consent, and threatening harshly if they would not.\nThe king's father was deeply troubled, as this other king possessed great might and power. He was also known to be harsh and cruel, an infidel, which made him reluctant to marry his daughter to the king's son. Conversely, she was steadfast in her faith, religious, and chaste. The king being in great perplexity and doubtful peril, the blessed virgin his daughter was warned by an angel to go to her father and consent to the other king's request and desire. The abbot requested forgiveness and desired to have the body or another promise that he could place it in a goodly coffin which he could not do in any way.\nThe great graefdafer of St. Wulfhide was found in an Eglesneest by Alfried, king of the West Saxons, who Christianized him and named him Wulfnoth because he was taken out of a nest. He had a son named Wulfhelm, father of St. Wulfhide, who with his wife lived chastely for eighteen years. Afterwards, by the monition of an Angel, they knew God's will and had a daughter named Wulfhilde. They committed her to the nuns at Wilton to bring up, but King Edgar in the course of time intended to marry her. When he could not have her sent to him or make her speak with him, and dared not take her out of the Church, he took counsel from her aunt Wenflede, who was eager to have her niece's favor. Wenflede feigned illness and the Blessed Virgin came to Wherewell to visit her, but found her not sick but sitting at dinner with the King in great company.\nThe queen was quickly dressed in fine apparel. The king seated her between him and her aunt, promising her great riches and making her Lady of Britain. In her heart, she despised this, though she did not express it with her words. Dissimulating illness, she refused to eat and constantly thought of how she might escape. The king perceived this and appointed certain knights to guard her both within the house and outside. With maidens, she went to a secret house and discarded her pompous ornaments. An angel guided her through a small hole, and she escaped. Like a poor woman, she came into the home of a poor woman in Wharwell. All that night, the king's servants searched for her in vain. In the morning, she went to Wilton, where the king was, attempting to speak with him. It was not until he met her in the cloister that he was pleased, took her by the sleeve, and\nShe abruptly pulled away her arm, and the clothes remained in the king's hand more easily than if it had been cut off. And she went straight to the high altar and committed her virginity to the Lord. The king, astonished by the severing of the sleeve, had a thought that it might signify that she, the bride of the Lord, should be clearly severed from him. Therefore, he went to her and bade her not fear, for he would no longer hinder her purpose but rather be a helper of it. In return, he gave her the monastery of Barking, which she had newly repaired with her own patrimony. She made another foundation at Horton, about 12 miles from Wiltshire, Shaftesbury, Warminster, and Hampton. In every one of them, the king gave her a church. When she was professed as a white dove was seen descending upon her head, bearing the sign of the Cross. When Saint Ethelwold came to her, the monks told her:\nthat she lacked drink / Therefore, for the joy of such a spirit, she placed her trust in our Lord, and the ushers did not minify this / By means of the clerks of Barking, the Queen Alice, mother of Ethelred, put her out of Barking, and the clerks had the rule / and when she went forth from the gates, she said to the sisters weeping for her departure that the same day and in the same gate after twenty years she would return / and so she went to the Monastery of Horton, where she encouraged the sisters both present and absent with words, examples, and messages, desiring heavenly things / after the Queen was afflicted both by the death of brute beasts as well as men / and at last she herself fell sick, to whom St. Albury appeared in poor apparel with a sickly countenance, whom she said was long in coming / she would never be well until she brought St. Wulfhilde back again.\n\nGreat difficulty in manner crept in where she received perfect reception.\nSaint Wulfric was born in the town that is eight miles from Bristol. He, being a priest, used both hunting and hawking after he went to Halesborough, which is thirty miles from Oxford. And there, out of his own devotion, he buried himself to the Lord, and so mortified his flesh with fasting and vigils, scarcely allowing the skin to cling to the bones. He ate bread made of oats and drank no manner of wine nor anything that might distract. But only on high feasts for the reverence of the Feast. On vigils he watched all night, except that sickness prevented him. He slept in no bed but leaning his head against a wall, and whenever he woke up he wore here next to his skin a habit, and when the habit was too long, he clipped it with shears as if it were cloth. In the night he would go into a vessel of water and recite the whole Psalter, thereby mortifying the temptations of his flesh which he suffered righteously.\nA man saw Devils sitting in judgment, condemning him as one against them. They drew him around the Church of Our Lady and delivered him. At one time, he betted the Devil and would not let him go until he promised never to return. A wretched man, not bearing his power patiently, had done homage to the Devil. After he repented and was coming towards St. Wulric, the Devil held him fast at a water side and would not allow him to go. St. Wulric, knowing it through an angel, sent a priest there and showed him the place. He commanded him to cast holy water and bring the man to him. When he was brought to him, St. Wulric took him by the right hand and the Devil held him by the left, pulling at him with all his might. Then St. Wulric cast holy water and drove him away in confusion. After the man was confessed and penitent, St. Wulric brought him the Sacrament.\nasked him if he believed, and he replied, \"yes, for I saw the true body and blood of our Lord between his hands.\" Then St. Wilgeforte thanked our Lord and prayed that it might appear as it did before, and he was communed. The devil had power over St. Wilgeforte's body, striking him with boils and worms, causing all his flesh to putrefy. At times, he struck him with intolerable heat, at others with intolerable cold, which he always overcame with patience. Twice his lantern went out and was suddenly relit. When he had healed a man whom the devil had possessed, he told him not to show it to anyone. In his sleep, he was blamed for not wanting to let the works of God be known, and afterwards he showed them only to religious men. A great light appeared in the church, illuminating the entire churchyard. In the morning, St. Wilgeforte asked him what he had seen, and when he had told him, he replied, \"it is well that you see it.\" It was our Lord Jesus who came to comfort his servant, and I prayed.\nthat you might see what he was reciting from the Psalms and where he stood at that time / Water turned into wine with his blessing / A woman near death drank from it and recovered / A lady and her entire company, who came to visit St. Wilgefortis, were satisfied / And of the fragments, a great number of people came to receive his blessing / A young sick girl thought she saw St. Wilgefortis in her sleep and that he gave her holy water in a cup to drink, wherewith she recovered and woke up healed / and when she awoke, she showed what kind of man he was and the exact location of the miracle / As he was at mass, he was uncertain whether he had put water into the chalices, so he prayed with great devotion / And when his prayer was finished, he saw in the chalices red blood, like a rose, as from the immaculate lamb, our Lord.\nIesus Christ, when he had received the host, received it as if from a most delightful grape. He performed many miracles and signs with the holy bread and holy water, and diverse ones who brought him presents and stood by were punished. He told King Henry I that he would die when he went over the sea, and so it came to pass. Another time he told Earl Stephen that he would be king, and so he was. He showed a priest named Osborne that on a Saturday night at the hour he had long desired, he should go to the Lord. And so he died in the year of our Lord 1001 and 38.\n\nSaint Wilgeforte was born in London. By the consent of his father and mother, he was made a monk at Westminster. When he was made a priest, he shone in all virtue, fighting against the enemies of mankind with vigils and prayers. He overcame the allurements of the world with a desire for heavenly things, and with all diligence he noted the motions of his body and spirit. He was:\nKing Edward, ready to help his brethren and filled with charity, encouraged them to all virtue in the best manner he could to win them to our Lord. After being helped by St. Dunstan, King Edward became Abbot of Westminster. Then, how diligent he was for the health of others and how he fought against the enemy of the Lord's flock, what example he left behind in doctrine and good life, no man can tell. After King Ethelred's son made him bishop of Sherborne by the whole consent of the clergy and people, he spent Lent in the cloister in fasting. Weeping and in contemplation, he eschewed the clamor of the world. And after Easter, he went about his diocese preaching and teaching the people, and had great reputation at the old temple at Sherborne. In the fifth year after he was made bishop, he fell sick, and a special friend of his sent word to ask how he was. He sent word back that he should make himself ready for the following morning.\nHe should go with him to the high Court to receive his reward in heaven. And when the messenger was gone, he prayed the brethren that they would carry both him and his friend to Shireborne. Lifting up his eyes to heaven like St. Stephen, he said \"I see heaven open, and the Lord standing on the right hand of Almighty God. And as he said these words, he yielded his spirit to the hands of the Lord.\n\nSaint Wlstano was born in the Province of Warwick. In the Monastery of Burghe, he received his learning. He said a long Mass and was only content with the offerings of the people. He was a chaste virgin and a man of great simplicity and meekness. He never took excess of drink and left eating of flesh on this occasion.\n\nOnce, as he was going to a certain business and had appointed to eat of a goose after Mass, as he was at Mass, he could not keep his mind from the goose roasting at the fire. The savory smell was always in his nose. Therefore, he made an oath that he would not eat it.\nA monk, after eating food of that kind, was made a monk at Wygorn, where he held various offices and was eventually made prior. He practiced frequent fasting, vigils, and prayers, and most commonly slept in the church with his book under his head. Every Sunday, he preached to the people. One man criticized him, saying, \"A monk should keep his cloister.\" In the following night, that man was brought before a jug and commanded to be beaten, and he was beaten so severely that the marks appeared on him when he awoke. Saint Ulstan, hearing of this, healed him with his blessing. Three days a week, he abstained from all food, keeping also scourges. The other three days, he ate leeks, beans, and barley bread. When he was chosen to be bishop, he refused to accept it until a holy man urged him to take it, and he said, \"I know well that I am unworthy to have the rod staff and hold it firmly.\" The king and Saint Lanfranc were also present.\nMaking his prayers, he attempted to pull out the staff but it would not remove. When St. Wulstan took it, it came out easily. Therefore, St. Lamfranc took the bishopric again. He wanted all his servants to have mass. And when he sent any of his servants on a journey, he would instruct them to say prayers seven times a day, as clerks are bound to do. He heard the Psalter daily, and it did not cease until he had finished. And one was always ready to give alms. In every town he had a house where he would be for high mass. He said he would as gladly resign his bishopric as leave the office. He would be at the collection of the brethren. And when confession was done and benediction given, he would depart. There was a man who would not forgive the death of his brother. Therefore, St. Wulstan committed the matter to him, asking who he was and for whose body he was taking it for Satan.\nHe was taken into custody and not released until he had clearly forgiven the offense. He was requested by Elsyng that sometimes St. Edward's servant should guard a church in a place where there was a tree that prevented the light of the church, which Elsyng, because he had once eaten and played under it, would not allow to be cut down. Whereupon St. Wistan cursed it, causing it to become dry. The lord then cut it down, saying \"There is nothing more bitter than Wistan's curse, and nothing more sweet than his blessing.\" In the presence of our Lord, on the 13th of the Kalends of our Lord, this blessed man was shown. A woman who had been bent low for five years was healed. A child who had had his tongue cut out was restored. Five blind men received their sight. Five possessed by devils were delivered.\n\nThe life of this blessed king was found in the book called Cathologus Sanctorum. When the great Legend was nearly completed, it could not be added because of this blessed man.\nThe order of the letters: King of Scotland and the king in Wales, to the number of wild beasts, were to search the sea to take pirates. And he should never afterward go hunting on Sundays. This blessed king, in many things, may be compared to the great king David. For just as King David was first king of Judah, and afterward king of all the land, as well of Judah as of Jerusalem, and held it peaceably at his death; so this noble king was king of all this Realm of England, and had the whole monarchy thereof peaceably, which had before been divided into many kingdoms, and was called Re.\n\nAppointed various men thereto, paying many things to have built the Temple to the honor of God. So this blessed man made and repaired diverse Monasteries in this Realm, whereby the service of God was much increased. Also, when King David had offended and was therefore reproved by the Prophet Nathan, he confessed immediately.\nThis offense cried for mercy and did penance in the same way when this blessed king had offended. Saint Dunstan reproved him for it immediately, and he did penance for seven years, as it appears in the life of Saint Dunstan, which is found in the later part of Saint Patrick's life in the Legend. It appears that many years after the departure of this blessed king, his body was found undecayed. When the place prepared for him was too small, one presumptuously attempted to make the body fit for the place. Incontinently, the blood flowed, and all those present were greatly afraid. He was then honorably laid in a Shrine by the high Altar, which he had given to the said Church. And that man who had presumptuously offended suddenly fell down and died. A madman and a blind man at the tomb of this blessed king received health. He lies at Glastonbury. Let us pray to these glorious saints.\nIn this present calendar, through the merits of your prayers, may we have grace to pass through these transitory things, and come to the everlasting life in the kingdom of heaven. Amen.\n\nExplicit.