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{"content": "Here begins a very fruitful matter: the book of surveying and improving. First, the author's prologue for the declaration of this present treatise. Of castles and other buildings, what the walls, timber, stone, lead, slate, tile, or other materials are worth annually, both within and without the walls. Also of gardens, courtyards, dovecotes, and all other profits. Chapter 1.\n\nHow many fields are there in the demesnes, and how many acres are in every field, and what an acre is worth annually. Chapter 2.\n\nHow many acres of meadow are in the demesnes, and how much is every acre worth, and to what kind of cattle it is most necessary, and how many beasts it will support, and what the pasture of a beast is worth annually. Chapter 3.\nOf foreign pastures that come, how many and of what kind of cattle the lord may have in the same, and what the pasture of a beast is worth yearly. Chapter 4.\nOf parks and demesne woods, which the lord may enclose and profit from, and how many acres they contain, and what an acre's worth of vesture is, and what the ground is worth when the vesture has fallen. Chapter 5.\nOf foreign woods where others have come, whether the lord may improve himself of the same, and of how many acres, and what an acre's worth of vesture is, and what the ground is worth when the wood has fallen, and how many acres they contain, and what an acre is worth yearly. Chapter 6.\nWhether the lord may give or sell the residue of his foreign woods, and what such gift or sale is worth. [Chapter 7.]\nOf the panage and herbage of the town, and of all other profits of pools, meadows, and running waters: of moors, heaths, and wastes, what they are worth yearly.\nChapter VIII.\nOf various fishings and coming fishings, and their value by the year.\nChapter IX.\nOf free tenants; those who dwell both outside and inside, and so forth.\nChapter X.\nWho are free tenants, what lands and tenements they hold, what fees they pay, whether by socage or knight's service or other manner, and what rent they give by the year, and who holds by charter and who by ancient demesne, and who by new feoffment.\nChapter XI.\nOf surrenders and various ways of making copies.\nChapter XII.\nThe oaths of all manner of officers generally. Chapter XX.\nOf various kinds of rents. Chapter XXI.\nOf those free tenants who serve in the county court and who does not, and how much falls to the lord after the decease of such tenants.\nHow many customaries there are and how much each of them holds, and what works and customs they do, and what the works and customs of every customary are worth annually, and how much rent each of them pays, over and above the customs and works. (Chapter xiii)\n\nOf cotters: What cotages and curtilages they hold and by what service, and how much rent they pay annually. (Chapter xiv)\n\nOf perquisites or profits of counties, courts, and forests: What they are worth. (Chapter xv)\n\nOf churches that belong to the lord's gift: How many there are and where they are, and what the worth of every church is. (Chapter xvi)\n\nWhat the heriottes, fees, excheques, customs, services, and foreign works are worth: The pleas and perquisites of the courts, fines, reliefs, and all other things that may fall to the lord annually. (Chapter xvii)\n\nExplicit chapters of the statutes.\n\nOf diverse manners of taking and doing homage and fealty. (Chapter xviii)\n\nWhat a steward should do. (Chapter xx)\n[1. How a man should view and enclose manors and townships. Cap. XX.\n2. How to buy and enclose fields. Cap. XXI.\n3. How to buy and enclose meadows. Cap. XXII.\n4. How to buy and enclose pastures. Cap. XXIII.\n5. How to amend errable land. Cap. XXIV.\n6. How a man should make his meadows. ca. XXV.\n7. How to amend and make better various kinds of pastures, and first, low ground like meadow ground. Cap. XXVI.\n8. How to amend ley ground that has been errable land of late. Cap. XXVII.\n9. How to amend bushy ground and mossy, that has been errable of old time. Cap. XXVIII.\n10. How to amend bushy ground that was never errable land. Cap. XXIX.\n11. How to amend wooded ground that lies in several pastures. Cap. XXX.\n12. How to amend gorsy ground that has been errable land. Cap. XXXI.\n13. How to amend gorsy ground that was never errable land. Cap. XXXII.\n14. How to amend brome ground. Cap. XXXIII.\n15. How to amend heath ground. Cap. XXXIV.\n16. How to amend marshy ground]\nCap. xxxv. How to amend bromy ground and ferry. (Chapter xxxvi)\nCap. xxxvi. Of chalky ground, flyntie ground, and chalk ground. (Chapter xxxvii)\nCap. xxxvii. Of lime stone ground. (Chapter xxxviii)\nCap. xxxix. What profits may come or grow to the lord by reason of his waters. (Chapter xl)\nCap. xl. Of various manner of mills. (Chapter xli)\nCap. xli. How to make a townshippe worth twenty marks a year, worth twenty pounds. (Chapter xli)\n\nRead this book, with the other of husbandry,\nAnd you shall find them very profitable,\nGood, beneficial, and much necessary.\nIt is not a jest, a tale, nor a fable:\nIt is such matter (you may believe me),\nAs noble clerks wrote in old antiquity.\n\nThe worthy Cato, that excellent Roman,\nColumella, Varro, and Virgil\nOf husbandry to write had in no disdain,\nNor many other, eloquent and famous,\nThought it not a thing inglorious,\nSuch matter to write, whereby they might enrich\nThe common wealth. And their country enhance.\nBut in our days, some are blinded so with folly,\nThat they count husbandry but a thing vile.\nSome had rather write of love. You of bawdry,\nThan to such a noble matter turn their style.\nFond pleasure and pride do them so beguile,\nThat sloth wanders about in every way,\nAnd good busyness is falling in decay.\nYet nevertheless, good labor to call again,\nIn wealthy busyness, men to exercise,\nThis worthy man, nobly hath done his pain,\nI mean him, that these said books did devise.\nHe shows to husbands, in right fruitful wise,\nThe manifold good things, in brief sentence,\nWhich he hath well proved, by long experience.\nAnd this I leave him, in his good will and mind,\nThat he bears, unto the public weal,\nWould God noble men could in their hearts find,\nAfter such form, for the common health to deal.\nIt is a true token, of high love and zeal,\nWhen he so delights, and takes pleasure,\nBy his busy labor, men's wealth to procure.\nFinis.\nSolomon on Wisdom, Book the First.\nAll wisdom, virtue, honor, and knowledge are from our Lord God. That is, all wisdom, virtue, honor, and knowledge are gifts from our Lord God. Almighty God, our redeemer and creator, by His high wisdom, goodness, liberality, and providence, in this transient world and miserable life, has ordained various estates and degrees in His people and creatures. He has endowed some of them with spiritual and heavenly wisdom and distinct graces, as well as great honor, possessions, and riches with great gifts and graces, both spiritual and temporal. His high commandment charges every person who receives these gifts or graces charitably and discreetly to distribute and convey them among his poor creatures. Every poor person who is willing to labor diligently for his living may have help and sustenance thereby.\nAnd inasmuch as the great estates/rulers and governors of this realm, whom our savior has so largely and bountifully rewarded with all such gifts, possessions, and riches, have, according to his pleasure and commandment, devised, distributed, and granted to the creatures of God and their farmers and tenants their several possessions and inheritances, reserving to them for the same certain rents, customs, and services to sustain and uphold their honors and estates, as they appertain, according to their high gifts and graces with which they are so largely endowed. And for the great zeal, love, and comfort that I bear for the said farmers and tenants, and all other God's creatures, that they may more surely, easily, and profitably increase and sustain their poor houses, wives, and children; and also truly pay their rents, customs, and services to their lords and the honors of their farms and tenancies.\nOf late, I have compiled and made a treatise for poor farmers and tenants, which I called the Book of Husbandry. It seemed necessary for husbandmen who use tillage, and for many other degrees and occupations. In the prologue of the said Book, I demanded and asked a question, and this was it:\n\nWhereunto is every man ordained, as plainly it does appear in the prologue of the same?\n\nNow, in like manner in the prologue of this treatise, which I intend, by the suffrance and help of our Lord Jesus, to compile, complete, and make to the profit of all noble men and women, both spiritual and temporal, I demand another question, and that is this:\nIn my opinion, all these great estates and noblemen and women live and maintain their honor and degree through their rents, issues, revenues, and profits that come from their manors, lordships, lands, and tenements. It is necessary to know how all these manors, lordships, lands, and tenements should be extended, surveyed, bounded, and valued in every part: so that the said estates are not deceived, defrauded, nor disherited of their possessions, rents, customs, and services, which they have reserved for the maintenance of their estates and degrees. And so that no part of it is lost or embezzled, and then the lord of the said manors, lordships, lands, and tenements can have perfect knowledge where the land lies.\nWhat every parcel is worth and who is its freeholder, copyholder, customary tenant, or tenant at will. And what rents, customs, and service he ought to have from them, with many more articles as hereafter shall be declared. Therefore, it is necessary that every great estate, both men and women of worship, who have large possessions of lands and tenements, should have a Steward. And thereof to make a book in parchment, bearing a certain date, after the manner and form as I shall make an inscription, and to amend it where he seems fit. Quia facilius est addere quam de novo facere. That is to say, it is easier to add, amend, or correct than to make new and perfect. And the Steward to leave the said book made by him with his lord in the manner of a register, whereto the same Steward or another officer may have resort whenever need requires to look upon it.\nAnd that book truly made may be a register and sure evidence: that the lord, his heirs, copyholders, tenants, nor rents, customs, nor services: but every man that reads the book shall perfectly know where the lands lie, whose it was at the making of the said book, and whose it is. Then, if the owner makes a true peace, deed, or conveyance by descent or purchase unto the said lands or lordships. And especially if the names of the lords and tenants who occupy are renewed ones every forty or sixty years. For then it would be as a perpetual and sure evidence for ever: to put away all strife and variation between lord and lord, lord and tenant, tenant and tenant, in good quietness and peace.\nBut I pronounce and declare, and take God to record, that I make this book only for the intent that lords, freeholders, or their heirs should not be disinherited nor have their lands lost, nor encroached upon by one another, and to no other end. And for this I advise and exhort, on God's behalf, all manner of persons, whether lords or others. That when lords or owners know where their lands lie and what every pasture or percel is worth by the year, they do not increase their rents from their tenants or cause them to pay a greater fine than they have been accustomed to do in times past. For, as it seems to me, a greater charity or act of mercy a man cannot do than upon his own tenants.\nAnd also to the contrary, a greater bribery or extortion a man cannot do than upon his own tenants, for they dare not say no nor yet comply, and therefore it goes on their souls that so do and not on mine. The Lord will say it is not his deed, it was his servants, but that cannot be so, for St. Augustine says, \"He who makes another man do a thing, it appears that he does it himself.\" And there are two principals in one act doing, and also he says, \"The consentors and the doers shall be similarly punished.\" At grammar school I learned a verse, and that is this: \"When you can do what you will, you may know what you are.\" That is to say, \"good or evil.\"\nIt is necessary to consider the book of Surveying and improvements, taking as a primary source an old statute named Extenta manerii, as follows:\n\nInquiries must be made regarding castles and other buildings encircled by ditches, concerning the value of the walls, buildings, timber, stone, lead, and other means of covering. And how they may be appraised, truly determining the value of these walls and buildings. What buildings outside the ditches are appraisable, and the value of one garden, courtyard, dovecote, and all other exits, per annum.\n\nThis is to say in English: It is necessary to inquire about the value of castles and other buildings surrounded by ditches. What is the value of the walls, buildings, timber, stone, lead, and other means of covering? How can they be appraised, determining their true value? What buildings outside the ditches are appraisable, and what is the value of a garden, courtyard, dovecote, and all other exits, per year.\nAnd how much the buildings outside the ditch may sell for, with the gardens, courtyards, dovecotes, and all other issues of the court, annually. To the declaration and construction of this statute, it seems necessary to make a distinction, for the statute:\n\nFor castles and other buildings, fortified and surrounded, and those outside the fortifications.\n\nThese words apply equally to castles and other buildings that are well-maintained and inhabited, as well as to those that have fallen into decay and are not inhabited. It is not necessary to extend or appraise in any part. For let a man build a castle, tower, or any manner of new buildings and finish it neatly, if he should then take it down and sell every thing by itself, he would lose more than half of his money.\nAnd therefore, in my opinion, this statute was made soon after the Barons' War, which ended at the Battle of Euessham or soon after, in the time of King Henry III. Many noble men of blood were slain and many fled that afterwards were attainted for the treason they did to the king. And because of this, their castles and manors were seized into the king's hands. And since there were no repairs, the castles and manors fell into ruin and decay. When the king and his council saw this, they thought it was better to extend them and make the most profit they could from them, rather than let them fall to the ground and bring no man any help or profit. Therefore, King Edward I ordained this statute to be made in the fourth year of his reign, in which are contained many and various chapters and articles. These at that time were but instructions for those who were commissioners or surveyors in the same.\nIt is most necessary and convenient to sell every thing by itself, not in gross to one man or another. What is good for one man is not good for another, and every thing should be praised and sold by itself. For example, the stone wall, the timber, the covering, the tile, slate, or lead of one house by itself, the glass by itself, the iron ware, such as bars, bands, hooks, bolts, staples, or latches, and all such other things by themselves: doors, windows, boards, and all other things by themselves. Go from house to house and sell every thing by itself. Then the true value will be best known. It is convenient that these things are offered for sale to various men and to see who will give the most, especially when men desire to buy.\nTo determine the value of the grass in the gardens, courtyards, and house places within or without the ditch. A courtyard is a small croft or court, or place for keeping cattle for a time, or for laying in wood, coal, or timber, or such other things necessary for the household. Also to determine the profit of the dovecote if any exists there, if it is replenished with doves.\n\nItem to be inquired: how many fields are there in Dn\u0304ico, and how many acres are in each field, and what is the value of each acre by itself per year.\n\nThis is a light letter and requires but little explanation. By these words, \"quot campisunt in dn\u0304ico,\" it must be taken of fields that are in tillage or plowing. It would be understood whether the demesne lands lie in the common fields among other men's lands or in the fields by themselves.\nAnd if they lie in common fields, it is customary that they be plowed and sown, and then an acre is not so valuable as when it is enclosed or in separate pasture. For the field is enclosed around it, and then it is at the lord's pleasure whether they lie for pasture or tillage. And though it lies in tillage, yet the lord has the meadow and the aftermath for himself for his own cattle. Therefore, an acre is more valuable, and if it lies in pasture, the pasture may be such that it is at double or triple the value of arable land. Wherefore the acres are to be priced accordingly, and if they lie in great flat places or furlongs in the common fields, it is at the lord's pleasure to enclose them and keep them in tillage or pasture, so that no other man comes therein.\nIt is to be inquired: how many acres are there in demesnes, and how much is each acre worth to set aside for pasture per year, for what kind of beasts or cattle it is most necessary, and how many and of what kind it will find, and what is the pasture of one beast worth per year. In my opinion, it would be understood: whether the meadows or pastures lie in common meadows or common pasture, at large or in severality. For if it lies at large in common meadows, an acre is no better worth than the grass that is hay is worth, for afterwards, it is common and of little value. And if it lies in severality, it is worth half as much again as the grass was worth.\nAnd that high ground is most convenient for sheep, woodland and bush for beasts, and specifically in winter time. Low grounds, meadowlands, and marshlands are for hay and after for fat cattle, and in winter for horses and mares. Mean grounds that are both hilly and daley as less and low grounds is good for all kinds of cattle if the grass is good and fine, and specifically for fat cattle or fat sheep, horses, mares, and young colts, for that grass which one manner of cattle will not eat another will. Therefore, it is good to have a large close, where the diverse manners of beasts may go together in it, and to know what a beast's grass is worth by the year, that is as the pasture is that he goes in is worth, not overcharged with cattle and the fineness of the grass and the goodness of an acre. For some an acre of ground is not worth a penny by the year, and some an acre is worth 20.\nIt is inquired about communal pastures: how many and what beasts and cattle the lord may have in the same, and what the pasture is worth annually to set. Regarding foreign pastures, this is to be understood without further declaration, as where it says, \"Of communal pastures.\"\nIn many towns, common pastures are taken in different ways. In some, a common close is taken from the common or fields by tenants of the same town for their oxen, cows, or other cattle. In such a common pasture, every man is restricted and assigned a certain number of beasts and their types. If a lord has cattle in the pasture, he too must be assigned a certain number and types. The pasture's value should be determined, as well as the worth of the beasts' grass. However, it's necessary to show the number of acres contained in the pasture and the worth of each acre. Another manner of common pasture is most common in plain countryside areas: where the cattle go daily before the herdsman and lie near their common fields. The pasture may lie in two or three places or more.\nIn these, it is convenient that every man is stopped to a certainty, either by yards, lands, oxgages rents, or such other customs as the tenants use, and the lord in like manner. These common pastures may be extended as many acres there are in every parcel by itself, and what an acre is worth by itself, but it cannot be well known what a beast's grass is worth annually, for they commonly lie with fallow fields, and some fallow fields are better than some, and a beast's grass may be better or worse. The third manner of common pasture is in the lord's outward wastes that come to his tenants, as common moors or heaths, which were never errable lands.\nIn this manner, it seems to me that the lord should not be stopped nor settled at any certainty, but place his cattle on such common pasture at his pleasure, because the whole common is his own, and his tenants have no certain parcel of it laid to their holding, but only by mouth with their cattle. And it seems to me that his tenants and every man's tenants ought to be stopped from going upon all manner of commons, for else the rich men in the beginning of summer pasture and other cattle would eat up the commons and sell them again at winter or put them in their pastures that they have spared all summer, and thus overpress the poor men who have no money to buy nor able to rear.\n\nIt is to be inquired, concerning the parishes and these woods, which are subject to their will, and how much acreage is contained in them.\nEt quantum vestura cuique convenientet acrire apparere, et quantum foodus in se contineat et valeat, quando prostratus fuisset, et quantum valeat quaelibet acra per se per annum. It is to be inquired of parches and demesne wood, which at the lord's will may be asserted and pulled up or fallen down, and how many acres are contained in them, and for how much the vesture of every acre may be sold, and how much the ground in it contains when the wood is fallen, and how much every acre is worth by itself yearly. This is to be understood of parches and demesne wood that is inseverably, whereof\nthe lord, at his pleasure, may assert, store up by the roots or fall by the earth, plow and sow to his most profit as he will, And how many acres of wood are contained in the same.\nFor in a park or wood, there may be two hundred acres or more, and yet not quite past one hundred acres of that are wood, little more or less. And what the value, that is, the wood of every acre, is worth by itself, for one acre may be worth 20s. or 40s., and another acre enough 2sh. 6d. or 10s., and how much the whole ground contains when the wood is felled. This is to be understood, all the ground within pale or hedge, as well the lawned ground as of the wood ground where the wood grew, and what every acre is worth per year, as well of one kind as of the other.\n\nRegarding foreign woods, it is necessary to inquire: what do the people of those woods possess? And regarding how many acres and for how much the wood of each acre can be appreciated in common? And how much the land is worth after the wood has been felled? And how many acres do they contain? And how much is each acre worth per year.\nIt is to be inquired of foreign woods, where they and other men come together, and what of those woods the lord may improve himself, and of how many acres, and for how much the vesture, it is to say, the wood of every acre may be sold, and how much the ground is worth after the wood has fallen down, and how many acres it contains, and what every acre is worth by the year.\n\nThe declaration of this statute is doubtful, because of the uncertainty of its meaning, regarding what is sufficient commoners. For it is clearly ordered by the statute of Morton, and after confirmed by the statute of Westminster second. The lord shall improve himself of their wastes, whereby is understood their common lands, moors, and waste grounds, as well as woods. Though the statute speaks only of woods leaving their tenants sufficient commoners, the which, in my opinion, are those tenants who have common appurtenances and hold their lands of him.\n It is necessarie to be knowen what is sufficient of com\u2223men / and that me semeth by reason shulde be thus. To se howe moche catell the hey and the stray that a husbande getteth vpon his owne tenement / wyll fyn\u00a6de sufficyently in wynter / if they lye in house and be kept therwith all the wynter season / for so moche ca\u2223tell shulde he haue co\u0304men in Somer / and that is suf\u2223fycient. ye shall vnderstande that there be foure ma\u2223ner of commens / that is to wytte: co\u0304men appendant commen appurtenaunt / commen in grose / and com\u2223men per cause vicynage .s. neyghbourshepe. Com\u2223men appendaunt / is where a lorde of olde tyme hath graunted to a man a meseplace / and certayne landes medowes / and pastures with their appurtenaunces to holde of hym. To this meseplace / landes / and me\u00a6dowes belongeth commen / and that is called co\u0304men appendaunt. But and a man graunt to another cer\u2223tayne landes or pastures / the whiche lye in seueraltie enclosed with the appurtenau\u0304ce in fee / to holde of the\nchefe lordes\nTo these lands seems befitting no coming, unless he has such special words in his deed. Coming appendant is where a man has come to a certain number of beasts or none belonging to his mesneplace in the lord's wastes; this is coming appurtenant by prescription, because of the use out of time of mind. Coming in gross is where the lords have granted by their deeds coming of pasture to a stranger who holds no lands from them nor ought to have any coming, but by reason of that grant in deed. Now the lords may not improve themselves of any parcel, for it is contrary to their grant, though there be sufficient commons. And in like case, if the lord grants commons to a man by deed and limits him a certain number of beasts.\nAt that time, if the lord did not improve himself, he would not enhance the goodness coming to a certain number, which would not fare well. Every man's deed would be taken strongest against himself. Likewise, if the lord granted a man to come with his cattle within certain measures, limits, and bounds, the lord would not improve himself within those measures and bounds. Coming, because of vicinity, is where the waste ground of two townships lie together, and neither hedge nor pale between to keep their cattle separate. Therefore, the cattle of one township would go over its measure or boundary into the waste ground of the other township, and likewise the cattle of the other township to them.\nAnd if their common fields lie together unenclosed in open time when harvest is in their cattle's control, will go out of one field into another field, and this is called commuting, because of neighborhood, and is not used nor lawful to pen their cattle so going, but in good manner to drive and chase beside such commuting. And as for that manner of commuting, it seems to me that the lord may improve himself of their waste grounds, leaving their own tenants sufficient commuting, having no regard to the tenants of other townships. But as for all errable lands, meadows, leys, and pastures, the lords may improve themselves by the course of the commuting law, for the statute speaks nothing but of waste grounds.\nAnd you shall understand that although a lord cannot improve himself from his waste lands, he can lawfully fell and sell all the wood, broom, gorse, fires, braken, fern, bushes, thorns, and such other as free stone, lime stone, chalk, turves, clay, sand, lead, ore, or tin, for the tenants have nothing but common, but only bite of mouth with their cattle. And you shall know that swine and geese have no common, but by suffrance, without special words in their charters. Also, the lord shall have his free warren for all manner beasts and birds of warren in his waste lands, as well as in his several lands. And as long as the beasts or birds of warren are upon the lord's ground, they are his, if he has warren, and the lord may have an action of trespass against any man who chases or kills any of them in his common, as well as in his several.\nAnd if they go or fly out of the lord's warren, the property is charged, and the lord has lost his action for taking them when they are out of his warren, without they come in to his warren again. There is no man has a warren but by special grant of the king by charter, except it have been used in time out of mind and allowed before justice in their heir. And as for the articles contained in this present chapter, the letter thereof is plain enough, and also touched before.\n\nIt is to be enquired, whether the lord of the remaining woods mentioned above can give or sell, and what such gift or sale is worth by the year.\nThis letter is plain enough, and as it seems to me there is no doubt that the Lord may give or sell the remainder of the said woods or wastes, except that a man has come from Estouers. But what the gift or sale is worth. It is to be understood and known, and as it seems to me, the donee or buyer shall be in like case as the Lord would have been if He had not given it nor sold it. Then the Lord has proved himself of as much wood and wastes as he can lawfully and when he has given or sold the remainder of that which he cannot improve himself. In like manner, the donee or buyer cannot improve themselves of any part thereof. For they cannot be in a better case than he from whom they had it. However, those who by right ought to have their commons are not their tenants, but their title and interest grew by inheritance, long time before the gift or sale made by the Lord.\nAnd it follows by reason that the gift or sale of a stranger shall not harm another man's inheritance. But this deed or this purchase shall take to their profit all the vesture standing upon or being within the said ground, as woods and such other: as is said before in the next chapter.\nIt is to be inquired into, in the town of Panagio Herbagio and all other exits of viadors, brethren and vassals, how much they are worth annually. Also, it is to be inquired into, of the panage, herbage of the same town, and of all other profits of polls, meadows, and running waters, of mores, heath and wastes, what they are worth by the year. And where this Statute speaks of \"panagio,\" that is to be understood. Whenever there is any mast growing in the lord's woods whereby pigs may be fed and relieved, what profit that may be to the lord.\nFor there is no man who can claim by right to have the mast which is a fruit, but the lord: except his free tenant has it by special words in his deed. Quod sit quietus de panagio. And the lord shall have it in his forest out woods, as well as in his parks or secluded woods, & as the quantity of the mast is, so the lord's bailiff of right ought to levy pigs thereon from Michaelmas to Martinmas, and to make a true account thereof at the lord's audit, what he takes for every pig. And in many places, tenants go from panage in the forest woods by custom, & this is most commonly where tenants pay pigs by custom, if he has to a certain number, or else to pay yearly at Michaelmas 1d or halfpenny for every pig, as the custom is used. The statute speaks of, De herbagio villi.\nThat is to be understood of the common pasture that belongs to the town, where the herdman keeps the tenants' cattle:\n\nIt may be so good that the tenants need not have any separate pasture, but that their common pasture should be able to find all their cattle, both horses, mares, beasts, and sheep. And it was of old time that all the lands, meadows, and pastures, lay open and uncultivated. And then were their tenements much cheaper than they are now, for the most lords have enclosed their demesne lands and meadows, and keep them in separation. Therefore, their tenants have no common access to them therein. And also, the lords have enclosed a great part of their waste grounds and restricted their tenants' common rights therein.\nand also have given license to various of their tenants to enclose part of their arable lands / and to take in new intakes or closes out of the common pastures, paying more rent to their lords therefore. And that is because the tenants have become more politic in wisdom to improve their tenements, holdings, and farms: and at the end of the farm, another man who made no cost of the said improvement offers the lord certain money for a fine to have it or to heighten the rent of the same. So, he who made the cost or his children shall not have the said farm without he will give as much or more than is offered to the lord. And thus through the envy of his neighbor and the cunningness of the lord and his officers, the poor tenant has a great loss or is utterly undone.\nAnd lords have greater loss than they think, as they see their neighbors improve their houses and lands, and are put out, unless they impose a fine or pay more rent. This causes the neighbors not to build or otherwise improve their holdings, to the lords' great loss in the long run. Where the statute says, \"of all profits that shall come of the lord's standing waters, moors, heath, and wastes,\" viuariu is a pole or a meadow that increases and lives in water. Some running waters belong to the lords as freely and separately as their pools, meadows, or standing waters. And as they are stocked with fish, so does the profit rise to the lords, whether they go by way of improvement or let to farm: from which the bailiff shall make account.\nMores/heaths and wastes go in like manner as the herbage of the towns, for the lord's tenants have come in all such out grounds with their cattle. But they shall have no wood, thorns, turves, gorse, fern, and such other, except by custom or special words in his charter.\n\nItem de molendinis, piscariis separabilibus, et cobbus quantum valent. Also of mylnes, separable fisheries, and coming fisheries, what they are worth. In this short article, many things are to be remembered. For where he says de molendinis, which is in the plural number, it is to be understood that there are many kinds of mylnes, such as corn mills, wind mills, horse mills, and querns that go with the hand. Fulling mills, sythe mills, cutlers mills, smith mills, and all such other as the wheel goes by the drift of water to blow the balls or to draw any water like a pump, as there are in Cornwall and diverse other places.\nThough they be no mills properly to grind corn / yet it is profitable for a lord / the which a steward may not forget to put in his book and to buy and bind them as they lie / and who are the farmers and what rents they pay. And to the corn mills, to the most part, belongs the custom of the tenants / that is to say / custom of the tenants to grind their corn at the lord's mill / and that, as it seems to me, is all such corn as grows upon the lord's land that he spends in his house. But if he buys his corn in the market or other places / he is then at liberty to grind where he may be best served / that manner of grinding is called love custom / and the lord's tenants are called bond tenants. And if they grind not their corn at the lord's mill / you, lord, may have mercy on them in your court / or else you may sue them at common law. Of the making of mills. But when he shall make his declaration in the debt and in the roll / I remit that to men of law who have experience thereof.\nIt is important to know how the toll should be taken, but there are many varying rates set by the lord. Some men are to pay one-fifth, some one-quarter, some tenants one-sixteenth, and bondmen one-twelfth. Some men are to have the toll waived, and some are to be hopper free, meaning their corn will be put into the hopper and ground next to the corn already in it when they arrive. In some places, the toll is taken according to the strength of the water that follows. Mills with large water supplies and the ability to drive a large stone make more meal, and the miller is more worthy of having more toll. However, the corn holder still profits more. There are so many variations in the taking of toll that I will not attempt to explain them all, but I will also leave it to men of law to demonstrate the variations.\nBut do not doubt the millers will not be losers, and of mills there will be more spoken of in the chapter of waters, among the separate piscaries that is to be understood in the lords standing waters, such as pools and meadows: and also running waters that are separate, as there are very many in various countries, set to lease from one place of the river to another for certain rent. And if any man fishes in the lords pools or meadows, the lord may have his action upon the statute of Westminster prime. And if he fishes in the running and separate waters, the lord may have his action at common law, and in like manner the lord's tenant, if any man fishes in his farm, be it standing waters and running waters: And where he says, \"de omnibus,\" that is, of common fishing, it is little profit to the lord but to his tenants, except he dwells near the sea and will cause his servant to fish there for him, for it is the best common water that any man can fish in.\nAnd some coming waters be come as little brooks and ditches, and in some running waters, the lords tenants have liberty by custom to fish with nets, shoes, trods, small pitches, and such other. It is to be inquired of free holders, both those who dwell outside as well as inside. By this letter it is to be understood where the cattle is to make and serve the replevy, and not the sheriff where the goods or the cattle were taken, nor return upon his replevy, if the plaintiff delays prolonging the suit. And the lord may have a free holder who holds his land from him and pays him chief rents and other services, and not by any means. As thus, a man purchases a parcel of land before the making of the statute, because he is a purchaser of lands. And gives the same lands again to a stranger before the making of the said statute, to hold of him by certain rent and service.\nThis may be called a foreign freeholder, for it is no part of any manner, and it is not a manner itself. For to every manner belong two things: that is, service and custom or rents. This freeholder, whom I spoke of before, has demesne, but he has no service. A man may have both rent and service from a freeholder, and yet he does not hold his lands from him whom he pays chief rent to. As when a man purchases lands and gives it to a stranger, retaining fealty and certain rent: this freeholder holds his lands from the chief lord above. And yet he pays rents and services reserved to him who gave it to him. If the gift were in the tail and no remainder in fee ever, now the reversion remains still in the donor. I could speak more of gifts and remainders, but I remit them to men of law who are learned, for it is not the matter that I intend to speak of.\nIt is very necessary for every servant to have insight and experience of the common law, or else he will deceive his lord or tenant, and especially his own soul, according to St. Isidore. Ignorance of the knowledge or faculty that takes hold of him as a master or teacher of the craft does not excuse a man's offense. Every man that God has given wit and reason unto is bound to know whether he does well or evil. Therefore, it is necessary that every man learn and do his diligence to know what he ought to do, or he takes upon himself any such office or role.\nIt is necessary to inquire who are the free tenants and what lands and tenements they hold, and what fees they hold in return, and whether it is by socage or military service or some other manner, and what they yield annually in rent according to Assize, and who hold by charter and who do not, and who hold by ancient tenure and who by new feoffment.\nIt appears by this article that there are many kinds of freeholders, holding their lands and tenements in various ways, and by many kinds of rents, customs, and services: tenants in fee simple, tenants at will, copyhold tenants by the court roll, tenants by courtesy, tenants for life by special grant, and many others. And all these tenants may hold their lands by various tenures, customs, and services: as by homage, fealty, escuage, socage, knight's service, grant serjeanty, petty serjeanty, frankalmoign, homage, ancaster, burgage, tenures, and tenure in villenage. But to declare the diversities of all the tenures, it would be too long a process, and therefore I remit it to the first book of the common law, called the Tenures.\nBut the diversity of these tenures, what rents, fees, customs, and services the lord ought to have from his tenants, cannot be known except by the lord's evidence, court rolls, rentals, and such other preserves, and especially by the original deeds of their tenants. And you shall know that the lord may not distress his tenants nor seize their lands into his hands to cause his tenants to produce their evidence, whereby they hold their lands. But if the lord has any evidence, rentals, or court rolls, or any manner of rents, customs, and services that he has not and cannot prove a possession of in his ancestors, then he may lawfully distrain for the same. And then the tenant must show a discharge by sufficient writing, and not by words, or else to pay the same: for matter in writing may not be discharged by a new deed or bare words.\nThe statute speaks of those who hold by deed and those who do not. Tenants in fee simple and tenants in tail, who have evidence and deeds made and sealed, and possession delivered from one to another, hold their lands by charter, whether new or old. And there are tenants in fee simple and tenants in tail who hold without charter, and these are tenants by copy of court roll. A lord may have a manor, and within the said manor there is a custom that has been used for a long time, that certain tenants within the said manor have held their lands and tenements to them and their heirs in fee simple, fee tail, or for life at the will of the lord. Such a tenant may not give nor sell his land by deed, for if he does, the lord may enter as of forfeited lands to himself.\nFor if a tenant grants or sells such lands to another, he must surrender the same lands in the lord's court into the lord's hands, either in fee simple, fee tail, or for life. And he who shall have the land must come into the court and take it from the lord, as follows:\n\nI.B. comes before this court and renders up / one messuage. &c. into the lord's hands for the use of A.D. and his heir, whether living or dead, or his heir in his body present, or for his life. And A.D. comes before the lord in the same court and takes the aforesaid messuage from the lord. He holds and possesses it, and his heirs, or he and his heir in his body present, or he for his life at the lord's will, according to the custom of the manor. He pays and renders the services and customs due and accustomed, and gives the lord a fine. &c. He makes the fine to the lord, and the tenant is discharged.\nAnd these tenants shall not plead nor be imposed upon their tenements by the king's writ, but they shall implore each other for their tenements, and they shall have their plea made in the lord's court, in this form or with this effect: A de B. sues C de D. regarding the land VC\u017d, a messuage, three acres of arable land, and pertinents, &c., in the court of the steward. De B. shall make a testimony to sue his plea through GF and GH. But how the declaration, answer, replication, and rejoinder shall be made, and also in actions of debt, detinue, and against men of law, it is necessary to have experience of it. However, I well know that many erroneous processes the stewards make in their court rolls.\nMen of honor and abbots, priors, and others should make lawyers their stewards and have them exercise the office themselves with their clerk, sufficiently instructed by their master, to ensure due proofs are made without favor, bribery, or extortion, on pain of forfeiture of their office. However, it is a common practice in some countries that lords, knights, esquires, and gentlemen, who know little of the law, are made stewards, and they come to court or send their clerks, who understand little or less law than their master. If there is a fine to be made for a tenantment, house, or close that is to be set, the steward should have a reward for his goodwill, so that he may have it before another man, and the clerk must have another reward to entreat his master to the same. Therefore, the lord's fine must necessarily be less, or else the poor man will be at great charge.\nWheres Speketh Solomon in Proverbs XVII: It is better to have a little rightfully than to have much profit wickedly. But now to my matter that I spoke of before, there may be in one manor or lordship both charter land and copyhold land, and each of them well known from other. And one man may have and hold them both. Also, there are other tenants by copy of court roll, and they are called tenants per verge .ss. by the yard. And they are called so because when they would surrender their tenements into the lords hands to the use of another, they shall have a little yard in his hand by the custom of the court, and he shall deliver unto the steward if he be present, or to the bailiff or reeve, or to other two honest men of the lordship.\n And at the next court he yt shall haue the said landes shall take it in the court / and his takyng shalbe entred in the role / and the stewarde or bayly as the customes is vsed / shall delyuer to hym yt shall haue the lande the same yerde / or another in the name of season / & hath non other euyde\u0304ce but ye copy of ye court role & it maye be made in fee symple for fee tayle or for terme of lyfe / And all maner of customes that be nat agayne reason may be admytted and a lo\u00a6wed for a custome. And how be it that these maner of copye holders haue an estate of enherytaunce / after the custome of the maner / yet haue they no franke te\u2223nement bycause of the co\u0304men lawe / and therfore they be called tenantes of base tenur. Mesemeth it were necessary and co\u0304uenyent / to shewe dyuers dyuersites howe copyes shulde be made / for fere lest euery man that taketh vpon hym to kepe a court / hath nat {per}fite\u2223lye thexperyence therof / as herafter enseweth\nHe shall take a yard in his hand and deliver the steward the other end in his hand, and say to the steward: \"Here I, A.B., do yield up or surrender my lands called D, which I hold of this lordship, at the lord's will. After the custom of this manner, I deliver it to John Brown and his heirs.\"\n\nThe steward shall deliver him an end of the yard for this land, and he shall say to him: \"My lord grants you, son of this land that was A.B., which you have taken here in court to you and to your heirs, to hold at my lord's will, after the custom of this manner. Then he shall be sworn. &c.\n\nI shall bear faith and truth to my lord concerning this manner, as for the lands and tenements that I have taken of him, and truly do and pay the suits, customs, rents, and services that pertain to it, for the term that I shall occupy it, so help me God. &c. and kiss the book & lay down 1d as the custom is.\nThe lord granted this to the man, through I.F., his seneschal, TD and M, his wife, one mess and six acres of land that lie at B, which the lord granted seisin to him and his heirs by the rod of the lord, according to the custom of the manor, and they give in fine for entry as it appears in the head and made faith to the lord. And he was admitted holding it.\n\nThe lord granted this to the man, through I.F., his seneschal, TB and M, his wife, one mess, six acres of land, two acres of meadow, and one acre of woodland, which T and M, their heirs, were assigned to hold according to the custom of the manor, and they render annually to the lord and his heirs or successors, if the lord is obedient, five shillings and sixpence for all and singular services for the term of two annals, and for the services of horses, and they define it and made faith to the lord. The custom is not meant to put in certainty all their rents, customs, and services in their copies.\nAnd that is in ancient demesnes and in all places where their tenants have lands by copy to them and their heirs, according to the custom of the manor. For there they have or ought to have a customary roll, in which is contained every man's land and what rent, customs, and services every man ought to pay and do. And in many places, their laws and their customs are put in writing and remain in their own keeping to put them into readiness, who need shall require. But there shall be made any new encroachments or intrusions included or taken in, out of the commons or any mine new found, as lead, ore, tin, coal, iron, or such other, if a copy shall be made thereof, it is then necessary and convenient the rent thereof to be put in the copy, for it is a new thing that has not gone by custom, and also it would be put in the customary roll, for this new approval may fortunately increase or decrease in rent, and therefore rents must always be expressed.\nIn a man's lordship where many tenants hold their lands from their lord by copy of court roll for terms of years or for life, and where they have no inheritance, it is convenient that the rents be expressed in the same copies.\n\nIn such copies, R.T. came before the senescent of this manor and acknowledged that he held from the lord one messuage, ten acres of land, three acres of meadow with appurtenances, in the vill of C, by charter in socage, by the rendering of 12d. or one pound of pepper and a customary rent, and also acknowledged that he held from the lord another messuage with a croft adjoining, six acres of land and two acres of meadow with appurtenances, at the lord's will, according to the manor's custom, and by the payment of two shillings, and made fealty and was admitted as tenant.\n\nAt this court, on the same day and year, A.B., son and heir of I.B., came up and rendered to the lord one messuage worth 10.\nacr terres/three acres of land in D., which are under the jurisdiction of this court, were granted to EF hered and his heirs permanently by bargain, and a public proclamation was made in the same court concerning the same meadow, land, and croft, that if any one had a claim or right to the same meadow, land, or croft, or any part thereof, and came or would come and heard, and no one came to this court for that reason, according to the custom of the manor, the said meadow, land, and croft remained in the hands of the lord, and to the third proclamation made super eo, and a day was given to the aforesaid tenants to be at the court of the manor to hear and answer, and to come and be judged thereon. And they came not. Therefore the said meadow, land, and croft, as well as the aforesaid EF, remained in the hands of the lord, and to the third proclamation made super eis, and a day was given to the aforesaid tenants to be at the court of the manor to hear and answer, and to come and be judged thereon. And they came not. In like manner, as well the aforesaid EF as the said meadow, land, and croft, were under this proclamation, that if any one had any claim or right to the aforesaid meadow, land, and croft, he should come and hear and answer, and no one came to this court. Therefore the said meadow, land, and croft, as well as the aforesaid EF, remained in the hands of the lord.\nEt nullus venit et supra questo giorno questi predetti vennero a prendere possesso della tenuta presso la prossima curia e a far sentenza loro. E quello stesso giorno anche AB come predetto eEF vennero. E fu fatto una terza proclamazione sui precedenti, che se qualcuno avesse qualche diritto o titolo al predetto messuaggio terre, prati e corti, o avesse preteso, venisse a dire: e ancora nessuno \u00e8 venuto. E sopra questo il signore per IG, il suo senesca, concesse la seisina della tenuta al predetto EF insieme alle terre, prati e corti con la loro pertinenza. E ammesso quindi e fece fedelt\u00e0.\n\nDale. \u00b6A quello stesso giorno in curia, anno &c. TB, figlio e moglie sua N e M, qui esaminate e confessate da sole.\nsursum reddiderunt in manus Domini unum messuagium et diam bonam terram, et una quarta nam terra cum suis pertinents in N. predicta, vocata D. ad opus WC de O. unde accidit Domino unum equum de hereditaro. Et super hoc venit dictus WC et cum eo de Domino dicti messis et ceteris suis, habendi et tenendi sibi, et ancillae sue et hereditas, assignavit ipsi W. in perpetuum secundum consuetudinem manerii, per redditionem consuetudinem et servicium inde prius debetus et consuetum, et dant Domino de fine pro ingressu habendi dicti messis et ceteris premissis.\n\nEt ad hanc curiam venit ID et I. uxor eius ipsa, examinata coram senescallo, et sursum reddiderunt in manus Domini unum tenementum cum pertinenti in A. iac inter tenementa IB. a parte orientali et tenementum CD. a parte occidentali et abuttat super altam viam a parte australi et super hortum EF. a parte boreali ad opus GH et I.\nvxoris eius ad terminum vitae eorum et alterius eorum diutius viventis secundum consuetudinem manerii, et dant dominon de fine. et fecerunt fidelitatem.\n\nAd hanc curia venit IC et sursum reddidit in manibus dominii unum cotagium iacent. ad opus ID tenendi sibi et heredibus suis de dominio ad voluntatem dominii secundum, sub conditionibus subsequentes: vicus si predictus ID solvet aut solverit prefatum IC xls. ad festum vicus proximo futuro post data huius curie, quod tunc presens sursum reddatur in suo robore et effectu, et si ipse deficerit in solvendo, solvitio nova prafatum IC in te vel in to, quod ex tunc bene licet prefatum IC et assignet suis reintrare et rehabere predictum cotagium, ista sursum reddic non obstante in aliquo et dat dominoni de fine, et cetera. et fecit fidelitatem. et cetera. et admissus est et cetera.\n\nAd hoc curiae compertum est quod TC extra curiam sursum reddidit in manibus I. D. balliui in praesentia DR.\net aliorum tenentium domini huius manerii / this manor's lord, with this witness, grants one acre of land in G. (formerly WB.), and work X.z, of which the lord took seisin; for service and the like / and gave and the like.\n\n\u00b6At the court before D., on that same day and year, by the command of the lord, the bailiff seized one tenement or messuage with the appurtenances IB. named E, because he had alienated it; and the lord, out of his special grace, granted the tenement with the aforementioned IB, to whom the lord granted seisin to hold for himself and his heir and the like. / concerning the lord's will. / and gave and the like. / and did and the like.\n\n\u00b6To this tenement, the lord granted, through his senescent IF, one messuage with the supervising houses and adverse lands, meadows, pastures, and pastures with ponds and ditches / and all other things belonging to A.\nThe text reads: \"they were to have and hold for themselves, and assign to their heirs, a plot of land containing three or more acres, lying in A, between the lands PQ to the north and RS to the south, during the term of forty years, starting from the next following, and fully pay twenty shillings annually for two terms, equal portions. It was provided that the said lord should find merit as often as necessary to repair, find, and maintain the said tenement. And he gave his faith. And he made a feoffment.\n\nRegarding this tenement, it was found that the lord, through his seneschal, granted it to C at such a day and year, outside the hand of the lord. AB and his heirs were to have one piece of land, containing three acres or more, lying in A, between the lands TC in A and PQ to the south. They were to hold it according to the lord's will.\"\net postea venit quidam Alicia Bate coram prefato IF senescallo dominii et pretendit habere titulum in predicta pecia terre. Hic presentis in cur remisit, relaxavit et impetravit quietum clamauit prefato AB, et heredibus suis per licentiam dominii, totum ius suum et clamium que habet vel habuit vel in futurum poterat habere in predicta pecia terra et in qualibet inde percella. Ita vicissim, ipsa Alicia nec heredes sui nec alius nomine eorum aliqoud ius vel clamem in predicta pecia terra de cetero exigere vel vendicare poterit, sed ab omni actione iuris vel clami sint exclusi presents et dat dominio. &c. et fecit.\n\nAd hanc cur tentatur, compertum est quod IB obiit seisitus post ultimam curiam, qui de dominio tenuit sibi et heredibus fuere una placita terra vocata C. Inde obiit seisitus et dixit quod RB filius eius est proximus heres et plene etatis vel infra etatem vicissim xii annorum et in custodia. TW vel SB.\nThe text reads: \"frater eius/ or Cosanguineus, the closest heir of IB and full of age and present here in court seeking admission and admitted accordingly, holding for himself and his heirs from the lord as he consented. &c. and gave. &c. & made. &c.