\n\nThus ends the Kalendar of the new Legend of Englande / Printed to the honor of the glorious Saints contained therein by Richard Pynson / Printer, for our Sovereign Lord King Henry VIII\n\nSt. Birgitta was of the enclosed order of the said monastery, holding her beauty and apparel in contempt. Yet she was despised by her for the great pride she assumed. And in the following night, a certain person of marvelous beauty appeared to the said Nun. This person, as if in an angry countenance, said to her, \"Why have you scorned my handmaiden, adding pride to yourself, which is not true? I will make a daughter come from your progeny, with whom I shall do great deeds in the world, and I will give her such grace that all people will marvel.\" Afterwards.\nSaint Birgitta was in her mother's womb, in the world, who would be a voice of joy and health in the tabernacles of righteous men. From the time of the birth of this blessed child until the end of three years, she was in manner as though she had no tongue and as if she would never have spoken. But suddenly, against the common course of children, she began speaking complete and full words about such things as she heard and saw in her tender youth. She was never idle from doing some good works. And when she was seven years old, she saw an altar near her bed, and upon the altar she saw the Virgin Mary sitting in bright clothing, holding in her hand a precious crown. The Virgin said to her, \"Birgitta, will you not have this crown?\" And she, with mild coaxing, broke it all into small pieces. Her aunt marveled greatly and said to her, \"Birgitta, pray.\" And she, weeping, answered, \"No, Lady, but I rose out of my bed to praise and pray to him.\"\nthat is always helpful to the lady, who is that? The virgin said our Lord Crucified, the one I saw recently. From that day on, her mother in law honored and loved her more fervently than she was accustomed to. As Saint Bridget was playing with maidens of similar age to her, the devil appeared to her, having a hundred hands and feet most foul and loathsome to behold. Overwhelmed with fear, she went straight to the Crucifix where the devil then appeared and said I have no power to do anything to her but the Crucifix allows me to do it. And thereupon he vanished away. And so our Lord delivered her from that danger. When she was thirteen years old, though she intended by great frequent desire to live her entire life in virginity, neither by the providence of Almighty God nor by the counsel of her father was she allowed to do so. And after making devout prayers to Almighty God, it was in the act of marriage that He granted her permission.\nwould keep them without offense, and it would please him to send their issue to his pleasure. They had eight children: four sons and four daughters. The names of the sons were Charles, Birgerus, Benedictus, and Gudmarus. And the names of the four daughters were Merita, Katerina, Iuge burgys, and Cecilia. Charles, the eldest son of Saint Birgitta, was a noble knight and went with his mother on pilgrimage towards Jerusalem, ready to risk his life for the recovery of the holy land. And as he was going, at the death of Saint Birgitta, she appeared to him, seemingly holding an hourglass in her hand, and said, \"Charles, see how near this hourglass has run its course.\" He replied, \"Lady, I see it well.\" She said again, \"So near is the time of your life. But if you had been obedient to God, you would have lived longer than any other in my progeny.\"\nthou should have been Bishop of Lincolns and a notable pillar in the church of God. Then he prayed her that she would pray for him and said he would gladly amend in all that he could. And she said, \"no, not now, judgment was given and the time is past.\" And immediately after, he fell sick and, taking all the sacraments of the church, he died and is buried in the Monastery of Watzstenes, which St. Birgitta in her life founded and endowed sufficiently for 60 nuns and 25 brethren. Byrgerus, the second son of St. Birgitta, went with his mother to Irtin. There he was made knight and came with her against it, said Monastery of Watzstenes in Sweden. And after many great labors and expenses done by the said Byrgerus, by the commandment of the Lord, about the said Monastery of Watzstenes and for his mother, the said Byrgerus changed his life and, as it is meekly to believe, took the blessing of God with his saints in heaven for the generation of righteousness shall be blessed. Benedict the third.\nSome of St. Birgitta was long sick in the monastery of Alvastra. Therefore, St. Birgitta wept tenderly and prayed devoutly for him, thinking it was because of the sins of his father and mother. Then the devil appeared to her and said, \"Woman, what do you mean by your great weeping, which weakens your sight? Do you truly believe that your tears can ascend into heaven?\" And at once, our Lord Jesus Christ was present and said, \"The sickness of this child is not from the stars nor for his sins, nor yet for the sins of his father and mother. But it is due to the condition of his nature, and for his greater protection, he will be called the 'Sweetest Song of Birds' from now on. And then the soul of the child departed from the body. Catherine, the second daughter of St. Birgitta, was married, and yet she lived in pure virginity with her mother Birgitta, and after the death of her husband, she always lived with her.\"\nThis blessed virgin Catherine, who lived a virtuous life, was loved by the most noble women of Rome for her fervor in devotion, excellent manners, and fair body. They desired her to accompany them outside the city walls for recreation. As they walked among clusters of grapes, they requested that Catherine, because of her elegant stature, gather some grapes for them. As she stretched out her arms to pick the grapes, it seemed to them as if her arms were adorned with shining golden sleeves. In reality, she had chosen to wear patched sleeves out of voluntary poverty. The matrons marveled that such a meek and devout person would appear so precious to them, not knowing that it was the mystery and miracle of God that they saw. The river.\nof Tyber rose with great power, going over the bridge of Lateran and the monastery of St. James, along with many buildings around it. Therefore, the citizens of Rome feared the destruction of their city and went to the house of the blessed virgin Catherine, asking her to go with them to the river to pray to our Lord for the city. Catherine, with her meek reputation, allowed it, and they, profiting nothing by violence, led her out of her house to the water's edge. And behold, a marvelous thing: the old miracle was repeated, just as in the time of Joshua, when the waters of the Jordan were stopped against their natural course. At the entry of the holy virgin Catherine into the waters of the Tiber, such virtue issued from her by the power of Almighty God that it restrained the strength of the water, compelling it to flow swiftly back into its old course. All men rejoiced and praised the great power of our Lord, shown in His blessed virgin St. Catherine.\nIugeburg, the third daughter of Seit Birget, in her youth was made a nun in the Monastery of Rysaburga. Shortly after she gave her soul to almighty God, her mother knew with great joy and said, \"Lord Jesus Christ, blessed be thou that thou hast called her from this world, for had she remained, she would have had a greater account before thee. But I weep not for her death, but because I have not informed her after thy commandment and because I have given her examples of pride. I have negligently corrected her when she has erred.\"\nA mother, to whom our Lord replied and said, \"Every mother who weeps because her daughter has offended God and confesses her sin according to her best conscience is a mother of charity and a mother of tears. But the mother who rejoices that her daughter can behave well in the world, not caring for her living, is not a true mother but a stepmother. Therefore, for your charity and goodwill, your daughter, by the nearest way, will go to the Kingdom of Heaven, and at the Sepulcher of the said glorious virgin, Judith, many great miracles were done. Cecily, the fourth daughter of St. Birgitta, was the last child that she had, and she is to be held in great honor especially for the singular grace given to her by our blessed lady before she was born. For when her mother at her birth was in great peril and despair of her life, our blessed lady was seen in white clothing of silk.\"\nGoing to her, and as she stood before the bed, she touched St. Birgitta in various forms of her body, surprising all the women present who did not know what it was. And as soon as our lady was gone from the house, St. Birgitta was delivered without difficulty. And shortly after, our lady said to St. Birgitta, \"When I was present at your delivery, I came to you and helped you. Therefore, you are unkind if you do not love me. Therefore, strive for it that your children may also be mine. After Birgitta, she induced her husband to live chastely for many years. And they both went on pilgrimage to St. James in Galicia with great devotion, and after returning to their country in Sweden, they both agreed to enter Religion. And in this purpose, the said Ulpho, her husband, died on the 12th day of February, in the year of our Lord God 1445. He is buried in the monastery of Alvastra. After his death, St. Birgitta\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in Early Modern English, but it is mostly readable and does not require extensive cleaning. Only minor corrections were made for clarity.)\nShe put all her will to the will of God, and determined herself, with the assistance and grace of our Lord, to live in chaste widowhood all her life. She continually prayed to Almighty God to know by what way she might best please Him. After giving all her lands and goods to her children and the poor, so that she might live in poverty and follow our Lord, she reserved for herself only that which would simply and humbly serve her for food, drink, and clothing. Following the commandment of Almighty God and the example of Abraham, she left her own country and her carnal friends and went on pilgrimage to Rome in the year of our Lord God, 1446, and the 42nd year of her age, to live a life of penance and visit the lights of St. Peter and Paul and the relics of other saints until she had other commandments from our Lord, having her two old fathers with her.\nA monk named Peter, who was prior of Albastre of the Order of Cistercians, was one of them. He was a pure virgin and a man of great knowledge and virtuous life. The other was a priest from Sweden, who was also a virgin and a man of holy life. By the command of Almighty God, he taught her and her daughter Katherine, to whom she obeyed the spiritual fathers of her life in all virtue as meekly as a monk is wont to obey his abbot. She came to such perfection in humility, obedience, and mortification of her own will that when she went to performons and holy places among the crowd, she dared not lift her eyes from the ground until she had permission from the said priest, her spiritual father. She fasted more than the church commanded, twice a week both during her husband's life and afterwards.\nBefore her blessed passage out of this world, after fasting, prayers, and other divine labors, she would rest for a short time in her clothes on a carpet without a bed, mattress, straw, or anything else. And every Friday, in remembrance of the glorious passion of our savior Christ Jesus, she abstained from bread and water only, like the abstinence she took on other days in honor of various saints. Whether she fasted or took other sustenance, she always rose with great sobriety, naturally satiated. And on those Fridays, she took wax candles and made burning drops fall upon her bare flesh, so that the burning mark of them continually remained. She held this bitter herb continually in her mouth. And when she was in Rome, not fearing the vigor of the cold nor the impediment of the great heat, rain, or foulness of the way, nor yet the sharpness of the snow or hail, though she could have had the means to avoid them, she endured them all with patience.\nRyden, despite the weakness of her lean body, went every day to the Stations ordered by the church. She visited many other shrines. Her knees had grown hard from prolonged kneeling, like those of a camel. She was of such great and marvelous humility that often she sat unknown among poor pilgrims at the monastery of St. Laurence in Pamplona in the city of Rome, which belongs to the order of St. Clare. There she took alms with them. Often with her own hands, for God's sake, she repaired the clothes of the poor. Every day in her husband's life, she fed twelve poor men in her house and served them herself, ministering to their needs. From her own substance, she repaired many desolate hospitals in her country and, as a diligent and merciful administrator, visited the sick and needy, washing their sores without horror or disgust. She was of such marvelous patience that she endured the sicknesses and wrongs she herself had.\nShe endured the loss of her and her husband's life, as well as that of their son Charles, and all other adversities with most patiently, without murmur or complaint. In all things, she blessed the Lord for such troubles, becoming more constant in faith, more ready in hope, and more burning in charity. She despised and overcame the motions of the flesh and vanity with great trust in the Lord. She was of such high wisdom and discretion that from her youth until her last hour, she never said good to be evil or evil to be good. Every Friday in her husband's life, she was confessed, and after his death, she was confessed every day. Every Sunday, she and her daughter Katherine, who lived with her all her life in penance and chaste widowhood with great devotion and humility, received the holy body of our Lord, offering a great sum of money in exchange.\nHe was in debt to St. Birgit for great compassion, as she had shown to the people. Osyr, do not do this, but take my two sons and pledge them to your creditors until you can pay your money. Do not offend God and your subjects. There was a knight who always sought to find new inventions among the people, which by his words and evil examples brought many to damnation. This knight had great envy towards St. Birgit. Because he dared not himself speak of the most glorious Trinity, the Incarnation, the nativity life, and the passion of our Savior Christ Jesus with plain and true doctrine, to know virtue and to follow it, and to shun the reward of vice, and the great and intolerable pain and damnation that shall fall upon sinners who die in mortal sin, exhorting also all men to do fitting penance for the sins they have been shriven of, to shun the great and dreadful pains of purgatory ordained for their purification by the strength and equity of Justice.\nTerryble pains our Savior showed diverse times to his spouse Saint Birgitta, to the people whom Saint Birgitta wrote in her own natural tongue in the revelations. The said Priest of Albastre, her father, was expelled by the commandment of Almighty God. They were translated into Latin, and divided into eight books, besides a special revelation she had of the praises and excellence of our blessed Lady, which he appointed for the Legend of the Sisters. And besides many other revelations she had for the rule and foundation of her said Monastery of Vadstena, & four goodly chapters for prayers, with certain revelations called the extravagants. And notwithstanding the great and singular graces that she had both in the said revelations as well as otherwise, she was not therefore exalted but daily humbled herself more, and would gladly have hidden and kept secret what she had of our Lord in the said revelations, but that our Lord commanded her.\nShe frequently wrote and boldly spoke to the Pope, the Emperor king and other people, urging them to convert from their sins sooner. During prayer and contemplation, she was often seen by many devout people lifted up from the ground, appearing as a man or around that height. An angel appeared to St. Birgitta and among many other things he showed her about the excellence of our blessed Lady, saying she was the mistress of the cleansing glass of virgins, the helper of widows, and giver of life in matrimony, and a great strength to all those who lived in the faith of the holy church. He first said this to those who did not know it before, and that she encouraged martyrs gladly to suffer tribulations for the name of Christ, as she herself suffered troubles in her heart with great patience for thirty-three years before her son's death. She taught confessors true lessons of health, and they perfectly learned from his doctrine and example.\nlearned to order the times of the day wisely, night as well as day, for renouncing a lavish life. Learned to rule themselves honestly and strongly to keep their virginal purity until death, to speak less and abandon all vanities, to devote themselves with diligent meditation to their work, and to examine themselves strictly in an introspective balance. To widows she said, comfortingly, that though it had much pleased her that her son had as little will to live in his manhood as in his godliness, nevertheless she confirmed her will to the will of God, fulfilling the will of God meekly, sustaining all tribulations rather than for her pleasure anything against the will of God, and speaking in such a way she made widows patient in their tribulations and endured all temptations of the body. Moreover, she honored all charitable acts is right. The third is that of the lightness of my mind, I promised a man to share in all his difficulties because of which he was so distressed. The first is my confession that I made every day.\nOn Fridays, when I had the time, I amended:\nThe second is that when I sat in judgment, I did not judge for the love of money or for favor,\nBut I examined all my judgments diligently, ready to correct where I had erred and to withdraw where I should not have done so.\nThe third is that I obeyed my spiritual father, who advised me not to perform the act of marriage after I knew that the child was alive.\nThe fourth is that when I was lodged in any place, I took care, as much as I could,\nThat by myself or my servants, we were not unkind to poor men, nor were we excessive in putting them to debt,\nBut I provided how it should be paid.\nThe fifth is that abstinence I took on the way to St. James, for I ordered myself so that I drank nothing between meals,\nAnd for this abstinence, I am pardoned the long sitting that I had at my table, my loquacity, and excess.\nAnd now I am sure of my...\nI. Although I am uncertain about the others,\nI committed my judgments to those whom I believed were righteous and would pay my debts.\nBecause I doubted that I would be out of debt while alive, I resigned to the king his prerogatives, so that my soul should not suffer the judgment of God.\nTherefore, now, as it is granted to me by almighty God, I ask and pray that you make continual prayers for me, and for all that our Lord would be prayed for,\nmasses of Our Lady, of Angels, and of all saints,\nand also of the passion of our Savior Christ Jesus, for I trust that I will soon be delivered,\nand I will be diligent about distributing to the poor such things in which I had excessive delight in my life,\nhorses and other things.\nAnd also, if you can, do not forget to give some chalices for the sacrifice of God,\nfor truly they profit much for the health of the soul, & thy unmovable goods leave to our children.\nI never purchased or held anything evil, and I would not have done so if I could. This blessed woman, St. Birgitta, lived for 28 years after she left her own country. During that time, she went only to places by the specific command of the Lord. By His command, she went to Jerusalem and visited all the places where our blessed Lady was greeted by the angel Gabriel, and where the Lord was born, baptized, converted, or performed any miracle, and where He was anointed, crucified, and buried, and where He ascended into heaven. She also visited many saints in her own country and in other countries such as France, Italy, Spain, Naples, and many other places. After her pilgrimages, she lived the remainder of her life in the city of Rome for five days before St. Birgitta passed from this transitory life. Our Lord appeared to her before an altar.\nthat was in your chamber, and with a merry countenance said to you, \"I have not seen you in this time with consolations, for it was the time of your probation. Therefore, now you are provided, proceed and make yourself ready. The time is come that I promised it shall be fully fulfilled. It is to say that before my altar, you shall be clothed and consecrated as a Nun, and from henceforth you shall not only be reputed to be my spouse, but also reputed to be mother in waters. Know it for a truth, you shall leave your body here in Rome until it comes to the place ordained for it. And know for certain that men will come when it pleases me, and they shall receive with all sweetness and joy the words of the heavenly revelations that I have shown you, and all things that I have said to you shall be fulfilled. And though my grace be withdrawn from many for their unkindnesses, nevertheless others shall come who shall obtain my favor.\nAnd in the morning of the fifth day following after you have received the sacraments of the Church, call to the persons I have named, and tell them what they shall do. Then, in their hands, come into my everlasting joy, and your body shall be carried to the waters of baptism. On the same fifth day, she called to her all her household and showed them what they should do. Lastly, she gave a great sum of money to her son Burgus and to her daughter Katherine, charging them above all things to persevere in the fear of God, and in the love of their neighbors, and in good works. Then she made her confession with great diligence and devotion, and receiving the blessed Body of our Lord, a mass was said before her. And as a masse was being said, and she had honored the blessed Body of our Lord, she lifted up her eyes to heaven and said, \"In your hands, Lord, I commend my spirit.\"\nI come to you, I commit my spirit, and with these words she yielded her soul to our Lord on the 23rd day of July, in the year of our Lord 1373, and in her age 70. A great fame spread through the city of Rome about the death of this glorious woman, and the people came with great devotion to see the holy body, glorifying and praising almighty God. In such great hands of this glorious woman, St. Birgitta, the people showed great devotion and bound the same girdle around her neck. Immediately after her throat, by the miracle of almighty God, her body was brought into its proper shape and form.\n\nThere was also a Nun from the same monastery of St. Lawrence, who, for two years due to her infirmities and great sickness in her stomach, had kept her bed. She was very familiar with St. Birgitta in her life. This Nun, with great pain, rose from her bed and, with help, went to the Beer and lay by it all night.\nCeaselessly, I implore almighty God that, through the mercies and prayers of his glorious spouse, Saint Birgitta, whose body was present there, she might have so much relief from her long sickness that she might, with her sisters, serve in divine duty, and when in need might move about the monastery without help. In the morning, she had more health of her body than she had prayed for. And on the 26th day of the same month of July, the body of Saint Birgitta was buried in the same Monastery of Saint Lawrence in a wooden chest enclosed in a marble tomb. And within five weeks and a half, the flesh by miracle was completely consumed, leaving nothing but the clear, shining bones. After the bones and relics of Saint Birgitta were translated from Rome to the monastery of Vadstena in Sweden by Birgerus and Catherine, she, the blessed woman Saint Birgitta, was canonized by Pope Boniface.\nIn the year 1381 of our Lord, a woman named Elseby Snara from the diocese of Lyncopece gave birth to a stillborn child in great pain and sorrow. After her suffering subsided and she regained perfect remembrance with humble prayer, she begged Almighty God to restore the Child through the merits of His glorious spouse, Saint Birgitta. The infant was immediately delivered from the Bull of its canonization. However, during their voyage, they were driven by an infan and a great tempest to a shallow place where their ship was broken. They remained there for several nights in great hunger and cold, unable to repair their ship. At the end of the week, as they were on the verge of perishing due to lack of sustenance, they drew lots among themselves to determine who would be killed and made into food for the others. The one upon whom the lot fell.\nThe Lotte fell with great weeping, committed him to St. Birgitta and prayed, \"If I escape this danger, I will visit her at her monastery of Vadstena.\" Instantly, they found a large piece of flesh in the sea. After refreshing themselves with it, great calmness arose, and in a small boat they continued their journey in the sea for a long time. The man to whom the Lotte fell was going towards Vadstena to fulfill his vow. On the way, he was captured and severely beaten, then imprisoned with many irons. Desperate, he prayed to St. Birgitta for help. Instantly, all his irons and bonds fell off, and he continued his journey towards St. Birgitta with unhindered devotion. In the city of Lippa there was a painter named Henry, who, because of his great love for St. Birgitta, was wont to say many things among the doctors of her order.\nA doctor once spoke to him about the Books of his Heavenly revelations. One of the doctors expressed great indignation and said to him, \"But you persist in speaking of this new thing. They will burn you for your error.\" He proposed having the painter summoned, and the following day he was to appear before the judges. The said painter went to a clerk who had great devotion to St. Birgitta to ask for counsel. The clerk comforted him charitably and advised him to be diligent in prayer to Almighty God and to St. Birgitta. He urged him not to fear, as they would help him. Furthermore, he and another priest named Master John Torto, who also had great devotion to St. Birgitta, would pray for him to St. Birgitta. In the morning, the said painter, filled with fear, appeared before the judges and was strictly examined. Many things were laid to his charge, but by the intercession of St. Birgitta and the prayers of the priests, he was released.\nprayers for St. Birgitta, who suffered that trouble, the said simple layman was so fully filled with the Holy Ghost and spoke so effectively of great high mysteries of Almighty God that his adversaries could not resist the spirit that spoke in him. Therefore, he was dismissed, and his adversaries confessed. Not long after, our Lord took vengeance upon him, who was the principal cause of that disturbance. For as he went on a night to his bed, the same night he was struck with falling sicknesses from which he died. And immediately his body rotted and corrupted with such a horrible stench that few men dared come near it. And with handling of the body, the flesh came from the bones in great pieces. And at last, when men refused to carry him to his grave because of his horrible stench, certain persons who were used to clean stinking priories were hired to carry the wretched Body to his grave. And when they had done, they said that if they had known...\n\"known before that he had had such horrible sauce, that they would not have borne him though they might have had the double price that they had. Finis.\n\nNow let us pray to this glorious spouse of our savior Christ, St. Birgitta, that she pray for us to our Lord, that by the merits of her prayers after this transitory and short life we may come to the everlasting Life in the bliss of Heaven. Amen.\n\nO Birgitta, good mother,\nSweet conductor and patron,\nGrant us your intercession,\nNavigators in this sea,\nYour guiding light,\nLead us to the shortcuts,\nO most precious one, deign to grant us,\nForgiveness of sins,\nThat we may breathe and correct our excesses,\nReceive grace,\nGrant us sanctity,\nGive health to the body,\nAnd quiet times,\nIncrease true charity,\nGive purity to the heart,\nStrengthen our weakened souls,\nMay our lives follow your reign,\nTransfer our souls after this life to joys,\nWhere we can contemplate God,\nAnd be united with you,\nIn glory. Amen.\n\nVerses.\n\nPray for us, O blessed Birgitta, spouse of Christ, the elect,\nThat we may...\"\nCelestem patria\u0304 sit ipse nobis via recta.\nOrem{us}.\nDEus qui ecclesiam tua\u0304 per beatam Birgittam sa\u2223cris illuminare dignatus es et co\u0304siliis & exemplis co\u0304cede propicius eius intercessionevt que pro nostris pur\u00a6gandis excessibus clementer ei reuelasti deuotis menti\u2223bus exequamur. Per christum \nO Beata Birgi\nPrincipissa suecie in terris vocata\nUita verbo stabilis solide fundata\nOmnibus affabilis humilis monstrata\nPost sponsi exequias casta approbata\nRemotas prouincias es peregrinata\nCristo sponsa nobilis pie adoptata\nNunc manes laudabilis christo copulata\nSanctorum reliquias pietate grata\nDeuotis obsequiis multum venerata\nIn multis misteriis aliis prelata\nCoruscas miraculis celo sublimata\nIustis desideriis assiste perata\nRegnis et ecclesie pace confirmata\nPro nostris miseriis matrona beata\nSponsa sponsum dominum flecte aduocata\nUersus multe filie regum Congregauerunt diuicias\nTu superegressa es vniuersas.\nOratio.\nDOmine Ihesu criste qui beatam Birgitta\u0304 prop\u2223ter multorum secretorum Inspiracionem et sin\u2223gularem\nYou have provided a text that is primarily in Old English, with some Latin and modern English interspersed. Here is the cleaned text:\n\n\"You have chosen to call your bride the adornment of virtues: Grant that we may conform to her in the conduct of our lives and be transferred from the world's allurements to the vision of the celestial. Who lives and reigns. &c.\nThus ends the Life of St. Brigitte, Printed at London in Flete Street at the sign of the George by Richard Pynson for the king's noble grace on the 20th day of February in the year of our Lord God 1456.\nHereafter follows a devout Book compiled by Master Walter Hilton for a devout man in temporal estate how he should rule himself. This is very expedient for every man, especially for those living in the middle life. It shows what a middle life is. He who will look diligently upon it may thereby the sooner come to some of the high virtues and blessed life that he shall read of in the beginning of this present Book of the glorious Saints contained in the same.\nDear brother in Christ, there are two manners of states in holy Church by which Christ's souls please God.