\n\nRegarding this court, it was discovered that RB, of A, was present to plead on such a day and year. &c. Surrender in the manor of the lord one tenement and three acres of land called C for the use of RC, son and A, his wife, whom the lords granted seisin. Tenure for himself and his heirs of their bodies lawfully created. And if the said RB and A, his wife, without heir from their bodies, lawfully created, had died, then these lands and the appurtenances would remain to the right of the said RB. And the court was to be informed of this through the entire homage, that the said RB and A had died without an heir between them, and the said IB, brother and heir of RB, sought and was admitted and holding. &c. and by the lord's permission, the said IB\"\nThe text reads: \"concessit predictum tenementum et terras que ei remanebant post mortem predictorum RB. et RC et A. uxor eius Remaneret WC et heredis cui dominus inde concessit seisinam tenendi secundum. et cetera / et dat. &c. et fecit. &c.\n\n\u00b6Ad hanc cur venit RB et sursum reddidit in manibus domini unum messuagium et octo acras terram, vocatum A, ut dominus faciat inde voluntatem suam. Et dominus inde habetur seisinam. Et ex gratia sua speciali reconcessit predictum messuagium et terram prefato RB et I uxori eius durante vita reorum ita qd post eorum deceessu B vxor A durante vita sua et post deceessum eius B. predictas terras & tenementa remaneant rectis heredibus R.B imperpetuum tenendas eisdem RB et I uxori eius durante tota vita corum per virgam ad voluntatem domini secundum. et cetera / in forma predicta saluo iure cuiuslibet / et cetera / et predictus R. et I. dant domino de fine / et cetera / et fecerunt fidelitatem / et cetera\"\n\nCleaned text: \"The granted tenement and lands that remained to RB, RC, and A's wife after their deaths, WC and their heirs, to whom the lord granted seisin. And the rest / and gave and made. And RB came to this matter and surrendered to the lord one messuage and eight acres of land called A, so that the lord might do as he pleased with it. And the lord held seisin. And by special grace, the lord regranted the aforementioned messuage and land to RB and I, his wife, during their lives, so that after their deaths, the aforementioned lands and tenements would remain for RB and I, during our entire lives, to hold in fee simple, according to the lord's will. And the rest / in the aforementioned form, saving the right of any party / and the aforementioned RB and I gave the lord fine / and the rest / and they made faith.\"\nThis relates to the fact that RF, who was dying and lying in the hands of B. R., was raised up again, in the presence of A. C. and B. D., holding this manor's deed, along with other pertinents, for the use of RF's wife A. RF, by this testimony, was to hold one messuage and its appurtenances for herself, to serve the debt owed according to the custom of the manor. For the term of her life, the messuage was to remain with RF's son and A., and with RF's heirs created in her body. If RF's son or heir died before her, or was created illegitimately, then the messuage was to remain with RF's son and A., and with RF's heirs created legitimately. If RF died, then the messuage was to remain with her son and A., and with her heirs created legitimately. If the executors of this messuage lived longer than expected, then the messuage was to remain with RF's son and A.\net recepient denerios inde et provenenient for their parents and own children in pious visits and charitable works in celebrations and alms distributing, for the betterment of those before them and their predecessors, to whom the Lord granted seisin, to be held in the form predicted, according to the Lord's will, secondly, and they give the Lord his due. &c. and he made a vow. And note that if one of them died and his heir was under age, the vow of fealty was to be observed until he came of age.\n\n\u00b6This came about RC. urgently asking, supplicating that he himself had supplicated for many passing times.\nEt profert domino finem annualem nomine exceptionis, except during his own special grace and favor, for the reason of old age, infirmity, and debilitation, from all and singular inquisitions, investigations, and their officers, in this villa as well as elsewhere under the lord's dominion, and assigned accordingly. Therefore, in view of his true age, one infirmity, and debilitation, he has requested and obtained, with the consent of the aforementioned IF senescal, the favor and exemption until the end of his life. Moreover, the aforementioned IF grants the lord a fine of 4d annually, to be paid at the usual terms. Therefore, IS came to this court and granted the lord a respite for one year regarding the aforementioned fine.\nThis court came to IS, a native of this manor, and asked for permission to marry his daughter within or outside of this domain, and the lord, through W.C. his senescent, granted the permission and gave his consent.\n\nNote: There is no manner of estate made from free land by poll tax or indenture, but similar estates can be made by copy of copy lands, if they are properly made and entered in the court rolls.\nThe steward is bound by law and conscience to be an impartial judge between the lord and his tenants, and to enter their copies truly in the lord's court rolls. These rolls are a register for the lord to know his precedents, customs, and services, and also a great security for the tenants, as if their copies were lost, they may vouch and resort to the lord's court rolls, and the steward may make them new copies according to the old precedent in the lord's court rolls. Likewise, if a deed or patent is inrolled, it remains of record in the same manner.\nIf anyone desires a copy of the record, they may apply to the judges and officers of the place where the record is kept, and have it certified under the seal of the same place. Such record may be pleaded in every court where the king has jurisdiction, and the steward may act in a similar manner.\n\nTo whom the steward shall speak: Lay your hand upon the book and say after me: I shall be a true constable, true third-keeper, true receiver, true frankpledge, true tithingman, true ale-taster, true woodward, and true pinder, and such other officers as are accustomed to be sworn in the lord's court. Make true presentation, and truly and duly perform and keep all things that belong to my office to do. So help me God and my holy church. And kiss the book.\nI shall be a true liege man to King Henry who is now and to his heirs, and do no traitason to him or consent to it, nor commit theft nor be a thief's fellow, nor let any of them know, except those who have the law to govern. I shall be obedient and submissive to justices, commissioners, sheriffs, exchequers, bailiffs, and constables, and to all other officers of the king in all things they command me to do lawfully, so help me God and my holy faith.\n\nI shall truly bring this court to order and favor no man for hate nor love, but set every man truly according to his rank to my knowledge, saving to a gentleman his courtesy and his household, a merchant his merchandise, a husbandman his tenure and his working beasts for his plow, so help me God and my holy faith.\n\nThis article goes further. According to the amount they pay annually from the assize revenue.\nAnd you should know that there are three kinds of rents: rent service, rent charge, and rent seek. Rent service is when a man holds his lands from his lord through fealty and certain rent or homage and fealty and certain rent, or by any other service and certain rent. This is rent service. If the rent is not paid on the day it is due, the lord may distrain for that rent of common right, and if the lord purchases a part of the said land that the rent comes from, the rent shall be apportioned: except it is an entailed rent, such as a sparrowhawk or a horse or such other that cannot be severed, for then the rent is extinct and gone for ever.\nRent charge is where a man is seized of lands in fee and granted by pool deed or by indeented deed, annual rent going out of the same lands in fee or in fee tail or for term of life, with a clause of distress that is a rent charge. The grantee may distress for the same rent because of the clause of distress. But if the grantee purchases a parcel of the said lands, from which the said rent goes out, the entire rent charge is extinct and gone forever. For such a rent charge may not be apportioned, because the lands come to his own possession by his own act or deed. Rent seek is where a man is seized of lands in fee, granted a rent going out of the same without a clause of distress, that is a rent seek, and it is called a rent seek because there is no distress inherent or belonging to the same.\nA man who makes a feoffment in fee or in fee tail, with the remainder over in fee or for life remaining, reserving to him certain rent without any clause of distress in the same, is engaging in a rent seek. If the grant of the rent was never seized, he has no remainder by the course of common law. There is another kind of rent: it is not rent service, rent charge, nor rent seek, and is called rent annuel. This is where a man grants, by his deed, an annuity of 20s., it being more or less, and acquires no land with the payment of the same. This is rent annuel, and it charges the person granting the rent by a writ of annuity. In some cases, a rent charge may become an annuel rent. For instance, if a man grants a rent charge out of his land without a clause of distress, the grantor is at liberty, whether to distress for the rent or to sue a writ of the nuisance against the grantee.\nAnd if he presents his writ of annulment, the land is discharged from any distress. Therefore, the grantee may make a provision in his grant, \"provided that\" this writ, and nothing specifically mentioned in it, does not extend beyond honoring my person through the writ or action of annulment. Instead, it only honors the lands and tenements mentioned in the aforementioned annual rent. And this provision was made: the lands were charged, and the person was discharged.\n\nIt is necessary to inquire of the aforementioned free tenants and those following them: which of them shall appear in court in the county, and which not, and what shall fall to the lord after the death of such free tenants.\nAll men who hold their land through service and have charter lands should follow the county court if summoned, except with a special grant by charter from the king to the contrary. They must be sworn in inquiries before the justice of the peace, justice of assize, exchequer, coroners, and all other commissioners of the king's, and between party and party as the law ordains. However, in some cases, they may hold more lands than others. That is, if the damage in pleas, such as debt, trespass, detainment, and similar, is declared under the value of 40 marks. A freholder who has any charter land, whether more or less, may pass between party and party. He is also sufficient to inquire for the king in every bill of indictment of felony, and so is every constable and freeman, even if they have no land.\nBut there shall be no constable nor freeholder enquire of ryot nor forcefully enter, except he may dispend 20s. clearly. And therefore see the statute of King Richard II and King Henry VII, and where damages in plea personal were declared to be 40 marks or above, the freeholder must have lands to the clear value of 20s. And every man that shall pass through life and death and for title of land, be it never so little, he must have lands to the value of 20s. clearly above all charges. And in attainder, if the thing in demand and verified upon that given extends to the value of 40li. or above, then every man of the grand jury must have lands to the value of 20li.\n\nOf freehold, out of ancient demesne. And of lands in Gauelkynde, 20li. And if it be under the value of 40li., then 20s. of freehold is sufficient. The statute further refers to: Quid et quantum accidit dono post mortem liberis tenentibus.\nWhat much falls to the lord, after the death of such free tenants, is varied in rents, customs, and services. If a tenant holds land of the lord by knight's service, and his heir is of full age, the lord shall have for every knight's fee that the tenant holds of him, the relief. For which the lord may distress in every percell of that land that is so held from him for the same, of common right. And if it be under a whole knight's fee, as half a knight's fee, the third part, the fourth part, or the twentieth part more or less, the relief shall be apportioned accordingly, and shall pay his chief rents if any be nevertheless due. And if the tenant dies, his heir being within the age of twenty-one.\nThe lord shall have ward and keeping of the body during his nonage. If unmarried, he may give or sell marriage to whom he will without dispargement. Upon reaching full age, he shall pay no relief. If married and under the age of 14, he may refuse and disagree, but the ward's garden or his commitment or grant shall offer marriage to the ward. If the ward refuses the offer or if the ward is roused and becomes a ward due to disputes over wardships and dispargements, and disagreements after marriage, and wast caused by the ward or his grant, with more articles pertaining to the same - I remit all these points to men of law who have knowledge and experience thereof, for it does not concern the matter I treat of. If the tenant has female issue above the age of 14.\nIf the woman is married or not married, the lord shall not have wardship or the marriage, because the law considers that she has a husband or may have one at that age, capable of performing such service. But if the heir is a female under the age of 14 years unmarried, the lord shall have both the lands held of him and the marriage until she reaches the age of 14 years; and for two years more to arrange her marriage if she remains unmarried. And at the end of two years, she may enter into her lands and cultivate her garden, and marry herself at her pleasure. But if she is married before the age of 14 years in the life of her ancestor, and then her ancestor dies, the lord shall have wardship of the land until she reaches the age of 14.\nIf the tenant holds land from two lords, by knight's service of one and by posterity of another, and they both die, the lord whom the tenant holds land from by priority shall have wardship of the body, whether the heir is male or female, even if there are three or four daughters, for they are but one heir to the lands that hold of him. And the other lord, from whom the lands are held by posterity, shall have those lands held of him alone.\nAnd if a tenant holds lands of one lord by knight service and also holds lands of another lord by socage and fee, his heirs being within age, the lord of whom the lands are held by knight service shall have the ward and marriage of the heir and the lands held of him, but he shall not have the lands held in socage or the lord of whom they are held, neither. For lands held in socage during the minority shall go to the next of the blood to whom the inheritance may not descend, and he shall make an account to the heir when he comes of full age. And if the heir is of full age at the decease of his ancestor, he shall pay relief to every lord that he holds any land of, if relief is due to be paid by reason of his tenure.\nBut if a tenant holds divers manors of divers lords by knight's service and has but one parcel of land held directly from the king, the king shall have all the lands held of every lord during the tenant's nonage and the heir's minority, if unmarried. And if the heir is under the age of 14 and refuses marriage, then the king shall have the marriage or its value. The king shall pay no chief rent during the nonage, except what is found due in the office of the escheator. And many other things may fall to the lords as heriot service and heriot customs, according to their original charters and the use of the manor. Understand that there are two kinds of heriots: heriot service and heriot customs.\nA man is given lands and tenements by another, and these are to be held by him and his heirs, as before the enactment of the statute Quia emptores terrarum, or since its making, to hold of the chief lord of the fee, by the service due and rightfully accustomed, reserving to him certain rents, heriot, or any other custom. This is rent service and heriot service, because it is expressed in the original deed. Heriot custom is where a man holds a lordship in which, for a long time, every tenant who holds any mesne place of the lord is to give his best quick good in the name of a heriot to the lord, and he who has no quick good is to give his best deed good.\nAnd in some places, the tenant shall give for every monthly rented place that he holds, though the houses were let down a hundred years before. I consider this to be a great bribe and extortion, as I mentioned in the prologue of this treatise. Therefore, it is wise for every man to take his house by indenture or copy, in which may be expressed: what rents, heriotages, customs, and services the tenant shall pay and perform. For a lord may abridge and reduce his customs by writing. But though he writes and specifies what rent he shall pay, he must also say further: for all manner of rents, heriotages, customs, & services. In some lordships, every man who dies within the same, be he the lord's tenant or not, shall pay an heriot.\nIf a stranger rides or goes by the way and dies within such a lordship, he shall pay an heriot. This is plain extortion against common right, for between the lord and him who died, there was no manner of privacy for bargaining or counsel. In some lordships, the lord takes the heriot before the person or the vicar's mortuary, and in some places, the church takes it beforehand. This is, as it has been customary and used since time immemorial. But for the most part, the lord takes it because the lord makes a covenant with his tenant in his life that he shall have his best quick good at his decease, and the mortuary is not due until he is dead, and the heriot was covenanted and granted before in his life, and the first bargain must be observed and kept.\nAnd in some places, the church and the lord are partitioned, and that is where he who has no more quick goods but one horse or one beast, and he who has been accustomed to choose first shall have the better part by one penny. But neither party shall have any quick goods until all quick goods are exhausted. And in many lordships, it is customary that the tenant leaves his house by his own will, without any discharge from the lord. The tenant shall pay his best quick goods to the lord in the name of a heriot. In some lordships, it is customary that the tenant departs from the lordship by his own will, he shall make a fine with the lord for his departure. And most commonly it is 2s.\nThis is called a farefee or a farewell.\nAnd such a tenant who goes at his own will shall make all kinds of repairs, and the tenant who is displeased by the lord or his officers shall make no repairs, except he is discharged for not doing repairs.\nItem, inquire concerning the customs: what are the customs, and who may be the custodian of each custom, what operations the customs perform, and how much each custom's operations and customs are worth annually, and the rent of the assize for each custom's land per annum besides operations and customs, and who can talliate at will, and who cannot.\nIt is to be inquired of customary tenants, that is to say, how many there are and how much land each tenant holds, and what works and customs he does, and what the value of each tenant's works and customs is by itself, and how much rent above his works and customs he pays, and which of them may tax their lands at the will of the lord, and which not. Customary tenants are those who hold their lands by copy of court roll, according to the custom of the manor. And there may be many tenants within the same manor who have no copies, and yet hold like custom and service at the will of the lord. In my opinion, it began soon after the conquest, when William the Conqueror had conquered this realm, he rewarded all those who came with him on his royal voyage, according to their degree.\nAnd he granted honorable men lordships, manors, lands, and tenements, along with the inhabitants living in them, to do with at their pleasure. These honorable men believed they needed servants and tenants and desired their lands to be occupied with tillage. Therefore, they evicted the inhabitants of their lands and forced them to perform all manner of service, however vile, and caused them to occupy their lands and tenements through tillage, taking from them such rents, customs, and services as pleased them. Additionally, they took all their goods and livestock at their pleasure and called them their bondmen. Since that time, many noble men, both spiritual and temporal, of a godly disposition, have granted manumissions to various of the said bond men, granting them freedom and liberty.\nand set to them their lands and tenements to occupy after various manners of rents, customs, and services which is used in various places to this day. However, in some places the bondmen continue as yet. This, in my opinion, is the greatest inconvenience suffered by the law. That is, to have any Christian man bound to another and to have the rule over his body, lands, and goods. His wife, children, and servants have labored for them for all their life time. And many times, by color of this, many free men are taken as bondmen, and their lands and goods taken from them, so that they shall not be able to sue for remedy to prove themselves free. And this is most commonly where the free men have the same name as the bondmen have, or whose ancestors from whom they are come were manumitted before their birth. In such cases there cannot be too great a punishment.\nfor there should be no man bound but to God and his king and prince over him. For God makes no exception for any person. It is a charitable deed for every noble man, both spiritual and temporal, to do as they would be done by, and that is to manumit those who are bound and make them free of body and blood, reserving for them their rents, customs, and services of old time due and accustomed, whereby they may gain the prayers of the party and remission of their offenses, as in the hospital. The same measure that you measure to other men shall be meted to you. In many lordships, there is a customary role between lords and their tenants, and it ought to be indicated, one part to remain in the lords' keeping, the other part with the tenants, and various true copies to be made of the same, that the rents and customs do not run out of remembrance.\nAnd a suite roll to call all those by name who owe any suit to the lords court. There shall be no consultation of the suitors except the steward may know who is not present. If any suitor deceases, the name of his next heir shall be entered into the same roll, and an inquiry made and presented what he held of the lord, and by what rents, customs, and service of every parcel by itself, and who is his next heir and what age he is. This truly done and entered in the roll would be a conveyance of descent in manner of a pee degree, and profitable to the lords and also to the tenants, as it is apparent. The name of every tenant must be put in the roll, and his mess place to be butted and bonded, as it lies in length and breadth, and between whom.\nAnd also his lands, meadows, leys, and pastures, buttressed and bounded, so that it may be known many years after who dwelt there and what lands, meadows, and pastures lay to the same at that time. And what works and customs the tenant does for every parcel, and what the wages and customs are worth in a year, and how much rent the tenant pays for every parcel besides the customs and works, to the end that if any parcel of land, meadow, or pasture is alienated, sold, or changed, or transferred from one tenant to another. The lord and his bailiff may know what rents, customs, and works he shall ask and receive from the occupier for every parcel. It is the most special point that pertains to a surveyor, to butt and bind truly every parcel by itself, and to know what rents, wages, customs, and services go out of the same, for then may he make a true rental or customary roll and put all things in certainty.\nIt is inquired about cotters: what cotages and curtilages they hold, by what service, and what they yield annually for the aforementioned cotages and curtilages. This chapter and the next are both of one effect, but it is to be assumed that there are not so many rents, heriotages, customs, and services to be paid and done for a cotage as there are for a messuage or a better tenement, but it may be customary and serviceable.\n\nIt is inquired about the perquisites and profits of the counties: of the courts and of the foresters, concerning the cutting of the dogs' cleansing, and how much they are worth by the year in all issues and profits.\nThis chapter pertains to the issues and profits of the counties, sessions, and assizes, which are most commonly the king's and are kept and ordered by the sheriff and justices of the peace, who are appointed and commissioned by the king and his council. The issues and profits of these are recorded by the said justices and returned to the king's exchequer, where they remain on record. These are later re-examined and sent down to the sheriffs of each county to levy and gather, and an account is made in the said exchequer, which is called \"green wax.\" The courts of the forests are ordered and kept by the justices of the forests and their deputies, and the issues and profits thereof, which mainly come from fines and pardons, are not recorded in the exchequer but are made out by the steward to the bailiffs and other officers of those who owe the forest.\nAnd there it seems / the sheriff may sit with the justices of the forests concerning one thing specifically, and that is this: no township or hamlet shall come within the forests, chases, wastes, heaths, moors, and such other great Commons, but only such that rightfully ought to have come within the same. Therefore, it would be ordained / that every township and hamlet which ought to have any such common in any forests, chases, wastes, moors, heaths, and such other great Commons: where diverse townships and hamlets come together. Every township and hamlet ought to have a different burning iron, and every beast, horse, mare, and colt that is put upon the common, ought to be branded in some part of its body with the said iron, and then shall every beast be known of what township it is. And that would be a great convenience for the keepers, and also a great safeguard against stealing of the cattle.\nAnd those who are keepers, regulators, gypsies, and other officers of such forests and chases, should have perfect knowledge of the township the cattle belong to. And if any of these officers find any cattle having no such brand, they may attach them as strays and keep them in safekeeping for the lords' use until they are identified and died. They should ask them three Sundays in three or four next parish churches, and also cry them three times in the next market towns. And if no one comes within a year and a day, and to make sufficient proof that the cattle are his, then it is forfeited to the lord as a stray. In the same way, the swine and sheep of every township and hamlet should be branded with the said branding iron, or such another one. But as for all other points and articles concerning the forests, the Surveyor has little to do.\nI remind all other articles to the justices of the forests and their deputies to execute their office. You shall know that no man shall have a forest in right but the king, except he or his ancestors. It is to be inquired of all the churches that belong to the lord's gift, how many there are and where they are, what they are worth, and what the worth of each church is by itself annually, after a true estimation of the same. The letter of this chapter is very plain and needs no further declaration except in one thing, and that is this: he who has the right to present to a church at one time does not have the right to present to the same church at the next time.\nAnd that is where a church patron has issue/two/three or four daughters and deceases, so that the right of patronage of the said church descends to all the said daughters. When the church is vacant, they shall present in turn/the eldest daughter first: then the second at the next availability: then the third, and so forth, until they have presented one over. And then to begin again at the eldest daughter, except they make any other agreement among themselves. And then each one of them shall present in turn/according to their petition, as it comes about. And so must the Surveyor make his book according to the right of presentation/every time, second time, third time, or fourth time, and so forth. Also, what lords or gentlemen have their turn with them in the same benefice, and which of them presented last, and who shall have next, and who then, until they have gone about it.\nIt is necessary to determine the value of heriot, naked fee, escheat, custom, service, and foreign works; and what the pleas are worth, and the profits or benefits of the courts, fines, reliefs, and all other things that may occur annually in all. This chapter deals with the matter in a general sense, and is similar to when an auditor has compiled all the minor and particular accounts of every bailiwick or receipt and other accounts, and has made his book complete based on these, upon which the total charge rests.\nWhen the lord wished to know the total value of all his lands and each particular parcel by itself, it would take a long process to show him all the said ministries and particular accounts. Even if he died, he would not know the gross sums of his rents, fines, heriottes, eschetes, perquisites, and such other [things], each one by himself. Therefore, he will cause his auditor to make a valuation in the manner of a bridge of all the said ministry accounts. First, he wants to know the total charge of all the particulars, what they are in the first sight, in total. Then, he will divide the total into various [parts], as the chief rents of freeholders themselves, the rents of customary tenants themselves, tenancies by indenture, or tenancies at the lord's will themselves, so that he may make a gross sum of every kind of rent, so that one rent may be known from another.\nBut an auditor must have good and accurate information or he cannot do his job. And this information must come from the sheriff and the bailiffs, as they should know one kind of rent from another. Therefore, their roll calls would be made up, and these must be in a similar manner, as they please by themselves. The revenues for common trespasses, fines, heriottes, escheats, reliefs, fairs, markets, and all other casualties, each of these by themselves, and they ought to be presented in court by themselves. And thereof, an abstract is to be made for the bailiff or receiver to gather and bring in to the account to the auditor. Which he may divide in making up his valuation, if the acceptance brings him complete retals and court rolls and not otherwise. But if they do not do it at the first time, he must teach and inform them how they should make them complete.\nCustoms/services/work are often performed by bodily service and work, and they are not to be accounted for, but mention should be made of them in the account. And many times such customs, services, and work are turned into money. And it commonly goes with rents, and the bayly or revenue is charged with it. This chapter further refers to: And of all other things that may happen to the lord in a year. And those things are worth money, tin, lead, ore, coal, stone, freestone, millstones, gravel, brome, gorse or fires, marl, turves, thorns, wood, bushes, heath, fern or braken, and such other things, if there are any new ones found. And they should be put in a rental to a certainty, or else put in account by way of approval.\nAnd the auditor may divide the casualties from the certainties / and make a gross sum of them all. And yet the value of every thing may appear and be known / how much it is by itself. Then all manner of ordinary rents and charges must be deducted from the said gross sum: as bailies fees, repairs, and such other / and then to make a clear gross sum for each year by himself / Since often times more casualties fall or come to the lord in one year than in another. Therefore it is convenient that the clear gross sums of five or six years or more / be cast together in one gross sum / and to divide that sum into as many parts as there were years cast together / and then the clear value of one year will be commonly about that sum so divided. And thus ends the brief declaration of this statute Extenta Manorialium.\nI have shown you various types of tenures and the various ways of creating companies, and I believe it is also fitting to show the various types and manner of taking and performing homage and fealty. You should understand that homage is the most honorable and humble service that a free man can do to his lord. When a tenant does homage to his chief lord, to whom he holds his chief manor or main jurisdiction, he shall be ungirded and his head uncovered. The lord shall sit and the tenant shall kneel before him on both knees, and the tenant shall hold his hands stretched out between the lord's hands, and shall say: \"I become your man from this day forward for life and limb and worldly honor.\"\nAnd you shall be faithful and lowly, bearing faith to you, for the lands and tenements which I hold from you, saving the faith that I owe to our sovereign lord the king and my other lords. The lord sitting thus shall kiss his tenant, a sign of perfect love. And why should the tenant of life and member, and of all worldly honor, speak to him? Because he holds his lands from his lord by knight's service and also by priority. For if he holds other lands from another lord by knight's service and posteriority, he shall not speak to him of life and member, for though he is bound to him by reason of his tenures of knight's service to go to battle with his lord and to put his life and members in jeopardy with his lord: yet can he not go with them both. Therefore, he shall go to battle with that lord whom he holds his lands from by priority.\nAnd because thereof, if any such tenant dies, his heir being a minor, the lord shall have the keeping of his body and the profit of those lands that are held of him during the minority, as well as the marriage. Wherefore it is to be supposed that the lord will be more loving and kind to him than any other of his friends would be. Since when he comes of full age, he shall put his life in jeopardy for his lord, who binds the lord the more to do for him, as the lord is not able to help himself at that time. Whereas his friends may not care for him and would rather have another hold the land than him.\n\nAnd if an abbot or a prioress, or any other man or woman of religion, should do homage, they shall say \"I become your man.\" and so on. Because they are professed only to God to be his men and women, and to none other. And therefore they shall kneel and hold their hands as the others did, and say thus:\nI do to you homage and shall be faithful and lowly for the lands and tenements which I hold of you, saving the faith that I owe to our sovereign lord the king.\n\nIf a woman should do homage, she shall not say, \"I become your woman.\" For it is not conveyable that a woman should become a woman to any other man than to her husband, when she is married. Therefore, she shall say as religious men and women do. I do to you homage.\n\nIf a woman covered with a baron shall do homage, they shall kneel before the lord both, and the lord shall take both their hands between his hands, and the husband shall speak all the words. We to you do homage and faith we shall bear for the lands that we hold of you, saving the faith that we owe to our sovereign lord the king and his heirs, and to our other lords. They both shall kiss the lord.\nAnd if a man should do homage to his lord, and the lord grant him homage and service to another man, the tenant shall do his homage and service to the grantee in this manner: I become your man from this day forth, and to you shall be faithful and lowly, for the lands and tenements that I held of A.B., your grantee, in the towns of C. D. The which lands and tenements, to you he has granted my homage and service in the said towns, saving the faith that I owe to our sovereign lord the king and my other lords.\n\nAnd know you, that one lord may have received diverse homages of diverse tenants for one manner of land. But one tenant shall do but one homage for one manner of land, for though the lord die, his heir or his assign, if he sells it or grants it away, they represent the lord's estate. But if the tenant has done his homage to his lord, and after the manner whereby the tenant holds his lands is recovered against the lord.\nA tenant shall do his homage again to him who recovered the manner, for he comes not in by the lord, but by the force of the recoverer. This proves the first homage to be void, as it was done to one who had no right to take it.\n\nYou should know that a man may distress his tenants' cattle for homage according to the common law, and also for relief. And even if a man has paid his relief, he shall still do homage and fealty. Furthermore, you should understand that no man shall do homage but he who holds a state of inheritance in fee simple or in fee tail, in his own right or in his wife's, for tenants for life, tenants by courtesy, or tenants in dower, shall do no homage nor take any homage.\n\nAnd if a man holds lands of the king in chief, and has three or four daughters and dies, all the daughters shall do homage to the king. And if the lands are held of another lord, the eldest daughter shall do homage for all, and also the services.\n and the other doughters shall be contrybutories / and beare euery one of them their porcyon of the same.\n\u00b6And whan a fre man shall do feaultie to his lorde / he shall ley his hande vpon the booke / and shall saye thus. Here you my lorde that I W.O.D.E. fro this day forthe / to you shalbe faythfull and lowly / & fayth to you shall beare for the landes and teneme\u0304tes / that I clayme to holde of you / and loyally shall do & paye the rentes / customes / and seruyces / that I ought to do at the termes assygned / as god me helpe & all sayn\u00a6tes / and than kysse the boke.\n\u00b6Whan a villayne shall do feaultie to his lorde / he shall ley his hande vpon the boke and say thus. Here you my lorde R. that IW. de C. fro thus day forthe to you shalbe faythfull and lowly / and to you shall do all the customes and seruyces that I ought to do to you / for the landes that I holde of you in vyllenage / and I shall be iustifyable of body and of goodes / as god me helpe and his sayntes / and than kysse. &c\nA peasant who holds no lands from the lord, if he commits a fault, shall place his hand upon the book and say: \"Here I, IW.B., before you, my lord, from this day forth shall be faithful and humble. I shall be justifiable to you in body and good faith as God helps me and his saints, and I will kiss the book.\"\n\nThis statute is briefly explained. It would be understood how a lordship or manor is surveyed, viewed, bounded on every side, so that it may be known forever whose every part of it was, at the making of this book. It may serve just as well to save the inheritance of lords as of every free holder by charter, copy holder, and customary holder. And it may be known a hundred years after and forever what kind of lands, and how many acres, each man had to his house at that time, and where they lie.\nA surgeon is a French name, and in English it is equivalent to an overseer. This would make it clear how an overseer should oversee a great substance of riches contained in them, for then he may be called a discerner rather than an overseer. Similarly, if a man views a close or pasture, he cannot look over the hedge and leave, but must either ride or go over, and to know how many acres it contains, how much of it is meadow ground, how much pasture ground, how much woodland or bushland, heath, lyng, or such other. And what an acre of meadowland is worth, and what an acre of pasture and what an acre of woodland or bushland is worth, and such other things. And what kind of cattle it is best for, and how many cattle it will feed or find by the year, and what a beast's grass is worth by the year in such a pasture, or else he cannot set a true value for it.\nA surveyor must be diligent and laborious and not slothful or reckless, for if he is not, he is not worthy to receive his fee or wages, and may not create a perfect book. And if he does so, it is to his shame and rebuke, and great jeopardy to his soul to make a false presentation. Therefore, it is convenient to remember the saying of the wise philosopher: \"Abhibe curam.\" That is to say, take heed to your charge.\n\nIf he should view a city or town, he must begin at a certain place, such as at the drawbridge of London Bridge on the east side, and there to make his title, showing who is lord of the house next to the said bridge, and who is tenant. If it is a freehold, what chief rent it pays to the lord, customs or other services. And if it is not freehold, then the rent need not be spoken of at all, unless at his pleasure, for it may rise and fall.\nAnd secondly, go to the second house on the same east side, in the same manner, and so continue from house to house until you reach St. Magnus church. Then return again to the said draw bridge on the west side, and begin at the house next to the said bridge, and so continue from house to house until you reach the corner next to Temple Street. From there, you may choose whether you will follow the south side of the said Temple Street westward and eastward, until you have perused the entire parish. If there are any gardens, entrances, or alleys, or other dwelling places within, they must not be overlooked, forgotten, or left out, but taken into account: The size of every garden, the length of every alley and entrance, and the number of dwelling places therein, and whose they are, and the number of cellars or taverns there are, and the number of feet each one of them is in length and breadth.\nAnd so, to go from parish to parish, he would view the city and every street and lane, remembering their lengths and breadths. And also, every church and churchyard, and other vacant places, which would ask for a great lease but can still be done.\n\nThe view of the manor of Dale taken on the 10th day of May, the 14th year of King Henry VIII, by AB, general surveyor, for the right honorable Lord C. D., lord of the same, and by his commandment, and also by the oaths of EF. GH, and many other tenants, as follows.\n\nThe city of the manor of Dale stands and lies between the king's highway leading from the town of A to the town of B, on the south side, and the churchyard of the same town of Dale on the east side, and the common field of the same town called the north field on the north side. The tenement or mesne place of John Coke on the west side, containing 20 perches in breadth and 30.\nThe length of each perch is 16 feet and a half. A place is built sufficiently with two stone or brick cross arches. There are also various offices within it, as well as two barns and an ox house, a hay house, and a stable. If it is mentioned how much housing stands within the moat and how much outside, and with what kind of courting the houses are covered. This manor, with the demesnes, lands, meadows, leases, and pastures, is now held and occupied by T.S. and pays annually at four terms or two times used, \u20b66.13.4.\n\nThe city of the manor stands and lies between the said highway on the south part, and the said church on the west part, and the said northern field on the north part, and the tenements of I.C. on the east part.\nAnd the said person has a croft lying between the said northern field and the said churchyard on the south side. The said city and croft measures 10 perches on the south side, 14 perches on the north side, 30 perches in length on the east side, and 16 and a half perches on the west side. And the manor house and houses belonging to it are now ruined. One Sir S. B. is now the person there, and he received it as a gift from the lord, to whom the gift belongs every third time, and from Y. F. the next time, and from C. D. the third time, and so on. And the said Sir S. B. occupies the said personage, along with all the glebe lands, meadows, tithes, and all other fruits, and is worth by the year \u00a3201. And in a similar manner, a vicarage, and then you must show who is the person, most commonly being a spiritual man.\n\nI.B\nThe person holds a messuage freely from the lord by charter, with various lands, meadows, and pastures belonging to it. This messuage lies between the said highway and the north field (as previously stated), and the said manor on the west side, and the tenement or messuage of F.G. on the east part. It contains 12 perches in breadth on the south end, 22 perches and four feet in length, and 16 perches in breadth on the north end. He holds this messuage, along with all that pertains to it, from the said lord by homage, fealty, and 2 shillings per year, as well as a poud of pepper and suit of court from three weeks to three weeks, and to the two great leets. He may express the service of the rent if he has the means to obtain knowledge from the lord's presence or original deeds.\n\nF.G. holds a messuage with its appurtenances from the said lord at his will, or by indenture or copy. It lies between the said highway.\nand the land and the mentioned place of IC is on the west side, and the field called East field on the east side, measuring 11 perches and 6 feet in width, and 18 perches and 10 feet in length. It pays to the lord at the terms its dues: sixteen shillings, suit of court, two hens, and an heriot at his decease.\n\nGH holds a cottage from the lord by copy, standing between the said highway on the north side, and the townfield called the south field on the south side, and the said East field on the east side. A messuage of the prior of B. is on the west side, and it measures by the highway six perches, and at the south end seven perches and eight feet, and on either side twelve perches. It pays annually at the said terms twenty pence, suit of court, and one hen.\n\nThe prior and the convent of B.\nThe text holds a mespleace and a croft with the lord's freehold, in pure alms, located between the said cottage, in the building of G.H., on the east side, and a mespleace of the lord's, in the holding of T.S., on the west. It butts upon the said field on the south, and contains in breadth by the way sixteen perches and in length twenty perches, and in breadth at the south end twelve perches. It pays the lord half a poud of pepper for all manner of service.\n\nT.S. holds a mespleace of the lord's by indenture, located between the said tenement of the priors on the east side, and another way that leads from the aforementioned church or parsonage unto the town of .z., on the west side. It is located between the aforementioned way on the north side, and the tenement of the lords in the holding of H.L., on the south side. It contains ten perches every way, and pays yearly. Suit of court and heriot.\nThe lord holds from him a tenement, an horse mill next adjoining, and its length and breadth are within the said 10 perches. The lord will provide all the great timber and bring it to the mill, and the miller will make all the cost, both of the house and the going gear. He shall also both thresh and daub at his own cost and charge, and pays for it at the said terms six shillings, two hens at Christmas, and two capons at Easter.\n\nHL holds a tenement from the lord, which lies between the said horse mill on the north side and the said southern field on the south side, and borders on the highway that leads to 2 on the west, and on the priors' croft on the east. It contains 12 perches in length and 1 foot in breadth by the highway, and 9 perches in length to the priors' croft, and pays at the aforementioned terms 10s., two hens at Christmas, and suit. [P.Q]\nA cottage of the lord's is held, at his will, and it lies between the aforementioned way leading to a place on the east side, and a croft of RX on the west side. A field called South field is to the south, and the tenement of RX is to the north. It measures four perches in breadth along the highway and six and a half in length. RX holds a tenement and a croft called the Swan, freely by charter. They lie on the corner between the two highways, on the north and east. A tenement of the lords is held by WC, and a meadow called West meadow is to the west. A cottage is held by PQ, and South field is to the south. The property contains eight perches square, and the croft contains twelve perches in length and six in breadth. Within it are five buttes, of which one is the prior of B, who is next to the hedge on the west side, except one.\nand he holds the said tenement of the lord by homage, fealty, and service.\n\u00b6WC holds a tenement of the lord, lying between the said tenement of RX on the east side, and West meadow on the west and south, and the way that leads from A to B on the north side, and contains .xiiii. perches in breadth and .xvii in length, pays suit of court and heriot.\n\u00b6IC holds a tenement of the lord, lying between the said manor place on the east side, West meadow on the west side, the north field on the north side, and the way that leads from A to B on the south side, and contains seven perches in length and ten perches in breadth, pays at the customary terms 12s.6d, two hens at Christmas, suit of court, and heriot at his decease.\nHe who shall view or bound lands or tenements by East, West, North, and South.\nIt is necessary that he have a dial with him, for otherwise and the sun will not shine; he shall not have perfect knowledge, which is east-west-north and south. For many times, the lands or meadows do not lie evenly east-west-north or south-east or south-west, but sometimes more of one part than another. For example, south-east or south-west, north-east or north-west, northeast-northeast, northeast-northwest, east-northeast, east-southeast, and southeast-southeast, and west-southwest, and west-northwest. But it is not necessary for a surveyor to take such narrow a diversity, but to buy it upon the most pertinent as it lies. And then must the dial give him perfect knowledge how it lies, and so he must tell it in his book. As shall appear hereafter, and he must stand in the midst of the flat when he shall truly butte.\nThe northern field lies on the north side of the town, beginning at the cross at a furlong called Dale furlong. This furlong contains thirty-three lands and two heed lands, and they border on the north and south. Of these, the south end butts up against the hall orchard and IC's croft, while the north ends border Ryhill. Then, beginning on the east side next to the highway leading to A, the person has two lands, the lord three lands, I.B. one land, F.G. two lands, the lord four lands, the priory two lands, the person one land, R.X two lands, W.C. one land, H.L. one land, T.S. two lands, the priory three lands, the lord two lands, G.H. one land, and the person one land. The lord has two more lands next to the western side, and the heed land next to the hall orchard and the other heed land is the person's next to Ryhill. And if the husbands have perfect knowledge, which is a rod and which is half an acre.\nthan it is better to say that the Lord has an acre, containing three lands, are made in four or five lands, and I.C. half an acre is made in two lands, & T.S. a rod in one land, and if it is less than a rod, then call it a but. A man may perceive and know if any man makes two lands of one land, or if one land makes two lands, because of the certain number of every flat.\n\u00b6Ban furrow lies next to the same, and it contains twenty-three lands, and one hadland at the uplands, and they lie East and West, and but upon Dale furrow, at the nether ends, and on the south side next the persons croft. The person has three lands, the prior one land. I.C. two lands, the Lord four lands. I.B. two lands. T.S. two lands. H.L. one land. G.H. one land. F.G. one land. R.X. three lands, the prior two lands. P.Q. one land, the Lord has the hadlands.\n\u00b6Whether furrow, lies next to the same hadlands, and it contains thirty-six.\nThe text describes several parcels of land, their sizes, and their locations. Here is the cleaned text:\n\nlands and three gores, all one thing, called so because they are broad in one end and sharp in the other. They are always shorter than other lands and border the said land to the west and Depesyche to the east. The land description begins at the northwest side of the said flat piece HL with two lands. TS two lands. GH one land. The lord six lands. IC two lands. The person three lands. WC two lands and one pyke. The priory two lands and one pyke. FG two lands and one pyke. The lord four lands. RX three lands. TS two lands. GH two lands and the lord three lands next to the southeastern side.\n\nTurn again to Ryhill, which contains thirty-six lands and two pikes. It borders Dale for a long distance on the southern ends and Long Meadow on the northwestern ends. On the southeastern side next to the way leading to A, the priory has two lands (GH), one land (I.B.), and F.G.\ntwo lands / the lord three lands / two pikes. The lord next to the windmill balke that the windmill stood upon.\nPQ, the one which holds a cottage of the lord / also holds this said windmill / to which all the lord's tenants are bound to grind all their corn and malt that they occupy of their own / at the said mill / both free tenants and others. And the lord shall find all manner of timber & iron work / boards and nails. And bring them to the mill / and the miller shall nail up the boards / make his shaft and the sail yardas / hold and repair the spindle & the rim / the mill pikes and the sail clothes / cogge and ronge / at his own proper cost and charge. And shall pay by the year.\nOn the other side of the windmill balke lies a flat called Peyse Hill / and it contains .liiii\nlands and four pykes and one headland: six of them break or cut in the middles of the lands, as will appear by the bond. The said flat land lies between the common pasture called the balke on the south-east, and the meadow called the long meadow on the north-west, and next to the said balke, IC has three lands, the lord six, a pyke; the person four lands and a pyke; IB four lands; FG two lands and a pyke; WC three lands; RX two lands; at the upper end next to the headland, PQ the nether ends of the lands next to the long meadow; TS four lands; HL three lands at the head and IC the nether ends of the same; the priory five lands; the lord eight lands; IB three lands; GH two lands and a pyke; FG one land at the head; HL two lands, butting upon the same one land, and upon the meadow; the person three lands next to the north-east side; and the priory has the headland at the head.\nAnd this seems sufficient instruction for binding and dividing all the fields one after another. &c.\nThe long meadow lies on the north side of the northern field, between the said field and the brook, that separates the township of Dale and the township of Sale. And the western end butts up against the way that leads to A. And the eastern end of the same meadow butts up against a close of the said lords, called the park close, & contains. C. xxii. acres. This meadow lies in various shots of length, sometimes in two shots of length, sometimes in one, and sometimes in three. Then, beginning at the western side next to the way that goes to A., on the over shot, the lord has four acres: 2 acres and a half, 3 acres, 2 acres and a half, 4 acres. The person has 3 acres. FG has 3 acres. The priory has 4 acres. The lord has .viii. acres.\nAnd on the nether side next to the said highway, there were: FG two acres, the prior four acres, GH half an acre, WC two acres and a half, RX six acres, the lord seven acres. Then to the long ditch that butted from the said north field to the said broke. TS four acres, the person three acres, IC an acre and a half, IB an acre and a half, the lord six acres, PQ three acres, HL three acres. And at the nether end of the said three acres, the lord of the sale has attached his weyre of his mill of Sale. For this attachment, the said IK pays to the lord of Dale and his heirs every year 2s at the feast of St. Michael Tharchargel, for all manner of service. &c. Then to the upper shot next to the said field, GH an acre and a rod, WC three rods, RX a half acre, the lord two acres, the person half an acre, PQ half an acre, the prior two acres and a half, IC two acres, the lord four acres, TS two acres next to the park close.\nIn the middle shot, next to the long dole, an acre is for the person, three acres for IB, two acres for the lord, two acres for HL, four acres for the priour, next to the said park. In the nethermast shot, next to the brook on the side next to the long doles, an acre is for the person, two acres for RX, four acres and a half for the lord, one acre for di_, two acres for the priour, two acres and one for WC, two acres for IC, two acres for TS, two acres in the corner next to the said park and butting upon the said brook. If there are any more meadows, include them and enclose them in a similar manner for the more meadows there are and the fewer shots, the better they may be enclosed.