\"\nand get theym the blysse of Heuyn / the one is bodely / and the other is ghostly / bodely werkynge longeth pryn\u00a6cypally to worldly men & wymen ye which lefully vse worldlye goodes / and wylfully vse worldlye busynes. Also it longeth to all yonge begynnynge men the which comen newe out of worldly synnys to ye seruy\u2223ce of god / for to make theym able to ghostly werkynge & for to breke downe yt vnbuxumnes of the body by dyscre\u00a6cyon / and by suche Bodelye werkynge that it myghte be souple and redy / & not moche co\u0304traryous to the spyryte in ghostly werkynge / for seynt poule sayth as woman was made for man / and not man for woman / ryght so bodely werkynge was made for ghostly / & not ghostly for bode\u2223ly / bodely werkynge goth before / & ghostly co\u0304myth after as seynt Poule sayeth. \u00b6Non {quod} prius spirituale: sed {quod} prius animale deinde spirituale / And this is a cause why\nit behouyth to be so / for we ar borne in synne & corrupcy\u2223on of the flesshe by the which we ar so blyndyd & so ouer\u2223layed yt we haue\nNeither can we gain ghostly knowledge of God through understanding or feel Him ghostly by pure desire of loving Him, and therefore we cannot suddenly leave this dark night of this fleshly corruption for the ghostly light, for we cannot endure it nor desire it due to our own sicknesses, no more than we can with our bodily eyes when they behold the light of the Son. We must therefore remain and work through the process of time. First, through bodily works diligently until we are discharged from this heavy burden of sin which hinders us from ghostly works, and until our souls are somewhat cleansed from great outward sins and able to engage in ghostly works. By this bodily working, you may understand all manner of good works that your soul performs through the faculties of your body for yourself, such as fasting, walking, and restraining fleshly lusts through penance, or fulfilling the works of mercy bodily or spiritually, or to God through suffering all bodily afflictions.\nmy friends for the love of righteousness, all thy works be done in truth by charity, please God, without which they are nothing. Whoever desires to be occupied spiritually, it is certain and profitable to him that he first be well tested in this bodily working, for bodily deeds are a token and a showing of moral virtues without which a soul is not able to work spiritually. Break down first pride in bodily bearing and also within thy heart, thinking, boasting, and praising of thyself of any thing that God has sent to thee bodily or spiritually. Break down also envy and anger against thy Christian brother, whether he be rich or poor, good or bad, that thou hate him not, nor have malice towards him wilfully in word or deed. Also break down covetousness of worldly goods that thou, for holding, getting, or saving of it, offend not thy conscience, nor break the charity to God and to thy Christian brother for love of any worldly good, but that thou gettest to keep it.\nit speeds it without love and vain liking of it, as reason asks in worship of God, and help thy neighbor as much as thou canst, resembling either of accident or bodily ease, and when thou hast been weary,\n\nThe grace and the goodness of our Lord Jesus Christ that he has shown to thee in withdrawing thy heart from lust and looking at worldly vanity, and in turning thy will entirely to his service and his pleasure, brings much to love him in his mercy, and also it stirs me greatly to strengthen thee in thy good purpose and in thy working that thou hast begun to bring it to a good end, if I could. Primarily for God, and then for tender affection of love that thou hast for me if I am a wretch and unworthy, I know well the desire of thy heart that thou desirest greatly to serve our Lord through spiritual occupation without letting or troubling of worldly things.\nBusiness it is thy desire, by God's grace, to gain more knowledge and spiritual feeling of God and spiritual things. This desire is good, as I hope, and is set upon Him in charity, spiritually. Nevertheless, it is necessary to restrain and rule it, as against outward working, according to your state. For charity, uncontrolled, sometimes turns into vice, and therefore it is said in holy Writ. \"Ordain in me charity,\" that is, \"the Lord giving me charity, set it in order and in rule, lest it be lost through my undiscipline.\" In the same way, this charity and this desire that the Lord has given of His mercy to thee asks and instructs thee, according to thy degree, according to the living that thou hast used beforehand, and according to the grace of virtues that thou now possessest. Thou shalt not utterly follow thy desire to leave occupations and worldly businesses which are not necessary for thy living and for the living of those under thy keeping.\nAnd give the holy to the ghostly occupation of Prayers and holy meditations, as if you were a Friar or a Monk or any other man not bound to the world, for it does not become you, and if you do so, you do not keep the order of Charity. Also, if you would utterly leave off ghostly occupation, namely now after the grace that God has given you and set the holy to the businesses of the world in fulfilling the works of active life as fully as any other man who never felt devotion, you leave the order of charity. For your state asks you to do both, each of them in diverse times, and then you do well, for you shall one time be busy with Martha for ruling and governing your household. Your children, your servants, your neighbors, your tenants, if they do well, comfort and help them, and if they do evil, teach them a lesson.\nChastise them and wisely look after your things, ensuring your worldly goods are rightfully kept by your servants, governed, and truly spent, so that you may more pleasantly fulfill the works of mercy with them towards your even Christian brethren. Also, with merry leave, abandon worldly business and sit down at the feet of our Lord in meekness in prayers and holy thoughts, and in contemplation of Him as He grants grace. Then go from one to the other thoughtfully and fulfill both. And keep well the order of Charity.\n\nNevertheless, do not be surprised by what I say. I will therefore tell you and declare to you a little more openly:\n\nThere are three ways of living. One is active life, another is contemplative, and the third is a combination of both. Active life is for worldly people who are ignorant of spiritual occupation, for they do not feel the savour or devotion of it.\nFor those who love, as others do not, and they cannot discern it, yet they still fear God and the pain of hell. Therefore, they flee from sin and have a desire to please God and come to heaven. To these men, it is necessary and beneficial to use the works of active life as busily as they can, for they cannot do otherwise.\n\nContemplative life is suitable only for those men and women who, for the love of God, forsake all open sins of the world and their flesh, and all businesses, charges, and governance of worldly goods. They make themselves poor and naked to the bare need of the bodily kind and flee from the sovereignty of all other men to the service of God.\n\nTo these men, it is suitable to travel and occupy themselves inwardly, to obtain cleansing of heart and peace in conscience through the destruction of sin and the reception of virtues, and so come to contemplation.\nwhich life may not be had without great exertion of body and continuous trouble of the spirit in devout prayers, fervent desires, and ghostly meditations.\nThe third life is that of a clergyman, pertaining to men of the bodily church, such as priests and other curates, who have care and sovereignty over others for teaching and ruling both their bodies and souls primarily in fulfilling the works of mercy bodily and spiritually to these men. It sometimes requires using works of mercy in active life in helping and sustaining themselves and their subjects, and at other times for leaving all manner of external business and giving themselves to prayers and meditations, such as reading of holy writ and other spiritual occupations, according to how they feel disposed. It also pertains to some temporal men who have sovereignty over much fawning of worldly goods and have also, as it were, lordship over others for governing and sustaining them as a father does over his children and a master over his servants.\nLord over his tenancies, those men who have also received from our Lord's gift the grace of devotion and in part saved from ghostly occupation. To these men also belongs a life that is both active and contemplative. For these men, standing in charge and having taken willingly left utterly the business of the word, which ought skillfully to be used in fulfilling their charge, they do not do well. For they do not keep the order of charity. Charity, as you know well, lies both in love of God and of thy neighbor. Therefore, he who has charity to use both in working now to one and now to another, for the love of God in contemplation leaves the love of his neighbor and does not to them as he ought when he is bound thereunto, he does not fully practice charity. On the contrary, he who has such great regard for the work of active life and the business of the world that for the love of his neighbor he leaves off spiritual occupation.\nAbsolutely, after God has disposed himself to this, he fully carries out charity. This is the saying of St. Gregory. For though our Lord calls some to live this combined life, he took upon himself the person of such men, both of priests of the holy church and of such others as are disposed to it, as I have said, and gave them an example by his own working. Once he came among men and lived a combined life with them, winning them over with his deeds of mercy because they were taught the uncivilized and unknown by his preaching. He visited the sick and healed them of their diseases. He fed the hungry and comforted the sorrowful. Nevertheless, other times he left the company of all worldly men and of these disciples and went into the hills and continued all night in prayer alone, as the Gospel says. Therefore, this combined life with our Lord in him, to encourage all other men who have taken charge of this combined life, that they should one time give themselves to the business of the world.\nholy men, in charge of souls and administration of temporal goods, led this life: they dedicated reasonable time to active life for the profit of those in their care, and at other times gave themselves entirely to devotion and contemplation in prayer and meditation. These holy bishops, who did not abandon the administration completely, and the looking after, and the dispensing of worldly goods, gave themselves wholeheartedly to contemplation as much as they could, but they often left their own contemplation when they would have preferred to remain, for the love of their brethren. They wisely and discreetly divided their living between the two: at one time they fully carried out the lower part of charity through active works, as they were bound to do by taking on the prelacy, and at another time they fully carried out the higher part of charity.\nContemplation of God and ghostly things through prayers and meditation, and they had charity towards God and their fellow Christians, both in the affection of their souls within and in the showing of bodily deeds without. Others were only contemplative and free from curses and prelacy, having full charity towards God and their fellow Christians only in the affection of their souls and not in outward showing. It was so much the more full inward that they might not, nor did it need, nor did it fill them to show it outwardly. But those men who were in prelacy and other temporal men had full charity in the affection within and also in working. This mixed life, both of active and contemplative life, is properly best and most beneficial for such a man as prelates, curates, or in temporal sovereignty as worldly Lords and masters are, as long as they are bound to it.\nA person should lead a contemplative life if they can do so quickly and effectively, most beneficial, most beautiful, and most worthy for them, not abandoning it willfully for any external work of active life, except in great need, at the relief and comfort of others either physically or spiritually, and then if necessary ask for it at their request or in their stead, or else at the behest of their sovereign. By this, you may understand which is one and which is the other, and which most suits your state of living. I believe this mixed life most suits us, as the Lord has ordained and set us in the position of sovereignty over others as much as possible, and has granted us the use of it.\nworldly goods / to rule and sustain specifically all those under your governance and lordship, according to your might and ability, and also with which you have received grace from the mercy of our lord, to know yourself, and spiritual desire and savior of his love. I hope this life that is mixed is best and most suitable for you, therefore wisely manage your living, for know well if you abandon necessary business of active life and are reckless, and take no care of your worldly goods, nor make no force of your subjects and of your neighbors, because of desire and will that you have only for ghostly occupation. If you do so, you do not wisely, for what are all your works worth, whether they be bodily or spiritual, but if they are done rightfully and reasonably for the worship of God and according to his commandment, truly nothing, than if you leave that thing which you are bound to by the way of charity and right reason.\n\"Will you give to another thing willfully as if it were to a greater pleasure of God which you are not fully bound to? You do not worship it discretely for Him? You are busy worshiping His head and face, and arranging them beautifully and curiously, but you neglect His body with ragged and torn feet, and take no care of it there. It is vanity and no worship for a man to crown His head and leave His body bare. Our Lord Jesus Christ is the head of His spiritual body, which is the holy church. You, the members of His body, are all Christian men, some are arms, some are feet, and some are other members, according to the various works they perform in their living. If it is busy with all your might to arrange His head for the purpose of worshiping Him in mind of His passion and other works in His humanity, \"\nYou shall doocy and meditate on him, and forget not his feet, for they are your children, your servants, and all your brethren, and let the spittle be for lack of keeping unwarned, unattended, and not tending to them as they ought. You please him not. You do no worship to him. You make it kiss his mother by devotion and ghostly prayer, but you tread upon his feet and defile them in as much as you will not tend to them out of negligence of yourself. You who have taken care of them think so. Nevertheless, if you think this is not so, for it is a fair office to worship his head as to be occupied all day in meditation of the manhood. Rather, go lower to other works and make them clean, as to be busy both in word and deed for the help of your brethren. He will thank you more for the meek washing of his feet when they are right foul and stink upon you, than for all the precious painting and adorning that you can do.\nmake about his head by mind of his manhood, for it is fair Enough, & needs not to be adorned by the much, but his feet and other members it sometimes needs to be looked after & helped by the same, since you are bound thereto, & therefore he will come the more thankful if you will look tenderly & meekly to them, for the more humble service you do to your Lord for the love of him or to any of his members when in need and ask for it willingly with a glad and meek heart, the more pleasing it is to him, thinking it enough for you to be at the least degree and at the lowest state since it is his will that it be so, for it seems to me since he has put you in this state for traveling & serving other men, that it is well done that you should fulfill it according to your ability, this example I say to you not because you do it not as I say, but I would that you should do it gladly & not think loath to leave some temporal occupations & enter into.\nworldly business in wise keeping and spending of thy worldly goods in good ruling of thy servant\nThe Holy Writ says that Jacob, when he began to serve his master Laban, coveted Rachel his master's daughter for her fair face, and served seven years for her. But when he thought to have her as his wife, he first lay with Leah in her place, and afterward took Rachel. Thus he had both in the end. By these two wives are understood the two lives in holy Church: active life and contemplative life. Leah is as much to say as unfaithful, and signifies active life. Rachel is as much to say as the beginning of sight, and signifies contemplative life. Leah bore children, but Rachel was fair and lovely. Yet Jacob coveted Rachel for her fairness and yet had her not when he desired, but first took Leah and afterward Rachel.\nEvery man traveling south quickly in companionship, by grace for sins of the world and of the flesh, to serve God in cleanness of good living, has great desire to have Rachel, which is to have rest in devotion and contemplation, for it is so fair and so lovely, and in hope for having that life only he disposes himself to serve our Lord with all his might, but often when he thought to have had Rachel, that is rest in devotion, our Lord suffered him to be a sad way in travel, either with temptations of the world or of the devil or of his flesh, or else with other worldly busyness, body or soul, and when he is truly traveled with temptation and overcome near death, then our Lord gives him Rachel, that is grace and devotion and rest in coceyce, and then he has both Rachel and Leah. So shall you do, following the example of Jacob, take these two lives, the active and the contemplative, since God has sent them both, and use them one with the other.\nother By bringing forth fruit of many good deeds in hope of your eternal savior, and that is by active life, and by it other you shall be made fair, bright, and clean in the sovereign brightness that is God, the beginning and ender of all, and then shall you surpassingly overcome Jacob and overcome all sins, and after this, by the grace of God, your name shall be changed, as Jacob's name was, into Israel. Israel is as much to say as a man seeing God. Therefore, if you are first Jacob, and discretely use these two lives in your time, you shall after be Israel, that is very contemplative. Either in this life, he will deliver you and make you free from charges and busynesses that you are bound to, or else after this life, full in the bliss of Heaven, when you come thither. A man shall desire the contemplative life, for it is fair and necessary. Therefore, you shall always have it in your mind and in your desire, but you shall have in practice active life, for it is so.\nnede\u2223full & so spedefull / therfore if thou be put fro reste in deuo\u2223cyon / whan thou haddest leuer be stell therat / eyther by thy chyldren or by thy seruau\u0304tys / or by any of thyn euen crysten for her profyte or ese of her hertys skylfully askyd be not angry with them / ne heuy ne dredefull as thoughe god wolde be wroth with the yt thou leuyst hym for any other thynge / for it is not so / leue of lyghtly thy deuocyon whether it be in prayer or medytacyon & goo do thy dede & thy seruyce to thyn euencrysten as lyghtly as our lorde hym selfe bade ye do so / & suffre mekely for his Loue with\u2223out grutchynge if thou may do both wt out dysease & trow\u00a6blynge of thyn hert by cause of medlyng of such busynes.\nFOr it may fall sometyme that the more trowblyn\u2223ge that thou haste outwarde with actyfe werkys the more brennynge desyre thou shalte haue to god / and the more clere syghte of ghostly thynges by grace of our Lorde in deuocyon whanne thou co\u0304mest therto / for it fa\u2223\nneuerthelesse when thou haste abyden a whyle &\nafterward blows a little flame, anon shall spring out a great flame of fire, for the sticks are all turned to fire. In the same way is thy will and thy desire towards God; it is as it were a little coal of fire in thy soul, for it gives to the somethings some light and ghostly heat, but it is small. For often it cools down and turns to fleshly rest, and sometimes into idleness, therefore it is good that thou put to good works of active life, and though it be so that these works, as it seems for a time, let thy desire not be so clean or so fervent as thou wouldst be, not to be discouraged, therefore, but abide and suffer a while, and blow at the fire first and do thy works, and afterward alone to thy prayers and meditations, and lift up thy heart to God, and pray him of his goodness to accept thy works that thou doest to his pleasure and hold them then as nothing in thy own sight but only at his mercy. Be humbly aware of thy wretchedness and thy fear.\nArecte swiftly thy good deeds to him as much as they are good, and as much as they are commanded and not done discreetly with all circuits, that are necessary to a good deed, forgive them to yourself. For this reason, all your good deeds will turn into a flame of fire, as sticks are laid upon a coal, and so will your good deeds outside not hinder your devotion but rather make it more and more. Our Lord says, \"Fire shall be in my altar always, and the priest rising at morning shall lay wood upon it that it be not quenched.\" This fire is love and desire for God in a soul, which loves to be nourished and kept by layge to the sticks that it go not out. These sticks are of various matters, some are of a tree and some are of another. A man who is lettered and has understanding of holy writ, if he has this fire of devotion in his heart, it is good to him.\nHymn: Get holy examples and devout prayers, and nourish the fire with them. An unwelcome man may not readily have at hand holy writ or doctors' sayings, and therefore it is necessary for him to do many good deeds outwardly to his fellow man and kindle the fire of love with them. Each man in his degree, according to what he is disposed, should get himself sticks of something or other - either prayers, meditations, reading in holy writ, or good bodily works - to nourish the fire of love in his soul, lest it be quenched because the affection of love is tender and readily vanishes away unless it is well kept and nourished both bodily and spiritually continually. Now that our Lord has sent a little spark of this blessed fire into your heart, it is itself as holy writ says: \"Our Lord is a consuming fire.\" Our Lord God is a wasting fire, for just as bodily fire consumes all bodily things that can be consumed, so too does spiritual fire.\nfire that is God wastes all manner of sin, and therefore our Lord is likened to fire wasting, I pray you to consider this fire; this fire is nothing else but love and charity, which he sent into the earth, as he says in the gospel (I am come to send fire on the earth, and what will this be but that it should burn?), I have come to send fire upon the earth, and for what purpose but that it should burn what God has sent fire of, love and a great desire and a great will to please him in man's soul, and unto this end that after that a man shall know it, he may the better keep it and nourish it and strengthen it, and thereby be saved, the more desire that thou hast for him and for his sake, the more is the fire of love in thee, and the less that this desire is in thee, the less is the Fire, the measure of this desire, how much it is, neither in thyself nor in any other thou knowest not, nor any man of himself but God alone who gives it, therefore dispute not with thyself as though thou wouldest know how much thy desire is.\nThe life of every good Christian man is a continual desire for God, and this is of great virtue, for the ferventer you desire, the higher you cry out, the wiser you think. This desire is nothing but a loathing of all this world's bliss and fleshly liking in your heart, a wonderful loving with a restful yearning for eternal bliss and heavenly joy. This thing may be called a desire for God for His own sake, if you have this desire, as I hope sincerely that you do, I pray you keep it well and nourish it wisely. And when you pray or think, make this desire the beginning and end of all your work to increase it. Look after no other feeling in your bodily wits, nor seek after any bodily sweetness, neither sowing nor savouring, nor wonderful light, nor angel's sight.\nThough our Lord himself, as if to your sight, would appear to charge the body but little, yet all your business should be felt swiftly in thought with a loathing and full forsaking of all manner of sin and all manner of uncleanness, with a ghostly sight of it, however foul, ugly, and painful it may be. And that you might have a mighty desire for virtues and meekness, and for charity, and the bliss of heaven. I think this is ghostly comfort and ghostly sweetness in a man's soul. As for having cleanness of conscience from worldly vanity with steadfast truth, meek hope, and a full desire for God, however other comforts and sweetnesses there may be, they are only beneficial if they help and:\n\nThough the sweetness is sure and swiftly felt in the cleanness of conscience by mighty forsaking and loathing of all sin, and with inward sight and fearful desire of spiritual things. All other comforts and sweetnesses of any feeling but if they aid and:\nThis desire leads to this end: that is, the cleanness of consciousness and ghostly desire of God, are not secure unless they rest on something more than this. Now ask yourself whether this desire is love for God. I say that this desire is not love in and of itself, but it is a beginning, a tasting of love. Love properly is a complete union of the lover and the beloved, as God and a soul are one. This union cannot be fully attained in this life but only in desire and longing for it. For example, if a man loves another man who is absent, he desires his presence greatly. In the same way, as long as we are in this life, our Lord is absent from us, and we cannot see Him, hear Him, or feel Him as He is. Therefore, we cannot have the use of this full love here in its fullness, but we can have a desire and a great yearning to be present to Him, to see Him in His Bliss, and to be one with Him in love. This desire we can have of His gift in this life, by which we shall be saved.\nFor it is pleasing to Him, as it may be, says Saint Paul. We are pilgrims in this body, he says, and we walk in deceit, for we do not yet truly perceive: but we dare and have a good will to be absent from the body and present to God. That is, we strive to be clean in conscience and secure in salvation by desiring to part from our body through bodily death, and to be present to our Lord. Nevertheless, we have not yet arrived, therefore we strive, whether absent or present, to please Him, that is, we strive against the sons of the world and the lust of the flesh by desiring Him, to burn in the fire of desire.\nThough it lets you from him, but yet you ask me, can a man have this desire continually in his heart, this thinking nay, as I may say that this desire may be had continually in the heart and not in working or using, as in this example, if you were sick, you should have as each man has a kindly desire for bodily health continually in your heart, what you did, whether you slept or woke, but not always I like, for if you slept or woke and thought on worldly things, then you have this desire only in your heart and not in working, but when you thought on your bodily sickness and your health, then you have it in use. So it is with spiritual desire, if he who has this desire of the gift of God sleeps or thinks not on God but on worldly things, yet he has this desire in his heart in his soul until his death, but another as he thinks on God or on the cleanliness of living or the joys of Heaven.\nthen a person works towards God as long as he keeps his thought and intention to please God, either in prayers or in meditation or in any other good deed of active life, it is good that all our business be directed towards this desire and use it by distinction in one deed, now in this, now in another, and has grace for it. This desire is the root of all your working if it is full in me. Consider well what good deed you do for God, body or spirit, it is an expression of this desire. When you pray or think, do not doubt whether you desire God, and therefore when you do a good deed or think of God, do not think in your heart whether you desire or not. For your deed shows your desire. Some are uncunning and think that they do not desire God unless they are ever crying on God with words of their mouth or else in their heart as if they said, \"Lord, make me safe,\" or such other words. These words are good whether they are said with the mouth.\nIn the heart or fourmyth, for they stir a man's heart to desiring of God, but nevertheless, without any such words, a clear thought of God or any ghostly thing of virtues or the manhood of Christ or the joys of heaven or the understanding of holy write with love, may be better. For devotions of contemplative life are not so outward, and therefore, whosoever prays or thinks on God, thy desire to God is more whole, more fervent, more ghostly than when thou doest other deeds to thy neighbor. Now, if thou askest how thou shalt keep this desire and nourish it a little, I shall tell thee not that thou shalt use the same form as I say, but that thou shouldst have thereby, if need be, some Warning & teaching for ruling thee in that Occupation. For I may not, nor can I not tell thee fully what is best for thee to use. But I shall say somewhat as I think.\n\nIn nights after thy sleep, if thou wilt rise for to pray & serve thy Lord, thou shalt feel thyself first.\nFleshedly/heavy or sometimes lusty, you shall dispose yourself to pray or think some good thought to quicken your heart to God and set all your business aside, drawing up your thought from worldly vanities and vain imaginations that fall into your mind. You may feel some devotion in your speech, or else if you will think on spiritual things, you should not be hindered by such worldly or fleshly thoughts in your thinking. There are many manners of meditation which are best for you I cannot say, but I hope that the thought by which you feel most savory and most restful is the best for the time. You may also sometimes think on your sins before doing them and of your frailties that you fall into each day, and ask mercy and forgiveness for them. Additionally, after this, you may think on the frailties, sins, and wretchednesses of your fellow Christians bodily and spiritually, with pity and compassion for them, and ask mercy and forgiveness for them as well.