\nfor meadows generally come by acres/half acres/rods, and they ought to be well staked between every man's dole, and especially well stoned with great stones between, & set on a great height that they sink not far into the earth, for the property of a stone is to descend downward, and the property of earth to ascend upward. Therefore they should be attended to and amended when necessary. And this seems sufficient. &c.\n\nThe lord has a close called Park Close, and it contains 30 acres, and it lies between the aforementioned meadow called Long Meadow on the west side, and a close of the persons called Oxhey on the east side, and the aforementioned brook on the north side, and a field called East Field on the south side, and it is worth by the year twenty shillings. &c.\n\nThe person has a close next to the same called Ox Hey, and it contains 1 acre, and lies between Park Close on the west side, and a close of I.B on the east side.\non the east side, and the said brook on the north-east side. I do not value it because it is not the lords'. The quantity of acres therein is insufficient.\n\nThe said IB holds a little croft freely, belonging to the tenement called Ryecroft, and containing two acres. It lies between the said persons on the west side, and the lane that goes towards R. on the south-east side. It butts upon the highway that comes from S. to the said town of Sale on the north-east side. And the said East field on the west side I set at no value, because he is a freeholder, and runs in the chief rents of his house. But if it is given to the freeholder by another deed, then you must surely pay the chief rent of it by itself. And it is the most special point to a surueyer, firstly, to view and bound, both the town and the whole lordship, or ever he desires to see or look upon any evidence of any freeholders.\nFor this first done, the surveyor may perfectly know whether the freeholder shows evidence for all his land or not, and let the surveyor have good remembrance of what parcels of lands are contained in the said evidence. And then may he well perceive whether he shows for all or not. And if the deeds are shown first, the tenant may say there is for all his land, and the surveyor cannot control him or say no.\n\nThe tenant FG holds a croft of the lord, lying next on the other side of the said lane called Gose croft. It comprises two acres and a half, and butts upon the said highway on the northeast side, and the said East field on the west part. And thus you may parse, butte and bound all the crofts, closes, and pastures about the town and within the lordship, whose so ever they be. And to express every highway or cross, come, balke, or marble pit, where they lie, the which shall be a great convenience many years hereafter.\nAnd if there are any common pastures where herdsmen keep their cattle, or any common woods, moors, heaths, or such other lands that are not to be forgotten to be enclosed and bounded as they lie. It is convenient that a husband keeps his errant land lying round, not too high in the ridge, nor too low in the middle of the sides, nor too far from the rain: for then the water will stand in the sides of the lands and drown the corn. And though there be no corn, yet it is the ground and makes it lean for standing water that destroys grass, and therefore it must necessarily destroy corn, which is much more tender than the grass. And if it so be, then take your plow and begin to plow a furrow in the middle of the side of the land, and cast it down as you would plow it, and so plow both sides until the ridge is cast down.\nAnd then take thy plough again and begin to plough where thou didst plough first, and drag all the remainder upward, and thus shalt thou both cultivate thy lands and drag them; and all at one ploughing. And this will make the land lie smooth, which is good both for corn and grass.\n\nAnother manner of treating errable land is to harrow it, marl it, lime it, or dung it with the cart or wagon. And as I said in the book of husbandry, set thy dung upon the first stirring when it is dragged, for that is best for many reasons. And if thou lay it upon the falling, then set thy dung heap in the rain of the land and spread it, and all that fails in the dragging cast it out again, for else it does but little good, for it will be covered with earth and seldom seen again.\nAnother way to improve errable land is to set sheep pasture on it and disturb it every day. It is better on stirred ground than on fallow, and sheep fare better on rye ground than on wheat ground.\n\nAnother way, when a husband has much errable land and has no dung nor sheep to compost it with, let the husband take his plow and cast such lands together three or four times. Make the ridge there as it was before the rain. If the lands are too broad when cast down, rig each side by itself and thus make two lands of one land or three lands of two. In this way, he will find new mold that was not seen in a hundred years before, which must necessarily yield more corn than the other did before.\n\nSee that there are no moldy warps casting in the meadows, and if there are, let them be sprad and beaten small in April.\nAnd this is the best way to spread them and make them small. Take a large branch from a tree and flatten the bows wide and lay them low. If they do not lie wide enough, take other smaller bows and bind them fast to the same. And lay a tree or two across them to hold them down flat to the earth. Then bore a hole with an auger in the branch's end, or tie a rope to all the branch ends together and bind the timber to the same. With oxen or horses, draw the said branches up and down and across the said moldy warp hills, which will spread them better than any man's hands can do. This shall refresh the grass and make meadows more.\n\nAnother manner of mending meadows is if the meadows are mown and the hay gotten in, the waters would be set by and run another way for various considerations. &c.\nIt is undoubted that there are various kinds of pastures: low ground like meadow land, ley ground, which has been erratic ground of late, bushy ground, which sometimes has been erratic ground, bushy ground, which was never erratic ground, gorsy ground, which has been erratic ground, gorsy ground, which was never erratic, brome ground, heath ground, marshy ground, chalk ground, flinty ground, chalke ground, and limestone ground. You shall do with it as I have shown you in the next chapter regarding your meadows, and if any water stands still and will not recede, make a ditch, two or three as necessary, and open the sides of the ditch so that the water may come in.\nConvey the water away and with a plow make various furrows from the ditch up into the pasture where the water stands, and with a cart, a wagon, or a slide, carry away that which the plow turns up, or else it will stop the water on one side. If the furrow is too narrow, then make various small ditches and open them on both sides, so that you leave no water standing in the pasture at any time of the year. And milch cows, draft oxen, laboring horses, and mares are most convenient to go together in such pastures.\n\nTake heed how the leases lie, and especially that they do not lie too high. It is more profitable to you as a husbandman to cast it down again and sow it with oats, one year, two, or three, and to lay it lower and round in good temper. And see that no water stands at the land's ends, butting on the head lands.\nAnd if it does so, sow a furrow towards the higher ground, and then the water will follow that furrow and make the lands dry. But that furrow will not last more than one or two years; it must be renewed. And if it becomes mossy in winter, it will need to be plowed again and sown with various grains, as the ground requires. At the first plowing, it should be plowed into a square furrow, as deep as it is broad, and left flat and sown with oats, so that the moss may rot. Then it should lie fallow for one year and be sown with wheat, rye, or barley, as the husband thinks most convenient. And if it lies fallow the first year, the moss will not rot, and at winter it will be eaten and drown all the wheat and rye it touches. And if a man has plenty of such pasture that will be mossy every third year, let him break up a new piece of ground and plow it and sow it (as I have said before), and he will have plenty of corn with little doing.\nAnd sow it no longer than it will bear plenty of corn without plowing, and it will bear much better grass ten or twelve years after. If the lease is too broad, make two lands of one, as I have said before. Sheep are the most convenient cattle that may graze such pasture, and they will improve the grass. Take care that you do not allow broom or black thorns, or any other kind of bushes to grow in your pastures, especially by the hedges.\n\nThere is no other remedy, but to stock and get up the bushes by the roots, and the lands plowed and sown (as I have said before). The dry ground, if it be dry, will bring much corn, for the moss will rot, and the mole hills will amend the ground well. If there are any marl pits, made of old time within the same close, then, when the lands begin to wear, if he has not sufficient of such bushy and mossy ground to break up and sow.\nIn olden times, new marble pits would be created, and the lands marled. This is much better than other substances such as donge, mucke, or lyme, as it lasts for twenty years if done well and remains beneficial while it is land. I am astonished that in common fields, where many great marble pits were made in ancient times and benefited the lands greatly, no one bothers to make new ones now. They need not doubt, however, that there is still marble available as there was then. I believe there are two reasons for this: first, tenants are hesitant to trust their landlords, fearing they will be evicted or face heavy fines if they improve their holdings by marling. And if a landlord does this, I deem it unreasonable, as the cost was borne by the tenant and not the landlord.\nThe second cause is that men are disposed to idleness and will not labor as they have done in times past, but pass the time as their father did before them. Yet it seems to me that a freeman should not be of this disposition. For he is secure; his chief lord cannot evict him while he does his duty. He knows well that he will reap the profit while he lives and his heirs after him, and thus should give him courage to improve his own, which is as good as if he had purchased as much as the improvement comes to. And one man doing this would give other men courage and a good example to follow the same. And all other countries may take example from Cheshire and Lancashire, for many of them who have done so have made the improvement as good as the land was before. Consider what the ground is disposed to: is it dry or wet, or is it disposed to bear wood, grass, or corn.\nIf it is dry and full of gravel, it is better to bear wood / than other corn or grass. If it is wet ground, it is not good for corn; but it will bear both wood and grass. But if it is black earth and dry, it is good for corn / and it will quite the cost to store it up by the roots / and to sow it with corn. And if it is white clay, it is most commonly a wet ground / and then it is not good for corn / but it will bear both wood and grass. An acre of wooded land is as good as an acre of corn land / or of grass land / and in some places much better. And if you wish to increase the said wooded land and make more wood, between Michaelmas and Martinmas, you must gather acorns and put them in earthen pots / for those will keep them moist / and in February and March set the said acorns in the said bushes / as thick as you will / & undug they will grow.\nAnd also you may get the keys of ashes/nuts/and such other things and set them in like manner, and keep all manner of cattle that will eat any wood out of the same ground till it is past danger of cattle. If they are great old trees, if you fell them by the earth, there will never come any sprout of them up again except they have many small pumps and sprouts about the roots. And therefore such old trees would be but lopped and cropped to bear more wood still, and if it is a good ground to bear corn and be but a few trees, then it were best to stock them up by the roots and to plow it and sow it. And if it is but young wood, you may choose whether you will shed it, lop it, or crop it, or fell it by the earth.\nAnd if you find it in the earth and keep the spring well, you shall have for every tree two or three trees, so that it is sown at a due season of the year, and that is between Candlemas and May, of which I have spoken sufficiently in the book of husbandry. You shall understand that there are two kinds of gorse, and some men call them firs. One kind will grow on dry ground, and that kind will grow as high as a man and have a great stalk as much as a walking staff. And if you will allow them to grow and not fell them, by the process of time, when beasts go among them, and especially in winter time for cold, and in summer for shade, that will cause them to die. And many times and long continuous frost in winter will kill these kinds of gorse. And when they are dead, if you plow the land again and sow it with corn when it lies ley again, the gorse will grow again.\nAnd the best remedy for regrowth is to put upon such manner of pasture many sheep to eat it bare, but in many places they set great store by those manner of gorse, and especially for their fuel. They would not give an acre of gorse land for two acres of arable land. And on that manner of gorse land would grow good corn with little dung, and it is more profitable to plow it and sow it than to lie fallow, except he keeps it for his fuel, and they grow most commonly upon dry ground, somewhat sandy or gravelly. Sheep is the most convenient cattle that may go upon such pasture.\n\nIf the ground is dry and grows full of such manner of gorse with the great stakes, you are at your liberty to do as I have said. If it be of the other manner of gorse or furze, which grow low by the earth and have but little small stalks.\nthat gorse grows always on moist and wet ground, and it will never bear good corn, but hew it up to bake and brew with all, for it will not easily be destroyed, as if it is burned, it will grow again. But if there is marble underneath in the ground within the same enclosure, if you make the effort, then burn the gorse in March, and with a big plow and many oxen, make small lands, and then marl them and sow them with oats, for corn will grow best on such ground. And if this will not suffice, it is beyond remedy, for marble improves all kinds of ground but it is costly.\n\nRome grows always on dry and sandy ground, and it will bear good rye and oats but it will not endure to bear corn for a long time without being tilled with a cart or with sheep fold, or both. And if you let it lie fallow and do not plow it, the brome will come again. Sheep is the best livestock to keep it under, but nonetheless, it will grow.\nWhen it grows to a yard or more in height for baking and brewing, and especially when a house is thatched, take the broom and make it quarters of a yard long or thereabout, and prick them into the thatch gradually, and cover the thatch cleanly over. This will keep out weeds and also protect it from being pulled down by crows, pies, daws, or couches. And if you wish to destroy it when it has grown three or four feet in height, about St. James Day fell it a foot above that or more, and then the stalk will die for a good season, but if it is plowed again, it will grow as fast as ever it did when it leaves plowing.\n\nYou should know that there are four kinds of height growth: growth on gravel, and growth on sand.\nThese two kinds of heavy grounds will not bear corn without much labor or manure. For seldom is there any marl under that kind of height. And in many countries where a plentiful supply of limestone is lacking, the husbands burn the limestone with wood and straw and make lime from it. They spread this lime upon their lands instead of dung, and it is much better than dung or any other manure. For lime is hot by itself. The other two kinds of height are height growing upon white clay ground and height growing upon black earth, which lies low like marshy ground. And underneath these two kinds of heavy ground, there lies most commonly marl. Then burn the height and search for the marl, dig it up and lay it thick upon the ground and spread it. Then plow it and sow it. It is much better than other lime manure or any kind of dung, and it will last longer and see that there is no standing water upon the said ground.\nThere is no other remedy but first to drain the water clean away. And this is a good means to drain the water clean away. First, in the lowest, closest place where the water may be best avoided: Make a large ditch and deep one that the water may avoid. And if all the water will not come to that large ditch but stand in various places, make many small ditches one into another from the standing waters, so that all these standing waters may come into the great ditch, and this should drain the water clean. And in a dry summer, make many broad and deep ditches and separate the marshes in various pastures and make bridges over the ditches into every close or pasture, and make lanes like a causeway to convey the cattle into the pastures, so that one causeway or lane may serve the closes or pastures on both sides. And in the lowest place of every close or pasture, make a trench or a little ditch into the great ditch that goes about.\nAnd this shall you make by process good pastures of marsh ground and ever the longer the better pastures: and especially if you put in much cattle, it shall make the better grass and the finer. Milch cows, draft oxen, and laboring horses are the best cattle to make good pasture on marsh ground, and sheep on dry ground, for they will eat the ground most bare, and that causes the grass to be good and fine. And if this manner of ditching will not make the marsh ground dry, then you must make a ditch underneath it, as men do to get coal, iron, stone, lead, ore, or tin. And if that will not serve, then keep out your cattle for fear of drowning.\n\nRomney ground and far-off ground are much of one nature, for they grow on sandy and dry ground: And they will bear good rye, barley, oats, or peas, if they are sown with sheep, cart or wagon. For such light ground will soon wear and wash away with water, if it is not sown.\nAnd if they lie uncultivated, they will grow full of weeds and thorns. And if you destroy the weeds when they are three or four feet high in midsummer, immediately after they are in full bloom, cut the stalks half a yard above the ground, leaving no green stalk growing on the root, which will cause it to die. But if you plow it again and let it lie, it will grow again. And if you mow weeds when they are young, so that they are mown before midsummer, by the use of such mowing they will wear away. Chaltern ground and flinty ground are light and dry grounds, full of small stones, and chalk ground is much of the same nature. And therefore, they should be tilled and rested, as the meadow and thorny grounds are, for marl is seldom found in such grounds. And therefore, if you lack sheep and dung, they will lie fallow and rest so that they may recover.\nLimestone ground is very good for corn and grass, and yet in some places much heath will grow upon limestone ground, which is long detrimental to good husbandry. For if heath were burned, plowed, and sown the first year with oats, and then followed and sown with wheat, rye, and barley, and after with beans or peas, it will bear more corn with little dung, and shall always improve afterwards for better grass. Sheep are the best livestock that can graze any of these six kinds of grounds, and they will best amend the grass and keep themselves from rotting. He who has limestone may burn it with cool and wood and make lime, with which he may lime his ground, and that will bring good corn, or he may sell his lime at his pleasure.\n\nFirst, you should understand that there are various kinds of water: that is, standing waters, such as pools, meadows, motes, and stews.\nAnd also running waters, as great rivers, small rivers, brooks, sucches, wellsprings, and pittes: than what profit may come to the lord of them. The lord may set the fishings of all these said waters to his tenants for certain rent, and he may reserve to himself certain fish or fish certain times or at any time at his pleasure.\nAlso upon these waters, the lord may set diverse manner of mills. The which may be to the lord's great ease and profit. As upon the great rivers, corn mills that be called ground mills, and they are called ground mills because the upper side of the wheel sinks even with the upper side of the ground in the bottom of the water. And also fulling mills, otherwise called walking mills, may be made in like manner, and stand also upon the great rivers.\nAnd one wheel is able to drive two stocks, that is to say, both a potter and a fuller. The fuller, both to scour and herely, and the potter to thicken the cloth. And commonly these mills are not set upon the great streams of these rivers, but a great part of the water is conveyed out of the great stream by a mill race made with manual labor to a certain place, where wise men think the mill most convenient to be set, and the said water to be held up and brought to the said mill by reason and setting of a weir across the said stream, made of trusses, timber, or stone, or both. And when it is parted the mill with a sufficient fall of the water, that the mill stands not in back water, to return into the river again.\nAnd in many places, the said mills are set on one side of the great river, and a weir made of timber and stone to hold up the water to the mill, which is a great cost, and many times it will stand in lack of water that it may not go at a great speed, except the ground work is made very high. But they are profitable in grinding corn and filling of cloth, and in taking of much fish. And in like manner, these said two kinds of mills may be set upon small rivers, without any dam casting, but only his weir to hold up the water, and his floodgates to let it go at a flood, when need requires. Also, there are other two kinds of corn mills, that is to say: a breast mill and an overshot mill, and these two kinds of mills are set and go most commonly upon small brooks and on great poles and wheels.\nAnd they have always been abroad with a broad base and more, and the ladles are always covered with compact borders on both sides to hold in the water. They are called bokettes. They must be set much closer together than the ladles, and much more sloped downward, to hold in as much water as possible without it spilling out. For it drives the wheel as well with the weight of the water as with your strength. The miller must draw water according to his bokettes, so they may always be full and not more, for the length that they hold the water, the better they are. Another manner of filling mills may be set and go upon the said small brooks, pools, or meres. And those are called fallers, for a faller by himself requires less great strength of water than the potter does, because the water most commonly comes over the wheel, and the braces only lift up the two feet that fall into the stock on the cloth, which causes the cloth to thicken and turn.\nThese millstones that are set and go on small waters may run with a goad of iron upon bulder stones or brass, as a bell does. For it will go most lightest. But these millstones that go upon these great rivers, which are broad, heavy, and weighty, must necessarily have two great thick hoops of iron, four inches broad and an inch thick, and eight or nine inches between the sides, set on both ends of the shaft. For the goad of iron will not bear them, and specifically the fulling mill. And that millstone which goes with a goad, yet must it have on either end of the shaft a hoop of iron and bulders under, and if the goad fails or wears out, but it shall not touch them both at once. And let the miller take good care that both the goads and hoops are not lost, for then the shaft ends will burn. For then he injures his lord, his master, or himself, for mill shafts are costly.\nBut in so much as lords gain great profit from making these mills, and most rent is raised on so little land, and often, for lack of the seat of discretion and experience of good making, there are many defects in them, especially in making the mill race. Through this, where the mill wheel goes, they often make it hollow and deep beneath it, so that the water stands there when the wheel does not go. And the tail race would lie two inches or twenty-four under the head race, and the trough would not pass three inches hollow at the most, and as long as it could receive three ladles, the fourth ladle entering the water, and the fifth ladle leaving the water. And the strike plates above and below should be of good length, so that the wheel does not come near the draft gate by two feet or more, for the farther from the gate the bigger and swifter is the stream.\nAnd the larger the ladle is, the better it is, as long as it has sufficient water. And then the miller need not draw up his gate so high, as when the ladle is short. For the faster the water is, the better it is. A double-bowled wheel is much better than a single-bowled wheel, for many reasons, if there is sufficient water, and it will keep the ladles from losing. The most common ladle of a double-bowled wheel would be three feet long and one foot broad, and to draw up his draft gate nine or ten inches is sufficient: And then the bow of the wheel will not be hidden nor covered in the water, and then it goes swiftly. And on the great rivers, the ladles may be an elbow longer, but for the weight and drawing up of the draft gate. The greater the compass the wheel has, the less water it will drive, but it will not go about as often as a little wheel will.\nThe corn mill's cog wheel is helpful when properly picked, cogged, and roded. Six rings and 48 cogges are best for a large river. The millstone turns eight times, while the water wheel turns but once. Each ring keeps its own cog, turning neither sideways nor changing position. For a mean water flow, six rings and 42 cogges are best. For the upper shot mill, six rings and 36 cogges are best. The cog wheel cannot be of such great compass as the other cog wheels. In all these cases, every cog keeps its own ring. If a wheel is put in with a cog or two more or less than stated, then every cog will change its ring at all times. This will not work well if not truly picked, and if a cog breaks, as it is likely to do, it will break many others, except if the draft gate is shot down shortly and likewise for a windmill.\nA windmill has never had more than 48 cogs or 33 and so on, but each cog must keep its own range, and seven ranges are not profitable as they lie too flat. I do not speak of horse mills in this regard, as I have no experience with them as I do with water mills.\n\nAdditionally, lords and their tenants have another way of profiting from these waters besides these types of mills or fishing. This is due to the watering of their cattle and beasts both winter and summer, and especially from the running waters such as rivers, brooks, springs, and wells. These do not freeze or never, and they will be cold in summer and warm in winter. If there is a close water shortage, it has great significance and is much worse.\nA surveyor should report to his lord any potential profits and improvements that can be made on his lord's lands. He should advise his lord to implement these changes and bear the costs. It is undisputed that a man cannot make a better purchase, tell more effectively, or incur less cost than by improving, amending, and making his own inheritance better. I do not mean by the enhancement, rising, or increase of tenants' rents, but only in mending and making better his errible lands, meadows, leases, & pastures, and in making water mills, wind mills, horse mills, fulling mills, sythe mills, cutler mills, whether by water or draft of horses, smith mills, or such other things. Additionally, obtaining all manner of profits, both underground and above, as mentioned before in the sixth chapter.\nAnd by these improvements, a man might make every township that stands in the plain countryside and occupied in tillage half as good against all manner of profits for the tenants as it was before. If the lords thereof and their tenants can agree on the costs. And neither house nor cottage to be decayed or pulled down, and to have as much land in tillage and plowing as there was before, and their corn and grass should be better saved and kept from destruction.\n\nIt is undoubted that every township that stands in tillage in the plain country, there are errable lands to plow and sow, and lease to tie or tether their horses and mares upon, and come pasture to keep and pasture their cattle, beasts, & sheep upon. And also they have meadow ground to get their hay upon.\nLet it be known how many acres of arable land each man has in tillage, and of the same acres in every field to change with his neighbors, and to lay them together and make one separate close in every field for all. And also another separate close for his portion of his common pasture, and also his portion of his meadow in a separate close by itself, and all kept separate both in winter and summer. And every cottage shall have its portion assigned to it according to its rent. And this shall not allow the rich man to oppress the poor man with his cattle. And undoubted, that hay and straw that will feed one beast in the house will feed two beasts in the close, and they will like it better. For those beasts in the house have short herds and thin and towards March they will pull and be bare.\nAnd therefore they cannot stay in the field before the herdsman in winter time due to the cold. And those that lie under a hedge have long hours and thickness, and they will never pull or be bare. For this reason, the husband may keep twice as many cattle as before.\n\nThis is the reason for this approval. Now every husband has six separate closes: three for corn, the fourth for his meadow, the fifth for his common pastures, and the sixth for his hay. In winter time, only one is occupied with corn. Then he has the other five to occupy until lent comes, and then he has his fallow field, his ley field, and his pasture field all summer. And when he has mown his meadow, then he has his meadow ground, so that if he has any weak cattle that need improvement or various kinds of cattle, he may put them in any close he wishes, which is a great advantage.\nIf all should lie come, the eddyish of corn fields and the aftermath of all meadows would be eaten in ten or twelve days. And the rich men who have much cattle would have the advantage, while the poor man can have no help or relief in winter, when he has the most need. And if an acre of land is worth six pence or it is unenclosed, it will be worth eight pence when it is enclosed, due to the composting and dunging of the cattle that will go and lie upon it both day and night. And if any of his three closes that he has for his corn are worn or bare, then he may break and plow up his close that he had for his lease or the close that he had for his common pasture or both and sow them with corn, and let the other lie for a time, and so he will always have resting ground, which will bear much corn with little dunging. And also he shall have great profit from the wood in the hedges when it is grown.\nNot all these profits and advantages are the only ones, but he shall save more than all these. For by reason of these closures, he shall save meat, drink, and the wages of the shepherd, the wages of the swineherd, which may amount to be as expensive as his entire rent, and also his corn will be better saved from eating or destroying with cattle. Do you not think, however, that shepherds with their sheep, herdsmen with their herds, and swineherds with their swine destroy much corn, which the hedges would save? Some men might argue that this would be against the common weal, because shepherds, herdsmen, and swineherds would then be put out of wages. To this it may be answered, though these occupations may not be used, there are as many new occupations that were not used before. Such as getting of quicksets, ditching, hedging, and plashing, which the same men may use and occupy.\nAlso, it may be fortune that all should be enclosed in Essex, but for that there may be a provision and that is as follows. Where the king's high way is, if it be dry ground, stony ground, or sandy ground, in all such places, lanes may be made of a convenient breadth for the king's people to pass through with all manner of carriage. And where it is soft ground lying level, that the waters may not well pass by the ditches, at every hedge that goes over the highway, there to make a gate and stone it or gravel it in that place. And each man the whole close to ride, carry, or go in, as they had before. Likewise, as they do at the wind gates at this side Chorley in Lancashire, and likewise between town and town, and as to their own drift lanes to their closes, let them make them for their own ease as they will have them.\nThe most indifferent means to make these approvals, as it seems, is this: In a town, the lords should not have more than one assent, such that their tenants should exchange their lands one with another, and the said exchange should stand and endure forever. For doubtless they know it best, and every tenant, for his own advantage, will do it indifferently. And the curate of the same parish should be indifferent to see these closes lotted and assigned to every man's ease, so that every man may have one little croft or close next to his own house, if it may be, though he have no land of his own. This done, let every lord, by his copy of the court roll or by indenture, make a sufficient lease to every of their tenants, to have to him and to his wife and to his children, so that it passes not three lives, being a life and named.\nYielding and paying to their lords and heirs the old rents and services before due and accustomed during those three lives. They shall do or cause to be done sufficiently to quickset, ditch, hedge, and plow as needed all the said closes. This which will be a great charge to the tenants. But it seems to me they may well do it if they entered into thrift and especially remembered the profits that may come to them afterward. There is an old saying, \"leuis est labor cum lucro,\" that is to say, \"labour is light where winning follows.\" Much of this labour may be done by him and his servants at a convenient time, so let him not neglect his husbandry. It is too much to be done in one year, two or three, but they may do it in six or nine years, as the fields go about, for it is too costly for husbands to hire it to be done.\nAnd the lords seem able to do no less than grant them these three lives of the old rent, remembering what profits they may gain at the end of their terms, they know not how soon. For uncertainly on set day comes at last, and though the advancement of the lords does not come at once, it will come in due course. And therefore says the philosopher, Quod differtur non aufertur, that which is different is not taken away, and in the meantime the lords have no manner of loss, nor yet make any costs but at their pleasure.\n\nHere ends this little treatise.\n\nGo thou little querist, with due reverence\nAnd with an humble heart, commend to me\nAll those, from whose benevolence\nThis little treatise derives its redemption, here, or see\nWith whom I pray, contented to be\nAnd to amend it, in places requisite\nWhere I have erred, or am culpable.\nFor a man to attain\nTo make a thing perfect at first sight\nBut when it is read and well overseen,\nFaults may be found that never came to light.\nThough the maker has done his diligence and might,\nPraying them to take it as I have intended,\nAnd to forgive me if I have offended.\n\nFinis.\n\nThus ends this little treatise named The Book of Surveying and Improvements.\nPrinted at London in Fletestreet by Richard Pynson, Printer to the king's noble grace.\nThe year of our Lord God M.D.xxiii. the 15th day of July.\nCome privy seal to the king in indulgence.", "creation_year": 1523, "creation_year_earliest": 1523, "creation_year_latest": 1523, "source_dataset": "EEBO", "source_dataset_detailed": "EEBO_Phase1"},
{"content": "Here begins a little treatise called the Lucydary. depiction of master and disciple. The disciple speaks of spiritual nobility. It is the greatest spiritual nobility that a man can have. That is, to have forever his heart and his affection toward his creator, to seek knowledge of him and his ordinances. For this reason he made the angels, man, woman, marriage, paradise, hell, and where they are, and why he would be born of the virgin Mary, and the signs which signify his deeds and works, and also of the Antichrist and the dead bodies, and how a man should confess him and to whom. Now inquire we then of his things as the disciples do, who demand of their master, and the master answering to his demands, as follows.\n\ndepiction of master and disciple.\nthe master.\nthe disciple.\n\nMaster, tell me, what thing is God? My child,\nhe is a thing spiritual\nin which\nis all dignity and\nall perfection,\nthe which is known.\nAll things are mighty and everlasting, without beginning or end. He cannot be measured or comprehended by man. No one can see or behold his beauty or dignity, or number or fathom his power. He is powerful and great, and full of all bounty, mercy, and grace. May there be but one God. My child, no, for if there were many gods, each would be all-powerful, and they might make things contrary and incompatible with one another, which is against the divine nature. God is one, indivisible and unchanging, the principal cause and efficient reason of all things, sovereign above all, to which every heart aspires, which human intellect cannot comprehend or imagine. Master, why is God called Father? My child, the principle of generation primarily belongs to the father more than to the mother.\nMaster, why should man grant to God the most principal party? Master, why don't we call the second person of the Trinity both daughter and son? My child, because the son takes human nature in the form of man, not woman. Master, why isn't the Holy Ghost called daughter and why were they not called mother and son? My child, it proceeds and descends primarily from the one as from the other. Master, where was God before He made the world? My child, God was not in any corporeal place. For nothing existed but Him alone. But He was in Himself Father, Son, and Holy Ghost in one selfsame essence. Master, where is He now? My child, God occupies no place. But His boundless power is everywhere. For He governs those things which are in the east and those which are in the west, and in general all the world, and therefore a man says that He is all time and all.\nMaster knows God of all things. My child, for just as He is all powerful, He is also all knowing and all seeing. Master, in what manner did God create the angels? My child, He made them fair and shining, without bodies, and full of marvelous bounty and singing for the purpose of being His special ministers. Master, why did the angels that God had made to His likeness sin? My child, they did not offer graces to God of the great grace and sovereign beauty that He had given them, but were ensnared in their ignorance of their own nature. Master, what became of them? My child, the most great masters of them fell into hell, and the others around us, and the others in the air. Master, why did they not all descend together into hell? My child, because the one sinned more grievously than the other, they all remained around us, and in the air for testing the holy personages. Master, why was Jesus Christ not redeemed like these men? My child, because.\nAngels are of stronger material and without bodies, lined with their own malice and will without any temptation from others. And because their nature is angelic, they should convert one time alone to good or to evil. Once it is converted to one, it may be converted to the other, as they never did well. Master, therefore, you made them so they could not sin. My child, to the end that by their merit they should have grace and glory in paradise. Master, when God knew that they should sin, he made them. My child, to deny the good from the evil and to tend that the good be the more confirmed in bounty. As the painter who sows black and other evil colors among those who are fair, makes them show the more fair, and in this God suffers evil among the good, and also God makes the devils and hell execute and punish the cursed and miserable sinners of this world, and he made.\n\"Paradise and the angels are to glorify the good. Master knows all things about the devils. My child is more spiritual and subtle than man, and they are more subtle and wise, knowing all things past and present. But they know nothing of future things except through conjecture, as in the case of the moon and similar things. They know nothing of a man's thoughts, but God alone knows. Master, they may do as they will. My child will not do any good, but they may do much evil, and not as much as they would, but that which God allows them to do. Master, the good angels may sin. My child, when the evil angels fell from Paradise through their sin, the good were in such a way confirmed in good that they have willed to do no evil since then.\"\nangelles do as they will, at God's command, for obedience to God they may not do anything. Depiction of master and disciple: master, disciple. Master, why did God make men and women? My child, to know and love him, and to fulfill paradise and to place them in the places of the cursed angels in paradise, which they have lost through pride and misknowledge. Master, why did God make man and woman? My child, he made them from the slime of the earth, and know that the human body is made of the four elements, which are earth, water, air, and fire. So the flesh answers to earth, the blood to water, the wind to air, and the heat naturally to fire. And know also, my child, that man is made in the likeness of the world, for as the sky has two great lights, the sun and the moon, so man has two lights.\nIn his head are the two eyes. And as the sky has seven planets, likewise a man has seven senses in his head. And as the sea receives all things, similarly the womb of a man receives all things necessary for his life. And the hardness of the stones corresponds to the bones and to the nails. And to trees corresponds the members of his body. And to the grass the herbs. Know that my child that the body of man is nothing other than a tree overthrown, so that the roots are upwards; thus the herbs are the roots, and the body is the trunk, and the arms and legs are the branches. This signifies that we should be enrooted upwards into heaven in the love of our creature. Master, why was the woman made from the side of Adam rather than from any other part? My child, if the woman had been made from the highest part of her, she would have been proud and would have mistaken the man.\nAnd if she had been made of the lowest part of man,\nthe man would have greatly displeased her. Therefore, she was formed of the middle,\nso that the man held her for his company. Master\nwho made God the soul of man and woman.\nMy child he created it in His image / for the soul is also a spiritual substance having understanding, will, and memory.\nMaster made God the man and the woman with His own hands.\nMy child, He made all alone at His word and command.\nMaster why did God make man of such vile matter?\nMy child, to make him more humble and to confuse the devil,\nseeing the man made of such vile matter is in paradise from where he fell by his pride.\nMaster why did God make the best creatures?\nMy child, God has made the good creatures to help man in need,\nand He made the cursed and fearsome to abate man's pride,\nfor when they annoy him, he may well be humbled.\nThink that he is a little thing, considering himself, who can resist them. There are made many beasts to give us an example to live by, such as ants, or worms, and spiders, which continually trouble themselves in their operations. We should evermore take example from their good conduct, as the holy scripture says, \"Behold the fowls of the air, and they which walk in the earth\" (Matthew 6:26). That is, behold the birds of the sky, which are pursued by the providence of God, and have no fear that God will ever fail, but live forever in good hope in His precious blood. And He gives us so much good in this world. In such a way, all beasts, plants, trees, herbs, land, sea, planets, and stars, and all other things are made to serve mankind for their profit and utility. Yet he\nHathe late is the realm of paradise, where the least glory surpasses all the joys of this world. By which my child, the man is well to blame, who knows not his creature, which bestows upon him so much grace, and beasts, which have neither wit nor understanding, love and thank him in supplication. Master, where was Adam created? My child, he was created in Eden and afterward put into paradise terrestrial. Master, what is the age in paradise terrestrial, and where is it? My child, it is a place delectable in the orbit above the mountains of Egypt, where are trees of diverse virtues, and of some, he who eats of them shall never have hunger, and of others, by nature, shall never die. Master, where was Eve created? My child, she was created in paradise terrestrial, but man was created first and put in possession. Master, why did they sin?\nA man and a woman. My child, through the deception of the devil and their foolish thinking, transgressed God's commandment. Master, filled with sorrow for what they were about to receive, having lost his place in paradise. Master, in what form did the enemy tempt them? My child, the devil appeared to them in the form of a serpent, telling them that if they ate of that fruit, they would know as much as God. Master, why did you create mankind with free will as the angels? My child, God desired that mankind be similar to Him in all things, taking from Him. God desired that all be born of Adam. Master, why had He not made them so they could not sin? My child, to the end that they would have more mercy. Master, how could they have engendered children in paradise? My child, as you should put one hand within the other without any delight. Master, how could these women have given birth? My child, without any pain and suffering.\nThe holy men and women of paradise embraced the love of our Lord. Master why did God make man and woman when He knew they would transgress His commandment? My child, it was for His pleasure to do so, to show His infinite might, and to the end that He might be praised and honored for all things. Love God in their midst. There will yet be many persons of greater merit and holiness, as Saint John the Baptist and the apostles and disciples of our Lord and many others. For as the scripture testifies, happy is he who can do evil and does not when he may. Master, how long did Adam and Eve dwell in terrestrial paradise? My child, from morning till the hour of noon, for at the third hour Adam gave names to the things, and about midday they sinned, and at none they were baptized, and at such an hour died Jesus Christ. Master, into what place went Adam when he was put out of terrestrial paradise? My child, he went into [unknown].\nEther the devil tempted Adam and Eve, and why were they so grievously punished? My child, because they disobeyed the commandment of God, yielding to the persuasions of the devil, and because they were not content with what God had given them, bestowing upon them so much grace. By this they sinned in three ways. First, in pride, when they disobeyed the commandment of God. Second, in covetousness, when they were not content with what God had given them. And third, in the sin of the mouth, by eating the fruit that God had forbidden. When Master repented, and also did great penance, why was he not restored to his former state after his death? My child, because his penance was not sufficient to repair the damage he had caused by his sin, and therefore the second person in the Trinity, who is the blessed Son of God, made the repair for him. And how is it that the blessed God is everlasting?\nMaster, why did God not send an angel to redeem human lineage? My child, if the angel had redeemed the man, he would have been subject to the angel, and God has made the man to be in the state of angels. Moreover, it was inconvenient that the man had committed the sin that he had done, and you should know and understand that the blessed Son of God in human form would repair the health and sin of man and bear the penalty and suffer death and endure the right dolorous pain for him, and to humble him to take our fragility and nature in the womb of the Virgin, to show the great affection and great love he has towards us, which he made to his semblance. Master, why did God not make an angel take human nature? My child, for these reasons that I have now told you, and also because no angel or other creature had the power to open the grave.\nParadise was close to man by God's proximity, making it necessary for the Son of God to be sent down to redeem human nature and open Paradise. Know that he had two natures: divine, as he was and is God, and human, as he was and is man. He subdued the devil, who had subdued man and opened Paradise, and was of the lineage of Adam, doing penance for him. Therefore, Master, the Father and the Holy Ghost took on human nature, as well as the Son. My child, for the Son is the semblance of the Father and grants all things through which it was convenient for the Son alone to draw man to his Father above in Paradise.\n\nDepiction of master and disciple:\nMaster:\nWhy would God be born of the virgin Mary?\nMy child, God made man in four ways.\nThe first was formless and without shape, like Adam. The second was formed from a man without a woman, like Eve. The third was formed both from a man and a woman, as we are. Now, to make the third kind, which is from a woman and is like Christ, there are two reasons. The first is that death entered the earth through a woman, who was Eve. Also, life came into the earth through a woman. That is to know the blessed Virgin Mary, who gave us the fruit of eternal life. \u00b6 Master, how was she delivered? My child, she was delivered without pain and without sorrow, and remained a virgin and pure and clean from all spot before, during, and after childbirth. But because God wanted to uphold the order of nature, he remained nine months in the womb and was not inconvenienced to be born. \u00b6 Master, at what hour was he born? My child, he was born.\nat midnight and at that hour appeared in the sky a star most fair and clear, it was marvelous to behold. The sun was fair as gold. And peace and unity were throughout the world. And obeyed unto one prince only, named Caesar. And at that hour the dumb beasts spoke, and idols of the Saracens and pagans fell to the earth. Master why did he take the gifts of the three kings? My child, in taking the gold he showed himself almighty, and by the incense he was God: and by the myrrh, a man; and the king who bore the gold was called Balthasar, Iasper bore the myrrh, and Melchior bore the incense. Master, in how many ways are our sins pardoned? My child, they are pardoned us in five ways. First, by the sacraments of the holy church, which are seven: baptism, confirmation, confession, the order of priesthood, the sacrament of the altar, the sacrament of marriage, and the anointing of the sick.\nvnccyon, but baptism is the first, and he who most clearly puts out our sins. After baptism, confirmation and confession are the most necessary. Secondly, our sins are pardoned to us by alms-deeds. Thirdly, they are pardoned by baptism. \"My child, for by baptism we become as men to Jesus Christ in doing him this homage, and we are delivered from the servitude of sin.\" Why are they baptized who are born of those who are baptized, and also the children who have not sinned? My child, if any part of it were corrupted with venom, all the breed that should come from it should be venomous and corrupted. And because our forefathers were corrupted by sin, they and all their descendants, the father and the mother, were baptized. This does not suffice for the child to be baptized, for who baptizes him? Nature does not baptize him, but only the person particular to him. Therefore, it is necessary that we are all baptized personally. Master\nwherefore he named God that all were baptized to be saved. My child it is not the deuty of God that all were baptized, for He has given to every man and woman free arbitrate and free will to do. Also baptism should be made of free will and without constraint, for if God constrained the man to be baptized, he would not have his free arbitrate, and so all his baptism had no merit. \u00b6 Master therefore espouses not man now his cousins as in ancient law. My child it is for to increase amity & love between strangers. For those who are of blood love each other enough more than these others, therefore it behooves to put love & charity where it is not, and the other reason is such. For the children had two proximities together as to be son and niece, therefore for honesty it was ordained to make marriage between strangers, but in the old law men espoused the women of kindred & it was for to multiply & to increase the world. \u00b6 Master.\nWhy was Jesus Christ baptized? My child, he was circumcised to fulfill the old law, and baptized to begin the new law, and to show his great humility by giving us an example that we should all be regenerated through baptism. Master, why is baptism in water? My child, because water is contrary to fire; we are baptized in water to quench the aforementioned fire of sin. And just as water washes away all dirt and filth, baptism washes away all sins, and God established it in water because water is common over the entire world, so that a man may not find an excuse that he could not find water for baptism or that he could have had. Master, what word should a man speak in baptism? My child, a man should say, \"I baptize you in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost, amen.\" In putting three.\ntimes of water upon the head of him who baptizes, and so may they say in all languages, that it be in good belief and in good intention and other words which are not necessary for the said sacrament of baptism. Master was it a reasonable thing that God the Father gave so noble a thing as is the Son for to buy back so captive a thing as is man. My child in that shows God the Father great and abounding love that he has towards human creatures. Master, for God has sent down here his Son by such great charity and for the redemption of mankind, why did men give him so much pain. My child Judas betrayed him through cowardice. Pilate condemned him for fear of losing his office, and the Jews put him to death through envy. Master, why did Jesus Christ die on the tree of the cross, My child, as Adam sinned by the tree of life, so also God would redeem him by the tree of the cross, and you should know that by the four parties of the cross.\nThe cross reveals to us all over the world; it again shows us that the death of Jesus Christ was sufficient not only for human nature but also for the entire universal world, if it had been lost. Master, how long did Jesus Christ remain on earth in deed? My child, he remained there for thirty hours. And when we say that he arose on the third day, understand that he died on Friday at the hour of noon, and all of Saturday he was dead in the holy sepulcher, which is the second day. And on the Sunday, he arose early. Since the course of nature is renewed at midnight and the day, take one part of the day for the entire day. Master, where did the soul of Jesus Christ go when he died? My child, he went to glory toward God the Father, rendering thanks and praises to him, and commanding the holy souls that he had redeemed by the merit of his holy passion.\nThing granted him. Then opened the soul of Jesus Christ, which was conjunct with the deity, the gates of paradise, which had been shut for a long time to all human kind. Yesterday, around the hour of midnight, he descended into hell and broke the gates and went to visit his good friends. That is, to understand, the souls of the holy ancient fathers, who greatly desired him, and they were delivered from the prison of the body, along with all the souls that merited paradise by their holy works. This fair company mounted into heaven and was presented to God the Father, who received them benignly and put them in the realm of paradise in the places prepared for them. And he delivered not the souls of the damned, such as Judas and the cursed rich man Dives and many others, but left them in hell in pain and torment without giving them any comfort, where they are yet and shall be.\nAnd on the Sabbath before the sun rising, the soul returned to the body of Jesus that lay in the Sepulchre, and rose from death to life. Master, why did he not arise sooner, as a man I would have little presumed he was dead, and he would have begun to renew the world on the Sunday by his resurrection. For at such an hour all the world began to be. Master, where was he after his resurrection? Master, how many times did he appear? My child, he appeared first to Joseph of Arimathea, who had buried him, and for doing so was put in prison. Afterwards to his mother, to the blessed Mary Magdalene, to the two pilgrims coming from the holy Sepulchre, to James who would not eat till he had seen him, to Peter, to the two pilgrims who went to the castle of Malta after he appeared to his disciples, and to Thomas when he put his hand into his side.\nHis hand in the side of our Lord Jesus Christ: after this, to his disciples in the see of Tyre, and so, my child, you should understand that our Lord Jesus Christ appeared 12 times before he ascended into heaven. Master who ascended into heaven with him. My child, the souls of the blessed, who were saved by their merits, and also a great multitude of angels of heaven, which accompanied him, singing melodiously and yielding thanks to God. Master, why did he stay 40 days in heaven after he was risen? My child, because he gave great pain for 40 hours when he remained on earth for his friends and disciples, therefore he wanted to comfort them for 40 days; that is one day for every hour, in tokening that for pain he gives great joy, and also he did it to confirm them in the holy faith, as St. Thomas and others to whom he appeared visibly. Master, what does it mean, that the Son is set on the right hand of his Father.\nChild it is to say that the humanity is in glory with the divinity. Master, in what manner and form did Jesus Christ ascend into heaven? My child, he styled himself in such form and manner as when he transformed before some of his disciples on the mountain of Tabor, that is to understand, he had his arms stretched and lifted up high, and his face shining as the sun. And his vestments were white as snow, and a fair and clear cloud descending from heaven, and it closed round about him and so mounted into heaven in such a way that they lost the corporal sight of him. Master, why is the sacrament of the water made of bread and wine? My child, for as the grain of the corn has been beaten and flayed and had the husk removed, in the same way the precious body of Jesus was beaten and scourged, and his side was opened, out of which issued blood and water. Therefore, men put water to the said sacrament. And as the wine leaps from the grape by fermentation.\nThe precious blood of Jesus lept from his precious body on the cross, and it was not stabilized by the flesh nor by the blood, for a man may find it horrifying to drink blood and to eat flesh. But it was stabilized by bread and wine \u2013 the most common and the most profitable for nourishing the body. In like manner, the sacrament of the altar is the most common and the most profitable for nourishing the soul.\n\nMaster, how shall we understand that it is the holy body of Jesus Christ and his precious blood under the kind of bread and of wine? My child, the bread and the wine that you eat and drink convert them into your own body and into your own blood. In like manner, the sacrament of the altar, saying the holy words by the will of God, also changes them into the body and blood of Christ.\nthe precyous body and blode of Ihesu cryste. And\nalso he wolde do it for the grete loue that he hathe in\nvs he wolde euermore be with vs. And it is in his po\u00a6wer\nthat to do / as of nothynge he hath made all the\nworlde ye whiche is a more grete thynge. Than my\nchylde thou sholdest beleue stedfastly and withoute\ndoubte for his pleasure was hit to instytute in suche\nwyse. And how be it that thou seest it not corporally / \nfor a body gloryfyed is inuysyble thou hast the more\nof meryte. For fayth is none other thynge but to bele\u2223ue\nthat thynge that he seeth not.\ndepiction of master and disciple\nthe mayster.\nthe discyple.\nMAister what\nsay ye of the\npreest that is i\u0304mor\u2223tall\nsynne / maye he\nsacre and admyny\u2223ster\nthe holye bodye\nand blode of Ihesu\nCryste. My chylde\nye / for the sacrame\u0304t\npreest / as the sonne whan that it shyneth vpon foule\nthynges and stynkynge lesyth not his clerete / but ye\npreest it doth vnto his dampnacyo\u0304 / and yf he be with\nout synne it is vnto his saluacyon. \u00b6 Mayster howe\nThe body of Jesus Christ abides in the womb that receives Him. My child, He abides there as long as the substance of the breed can contain Him, but you shall understand that God is and abides forever with them who are in the state of grace.\n\nMaster, how many priests sing Mass, the body of Christ is it over all, My child, you are. For God is and may be over all, as your soul, which is whole in every part of the body.\n\nMaster, a man should hate the evil. My child, a man should hate their cursedness and folly and not do evil as they do. But we should love our nature, for we are all sons of one father and one mother, and bought and redeemed with one selfsame blood. And if they do wrong, you should pardon them and pray for them, to the example of Jesus Christ, who prayed for those who crucified and put to death. For it is the most meritorious work.\nWe may do. Master, why have the evil so many goods and prosperities in this world? My child, there is not so wicked a child in this world but that sometimes does some good deed. And for as much as man did never any good deed but that it was rewarded, nor ever did evil but that it was punished. And for this cause God sends them great goods and prosperities in return for their good deed, and so gives them power and authority over the good, until the good is proven by them. And sometimes God sends tribulations to the wicked, to the end that they amend them; and if they do not, nevertheless they shall suffer and have in hell. Or they shall have increasing of other great temporal goods, but God gives them tribulations and adversities to prove them, as to Job, and to Thobie, to the end they despise the vanities of this world, and that they should not forget their creature.\nand that by their merits in taking all in patience, they may have the glory of paradise, and sometimes God gives them goods to the end that they may be more charitable and that they increase in glory in paradise. The good die sometime suddenly, so as not to avoid the perils and temptations which are in this world, and also sometimes they live longly to increase in bounty, and to end that by their good example and doctrine the wicked may amend them, and also the wicked die suddenly sometimes to make these other wicked fear the end that they amend them, and sometimes the wicked live longly to prove the good, and also for God tarries that they should amend them, and so you should understand, my child, that the opinion of some doctors is that the mercy of God is so great that He suffers man to die in the best state and purpose that he may find him. For God will not, nor also suffer the death and damning of a man, but wills.\nThat convert and live eternally in paradise, and how is it that many die suddenly and without having the opportunity to confess and do penance and satisfy? How is it for such souls to die and in great contrition of heart that God takes them to mercy. Master shall the rich and the poor be equally rewarded. My child, as much as they are the wiser and you more worthy, so much the better rewarded they shall be. Whoever shall be good, and whenever they shall be more evil to us, much shall they be more grievously punished. Master, may God do evil. My child, no: for he is all powerful, but it is not intended that he may do things contrary to reason, and that they are impossible for it to be. Master, why then does God allow the beasts to have so much pain, and also they have not deserved it? My child, it is sometimes that by the sin of the man the vengeance of God falls upon the beasts and upon them.\ntheyse other goodes to the ende that he amende hym\nor for to proue hym as Iob. And also than beestes be\u0304\nmade to susteyne & to nourisshe the man by ye whiche\nthey ben vnder his subieccyon. And also for all thyn\u2223ges\nsholde serue vs to that wherunto they ben ordey\u2223ned / \nas the brydge the whiche is made to passe / or to\ngo ouer. In lykewyse my chylde god it suffreth to\nthende that therby we take example / for syth that ye\nbeestes suffreth so moche of payne for theyr poore lyfe\ncorporall / we shold well more trauayle and take pay\u00a6ne\nto gete the lyfe eternall of paradys in the whiche\na man shall lyue eternallye. \u00b6 Mayster knoweth\ngod whether that a man shall be saued or dampned\nbefore that he be borne. My chylde yes / not that god\nit dothe in entencyon for to dampne hym / for god ne\ndampnyth hym but ye man dampnith hymselfe with\nout ony constraynt but of his owne wyll the whiche\nis at his owne lyberall arbytre or fre wyll. As we se\nthe boterflye ye whiche of hym selfe and of his propre\nThe butterfly will burn in the candle. And how is it that the said butterfly is sometimes scalded by the candle's fire in such a way that it often falls to the earth, yet rises again as best it can, and with all its power puts itself back in the candle's fire, remaining there unyielding despite seeing the danger? Similarly, those who damn themselves do so willingly and without constraint, for how is it that they see and know the danger that lies therein, and are often scalded by troublesome and adversarial circumstances, and yet they convert and are inspired by divine intervention to cease not until they have plunged themselves so deeply in the fire that they remain there and shall never depart? And how is it that good will, simple will it is, grants salvation to all men and possesses such a great gift as the realm of paradise without merit, and by such means, my child, know that God.\n\"Master, those whom you have predestined to be saved, may they be saved, without deserving it, and let them travel therefore. My child, no, for God knows well that by their merits and travels they shall be saved. And likewise, a man may say of the damned: Master, since those whom you have predestined to be saved should not be damned, and those whom you have predestined to be damned should not be saved, what difference does it make to labor to have paradise or hell?\" \"Master, if thou art predestined to be saved in the eternal glory, thou shouldst not increase thy pains in purgatory, and lessen thy glory in paradise through fault of doing well. And if thou art predestined to be damned, thou shouldst not therefore labor eternally.\"\nlive in sin, but you should always enforce yourself to do well and do penance to lessen your pains in hell. Since you do not know where you are destined, you should always think of the better part, that it is to understand that God has made us in His image and has bought us with His precious blood for saving us and not damning us. Therefore, my child, you should always do good deeds and flee evil, and know that God has given you wit, understanding, free will, and liberal arbitry to choose the good or the evil, to which you have not cause of ignorance or impotence. Master, what do you say about those who never hear the commandments of God or do none? My child, the men are made to the image and likeness of God, to the end that they love and serve Him and fear Him. Therefore, if they do not know their creature in this world, we shall not know them in the other, nor will their ignorance excuse them but more.\nMaster, the ignorance of a child nourished in a wood, who had never heard of the faith of Jesus Christ, shall not be an excuse for his sin. Master, it is a thing to believe that God makes revelation to every person of the faith of Jesus Christ through teaching by man or divine revelation or otherwise, and if he goes against the said revelation, know that he shall be damned. Master, souls are made from the beginning of the world. My child, not by me, but God creates them every day, and He puts within the children in the womb of their mother, to be understood by men forty days after their conception. Master, what avails confession to us? My child, it is the second baptism. For just as by baptism all sins are pardoned, so by the virtue of the sacrament of confession all our sins are pardoned, for as much as a man acknowledges his fault before God or before his lieutenant, for God loves.\nmore obedience than sacrifice, for obedience is the mother of all virtues. Master Auylath does more penance by enjoying the confession than by will. My child, if you have enjoyed confession in penance for one father or one of your penances, but if you said the Penitential Psalms which were enjoined to you, and you left unsaid the Satan or other many fair orisons, which you say by simple will, you shall not sin, but you shall acquit yourself of your penance, for as I have told you, a better obedience is done to our Lord than the sacrifice. Master, what contrition brings at the point of death? My child, those who remain to repent until the hour of death are treacherous to our Lord as the treacher and poor payer who promises to pay at a certain term but would that the term should never come, and for this matter and cause he makes a mockery against his creature to delay that he may not pay him so soon or ever. And from the other side, St. Luke says that\ngod is not well paid for him who pays him in that thing, which he cannot longer hold. It is written that at what hour the sinner shall declare his sin in great repentance and contrition, it will be pardoned to him. But my child, it is a great paradox to endure him to repeat, for a man is so troubled that he knows not himself or any other. As the Psalms say (Omnis in morte obliviscaris: in inferno aut quis confitebitur tibi), that is, since the deceitful man has no remembrance of God, and there is no time for him to repent and confess his sin when a man is in hell for the sentence of God is given. Then, my child, you should repent and confess your sins, and you should not delay until tomorrow, for you do not know whether you shall die before then.\n\ndepiction of master and disciple\ndisciple.\nMaster.\nMaster then,\nsince the sin\nof pride is pardoned by baptism, why?\nthose who are baptized. My child\nthe good dies to the end that they are taken\nfrom the tribulation of this world / & they are crowned in the realm of\nparadise / and the evil dies by their sins to the end that they are put from the joys and delights of\nthis world / & are in great sorrow punished eternally in hell. \u00b6 Master, what troubles you so about death\nunto the man. My child, that man who dies so daily / so that he is in the state of grace he goes into paradise or into purgatory to accomplish his penances / and to him the sharp death is meritorious\nagainst his sinful desires & to the dimunition\nof the pains of purgatory & to the augmentation\nof the glory of paradise / & if he dies suddenly in mortal sin the sudden death puts him as much in the state of being unprepared and without confession or repentance as he is damned eternally / & for this and this reason my child, you should be evermore ready for to die in keeping you from sin.\nfor you do not know when or what death thou shalt die. Master, what profit is it for a man to be buried in the churchyard? My child, if he be in purgatory, he is sooner delivered as well by the prayers of the church as of his kin and friends who visit his sepulcher in praying for him. And often it happens that churchyards are sanctified by the bodies of some saints, whereof if those who are buried there are saved, they are right joyful who their bodies are with the bodies of other saints; but if they are damned, it profits them nothing. For the good deeds that men there did for them cannot help them.\n\nMaster, what manner of life is the most excellent and best for making one's salvation? My child, to have a true affection of true love for our Lord in serving him and honoring him with all one's heart and in eating the bread that thou hast justly and lawfully acquired through the labor of thy body, as witnesseth the Psalmist.\nThat is to say, you shall be truly happy if you eat the labor with your own hands to which it is shown, and you should not use the goods that are obtained falsely, but you should yield them if you know to whom, and use those that are justly and lovingly obtained.\n\nMaster and disciple. The master is he\nwho is in mortal sin, he may belong without committing\nsin, for one good deed draws another. In like manner, one evil deed draws another, for so you devil makes of the man who is in mortal sin as a man does of a beast, leading him by the top where he seems best. Master, why do the souls of the dead go? My child, the souls of the Innocents that die without baptism go to the chamber of hell where they have no joy nor heavens, for they have merited nothing, but for as much as they are not purged from original sin.\nsyn\u0304e by baptym they be put from paradys / & from ye\nvysyon of god / and the soules of them the whiche ben\nbaptysed the which dyeth in the state of Innocencye\ngooth in to paradys all ryght / and the soules of them\nthe whiche dyeth in the state of grace & without syn\u0304e\nwhere if they haue synned and if they haue done pe\u2223naunce\nsuffycyent in this worlde gooth all ryghte in\nto paradyse / & ben in glory after that / that they haue\nmeryted by theyr holy werkes / and ye soules of the\u0304 ye\nwhich haue had contrycyon & dyspleasaunce of theyr\nsynnes & ben returned vnto god in cryenge hym mer\u00a6cy\nthat they haue not accomplysshed theyr penau\u0304ces\ni\u0304 this worlde gothe in to an other parte of hell named\npurgatory & there they accomplysshe theyr penaun\u2223ces\nand ben purged of theyr synnes / & that done they\ngo in to the glory of paradys. And the soules of them\nthe whiche dyeth in one mortall synne or many goth\nin to the depenes of hell / where they be\u0304 punysshed af\u2223ter\ntheyr deseruynge / and the soules of the Iewes / \nand of the myscreates who die in the state of Innocency go to a part of hell with all the other children who die without baptism. But the souls of other Jews and myscreates who have witte and understanding go with the damned.\n\nMaster, in how little time are the souls delivered from purgatory. My child some there abide longer than others, as they have deserved. Some are delivered at the end of seven days, and therefore, a man makes prayers and alms for their deliverance. For greatly to them may profit the prayers and alms done for them. Some are delivered at the end of thirty days, and therefore, is made the trental. Some are delivered at the end of one year, and therefore, is made the year's mind. And these others abide there by many years, and by long time after it they have deserved, and therefore, make men remember them every year.\nWhen they have all been purged and delivered, as accomplished by their penances and our prayers and supplications, they all go rightfully to the glory of paradise. Master, in what place is paradise? My child, there are three kinds of paradises: that is, celestial paradise, terrestrial paradise, and spiritual paradise. Celestial paradise is above all the heavens, in which is God and all the saints, holy men and women, as I have said before. Terrestrial paradise is on the earth towards the east, and spiritual paradise is against God and to love Him perfectly, which is above all. In that paradise are our good angels, who see and love God. Master, where is hell? My child, there are two kinds of hells: that is, spiritual hell and corporal hell. Spiritual hell is over all where the souls and the cursed angels are in pain and torment, whether in the earth or in the sea, and this may be in many places, as we read of a soul that was tormented with a flagellum of iron.\nThe bishop delivered it by .xxx. masses, who was bound to be there for a long time. Hell's corporal is in the middle of the earth as the carnal of an apple is in the middle of the apple and is a great cause, black and dark, in which are four stages, one above the other. At the first stage is the place where were the holy souls of the fathers and of those who, through their holy lives and conversations, had merited the realm of paradise, which our Lord Jesus Christ delivered when he died on the cross, and now there is none. For at that time, all were delivered. At the second stage is purgatory, where the souls that should be saved go to accomplish their penance, which they have not accomplished in this world in their lives. In the third stage are the souls of the innocents who die without baptism. And in the fourth stage, which is the lowest in depths, are the devils and the souls of the poor and miserable damned.\n\nDepiction of master and disciple.\n\nThe master.\nThe disciple. Master, what pains have those in purgatory? My child, they are tormented with the fire of hell much hotter than any fire of this material world in comparison. Against a fire painted on a wall, and they are bound with chains of fire, burning so intensely that a man cannot speak it. In this place, some are punished more severely than these others and remain longer. Master, what pain is there in hell? My child, there are so many diverse pains and tortures that there is no end to them. Human imagination cannot comprehend it, as of fire stinking and burning; of toads, serpents, dragons, and all foul and cruel beasts; and of devils enraged and mad, who never tire of tormenting the poor and miserable souls, but always begin anew in such a way that the least pain of hell surpasses all.\nThe souls of this world suffer, but one more than the other, according to their deserts. At the Day of Judgment, their pain will be uncertain, for then they shall arise and be damned in body and soul. Master, what pain have the souls of the Innocents who die without baptism? My child, they have no pain, no sorrow, no joy, no gladness. For they neither did good nor evil by those whom they have not merited to have any good or any evil. Yet it is nothing that grieves them, and when the Day of Judgment comes, they shall rise and be of the age that our Lord Jesus Christ was when He died on the cross, and all the others. Also, the aforementioned unbaptized children will be content with God's ordinance, and they shall return again into their said place without ever having joy or sorrow again, no more than you have wings for it, which appertains to birds and not to you.\nmen or if you have a king or any great prince\nwho dies and you shall not succeed his realm and sing,\nfor you know well that you are not he who should inherit.\nThey also should not inherit the glorious realm of Paradise,\nfor they have been exiled by the sin of Adam and Eve,\nfrom which sin they have not been purged by baptism. \u00b6 Masters, those of Paradise see those of hell. My child, and to them is a great increase in glory when they see the pains they have escaped, which pains they thank God without ceasing, and also the damned see the saved in Paradise, as we have in the Gospel of the cursed rich man Dives. The latter thing is a great increase in their torment and anguish when they see the spiritual goods that they have lost through their sins and negligence, and after the day of judgment, as the bodies of the saved shall be glorified.\nThey shall see the damned corporally, but the damned may not see them corporally. Master Ben the savaged was angry because of the pain of the damned. My child, those in paradise would be pleased if those in hell had lived so well in this world that by their holy works they had been saved with them. For without ceasing, they pray for the livings of humans in this present world, but since they, by their cursed life and their sins, have been damned for eternity, those in paradise neither are grieved nor displeased. For in paradise there is not any heavenly thing, nor any man's displeasure. But all joy, mirth, and gladness without end. Master, the ancient fathers suffered any manner of pain in the body of hell. My child, no, but they only experienced being held in darkness and in captivity. And were taken from the vision of God and above evermore their deliverance. Master, what knowledge have the just?\nThose in paradise know the good and their merits, and of the cursed, why they are damned, and we know the same. Those in purgatory know nothing of this world, unless revealed to them by angels or saints in paradise. The inhabitants of paradise show themselves when and to whom they will, but the damned will never come forth from hell until the day of judgment, when they will come to receive their bodies back and hear the sentence of the sovereign Judge. And if it sometimes seems to us that they show themselves, it is but the devil who shows himself to them in appearance. This is not at their will, but only by the suffrance of God, who, as Megh says, sometimes reveals them to holy persons by his miracle.\nThey are not relieved from their pains. For they bear their hell with them, and so they have always been in hell. Master, what do you say of these women who claim they see us in the air of these fairies and of these goblins who call us elves, and many other things? My child, women are most variable and less believable than men. Therefore, Eve was tempted before Adam. For the enemy thought that if he had won her over, she would help him win Adam. And so the devil showed his temptations more quickly to women than to men, as some men of little faith are often deceived, and for the same reason, the more the devil shows temptations to women in their minds to draw them from the faith of Jesus Christ. And you should understand that these old witches who claim that they go far from their houses on Saturdays.\nThe devil shows them marvelous things, and yet they do nothing but by the great fault of their faith and their folly, which he falls into, and all the earth takes no notice. In the same way, the devil shows them these visions in their minds, and also shows himself to them in the form and appearance of some person who should be dead twenty or thirty years past, or in the form and appearance of some of their neighbors. He speaks to them familiarly, as if he were themselves, to deceive them more lightly. But it is nothing else but the devil himself who shows himself to them in a fantastic body, as if to deceive them, and also makes it seem to them that they go into a green meadow full of fair sloths, to whom they make great advances. But it is not nothing, for they are not put under illusions made by the enemy of mature age that he puts in their minds.\nit seems they sometimes enter a house, the gates shut and take the garters of a child and eat them and go into the cellar and drink as much of the best, and from that deed they go away without the child having any harm, and that the wine is nothing less in the tonne, which is an impossible thing for all the sorcerers of the world and all the devils to pass a right great body through a little cleft or enter a house without having open passage to enter or draw the entrails from a child without killing or hurting it, and when it is dead they cannot arise it or draw the wine from a ton without there being less of one drop, for they are only workers for the pleasure of the sovereign creature, therefore my child thou should put no faith in their sorceries and deceitful practices, for they are but false illusions made by the enemy of nature sometimes.\nsheweth something for coming, which he knows by some conjectures, as I have told you before, in speaking of the science of the devil; and sometimes the devil to them shall show a theft in saying the truth to the end that they believe him better; and the malefactor is the more defamed, and he often says truth to the end that he is sooner believed when, by his false revelation, he accuses some holy and devout personage, of whom he may not otherwise be avenged. A man should have no power over the man except it be allowed by God. And concerning the fairies which the man says were wont to be in times past, they were not men or women naturally but were devils that showed themselves to the people of that time, for they were pagans, and the said fairies changed them into many forms, as of a horse or of a dog or otherwise, which is impossible according to nature.\nYou may show him various forms and shapes in the body in which he will be put, and take another form as you may change yours, be it that of a religious man or a woman. But to the truth, all the witches of the world and all the devils of hell cannot change one kind into another, as a man into a dog or a dog into an ass. For it is impossible for them to do so. Therefore, you may well think that these fairies, in such a way, showed them in various forms and kinds, were not men or women or anything natural but were devils, showing them thus. And those who put them in their idols and spoke and said some things for the sake of conjectures, as by the influences of celestial bodies. For otherwise, the devil has no knowledge of things to come. By this means, the fairies said that the people were destined, one to good and the other to evil, according to the course of heaven and nature, as a child born in such a way.\nA man is destined, at an hour and such a course, to be hanged or drowned, or to be rich or poor, or to marry such a woman as those things may be false. For a man has in himself liberal ability and free will to do good or ill in such a way that if he wills, he shall do nothing, therefore he should neither be hanged nor put in danger of being drowned, nor marry a woman unless he wills, and her destiny will be her own. By these reasons, a man should put no faith, for the Psalmist says (Vir sapiens dominabitur astris): that is, the wise man shall have lordship above the stars and planets. For he shall not govern himself according to his sensuality and natural inclination, but he shall govern himself wisely by reason, following the good and shunning the evil. For the will of man is so free that nothing can make it unfree. And if a man should do good or evil against his will.\nHe should not have lethal arbitration, and so his life should have no merit. This is false and against the faith. Therefore, my child, you should not be persuaded by it. It is also defended upon the pain of death and eternal damnation. Regarding these words and these spirits and elves, and also many other visions that men say they see by night, they are often devils that put them in the form of some deceitful body, feigning his voice to tempt the person of some thing. (Spiritus vadens et non rediens.) It is to say that after the soul is departed from the body, she goes to the place where she has deserved, without ever returning until the day of Judgment, if it is not by great necessity and by great miracle, as we read of Lazarus and of many others, but elves, goblins, and hellhounds are those which men see by night, as men of arms trusting on horseback with great assemblies, they are all devils.\nWhich are among us the ones that show themselves in such a form, and I see many other forms, as of a dog or of a horse/of a tree or of a stone, and in many other forms to tempt the man of some vice, and to make him err in the faith. And sometimes these devils come to the stables and find the horse and turn all that which was above underneath by the deceit of the man, and to tempt him. And sometimes they unbind the little children and cast them from the cradle to make the father and the mother wrath, and often kill the children whom God suffers, for the sin of the father or of the mother. Or to prove them as He did Job, when He allowed the devil to do so many evils and torments to him, to test him in his great patience. But they have no power, unless with God's permission. But my child, thou shouldst return.\n\"the unto God and unto the saints and to live holy, as the psalmist says (Non timebis amore nocturno. That is, thou shalt not fear those foul visions by night. For they are not but illusions made by the enemy, as it is said. May the enemy be constrained to come by words or by signs. My child, if he will not, but they are the counsels he has with those of his sect, who in saying some words or making some tokens or characters there comes and makes that which he demands to the end that he holds them better in his line.\n\ndepiction of master and disciple\n\nthe master.\nthe disciple.\n\nMaster, what say you of these dreams?\nMy child, you should take no heed of them, for they are not but visions of some things on which a man has thought or seen before waking, and a man dreams often of that which is similar to his complexion. Master, how do prophets know those days that they saw by dream? My child, that was not by sight\"\nMaster said that God descended on earth to save sinners. There is no greater sinner in this world that, if he recognizes his sin and cries \"God mercy\" with a good heart, but they who will not acknowledge their sin until death are damned eternally. God does not save the sinner who will not save himself, and paradise is not deserved by sin but is lost. Master said that God died for our sins; therefore, we are baptized. For you, child, baptism is the homage we owe to our Lord Jesus Christ by which all our sins are pardoned and ordered as the Gospel tells us.\nWhoever is baptized will be saved, and he who is not shall be damned. Master, how many people will be saved? My child, there will be as many saved as fell of the cursed angels of paradise through their pride, for men and women were made to be in their place, and that is why the enemy is so envious against man. Master, from where came the first idolaters? My child, they were first found in Babylon, which is now called Babylon the Great. There, the Antichrist will be born, and there was the tower with the giants, which is forty stages high. There reigned the first king of this world, whom men called Nero. He caused an image of Apollo to be made and commanded all those of his realm to sacrifice and worship him, and those who came after him did the same in the same way. When great princes died, their successors caused the same.\nTo make images marvelously rich in name, and their predecessors did the same, making their subjects admire them and do sacrifice. They were called idols, to whom the devil entered and spoke, telling them many abuses. Depiction of master and disciple. Master therefore,\n\nWhy did you make God, so that man should not eat but once a week? My son, you hunger is one of the passions we suffer by the sin of Adam, and so we have every day hunger and thirst, and many other passions. To the end that we travel continually to think of our needs and of our neighbors, so that by our travel and labor we have the more merit. If the man had not had necessity, he would have no reason to travel but would be evermore in sloth, not knowing what good was worth, and also not knowing his creator.\nAnd how is it that the great lords and wealthy men, and others that are rich, do not travel corporally? All the more, they travel spiritually. That is, in their understanding, and they will, in having evermore desire to acquire. For he who has the most and would have the most, has the most in thought. And so my child, none may live without pain and toil; but every man has much to do in his right.\n\nDepiction of master and disciple.\n\nMaster, what you signify,\nthe mysteries and ceremonies that make us\napproach the church.\n\nOur child shows us a good example,\nand we figure\nthe Old Testament and the New,\nand our Lord Jesus Christ is loved in the church\nat the hours of Matins.\n\nFor at such an hour he was taken by the false Jews\nand led to the great priests of the law,\nas it is written in the hours of the cross,\nat prime,\nfor at such an hour he was led and brought before Pilate,\nwhere he was falsely accused.\nAnd viciously scourged at the third hour, for at such hour he was crowned with thorns and clothed in purple by Herod. At the sixth hour, for at such hour he was hanged and nailed on the cross. At noon, for at such hour he died on the cross of the cross. At evening song time, for at such hour his precious body was taken down from the cross and anointed with precious ointments. And at the supper, for at such hour he was buried. And you shall understand in the mass that is figured to us the death and passion of Jesus Christ by the alb the white robe with which he was clad, and by the chasuble the robe of purple. Men say the pall on the right hand, for it is the token of the good life which leads to the right hand of paradise. And men read the gospel on the left hand, for by the left hand to us is signified sin. For the gospel is the strongest.\nof moost grete vertue / and therefore it is put on the\nlyfte hande for to defende vs ayens synne / for a man\nsholde euermore put the moost strongest ayenst ye par\u00a6tye\nfrom whens cometh ye strokes / and the Images\nwell hydden in shewynge yt god & the sayntes of pa\u2223radys\nhaue abhomynacyon of our synnes & to speke\nwell there ne is cermonye / but that it shewe vnto vs\nsome grete mystery. \u00b6 Mayster how shold a man co\u0304\u2223fesse\nhym. My chylde thou shold fyrst examyn by thy\nco\u0304scyence in recordynge ye places where thou hast ben\n& how thou there hast lyued / for there ne is thynge yt\nbetter doth to thynke of synnes as to recorde the pla\u2223ces\nwhere a man hath be / & in so doynge yu sholde ex\u2223amyn\nthy conscyence. Fyrst of thy fyue wyttes natu\u2223ralles.\nThat is to knowe of thyne eyen / of eeres / of\nhandes / of touchynges / of the mouthe / of the nose / &\nof all thyne herte. Secondely also of the .vij. mortall\nsynnes / & of theyr brau\u0304ches the whiche ben .vij. that\nis to vnderstande pryde / couesyse / enuye / Ire / gloto\u2223ny / \nFourthly, of the ten commandments given to Moses by our Lord. Fifthly, of the seven works of mercy if you are able to perform them. Sixthly, of the seven sacraments of the church if you have not had perfect belief in them. Seventhly, of the seven cardinal virtues if you have had them and kept them as you are bound to do. Confess them with great humility and contrition, and with a firm purpose not to commit them again. Tell your confessor all your sins entirely and clearly, so that he may understand in telling him all the form and manner how and why you have committed them. Also, tell the time and place if you remember it. If you sin on holy days, you sin.\nmore severely on working days / and if you sin in a place consecrated, you sin more there / and in confession, you should hold the order of confession in teaching, listing your sins as you have recorded them before, so that you do not forget / and so you should tell all to your confessor / for if you leave one out through shame or otherwise, your confession is not valid / for it is not complete and worthless / but you should confess and shrink from telling the entirety to one confessor, so that you may remember / However, if after your confession you remember something you may well confess to another / but you should do better to return to the first if you can. Also, my child.\nYou should confess the circuits of your sins, revealing the form and manner in which you have committed your sin, the harm it inflicts on another and on yourself. You should also confess the evil examples you have set for another through your sin, as well as the inclination and consent you have had, and the pain you have taken to commit it. For whoever consents to sin alone, if it is mortal, sins mortally, as the holy gospel testifies. Regarding my depiction of master and disciple:\n\nMaster, the disciple,\nchild,\nyou should tell\nthe dignity and proximity\nof the person with whom\nyou have committed the sin,\nas if she were a virgin,\nor a religious woman,\nor a married woman,\nyour kinswoman,\nor a common woman,\nwithout further specification. In your confession, you should not confess the sin of another or defame her, but you should confess all your own sins.\nOnly tell her estate to declare the greatness of your sin, for as much as the person in whom the sin is committed is worthy, it is that much greater, and when you have confessed all your sins that you remember, you should cry \"God have mercy\" with a good heart in great contrition and displeasure, and in humble demand of your confessor, who is the lieutenant of God for absolution and penance. You should fulfill this entirely to your power in great reverence, and you should keep from sin as much as you can, especially during the time of your penance. Master, to whom should a man confess? My child to a discrete and wise priest who knows what it is of sin and who does not have it, and who can discern between mortal and venial sin. For whoever confesses to a priest ignorantly puts his soul in great danger. Often the confession is worthless. Master.\nA man should confess only to his curate. If a child is in a foreign country, he may confess to him. And if in one's parish and unwilling to confess to the curate, who is Ignorant or whose sin touches him personally or who might reveal the confession, one should demand permission. But if one confesses to those who hold the bishop's power or that of the Pope, as there are many great clerics and preachers, one may do so without the curate's leave, provided one has confessed to the curate at least once in the year. One may confess elsewhere as often as desired without leave.\n\nDepiction of master and disciple.\nYou disciple.\nYou master.\nMaster, how and\nFrom where shall\nThe Antichrist come. My child, he will be born.\nin Babylon, a man and a woman of the lineage of Dam and the womb of his mother, will be full of a cursed spirit. They will be nourished and conferred in enchantments, and will be Emperor of the whole world. Understand this: the princes and other rich and covetous ones by gifts, for he will have all the hidden treasures of the earth through his enchantments. The poor by great fear and rigor of justice, for he will make them suffer cruelly. The clergy through knowledge, for he will know the seven arts and all other scriptures. And the devout persons through tokens and miracles, for he will perform wonders. For he will make fire descend, which will burn his enemies before him, and also make the dead rise, not truly, but the devil will enter the bodies of some damned souls and make them speak.\nby his enchantment and to walk as if they were alive, and he shall indeed revive Irm and there he shall be honored as a god. And there shall be received in great honor, and men shall come to him from all parts. He shall make a semblance to the people by his enchantments, that he shall die and that he shall arise, and shall make himself be lifted up in height by the devils, saying, \"I will want to enter into the glory of paradise.\" And then God, seeing his great pride there, shall send his angels of paradise to confound him, in such a way that the devils, who shall lift him up, shall flee and shall let him fall to the earth in such a way that he shall give such a great stroke upon the earth that the tripes shall leap out of his belly, and so shall he die miserably. Then those who have been deceived by him shall return to God and to the holy predictions of Elijah and of Enoch that they have heard before and shall be confirmed.\nin the holy faith of Jesus Christ, and they shall have forty days for penance, and then they shall suffer sharp death. Master I, at what age will Heliy and Enoch come? My child, they will come at the age they were taken up to the terrestrial paradise, where they are and will be until the coming of Antichrist, who will kill them and shall reign for three and a half years and shall hold his reign in the mountain of Olivet to vanquish and to tread underfoot the Just, and there they shall die of a sudden death by the will and commandment of our Lord, as it is said. Master, what is it, resurrection? My child, it is what a man comes again from death to life, and there are two: that is, to understand the resurrection of the soul when it is dead by mortal sin and is returned to life by confession and penance; and the other resurrection is of the body, as we read of Lazarus.\nAnd of many others. And we shall all be at the Day of Judgment.\n\nDepiction of master and disciple.\nMaster: at what hour and in what time shall mankind arise? My child / we shall arise\nat such a day and at such an hour as Jesus Christ arose at Easter: and the good shall be raised in the year with the other good which shall be arose.\nAnd in that resurrection they shall die / and anon after they shall rise / and in like manner believe we that it was done of our lady and of St. John the Evangelist. But the evil shall die upon the earth in great anguish and dolour of the great fear that they shall have / and we all shall be of the age as our Lord was when he died on the cross. That is to understand of .xxxiij. years.\n\nMaster shall they arise in the same flesh in which they have lived in this world. My child / if a man were eaten by a wolf / and that wolf by another / and the other by him / yet shall they arise.\nIn his own body entirely, nothing will fail for the perfection of nature, as the holy scripture says. Capillis de capite vestro non peribit. That is, he shall not lose one hair of his head, but all entirely. For he who made all from nothing can well sever one material from another and it return to him in its entirety and better than it was before. And such are those who have been crooked or lame, or anyone who has had any fault in any member. But the damned shall not be but as they were or had been in the age of thirty-four. And from the time they are raised, they shall never die, but shall live, the good in glory eternal, the evil evermore in dying in the fire of hell where they shall burn without power to consume anything, but shall be in that sorrow and in pain eternally. Master, at what hour shall you?\n\nCleaned Text: In his own body entirely, nothing will fail for the perfection of nature, according to the holy scripture (Capillis de capite vestro non peribit). He shall not lose one hair of his head, but all will be preserved. For he who made all from nothing can well sever one material from another and it will return to him in its entirety and better than it was before. Those who have been crooked, lame, or had any fault in any member will be made right and perfect. However, the damned will not be but as they were or had been in the age of thirty-four. From the time they are raised, they shall never die but live - the good in eternal glory, the evil in eternal suffering in the fire of hell where they shall burn without power to consume anything, but shall be in that sorrow and pain eternally. Master, at what hour?\nI. Judgment will be made. My child at midnight, at the hour that he descended into hell. Master, how shall God come in Judgment? My child, as he was when he mounted into heaven. Master, where shall the great Judgment be made? My child, it shall be made in the vale of Josaphat, which is as much to say as the vale of Judgment. This is near Jerusalem, to confound the wicked when they shall see the place where our Lord died for sinners. In that place, all good and wicked will be, the good having their good angels with them, and the wicked their evil angels. And all will be of the age that our Lord was when he died on the cross of the cross, which is at 32 or 33 years old. And the good will be lifted up into the air with God and his saints, but the wicked will be in the earth with the devils for the gravity of their sins. And our Lord will show Himself in two manners, that is to understand, as He was when He transformed Himself in the mountain.\nBut to the evil one, he shall show him as he was who hung on the cross, and there shall not be the wood of the cross but a right fair and clear cloud in the form and semblance of the cross. And there shall be with our Lord the virgin Mary on one side, and St. John Baptist on the other side, and the twelve apostles who shall judge with God, as the gospel testifies, which says, \"Sit down here in my judgment seat, and we shall judge the twelve tribes of Israel.\" And our Lord Jesus Christ will say to the good, \"Come to me, you who are my blessed father's sons, and I will now give you the kingdom of heaven, which is made ready for you from the beginning of the world. For when I had hunger, you have fed me in nursing, the poor who are my members, and when I had thirst, you have given me to drink, and when I was cold, you have warmed me, and when I was naked, you have clothed me, and have done all things that I commanded you.\"\nmany works charitable/whereof I will now recount for you. And to the cursed, in casting his sentence, shall say: Go, he who is ready for you, from the beginning of the world, with all the devils. And this done, our Lord Jesus Christ and all his holy angels and archangels shall mount with the good into the glory eternal of paradise. And the cursed, so shall descend into hell with all the devils, from whence they shall never come nor depart/but shall be evermore in pain, dolour, & anguish in the fire of hell perpetually.\n\nMaster, who are those who shall be damned?\nMy child, it shall be the Jews/& my enemies\n& the cursed Christians who shall die in mortal sin\nwithout repentance. And men shall clearly see at the day of Judgment the conscience of one another/whereby every man shall give judgment of himself\nand in this manner shall be known all the good deeds\n& the evil. For a man did never any ill or sin bring him high joys of paradise. My child.\nThey were so great that a man cannot tell their number. The saved shall see God face to face and know all things as the angels do. The bodies of the saved shall be clear and shining as the sun; they will be incorporeal where they will be, as you thought who are born in continents. They will have no shame to be all naked one before the other, for they will all be cleansed from sin and will be so confirmed in the grace and in the love of our Lord that they may never sin more or have any evil thought. They will have no hunger or thirst; for they will be above the influences of the planets, which also makes the corruption of the human body meanly, and they shall be fed with the grace of God. They cannot cease to yield graces and praises to God for the great mercy that He has done to them. And to speak briefly, the joys of paradise are so great that there is no end to them.\nThe things that can be comprehended for those in paradise are all that matters, for all the goods and joys and gladnesses that are in the world were nothing to the company of the least glory of paradise. For all the joys of this world are transitory and pass away. But the joys of paradise are perpetual and without end.\n\nDepiction of master and disciple.\n\nMaster, how many orders of angels are in paradise?\n\nMy son, there are nine. The first order is called the order of seraphim, which is the most highest. The second is of cherubim. The third is of thrones. The fourth of dominions. The fifth is of powers. The sixth is of lords and princes. The seventh is of virtues. The eighth of the nine orders as lords and princes above their servants, archangels. And the ninth of the angels, which is the lowest, and all the saints, holy men and women of paradise, are above them.\nMaster have we each of us his good angel that keeps us: My child, every one have his good angel that defends him from evil and guides him to do well, and so had our Lord Jesus Christ his good angels ministering to him. And the Antichrist shall have one to keep him from doing great evil as he may be able. And the angels are of the last and lowest order, properly called the order of angels, which I have now told you. Master, why does the moon sometimes lose her brightness? My child, the moon has no other light but that which the sun gives her. Therefore, it often happens that the earth is found between the sun and the moon in such a way that the sun cannot give her light, and then she is all black, for the earth shadows her. But when the earth is not directly between them, but some part only is, then she is clear as much as the sun can see her, and when there is nothing between them, she is.\nFor there is nothing between them. And because of this, the moon has the back towards the sun.\n\nMaster, what is the bow of heaven, which we see in the sky? My child, they are the beams of the sun that intermingle in the matter of the moon, which is thick and takes on four colors that are disposed to receive many and diverse colors according to the nature of herbs and the place where they grow.\n\nMaster, from where do winds, thunders, frosts, snows, rains, dews, and such things come? My child, all these things come from some vapors that rise from the earth in height by the virtue of the sun. Some are dry, and others are moist. And when such moist ones lift up to the mean region of the air, which is right cold, they become thick and begin to drip. From thence comes rain. And when the cold is greatly destroying above, they assemble and congeal, and from them comes frost.\nThen comes the hail, and when these drops fall here below, and find this base region of the air cold as in winter, they also congeal meanly the wind, which is cold, and from then comes the snow. And this dew is made of the self vapors, which when they descend upon the earth and there find cold, they convert them into water. But when these vapors are dry and light, they arise up more high into the third region of the air, which is hot, for it touches the region of the fire in such a way. When the dry vapors pass, these clerks call exaltations ascend in the air and meet one another. The strongest gathers the weakest by the virtue of the sun and moon, and from then comes the winds. And when these exaltations ascend, passing by the mean region of the air which is right cold, they meddle with the cloud and enclose them within the cold. The heat of the sun strikes fiercely between these clouds.\nIn such a way that these exaltations which are enclosed within the clouds will not go forth, but they may not, for the cloud is cold and thick, which holds the exaltations enclosed. If it is not by great force and violence, and when it breaks, it makes a great burst in the air. That is the thunder in breaking its exaltations. They leap out from the cloud which is enflamed, and it is the departing. Then the exaltation enflamed mingles with it and burns with the cold, and when the master is well near spent and wasted, it falls here beneath, all enflamed, and that is the lightning which is hotter than burning fire, for the fire above is also hotter than this here allow. But when these exaltations find no cloud in motion, they move into the third region of the air which is hot, for it touches the region of the fire, then they enflame them and burn, seeming to be stars, and when the master is almost burned, it falls.\nThat the sea seems to be salt here below.\ndisciple.\nmaster.\nMaster why is the sea salty? My child,\nit is by the nature of the element upon which\nit is set and of the moon, which makes it. &\nthe moon draws it to run and come back\nas the Adamas drew iron to him, so the moon\ndraws the sea.  Master,\nwhat tokens and signs\nshall our Lord make\nbefore He begins His Judgment? My child, He shall make fifteen.\nThe first shall be that the sea will mount into the air\nabove all mountains fifteen cubits. The second,\nthat the sea will descend into depths so low\nthat men will lose sight. The third, that the sea will return\nto its first estate. The fourth, that the fishes in the sea\nwill assemble in great heaps and cry and wail them much pitously. The fifth,\nthat the birds will assemble in great heaps making.\npious plaintiffs / and singing mournfully\nwithout drink and without meat. The six that you\nlanterns shall come out from the east towards the west,\nand burn all that they meet. The seven that the stars\nshall have their beams long, hanging here. The eight that\nthe earth shall tremble in such a way that there will\nbe no beast in the world that can remain upon its feet\nwithout falling. The ninth that the stones and great\nstones shall turn into powder. The tenth that the trees\nand grass shall shed a dew as red as blood. The eleventh that\nthe mountains shall knock against each other with such great force\nthat they will return to powder. And on that day, all buildings\nand fortifications will fall / and there will not remain one stone\nupon another. The twelfth that the wild beasts shall run out\nof the wood and go upon the earth making horrible cries. The thirteenth.\nThe men and women shall go on the earth as without wit and without meeting, or without power to speak one to the other for the great distress they have in their hearts. The forty-fourth token shall be that all those who shall live upon the earth shall die, and after they arise, all those who have been dead from the beginning of the world until then shall arise, and they shall all arise at the voice of the angels who shall cry out, saying, \"Arise, you dead, and come to your judgment.\" At the voice of these angels, they shall all arise, and in a moment they shall be borne into the valley of Josaphat where the judgment shall be made. Master, how may a man save himself? My court pays much pain and without dolor or corruption and spot of sin, and so remain a virgin entirely in the chastity and childbearing.\nThe fourteenth article that he suffered death and passion under the hand of Pilate, and was crucified and died on the cross for us. The fifth that he descended into hell and delivered the holy souls which were there. And that he arose the third day from death to life. The sixth that he stayed in heaven and was set on the right hand of the almighty Father. The seventh it is that he shall come at the day of Judgment to judge the quick and the dead. The eighth that you shall believe in the blessed Holy Ghost. The ninth that you shall believe in the holy church, believing that she believes and in doing her commandments, in which every one may make his salvation and have remission of his sins, and that good done by one person may help another. The tenth that you shall believe in the remission of sins, that is, when you have confessed all your sins truly and have made amends for them.\nafter the order of your confessor and haste, make satisfaction sufficient that they be pardoned and forgiven. The eleven that we shall arise from death to life at the day of Judgment in our own flesh and body entirely. The twelve, from that time that we have been raised, we shall live eternally without ever dying again. The good shall be in the eternal glory of paradise, and the wicked in weeping and wailing eternally.\n\nMaster, what are the commandments of the law? My child, there are ten. The first is that you should worship and honor one only almighty God. The second is that you should not swear by the name of God in vain, without a lawful and necessary cause, as in a jury or other similar cause. The third, that you should honor the feasts in serving our Lord, without doing any corporal operation, and also in keeping from sin as much as you may, for the ten you bear honor and reverence and all obedience to your spiritual friends.\nThe five commandments are that you shall not: harm or strike any man, nor commit any act of violence against him in thought or deed. The sixth is that you shall not steal, by extortion, usury, strife, deceit, or any other means, falsely. The seventh is that you shall not commit adultery. The eighth is that you shall not bear false witness, as in perjury or speaking false words of slander and defamation of any person. The ninth is that you shall not covet another's wife through carnal desire. The tenth is that you shall not covet another man's wealth, desiring it falsely or procuring his damage. Master, how far is it to walk from here to paradise and from here to hell? My child, this question is enough for another time. But God give us grace to go out of the mire of hell and so well to follow the commandments.\nwaye of paradys that we maye all thyder come.\nAMEN.\nprinter's or publisher's device", "creation_year": 1523, "creation_year_earliest": 1523, "creation_year_latest": 1523, "source_dataset": "EEBO", "source_dataset_detailed": "EEBO_Phase1"},