\ntenderly, as for yourself, and as you have done for others; for it is a good thought that you can make other people's sins a precious ointment to heal your own soul when you remember them with compassion and sorrow. This ointment is precious though its preparation may not be pure; for it is a remedy made from poison to destroy poison, that is, your own sins and those of others. If you beat them with the sorrow of your heart, pity, and compassion, they turn into a remedy that heals your soul from pride and envy, and brings love and charity towards your neighbor. This thought is good sometimes to have.\n\nAlso, you may remember the humanity of our Lord in his birth, passion, or any of his works, and feed your thought with spiritual imaginations of it to stir your affection more towards the love of him. This thought is good and effective, especially when it comes freely from God's gift with devotion and fervor.\nA man may not lightly have spirit, savoir, or devotion in it. I think it unwise for a man to press it too much, for he may break his head and body. Therefore, I think it is good for a man to keep his mind on it sometimes. And if devotion comes with it and savoir is present, keep it and follow it for a time, but leave it soon and do not linger too long. Also, if devotion does not come with the thought, do not strive for it or press too much afterward. Take easily what will come and go forth to some other thought.\n\nAlso, there are other thoughts that are more ghostly, such as thinking about virtues and understanding by light the virtue of meekness, what it is and how a man should be meek. And also what is patience, cleanness, righteousness, charity, chastity, and sobriety, and how a man should acquire all these virtues, and by such thoughts to have great desire.\nAnd longing to possess these virtues, and also to have a ghostly sight of the principal virtues, as in Trouth, hope and charity. By the sight and desire of these virtues, a soul should more see and feel much grace from our Lord, without which grace a man's soul is half blind and lacking in savour or spiritual sweetness. Also, the mind of our Lady Saint Mary above all other saints, to see with your ghostly eye the abundance of grace in her holy soul while she was living, for our Lord gave her alone, surpassing all other saints, for she was filled with all virtues without the stain of sin, showing full meekness and perfect charity, and fully with these, the fairness of all others.\nVirtues so holy that no stirring of Pride, Envy, wrath, or fleshly desire, nor any sin entered her heart or defiled her soul in the slightest. By the beholding of this blessed soul's fairness, a man's heart could be stirred into spiritual comfort greatly. And much more than this, the beholding of the soul of our Lord Jesus, which was entirely united to the divinity, passing without comparison, could unite our Lady and all other creatures. In the person of Jesus are two Kings: God and man, entirely united. By the virtue of this blessed union, which cannot be told nor conceived by human wisdom, the soul of Jesus received the fullness of wisdom, love, and all goodness, as the Apostle says. Plenitudo divinitatis inhabited Christ corporally. That is, the divinity was entirely united to the humanity in the soul of Jesus, and so by the soul dwelling in the body, the mind of the human part of our Lord was illuminated above all others.\nAnd on this wise, to behold the virtues and overpassing grace of the soul of Jesus, shall be right comforting to a man's soul. Also, the mind may contemplate the wisdom and goodness of our Lord in all his creatures, for as much as we may not see God fully in himself here living, therefore we should behold love, fear, and wonder, his might, his wisdom, and his goodness in his works and in his creatures. Furthermore, to ponder the mercy of our Lord that he has shown to me and to all sinful captives who have been imprisoned in sin and lingered so long in the devil's prison, how our Lord patiently suffered us to live in our sin and took no vengeance on us as he might have done righteously, but for love he spared us. He pitied us and sent his grace into our hearts and called us out of our sin, and by his grace has turned our will entirely to him, and for his love.\nTo forsake all manner of sin,\nThe mind of his mercy and goodness, with other circumstances,\nBring into a soul great trust in our Lord, and full hope of salvation,\nKindly nurturing the desire of love mightily,\nTo the joys of Heaven.\nAlso, to think on the wretchedness, miseries, and perils, both body and soul,\nThat fall in this life, and after to think on the joys of Heaven,\nHow much bliss there is and joy, for there is neither sin,\nNor sorrow, nor passion, nor pain, nor hunger, nor thirst,\nNor sore, nor sickness, nor doubt, nor fear, nor shame, nor shyness,\nNor defect of might, nor lack of light, nor wanting of love,\nBut there is sovereign fairness, light, strength, health,\nLikeness, lasting wisdom, love, peace, joy, and bliss, enough ever without end,\nThe more that thou thinkest and feelest the wretchedness of this life,\nThe more fervently shalt thou desire the joy and the rest.\nMany men are covetous of worldly worships and earthly riches, and now dreaming, now waking, consider how and by what means they might come to them. They forget the mind of themselves and the pains of hell, and the joys of heaven. They are not wise; they are like children who run after butterflies, and because they look not to their feet, they sometimes fall down and break their legs. What is all the pomp and the worship of this world but a butterfly? Nothing else, and yet much less. Therefore I pray thee, be covetous of the joys of heaven, and thou shalt have worship and riches that shall last. For at last, when worldly covetous men bring no good in their hands for all their worships and all their riches, save sorrow and pain, then shall worldly men forsake truly all vain worships and riches of this world, or else if they have riches.\nand worshyppys they set noughte by them / ne they set not theyr Loue / ne lykynge in them but lyue euer in drede / and in mekenes / and in hope / and som\u00a6tyme in sorowe & abyde the mercy of god pacyently they shall thanne haue fully that they here coueytyd / for they shall be crownyd as kynges and se maner of medyta\u00a6cyons\nas they are wrought in a mannys soule / but I tou\u00a6che them to the a lytell that thou myghteste by this haue more vnderstondynge.\nNEuerthelesse me thynkyth it is good to the y\u2022 wha\u0304 thou dysposyst the to thynke on god as I haue be\u00a6fore sayde or on otherwyse and peraue\u0304ture thou felyst no sauoure ne deuocyon in thy thynkynge but only a nakyd mynde and a weke wyll / yt thou woldest fayne thynke on god / but thou canste not / than I hope it is good to the yt thou stryue not to moche with thy selfe for thou myghtest so lyghtly falle into more derknes but if thou were more st wyll not fayle / who so maye cleue therto he shall not erre / and if thou mayste by thy prayer gete deuocyon / loke than if\nThis text is primarily in Old English, with some spelling errors. I will translate it into modern English and correct the errors as faithfully as possible to the original content.\n\nThis text is only for affection, that is, in great desire to God with spiritual delight. Hold forth your saying and do not break it lightly, for often prayer with the mouth gets and keeps devotion, and if devotion of prayers departs from your heart, vanish it not. But if devotion of prayers brings into your heart a devout thought of the manhood of our Lord or of any of the aforementioned, and this thought should be allowed by your saying, then you may cease of your saying and occupy yourself with meditation until it passes away.\n\nHowever, there are certain things you should beware of in your meditations. I will tell you some of them. One is when you have had a spiritual thought or imagination of the manhood of our Lord or of such bodily things, and your soul has been comforted and nourished by them, and it passes away by itself. Do not be too busy to hold it still with mastery, for it is then turned to pain and bitterness. Also, if it does not pass away but dwells still in your mind.\nWithout true devotion to yourself, and you for comfort will not leave it, and therefore it requires you from your sleep at night or else from other good deeds, or else for great fear of your body, your body or your head falls weakly into great feebleness. Then you will willfully break it when the time comes, sometimes when you have the most devotion and are most loath to leave it, as when it passes reasonable time or else it turns into disease of your body. But if you do so, you do not well, as I think, nor wisely, neither. A worldly man or woman who feels no devotion perhaps twice in a year, if he feels by the grace of our Lord Jesus great compunction for his sins, or else has the passion of our Lord in mind, if he were deprived of his sleep and rest a night or two or three, it is no force, for it comes to them seldom. But to the one who has this mantle, it is good for him to use this manner in what devotion.\nthou art not to linger too long on the thought of putting yourself from your food or sleep, or due to any illness unintentionally harming another. The wise man says, \"All things have their time.\" Another thing to beware of is this: what your thoughts have been occupied with, in regard to the manhood of our Lord or any such thing. Afterward, you are busy with all the desire of your heart, seeking knowledge or feeling more spiritually of the godhead. Do not press too much thereon, nor let your desire or heart tarry long. It is enough for you and me to have a desire and a longing for our Lord. If he will, of his grace, freely send us spiritual light and open our spiritual eyes to know more of him than we have had before through common travel, then let us give thanks.\nif he will not, or else we are not disposed by cleanliness of living in other ways to receive that grace, then we shall know meekly our own wretchedness and hold ourselves paid with desire that we have to him and with other common thoughts that now lightly fall under our imagination, such as our sins or Christ's passion or such other, or else with prayers or of the souter or some other, and love him with all our heart that he will give us any part of his grace. And if you do otherwise, you may lightly be beguiled by the spirit of error for your presumption, for it is great folly for a man by his own wit to presume so much in spiritual things, but if he feels an abundance of grace, the wise man says (Scrutator maiestatis opprimitur a gloria), that is, a searcher of the might of God and of his majesty, without great humility and meekness will be wholly overcome and oppressed in himself, & therefore the wise man says in another.\nplace on this wyse. Alciora te ne quesieris et forciorate ne scrutatus fueris. That is for to saye / Hyghe thynges that are aboue thy wytte and thy reason seke not / and great thynges that are aboue thy myght ransake not / By thyse wordys the wyse man forbedyth not vtterlye for to seke / and ransake ghostlye and heuenly thyngys / but he forbyd dethe vs yt as longe as we ar flesshlye and not clensyd fro vayne lo\u2223ue of the worlde that we take not vpon vs by oure owne traueyle ne by oure owne wytte for to ransake or to feele ghostlye thynges / ne thoughe we fele ghostlye thyngys and great feruoure of the loue of god soo moche that we set at nought all erthlye thynges / & vs thynkyth that we wolde for goddys loue forsake all the Ioyes and all the welthe of this worlde / yet are we not anone able and re\u2223dy for to seke and beholde ghostlye thynges that are abo\u00a6ue vs vntyll our soule be made sotyll and tyll it be made sad and stable in vertues by proces of tyme and encrea\u2223synge of grace / for asseynt gregory sayth /\nA man is made sovereign in grace only gradually, beginning little and growing until he is perfect. Amen.\n\nHow a man who wishes to live spiritually must first use much bodily exercise in penance and destruction of sin.\n\nHow a man who is set only to spiritual living shall rule all his deeds by discernment, without which they often turn into vice.\n\nTo what manner of man belongs active life.\n\nTo whom belongs contemplative life.\n\nTo whom belongs mixed life.\n\nHow holy bishops lived a mixed life, and how a man who has sovereignty shall not give himself only to devotion and utterly leave worldly businesses.\n\nWhat life is most suited to him for whom this was written.\n\nHow a man who is truly trusted and prays...\n\nThat a man should sometimes have...\n\nWhat is desire to God for himself.\n\nThat in cleanness of conscience is the very comfort and sweetness.\n\nHow you shall dispose...\n\nHow a man shall have mercy...\n\"Of our Lady and of our law:\n\u00b6Of the might, wisdom, goodness, and mercy of God to his creatures.\n\u00b6How the mind of the wretchednesses and perils of this world make a soul desire heaven.\n\u00b6How a man shall act when he feels no savour nor comfort in his meditations.\n\u00b6Why a man needs to beware of his meditation.\n\u00b6Thus ends a devout book, King's noble grace. In the year of our Lord God MCCCCC. & VI. It ended on the last day of February.\"", "creation_year": 1516, "creation_year_earliest": 1516, "creation_year_latest": 1516, "source_dataset": "EEBO", "source_dataset_detailed": "EEBO_Phase1"},