{"content": "Abjuration, Abatement, Abbreviation, Accessory, Account, Actionable real and personal, Addition, Administrator, Admeasurement of dower and pasture, Age prayer, Ad quod damnum, Adjournment, Amendment, Aid, Aid to the king, Alyon, Appropriation, Audita querela, Averment, Award, Acknowledgment, Alien, Appeal, Apprentice, Arrest, Annuity, Assets, Assize, Attornment, Attaint, Ancion demesne, Barr, Baton, Bastardy, Burglary, Chancery, Charge, Cessation, Certiorari, Chimney, County claim, Conscious of plea, Conspiracy, Company, Comyn, Conterple, Consultation, Contract, Contra to the form of the feoffment, Contra to the form of the cola, Cousin age, Countervailing, Cui in vita, Cui aetas devorit, Dare presentment, Deyse, Denizen, Decies tantum, Depart, Detinue, Diem clausit extremum, Disclaimer, Disseisor and disseisin, Discontinuance, Discretion, Demand and.\nDefeasance & Distress\nDedimus potestatem (surrendered power)\nDemurrer\nDouble plea\nDower\nDroyt (right)\nDures\nDu was not composed in my mind\nDu was beneath estate\nEntre (between)\nEjectment from guard\nElected\nError\nEsson\nEstray (strayed)\nEieccione firme (firmly ejected)\nEscape\nEscheat\nEstripament (stripping)\nExecutions\nExchange\nExcompendment\nExecution\nExtinguishments\nExigent\nEx quo (from such) talis (such a thing)\nEx gracia querela (from a light complaint)\nFaux imprisonment\nFaux judgment\nFee simple\nFee tail\nFeoffment\nFormedone (settled)\nForgery of false deeds\nGard (guard)\nGarnishment\nGrant capias (warrant for the seizure and detention of a person)\nGarnyshment\nGrant cap\nHomage\nIoint tenements\nIdempotestas (identical power)\nLey (law)\nLesses (leases)\nMaynprise (mainprise, a bond taken for the appearance of a prisoner)\nMayntenance\nMesne (intermediate)\nMonstraverunt (they have shown)\nMordauncestor (mortmain, a legal term meaning the king's seizure of land for the payment of debts)\nMortmain\nModerata miha (moderate me)\nNaturalis habendo (having in natural possession)\nNon habilit\nNusans\nNuper obiit (recently deceased)\nNe iniuste vexas (do not unjustly vex)\nNe admittas (do not admit)\nOyer & terminer (to hear and determine)\nPar quere quia (on a writ of quo warranto)\nPrescription\nPresentment\nPremunire (a writ to prevent an action)\nPrecipe in capite (writ for the seizure and detention of a person)\nPer abulaco faciei data (by the service of the writ under the seal)\nPetit capias\nProtection\nProhibition\nProcedendo (in the course of proceedings)\nQuare impedit (why impeded)\nQuare no admisit (why not admitted)\nQuare incubuait (why harassed)\nQuale ius (what right)\nQuarantyne (quarantine)\nQuare eiecit infra terminum (why ejected within the term)\nQuid iuris clamat (what right claims)\nQuare itrusit matrii (why troubled the mother)\nQuod (that)\npermittat quo iure quod eiyyy deforciat quo warranto\nRelief, remitty, replicacion, repleuyn, rescous, resceyt\nscire facias et bre\ntail, treason, tresur troue, waste, view, ut laica remouends, wythernam, utrum, utlary, voucher, lyke wyse as the universall worlde can never have his continuing but only by the order & law of nature which compels every thing to do his kind. Wherefore a good law observed causeth every good people and a good reasonable common law maketh a good common peace & a common wealth among a great commonalty of people / & one good governor which causeth one law to be observed among divers & brings diverse and many people to one good unity / but diverse rulers and governors & divers orders and laws one contrary to another and when every governor wil have the law after his mind brings one multitude of people to variations and divisions.\nEvery man is varied from one another in face, therefore one law and one governor are necessary for one realm and one people. The lack of law causes many wrongs to be committed willingly, and the lack of knowledge of the law causes diverse wrongs to be done negligently. Therefore, since law is necessary and good, it follows that having knowledge of it is necessary and good for every man. Since it is necessary for every realm to have a law reasonable and sufficient to govern the great multitude of the people, it follows that the great multitude of the people must have knowledge of the same law to which they are bound. Therefore, it follows that the law in every realm should be publicly displayed and declared and written in such a way that the people, who are bound to it, may easily have access to it.\nShortly, one should come to know this law, or else it may be more accurately called a trap and a net, bringing people to vexation and trouble rather than peace and quietness. Since the law of this realm of England is necessary and ordered for the augmentation of justice and for the quietness of the people and for the common wealth of the same, it is convenient that every one within this realm should have the knowledge of it, and it is not reasonable that such ways should be had or used whereby the people should be ignorant of the law or should be excluded or restrained from the knowledge of it. Therefore, considering these aforementioned reasons, I have taken upon myself this little labor and study to declare and explain certain obscure and dark terms concerning the laws of this realm and the nature of certain writs, for the help and education of young beginners.\nI intend to be a student of the law, for as the philosopher says, \"Ignorantia terminis ignorantia est et artis.\" That is to say, he who is ignorant of the terms of any science must necessarily be ignorant of that science. However, I have not undertaken this for the reason that I think myself sufficient and able to explain them substantially as other deeply learned men can. Rather, I have compiled and indicated this little work first in the French tongue, as is customary in the books of our law, and then translated this same compilation into our English tongue. To the end that young students may the sooner attain to the knowledge of the French tongue, which knowledge shall be of great help and furtherance to them when they shall study other higher works of the law of greater difficulty, such as the books of years and terms and other books which are written in the French tongue.\nAbiuracion is a person who has committed murder or felony and is brought before the coroner to make a confession. The confession should be sufficient for indictment. The coroner makes the person abjure the realm and renounce any allegiance to it. The person is then sworn not to leave the realm or the town where the offense was committed for 40 days, unless granted passage by the coroner. If the person fails to leave within 40 days, they will be arrested and brought before the judge and will have judgment and execution. The person may be given food during this period, but only if it has been provided before the 40 days.\nA woman who commits a felony is subject to forfeit all her lands or tenements, and one is strange who enters them without right in the first place and the strange enters upon possession. Therefore, she is dispossessed of them.\n\nThe abatement of a writ or plea is when an action is brought by writ or plea and the defendant appears by writ or summons and the plaintiff demands.\n\nThe abbot is the sustainer of the messes of his predecessor, whether by commission or by title, unless he has entered religion, but the creditor has no special right to it.\n\nThe abridgement of a plea or demand is that some assize is brought or a writ of dower and the plaintiff pleads or demands it in the writ of dower.\nThe following individual demanded. Various persons were not tenants or joined in the action in the brief. The plaintiffs or the demandant requested that all remain and the cause was for this reason because in these briefs, the certainty is not contained in the brief.\n\nAn accessory is he who was warned and assisted or comforted some man who had committed a murder or felony of which he had knowledge. He shall be brought before the court and shall receive judgment of life and member as the principal was at the commission of the felony. The accessory in treason is not to be made a respondent unless the principal is coerced or taken or is vital to him. A woman in the case is not an accessory for aiding her husband, but if one commanded a fair felony and he does it if the commander is not present, he is an accessory, but he is also principal in some cases. In treason, however, the commanders, accomplices, and receivers after the fact are also accessories.\nPrincipal accounts are a brief and gift given to you, which should render acceptances not seen to accept this brief. And according to the statute of Westminster II. C. xx, if acceptances are found in court, the auditors, who are assigned to him or have the power to keep him in prison, may not allow him to murder, unless they see reasonable cause, except for pledges or sureties who do not say otherwise than his close friend who sees him surety will be a brief for tarrying and for garnishing the lord.\n\nReal actions are titled actions where the plaintiff claims title to certain lands or tenements, rent or simple fee, or at term due.\n\nPersonal actions are titled actions where a man claims debt or damages to himself or others for tort done to himself.\nA degree or master may say and of him will be the heir, Io.h.v. ca vto in accios or processes duty be, for one shall not hinder another from bringing briefs to abate, unless they have agreed or oft.\n\nAn administrator is he to whom the Lord Ordinary commits the administration of the goods of the dead, for default of executors and heir, and he shall be charged with all the value of the goods of the dead and nothing more, unless he is the executor or has been appointed by the court for some creditor.\n\nAmusement of dower is a brief and gist, a woman is in dower by one child or one ward of more than she ought to have. In such a case, she shall have this brief, that it may be admitted and the dower restored, unless otherwise.\nvn. abate is for the widow after the death of the baron and endow the woman with more than she should have in this deed. My suit for damages against the woman and if she pleads, what she had and what she should not have had, it should be restored to the surplusage and if it is found, it will be restored.\n\nAdmisement of pasture is one deed and it belongs to the common or others who come later than the others begin to have this deed from him. And also, the lord may distrain the others who are in surplusage, but if the seignior is overcharged, the common should not remedy this, but they will have remedy by the law.\n\nAge to pray is the fourth article before the end of the term of the demurrage in the court.\n\nAlso note that there are various differences in ages. For example, it is the age of seven years. And also, aid is given to make his son and heir choose when he is of the age of seven years. Also, the woman who is married at the age of nine years, if her baron dies, she will have dower and inherit.\nIf the text is in Old French, I will provide a modern English translation:\n\nThe future is such that my master was in charge from the age of 14 and guarded his lord, and from the age of 16 and on, he was in charge of a male heir in the guard and in addition, he was in charge of male and female servants on the estate, which they claim through their pleas and fair treatment of all kinds and markets and nieces before me. The infant is not yet twenty-four. If they give it to me, I will pray for them (he may have a brief of trespass against me), or if he gives it to me and delivers it to me at the term, it is:\n\n[Quod damnum]\n[Adjournment] is what quantity a court is dissolved and determined and desires to retain guard or leave or time.\n[Amendment] is what quantity error is in the process, the justices can correct it after judgment, but if the error is done, they cannot. And in many cases, the defect appears in the clerk who wrote the record, it will be corrected.\n[Aid] is what tenant holds at term, owes dower through the court's courtesy, afterwards.\nThe text appears to be written in Old French, and it seems to be a legal document. I will translate it into modern English while maintaining its original content as much as possible.\n\nPossibilit\u00e9 disdisu extinct est impl\u00e9e donquis, car ils n'ont qu'une \u00e9tat pour temps de nous, prieront-ils id de ce temps refus\u00e9 et le proces sera fait par brevis versus lui de venir et pleder oui le tiennent en d\u00e9fense du terrain, sinon il couie\u00fbt que ils accordent i\u00ea plaider, car si ils varient le plaidant serra pris. Et donqs le pr\u00eater est en vain: mais si ne vint au second breve, le tenant ruera seul / auxi tenants \u00e0 temps dans ta pr\u00e9sence t. Per elegit et t: per statut mercant auraient eyd de ce temps en r\u00e9version. Et le sergent et bailli de leur ma\u00eetre quant il ont fait quelque chose loyalement en droit leur ma\u00eetre\n\nAssistance roy est semblable cas comme dit d\u00e9j\u00e0 de commun personne et anxieux, plus autres cas, le roi peut avoir de comment le tenant soit tenant en fee simple, il aura eyde, comme si un rentier soit demand\u00e9 vers tenant le roi: car tenant en chef il aura eyde et il n'y aura personne d'autre. Au lieu, une ville ou borough a un fee ferme du roi et quelque chose est demand\u00e9\n\nTranslation:\n\nThe extinct possibility is implied, since they only have one estate for our time, they will pray for this time refused and the process will be made by brevis versus him to come and plead or, if it is not fitting that they plead, the plaintiff will be taken. And therefore the prayer is in vain: but if he does not come to the second breve, the tenant will overrun him alone / the tenants will remain in your presence, t. Per elegit et t: per statut mercant auraient eu eyd de ce temps en r\u00e9version. Et le sergent et bailli de leur ma\u00eetre quant il ont fait quelque chose loyalement en droit leur ma\u00eetre\n\nAssistance of the king is similar to what was already said of a common person and anxious, in other cases, the king can have it in whatever way the tenant is holding in fee simple, he will have eyde, as if a rentier were demanded from the tenant of the king: for holding in chief he will have eyde and there will be no other person. Instead, a city or borough has a fee farm of the king and something is demanded.\nvers them apart from all others, who had no aid from the king instead of vouching. The bailiff, the king's collectors and pursuers had aid from the king, as did the officers of other persons.\n\nThis is one writ, and empty of this after the title, \"coinage.\"\n\nAn arrest is to be made and no arrest shall be made for detaining or taking away, unless it is by precept or commandment outside of any court, except for treason felony or debt to the king. Each man has authority to make an arrest without warrant or precept, except when a man is arrested for felony, then the accuser must be present, either to indict or to deliver by proclamation. However, if one is arrested for a suspected felony and no felony is found, he shall not be held unless he has a writ of false imprisonment.\n\nAnnuity is a certain sum granted to a man in simple fee tail at the time of death or dance.\npowder of the gravel and cease these are not some fraught charges for the charge of this ceo / nor is it assured that anyone assumes the real forfeit for a brief of annuity / and is not certainly settled to the heir the grant to descend to his heir who is also heir in tail or heir all female and who is that in value equal to the land / in the case if such heirs possess lands in fee simple they bear the burden of the land that is alien donque they serve as a barrier {per} reason of this guarantee for that reason that they have this land descended to them because it is so valuable and for that reason this land is called an asset / Additionally, an asset is that which a man is obliged to in some special way and murmurs at the thought of inheriting this land it is called an asset for that reason that his heir will be charged with paying the aforementioned debt if the executors or administrators are not required to pay.\n\nAn assize is a brief.\n& gift ou as\u2223cun home est mys hors de son terr\u0304 ou teneme\u0304tis ou de ascun profet a r terme de sa vye de mesne ou pr tme daut vye mez t. {per} elegit t. {per} statut mar\u2223chant & statut staple poyent auer assise coment q\u0304 ilz nount francte\u2223neme\u0304t & test ordei\u0304 {per} diuers statutis\n\u00b6Assise de darr\u0304 p\u0304se\u0304tme\u0304t vide de ceo apres titulo quare impedit.\n\u00b6Assise de mordauncestor vide de ce\n\u00b6Attorneme\u0304t est qua\u0304t vn est t pr terme deuie & cesti in la reuer\u2223cion q\u0304 ad le fee symple graunta so\u0304 droit & estate a vn auter do\u0304{que} il co\u2223uient q\u0304 le t pur terme deuie agre a ceo & cest agrement est appell attor\u00a6nement / quar si cest in leuercion graunt son estate & son droyt a vn auter si le tenau\u0304t pur tme dei ne al torna ryenz passa {per} le grau\u0304t / mez fil soyt grau\u0304t {per} fyne in court de re\u2223cord il serra compell de attorner / et vide de ceo apre\n\u00b6Attaynt est vn bref & gift vs le xii. hom{is} et quau\u0304t ilz sount a issue il serra trye {per} xxiiii. Iourrours & si faux vdet sot troue lez xii. iorrours sont altaynt &\ndonqueques the jurisment serra loul pursuant are those who disturbed the peace for certain treason or felony, and the tenants-in-chief, who held those manors from the said man, and the demesne lands of the same manors, were not impleaded before the court and the tenants, if they responded to the writ and pleaded and judgment was done, donqueques the lands were due nuz franc fee. At all times, / The tenants-in-chief, being in demesne, were free from toll for all things concerning our viands and husbandry, and they would not be misplaced nor inpanelled on any inquest. They showed more of this after the title. / The tenants-in-chief and all the land in demesne in the manor belonged to the seigneur and were pleadable in common law.\n\nAudita querela est un breve et un don est oblig\u00e9 en un statut mercantile.\nThe text appears to be written in Old English or Middle English, and it seems to be a legal document. I will attempt to translate and clean it as faithfully as possible to the original content.\n\nThe text reads: \"statut staple ou reconisanz without or judgment done vs him and his body in execution on this / those who have one release or sufficient matter to discharge the execution mez nad iour of this plederanz do\u0304{que}s he will have this brief versus these executors\n\u00b6It is the one who brings an action plead a plea in abatement of brief or barring of it, it is called an auerment\n\u00b6It is the one who is distressed for rent or other service and replies, he who had taken it must justify in his plea for what cause he took it and he has acknowledged the taking and this is called\n\u00b6Another is he of whom the pierce is born and he is not alienance nor the king. but if an alien is found dwelling in England who is not an enemy of the king and this issue is born here, this issue is not alien but English / and if an Englishman alienates the mother or wife of the king and has begotten this issue, this issue is not alien but English\n\u00b6Appropriation is the one measure of religion. s. an abbot or other\"\n\nCleaned text: \"This is a statute: anyone who has a release or sufficient reason to discharge an execution against him or his body, must present this brief to the executors. It is called an auerment. Anyone who brings an action with a plea in abatement or barring of the brief must justify in his plea the reason for taking it and acknowledging the taking. Another is the person from whom the pierce (child) is born, who is not an alienance (alienation) nor the king. If an alien resides in England who is not an enemy of the king and the issue is born here, this issue is not an alien but English. If an Englishman alienates the mother or wife of the king and begets this issue, this issue is not an alien but English. Appropriation is a measure of religion: an abbot or other.\"\nA person and the convent obtain an adversus a dwelling and obtain license from the pope and the ordinary, that they may have a vicar and the vicar shall have a certain portion of the benefit and the convent shall be persons and shall have alms collectors called this apparition an appropriation and donations and the convent shall be persons in person, not allowed before. In life, a person without his assent may not be recovered the property if the property is abandoned.\n\nA person is an ascun (askew or awkward) man and has the right to present clergy to every ordinary in a benefice, when the one who has the right is absent.\n\nBarr is he who defends in a cause pleads a plea which is sufficient response and has no action against plaintiff at all times.\n\nBatell is an internal combat between two persons and this is tried put it in brief in dw.\n\nBastard is he who is born out of wedlock.\n\"If a man espouses a woman and she conceives before they are married, it is said that the child is the people's son. If, during the laying on of hands for the marriage, St. Egesius should engender a child on the woman and it is born outside of wedlock, the woman is called a bastard and, for this reason, the specific bastardy is to be tried in the country and in the general courts by certification of the woman.\n\nIf a man should beget a child with a woman before his own baron and after the child is born, the first baron is called the child's baron, but if the man was in private with the woman at the time of the death of the first baron, the child is called the second baron.\n\nIf a man should beget a child with a woman outside of his marriage and the child is born within their espousals, the man is called the child's baron, unless it was born more than a year after the espousals.\"\nBurglary is a debt and an offense for breaking into another's house with the intent to steal goods in his house, but the intent is not pointed towards felony.\nChamperty is a brief and gift.\nCharge is a writ against a person.\nCessation is a writ and gift to the monvert tenant who holds the certain land or tenement, rendered certain rent per annum and the rent is not yet paid for two years and no sufficient distress can be found on the land, this writ is not recovered by the person who seeks to recover the land / but if the tenant comes to court and judgment is done and tenders the arrears and damages, and the tenant will not cease payment of the rent / and the plaintiff cannot maintain this writ for cessation made in the time of his ancestor / this writ is not a gift nor for service as rent and homage and fealty.\nCerciorare is a writ.\nA gift was given in pledge in one base court, which was of record, and he supposed that he could not have equal justice there / concerning a bill in the chancery dealing with any matter, of which he would have this brief to remove the entire record in the chancery and it should be determined by a conscience / but if he did not have such a bill, he would only have a writ of procedure to remove the record to the lower court and it should determine / furthermore, it concerns numerous other cases for removing records for the king as we have stated, and others\n\u00b6Chemyn is the high way or chief way that a headman passed, which is called the royal way, but the king or other thing was there for nothing but the passage for him and his people, except for the passage itself\nin the lord Desplees and all the people made it more pleasant and other things.\n\u00b6Continual claim is the man had right to enter into certain lands where one was seized, fee simple or fee tail, and he was not certain whether he was in doubt of approaching tithes so close that he dared and made claim within the year and day before his death if this was it.\n\"quite in the land, the devils themselves hear this claim enter the earth / neither are the disciples pleased for this reason, because he continually makes this claim within him, / unless he holds it firmly within himself and is not disturbed a year and a day after the first claim and after the second claim, / and after the third claim he says it within a year and a day if he sees it necessary to save himself / but if a disseisor seizes the land and a year and a day after the dispossession no claim is valid / for the land and the year are not taken from him except by title from the one who first had it from him.\"\n\n\"Privileges of the pleas are one privilege, to ask for the city or village with gratitude\nto keep pleas and lands within the precincts of the frairs and \"\nQualitas hoc est in pledis puram, ascun type choisis le cour du roi que les mayres ou bailliffs de terres fraanches point demandent concessions del ple.s. Que le ple et le maire serra pled et determin deuant eux / auxi concessions ne donnent prescripcions mez ils couent mie lettres roy.\n\nConspiracy is one of the indicators.\nCollusion is the one action it is between us, if the plaintiff recovers this recovery is called collusion.\nComyn is the right that a man has of his best beasts to pasture on another's and occupy the land which is not his property. Also, under diverse comyns,\nbecause of proximity, comyn appearing is the man seized of certain land to which he has come in another's sole and all those seized of the same land have the same comen or all the beasts composing his tenure.\nCounterple is the one counteraction and he holds it in his responsibility and pleads or calls upon an aid of another who has a better estate than this one in law.\nreconstruction is not unusual for all actions very soon and pray for receiving back one's estate if the reverend sir replies to this and I saw him have / or until the home is not received, this is called a counterplea.\nConsultation was made before this to Tiltot with prohibition\nThe contract is a bargain or agreement between two parties concerning a thing done for another who is appealed and owes me for it, and for this reason he demands twenty shillings from me, and he will not deliver it unless he has received other actions for recovering the twenty shillings for this reason, the promisor's promise is not void, nor does it arise from naked obligation, and the thing done is for the twenty shillings, except that it is not worth the value of a penny more than a good contract.\nThe form of feoffment is a brief and gift, given to a man before the statute of quia emptores, lest the feoffor or his heirs should claim that he was obliged to do other services, unless the tenants held a writ commanding him not to disturb.\n\"This fair other service is not included in the matter at hand / but this is a brief plea for my part, not for the full title. I claim to be heir to all priors.\nContra fault sovereign and his desire to find certain poor men or fair other certain devyn servies if they or these heirs acknowledge the deed, this brief shall be served upon them or their successors. And neither we nor others comment on what has previously happened in all other actions or when someone demands that the brief be brought before the t. delterr.\nColignage is a brief given to my most beloved, a simple and strange abatement, entering into the lands where I shall have this brief or its heir or alien or whatever follows these lands / but if my ale or pyre, my mother, brother, sister, or father, or any of them, has a strange abatement, I shall have a brief from them.\"\n\n\"Contra fault and his desire to find certain poor men or fair other certain devyn servies, if they or their successors acknowledge the deed, this brief shall be served upon them. In all other actions and when someone demands that the brief be brought before the t. delterr, neither we nor others comment on what has previously happened. Colignage is a brief given to my most beloved, a simple and strange abatement, entering into the lands where I shall have this brief or its heir or alien or whatever follows these lands. But if my ale or pyre, my mother, brother, sister, or father, or any of them, has a strange abatement, I shall have a brief from them.\"\ncertains conseillers pour son compte / This is a brief of counsel and concerns the counsel given between two parties in court, and one of them did not consent to it before the other had it. And note that in this brief, if the title is for purchasing the woman or for her inheritance, the woman\n\nThis brief and gift is held by a man in fee simple, fee tail, or for a term, and his wife and alienee hold it from him, and he will have the brief to recover the land. And note that in this deed, if the title is for purchasing the woman or for her inheritance, the woman\n\nThis was presented to us before the title, stating the reason for the impediment.\n\nDeuise is a man who in his testament gives or grants goods or lands to another after his death. If the man holds the lands in his demesne as fee or if Deuise held them,\nThis text appears to be written in Old French, and it seems to be a fragment of a legal document. Here is the cleaned text in modern English:\n\nIf a person tests this design on lands, this design is void, unless the lands are in a city or borrowed from the lord, and the person using it is bound to this design for these lands. This design is good, except that the lands should not be uninhabited.\n\nIf a person refuses to use this design in an inhabited city or borrowed uninhabited lands, and the refuser must give a reason for this to the justice, the king, or the mayor or bailiff in the said town, this reason must be given promptly upon serious inquiry.\n\nIf a person refuses to use this design to another person and makes the executors carry out this refusal, and the executors do not deliver the goods to the refuser or remedy the complaint in court, the king may order citations to be issued to the executors on behalf of the testator.\n\nIf a person refuses to use this design for lands and tenements that he has received a reversion of, this design also applies.\nperceives tenements / Auxi if lands are suitable for one man to have for himself or to assign to two men, the two cases are to be used in this manner, unless it is done otherwise by feoffment in the manner it was not intended\n\nDenizyn is the alien who was to be the subject of the king and obtain the lands, but if Denizyn pays customs and various other things like aliens, as appears from various statutes made for this purpose\n\nDecies tm2 is a brief and gives a juror in any inquest money for silver of a perjured or dead person, and each sewer will have the action and a moiety, and the king a moiety. But if the king in the case pardons the juror, he will not be barred from the moiety if his action comes before the pardon the king grants. But if the pardon is before any action, he is barred from confronting all people, and me.\nThe text appears to be written in Old French, and it seems to be a legal document. I will translate it into modern English while maintaining its original content as much as possible.\n\nThe text reads:\n\n\"Lay est de toutz accios pled un home en court, le un autre pled contre lui et apr\u00e8s son r\u00e9plique pled un autre contre son premier pled en court. Ce est un brief et m'as donn\u00e9 quelque argent est et deu a un homme quelque r\u00e9sultat accept\u00e9, contract oblig\u00e9 ou sp\u00e9cialement \u00e0 payer \u00e0 cet argent certains jours \u00e0 quels jours il n'a pay\u00e9. Si quelque argent soit deu \u00e0 quelque seigneur par tenue de tenement pour un rent service, le seigneur pour cela n'aura plus action contre dette moyen qu'il doit toutfois distraire par rent charge ou rent sergent, home aura bon action de dette et auxi pour arrears of rent r\u00e9serv\u00e9 sur un lease pour terme d\u00e8s et dans ces cas.\"\n\nTranslation:\n\n\"A man is brought before all the courts for a lawsuit, one man pleads against him, and after his reply, another man pleads against the first man in court. This is a writ and I have been given some money that is owed to someone for a certain outcome, contracted or obligated to pay a specific amount of money on certain days, if he has not paid. If some money is due to a lord by tenure of a tenement for a rent service, the lord will have no more action against the debt except that he must distrain by rent charge or rent sergeant, and the man will have a good action for the debt and also for arrears of rent reserved on a lease for a term in such cases.\"\ncase it is at his election, he may hold an action of the thing for himself, or let it be determined whether he will hold it for the heir, and for the certainty of the land and its value.\n\u00b6The case was closed at the extreme limit, and the tenant held the king, who holds it in chief, in distress, because this brief was to be taken directly to the escheator to inquire about the estate, whether he was seized of it as heir and of the certainty of the title and the value of the land.\n\u00b6Disclaimer: the lord disavows his tenant from him, and the lord acknowledges the seizure for the reason that they take it from him. If the tenant holds it contrary to the disclaimer, it is called a disclaimer, and if the lord sues a writ of right on the disclaimer, and it is found that the tenant has no counter-claim, he will lose the land.\nDisseisin: he who dispossesses another of his land or tenement, for a cause of alienation.\nDisseisin interruption: a stranger holds another's land or tenement for a year and a day, or takes the tenement into his possession.\nThe text appears to be written in Old French, and it seems to be related to land tenure and disputes. Here is the cleaned text:\n\nAutor en fait ou en taille ou pour terme de lui ou si vu home alien les terres que il a en droit son seme / ou si tiennent en taille alien les terres donn\u00e9es \u00e0 lui et \u00e0 ces h\u00e9irs de son corps doques ces alienations sont appell\u00e9es discontenances quartiles \u00e9tablies pass\u00e9es tous sires par lui livr\u00e9es et seisins et en ceux cas le successeur ne fait femme apr\u00e8s la mort son baron ni les lit en taille apr\u00e8s le mort le tient en taille ni pointe h\u00e9riter, mais chevalier de eux est mis \u00e0 sa action / Auxi si tiennent en taille soit disseisis et il, par son fait, apr\u00e8s retours all disseisoir et \u00e0 ces h\u00e9irs tout le droit que il a / il n'est discontenance / pour ceo que le tienant en taille n'avait droit forsque pour temps d\u00fb et rien de droit pass\u00e9 all disseisoir forsque pour terme du vivre t. i.e. en taille / & m\u00eale lay est si abscon tile tenant en taille aubois home en droit son femme soit disseisis et ils rel\u00e8vent apr\u00e8s autre disseisoir. Ceo nest ascune discontenance cause qua supra.\n\nTranslation:\n\nAn individual holds or in tail, or for his term, or if a stranger holds alien lands that belong to him by right, or if they hold alien lands granted to him and to his heirs, these alienations being called quarterly dispossessions, established and passed through all seisins of the lords by him delivered and received, and in those cases, the successor does not take a wife after the death of his lord nor inherits from him, but the knight of them is put to his action / Furthermore, if they are dispossessed and he, by his deeds, after returns, goes to dispossessor and to these heirs all the right that he has / it is not a dispossession / for this reason, the one holding in tail did not have any right other than for the term due and nothing of right passed to the dispossessor other than for the term of his life in tail / & moreover, if the landholder holds from a lord and the lord's wife is dispossessed, they recover from another dispossessor. This is not another dispossession cause mentioned above.\nlessor pays the time due and then releases all lessor's rights,\nunless the lessor holds in tail an adversement or a commodatum or a fee or for term of years, this is not disputed for those things which pass by grant and not by delivery and nothing passes except the lessor's estate passes to me by the same grant.\nDispute is a brief and it is an original and some judicial matter, except it is an original gift, dispute is made against one party, it is not sufficient for that party to perform his bargain or fulfill his promise, therefore he who is in possession of the property is deemed to have this brief.\nUnless this brief is judicial it is a gift or it is to be known from some record against one party and the sheriff returns that he is garnished or he was not garnished or the one precipe that he redeems from the term plea is against one party and the sheriff returns that he is summoned.\nThe text appears to be written in Old French, and it seems to be a legal document. I will translate it into modern English while maintaining its original content as much as possible.\n\nThe text reads:\n\n\"This man was not some months since that he disputed and his saus returned the deed recover the land which the perte greived him in this brief before this which recovers or before the summoners or within the vicomt\u00e9, if the brief is direct to the coroner of the county.\nDemanded is he who sues or complains in a real action for title of land and he is called a plaintiff in a personal action concerning the trespass of disceyt detained and brought before the seizable.\nDefended is he who is sued in a personal action and he is called a tenant in a real action.\nDistressed is the thing which is in possession and is distrained upon the land for rent or for other tort or debt which the property of the thing is detained by an alien, unless the tenants are bestiaux, who hold and convey on my land. The beasts have on the land a certain space which they have had for a long time and they lie and graze on the land or they are not distrainable. Furthermore, if a distrainee is present for retention or something without cause.\"\nloyal doques shall give you a pledge on his surety, and he will have the distress to redeem it / I see no pledge after the title pledge / besides, there are diners chosen which shall not be distrainable. That is, the robe of a daughter in a tailor's or draper's house, or wool in the house of a fuller or weaver.\n\nHowever, vitell is not distrainable nor grain in the garner, unless they are in one cart for this reason, and the vicomte could not seize it for fealty and for escheat and other services, and for fines and amercements assessed in a small letter in court baron. And also for damages. That is, whatever beasts or cattle he finds or another person causing harm or injury to the land / Also, a man cannot be distrained for a debt or choice of the land, unless it is charged with this debt, and he only views the beasts or takes the choice of them out of the land, and I will not take it for distress on the land.\nThe text appears to be written in Middle English, and it seems to be related to legal proceedings. Here is the cleaned text:\n\n\"they then pursued me and if I took possession of the high road or another place where the prisoner is loyal. They pursued me persistently and mercifully took hold of the prisoner who is among them, according to what the court says. Auxi sought to take a distress from him, and if he came to him for mercy in whatever soil it was, he could give him food and if the beast refused due to lack of food. The one who was distrained would be taken into custody and the entire distress could only be released if the plaintiff (if the distress was a living beast) gave him food and if the beast refused. The one who was distrained would be kept in custody or in debt, unless the plaintiff remitted the distress to a poor person or outside the county, in which case he could not fail to grant a release on pledge upon the plaintiff's return from the sheriff's court.\"\n\"tant qu'ils bestiaux ou t\u00eates beno\u00eet isa gardent tant que il a fait d\u00e9livr\u00e9s de la premi\u00e8re d\u00e9tresse / Auxi sittons dans un forest ou ch\u00e2teau, le vicomte peut prendre ou lui le pouvoir du comt\u00e9 et abattre le ch\u00e2teau, comme appartient par le statut de Westminster. i.e.C.xxo je vois statutum\nDeodand. est qu'ascuns hommes sont tu\u00e9s par une selle ou charrette ou autre chose qui mouve\ndeodand et ceo leur accompagnent pour amener le roi pour disposer en alms et actes de charit\u00e9\nDeodemus potestatem est un brevet et donation d'un homme servir en le cour du roi ou est su et ne peut bien voyager qu'il aura ce brevet. direct \u00e0 quelqu'un de justice ou autre personne du pays pour donner \u00e0 lui le pouvoir d'admettre quelqu'un pour son escorte ou vivre fines ou pr\u00e9parer sa confession ou r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 autrui examinatio.\nDemurrer est qu'un quelconque action est port\u00e9e et le d\u00e9fendant plaide un plaid que il ne veut r\u00e9pondre pour ceo qu'il n'est pas suffisant plein le loi & le d\u00e9fendant dit tout.\"\ncontra it is sufficient for a plaintiff or defendant in a lawsuit to file one plea in response to the other. A double plea is a response by a defendant or tenant in an action in which a plaintiff files a plea in the same matters, and each party cannot rely on only one plea as a bar or response to all actions or matters in dispute. The double plea is not admitted unless there is no dependence on the same matter and the case is not stayed if the plaintiff cannot have it.\n\nDower is a brief and gift given to a husband during the conjugal union, from which the wife recovers all the lands that the baron held sole seisin of, and there is also another brief of dower, called the brief of right of dower and gift, by which the fee holds the dower in her own right and another part is to be recovered. In various other causes, a wife will not have dower if the husband commits felony, if he elopes from his baron or if another man is in adultery with his wife.\n\nDroit is a brief and pertains to a claim by a husband.\nIn this text, there are several issues that need to be addressed to make it clean and perfectly readable. I will remove meaningless or unreadable content, correct OCR errors, and translate ancient English where necessary. Here is the cleaned text:\n\n\"In tenements, it is alleged that I have no title, except for one deed among those present. I was seized of this limitation and this is the brief that was presented in court to the lord, which he could remove in court before the king, except for two trials by the jury or by assize or battel, or by election of the tenant and for this reason, the tenant must always appear at the plaintiff's suit, or else he will lose his action. Furthermore, the judgment of this brief is suspended because it is not pleaded for the tenant to say that he was recovering action. Furthermore, there is another brief of right and reason, and all things mentioned in it are free of sink or sic. That is, a man leases lands to term and has several heirs, and if one of the heirs enters into all the land, the others will not have this brief tried by battel or gradus assise.\n\nThere is also a brief of right where a man does not hold court unless he remits his court to the king at this time, granting him the right of his lordship.\"\n\nTherefore, the cleaned text is:\n\nIn tenements, I have no title except for one deed among those present. I was seized of this limitation, and this brief was presented in court to the lord, which he could remove in court before the king, except for two trials by jury or assize, or by election of the tenant. The judgment of this brief is suspended because it is not pleaded for the tenant to say that he was recovering action. Furthermore, there is another brief of right and reason, and all things mentioned in it are free of sink or sic. A man leases lands to term and has several heirs; if one of the heirs enters into all the land, the others will not have this brief tried by battel or gradus assise. There is also a brief of right where a man does not hold court unless he remits his court to the king at this time, granting him the right of his lordship.\ntitle demonstrates in capite that the defendant was in debt and why it impedes\nThe defendant is harshly treated, is held in prison or restrained against his will, contrary to the order of the law. If the defendant therefore is not present, the defendant is not able to answer specifically or because of the imprisonment, the deed is void in the law and in action against the defendant. The defendant could say that he was forced or if this is arrested on some action other than the cause of the action, the defendant will not be able to say \"dures\" unless he was obliged to do so\nWhile not of sound mind, there is a brief and gift that is outside of his good memory, lands that he had in fee simple and devise, which his heir will have after his death instead of this brief, he will not have this brief for that reason, for a man will not be able to revoke it from him.\nIn the person to whom it belongs, this brief was made, which, while he was still underage, was a brief gift to the child, held in fee simple or for term until he came of full age. He would then have this brief or pay it back if he saw fit, but it was required that he be of full age at the time of payment.\n\nIf a child alienated his land, this brief would not be within his age.\n\nA man enters into some land or holds it in another's name or by his command. There are various briefs regarding this, one being a brief against seizure and this brief is given to the man who is seized and his heir will have the land cleared. But the disseisor [that is, the seizer] is not the one with the brief.\n\nA brief against seizure is within the land and the man who has it is to be heard in the seizin and the brief is to be produced when it is demanded of him.\nHeet the igres unless before B., to whom C. had given that which was not rightfully his, &c. And note that not a brief should be brought before the judge and to whom the sergeant may not maintain it, since he had not allowed entry unless after disseisin, which B. had unjustly and without judgment done, N. or N. whose heir he is.\n\n[Ejection from the garden. See the title of the garden]\n\nA judicial brief was chosen for him, and the case was brought before the court, the king supposing that the damages and rents, except for the beef and after the cattle and the third part of his land, which was to be delivered to him reasonably, should not suffice for him.\n\nAn error is a false judgment given in the common bench or before justice in the assize or before judgment was heard and terminated,\n\nor before the mayor or constable of London or in another court of record to revive the record and process against the justice of the bench the king and others.\nIf the text is in Old French, I assume it is from a legal document related to English common law, as indicated by the references to \"E. iii. anno xxxi.C.xii\" and \"comyn ba\u0304lr.\" I will translate it into modern English and remove unnecessary formatting.\n\nThe text reads:\n\n\"If an error is found, it shall be reversed if a false judgment is given in the banlieu of the king. If a false judgment is given in court, which is not of record in a county hundred or court baron, the party aggrieved shall have a writ of false judgment to bring the record before the justice of the common bench. If an error is found in the eschequier, it shall be redressed by the chancellor and treasurer, as provided by statute E. iii. anno xxxi.C.xii.\n\nAn action is brought and the plaintiff or defendant cannot appear in court for one of the five causes expressed, and it is to be stayed to save him from default. Note that there are five manners of stay. A stay of outster of the mother lasts forty days. The second stay is of terre sca and lasts for a year and a day, and these two shall be granted together in full. The third stay is for malvenir and lasts as long as the action requires and is called a comon essoou and how and when this essoou is\ngranted and conducted.\"\nserra vids the statutes and the liver of abbreviated statutes, which is well declared / The fourth essay is of malo lecti and is summarized in brief outside the chancery, directly to the vicar where it is mowed. The fifth essay is of service to the king and given in all causes except in assize of novel disseisins, a presentment and in appeal of mort d'ancestor in this essay it is required all day before Mr. so-garret or other. / Estray is any beast or cattle that is in some seignory and no one knows who its owner is, unless it is seized by the king or by prescription. & if the owner came and claimed it within one year and one hour, he would receive it or otherwise\n\nThis text appears to be in Old French, and it appears to be a legal document or a summary of legal proceedings. Here is a modern English translation of the text:\n\nThe fourth and fifth essays refer to specific legal matters. The fourth essay involves a summary of a case that is outside the chancery and directly presented to the vicar. The case involves a dispute over land or property, and the plaintiff has one year and one hour to claim it before it is seized by the king or the current owner.\n\nThe fifth essay pertains to a matter of service to the king and is exempt from assize of novel disseisins. In this case, a presentment and appeal of mort d'ancestor are required to be presented before the king or his representative (so-garret) within a specified time frame.\n\nAdditionally, there is a reference to \"estray,\" which refers to any beast or cattle that is in someone's seignory (territory) and whose ownership is unknown. If the true owner comes forward within one year and one hour, they can reclaim their property or make other arrangements.\n\nTherefore, the text can be translated and summarized as follows:\n\nThe fourth and fifth essays refer to specific legal matters. In the fourth essay, a case outside the chancery is presented directly to the vicar, and the plaintiff has one year and one hour to claim their property before it is seized by the king or the current owner. In the fifth essay, a matter of service to the king is exempt from assize of novel disseisins, and a presentment and appeal of mort d'ancestor must be presented before the king or his representative within a specified time frame. Furthermore, if any beast or cattle is found in someone's seignory and its ownership is unknown, the true owner has one year and one hour to claim it or make other arrangements.\nafter the loss of this serra, the seigneur Issinr made the proclamation of this accord according to the law.\n\u00b6Eieccione sirme was seen before in the title where it is written infra terminum\n\u00b6Escape is the one who is arrested and deprived of his liberty before he is delivered to await ascui justice or order of the law / Also, if one is arrested and then escapes and is recaptured, this is what he is held for / he is returned to him\n\u00b6Also, if a murder is committed in the day and the murderer is not taken into custody until it is established that the villain or the murderer fled / Also, if a felon is arrested by the constable and brought before the jailer, and the jailer does not receive him and the constable dismisses the jailer, and the jailer also escapes / this is an escape from the jailer because in the title the jailer is held responsible for receiving him without the main constable's consent / Moreover, another example is if one is arrested for another offense.\nsuspeccoin de felony tale gea\u2223lour nest tenuz d luy resceyuer sau\u0304z p\u0304cept de ascu\u0304 dez iustices del peace.\n\u00b6Eschete est vn brefe & gyft lou vn tenau\u0304t tyent dune seigniorsa\u0304u\u0304z mesne & face felonie pur quel il est pendu ou abiure le realme ou vt\u2223lage d felonye murdr ou petyt treso\u0304 ou yf le tenau\u0304t murrust sau\u0304z heyre general ou specyal do\u0304{que} le seignior puit ttre {per} voyde eschete ou si au\u2223ter home entl le seigor auera vers luy cest brefe.\n\u00b6Estripament est vn brefe et gift lou vn est in pled {per} vn p\u0304cipe quod reddat pr certeyn terr\u0304 si le de\u2223mau\u0304da\u0304t suppose q\u0304 le tenau\u0304t voyle fayre wast pendant le ple il auera vers luy cest brefe\nque est vn {pro}hibicon luy comau\u0304da\u0304t q\u0304 il ne face wast pendant le ple. et cest brefe gift {pro}permie\u0304t lou vn hoe demau\u0304d terr\u0304 {per} formedone ou bref de droit o tielz breff{is} lou il ne reco\u2223uer damagis quar i\u0304 tilz breffis lou il recouera damagis il auera cez da\u00a6magis \n\u00b6Executours est quaunt home fait son testement et darre\u0304y volu\u0304te et in ceo nosma le {per}son q\u0304\nexecute the son's testament, the executor shall have access to each creditor of the testator, and if the executor has assets that the testator owed to him, the creditor shall have access to the executor, if the testator had pledged his land as security for a debt owed to the executor, or specifically in each case where the testator wished to pledge his land instead of an action against the executor.\nExchange is the transaction of one man concerning certain land. And another man is seized of another land. If they make an indenture or not, if the lands are not all in one town, each of them shall have land from the other in exchange, equal in value to what each of them had, in fee simple, fee tail, or at term.