{"content": "Here begins a little treatise called the disputation or complaint of the heart, pierced through by the looking of the eye.\nMy heart is pierced through by the looking of your eye. In the first week of the season of May,\nWhen the woods are covered in green,\nIn which the nightingale delights to play\nTo show his voice among the sharp thorns,\nTo rejoice which loves serve us,\nWhich from all comforts seem far behind,\nMy pleasure was as it was seen,\nFor my pastime to chase heart and hind.\nThen I commanded my hounds to go,\nTo draw about if they might find a sight,\nAnd forth we went, both I and others,\nNow here now there the hunters prepare to show,\nWhich in their horns many blasts did blow,\nTo find a heart they did their full intent,\nIn a forest of mine to speak the truth,\nIn which to hunt I had great talent.\nWe sought so much about in every part,\nUntil at last we found well to chase,\nGreat hearts apart from the herd.\nWhich went about their pasture to purchase.\nAnd then we went to embrace\nMany branches of elm and holly tree,\nWith which to dress a good standing place,\nWe made it bushy, as it seemed to me.\nWhen this was done, I turned my back anon,\nTo fetch my hounds and came soon again,\nWhere around I brought many one,\nAnd when I came into the forest plain,\nI found at once the hound of harts twain,\nHeart and eye.\nFor which I made to blow horns high,\nAnd hounds sixty score and more, certain,\nWhich made me think a joyous melody.\nFor that poor heart that sorrow doth menace,\nMight have pleasure and also great comfort,\nTo hear the hounds make that merry chase,\nSo properly they ran of one accord,\nAnd eke so swift was their merry report,\nThat it me seemed as very paradise,\nFor in that forest was much more merriment\nThan Instrument could make to my device.\nAnd in chasing not far out of my way,\nI heard a woman's voice clear and sweet,\nMore sweetly never I heard any to pay,\nThan from my horse I descended right there,\nTo understand better and to hear.\nSo long till they songs were sung and done,\nAnd to know the place I drew me near,\nWhere I heard this noble enterprise soon.\nI sought ladies many one,\nI found sitting about a fair fountain,\nUnder a pine which shadowed them each one.\nIt was a thing to me yet uncertain,\nTo know of them which was the sovereign,\nTheir behavior so Incomparably noble,\nAnd to their beauty if I should not feign,\nOf all others they were Incomparable.\nAnd in their presence if I should not lie,\nWere gentlewomen of right goodly stature,\nI had not seen before in company,\nMore fresher folk of shape I you ensure,\nAnd in their doing sad and eke demure,\nTo feast the people they had great delight,\nAll that I saw was done by good measure,\nAnd well demanded every manner wight.\nI approached as near as I might,\nAnd saluted them anon full courteously,\nTwo came towards me right away,\nWho said to me, \"Seemeth it to you truly,\nYou wish to take your pleasure secretly,\nAs it appears well in your person,\nWhen you are weary you may rest hardly.\"\nAnd let your hounds hunt alone. Then we pray you that you will come and see these ladies and damoiselles in fear. And they shall welcome you as they can persevere To your worship and theirs in all manner. And in singing they have none here their peer For above all others they have the name And goodly stories, who so list to hear They can report and thereof have great fame. So much joy they began to record For me, and I was ravished marvelously For which my thoughts soon fell in accord To see them and when I saw truly Their fair bodies made so perfectly Where God himself and also Dame Nature Had planted beauty right plentifully Far above any earthly creature. And to all them I did such reverence Which, to me, seemed I ought to do soon Not only after the high appearance Of their nobleness but after one by one And there was nothing that should be done Of worship there men might find example. So goodly folk yet saw I never none\nFor in all pleasure set were their minds. And I was received well with perfect gentleness by these gracious ladies. The which of flowers right delightful Made a fresh chaplet, the truth for the express, I had not seen such one before, doubtless. They gave it to me right courteously, And then I found that the eye of all gladness Was restored right well and joyously. Then one of them took my hand And began to sing a song of great pleasure, And all the others answered in turn, Without variation, So perfectly with all the circumstance That I have not heard any such measure. It was a life to hear all displeasure Out of a troubled heart I assure you. All these learners who were present Began to sing, it was a joy to hear them, In such places where they did display their talent They cast their sight each man in his gaze, And some gazed with pious look and cheer, Offering their hearts with whole intent, While their life and body were in fear.\nSo much that love should be contented\nThat one of them went out from the feast\nAnd drew her out of the company\nAnd cannot say why it was at the least\nBut truly I wote and dare say\nMy eye had great pleasure to spy\nWarning my heart on her to take good heed\nWhich of all sorrow was all void truly\nWhen I beheld her goodly woman's head.\nIt seemed an angel that God had made\nTo come down for supreme beauty\nThere could no man see with his eyes glad\nA more gracious lady, the truth to say\nHer to please, though I did all my pain\nI could not tell her features half\nTherefore I commit this matter plain\nTo those who delight in such matters.\nAnd for her beauty, which was imperial\nMy pleasure always began to complain\nTo see for grace and did me whole trouble\nTo whom my thought strayed certain\nYet my poor heart said it would do its pain\nAnd took no heed to her noble grace\nIn its service for to be true and plain\nHer to serve during my life's space.\nAnd when she had finished her desire\nTo the feast she turned right away\nAnd with her sweetest voice began to sing\nWith all her strength and might\nAnd as she cast about her gentle sight\nWhich gave great pleasure to all there\nTo my eye it gave such great light\nThat in all comfort I stood clearly.\n\nBefore she had ended her song,\nA heart came running by them suddenly\nAnd leapt into a well among them all\nThen for my hounds I blew certainly\nWith whom the heart was held so tightly\nThat he thought he could not endure long\nAnd for great fear he leapt in fully\nBelieving his death was certain.\n\nThe ladies and the noble women also\nTook great pleasure in being held and seeing\nAnd did their part to help the hounds so\nThe heart to take soil if it might be\nBut such sport before I saw none\nMy eye would not make any treasure of it\nBut her in whom all virtue was abundant\nI dared well undertake to behold.\n\nAnd when this heart saw its time right.\nHe lightly leapt out of the clear fountain.\nMy weary hounds lay still by me.\nNone of them could come near her.\nHe broke the bushes here and there.\nHe went his way without a pause.\nRunning among the bows he went.\nHe circled us from and took the thick forest.\nI went to take leave of these ladies.\nThe heart to pursue I did make my intent.\nWithin a while my courage began to falter.\nMy heart such discomfort had brought him.\nI knew not well what he was hinting at.\nBut I well knew I was full of disease.\nTo amuse myself I had but little talent.\nBut my thoughts were soon all at ease.\nAnd because of walking I was soon weary.\nSeeing the sun begin to set\nNeither heart nor hounds could I see.\nAs far as I could look, both east and west\nA one began to approach quickly.\nHe came so fast that I lost my place.\nAnd I stayed to await him, thinking it best\nUntil the day began to show its face.\nI tied my horse to a fair green tree\nAgainst which my head I immediately set.\nThe earth seemed to me as cold as marble,\nMaking my thought turn inward to fret,\nFor I could not behold again\nThat lady whom my eye had first beheld fair,\nWhose heart and eye had promised delight.\nAnd with that thought, I found my hope and joys had flown,\nLeaving me with harsh sorrow near,\nThat I should not but weep, wail, and groan,\nAnd various pains come upon me soon,\nFor I could not see her in any way,\nHer in whom all my joys were alone.\nThen I slept a while to still my heart.\nIn sleeping, my heart heard the eye complain,\n\"False eye, you do me great pain,\nTo be so bold to cast your gaze upon such great estate,\nWhere all beauty is set in little space,\nI believe you harbor some manner of hate,\nThat you have placed me in such a high place.\"\nThe eye then said to the heart, \"What is your intent,\nDo you say that I have done the only wrong,\nI am your friend if you will be content.\"\nI may swear my oath if thou wilt sing it,\nAnd leave me well, both in the short and long,\nThat I never did evil to thee.\nI doubt not though thou with strong words\nDesire to reproach me thus. Take this for certain.\nHast thou not made a right sweet adventure\nOf me, to choose the flower of womanhood,\nThe most pleasant of living creatures,\nSurpassing in very beautiful head,\nAnd for the sweetness that spreads from her,\nThou hast planted thy steadfast sight upon her,\nWhich is great pride for me since I may not see her rightly.\nForsooth, I will not the contrary,\nBut that I have a lovely lady said,\nIn pleasant ways I will not vary from her,\nIn all honor she has no equal,\nAmong all other chosen sovereigns,\nAs for the fairest and the best also,\nTherefore thou hast no cause to complain of me,\nOr to hate me; a well, why dost thou so?\nYes, truly, for when thou dost so,\nGreat desire thy sight on her thou casts,\nThrough which I was roused so greatly,\nThat in all joy I thought I was steadfast.\nAnd her goodness in me you have brought\nAnd I in return have asked for mercy or grace\nShe was very far from your sight, past\nFor which reason I am sadly embraced.\nI have forsaken all my own pleasure\nMy sight to cast when I like best\nFor which reason you should not be displeased\nThough we both rest in one place\nI am appointed to watch and see\nAnd then to leave, you should always be ready\nWhy do you place this blame on me alone.\nLike fruit cannot ripen time kindly\nHeart and eye.\nBut if he takes some heat from the sun\nIn the same way, I cannot live truly\nWithout your counsel, therefore cause great sorrow\nI have to blame myself since I cannot get\nSince from her, alas, the hard while\nI am not like with her to dine\nHow can you entice me thus.\nThough I behold a lady's great beauty\nThrough which you have come to be infatuated\nAnd as of hope you are in no certainty\nWhich makes the happy one rightfully sorrowful\nYet you should not with harsh words.\nI am deeply sorry to reproach and blame you now, in good faith, that you are not virtuous,\nTo do or say what should be to my shame.\nYou ought to wait a while longer,\nUntil the mouth has sought grace,\nAnd the ear has taken good heed that tide\nIn its concept, if I had any place,\nSo that your pleasure might purchase me\nBut now I feel that I am so pursued\nBy sorrow, which sorely embraces me,\nAnd of all joy I know myself despairing.\nI care not for the mouth nor the nose,\nFor ear nor foot nor hands twain,\nIt seems much better to me, as I suppose,\nTo look upon a fair lady certain,\nAnd to be held by them, I shall endure my pain,\nWhich is my pleasure and ever shall be.\nFor I care not whether you laugh or complain,\nTake heed, good sir, what I say to you.\nYou scorn me as a mother, I believe,\nYou have struck me with a mortal blow,\nBy your false look you have overthrown me,\nI think little of you had you been such at all,\nYou have cast me out beyond the castle wall.\nOf good comfort and out of all gladness, therefore in faith I may rightly call truth worse than an errant knight. I am no mother or out of belief. Thou shalt find me always plain and true. Nor by any witness shalt thou ever prove That ever I was untrue, especially to name whose steps I show. And if thou wouldst say anything to the contrary, To desire the marshal I will pursue And make him judge; I will not longer tarry. As much as is in me, I am content, Before him the causes need To let the truth proceed That he may know where the fault is in deed And let him judge for us both rightfully Without mercy, for right so God speed me In this quarrel, I dare well fight truly. Then the eye answered in this manner, That he would defend him with all his might Heart and eye. Then both two were agreed thus in fear To go toward the court of love rightly. When they came to show their right, Then desire of love, the marshal, said.\nTell thou thy cause here in our fight\nOf our rumor that is between you and I.\nThe heart took no manner of counsel\nBut his own tale he told full truly.\nI desire that here my cause may succeed.\nThe eye had done to me unkindly,\nNot long ago he put his sight truly\nOn the fairest and best where'er she went,\nFor his pleasure and not for mine truly,\nIn this way as I shall tell you here.\n\nWhen the eye had set his sight upon her,\nLove put in me his great worthiness,\nDesire and pleasure these three things right,\nWhich should make me to stand steadfast,\nTo love her without doubting,\nIf I might her grace attain,\nWhom I am like never to see doubtlessly,\nWherefore I have great heaviness and pain.\n\nAnd thus the eye has set me in such a plight,\nFor when he saw that I was thus taken,\nWith love of her he departed from him rightly,\nOr that I could make my certainty,\nWherefore I tremble sore and quake with time,\nAnd think long after allegiance,\nThus by the eye my woe begins to wake.\nAll in despair, standing in balance.\nAnd with this grief I am brought to death,\nAnd from joy I stand unfortunately,\nAll in discomfort, as I never thought\nOf earthly thing so troubling me the eye,\nFor if the fair had not so pleasantly\nHer goodly look on me been set so sore,\nThis sorrow had not come to me truly,\nBut I had lived as I did before.\nWherefore I complain rightfully\nOf great injury that the eye has done,\nAnd my cause is mentioned most faithfully,\nWherefore to you I do submit,\nAnd on my truth I make promise,\nTo fight with him in love's high presence,\nBefore which we shall know soon,\nThe right from wrong without more defense.\nThe eye answered and said in this manner,\nI have done nothing contrary to yours,\nFor though I cast my look both here and there,\nUpon the fair if you list well advise,\nThe heart should not in its conceit pervert,\nSince love has granted me the high office,\nI will keep it from him nevermore,\nOf him I have no other benefit.\nThe heart replied with its full intent\nAnd said, \"thou art false and untrue.\"\nI challenge you in this dispute present.\nThe eye answered, \"I am as true\nAs ever you were, therefore, in few words.\nTo know the right, I take up this task,\nAnd in the presence of love we shall make it clear\nWho has the wrong and no more noise to make.\nWhen desire had heard the matter plain\nIn the midst of May, he signed a day\nTo settle the great dispute before love to tarry,\nAnd letters wrote and sealed, both to say\nWith seals of their arms fresh and gay,\nEach one of them his right to maintain,\nThus they both made their promises certain,\nThen went this worthy marshal of love\nTo tell his lord and master part and all\nOf this affair rehearsed above,\nAnd love at once commanded forthwith all\nTo make a field where both great and small\nMight have their sights closed about with lights,\nAnd there, with all, if I speak the truth,\nA rich scaffold shall be arrayed with delights.\nAnd when love had him thus charged\nAnd at once was made a field long and wide\nWith double delights all of right good gold\nCovered with tissue well on every side\nNabugodonosor, with all his pride\nWho was the richest king as in his days\n Had never such one before that time\nAs was that field with all the rich arrayments.\nFor in that field were two fair entrances\nAll made of jasper and of clear crystal\nWhich good workmen from strange lands\nWith barriers of passing fine coral\nHad wrought right well by special craft\nAll set with keys made of ivory\nWhich a locksmith that came from Portugal\nFiled with a file smooth and cleverly.\nThe scaffold of love was made of amber\nFounded on pillars of right fair balusters\nWith wardrobe a hall and also a chamber\nAs though it were within a great palace\nThe tapestries also, as the book says,\nWere the story of the rose the romance\nFor lovers to read both clerks and laymen\nWere written right well with good devotion.\nThe chair was passing fresh and gay,\nWhere love himself in his estate should be,\nOf clear burrell well polished, as they say,\nAnd four spare hawks made of massy gold,\nAnd on the back there were to behold,\nSixteen carbuncles right well set and even,\nWhich were clearer and brighter manyfold,\nThan are the planets shining from heaven.\nThe day and the hour above said,\nWhen the heart should fight against the eye,\nLove came himself with his wings displayed,\nDescending down from his scaffold truly,\nAnd in his chair he sat down softly,\nA robe on him embroidered with rich stones,\nAnd fine pearls set full carefully,\nBordered with emeralds for the nones.\nThe flowers fresh of the crown of love,\nAnd chimneys were made of great riches,\nAnd of clear sapphires set all above,\nAll his wings were of such brightness,\nFeathered by fairies in meadows doubtless,\nAs of tapestries shining wonderfully,\nI trowe none angels the truth to express,\nHave not their wings made so pleasantly.\nHe had also a bow of unicorn.\nAnd two strings made of great substance,\nOf gold and cypress at each end,\nA sheaf of arrows set in order,\nTo teach the lovers to dance,\nFedered with fine rubies bright and shining,\nWhich gave him great pleasure,\nPointed with diamonds sharp and keen.