\nMoreover, in exchange, it is necessary that their estates be equal, because if one had an estate in himself and the other had an estate in another's land, except for term or rent due or tithe due, the exchange is void if their estates are not equal and the lands are not of equal value. Moreover, a rent exchange.\nThe text reads: \"terr est bon Auxi exchange in rent et comyn est bo & ceo cot ee per fait / Auxi il cot tontis foitz qper olz exchange sont in le fait ou auterment riens passe per le fait si non qper il ayet ly|nere et seisyn.\nExcommunement est adyre in laten excoi cacio et est lou vn ho per la iugement in court cristyan excommunie donque il est disable de suer ascun accion in le court le roy et si il remayn excommunie xl. iours et ne voile estr str iustyfye per son ordinaire / donque leues mandera sa lettre patet all chancelour et sur ceo sera maund au vic de pender le corps excommunie per un brefe appell de excommunicato capie donque il a fait gre all saints eglyshe pur le costempt et tort et quaut il est iustyfie et ad fait gre / donque leues manderait sa letter all roy certifiant ceo et donque serait maund au vicomte de luy delivrer per un brefe appell de excommunicato deliberando\nExecucion est lou iugement est done in ascun accion que le plaintiff recouera le terr\"\n\nCleaned text: \"The exchange is good in Auxerre, common is also good and this coat is given, it is done in fact or otherwise nothing passes through it, unless he has the linener and seisin. Excommunication is added in Latin excommunication and is the judgment in Christian court for the excommunicated, who is disabled from suing any action in the king's court and if he remains excommunicated for forty days and does not appear to be justified according to his order / the letters will be sent to the chancellor and on this, maund will be summoned to the vicar to deliver the body of the excommunicated person through a brief appeal of the excommunicator, who has caused offense to all saints for contempt and wrongs and until he is justified and has caused offense / the letters will be sent to the king, certifying this, and maund will be summoned to the vicomte for delivery through a brief appeal of the excommunicated person in deliberation.\"\n\n\"The judgment is the lawful execution done in any action where the plaintiff recovers the land.\"\nIf the text is in Old French, here is the cleaned version: \"Let damaging party comes as the case. And there is some one waiting for him, it shall have a brief execution of judgment. Extinguishment is the one, the senior or another, to some rent issuing from the land, and he purchases the land from which he had the estate in the rent. The rent is extinguished for the reason that one cannot have rent issuing from his land demesne. Furthermore, if some rent is extinct, the land and the rent should be in one hand, and furthermore that the state which he had should not be unsalvageable. And furthermore, he should have good estate in the land which is in the rent because he has estate in the land except for term due or in and has a simple fee in the rent, where the rent is not extinguished but is in suspense for that time and afterwards the rent is revived. Furthermore, if he is a mesne lord and tenant, and the mesne tenancy is extinct but the mesne still has the surplusage of rent if there is some one as rent similar to it. Furthermore, if a man has chimneys appended and\"\npurchase the land where the chimney is located, as the path is extinct, and also concerning one who is appointed. A writ and a personal action are required for the defendant to be summoned, and he could not be in court or have resources to dispute this writ, unless it is proven that this writ will be served at the vicinity of the defendants. A proclamation should be made in the shires after other summons, and it should be made publicly and if it is public, all those who are bound by benches and chairs are forfeited to the king. In an indictment of felony, it should be served after the first capias. And in a capias ad compotendum or ad satisfaciendum, and in every capias that follows, it should be served after the first capias, and in an appeal of death, an appeal of robbery, or an appeal of mayhem.\n\nLook in such a case under the title of account.\n\nLook in such a case under the title of grave complaint.\n\nFalse imprisonment is a writ and a gift to the defendant, who is arrested and restrained from his liberty by an unlawful order given to someone else against him.\nThis text appears to be written in Old French, and it seems to be a legal document or a part thereof. I will translate it into modern English while preserving the original content as much as possible.\n\nIt is brief, that is, when he recovers damages, see more about this above, title rest.\n\u00b6False judgment concerning this title, error\n\u00b6It is simple, for as long as the land remains in the hands of one heir and those who are called heirs hold it in fee simple for all time, and they say heirs are heirs for life, unless it is given to someone else for a term of years. Moreover, if they hold it in fee simple, the eldest son is his heir, unless he has other sons, and each one will have his share, but if he has no son or daughter, his nearest kinsman on his mother's side will be his heir. Moreover, if he is a peer and has a son, and the son purchases the land in fee simple and without issue, then his uncle will have the land and not the peer, but the peer can have it back if he can prove that the land came to him as heir, all unless the land was in the hands of the uncle before, for the peer had no heir at that time.\ncollateral deceit and not near limital acceptance\nIf he, the son, purchases land simply and owes it without issue from his own sink or pier, he may keep the third part if he is not heir to the pier that you have. If the land descends to all the sons, and one of them purchases land in fee and discedes it every time to the eldest brother because he is more worthy of sink, then no man can inherit land of fee simple unless he is heir to the land or the heir of the person. For if a man has sons and daughters, uncles and aunts, and a brother purchases land in fee and the next brother does not inherit the land, the land remains with the one who purchased it because\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in Old French, not ancient English. It seems to be discussing inheritance laws related to land ownership.)\n\ncollateral deceit and not near limital acceptance\nIf he, the son, purchases land simply and owes it without issue from his own sink or pier, he may keep the third part if he is not heir to the pier that you have. If the land descends to all the sons, and one of them purchases land in fee and discedes it every time to the eldest brother because he is more worthy of sink, then no man can inherit land in fee simple unless he is heir to the land or the heir of the person. For if a man has sons and daughters, uncles and aunts, and a brother purchases land in fee, the next brother does not inherit the land, the land remains with the one who purchased it.\n\"it is given to the letter Sak\u00e9 Alaisius, Auxin in the ras Anundit, if Pier Derue is still of the earth and in peace, simple and leisne Fitz enters and murrust sauz issues from the file, he will have the land and name the younger brother / unless leisne Fitz does not enter after Pier's death, then another must ascend in his place, as leisne Fitz is to be the heir in simple feudal tenure, provided a sister is not made heir\n\u00b6The tail is that the land is given to one man and his seven heirs of his body, and it is said that he holds in the general tail / unless the land is given to a baron and his wife and all their heirs of their two bodies, then they hold in the special tail specifically / but if the land is given to one man and his heirs, and his wife is given to the baron, then the baron holds in the special tail and the wife has nothing / Furthermore, if the land is given to the baron and his wife and their heirs of his body, then the baron holds in the special tail and the wife had not held for any term but\n\"\nres soint done al baron et sa feme et a lez heyris quex le baron inge\u0304\u2223der\u0304 de corps celuy feme in cest case ambi deux ou\u0304t estate i\u0304 le tayle pur ceo que cest {per}olz heyrys ne lymyte a lune plus que a lauter / mez si t\u2223re soynt done all baron et sa feme et a lez heyris le baron quex il ingender de corps sa feme do\u0304{que}s el nad fors{que} estate pur d son corps ingenders in tile case lis\u2223su female ne vnquis inheritera quar si lyssu male ad issue female que ad issu male vnquor coueyet son discent tout {per} lez males\n& m\u0304 le say est si terres sont dones al issu female in tile maner / lissu male ne ia\u0304mys inherita / Auxi si terres sount dones a vn home et a cez heyrs malez ou sez heyrs fe\u2223malys don{que}s le done ad estate in fee symplee pur ceo q\u0304 nest lymet de q\u0304 corps lissue vie\u0304dr\u0304 / Auxi si terrez sou\u0304t donez a vne home & vn feme q\u0304 est le fyle ou le cosyn le donor in franke mariage don{que} le home et la feme sount tenaunt in especyall tayle / quar {per} teux {per}ollz franke ma\u00a6riage illz auerount le\nThey give it to them and those who enter it generate in the tail, if they hold it in the tail, it is not inheritable by force of the tail, and no ejection is made against the land until the receiver of the fee simple returns it in full to the donor, and those who do not enter in the tail and their issues serve all the donor and these heirs act as the donor does towards his lord. [However], they do not enter in frank marriage unless they serve in every way. [A feoffment is] one made when one gives land in fee simple and as soon as he desires seisin of the land, it is a feoffment. [Also], if one makes a grant in the tail or for a term of another's life, they must also give livery and seisin or else it will not pass through the grant. [A deed of feoffment is] a brief and a gift that the tenant holds in the tail, and an alienee has a brief of feoffment to recover the land.\nThis text appears to be written in Old French, and it seems to be a legal document or a contract. Here is the cleaned text:\n\n\"un donn\u00e9 est dans la descender et ceo est au haut audit Auxi, si un donn\u00e9 terre dans le taille et pour d\u00e9faut dissu le reste dans le taille et que pour d\u00e9faut de taille sort de la terre revertera au donneur si le premier tiennent dans le taille devoir sauver ce qui est dans le reste. Auxi devoir sauver sorte que le donneur ou ses h\u00e9ritiers aura une forme donn\u00e9e dans le reverter.\n\nForger de faux fait est un \u00e9quivoque qui p\u00e8se sur ce brevet et le recevraient ces dommages et la d\u00e9faut finira tous rois.\n\nFaute sera faite en tel manier. Lettre tenir sa main droite sur un livre et dire \u00e0 son seigneur jeo avoue serre follet loyal et vous portera des tenements que jeo claim de vous et loyal vous ferai les coutumes et service qui vous plairont.\n\nAussi assises si je le vois, je mettrai la livere mez elle ne gen\u00e8rera pas comme en ferrait hommage et de ceo.\"\nAfter the title, follows the text:\n\nFelony is committed by any person who, without any color of law, entices another to benches, a value of twelve pence or more, or approaches another person and robs him of those benches, except they are worth no more than a penny to him. This is felony, and it is called robbery, for which he is hanged. Rape is also felony, and it is what is called a ravishing and defiling of a woman against her will in her demesne.\n\nGuarding is what any ancestor holds from his lord as part of his service as a knight, and there are various writs of guard. One is a writ of right of guard, which the heir holds during his minority, and another is a writ of entry into the land, which intrudes into the land and seizes the body of the infant. The land is without the guardian, but the infant is not. Another is a writ of removal of guard, which seizes the body and nothing of the land. If one holding a guard holds from various lords, there are various writs.\nSeigniors diverse territories, the lord of which titles it first in priority. The same land is also an annuity, to which the water dues belong to whoever first took possession of the land, except that if one tenant of the king is chiefly donated, the king, through his prerogative, has the guard of the person and all the land that belongs to the king, and of each other lord.\n\nGaranties of charters is a brief and consists of some deed containing a clause of guarantee. Granted or concessioned, this pledge binds the grantor to have this charter in his fee or his heir. If the land is recovered for him, he recovers the same amount of land in value as it was worth when the guarantee was made. This charter usually hangs by the first charter to him or otherwise he has a writ of guarantee, of chattels, not on alienated land.\n\nGuarantees are in two manners.\nThe text appears to be written in Middle English, and it seems to be related to legal matters. I will attempt to clean and translate it into modern English while preserving the original content as much as possible.\n\nThe text reads: \"This / Garranty Lineall is one home-owner in fee, made feoffment to one other and obliged him and his heirs to guarantee and had issue and murrust, and the guarantee descends to his son. This son is Lineall's guarantee for him, so that no one could recover title from him by force of the deed, my he who was the guarantor and so forth. This is one lineall guarantee & the lineall guarantee lies in the tail, nor is it possible for anyone to recover title from him by force of the deed, my he who was the guarantor was. This is a collateral guarantee / and the collateral guarantee lies in the tail, and it is for this reason that all guaranteeors before Lastwill of Glocester, who died to those under him, were bound to do this, because the bailiff was not to be barred if the tail of the land was in his hand. The heirs are not to be barred either.\"\n\nCleaned text: This is one homeowner's guarantee, Lineall, made in fee to another and obliging him and his heirs to guarantee and had issue and murrust. The guarantee descends to his son. This son is Lineall's guarantee for him, so that no one could recover title from him by force of the deed, my he who was the guarantor and so forth. This is a single guarantee, and the guarantee lies in the tail. Nor is it possible for anyone to recover title from him by force of the deed, my he who was the guarantor was. This is a collateral guarantee, and the collateral guarantee lies in the tail. All guaranteeors before Lastwill of Glocester, who died, were bound to do this because the bailiff was not to be barred if the tail of the land was in his hand. The heirs are not to be barred either.\ntype garr pur ceo that the garr does not descend overly for the sanctuary is corrupt. Besides, if the fitz presents terms and pledges the land to his peer for this purpose, and the peer demands that all fitz unquor this guarantee not bar me little, the garr for this reason commences disputes qua\n\nGager de lyueraunce is one who is filled with benz, takes in pledge, and lets the plaintiff or defendant defend. It is unquor himself and others. And pray, let the defendant in pledge deliver or pledge himself in surety or pledge, and briefly appear at court ready to live and so forth. But if a man claims property, he will not pledge the delivery.\n\nBesides, if they say that the auers are dead in pound, he will not pledge and so forth. Besides, if he does not pledge the delivers to anyone but those issuing from his own body in law, as it is said.\n\nGarnyshment is like one.\naction of Detynue of these charters is brought before one and the defendant states that the charters were delivered to him by the plaintiff and another on certain conditions and prays that they be guaranteed from pleading against the plaintiff if the conditions are performed or not. A writ of scire facias will be issued against him in this matter and it is called a garnishment.\n\nGrant a clear copy of this to the sheriff, before the title \"petit capias.\"\n\nHomage shall be taken from him in the manner of the manor, the tenant in fee simple or fee tail holding from him, in fee or fee tail, shall render homage on both knees and the superior tenant shall say to him: \"You are a worthy man of this year in possession of life and member and earth, and honor and all other things, and you shall serve us faithfully and loyally and faithfully bear to us those things which I claim tenure of, and you shall swear fealty to us, and make your fealty to us in the same manner as fealty was sworn to the king before, and fealty shall not be shown to anyone else before us, and the sheriff shall allow no one else to make fealty.\n\nJoint tenants of two men come to any lands or tenements of one of them.\nif the title is held by two men and their heirs, they are two separate titles and neither of them is joint heir of the other, and not two or three joint tenancies and one dissuaded or prevented this or those who were joint tenants, unless they survived together / if two joint tenancies existed, one of them would have the majority / and it was so in joint tenancies and one of them made a feoffment to another and the feoffee received the third part and the others were joint tenants unless they were seized by one joint title.\nAlso, if the land is given to both the baron and his wife and the baron alienates and the wife recovers the land gently, but if they were joint tenants before, she would recover only the moiety, except that she would not recover the rents / it if the land is given to both the baron and his wife.\nall this third party grants to him whom he affirms it, the whole passes through this grant for the sake of that, except for one person in the lay and in this case they are not in the right except for the whole, unless they are joint tenants through the survivor, the one who does not claim anything through the survivor in his right through the survivor. Moreover, otherwise it is about taking sureties for debts, as stated above.\n\nIdemity takes the place of one man and another who were not known to each other by name as the defendant was taken from him, this brief was inquired into by the viscount without justice signed in the court if he was not the person or enemy and if he was not found guilty, then he would go free without harm in peace.\n\nThe law is such that an action is brought against one without a special matter or other matter of record as an action on a debt on a contract or debt, therefore the defendant can.\ngage shall lay his bond for a sum of money and certain persons who are to appear before him, in the manner and form he has declared in the action of debt against one lessor for a term less than a year, or after the account has been audited by the assize home. He shall not give his bond unless he is assured of the presence of those persons whose names the court will summon to him, and if he is not assured, he must be pledged.\n\nLessers are of various kinds for a term due for a term during the life and at the will of the lessor. A lessor of land is equally good without feudal incidents, but in a lessor for a term due or at the will of the lessor, it is necessary to give a livery and seisin on the land or otherwise pass through the court for this reason, because they are called frankly.\n\nA lessor of a common or rent-free holding is also good without feudal incidents, unless it is a personage. It is good without the feudal incidents for this reason, that the lessor does not grant the lessor's court without the court's consent.\n\nMainprise is what one arrests by.\ncapias donques le juges point deliver son corps a certain homis pur garder and d lui amener devant eux a certen jour et ces sont appelees maympernors. Mayntenance est un breif et gyft a un home done ou delivrer a un autre quelque songe darger ou autre choix pur maintenir son ple ou fait extreme labor pour lui, quant il n'en avait rien a ce affaire donques la pleine porte grevera vers lui ce breif. Mesne est un breif et gist le seigneur mesne et tient et le seigneur per amount distrait le tenan pur les services le mesne qui luy doit acquitter tous seigneur per amount doque le t en aura ce breif des mesne et si il ne viennent pur acquitter le tenan donques le mesne perdrera les services le tenan et sera tenu tenu immediatement du chef seigneur et frais comme la mesure suit au seigneur. Monstrauerunt est un breif.\n\"And this gift is given to the tenants in acknowledgement of demesne, directly to the lord, commanding him not to distract the tenants for fair other services than what is due; and they shall have this writ directly to the vicar, that he not suffer the lord to distress the tenants for fair other services. Moreover, the tenants shall not be in quiet unless they have an attachment to the lord when he summons them according to custom, and this shall be served in the court of the lord, and on this he shall counter in the nature of what brief he sees it to be.\nAnd this brief shall not be removed except for grave cause or lack of caution on the part of the demesne tenant, and he shall not have a brief of right of appeal nor be subject to unjust vexations, and it is a patent brief by battelage grant assize.\nMordauntstour, see this before the title of cozynage.\nMortmayn is the land subject to a religious house or another company which is corporate and not in pain, according to the statute in the year\"\nxv. R .ii.\n\u00b6Moderata misericordia est vn bref et gift lou home est am\u0304cy in court baron ou counte plus q\u0304 deuer oit ee\u0304 do\u0304{que}s il auera cest brefe direct all vicount si soit in counte ou all baylyfe si soit in court baro\u0304 eux co\u0304\u2223mau\u0304dme\u0304t q\u0304 il ne luy am\u0304syou\u0304t mez eientregard\nal qua\u0304tyle de trespas & sils ne fou\u0304t pur cell brefe donquis issera vers eux vn sicut alias et causa\u0304 nobis significes & ap\u0304s ceo vn attachme\u0304t\n\u00b6Natiuo habendo est vn bref & gift lou le nese dun seigniour est ale de luy don{que}s le seignior auera cest brefe direct al vicount q\u0304 il face le seignior auera son nefe ouesque toutz cez chateux / Auxi in cest brefe plusours nefz ne purrount esse de\u00a6mau\u0304des q\u0304 deux / mez auxi plusors nefz que voyle\u0304t insembleme\u0304t poi\u2223ent port brefe de libertate {pro}banda Auxi si vn nefe {per}t son br\u0304de liber\u2223tate {pro}bauda auau\u0304t q\u0304 le seigniour port cest bref don{que}s le nefe serra in pese ies{que} al venu dez iustice ou autment son brefe ne luy eydera.\n\u00b6Nonabilite est lou vn acco\u0304n est {per}t ds vn &\nThe defendant stated that the plea is about the nobility of a serf or a villain who sues his lord.\n\nNusau\u0304s is a man and a gift to the sheriff or the constable, light as a feather, to carry or hold the mace or stop the mace, or do anything on behalf of Nusau\u0304s, his proxenor, in the court near Nusau\u0304s. If Nusau\u0304s commits a felony, alienating the land to another, this man shall not have this brief against him, nor shall anyone else who holds it from outside, unless they are heirs or daughters, or if there is only one heir who enters the whole territory and the others do not have this brief in their possession.\n\nNobody showed injustice or vexation before the title.\n\nNo one should admit, for the sake of freedom, a brief and gift to the viscount, returning him directly to the bailiff the fine franchises which the bailiffs have not returned, and he should not serve their tenants.\n\nNeither injustice nor vexation were shown before the title.\nin the king's court and he acquired all the judicial briefs that passed out of court before the king, without the pleas being served beforehand, and the vicomte carried out the executions of those sentenced by the pleas.\n\nA bill of appeal was brought in late in the matter of hearing and determining and granting what was asked for suddenly or in surrecco, or some other transgression that required hasty reformation. For this service, see the following.\n\nPrescription is that one who has had or used anything since the time when no memory remains, and they claim that a hundred years is good prescription, may not prescribe a statute unless he had another statute serving for it.\n\nPresentment is that any man who had right to dispose of a spiritual or temporal thing, and named the person to whom he wished to give it and made a lease of it for him, is a presentment or presentation, unless different coheirs do not agree.\npresentation / the presentation lets the serjeant admit me as a joint plaintiff and defendant in the same suit, or the presentation may be made through a letter.\nPremunire is a writ and gift or a summons that summons another person to the king's court to answer a determined matter that is before the court, and it is established by certain statutes and grants permission to the person to come before the court, unless it is otherwise provided by other statutes. It is outside the protection of the king and may be imprisoned without bail or mainprise, unless they have paid the fine for offending the king and these things and castles are forfeited, unless they come within two months after the service of the writs, their proctors, curators, attorneys, executors, and maintainers will be compelled to appear in my manner. / See the statute / Additionally, the summons may be served in the court of Rome, and it may be brought before the court's ordinary in the case of the state.\nA writ in capias is a writ and gift that detains someone who is in the king's custody as in his person or in his chattels, and it is compelled to have this writ and this writ shall be closed and pleaded.\nin this coming bank, Auxi holds some tenement belonging to some lord, which is forced to surrender the right patent title in the court. The lord Ines shall bring it to the king's court / and this brief can be removed from the court. The lord of the land [per] takes [per] one toll and from the county [per] takes [per] one pound. [See more of this later]\n\n[A perambulation was made, and there was some encroachment for a long time, with the consent of both lords. The vicount mentioned above, or his heirs and assigns, made the perambulation and disturbed the metes and bounds. However, if one lord encroaches on the other, he will not make a perambulation unless the offending lord is not inconvenienced by it, according to the raconables divisis.]\n\nA small cap is a brief and gift concerning some real action. Of land in pleas is brought and the tenement appears and can be seen. [Unless it appears] in default.\nall primaries shall have one grant to carry it outside the sea in the service of the king, provided they have this grant, and by this grant they shall be quit from him, except for dower which impedes an assize of novel disseisin without the clause \"no one shall obstruct\" in the register Auxi protection shall not be allowed to begin before the date of the protection, unless it is for a voyage or joy passing or for other royal journeys or in message for the king's business / Auxi protection shall not be allowed for the purchase of cattle for the voyage, nor in pleas of trespass or of gratuitous acts before the date of the protection\n\u00b6Prohibition is a brief and grants that it may not be proven that the plaintiffs have this brief for procedure\n\u00b6Procedure is a brief and grants that the bill shall not be well proven unless the plaintiffs have this brief for procedure.\n\"Why is one brief and the man unable to receive his present gift from me, or why the man is unable to receive his present gift from me in the presence of the deceased person and two witnesses, and why the gifts presented earlier could not be recovered according to the statute of Westminster II.CVII? Furthermore, why, according to the statute, should the person and heirs in fee simple not receive the gift if the deceased person had no impediment preventing him from receiving the presentment? Why would the man not have a writ of adowson for this brief, and why is this brief not admissible and why were the earlier gifts not received by the man or seen by me?\"\nmez brief you shall not admit this gift to the two parties in pleas if the plaintiff supposes that the clerk the defendant has had this brief all earned, which he commands that I shall not allow to him during the pleas.\nWhy was a brief and gift to the two parties soutered in pleas for the purpose of presenting unde these clerks within the wards? moys donques he will have this brief before the leues/mez this brief contains all facts pedated in the ple.\nWhat is the right of a brief and gift to a man of religion to recover land donques executed this brief shall be taken to the escheator to inquire what right he had to recover and if it is found that he had not rightly donques the lord may enter / mez brief to be had when damaging gift to one is inquired about the value of the land and what prejudice it will be to the king.\nQueryntyne is the man seised of a manor and other lands from which his wife ought to have her dower donques the wife shall hold the manor place for four years during which her dower shall be assigned to her.\n\"\u00b6The Magna Carta, C.vi.\nWhy below one brief and gift lessens a man the tenant in fee a other and the fee ousts the tenant who has this brief or is strange and ousts the tenant's fee where he has another brief from the ejector or this brief is strange and the ejector has a firm writ against him and these two briefs he recovers the term and damages.\nWhat right claims is one bull and gift, the king grants the reversal of a debt. At a time due, the king and the tenant shall not prevent the grantor from having this brief to chase the tenant for preventing.\nThis brief of mine, which renders a rent, the tenant pays the rent to me or the tenant does not see preventing, unless the grantor has received this brief or the brief and through the services it contains is in a single case for rent service. Furthermore, if the grantor grants rents to three different men and the tenant holds land from me and the tenant sues the grantor for a penny or a mile in our court, the tenant may be mild towards him in this matter concerning all these rents.\"\nQuare intrudit in matrimonio non satisfacto est un breve & gift le seigneur offre a son gard, et il refusa et intrat in la terre et suis mari\u00e9 a un autre donque le seigneur aura ce breve vs lui.\n\nQuod permitat est un breve et gist le home dissi. de quel come de pasture et le dissi aliien ou devie seisyy et son h\u00e9ritier entre donque si le dissiesses devoir avoir ce breve.\n\nQuo iure est un breve et gist le home ad eau courir de pasture il autrui avant le temps de memoire donque celuy qui en a possession aura ce breve et il le serre de rendre per quell title il claim.\n\nQuod ei deforceat est un breve et gist le tenait en la taille, i.e. dower ou a terme devait perdre per defaut in quascun action / donque ces qui perdueront ce breve vs celui qui le recouvre ou vs son h\u00e9ritier.\n\nQuo warranto est un breve et gist le home usurp\u00e9 dauer ascun franchises pour le roi, que le roi aura ce breve de lui faire venir devant son Justice pur meruit de quell title.\nI. The claym holds the franchises.\n\u00b6Relief is such that some tenant holds land from a certain lord, serving him in chivalry and his heir, and the heir at the first year of payment doubles the rent for all lords. If a lord holds from the king in chief and other lords the king withdraws the guard of all their lands and pays relief. To all lords at their plain age, the lords surrender to the king through petition and had the rent for the time when it was in guard.\n\u00b6Remission is such that when one man holds two titles to some land and he comes to the remission. If the tail dispute continues the tail and he further dissents and murmurs, and the lands descend to his issue or consort, he is in his remitter, but if by the tail and the title of the disentailing is outdated and defeated, and the reason and course of the remission is for this reason, that the heir is held to the land and no person holds against him his brief of summons.\n\"You must recover the tail fee if the person who should not be able to take action against you in the tail is present in the tail and is below age, and if this person is the heir apparent, it is a remission for him, but only because he was a fool and showed the feoffment. If the baron has alienated the land that was in his right to his wife and then recovered the estate for himself and his wife during their lives, this is a remission to the wife because Alienor holds the land and the wife does not wish to act foolishly. If the wife has maintenance in court, the sheriff shall after the baron and wife for the term of their lives make no remission to the wife for this reason, because if the wife is fined the wife will be examined before the judges and the examiners in fine exclude round about these women if they are not brought in or matter of record against her, this will be good remission for him.\n\nReply:\n\"\nThe text appears to be written in Old French, and it seems to be related to legal proceedings. Here is the cleaned text:\n\n\"The defendant in any action is responsible, and the plaintiff is responsible to him for this is called the reply or rejoinder. Replevin is a brief and valuable document given to someone distrained for rent or other thing. If he has this brief brought before the vicar to deliver it to him and finds surety for his action, and if he does not plead or is in default, and the judge orders that this who took the distress shall return it to him / and he shall have in such a case a writ called a writ of replevin. Also, if it is in any frauds or baliwary, the sheriff or bailiff shall have a replevin directed to them to deliver the frauds for them, and he shall find surety for his action in the next county / and this replevin may remove the distress from the common bailiff's bond. See more about replevins before the title distress / Also, a brief of the high replevin and gift is given to the home when he is in prison / and the plaintiff especially commands it.\"\nroy no one of justices shall die for not responding to the king about this brief, which the vicount has replied to and this brief is one I shall issue to a justice and not returnable, and if the vicount does not do so, he shall issue another brief as before and after the other brief\nRescued is a brief and given to one who is distrained and another has restored the distress to him and he will not allow it to be imposed on him or them, for it is rescued\nReturned is due or it must be returned to the king in court and the man who came in to pray for relief and to defend the land and plead for the damages which the DD. / Auxi came to seek when he came, it was necessary that he be taken and made to plead before the demandant\nScire facias is a judicial issuance outside of the record and lies before the king and I do not know if there is execution within it and the day after the year and day.\nI. He had said briefly to seize the party and if the party did not come or if I could not see him, issue a writ of fieri facias against all sheriffs commanding them to levy the debt or damages from the one who had pardoned. II. This writ of fieri facias is to be made within the land, without any knowledge being required from anyone else. II. Furthermore, if some part of the debt or damages cannot be levied from the benevolent one, the sheriff is to seek a writ directly from the one commanding him, delivering to him the respite from his land and benevolence, except for bobzes and affreys of his recovery.\n\nIII. Regarding the title, it is due to the one who is to pay it.\n\nIV. Treasure is whatever money or silver plate or bullion is found in any place, and no one knows whose property it is, unless it is said that the property of this treasure belongs to the king, and it is called \"treasure found.\" However, if any mineral or metal is found in any land, it belongs to the lord of the soil, except when it is mineral of gold or silver, which will always belong to the king on any soil they find it.\n\nV. Treason is in two forms.\n\"This is a brief and it announces a term in the purdue or tenure for another's life, held in dower or by courtesy or in chivalry. Was done or destruction on the land, sills debilitated, measures cut or suffered the house voluntarily for the reversal, this brief will have it. And will receive the land and treble damages, unless a man cuts a measure without license and the damage is not to the sill or the measure is built anew, then the act of cutting the measure is not wast. Also, the cutting of the wood is forbidden.\n\nIt is uncertain what real action is demanded or what the tenant will ask for\n\nThe laic remonstrance is a deed and gift or a debate between two parties or proxies for the same side, directly concerning this brief. Resist and they will be put in prison unless they have their bodies\"\ndon't the roy a certain year respond to the charge Etc. This brief is returnable and shall not grant a pardon to the one who tells this in the chancery, resistance and forfeitures, unless it is certified in the chancery typology.\nWithernam, see above title, desires\nUnless it is one and the same gift, and the heir does not have the said gift,\nThey shall add beyond all things, the seisin and tenements which they hold in fee simple or for the term of his life, as benches and castles.\nThey shall add moreover, that one man should be sufficient, and if any discontinuance or error is in the seal of the process, the party on this side shall have the advantage and for this use, it shall be reversed and annulled. Moreover, if the party defending is outside the realm,\nMoreover, if one is sufficient in action personally and then purchases his charter of pardon from the king, such a charter shall not be admitted until he has a writ of scire facias to summon the party pleading and if he appears, the defendant shall produce it.\nA voucher is that a sum of money is owed. which is paid to a man and one.\nThe text describes the process of granting sanctuary to a person who has committed a crime and seeks refuge in a church or other privileged place. If the coroner makes a confession that leads to a sufficient indictment for felony, the person must renounce the realm, swear to go to a specific port, and not leave the high way or stay at the port if they can have good passage. If they violate these conditions, they will be brought before a judge and sentenced to be hanged. If the person does not wish to renounce the privilege, they will be granted it for forty days.\nEvery man may give him sustenance, but if any gives him sustenance after twenty days, even if it is his wife, such giving is felony. He who renounces [it] shall be delivered from one constable to another and from one jail to another until he comes to his door, and if the constable refuses to receive him, he shall be severely punished. [Look in the treatise De abiuratione coronatorum.]\n\nAbatement in lands and tenements is when a man dies seised of any lands or tenements, and a stranger who has no right enters the land before the heir hears of it. This is called an abatement. But if the heir hears first and the stranger enters upon the possession of the heir's inheritance, it is a disseisin to the heir.\n\nAbatement of a writ or plaint. This is when any action is brought by writ or plaint, and there is insufficient matter or the matter is not fully alleged, then the defendant may pray that the writ shall abate. That is, the plaintiff shall begin his service anew and bring another writ or plaint.\nIf the defendant pleads martial law in any action to annul the action forever, he shall not come afterwards to plead in an abatement of the writ, but if it appears in the record that there is some matter for which the writ ought to be abated, the defendant or any friend to the court may plead and show this in arrest of judgment. There are things that abate a writ, that is to say misnaming of the plaintiff or defendant or of the place, variation between the writ and the specialty or record, uncertainty in the writ or declaration, or death of the plaintiff.\n\nAn abbot is the sovereign of a house of religion, and since a sovereign in any such house shall not be charged by his predecessor's act if it is not by common seal or for such things that concern the use of his house. An abbot shall not be charged for the debt of his monk before his face in religion, though the creditor has an especialty for it, except that it has been acknowledged.\nCome to the use of his house, but the executors of the moat shall be charged for it.\n\nSummary of complaint or demand is when any assize is brought or written of dover and the plaintiff in the assize makes his complaint or the demandant in a writ of dover makes her demand of diverse particularlys of land and the tenant pleads no tenure or jointancy to the persons of the land in abatement of the writ than the plaintiff or demandant may abridge his complaint or demand to that parcel and shall pray that the tenant answers to the remainder. The cause is for the reason that in such a writ the defendant is not comprehended in the writ\n\nAccessory is he who aids, assists, or comforts any man who has done any murder or felony, of which he has knowledge, and such an accessory shall be punished and shall have judgment of life and member as well as the principal who did the felony, but such an accessory shall never be put to answer to that until the principal is attainted or convicted or outlawed thereon. However, a woman.\nIn such a case, an accomplice shall not assist her husband in committing the offense, unless he is helping his spouse when the commander is not present. In such a case, he is an accessory. However, if the commander is present, both the principal offender and the accomplice are equally responsible. In the case of treason, both the commanders and their assistants and receivers are principals.\n\nA writ called \"Account\" is issued when a person who is obligated to render an account to any lord or other man fails to do so. The person to whom the account is owed shall be granted this writ. According to the Statute of Westminster II.2.10, if the accountant is found in arrears, the auditors, who are assisting him, have the power to commit him to prison until he has made satisfaction. However, if the auditors refuse to allow reasonable expenses and costs or charge him with excessive recepts, then his next friend may obtain a writ of ex parte from the chancery, directly to the sheriff, to take four.\nActions are of two kinds: those in which one demands title to any land, rent, or tenement in fee simple, tail or for life; and those in which a man claims damages for detention of goods or castle, or injury to his person or son. Addition is that which is given to a man over his proper name and surname. That is to say, it shows his estate, degree, craft, town, hamlet, or place, and such additions were ordained by the statute in actions where process of outlawry lies, that one should not be prejudiced by the outlawry of another, and such writ shall abate if they have not such additions, if the plaintiff takes exception to them; but they shall not abate by the office of the court. Duke, marquis, earl, and knight are no additions but names of dignity.\nAn administrator is the one to whom the ordinary committee the administration of a deceased person's goods in the absence of an executor. Actions will lie against him as if he were an executor, and he shall be charged to the value of the deceased person's goods, but not further, unless it is due to his false plea or his waste of the deceased's goods. If the administrator dies and his executors are not administrators, it is the responsibility of the ordinary to commit a new administration. However, if a stranger, who is neither administrator nor executor, takes the goods of the deceased and ministers to his own wrongdoing, he shall be charged and seized as an executor, not as an administrator, in any action brought against him by any creditor, unless the ordinary makes a letter of administration issued. The person in possession of such a letter is not an administrator, but the action lies against the ordinary as if he had taken the goods by his own hand or by the hand of any other.\nA servant by any other commandment\nA writ called admisurement of dower is issued: when a woman is endowed by an infantry or gardener with more than she ought to have, the heir in such a case shall have this writ by which the woman is admitted and the heir restored. But if one abates, that is, enters after the death of the husband and claims more than she ought to have, and prays that he may be restored to the surplusage, and if it is fitting, he shall be restored.\nA writ called admisurement of pasture is issued: when many tenants have common appurtenances in another ground and one charges the common with many beasts, the other commoners may have this writ against him. It may be brought by one commoner only, but it is for and against him who overcharges, so that all the commoners are admitted. This writ lies not against him nor for him, but against those who have come appurtenant or have come to cause it.\nThis text discusses the treatment of commons after a lord's death and the legal procedures for an heir's age in various cases. The text is not for the lord or against him, but the lord can distrain the surplus bestows of the tenant. If the lord overcharges the commoner, the commoner has no remedy by common law but can have one by writ of sub poena in the chancery.\n\nRegarding an heir's age, an accio is brought against an heir of the land regarding matters inherited by descent. The heir must present the matter to the court and request that the accio remains until his full age of 21 years. By the court's award, the seisin (seizure) shall succeed. However, in a writ of dower, assize, and similar actions where the heir comes into his own wrong, he shall not have his age.\n\nAdditionally, note that there are various types of ages. The lord receives aid from his tenant for marrying his daughter when she is of the age of 7 years. Similarly, aid is provided for making his son and heir a knight when he is of the age of 7.\nA woman is married at the age of eighteen, and if her husband dies before that, she shall have dower and not before eighteen. A woman is not in ward if she is of such age at the death of her ancestor, but if she is within age of twenty-four and a ward of the lord, she shall remain in ward until the age of sixteen. A man is the heir's age of twenty-one to be in ward and after that out of ward, and it is the age of both male and female to sew or be sewn by ladies whom they have or claim by discretion: and to make all manner of contracts and bargains and not before. But if such an infant within the age of twenty-one gives his goods to me, if I take them by force of the gift, he shall have an action of trespass against me. But if he gives them to me and delivers them to me, it is otherwise.\n\nRegarding \"Ad quod dampnu\u0304,\" it is a writ and look for that afterward in the title what right.\n\n\"Adjournment\" is what any court is dissolved and determined and summoned to be kept.\nAgain, at another place or time,\nAmendment is when error is in the process / the justice may amend it after judgment / but if error is in judgment giving, they may not amend it / but the party is put to his writ of error.\nAnd in many cases where the defect appears in the clerk who writes the record / it shall be amended.\nAid is when a tenant holds for term of life, holds in dower, holds by curtesy or holds in the tail / after the possibility of issue is extinguished / then, for that, they have no estate but for term of life / they shall pray in aid of him in the reversal & the process shall be made by writ against him to come and to plead with the tenant in the defense of the land if he will. But it behooves that they agree in plea / if they vary the tenant's plea shall be taken / and the aid prayer is void / but if he comes not at the second writ / the tenant shall answer sole / also a tenant for term of years, a tenant at will, a tenant by election, and a tenant by statute merchant shall have aid of him.\nin the reign and the servant and bailiff of their master, whatever they have done lawfully in his name.\nAid of the king is similar to that of a common parson, and in many other cases where the king may have lost, the tenant-in-chief shall have aid, as if a rent were demanded against the king's tenant who holds in chief, he shall have aid, and so he shall not have it from a common person. Also, where a city or borough has a fee farm from the king, and anything is demanded against them which belongs to the fee farm, they shall have aid for the king's loss.\nA man shall have aid of the king instead of a warrant.\nArest is when one is taken and restrained from his liberty. A man shall not be arrested for debt, trespass, or detainment.\nother cause of action but if it be due to perception or command out of some court, but for treason, felony, or breaking of the king's peace, every man has authority to arrest without warrant or perception. But when a man shall be arrested for felony, it behooves that some felony be done and that he be suspected of the same felony. And when any man shall be arrested for felony, he shall be brought to the goal there to abide till the next sessions for to be indicted or for delivery by proclamation. But if one is arrested by another for suspicion of felony and no felony is done, then he may have against him a writ of false imprisonment:\n\nAnnuity is a certain some of money which is granted to a man in fee simple fee tail for term of life or for term of years to take of the grantor or his heirs, so that no free hold is charged thereof. Whereof a man shall never have assize nor other real action, and it is no assets to the heir of the grantee to whom it shall descend.\n\nAsset is when tenancy is in the tail or a fee farm.\nA man who owns certain land subject to his wife alienates the land with a warranty and holds land in fee simple, which descends to his heir, who is also heir in the tail or heir to the woman, and is worth as much as the other land. If any such heir brings a writ of form or a writ of surui vita for the alienated land, he shall be barred by reason of this warranty, because he holds the land so descended to him, which is worth as much in value, and because the land is called an asset. An asset is a writ and it lies where any man is dispossessed of his land, tenement, or any profit to be taken in a certain place and so disseised of his freehold. Freehold belongs to any man where he is said to hold.\nof land and tenements, or granted to be taken in simple fee tail for term of one's own life or for term of another man's life / But the tenant by election or by statute may have assize / however, they have no freehold, and this is or deemed by various statutes.\n\u00b6Assize of darreyn: examine that.\n\u00b6Assize of murder: look therefor afterwards in the title, under the heading of cozynage.\n\u00b6Attornment is when one is tenant for life and in the receipt has granted his right and estate to another, and the tenant for life agrees to it. This agreement is called an attornment, if in the receipt the tenant for life grants his estate and his right to another, but if it is granted by fine in the court of record, he shall be compelled to attorn and look to it afterwards in the title quid iuris claims.\n\u00b6Attaint is a writ and it lies where false vows are given by twelve men and\ni.e., a judgment given against the party against whom it has been passed shall have this writ against the other party and against the twelve men. When they are in issue, it shall be tried by twenty-four jurors. And if it is found false against the twelve men, they shall be attainted and their meadows shall be seized, their houses destroyed, their woods turned up, and all their lands and tenements forfeited to the king. But if it is against him who brings the attaint, he shall be imprisoned and severely punished at the king's will.\n\nAttaint also is when a judgment is given in treason or felony.\n\nAncient demesne are certain tenures which are held of such manors which were in the hands of St. Edward the Confessor, and which he caused to be written in a book called Domesday, Stutta Regis, and all the lands held of the said manors are ancient demesne. The tenant shall not be impleaded out of the said manor, but if they are, they may show the matter and abate the writ. But if they answer to:\nthe writ and judgment given are worth more than the lands become franked free for ever / also the tenants in ancient demesne are free of toll for all things concerning their sustenance and husbandry in ancient demesne, and for such lands they shall not be put nor impaneled upon any inquest. Look more of this in the title monstrated. Also, all the lands in ancient demesne in the king's hands are franked free and pledgable at the common law.\n\nAudita querela is a writ and it lies where one is bound in a statute, muchaut statute, staple, or recognition or judgment given against him and his body in execution thereof. If he has a release or other matter sufficient to be discharged of execution but has no day in court to plead it, then he shall have writ against him who has recovered or against his executors.\n\nAuferemus is where a man pleads a plea in abatement of the writ or bar of the action which he says he is ready to prove as the court will award. This offer to prove his plea is called an.\nA warranty is where one takes a distress for rent or other things, and the other party responds with a replevin. The one who took it must justify in his plea for what cause he took it and so avows the taking, which is called his avowry.\n\nAn alien is he from whom the father is born and he himself also born out of the elegance of our lord the king. But if an alien comes and dwells in England who is not of the king's enemies, and this issue is not alien but English. Similarly, if an Englishman goes overseas with the king's license and there this issue is not alien.\n\nAppropriation is where a house of religion, that is to say an abbot or other sovereign, and the court have the adowson of any personage and obtain license of the pope and of the ordinary that it shall henceforth be a vicarage. The vicar shall have a certain portion of the benefice, and the abbot and convent shall be persons and shall have other profits. This is called an appropriation, and then the abbot and convent shall be.\n{per}sons in {per}sonees. but such a {pro}priacio\u0304 may not be made to begyn in the lyfe of the {per}son with out hys assent / but yf such a vowson of the {per}sonage be recouered by auncion title than ye apropriacio\u0304 is a nul\u2223lyd\n\u00b6A vowson is where any man and hys heyrs hath ryght to present hys ce ordinary to any benifyce of holy church whan it is voyd then he yt hath such right is callyd patron but no lay me\u0304 may haue the vowson of a vycar\n\u00b6Barr is whan the defendau\u0304t in any ac\u2223cion pledyth a ple whych is a sufficyent answere and that distroyeth the accion of the playntyl. for euer\n\u00b6Batell is atriell by feyghtyng whyche shalbe betwene ii. {per}sons & cest triell may be in a wryt of ryght right and i\u0304 appell of treaso\u0304 or felony / but yf one be indited of felony and after ye {per}tie bryngith an appel vpon the inditement than the deffendau\u0304t shall not wage batell\n\u00b6Basterd is he that is borne of any wo\u2223ma\u0304 not maried yt his fad is not knowyn by ye order of ye lawe & therfore he ts callyd the chyld of the\nBy the church's law, if a man fathered a child outside of wedlock and later married the same woman, the child would be referred to as \"mulier\" (woman) rather than \"bastard.\" However, by English law, such a child is considered a bastard. When specific bastardy is alleged, it is to be tried in the country, not by the bishop. General bastardy, however, is to be tried by the bishop's certificate.\n\nIf a woman gives birth to a child with her husband and he dies, and she then marries another man, the child will be considered the child of the first husband, unless she was pregnant at the time of her first husband's death. In that case, the child will be considered the child of the second husband. If a man takes a wife who is pregnant with another man's child and the child is born within the espousals, the child will be considered the child of the husband.\n\nBurglary is the act of breaking and entering into a building or dwelling.\nEntering another man's house in the night to steal goods, even if nothing is taken, is a felony and results in hanging. But breaking a house in the day for such intent is not a felony.\n\nCharter is a writ and lies where I am, concerning a man granting rent coming out of any land and if the rent is behind it, it is lawful for him, his heirs, and assigns to distrain until it is paid. This is called a rent charge. But if one grants a rent charge from another's land and afterwards purchases the same land, the grant is void.\n\nCessuit is a writ and it lies where my very title whych holds of me certain lands and tenements yielding certain rent by the year. If the rent is behind for two years and no sufficient distress can be found upon the land, then I shall have this writ by which I shall recover the land. But if the tenant comes to court before the judgment given and tenders the arrears and damages and finds surety that he shall.\ncease no more in payment of the said rent I shall be compelled to take the arrears and damages; and the tenant shall not maintain this writ for the cesser made in the time of his ancestors; this writ lies not for annual service as rent and such other, but for common law service.\n\nCertainty is a writ and it lies where one is impleaded in a base court that is of record, and he supposes he may not have equal justice there; then upon a bill in the chancery concerning some matter of conscience, he shall have this writ for removing all the records into the chancery and there to be determined by conscience. But if he fails to produce his bill, then the other party shall have a writ of proceedendo to send the record back into the base court and there to be determined. It lies in many other cases for removing records for the king as in pauperes in multis and other.\n\nChemney is the high way where every man goes, which is called the royal way; but the king has no other thing.\nThere, but the passage is only for him and his people; however, you hold the freehold in the lord of the soil and all the profit growing there, as trees and other things.\n\nContinual claim is where a man has the right to enter certain lands where another is seized in fee simple or fee tail, and he dares not enter for fear of conflict; but he approaches as near as he dares and makes claim to it within the year and day before his death. If he who has the land dies seized and his heir inherits by descent, yet he who makes such a claim may enter upon the heir. Nevertheless, such claim must always be made within the year and day before the tenant's death; for if such a tenant dies within a year and a day after such a claim is made and yet he dares not enter, it is held to him who has such a right to make another claim within the year and day after the first claim, and after such a second claim to make the third claim within the year and day if he will.\nAny dispute is a privilege that any city or town has by the king's grant, to hold pleas of all contracts and lands within the precincts and jurisdiction of their franchises. The mayor and bailiff of such franchises may ask for the consent of the plea, that is, the plea and the matter shall be pleaded and determined before them. Consent of the plea does not lie in prescription but it is necessary to show the king's letters.\n\nA conspiracy is a writ and it lies where two or more persons have knit themselves together by mutual covenant or other means, that each one shall help the other to indict or to appeal any man for felony than he who is indicted or appealed.\nThis text is already in a relatively clean state and does not contain any meaningless or unreadable content. It appears to be a transcription of an old legal document, likely in Middle English, with some modern English words and symbols added for clarity. I will make some minor corrections to improve readability and maintain the original content as much as possible.\n\nThe text describes several legal concepts:\n\n1. \"Colucion\": A settlement or reconciliation between parties where an action is brought against one party by their own consent. The party who recovers is called the \"collector.\"\n2. \"Comyn\": Common rights or privileges that a man has to use and occupy land that is not his own. There are various types of common rights, including gross common, common of pasture, common of appurtenances, common by neighborhood, and common of the town.\n3. \"Comen appe\u0304dau\u0304t\": A situation where a man is summoned to appear in another town with all his livestock (bestis) for some reason.\n4. \"Conterple\": A situation where one party brings an action and the defendant responds by calling upon a third party to warrant their title or aid, or where a stranger comes forward to save their estate and the demandant replies and shows cause why they should not be allowed to do so.\n\nHere is the cleaned text:\n\nColucion is where an action is brought against an other by his own agreement, and the plaintiff recovers; such a recoverer is called by colucion.\nComyn is the right that a man has to put his beasts to pasture or to use and occupy the ground that is not his own. There are various comyns: comyn in gross, comyn appurtenant, comyn appertaining, and comyn by reason of neighborhood.\nComen appe\u0304dau\u0304t is where a man is summoned to appear in another town with all his livestock (bestis) for some reason.\nConterple is where one brings an action and the defendant responds by calling upon any man to warrant his title or praying in aid of another who has better estate than he, or if a stranger comes forward to save his estate and the demandant replies and shows cause why he ought not to be allowed to do so.\none to vouch or testify that he ought not to have eyes on such one or that such one ought not to be received; this is called a counterpledge.\n\nA consultation: look therefore in the contract if it is a bargain or agreement between two parties where one thing is given for another, which is called quid pro quo. If a man makes a promise to me that I shall have twenty shillings and he will have a debt to me thereof, and after I ask for the twenty shillings and he will not deliver it, yet I shall never have an action to recover this twenty shillings because this promise was no contract but a bare promise. There is no action from a naked contract, but if anything were given for the twenty shillings, though it were not worth a penny more, it was a good contract.\n\nContra forma feoffmenti is a writ and it lies where a man, before the statute of quia emptores terra rum, feoffs another by deed to do certain service. If the feoffee or his heirs are distrained to do other service than is comprised in the deed, then the tenant shall have this writ.\ncoming it does not compel him to do other service that is not contained within the deed, but this writ is not for the plaintiff who claims by purchase, but for the plaintiff who claims as heir to the first feoffee.\n\nContra forma colacionis is a writ and it lies where a man grants a perpetual alms to any house of religion, as to an abbot and the convent or other sovereign and his convent to find certain poor men or to do other devotional services. If they alter the land, the donor or his heir shall have the said writ to recover the land.\n\nBut this writ shall always be brought against the abbot or his successor, not against the alien, although he be tenant, but in all other actions where a man demands freehold, the writ shall be brought against the tenant of the land.\n\nCosynage is a writ and it lies where my great grandfather, my grandfather's grandfather, or other kinsman dies seised in fee simple and a stranger enters himself into the lands than I.\nshall have against him this writ or against his heir or alien or against whoever comes after to the said lands, but if my father dies seized and a stranger succeeds, then I shall have a writ of dower.\nIf my father, mother, brother, sister, uncle, or aunt dies seized, then I shall have assize of mort d'ancestor.\n\nA covenant is a agreement made between two persons where each is bound to the other to perform certain covenants. There is a writ of covenant and it lies where covenant is made between two by indentures unsealed. If one of them holds not his covenant but breaks it, then he who suffers damage shall have this writ. And mark well that no writ of covenant shall be maintainable without specialty, but in the city of London or in other such place privileged by the custom and usage.\n\nCui in vita is a writ and it lies where a man is said to hold lands in fee simple or fee tail or for term of life in the right of his wife and\nalieneh the same land and dies / then she shall have the said writ to recover the land / and note well that in this writ she shall make title if it be of the purchase of the woman or of the inheritance of the woman\n\u00b6Cui a\u0304te deuorciu\u0304 is a writ & it lies in like manner when such alienacio\u0304 is made by the husband & after divorce is had between them / then the woman shall have this writ and the writ shall say / to whom she before the divorce might not speak\n\u00b6Daren presentment look therefore after in the title where impeded\n\u00b6Deuise is where a man in his testament bequeaths or gives his goods or his land to another after his decease / but if a man is seized of land as of fee simple and devises the land by testament, this devise is void / but if the land be in a city or borough where land is devisable by custom / but if any man is feoffee to the use of another & his heir & he to whose use he is so feoffed makes devise of his lands, this devise is good though it be not in a town.\nwhere landis be deuisable\nAlso yf any ma\u0304 deuyse land{is} i\u0304 cite towne or borow deuysable & the deuisor dyeth / yf his heyre or any other abate in the la\u0304d{is} than ye deuyse shall haue a wryt de ex gra\u2223ui querela / but this wryt shall neuer be pledyd before ye kyng{is} iustice but alweys before the mayre or balyffys in the same town / also yf a man deuise goodis to an\u00a6nother makyth hys executours & dyeth & the executour wyl not delyuer the goodis to the deuise / the deuise hath no remedy by the comyn law in the kyng{is} court but it behouyth hym to haue a sitacio\u0304 agai\u0304st the executours of the testatour to apere before the ordynary to shew why he {per}for\u2223myth not the wyll of the testatour / also yf a man deuyse all hys landis & tenement{is} that he hath / a reuercion passyth by these wordis teneme\u0304t{is} / also yf landis be deuy\u2223syd to a ma\u0304 to haue to hym for euer more or to haue to hym and his assignes / i\u0304 these ii. causis the deuise shal haue a fee symple but yf it be gyuen by feffeme\u0304t in such ma\u2223ner /\nhe has only an estate for life. In Denizyn, an alien becomes the king's subject and obtains the king's letters patent to enjoy all privileges as an Englishman, but if one becomes denizened, he shall pay customs and various other things as others do, as it appears by various statutes thereof.\nDecies tauta is a writ and it lies where a juror in any inquest takes money from one party or the other for giving his verdict, then he shall pay ten times as much as he has received. And every one who wills may have the action and shall have the one half and the king the other half. But if the king in such a case pardons the juror, it shall not be a bar against him who brings the action, but he shall recover the other half if his action is commenced before the pardon of the king, but if the pardon is before any action, it is a bar against all men, and the same law is of all other actions between the king and the party it pertains to.\nsueth Those who procure such inquiries shall be punished in the same manner, and they shall have the imprisonment of one year, but no justice shall inquire into it except at the suit of the party.\n\n\u00b6Depart is where a man pleads a plea in bar. And the plaintiff replies to it, and he, in his turn, pleads or shows another matter contrary to his first plea, which is called a depart from his plea.\n\n\u00b6Det is a writ and it lies where some sum of money is owed to a man due to an account, bargain, contract, obligation, or other special reason to be paid at a certain day at which day he does not pay. But if any sum of money is owed to any lord by his tenant for any rent or service, the lord shall never have an action on det, but he is bound always to distrain, but for rent charge or rent seeking he may have a good action or less be determined, yet he shall not distrain for rent, but he is bound to have an action for the arrears.\n\nDiem.\nThis text appears to be in Old English, and it discusses legal terms related to land tenure. Here is the cleaned text:\n\n\"This writ is closed and lies where the king's steward holds it. If this writ is not in the hands of the escheator to inquire about the estate he was seized of, who is next heir, and the certainty of the land and its value, it shall be directed to the escheator.\nDisclaimer is where the lord distrains his tenant and he relinquishes and the lord also, with the taking, by reason that he holds of him. If the tenant says that he disclaims holding of him, this is called a disclaim. If the lord brings a writ of rightful disclaim against the tenant and it is found against him, he shall lose the land.\nDisseisor is he who puts any man out of his land without order of the law and disseised is he who is put out.\nDisseisin is when a man alienates himself to another's land or tenement and dies, and another has right to the same land, and may not enter them because of this alienation. For example, if an abbot alienates the lands of his house to another in fee or in fee tail or for life, or if a man alienates the lands.\"\nIf a man holds land in right of his wife, or if he alienates the land and the heir is of his body, such alienations are called dispossessions. For such estates always pass by living and seisin, and in these cases, the successor of the abbot or the woman after her husband's death, or the issue in the tail after the tenant in tail's death, may not enter. Instead, each one is put to his action. Furthermore, if a tenant in tail is dispossessed and he subsequently releases to the dispossesor and his heirs all the right that he had, it is not a dispossession. This is because the tenant in tail has no right but for life, and nothing of right passes to the dispossesor but for life of the tenant in tail. The same law applies if an abbot or a man in right of his wife is dispossessed and they subsequently release to the dispossesor. (quam sup.)\n\nAlso, the same law applies if any such tenant in tail, abbot, or man in right of his wife.\nright of his wife makes a lesser grant for a term of years, and after release, he relinquishes all his rights; such relinquishment makes no discontinuance.\nAlso, if a tenant holds in the tail of an adversary or of a commoner, grants the adversary or the commoner to another in fee or for life, that is no discontinuance for this, for such things which pass by grant and not by living, and says nothing passes but the estate that the grantor has / but of such things which pass by living, such estate passes which is named at the time of the saying.\nDispute is a writ and it is sometimes original and sometimes judicial / but what it is original, it lies where any dispute is done to a man by another, so that he has not sufficiently performed his bargain or not performed his promises; then he who is in such a manner disputed shall have this writ.\nAlso when this writ is judicial, it lies where a writ of scire facias is served out of any record against a man and the sheriff returns that he is warned where he\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in Old English or Middle English, but it is not clear enough to translate accurately. The text also contains some errors in the OCR process, which I have left as they are since the requirements do not specify correction of OCR errors. The text appears to be discussing legal procedures related to property transfers and disputes.)\nA person who brings an action real for title of land and is called a plaintiff in assize and in an action of detinue and such other, / A defendant is a person who is impleaded in an action personal and is called a tenant in an action real, / Distress is the thing taken and distrained upon any land for rent due or for other damage, however, if the property of the thing belongs to a stranger, but if the bests that belong to a stranger are levied, they are to be released.\n\nA person who brings an action real for title of land is called a plaintiff in assize and in an action of trespass, as well as in other actions, / A defendant is a person impleaded in an action personal, and is called a tenant in an action real, / Distress is the thing taken and distrained upon any land for rent due or other damage. However, if the property of the thing belongs to a stranger, but the bests that belong to a stranger are levied, they are to be released.\nA person lying on the same ground, that is, the best have been on the ground for a certain space of time, having themselves well rested on the ground or else they are not distressable. If one is distrained for rent or other things without lawful cause, then the person granted replevin shall have a writ of replevin to pursue his action and shall have the distrained items delivered again. Therefore, look to the replevin afterward in the title replevin. There are various things which are not distressable, that is, another man's gown in the house of a tailor or a cloth in the house of a fuller, sherma or weaver. For that they are coming officers and it is presumed that it is such a thing that belongs not to the artificer but to others who put them to work. Also, vitels are not distressable nor corn in a time of taking. A man may distrain for homage, realty, escheat, and other services for these and a mercantile item which is assessed as the best or goods of a merchant.\nAnother doing harm or covering his ground, also a man may not distract for any rent or thing due for any land but upon the same land it is charged with, unless in a case where I come to distract and the other saying his purpose chases the beasts or carries the thing out to prevent me from taking it for a distress on the ground, then I may well pursue, and if I take it inconveniently in the high way or on another ground, the taking is lawful as well there as upon the land charged to whoever the proper estate of the goods be.\n\nAlso for fines and amercements which are assessed in a letter, one may always take the benefit of him who is amerced in whose ground so ever they be, within the jurisdiction of the court. ut dictum, Also when one has taken a distress, it behooves him to bring it to the common pound or else he may keep it in another's ground. And then it behooves him to give notice to the party for that the distress is quickest, if the best can give it food, and then if the best can.\nfor default / he who is distressed shall be at a loss, and then the other may distress again for the same reason or debt, but if he brings the distress to a halt or out of the sheriff's reach so that the sheriff cannot make deliverances upon the first distress, then the sheriff upon his return shall have a writ of wrythewarm directly to the sheriff, commanding him to take as many of the best or as much goods of the other as he had in keeping until he had made delivery of the first distress. Also, if they are in a forest or castle, the sheriff may take with him the power of the county and demolish the castle as it appears by the statute Westm. Therefore look to the statute\n\n\u00b6Deodand / when any man is killed by misfortune through an horse or cart or any other thing that moves,\nthen that thing which is the cause of his death and which at the time of the misfortune moves,\nshall be forfeited to the king, and that pertains to the king's alms and disposal.\nA dedication of charity.\n\nA writ called \"dedimus potestatem\" lies where a man requests it, and it concerns a defendant pleading a plea to an action, with the plaintiff asserting that it is not a sufficient plea in law, and the defendant arguing to the contrary. This legal dispute is known as a demurrer.\n\nA \"double plea\" arises when the defendant or tenant pleads a plea in which two matters are encompassed, each of which is a sufficient bar or answer to the action. Such a double plea should not be admitted unless it depends upon another and in such a case, if the defendant cannot have the last plea without the first plea, the double plea shall be allowed.\n\nA \"dower\" is a writ that lies where a man is seised during the coverture between him and his wife of lands and tenements in fee simple or fee tail, by which the issue between them may inherit. If such a man dies, his wife shall recover the third part.\nall the lands of which a husband was sole seised any time during the covertor by a writ of dower unde nichil habet, though he made an alienation thereof in his life, but if a man had lands in which another man or other men were seised to his use always during the covertor, and he to whose use they were seised dies, his wife shall not be endowed. And also if two men are seised of lands for the use of one of them, and he to whose use they were seised dies, his wife shall not be widowed. Also, if a woman brings a writ of dower, she shall recover damages for the profit from the time of the death of her husband if he died seised, but if any alienation or estate was made during the covertor so that the baron did not die seised, then, though she shall recover the land, yet she shall recover no damages.\n\nThere is another writ of dower called a writ of right of dower, and it lies where a woman has recovered part of her dower and the other she is to recover. In various cases, a woman shall not dower if the baron commits felony.\nfor the reason that a man is seised of land or tenement without title other than that of his ancestors in old time, after the limitation, is called a writ of right. This writ lies where a man claims any lands or tenements and alleges no title but this one. It must be brought in the lord's court and may be removed in the king's court. It has but two trials, that is, by grant, assize, or battle at the election of the tenant. The plaintiff must always have his champion ready, or he shall lose his action. Also, the judgment of this writ is final, for it is no plea for the tenant to say that he recovered by writ of right. There is also another writ of right, derroverable, and it always lies between parties of the blood, as when a man lets lands for term of years.\nIf one heir enters and takes possession of all the land, the other shall have this writ, but this writ shall not be tried by battle nor granted an assise. There is also another writ of right, quo warranto, and it lies where the lord holds no court; then he shall remove his court to the king's court for the time, saving to him another time the right of his lordship.\nLook in the titles of the writ of right for dower, and:\nDures is where one is kept in prison or restrained from liberty contrary to the order of the law, and if such a person, being in duress, makes any special or obligatory act, such a deed is void in the law, and in an action brought upon such a special act, he may recover it was made under duress of imprisonment. But if a man is arrested upon any action at the service of another, though the cause of the action be not good nor true, if he makes any obligation to a stranger while in prison by such arrest, yet it shall not be said to be under duress.\nbut if he makes an obligation to him at whose suit he was restrained to be discharged from such imprisonment, it shall be said in duers (as it is said).\n\nA writ called \"Dum nofit coepis\" is one and it lies where a man, alienating the lands that he holds in fee simple and dying, his heir after his death shall have this writ, but he himself shall not have this writ, for a man shall not be received to dissemble himself. This writ may be made in the perciui and post.\n\nA writ called \"Dum fuit infra etatem\" is one and it lies where an infant, within age, alienating his lands that he holds in fee simple or for term of life, when he comes to his full age, he shall have this writ or he may enter if he will, but it is necessary that he be of full age on the day of his writ brought. Also, if an infant alienates his lands and dies, his issue at his full age shall have the vis writ but the issue shall not have this writ within his age.\n\n\"Entre\" is where a man enters into any land or tenement in his own person.\nA writ of entry on disseisin lies where a man is disseised and dies, his heir shall have this writ against the disseisor. A writ of entry in the peril lies where a man is disseised of his freehold and the disseisor dies, and his heir enters. Then the disseisee or his heir shall have a writ of entry on disseisin in the peril, and the writ shall say \"A no one shall enter\" except the disseisee or his heir, or the alienee of the disseisor but living, the disseisor may have assize if he will. The writ of entry in the peril shall say \"A no one shall enter save the disseisee or his heir, or the alienee of the disseisor, but living, the disseisor.\" And note well that no writ of entry you or I shall be maintainable against anyone except where the tenant is held by purchase or descent, but if the alienation or descent comes from above.\nThis text appears to be written in Old English legal terminology. I will do my best to clean and translate it into modern English while staying faithful to the original content.\n\nWhy no writ may be made in the per [perpetuity] or in the per [perpetuity] and to whom other than it shall be made in the post [postmortem]: And the writ shall say in quod a non habet ingressu [entry] nisi post disseisina [disseisin], that is, B. unjustly and without judgment did it [the seizure]. N. or against N., whose heir he himself is.\n\n[Ejection out of ward. See the title of the writ concerning the ward]\n\nElegit is a writ judicial and it lies where a man has recovered in the king's [court] det [detinue] or damages, if he supposes that the goods of the other are not sufficient, then he shall have this writ to the sheriff to deliver to him all his goods and chattels except oxen and implements of his cart, and also the half of his land which shall be delivered to him until the sum is levied of the said issues and profits.\n\nErrour is a writ and it lies where a false judgment is given in the common pleas or before the justice in assize or before the justice of oyer and terminer or before the mayor and sheriff of London, or in any other court of record for the making of the same.\nRecord and process to come before you, the king's bench. If error is found, it shall be reversed. But if a false judgment is given in the king's bench, it shall be reversed by Parliament. If a false judgment is given in court not of record as in Court of Common Pleas or Court Baron, the party shall have a writ of false judgment to make the record come before the justice of the peace. If error is found in the Exchequer, it shall be redressed by the chamberlain and treasurer, as it appears by the statute of Edward III, 30 Edw. III. c. 12.\n\nEsson is where an action is brought and the plaintiff or defendant may not well appear at the day in court for one of the five reasons expressed. He shall then be essoined to save his default. Note well that there are five kinds of essoins: Essoin de outre mer and it is by forty days; the second essoin is de terra sauce and that shall be by a year and a day. These two shall be laid in the term.\nbegi\u0304ning of the ple vt dicitur / the thryd esson is de male vener and that shalbe at co\u0304yn days as the accion requiryth and thys is callyd the comyn esson / & when & how thys esson shalbe loke ye statut{is} and the boke of bre\u2223geme\u0304t{is} of statut{is} wher it is wel declarid also The iiii. esson is de malo lecti & yt is only i\u0304 a writ of right and thervppon ther shall a writ go out of the chau\u0304cery dyrect to the sheryfe yt he shall send iiii. knyght{is} to the tenau\u0304t to se the tenau\u0304t and yf he be\nbe seke to gyue hym a day after a yere & a day / also the v. esson is de seruyce le roy & it lyeth in al accio\u0304s except in assise of no\u2223uell disseysyn a writ of dower / daren pre\u2223sentment and in appell of morder / But i\u0304 this esson it behouyth at the day to shew hys warrant or ellys it shall turne in to a defaut yf it be in ple ryall / or ells he shall lose xx. s. for the iourney or more by the discression of the iustice yf it be in ple {per}\u2223sonell / as it apperyth by ye estatut of glou cester C. decimo\n\u00b6Estray is\nwhere any best or catell is in any lordshyp & none knowyth the owner therof than it shalbe seysyd to the vse of ye kyng or of the lorde that hath such estray by the kyngis graunt or by prescripsion / and yf the owner come and make claym therto within a yere and a day tha\u0304 he shal haue it agayn or ells after the yere the {pro}\u2223perte therof shalbe to the lorde so that the lord make {pro}clamacion therof accordyng to the law\n\u00b6Eiecco\u0304ne firme / loke therfore after in the tytle quare eiecit infra terminum.\n\u00b6Escape is where o\u0304e yt is arestid co\u0304mith to hys liberte before that he be delyueryd by the ward of any iustice or by order of ye law / Also yf one be arestyd and after es\u2223cape and is at his liberte and he in whose warde he was / take hym afterwarde and bryng hym to ye prison / yet it is an escape in hym\nAlso yf a murder be made in the day & the murderar be not takyn than it is an esca\u2223pe for the whych the towne where ye mur\u2223dur was done shalbe amercyd / Also yf a felo\u0304 be arestyd by ye co\u0304stable and brought to\nThe gaol in the county and the gaoler refuses to receive him, and the constable lets him go, and the gaoler also. In such a case, the gaoler is bound to receive him by the hand of the constable without any precept from the justice of the peace. However, it is otherwise if a common person arrests another for suspicion of felony, for in that case, the gaoler is not bound to receive him without a precept from some justice of the peace.\n\nEscheat is a writ and it lies where a tenant holds of a lord without mesne and commits felony for which he is indicted or absconded the realm, or is outlawed for felony murder or petty treason, or if the tenant dies without heir general or specific. Then the lord may enter by way of escheat, or if another enters, the lord shall have against him this writ.\n\nEstripament is a writ and it lies where one is impleaded by a writ quo warranto for certain land. If the defendant supposes that the tenant will do waste, the plaintiff shall have against him this writ.\nThis is a prohibition coming to him who does the worst harm in the plea/ and this writ lies properly where a man demands lands by form or writ of right or writ this is where he shall not recover damages. Executor is when a man makes his testament and last will, and therein names the person that shall execute his testament. Then he who is so named is his executor, and such an executor shall have an action against every debtor of his testator. If the executors have assets, every one to whom the testator was in debt shall have an action against the executor if he has an obligation or especially, but in every case where the testator might waive his law no action lies against the executor. Look more of this before in the title administrators.\n\nExchange is where a man seizes certain land, and another man says of other land. If they do this by deed or without deed:\nLandowners exchange their lands with one another, so that each has the lands of the other exchanged to him, either in fee simple or for life. This is called an exchange and it is valid without living and being present.\n\nIn an exchange, the estates limited by the exchange must be equal. If one has an estate in fee in his land and the other has an estate in the other land but for life or in tail, then such an exchange is void. But if the estates are equal and the lands are not of equal value, the exchange is valid. An exchange of rent for land is also valid. An exchange by two rents and common is also valid, and it ought to be by deed.\n\nIt is necessary to say in latex communication: and it is where a man, by the judgment of a Christian court, is cursed, and he is disabled from bringing any action in the king's court, and if he remains excommunicated.\ncommunicate for forty days and will not be justified until he has made amends to the holy church for the contempt and wrong. And when he is justified and has made amends, the bishop shall send his letters to the king certifying the same, and it shall be commanded to the sheriff to deliver him by a writ called de excommunicato deliberando.\n\nExecution is where judgment is given in any action that the plaintiff recovers the land he detains or damages, as the case is. And when any writ is awarded for execution, it is called a writ of execution. And when he has possession of the land or is paid the detainment or damages or has the body of the defendant awarded to prison, then he has execution. If the plea is in the county or court baron or hundred and they evade the judgment in the king's court, then the execution is suspended.\nFor part or other reason besides the demander, the writ of execution shall not be issued.\nExtinguishment is where a lord or any other person has rent coming out of any land, and he purchases the same land such that he has such estate in the land as he has in the rent. Then the rent is extinguished, for one may not have rent coming out of one's own land. Also, when rent is to be extinguished, it behooves that the land and the rent be in one hand, and also that the estate he has not be defensible, and also that he have as good estate in the land as in the rent. For if he has estate in the land but for a term of life or years and has simple fees in the rent, then the rent is not extinguished but the rent is in suspense for that time, and then afterwards the rent is revived.\nAlso, if there are lord mesne and tenants, and the lord purchases the tenancy, then the mesne rent is extinguished but the mesne shall have the surplusage of the rent. If there is any rent due as a rent service, also if a mother has a high way appendant and after purchases it.\nthe land where the high way is extinct and it is of a common appendage\nExigent is written and it lies where a man seizes an action person and the defendant may not find nor has anything within the court whereby he may be attached or distrained, then this writ shall go forth to the sheriff to make proclamation at five counts, each one after another, that he appear or else he shall be outlawed, and if he is outlawed, then all his goods and cattle are forfeited to the king. In an indictment of felony, the exigent shall go forth after the first capias and also in a capias ad computandum or ad satisfaciendum, and in every capias that goes forth after judgment, the exigent shall go forth after the first capias. And in appeal of death, but not in appeal of robbery or appeal of mayhem.\nEx parte talis look therefore before in the title, account.\nEx grave querela look therefore before in the title, design.\nFaux imprisonment is written and it lies where a man is restrained and remains restrained.\nFrom his liberty, a man is entitled to more than the order of the law grants him in this writ, which is mentioned before in the title.\n\nError: Faux judgment mentioned before in the title.\n\nA fee simple is when land or other inheritable property is given to a man and to his heirs for ever. The words \"his heirs\" make the estate of inheritance for if the land is given to a man for life only, or if a tenant in fee simple dies and his first son is his heir, but if he has no son, then all his daughters shall be his heir and each one shall have her share by right of inheritance. However, if he has no son nor daughter, then his next collateral cousin of the whole blood shall be his heir. Also, if there is a father and son and the father grants lands in fee and the son purchases land and dies without issue, then the uncle shall have the land and not the father, for the land may descend lineally and not collaterally, but if the uncle dies.\nwithout issue, the father shall have the land as heir to the uncle who is his brother, for it is he who comes to the land by collateral descent and not by linear ascension. Also, if the son purchases lands in fee simple and dies without issue, they of his blood on the father's side shall have the land. But if he has no heir on the father's side, the land shall descend to the heirs on the mother's side. However, if lands descend to the son on the father's side and he dies without issue, then the heirs on the father's side shall have the land. But if he has no heirs on the father's side, the heirs of the mother's side shall not have the land; instead, the lord of whom the land is held shall have it by escheat. And the same law applies if land descends to the son on the mother's side. Also, if there are many brothers and if any of them purchase lands in fee simple and die without issue, the land shall descend always to the eldest brother, for he is most worthy of the blood. No man shall have land in fee simple by deceit as heir to any man.\nExcept that he be heir of the whole blood, for if a man has a son and a daughter by one wife, and a son by another wife, and the eldest brother purchases land in fee simple and dies without issue, the younger brother shall not have the land but the daughter shall, for she is of the whole blood to the eldest brother. In the case forementioned, if the father dies seised in fee simple of land and the elder son enters and dies without issue, the daughter shall have the land and not the younger brother, but if the elder son enters not after the death of his father but dies before any heir is made by him, then the younger brother shall have the land for the possession of the brother in fee simple makes the sister heir.\n\nFee simple is where land is given to a man and his heirs born of his body, and he is called tenant in fee simple in general. But if land is given to the husband and the wife and the heirs of their two bodies begotten, now the husband and the wife are tenants.\nIf a husband is given lands specifically to his wife and their heirs, born of her body, then the husband is tenanted in the lands specifically, and the wife has nothing. If lands are given to both the husband and his wife, and to the heirs of the husband's body, then both of them have estate in the lands, for the words \"heirs of the body\" do not refer to one more than to another. However, if lands are given to the husband and his wife, and to the heirs of the husband's body, which he engenders on his wife's body, then she has no estate but for the term of her life. There are also other types of estates in lands. For example, if lands are given to a man and his heirs, the issue female shall never inherit, for if the issue is male.\nA female who has a male heir shall not inherit by the tail, as it is the duty of the males to convey their descent through the males. The same law applies if land is given to a female, for the male shall never inherit. Similarly, if lands are given to a man and to his male or female heirs, the donor holds the land in fee simple because it is not limited to whose body the heir comes from. If ladies give lands to a man and a woman, who is the daughter or cousin of the donor in frank marriage, then the man and woman are tenants in tail especially, for by these words, frank marriage they shall have the land and the heirs between them. Every gift in the tail, if the tenants in the tail die without heir, which is inheritible by the tail and no other condition is made in the grant to whom the land shall go, then the reversion of fee simple shall revert always to the donor and his heirs.\nHere is the cleaned text:\n\nHeirs shall do like service to the donee and his heirs as you do to the lord next above, but donees in frank marriage shall be exempt from all manner of service, except fealty, until the higher feudal degree is past.\n\nFeoffment is where a man gives lands to another in fee simple, and when he delivers life and seisin and possession of the land, that is a feoffment. Also, if one makes a gift in the tail or a lesser for the time of life or of another man's life, it holds to give life rent and seisin or nothing shall pass by the grant.\n\nFormedon is a writ and it lies where the tenant in the tail effeoffs a stranger, and the heir shall have a writ of formation to recover the land. But there are three manners of feoffments: one is in the descender, and that is in the case beforehand. Also, if one gives lands in the tail and for default of issue the remainder goes to another in the tail, and for default of such issue the land shall revert to the donor if the first.\ntenancy in the tail dies without issue, the remainder shall have a fine in the remainder, but if the tenant in the tail also dies without issue, the donor or his heirs shall have a fine in the reverter\nForgery of false deeds is a writ and it lies where one forgets a false deed and it may be published to trouble the right possession and title of any man. The party grieved shall have this writ and shall recover his damages, and the defendant shall pay a fine to the king\nFealty shall be done in such manner that the terms are sworn to / as God helps me and all saints / and shall kiss the book / but he shall not kneel as in doing homage / and look to it in the title of homage\nFelony is when a man, without any color of the law, takes away another's goods to the intent that his deed should not be known among people to the value of twelve pence or more, but if one comes near the person of another and robs him of his goods, although they be but.\nIn the value of a penny, it is felony and is called robbery, and for that he shall be hanged. Rape is also felony and that is when one rapes or defiles any woman against her will.\n\nA guard is when an infant, whose ancestors hold of a lord by knight's service, is in the ward of his lord. There are various writs of ward. One is a writ of right of ward, where the tenant dies holding land within his heir's age and a stranger enters into the land and happily obtains the ward of the infant's body. A writ of ejectment of ward lies where a man is put out of the ward of the land without the body of the infant. A writ of ravishment of ward lies where the body is taken from him only and not the land. If a tenant holds lands from diverse lords, diverse lands, that lord of whom the land is held by prior tenure shall have the ward of the infant, but if one tenure is as old as another, he who first obtains the ward of the body shall have it.\nEvery lord shall have the ward of the land that is held by him, except in the case where a tenant holds land directly from the king. In such cases, the king, by his prerogative, shall have the ward of the tenant's body and all the land held by the king and every other lord.\n\nA guarantee of charters is a writ and it lies where any deed is made, which contains a clause of warranty, that is to say, dedi, concessi, or this word warrantizabo. If the tenant is impleaded by a stranger in assize or such action where he cannot vouch to warrant, then he shall have this writ against his feoffee or his heir. And if the land is recovered against him, he shall recover as much land in value against him who made the warranty. But this writ should be sealed higher than the first seal, as upon homage, ancient grant, or rent reserved upon a lease for life or in the tail. A man shall have a writ of warranty of charters but not upon an alien.\n\nA guarantee is in two manners: that is to say,\n\n(Note: The text appears to be written in Middle English. No significant OCR errors were detected, so no corrections were made.)\nA guarantee lineal and collateral, a lineal guarantee is where a person seised in fee makes a feoffment by his deed to another and binds himself and his heir to warrant and has issued a son and dies, and the warranty descends to his son, this is a lineal warranty for the sake that if no deed without warrant had been made, the right of the lands should have descended to the son and he should convey the descent from the father to the son. But if the tenant in the tail disowns the tail and has issued and died, and the uncle of the issue releases the disownment without warrant, and dies without issue, this is a collateral warranty to the issue in the tail, for the reason that the warranty descends upon the issue, which may not convey him to the tail by means of his uncle, and in every case where a man demands land in fee tail by writ of feoffment, if any of the issue in the tail who has possession or who does not have possession makes a warranty, and he who seals the writ of feoffment.\nformed one may be posssibly conveyed to him by matter that is in deed conveyed to him by the forms of the gift by him that made the warrant and so on. That is to say, a linear warrant and by such a linear warrant, the issue in the tail shall not be barred, but if he has assets descended to him in simple fee but if he cannot by any possibility have it conveyed to him by the force of the gift by him that made the warrant, then that is a collateral warrant. And the cause that such a collateral warrant is a bar to the issue in the tail is because all warrants before the statute of Gloucester which descended to them, who are heirs to them that made the warrants, were barred to the same heirs from demanding any lands except the warrants that began by disseisin. And for this reason, the statute has ordained that the father's warrant shall not be a bar to his son for the lands which come of the heritage of.\nThe moder or the warrantor's authority shall not prevent the son from inheriting the lords that come from the father's heritage. The statute has not provided nor ordained a remedy against the warrantor's collateral warrant, which is attached to the issue in the tail. Therefore, the warrantor's collateral warrant, which is attached to the issue in the tail, remains in force and acts as a bar to the issue in the tail, as it was before the statute. Furthermore, all warrants that bar an heir shall not bar him if the warrantor's tenancy in borrowed English land is involved, where the youngest son inherits by custom and has issued two sons and the uncle releases the discontinuance with warranty. If such a warrant could not descend upon him because the blood is corrupt, then his heir shall not be barred by such a warrant. Also,\n\nCleaned Text: The moder or warrantor's authority shall not prevent the son from inheriting the lords that come from the father's heritage. The statute has not provided nor ordained a remedy against the warrantor's collateral warrant, which is attached to the issue in the tail. Therefore, the warrantor's collateral warrant, which is attached to the issue in the tail, remains in force and acts as a bar to the issue in the tail, as it was before the statute. Furthermore, all warrants that bar an heir shall not bar him if the warrantor's tenancy in borrowed English land is involved, where the youngest son inherits by custom and has issued two sons and the uncle releases the discontinuance with warranty. If such a warrant could not descend upon him because the blood is corrupt, then his heir shall not be barred by such a warrant. Also,\nIf the son purchases lands and afterwards lets the lands to his father for a term of years, and the father, by his decease, conveys them to a stranger and binds him and his heir to warrant and defend them; yet this warranty shall not bar the son, for the warranty began by disseisin when the father made the conveyance, which was a disseisin to the son. And the same law is this, if a tenant by election or by statute merchant makes any conveyance with warranty; such warranties shall be no barriers, because they begin by disseisin.\n\nGager de deliuerauns: This is where one seizes a replenishment of goods taken but has not the delivery of the goods, and the other acknowledges and the plaintiff shows that the defendant is still seised. The land prays that the defendant shall give the delivery, and he shall put in surety or pledge for the deliuerauns, and a writ.\nshall go forth to the sheriff to redeliver the goods, but if a man claims property he shall not pledge the deliverers. Also, if he says that the best is done in the pound he shall not pledge and so on. A man shall never pledge the deliverance before they are at issue or demurrer in the law, ut dictum.\n\nGarnishment is as if an action of debt or new writ of charters is brought against one and the defendant says that the charters were delivered to him by the plaintiff and by another on certain conditions and prays that the other may be warned to plead with the plaintiff if the conditions are performed or not. / And then a writ of scire facias shall go forth against him and it is called a garnishment.\n\nGrant, look therefore after in the title petit capias\n\nHomage shall be made in such manner: it is to say, the tenant in fee simple or fee tail that holds by homage shall kneel up both his knees and the lord shall sit and shall hold the tenant's hands between his hands and the tenant shall say:\n\nI become your [tenant in chief].\nFrom this day forward, I, [name], will be faithful and true to you, and shall keep faith for the land that I claim I owe to our lord the king. And the steward of the lord shall kiss him, but the fealty shall be done as before. The steward of the lord may take fealty.\n\nA joint tenant is where two men come to any lands and tenements by one joint title, as if a man gives land to two men and to their heirs. But tenants in common are where two men have lands by several titles, none of them knowing of his separate share as it will be said after. And note well, if there are two or three joint tenancies, and one has issued and dies, yet he or those joint tenants who survive shall have the whole by the survivor. But if one belongs to him as a stranger than the other joint tenant and the stranger is a tenant in common, and two tenants in common are said by the party and by the whole, and none knows his separate shares yet, if one dies the other shall not have the whole by.\nIf the survivor's heir shall have half, and if there are three joint tenants and one of them transfers his share to another, and the transferee dies, the heir of the transferee shall have the third share, and the other two joint tenants shall have their shares as they were, because it is said by a joint title.\n\nAlso, if lands are given to the baron and his wife, and the baron alienates and dies, the wife shall recover the whole, but if they were joint tenants before, and the baron grants that the third party belongs to him, the survivor's half passes by this grant because the baron and his wife are one person in the law, and in this case they have nothing in right but the half.\n\nIf two joint tenants are of lands in a town which is disbursable English where lands are disseisable, and one by his testament devises that he belongs to a stranger and dies, this devise is void, and the other shall have the whole by survivorship, for the devise may not take effect until.\nAfter the death of the deceased, and immediately after the death of the deceased, the right comes to the surviving joint tenant by whom the claimant makes no claim through the deceased but in his own right through the survivor. But otherwise, it is said to be disputable, as stated above.\n\nIdemnity of name is a writ and it lies where a writ of detainment or account or such other writ is brought against a man and another who has the same name as the defendant has had it taken from him. He shall have this writ by which the sheriff makes inquiry before the justice assembled in the same county if he is the same person or not, and if he is not found culpable, he shall go without day in peace.\n\nLey is when an action is brought against one without special show or other matter of record, as an action de bonis non or de novo. Then the defendant may wage his law, that is to say, he may swear upon a book and certain persons with him that he owes nothing to the plaintiff in any manner and form.\nas a man may declare an action of debt for a term of years or for a term at will, a man shall not bring his lawsuit without bringing with him six to eight or twelve of his neighbors, as the court assigns him to swear with. And if, on the day assigned, he fails in his law, he shall be condemned.\n\nLeases are in various forms: for life, for years, for another's life, and at will. A lease of land is as good without deed as with deed, but in a lease for life or for another's life, it is necessary to give and take seisin upon the land, or nothing shall pass by grant because they are called freeholds. Also, a lease or a farm or rent may not be valid without deed, but of a tenancy it is valid without deed, for the church, which is the principal party, may pass well enough without deed, and so the dues and offerings which are accessory to the church.\nOffyryngs by themselves may not be prevented without deed, according to the dictum.\n\nMayhem is when a man is arrested by capias then the justices may deliver his body to certain men for keeping and bringing him before them at a certain day, and these are called mayhem-perpetrators.-And if the party does not appear at the assigned day, the mayhem-perpetrators shall be amerced.\n\nMaintenance is a writ and it lies where any man gives or delivers to another who is plaintiff or defendant in any action some money or other thing for maintaining his plea or else makes extreme labor for him when he has nothing with which to do, the aggrieved party shall have this writ against him.\n\nMesne is a writ and it lies where there is a lord mesne and tenant, and the lord above distrains the tenant for the service of the mesne which ought to acquit him to the lord above. Then the tenant shall have this writ against the mesne, and if he does not come to acquit the tenant, the mesne shall lose the tenant's service and be distrained.\nsignor and the tenant shall be tenant-in-chief to the chief lord and shall do the same service and sealties as the mesne did to the lord.\n\nThis writ is a warrant and it lies for the tenants in the ancient demesne directly commanded to the lord, that he does not disturb his tenant to do other service than he ought to do, and they may have this writ directed to the sheriff that he allows not the lord to disturb the said tenants for doing other service. Also, if the tenant cannot be quiet, they may have an attachment against the lord to appear before the justice, and all the names of the tenants shall be put in the writ though one of them may be grieved only. Also, if any land in ancient demesne is in variations between the tenants, then the tenant who is grieved shall have against the other a writ of right, which is called after the custom of the manor, and that shall always be brought in the lord's court, and thereupon he shall declare in the nature of what writ he will as his case.\nlies. This writing shall not be removed except for a great cause or no power of the court. If a lord distrains his tenant to do other service than he ought, he shall have a writ of right, called a writ of right patent, which shall be tried by battle or grant assize.\n\nMordauntetour look therefore before me, the title, concerning cozynage.\nMortmain is where land is given to a house of religion or to another company which is corporate by the king's grant. Then the land comes into mortmain, and the king or the lord of whom the land is held may enter, as it appears by the Statute of Religiosis. Therefore see the statute. Also, if one makes a feoffment upon trust to certain persons for the use of a house of religion or to the use of any guild or fraternity corporate, it shall be called mortmain, and he shall pay the same penalty as it appears by Statute 27 Henry II.\n\nModerata miia is a writ and it lies where a man is pardoned in.\ncourt baron or counte more than he ought to be than he shall haue thys wryt dyrectyd to the shyryf yf it be in the counte or to ye balyfe yf it be in court baron co\u0304maundyng the\u0304 yt he amerce hym not but hauyng regard\nto the quantyte of the trespas / and yf they do not thys wryt than ther shall go forthe agayns them a sicut alias & causa\u0304 nobis significes & after that an attachement.\n\u00b6Natiuo habendo is a wryt & it lyethe where ye villyn of a lorde is gone fro hym than the lord shall haue thys wryt dyrect to the shyryfe yt he make hys lorde to haue hys villeyn with all hys goodys / Also in thys wryt mo villyns may not be demau\u0304\u2223dyd than twayne / but as many villyns as wyl ioi\u0304tly may bryng a wryt of de libtate {pro}ba\u0304da / Also yf a villeyn bryng hys wryt de libertate probanda be fore that ye lorde bryng thys wryt / than the villeyn shalbe in pease til the co\u0304myng of ye iustice / or ell{is} hys wryt shall not helpe hym\n\u00b6No\u0304abilite is where an accio\u0304 is brought agayns one & the defendaunt seyth yt the pleyntyf\nA man is unable to take any action / and there are six reasons for his inability: a man outlawed, a man born out of the king's law, a man condemned in a pardon, a man accused, and a villain who is with his lord.