\nAnd when love, this noble archer,\nHad bow and arrows set down by his side,\nRegard his herald with a clear inner voice,\nThree times as it was commanded that time,\nCalled the heart that it should not linger,\nWhich had promised to fight there that day,\nAgainst the eye which was so full of pride,\nAnd not to make delaying or tarrying.\nThe heart came forth to fight against the eye,\nUpon a courser covered all with tears,\nHis arms were made of true sorrow,\nAlso three signs he bore in his arms,\nPainted well upon his coat of arms,\nThey appeared all with pitiful weeping,\nAnd his sword with which he should do his arms harm,\nWas tempered with sorrowful complaining.\nIn whose company came honor also,\nValor, prowess, and gentleness.\nThought and good hope and many other things,\nAs I suppose, were of his alliance;\nAll clothed like for their worthiness,\nWith roses, reeds, and also with white lilies.\nChaplets they had eke for their nobleness,\nOf laurel, a flower of great delight.\nAnd when he entered into the fresh field,\nThen from his horse he descended lightly,\nAnd on his knees fell down and beheld\nThis noble love and saluted him kindly,\nAnd a little after, with reverence,\nDrew him to himself and took him to his tent,\nWhich of roses was made pleasant to the eye.\nThen regard this noble herald and wise,\nCalled the eye before Love's tapestry,\nWhich was ready in all goodly wise,\nArmed with sweet pastime on a courser,\nWho to my conceit had nowhere his peer,\nAnd seemed well he had no weariness.\nCovered with mirth embroidered here and there,\nHis sword was of solace and lustiness.\nOf joy was made his coat of arms rich,\nFigured all with pleasure and gladness,\nRight goodly people also none of them like.\nHe had happened to him beauty and prowess,\nA goodly port, melody, and likewise nobleness,\nOf verjuice arrayed all in green,\nAnd of mercury in right great largesse,\nHis fair coursers were covered all in dene.\nAnd as soon as this full noble eye,\nThis list approached on foot, he light,\nAnd entered in and saluted courteously,\nHis worshipful lord Love as it was right,\nWhich had made promise with the heart to fight,\nAnd after went in to his pavilion,\nAll arrayed with gillyflowers red and white,\nWhich was worth a king's great reason.\nThe ordainer of the field named Desire,\nCame in at once into the high presence,\nOf whom were their noble lord and fire,\nBoth the heart and the eye full of prudence,\nAnd made them swear upon their conscience,\nThat in their cause each of them had right,\nAnd to cry it in open audience,\nAnd not to tarry that they have been high.\nThen after this, the heart went again,\nUnto his tent, his rest for to make,\nAnd set him on his seat, the truth for to feign,\nMade of eglantine for his own sake.\nThe eyes friends had made a pleasant siege for him, where he made good watch I undertook. Upon the eye when he should come truly, love then came to the field and chose knights to face them twain. Thought sweet hope and rememberance, and honour also, I should not refuse. All armed with Margaret's certain, and each of them bore in his hand a spear, Of green laurel well made, both smooth and plain, To separate these champions if need were. And then this love, which is worthy and worthy, To whom no creature may resemble, To observe his herald made a sign, That he should make the heart and the eye assemble. And when they were thus both two assembled, The herald cried, \"Do your devour anon.\" For which the heart and the eye began to tremble, And so did they who were present each one. And thus the heart, which was tappan-like, Issued right manly from his tent, Who bore as he that was right valiant, A spear head with sorrow seekingly, The eye from his pavilion by and by.\nIssued in his hand a lance,\nWhich he guided gently, heart and eye.\nPointed it was right freshly, with pleasure.\nForthwith the heart seized in his fist a spear\nThree times before the eye, namely he went\nThe eye at once, as if he had no fear,\nCame forth a goodly pace, one of his tent\nAnd the heart, with a good auspicious look,\nCast his spear and pierced the pupil,\nWhich seemed to stun him almost senseless,\nAnd thought he was close to death.\nWhen the eye felt him thus sore wounded,\nRudely against the heart he went,\nAnd first of all that his heart was found,\nHis spear he caught manly and tight soon,\nUnless the heart could stand his foot on,\nFor he struck one of his sides a part,\nAnd from that stroke he had so much to do,\nThat he thought that his body and soul should part.\nYet for all this his heart he took again,\nAnd right manly his sword at once he took,\nAnd on the eye he struck right certain.\nSuch mighty strokes that all the ground shook,\nAnd then the eye, with a courageous look.\nThe heart bore it strongly with his sword\nAgainst the lists and him not for hire\nThe heart was then right sore afraid.\nThe heart saw that it was in danger\nAnd right near discomfited thus by the eye\nFull hardly he cast away his javelin\nAnd drew his dagger skillfully\nAnd laid on fast and struck so fiercely\nUpon the eye that he was nearly engaging\nAnd from his strokes he easily escaped\nFor which to cover he had great constraint.\nAnd as these great champions fought twain\nWith their sharp daggers with such great courage\nWhich were like to fall down in the plain\nDame pity then that sweet and wise lady\nCame forth at once with a certain message\nTo love and prayed her cradle for to hear\nRight as he sat high upon his stage\nWhich came from Venus his own mother dear.\nThen love to her made glad and joyful countenance\nAnd gave to her a welcome honorable\nSaying thus, Dame pity, my own friend dear,\nSince my mother, of her estate notable,\nVenus I mean, the goddess amiable.\nYou have commanded me to come to you, it is right pleasing to me to hear your message, whatever it may be. And then pity thanked love most sincerely, who was always on his knees as I read, saying right high, \"My lord, here is the truth.\" A great debate existed among these knights, who have always been both in word and deed, showing the steps of love, and of Venus, who desires to take charge above all other servants, good and true. Heart and eye.\n\nFor when Venus heard this mortal strife that was between the heart and the eye, thus falling:\nOf very love and of heart's attentiveness,\nConsidering the beginning and all,\nShe knew full well that her estate could not be kept up right,\nNor her majesty exalted at all,\nUnless they were both ready in her sight.\nAnd because they were both of her court in fear,\nShe now commands them to call back again,\nAnd before her they both must necessarily appear,\nAs for this cause this strife fell between them.\nFor she would know the very cause clear.\nOf their debate which pertained to her,\nAnd they were eager for peace, indeed,\nFor all such causes pertained to her.\nThen love, for the sake of which to give obedience\nTo his mother, and would no longer abide,\nSaid thus: she should have knowledge,\nAnd there the debate would no longer hide,\nBut called the watchmen who went by their side,\nCharging them the champions to disclose,\nAnd to pity whose goodness is known far and wide,\nDeliver both of them to be joined.\nThe pity bade them warn both,\nAnd after, love took his leave from her,\nAnd charged them whether they were alive or dead,\nBetween them two no more quarrels to make,\nBut late their strife / an their debate cease,\nAnd eschew hate and love together again,\nWhat a marvel, though their hearts did quake\nTowards Venus when they should go certain.\nBy Venus, them went his good lady pity,\nAnd led them by the hands in friendly guise,\nAnd said to them: now since you are with me,\nI shall make you two marry tomorrow or rise,\nMy cousins, germans, your hate to suppress.\nAnd Venus, of one accord,\nWill not suffer in any way her people to be at discord.\nThen they arrived, all in a strong style,\nMade strong about with burning brands by craft,\nBecause it was so dark in particular,\nWere two birds which disturbed men call,\nPerched high in the air in letters,\nOf gold enameled, a U.\nVenus, the goddess of love most enterely,\nSaw his letter which was borne so high,\nCovered with cloth of great substance,\nAnd she, in whom joy is most truly,\nAnd gladness continued with pleasure,\nA robe of purple she had at her ordering,\nWith flames of fire and sparks of light,\nWhich was made to the sufficiency\nOf young lovers for comfort day and night.\nAnd when madame pity found them present,\nHer heart and eye.\nVenus, the goddess of love,\nWith a sweet salute she did her present,\nAnd said, madame, to your high nobleness,\nAre come these two knights of great prowess.\nThe heart and the eye to know your intent.\nWhomever loves and with humbleness, at this time, has sent to you, on behalf of them, that you might know the cause of their great hatred. They requested this of your lady through me, as you are the one who can best judge them according to what is right. Also, they knew that you are the only one, because all goodness falls to love. And then, Venus, with a good countenance, took these noble champions to herself. These champions had long been at their quarrelsome behavior with brave hearts, fighting like lions. They thought, in their opinions, that if pity had not taken them to war and made them cease their heavy actions, it would have been hard for one of them to escape. He set his heart down immediately and said, \"Venus, our sovereign lady, since it pleases you to know the truth of our dispute, not lying a word but plain and clear, I shall tell you the beginning and the end, if it pleases your highness to listen.\"\nThat for the sake of Venus, she gave her consent,\nThat he should from his cause the substance be taken,\nAlso the eye should pass its judgment,\nTo answer him in way of response,\nAnd further, they were charged on their responsibility,\nThat in their causes they should not vary,\nAnd to stand at Venus' judgment,\nAnd none of them to refuse.\nThe heart attained its cause thus truly,\nSaying to Venus, our sovereign lady goddess,\nLo, nature has given to me the eye,\nTo set me in the way of righteousness,\nTo find joy, solace, and also gladness,\nAnd he has taken a pillar to behold,\nThe fair pleasant and flourishing flower of lustiness,\nWhich from me parted sooner than I would.\nAnd of that pleasure that the eye had taken,\nHe warned me and that right away,\nAnd then at once in me there awoke,\nLovely desire and true remembrance,\nAnd they lodged in me pleasantly,\nAnd so did thought and in many other ways,\nAnd also sweet hope to keep me company,\nAnd happiness lacked not also.\nAnd after this it happened to me most ill.\nFor the eye had no desire to stay\nUntil I required its skill\nBut her absence taught me well that time\nThat whoever is far from the eye\nIs far from the heart, and thus on every side\nI live in torment and great pains truly.\nTherefore if he had not thus set his sight\nI would not have been taken in the snare\nBut that I had yet hope for joy upright\nAnd in no way should I have had this care\nFor his beholding causes ill fare\nAs for me, this is truly a saying\nThat people say that women called are\nThat the eye sees, the heart does reveal.\nFor in the eye is the gate which in no way\nShould not open to let in heaviness\nBut always ready to devise\nTo keep me surely from all pensiveness\nAnd let in hope good fortune and happiness\nComfort and joy and also good adventure\nFor whom he should do his true diligence\nAnd not to make a hasty adventure.\nI feel well he did the contrary.\nFor he let weeping and complaints in.\nEntree in me he may not depart from it, varying with my joy, and all my comfort now attained is, which to me is a martyrdom mortal. Thus I conclude that by his constraints, he is the cause of my sorrow. Then the eye, which greatly applied itself, found matter for his salvation. With right goodly advice, it replied to the heart's compositions and said, \"I see well, by his actions, that he has been at school I suppose, of love, which brings forth pleasant intention. He himself further, for his own sake.\" And Lady Venus of love's goddess said, \"The heart says thus: that he has, by nature, given to him, as he expresses, that he should always endure in gladness. Yet it might happen by some adventure that he shall not always abound in joy. For, as I suppose, there is no creature but in the contrary, some time, shall be found. Yet will I in no way excuse myself, but that nature made me for him undoubtedly. And yet, truly, he ought not to accuse me that I bear the heaviness.\"\nOf sorrow or no manner of distress,\nFor in good faith, there cannot be anything done\nWithout his consent, as I can express,\nFor all the cause is wrought alone by him.\nAnd as the clock may strike in no way,\nBut that he has some manner of moving,\nAs he who keeps him list to devise,\nSo of myself, in deed, I have nothing\nBut to behold and then in tidings bring,\nAnd thus the heart is the cause truly,\nFor without him, thus have I no doing\nBut as an instrument, I am before him.\nIf in her I have set all my beholding,\nBy his advice that causes me thereto,\nAnd to this cause he is most attending,\nBy his desire, her for to love also,\nIf he absents him and sorrow comes to him,\nI may not get that he lists not to save,\nFor as some say, the heart must do the work,\nIf he will not, I may no pleasure have.\nSo my lady, I pray you to take heed,\nTo these causes and keep you well my right,\nAnd proceed against the heart which obstructs you,\nTo this end that he shall not refuse,\nBut at least that he be taken anon.\nAnd he remained there as a recluse until he had amended all that had been done amiss. Then Venus thought it necessary that she could in no way maintain her court without him. Therefore, the proceedings summoned her, and she wrote down the entire matter clearly and in full. In her own hand, she commanded each man to search out, at their peril, which of them had the right, and this was the primary reason why she did this. She made them swear before her people. Truly, they were content. And Venus then wrote to her servants and to all true lovers the entire intent. She commanded both great and small to do so. Each man was to search out, at their risk, which of them had the right. And this was the main reason why she did this: she wanted to make her will and her power known. Who could bring the true report of the opening of this aforementioned matter? As for either of them, he was to wear a chaplet of roses. Then I found the entire substance of my thoughts made clear. Of these thoughts, which I had pondered before, I wrote as you have heard here.\nWith one lessening less or more, I pray those who lead their life, And in the way of true love be set, That in their conscience every may attempt, To send his opinion as soon as he can, To Venus, and he who plays the chaplet, Shall gain her love for him I pray, That to all his desires he may attain.\n\nHere ends a little treatise called the Disputation, or the Complaint of the Heart Pierced by the Looking of the Eye.\n\nInprinted at London in Fletestreet at the sign of the Sun, by Wynkyn de Worde.\n\nWC\nWynkyn de Worde.\nprinter's or publisher's device.", "creation_year": 1516, "creation_year_earliest": 1516, "creation_year_latest": 1516, "source_dataset": "EEBO", "source_dataset_detailed": "EEBO_Phase1"}
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