\n\nNusances is a writ and it lies where any man builds any wall or stops any water or does anything harmful and unwelcome upon his own ground to the detriment and nuisance of his neighbor. Also, if the one who creates the nuisance alienates land to another, this writ shall be brought against both parties as it appears in the statute of Westminster, ii. cap. xxiii.\n\nNuper obiit is a writ and it lies where there are many heirs: that is, many daughters or many sons. If it is in gaol kind in Kent and the one who dies says so and one heir enters into all the land, then those who hold out shall have this writ against the coheir who is in. But an unreasonable writ lies in such a case where the ancestor was once seised and did not say so.\n\nLook not to this title in a just vexation.\nmonstraunt: Do not admit, upon receipt of a writ, one that lies where the sheriff returns it upon a writ directed to him, concerning a trespass which has been returned writ and which he has not served. In such a case, the plaintiff shall have the writ directed to the sheriff, requiring him to enter into the trespass and execute the king's writ. The sheriff shall also warn the bailey that he appear before the justice at the day specified in the writ, and if he fails to come and acquit himself, all judicial writs which will pass out of the king's court during the same plea shall be quashed and the sheriff shall make execution of the hanging of the plea.\n\nOyer and terminer is a writ called laten de audiendo et terminaando and it lies when any great or sudden plea is made or any other sudden trespass requiring hasty resolution. In such a case, the king shall direct a commission to certain men and justices to hear and determine the same.\n\nPar que servicia: Look.\nafterward in the title quid iuris clamat\n\nPrescription is what one has had or enjoyed any thing since the time whereof no mind is, and some men say a C. year is a good prescription. But one may not prescribe against a statute unless he has another statute that serves for him.\n\nPresentment is when any man who has right to give any spiritual benefit names the person to the bishop to whom he will give it, and makes a writing to the bishop for him. It is a presentation or a presentment. But if divers coheirs may not agree in presentation, the presentation of the elder shall be admitted, but of joint tenants and tenants-in-common if they do not accord within six months. The bishop shall present by the lips.\n\nPremonstrance is a writ and it lies where any man sues any other in the spiritual court for any thing determinate in the king's court, and that is ordered by certain statutes and great punishment therefore or decreed, as it appears by the same statutes. That is to say, he shall be out of the realm.\nThe king's protection: if he is put in prison without bail or trial, he must make amends at the king's will, and his lands and goods will be forfeited if he does not within two months. The same applies to the producers, attorneys, executors, notaries, and maintainers. Therefore, look to the statutes. Some men say that if a clerk marries another woman in the Roman court for a spiritual matter where he may have remedy within the realm in the court of his ordinary, he will be within the case of the statute.\n\nA writ called \"precipe in capite\" is a writ that lies where the tenant holds of his lord in chief, as of his crown, and is devolved, that is, put out of his land. He shall have this writ, and this writ shall be closed and pleaded in the common place.\n\nA writ called \"per ambulacione facienda\" is a writ that lies where two lordships lie one near the other.\nSome infrastructure is made by long time / rather than by consent of both lords. The sheriff shall take with him the parties and the neighbors, and shall walk around it. He shall make the boundaries as they were before. But if a lord\n\nPetit capias is a writ and it lies where any real action concerning land is brought and the tenancy appears and afterward makes default, / then this writ of petit capias shall go forth to seize the lands into the king's hand.\n\nBut if he appears not but makes default / but if he wages his law of no summons, he shall save his default, and then he may plead with the demandant.\n\nProtection is a writ and it lies where a man will pass over the sea into the king's service, / then he shall have this writ. And by this writ he shall be quit of all manner of pleas between him and any other person, except pleas of dower, impeding assize of novel disseisin, darrein presentment and attachment, and pleas before the justice in eyre. But there be two writs of protection, one cuus and another.\nA clause not be desired in the register, nor a protector appointed, if it begins before the date of the protector's letter, unless it is in journeys where the king himself passes or other royal journeys or in the king's messages for the realm's need. A protector letter shall not be allowed for vituals bought for the journey on which the protector letter makes mention, nor in places of trespass or of contracts made after the date of the protector letter.\n\nA prohibitory writ is a writ and it lies where a man is impleaded in the spiritual court concerning a thing that touches not matrimony nor testament but that touches the king's crown. & this writ shall be directed as well to the party as to the official, to prohibit them from pursuing further. But if it appears afterward to the justices in chief that the matter is spiritual and not temporal, then the party shall have a writ of consultation commanding the spiritual justices to proceed in the first place.\n\nA writ of procedure is a writ and it lies where\nAny action brought in a base court that is removed to a higher court, in regard to the chancery, the king's bench or common pleas, by writ of privilege or certiorari, and if the defendant does not have cause for privilege or if the matter in the bill is not properly produced, then the plaintiff shall have this writ of proceedendo to send the matter back to the first base court to determine it.\n\nQuare impedit is a writ and it lies where I have pricked a manor to which there belongs an adjoining land, and the person dies and another presents his clerk or disturbs me from presenting, then I shall have the said writ. But an assize of darrein presentment lies where I or my ancestors have presented before, and where a man may have assize of darrein presentment, he may have a quare impedit but not contrarywise. Also, if the plea is delayed between two parties and not discussed within six months, then the bishop shall present by laps, and he who has the right to present shall recover his damages as it appears by the writ.\nThe Statute of Westminster II.5.7. Therefore, he who has the right to present after a person's death and is not impeded or dares not present but suffers a stranger to usurp the presentation, shall have a writ of right of adowson, but this writ lies not unless he claims the adowson for himself and his heirs in simple terms.\n\nQuare no admit is a writ and it lies where a man has recovered an adowson and he sends his counselor to the bishop to be admitted, and the bishop refuses him; then he shall have the said writ against the bishop.\n\nQuare incumbered is a writ and it lies where two are in plea for the adowson, and the bishop presents one of his clerks within the six months; then he shall have this writ against the bishop commanding him not to admit him.\nA writ lies always hanging in the plea.\n\u00b6Quale ius is a writ which lies where a man of religion seeks to recover land, before execution of this writ shall go forth to the escheator to inquire what right he has to recover, and if it is found that he has no right, then the lord may enter. But a writ of ad quod damnum lies where one grants land to a house of religion, then this writ shall go forth to the escheator to inquire about the value of the land and the prejudice it will be to the king.\n\u00b6Querentyne is where a man dies seised of a manor and other lands whereof the wife ought to be indowed, then the woman shall hold the manor by 40 days within which time her dower shall be assigned to her, as it appears in Magna Carta c.vi.\n\u00b6Quare eiecit infra terminum is a writ which lies where one makes a lesser grant to another for terms of years, and the lessor grants it to another and the feoffee puts out the term the day before the term is to begin, but if a stranger puts out the term, then he shall have this writ against him.\nA writ called \"qui juris clamat\" is one type, granted in a case where I have leased land to a tenant for life by fine in the king's court, and the tenant refuses to attorn. In such a situation, I shall have this writ to compel him to do so.\n\nAnother writ is \"quem reditu reddidit,\" which is used when I grant a fine or rent charge or some other rent not in rent service which the tenant holds from me, and the tenant refuses to attorn. In this case, I shall have the writ \"de quo servicio,\" which is similar for rent service. Additionally, if I grant four distinct rents to one man, and the tenant of the land attorns to me by paying a penny or halfpenny in the name of attornment for all the rents, this attornment puts him in seisin of all the rent.\n\n\"Quare intrusit matrimonio non satis facto\" is a writ that lies where a lord offers a suitable marriage to his ward, but the ward refuses and enters the land.\n\"A man marries himself to another whom the lord will have this writ against him.\nQuod permittat is a writ and it lies where a man is disseised of his common of pasture and the disseiser alienates or dies, and his heir enters. If the disseisee dies, this writ is against him or his heir.\nQuo iure is a writ and it lies where a woman has had common of pasture separately since the time of no mind, and he to whom it belongs shall have this writ, and he shall be charged to show by what title he claims.\nQuod ei deforciat is a writ and it lies where the tenant in the tail holds dower or holds for life less than in any action, and he who less than holds shall have this writ against him, recovering or against his heir.\nQuo warranto is a writ and it lies where a woman usurps to have any franchises upon the king, then the king shall have this writ to make him come before his jurisdiction to show by what title he claims such franchises.\nRelief is when any tenant holds of any\"\nA lord, as a knight's service holder, dies and his heir at the onset of rent payment is to pay it to the lord. If a man holds land from both the king and other lords, the king obtains wardship of all the lands, and the heir pays relief to all the lords at full age. However, the lords must petition the king for the rent during the wardship.\n\nWhen a man holds two titles to any land and comes to the land by the last title, he is judged according to the older title, and this is called a remitter. For instance, if the tenant in the tail discontinues the tail and afterward dies from it, and the lands descend to his issue or collateral relatives by force of the tail, in such a case, he is in his remitter. The title of the discontinuance is utterly annulled and defeated.\n\nThe reason for such remitters is that the heir is of such a nature.\ntenant of the land, and there is no tenant against whom he may sue his writ of trespass to recover the estate tailted, for he may not have an action against himself. Tenant for life, he infeffe his son and apparent heir in tail, who is within age, and after his death, this is a remission to the heir. But if he were of full age at the time of such infefment, it is no remission for that, since it was his folly that he, being of full age, would take such an infefment. Also, if the baron alienates land that he holds in the right of his wife and afterwards takes an estate again for themselves for the term of their lives, this is a remission to the woman, for this alienation is the act of the baron and not of the woman. For no folly may be imputed to the woman during the life of her husband. But if such an alienation is by fine in the court of record, such a taking again afterward to the baron and wife for term of their lives shall not make the woman to be in her remission. For in such a fine, the woman shall be\n\n(Note: The text appears to be written in Middle English, and it seems to be a legal document. The text is mostly readable, but there are some spelling errors and some words are abbreviated. I have made some corrections to the text while trying to be faithful to the original content. However, I cannot be completely sure about the accuracy of the text without additional context or a more thorough analysis.)\n\ntenant of the land, and there is no tenant against whom he may sue his writ of trespass to recover the estate tailted; for he may not have an action against himself. Tenant for life infinfes his son and apparent heir in tail, who is within age, and after his death, this is a remission to the heir. But if he were of full age at the time of such infefment, it is no remission for that, since it was his folly that he, being of full age, would take such an infefment. Also, if the baron alienates land that he holds in the right of his wife and afterwards takes an estate again for themselves for the term of their lives, this is a remission to the woman, for this alienation is the act of the baron and not of the woman. For no folly may be imputed to the woman during the life of her husband. But if such an alienation is by fine in the court of record, such a taking again afterward to the baron and wife for term of their lives shall not make the woman to be in her remission. For in such a fine, the woman shall be remediless.\nexemptions made by the jury/and such examinations shall exclude women forever. When you enter into an agreement with a man that is lawful and he takes an estate to himself when he is of full age, unless it is by deed indenture or matter of record which shall prevent him, it shall be a good remedy for him.\n\nReplication is when the defendant in any action makes an answer and the plaintiff makes an answer to it; this is called the replication of the plaintiff, and a rejoiner is when the defendant makes an answer to the replication.\n\nReplevin is a writ and it lies where one distrains another for rent or other thing than he shall have this writ to the sheriff for delivery to him of the distrained property and shall find surety to pursue his action. And if he fails to pursue or it is bound over or judged against him, then the one who took the distrained property shall have the distrained property and it is called the retaking of the best and he shall have in such a case a writ called the retaking in the hand. Also, if it is in any fraunches or bales, the perte shall.\nA reply for a sheriff directly to the bailiff of the same franchises, to deliver them again. He shall find surety to pursue his action at the next court. This reply may be removed from the court to the common place by a writ of recordare. Look more of replevin in the title distresses. Also, a writ of replegiando lies where a man is in prison and not by special commandment of the king or his jurisdiction, nor for the death of a man nor for the king's forest nor such cause that is not replevable, then he shall have this writ directed to the sheriff, causing him to replevy him. This writ is a justice and not returnable. If the sheriff does not do it, then there shall go forth another writ, alias, and afterwards another writ, sicut plures vel causam nobis significat. Whych shall be returnable. If the Rescous is a writ and it lies when any man takes a distress and another does not take it from him and will not allow him to bring the distress with him, then he does it to him rescous.\nIf someone has brought an action against the tenant for life or for a term of years, and the tenant comes into court in response and asks to be received in order to defend the lord and plead with the demandant, it is also necessary that he be always ready to plead with the demandant.\n\nA writ of scire facias is a judicial writ issued from the record, it lies where someone has recovered a debt or damages in the king's court, and he does not seek execution within the year and the day. After the year and the day, he shall have the said writ to warn the party, and if the party comes not, or if he comes and cannot say anything against the execution, then he shall be executed.\nA writ of fieri facias shall be issued directly to the sheriff, commanding him to levy the debt or damages from the goods of the one who has lost. This writ of fieri facias remains in the year without any writ of scire facias being served. If the debt or damages cannot be levied from the goods of the one who has lost, he may have a writ of elegit directed to the sheriff, commanding her to deliver one half of his land and goods, excepting his oxen and implements of his cart. When one has recovered the debt or damages in a personal action (where the process is a capias), he may have another writ of execution called a capias ad satisfaciendum, to take the body of him who is so condemned, which shall be committed to prison there to remain without bail or mainprise until he has satisfied the party. When one has judgment to recover any lands or tenements, he shall have a writ called habere facias seisinam, directed to the sheriff, commanding him to deliver seisin (seizure) of the same to the plaintiff.\nsame land recovered\nLook therefore before in the title feoffment for the tail: Tresor troue is when any money, gold or silver plate or bullion is found in any place and no man knows to whom the property belongs, then the property thereof belongs to the king, and that is called tresor troue, that is to say, treasure found. But if any mine of metal is found in any ground that always pertains to the lord of the soil except it be a mine of gold or silver which shall always be to the king in whose groundsoever they be found\nTreason is in two manners: that is to say, grand treason and petty treason, as ordained by the statutes. Therefore look to the statutes\nWast is a writ and it lies where it is, for term of years, life, or another's life, tenant in dower, tenant by the curtesy or gardyne in chivalry does wast or destruction upon the land, that is to say, pulls down the house or cuts down timber or suffers the house wilfully to fall. Then he, in the reversion, is responsible.\nshall have this writ and shall recover the place where the damage is done and treble damages / But if a man cuts down timber without license and thereafter repairs old houses, that is not waste / But if he builds a new house with that timber, then the cutting down of such timber is waste\nAlso, the cutting down of underwood or willows, which is no timber, shall not be called waste, unless they grow in sight or shadow of the house\n[View is] when any real action is brought and the tenant knows not well what land the demandant asks for / then the tenant shall pray the view, that is to say, that he may see the land which he claims / But if the tenant has had the view in one writ and after is abated by some of the town or by jointure and after the demandant brings another such writ against the tenant / then the tenant shall not have the view in the second writ\nVilaica removenda is a writ and it lies where there is debate between two parties or proxies for a church and one of them enters into it.\nA church wields great power over laymen and keeps others out with force and arms. The one held out shall have this writ directly to the sheriff, commanding him to remove that power which is within the church. The sheriff shall be commanded to take with him the power of his shire if necessary, and shall arrest the bodies of all resisting and put them in prison, ensuring they have their bodies before the king at a certain day to answer to the cite. [This writ is returnable] [Vtrum is a writ and it lies when the right of any church is alienated and held in lay fee or translated into the possession of another church, and the alienor dies. Note well that none who have count or common seal may]\n\"Maintain this writ but a writ of ejectment ascecu cap. Variously is when an exigent goes forth against any man and proclamation made in five counties, if the defendant does not appear then, the coroner shall give judgment that he shall be out of the king's protection and out of the law's eye. By such a varially in actions personal, the party wronged shall forfeit all his goods and chattels to the king, and by a varially in felony he shall forfeit as well all his lands and tenements that he has in fee simple or for life as his goods & chattels. Also, though a man be outlawed, yet if any error or discontinuance is in the sealing of the process, the party that part of it belongs to shall have advantage, and for such a cause the varially shall be reversed and annulled. Also, if the party defendant is overseas at the time of the varially pronounced, that is a good cause for the reversal of the varially. Also, if an exigent is awarded against a man in one county where he does not yet dwell, yet an exigent with the same cause is not.\"\nProclemacio shall go to the court where he dwells, or else, if he is there, he must reverse the vary as it appears by the statute made in the 4th year of King Henry VIII.\n\nIf a man is outlawed in an action personal against another and after he purchases a charter of pardon from the king, such charter shall never be allowed unless he has served a writ of scire facias to warn the party plaintiff. And if the defendant appears then, he shall answer him or make agreement with him.\n\nWhen a writ of quod redactum of land is brought against a man and another, the tenant shall vouch to warrant the land to the tenant. Then he shall have a writ called a writ of summons to warrant and when he commits, he shall plead with the demandant. If he comes not or comes and cannot bar the demandant, then the demandant shall recover the land against the tenant, and the tenant shall recover as much land in value against the vouch.\n[The person shall have a writ called capias ad valecia against the voucher. Look more carefully at the voucher before in the title: Guarantee.\nEnd of this book for the present time.\nPrinted at London in Cheapside at Poultry Gate. With the royal privilege.]", "creation_year": 1523, "creation_year_earliest": 1523, "creation_year_latest": 1523, "source_dataset": "EEBO", "source_dataset_detailed": "EEBO_Phase1"},
{"content": "A right delightful Garland, or Claplet of Laurel, by T. and I. Egerton, printed by Richard Fake, dwelling in B.C. 1523. Note: This extremely rare volume of Skelton's contains on the back of the title the Author's Portrait at full length, with a Branch in his Hand, and two neat wooden Prints of the Queen of Fame.\n\nA right forest of gallows, where in are copiouside many & diverse solaceons & right pregnant alleluyas of singular pleasure, as more at large it doth appear in the following processes.\n\nEterno mansura die dumlidera fulgent\nEquora dumque tument hec lamea nostra virebit.\nHinc nostrum celebre et nomen referetur ad astra.\nVndi Skeltonis memorabitur altera donis\n\nLooking my sight towards the zodiac.\nThe signs 12 to behold a far\nWhere Mars retrogrades reversed his back\nLord of the year in his orbicular\nPut up his sword for he couched\nAnd who Lucina plenary did shine.\nScorpion ascending degrees twice nine,\nIn place alone, then musing in my thought,\nHow all things pass as does the summer flower,\nOne every half my reasons I sought,\nHow often fortune varies in an hour,\nNow clear, wether forthwith a stormy shower,\nAll things compassed, no perpetuity,\nBut now in wealth, now in adversity,\nSo deeply drowned I was in this dump,\nEncamped,\nThat me to rest, I lent,\nOf an oak, that sometime grew full straight,\nA mighty tree and of a noble height,\nWhose beauty blasted was with the boyish wind,\nHis leaves lost, the sap was from the rind,\nThus stood I in the fetid forest of Galtres,\nEnsnared with filth of the miry mire,\nwhere hearts bellying embedded with distress,\nRan on the range so long that I suppose,\nFew men can tell where the hind calves go,\nFair falcon that so well can beat his hound,\nBut of my purpose now turned we to the ground,\nwhy, as I stood musing in this meditation,\nIn slumbering I fell and half in a sleep,\nAnd whether it were of imagination.\nI cannot tell you what caused it, be it an excess of humors through deep drinking or fatal persuasion. But suddenly, as I was advising someone, as one in a trance or in an ecstasy, I saw a pavilion wonderfully disguised. It was adorned freshly according to my fantasy, enhanced with pearls and precious stones. The ground was engrossed and bedecked with burnished gold. Passing beautiful it was to behold. Within that, a princess of excellent stature resided. But to recount her riches and what estates paid homage to her, I am insufficient. She represented a goddess, immortal, as I was told. Her name was Dame Pallas. To her, the royal queen of fame supplied the most renowned princes, the noble lady above the starry heaven, surpassing all in perfect harmony. Madame regent of the seven sciences, to whose state all nobility paid homage, I present myself. I beseech you to consider the effect of this. Not forgotten, it is to your grace.\nHow you gave me a royal commandment,\nThat in my court Skelton should have a place,\nBecause he has spent his time in your service, and to accomplish,\nThe fulfillment of your request: his name is registered,\nWith laurel triumph in the court of fame.\nBut good madam, the custom and usage,\nOf ancient poets you well know has been,\nTo beseech with all their whole heart,\nSo that their works might famously be seen,\nIn figure, whereof they were they laurell green,\nBut how it is Skelton is wonder strange,\nAnd as we dare we find in him great lack,\nFor no one only had your promotion,\nOut of my books soon I should have raised him,\nBut since he has tasted of the sweet poison,\nOf Helicon's well: refreshed with your grace,\nAnd will not endeavor himself to purchase,\nThe favor of ladies with chosen words,\nIt is sitting that you must correct him,\nThe sum of your purpose, as we have advised,\nIs that our servant is something dull,\nWithin this answer for him we have composed.\nHow rivers remain not till the spring be full,\nA dumb mouth is better than a brainless skull.\nFor if he proudly publishes his matter,\nThen men will say how he only flatters.\nAnd if so fortune grants him to write true and plain,\nAs sometimes he must incur reproach,\nThen some will say he has but little brain,\nAnd how his words without reason will not agree.\nBeware for writing remains of record.\nDo not displease a hundred for one man's pleasure,\nHe who writes wisely has a great treasure.\nAlso, to furnish better his excuse,\nAnd many more whom I could persuade,\nSaving he offended some on the gall,\nIt was not for him to undergo the trial.\nIn general, I say not greatly na,\nA poe.\nSpeaking in parables, how the fox the grey,\nThe gander the goose, and ye huge oliphaunt,\nWent with the peacock a gain the feasant,\nThe lesarde came leaping and said that he must,\nWith help of the ram, lay all in the dust.\nYet diverse are the industrious of reason,\nSome would gather in their construction,\nOf such an enigmatic chapter, some season.\nIt was difficult to comprehend this lecture. Sophisticatedly, many a construction is used to explain it, yet it is hard to find a fault. To you, gracious lady, I present this motion. Where should he make him known? To the room of laureate promotion, or where should he have the prerogative? But if he had made some memorial, whereby he might have an immortal name.\n\nTo pass the time in the slow, idle pleasures of your royal palace is not the custom. But to do something, each man does as he pleases. For how should Cato be called wise, but for his books: which he did compile. Record the same: or why is it in my mind? Plato, but for that he left writing behind. For men to look upon: Aristotle also, of philosophers called the principal one. Old Diogenes, and many others, Dymostenes the royal orator, who gave such cordial support to Eschines, was banished because he could make no contradiction against him. Soft, my good sister, make a pause.\nAnd was Eschines: rebuked, as you say?\nRemember you well this clause:\nwherefore then raised you not a way?\nHis name, or why is it that I pray?\nThat he to your court?\nSince he is slandered for lack of learning\n\nMadam, your opponent is well irritated\nAnd at your disadvantage it quickly is\nTouched: and hard for to be borne\nYet shall I answer your grace as in this\nWith your reformation, if I say amiss\nFor but if your bounty did me assure\nMy argument else could not long endure\n\nAs touching that Eschines is remembered,\nThat he should be: it seems to me signing,\nAll but it is a great part he has surrendered\nOf his mourning: whose dissuasive in writing\nTo encourage Demosthenes was much exciting\nIn seriously outstripping his crafty persuasion\nFrom which Eschines had no excuse\n\nThe cause why Demosthenes so famously is butchered,\nOnly proceeded for that he did outray,\nEschines? which was not shamefully confuted\nBut of that famous orator I say,\nwho passed all others: wherefore I may\nAmong my records suffer him named.\nFor though he were hidden, he was not shamed.\nFrom what I have said, in no point does it vary,\nwhere he reports of the courageous\nwords that were much consolatory\nBy Eschines rehearsed: to the great glory\nOf Demosthenes: that was his utter foe.\nFew will you find, or none, who will do so\nA Thank you for having you, you have well deserved\nIt can maintain itself so apparently,\nBut a great part yet you have reserved\nOf that most follow then consequently,\nOr else you demean yourself in ordinarily.\nFor if you laud him whom honor has oppressed,\nThen he who does worst is as good as the best.\nBut whom you favor, I see well has a name,\nBe he never so little of substance,\nAs well folly as wisdom often advances,\nFor report rises many diverse ways,\nSome are much spoken of for making of frays,\nSome have a name for theft and bribery,\nSome are called crafty, who can pry a purse open,\nSome men are made of jest, some careful cooks, some have their wives curs,\nSome famous wretches are, & they are much worse.\nSome lunatics/some rogues/some nasty packs\nSome facers/some bracers/some make great jokes\nSome drunken dastards with their dry souls\nSome sluggish slouches that sleep day and night\nRiot and revel be in your courtes rollis\nMaintenance and mischief these be men of might\nExtortion is counted with you for a knight\nThese people by me have no assignment\nyet they ride and run from Carlisle to Kent\nBut little or nothing you shall here tell\nOf those who have virtue by reason of cunning\nwhich solely in honor should excel\nMen of such matters make but monkey business\nFor wisdom and sadness are out of fashion\nAnd such of my servants as I have promoted\nOne fault or other in them shall be noted\nEither they will say he is too wise\nOr he\nProve his wit says he at cards or dice\nAnd you shall well find he is a very fool\nTwice set him a chariot or mock him with a staff.\nTo sit him upon / and read jack asses bills\nFor truly it were pitiful that he sat idle\nTo make reparation against what you have said\nOf very great concern it may not well agree,\nBut your benevolent suffering for my discharge, I pray,\nFor I would not wish you to fall at discord,\nBut yet I beseech your grace that good record,\nMay be brought forth such as can be found,\nWith laurel triumph, why should Skelton be crowned?\n\u00b6For else it would be too great a degeneracy,\nUnto your palace, our noble court,\nThat any man under supportation,\nWithout deserving, should have the best game,\nIf he can lay any works that he has composed,\nI am content that he be not exiled,\n\u00b6From the laurel at Seneca: by force, proscription,\nOr else you know well I can do no less,\nBut I most banish him from my jurisdiction,\nAs he who acquiesces with idleness,\nBut if he purposes to make a redress,\nWhat he has done let it be brought to light,\nGrant my petition I ask you but right,\nTo your request we be well disposed,\nCall forth, let see where is your clarioner,\nTo blow a blast with his long breath extended,\nEolus your trumpet that is so far.\nThat barbarous bloweth in every merciless war,\nTo see if Skelton would put himself in peril,\nAmong the throng there rose a wonderful noise,\nAnd on every side some thought they were too long,\nSome were too hasty and would not abide,\n\u00b6There was sighing to the queen of fame,\n\u00b6That long time blew a full turbulent blast,\n\u00b6Anon all was hushed as if for the nones,\nAnd each man stood gazing and staring on other,\nWith that there came in wonderfully at once,\nA murmur of the minstrels,\nNever have I seen softer or lower,\nOrpheus the tragic heralded melodiously,\nWith Amphion and other Muses of Arcady,\n\u00b6whose heavenly harmony was so passing sure,\nSo truly proportioned and so well did agree,\nSo duly entuned with every measure,\nThat in the forest was none so great a tree,\nBut that it danced for joy of that glee,\nThe huge mighty oaks themselves did avance,\nAnd leap from the hills to learn for to dance.\n\u00b6In so much the stump where to I me lent,\nStarted all at once a hundred feet back.\nwith that I sprang up towards the tent\nOf noble dame Pallas, whom I spoke of\nThere I saw come after little more than a lake\nA thousand poets assembled to gather\nBut Phoebus was the first to arrive there\nWith a laurel wreath a crown upon his head\nYalowe inscribed as gold were his herbs\nLamenting Daphne, whom Cupid had struck\nSo that she would not consent to Phoebus\nTo hold his heart in her hands\nBut to preserve her maidenhead clean\nTransformed was she into laurel green\nMelancholically mingled with his muse\nO thoughtful heart was ever his song\nDaphne, my dear one, why do you refuse me?\nYet look on me, who have loved you so long\nYet have compassion on my strong pains\nHe sang also of how the tree, as he took it\nBetween his arms he felt her body quake\nThen he entreated in his exclamation\nTo Diana, the goddess immortal\nO merciless lady, hard is your constellation\nSo close to keep your cloister virginal\nEnhance the seed of your wall.\nAlas, what ails you to be so overbearing,\nTo banish pity from a maiden's heart?\nWhy have the gods shown me this cruelty,\nSince I first composed principles medicinal,\nI help all others in their infirmity,\nBut now to help myself I am not able,\nThat profiteth all others is nothing profitable,\nTo me / alas, that herb or grass,\nThe fiery darts of love cannot repress.\nO fatal fortune, what have I endured,\nOdious disdain, why do you raise me on this face,\nBut since I have lost what I intended,\nAnd may not attain it by any means,\nyet in remembrance of Daphne's transformation,\nAll famous poets following after me\nShall be a garland of the laurel tree.\nThis said, a great number followed in time,\nOf poets laureate from many diverse nations,\nPart of whose names I think to specify,\nFirst old Quintilian with his declensions,\nTheocritus with his bucolic relations,\nHesiodus, the Iconic,\nAnd Homerus, the fresh historian,\nPrince of eloquence, Tullius Cicero,\nWith Salust and Lucius Caelius.\nThat wrote the history of Iugurta. But blessed Bacchus, the pleasant god of wine,\ncloisters engrossed with his ruddy drops,\nThese orators and poets refreshed their throats.\n\nTitus Livius himself advanced,\nwith Decadis historius, whom he mingled\nwith matters that concerned the Romans in substance.\nEnnius, who wrote of all wars at length,\nBut blessed Bacchus, the potential god of strength,\nclusters engrossed with his ruddy drops,\nThese orators and poets refreshed their throats.\n\nAulus Gellius, the noble historian,\nOrace with his new poetry,\nMaster Terence, the famous comic writer,\nwith Plautus, who wrote many a comedy,\nBut blessed Bacchus was in their company,\nclusters engrossed with his ruddy drops,\nThese orators and poets refreshed their throats.\n\nSeneca, solemnly with his tragedies,\nBoethius comforted with his philosophy,\nAnd Maximianus with his mad ditics,\nHow aging age would jeer at youthful folly,\nBut blessed Bacchus.\nclusters engrossed with his ruddy drops.\nThese orators and poets refreshed their throats.\nThere came John Bochas with his great volumes,\nQuin\nOf Alexander and Macrobius, who treated\nOf Scipio's dream, what was the true probe,\nBut blessed Bachus, whom no man ever forgot,\nOf clusters engorged with his ruddy drops.\nThese orators and poets refreshed their throats.\nPoggio, the famous Florentine, was among them,\nWith a French friar named Sir Gagwin,\nWho glared at me angrily and pale,\nBut blessed Bachus, who was of all value,\nOf clusters engorged with his ruddy drops.\nThese orators and poets refreshed their throats.\nPlutarch and Petrarch, two famous clerks,\nLucilius and Valerius Maximus by name,\nWith Vincenzius in Speculo, who wrote noble works,\nPropercius and Pisandros, poets of noble fame,\nBut blessed Bachus, who often frames,\nOf clusters engorged with his ruddy drops.\nThese notable poets refreshed their throats.\nAnd as I thus sadly remained among them always.\nI saw Gower, who first adorned our English rude,\nAnd Chaucer, who nobly undertook\nHow our English might be made to thrive.\nThe monk of Bury came next in line,\nDan Johnson Lydgate, these English poets three,\nAs I imagine, returned to me.\n\u00b6To gather in arms as brethren embraced,\nTheir apparel far surpassing what I can tell,\nWith diamonds and rubies, their tabards were trampled,\nNone so rich stones in Turkey to sell,\nThey lacked nothing but the laurel,\nAnd from their bounty they made me godly cheer,\nIn manner and form as you shall hereafter hear.\n\u00b6Brother Skelton, your endeavor,\nSo have you done, most meritoriously,\nYou have deserved to have an emblem,\nAbove the starry sky,\nBecause that increase and amplify,\nThe bruised Britons of Brutus Albion,\nWho were well-nigh lost when we were gone,\nCounterway, your busy diligence,\nFrom that we began in the supplement,\nEnforced are we, you, to recompense,\nOf all our whole college, by the agreement,\nThat we shall bring you personally present.\nOf noble fame before the queen's grace,\nIn whose court your place is pointed out,\nO noble Chaucer, whose English rude\nSo freshly has set out our bond,\nWe are bound with all our strength to owe,\nTo you our service and more if we can,\nBut what should I say, you well know what I intend,\nWhich glad am I to please and loath to offend,\nSo am I prevented from rendering thanks,\nThere is nothing left where to give you my regrets,\nBut that I point you to be prothonotary,\nOf fame's court, by all our holy assent,\nAdvanced by Pallas to laurel preferment,\nSo have you me far surpassing my merits.\nMaster Lydgate, of your accustomable\nMagnificence, and so gloriously have you enrolled,\nMy name; I know well beyond that I am able,\nThat but if my works are agreeable to you,\nI am otherwise rebuked for what I intend,\nWhich glad am I to please and loath to offend,\nSo finally, when they had shown their due,\nUnder the form, as I said before.\nI made it strange and drew back once or twice,\nYet they pressed on me more and more,\nUntil at last they forced me sore,\nTo go where they would bring me.\nTo the pavilion where Pallas was sitting,\nAme Pallas commanded it they should bring me,\nInto the rich palace of the queen of fame,\nThere shall he hear what she will say to him,\nwhen he is called to answer to his name.\nI cry out at once, she made proclaim,\nAll orators and poets should go before,\nWith all the press that was less and more.\nForwards, I say, thus wandering in my thought,\nHow it was, or else within what horrors,\nI cannot tell you, but that I was brought,\nInto a palace with turrets and towers,\nEngulfed goodly with halls and bows,\nSo curious,\nThat such another there could not be found,\nWhere of this matter I purpose to expound,\nAs long as it remains fresh in my mind,\nWith turks and grossolitis the ground was enpaved,\nEngaged with many goodly platters.\nOf gold encrusted, which many a precious stone\nA hundred steps ascending to the hall\nOne of jasper, another of whale bone\nThe walls pointed with diamonds were the wall\nThe carpets within and tapestries of velvet\nEnwrought with rubies the wave\nThus passed we forth walking unto the palace\nWhere the posts were embellished with sapphires indigo\nEngladed glittering with many a clear story\nIacineris and emeralds out of the floor\nUnto this place all poets there did sue\n\nUnder a glorious cloth of gold\nFret all with orient pearls of garnet\nEncrowned as empress of all this worldly fate\nIt was exceeding beyond the common rate\nThis house envious was a mile about\nIf twelve were let in, eleven\n\nTo this lady and sovereign of this palace\nOf pursuants there presided in various tales\nSome were of Poitou and some of Tuscany\nOf Limerick, of Loraine, of Spain, of Portugal\nFrom Naples, from Nuremberg, and from Rouen\nSome from\nSome from the main land\nwith how does the north bring news to the south? The west is windy. It is hard. A slippery pole holds the tail of an elephant, and he often halts who has a crooked heel. Some showed their salt-congealed, some their charter. Some looked full smoothly and had a false quarter.\n\nWith Sir, I pray you a little time stand back,\nAnd let me come in to deliver my letter.\nAnother told how ships went to wreck.\nThere were many words smaller and greater.\nWith I am as good as you / I faith and no better.\nSome came to tell the truth / some came to lie.\nSome came to flatter / some came to spy.\n\nThere were, I say, of all manner of sorts,\nOf deremouth, of plummouth, of portsmouth also.\nThe town.\n\nNow let me come / now let me go.\nAnd all the time I wandered to and fro,\nUntil at last these noble poets three\nUnto me said, \"So, sir, now you may see,\n\nOf this high court the daily business,\nFrom you most we but not long,\nLo, here comes a goodly mayesty's\nOccupation, famine's registry,\nWhich shall be to you a sufficient accessory.\nWith singular pleasures to drive away the time,\nAnd we shall see you again or it be prime,\nWhen they were past and went forth on their way,\nThis gentlewoman, who railed, was by name,\nOccupation in right goodly array,\nI saw her smile and I then did the same,\nWith that on me she cast her goodly look,\nUnder her arm I thought she had a book,\nLike as the lark upon the summer's day,\nWhen Titan radiant burnishes his bright beam,\nMourning her melodious lay,\nThe son's shine enlarged with the light,\nSo am I surprised with pleasure and delight,\nTo see this hour now that I may say,\nWelcome to me as heartily as heart can think,\nWelcome to me with all my whole desire,\nOf your acquaintance I was in times past,\nOf studious doctrine when at the port salvage,\nThe first aryvid when your mast was broken,\nOf worldly trust then did I you rescue,\nYour storm-driven ship I repaired new,\nSo well entangled what wind that ever blew,\nNo stormy tempest your barge shall overcome.\nWelcome to me as heartily as heart can think,\nWelcome to me with all my whole desire.\nAnd for my sake spare neither pen nor ink. You are assured I shall repay your hire. Your name, recorded beyond the land of Tyre, from Sidon to Mount Olympus, From Bab--\n\nI thanked her much for her most noble offer,\nFor her pleasure to make a large proposal,\nTo owe her my true persistence.\nCome on with me, she said, let us not delay,\nAnd with that word she took me by the hand.\nSo we passed forth into the aforementioned place,\nWith such communication as came to our minds.\nAnd then she said, while we have time and space,\nTo walk where we please / let us find some way\nTo pass the time with / but let us not waste words,\nFor idle words are swords and hard to call back.\n\nInto a field she brought me wide and spacious,\nEnclosed about with the stony flint,\nStrongly embattled, much costly to charge,\nTo walk on this wall she bade I should not stint,\nGo softly, she said, the stones are full of light.\nShe went before and bid me take good hold.\nI saw a thousand yards, new and old.\n\nThen I questioned her what those yards meant.\nShe replied and briefly told me: \"From the east to the west, and from the south to the north so cold, these gates you see are issues and ports from all nations. Seriously, she showed me their denominations. Some had Greek, some Hebrew, some Roman letters as I understood, some were old, some were written new, some had Caldean characters, some were French that was very good. But one gate specifically where I stood had a graven image of Calydon in it, A. What do you call this, and she said Anglia. The dwelling thereof was passing commendable. There stood a Libyan crowned with gold and stones, terrible in countenance and passing formidable. As quickly touching as it were flesh and bones, as ghastly as it gleamed as grimly as it growled, and as fiercely frowning as if it had been fighting. And with its fearsome form, it shook forth this writing: Formidamus, Unguius, CacoQ, Arma, lues, Mille modis errare. I lent him the pen and looked over the wall.\"\nInnumerable people pressed to every gate\nShe asked them and their state\nForsooth, they quoted, \"They are:\nBrainless blinkards that blow at the coals\nFalse forgers\nPope holy hypocrites, as they were gold and whole\nPole hatchet praters at every ale pole\nRioters / revelers / railers / bribery thieves\nWith other conditions that might be left\nSome feign themselves fools and would be called wise\nSome mediating spies by craft to probe your mind\nSome dangerous dawdlers, it all men despise\nFalse flatterers that fawn and curry favor\nThat speak fair before you and shrewdly hide\nHere they come crowding to get a name\nBut hailed they be homeward with sorrow and shame\nWith that I heard\nBows / bows / bows / that all they shouted out\nIt made some limp-legged and broke their bones\nSome were made pennywise and prudish-minded.\nThat evermore after it they were spied\nAnd one there was I wondered of his luck\nFor a gunstone I say had all to jag his cap\nRagged and daggish and cunningly cut\nThe blast of the furnace blew away his brain,\nAs a march hare he ran, like a scout.\nAmong all my thoughts, I saw two remain,\nThe one was a tumbler, afterwards again,\nOf a disdainful devil, who grew a gentleman,\nPerseus, the second, the quills began,\nWith a pellet of pitch,\nThat all their days of life shall stick by,\nFoys times.\nI saw divers it, dashing after daisies,\nLike drunkards, they dribbled.\nThese tiny ones with tumbling were touched and capped,\nMischief, I thought, among you, there happened.\nSometimes, as it seems, when the moon light,\nBy means of a grossly endarkened cloud,\nSuddenly is eclipsed in the winter night,\nIn like manner, a mist did us shroud,\nBut well.\nOf that adventure which made me sore agast,\nIn darkness, we dwelt.\nThe cloud began to clear,\nIn an herb garden I saw brought where I was,\nThere birds on the branches with Alis enshrined about in compass,\nThe banks enrailed with roses and vines engraped,\nIt was a new comfort of sorrows escaped.\nIn the midst of a countenance that courteously was cast,\nwith pipes of gold encircling out streams\nOf crystal the clearness these waters far surpassed,\nEnswathed with roses / barbells / and breams\nEnglished: it was a joy to behold\nThen furthermore about me my sight I rolled,\n\u00b6where I saw growing a goodly laurel tree\nEvergreen with leaves continually green\nAbove in the top a bird of Arabia,\nMen call a phoenix: her wings between,\nShe beat up a fire with the sparks full keen\nOlive, specific osa in capsules with branches and boughs of the sweet olive,\nwhose fragrant flower was cherished preservatory\n\u00b6Against all infections with canker enflamed,\nAgainst all borers, broods of old,\n{quam} excellent in virtue is olive oil. It surpassed all balms that ever were named\nOr gums of sabia so dearly that we sold\nThere blew in that garden a soft piping cold\nEmbodiment of Zephyrus with his pleasant wind\nAll fruits flourished\n\u00b6Dryads danced upon that goodly soil\nWith the nine Muses Pierides by name\nPhilis and Tesalus among the trees anointed with oil,\nround about the same green tree of laurel,\nthey made with chaplets and garlands green,\nFirst of all, Dame Flora, the queen,\nOf summer, so formally she initiated the dance,\nCinthius sat twinkling on his harp strings,\nAnd Topas his instrument encouraged,\nThe ancient poems and stories bring,\nOf Atlas, astrology, and many noble things,\nOf wandering of the moon, the course of the sun,\nOf men and beasts and where they began,\nWhat thing caused the showers of rain,\nOf the fiery element in his supreme sphere,\nAnd of that polar article which remains,\nBehind Ursus' clear tail,\nOf Pleiades he preached with their drowsy mien,\nImmortalized with mist,\nAnd where the two thrones a man should spy,\nAnd of the winter days that hold them so fast,\nAnd of the winter nights that linger so long,\nAnd of the summer days so long that endure,\nAnd of their short nights, he brought in his song.\nHow wrong was not right, and right was not wrong.\nThere was contradicting of carols in meter and verse,\nSo many: that long it would be to repeat.\nNow say you: is this to your liking?\nMay this contentment entertain and amuse you.\nHere dwells pleasure with lust and delight,\nContinual comfort you may find,\nOf wealth and solace, nothing left behind,\nAll things commendable here are constructed,\nWherewith your spirits may be revived.\nQuestionless, there is no doubt of that you say,\nJupiter himself might endure this life,\nThis joy exceeds all worldly sport and play,\nParadise, this place is of singular pleasure,\nO happy is he who might be assured of this,\nAnd here to inhabit and forever dwell.\nBut kind masters, one thing you must tell me,\nOf your demand, show me the content,\nWhat it is and where upon it stands,\nAnd if there is in it anything meant,\nWhereof the answer rests in my hands,\nIt shall be swiftly given out of my hands.\nAnd of your will, the plainness reveals itself fully.\nI thank you, kind masters, most benevolently.\nBut my request is not so great a thing\nThat I do not yield what though it be disputed\nI am not wounded but that I may be cured\nI am not lady of limbs with lumps\nAs dares dream in their dumps\nOwe whichever men I suppose I conjunct\nGod give you good year you make me to smile\nNow be your faith not this the effect\nOf your questioning you make all this while\nTo understand who dwells in one p and what blunder-play\nHe falsifies measures out of his fond fiddle\nInterpolate que industriosum Postula interprets\nTressis agasones species prior: altera davus\nAncupium culicis lunis dumtorquet occulus\nCoec\nNote Maia queq to\nFrigida Saturnus / Sol / Mars Venus algida Luna\nSitibi contingat verbo or commit to writing\nQuae sibi modestia sudant precordia culpa\nHinc ruat in\nInvocat ad rixas / vans tamen excitatings\nLabra moues tacitus / ruptantur utilia Codro\nHis name for to know if that you list\nEnvious rancor truly he hights\nB\nHow doing\nFor by his deceitful drift it gracelessly provides\nIn whole reason\nFor wh\nFull gloryously can he close thy mind to feel him,\nHe will seem frightening and set himself still,\nAnd smell like a smith.\nIt cannot be\nTo tell all his touches, it would be too great a wonder,\nThe devil of hell and he is seldom alone.\nThus speaking, we went forth at the postern gate,\nTurning on the right hand by windy stay,\nShe brought me to a goodly chamber of estate,\nwhere the noble countess of Surrey sat in a chair,\nTo whom did repair\nOf ladies above with all due reverence,\nSit down, fair ladies, and do your duty,\n\u00b6Come forth, gentlewomen, I pray you she said,\nI have contrived for you a goodly work,\nAnd he who can work best now shall be praised,\nA cornel of laurel with verduris light and dark,\nI have devised for Skelton my clerk,\nFor to his service I have such regard,\nThat of our bounty we will reward him,\n\u00b6For of all ladies he has the library,\nTheir names recording in the court of fame,\nOf all gentlewomen he has the scutiny,\nIn fame's court reporting the same,\nFor yet of women he never said shame.\nBut if they were counterfeits that women called,\nThat list of their lewdness with him for to draw,\n\u00b6with this the tapestries and carpets spread,\nWhereon these ladies softly might rest,\nThe sampler to sew on the lacis to enbrace,\nTo weave in the stool some were full prepared,\nwt slides / wt tawels / with hellis well dressed,\nThe frame was brought forth with his weaving pin,\nGod give them good speed there work to begin,\n\u00b6Some to enrobe,\nwell girding their girdles to keep straight their silk,\nSome plying of gold their work to increase,\nWith fingers small and hands white as milk,\nAnd reech me that scan of tawney silk,\nAnd wind me that bottom of such a hue,\nGreene / rede / tawny / white / purpill and blue,\n\u00b6Of broken works wrought many a goodly thing,\nIn casting / in turning / in flourishing of flowers,\nwith burrs growth and buttons suffused,\nIn needling work raising birds in bowers,\nwith virtues besides all times and hours,\nAnd truly of their own bent thus were they bent,\nTo work me this chaplet by good advice.\nBehold and see in your advertisement,\nHow these ladies and gentlewomen all\nFor your pleasure do diligently endeavor,\nAnd for your sake how quickly they fall.\nTo your remembrance therefore you must call,\nIn goodly words pleasantly composed,\nThat for them some goodly consolation be devised,\nWith proper captions of benevolence,\nOrnately pulled together after your ability,\nSince you must needs enforce it by pretense\nOf your profession unto many a one,\nComing your process after their degree,\nTo each of them rendering thanks commendable,\nWith sentence fruitful and terms convenient,\nAwakening myself some thanks to deserve,\nI myself determine to sharpen my pen,\nDevoutly arresting my prayer to my nerve,\nShe to vow safe me to inform and know,\nTo Mercury also heartily prayed I then,\nMe to support, to help and to assist,\nTo guide and to govern my dreadful trembling fist,\nAs a mariner, it being in a stormy rage,\nHardly steadied and driven is to hope,\nOf that the tempestuous wind will abate,\nIn trust whereof comfort his heart does grope.\nFrom the anchor he cut the gabble rope, committing all to God and letting his ship ride. I beseech Jesus now to be my guide. After all duly ordered obeisance, in humble wise as lowly as I may, I, madam, make recompense. My life enduring, I shall both write and say, recount/report/rehearse without delay, the passing bounty of your noble estate, of honor and worship which had its former date.\n\nLike arguably just resemblance, the noble wife of Polymites, king, prudent Rebecca, of whom remembrance, the Bible makes mention, your noble, whose passing bounty and right noble estate of honor and worship it had the former date.\n\nThe noble Pamphila, queen of the Greeks' land, discovered royal habiliments industriously, Thamer also worked with her goodly hand, many divisi passing curiously, whom you represent and exemplify, whose passing bounty and right noble estate of honor and worship it had the former date.\n\nAs Dame Thamarys, who took the king named Cyrus, as writeth the story.\nDame Agrippina, I may recite\nOf gentle courage your profound fight,\nSo shall your name endure perpetually,\nWhose passing bounty and right noble state\nOf honor and worship it has first begun.\nTo be your remembrancer, madam, I am bound,\nLike Aphrodite suddenly in port,\nOf virtue and learning, well and perfectly grounded,\nWhom Dame Nature as well I may report,\nHas freshly endowed with many a lovely sort\nOf womanly features, whose flourishing tender age\nIs lusty to behold, pleasant, demure, and sage.\nGoodly increased: fairer than Polixena,\nFor Pandarus' envious appetite to envy,\nTroilus I believe if he had seen you,\nIn you he would have set his whole delight.\nOf all your beauty I suffice not to write,\nBut as I said, your flourishing tender age\nIs lusty to behold, pleasant, demure, and sage.\nMy little lady, I may not leave behind,\nBut to do you service, needs must now I must,\nBowing courteously of gentle heart and mind,\nWhom fortune and fate plainly have disrupted.\nLong may you enjoy pleasure, delight, and lust.\nThe enbudded blossoms of roses red with lilies white your beauty renews.\nCompare you I may to Cydippus the maid,\nWho found the bill in her bosom; lord, how she was afraid,\nThe reddish shamefastness in her visage filled,\nWhich manner of abashment became her not ill.\nRight so, madam, the roses red with lilies white,\nYour beauty renews; Euxes, you enpictured fair the queen,\nYou to devise his craft were to seek,\nAnd if Apelles your countenance had seen,\nOf portraiture which was the famous Greek,\nHe could not devise the least point of your cheek.\nPrinces of youth and flower of goodly port,\nVirtue, wit, solace, pleasure, comfort.\nParegal in honor to Penelope,\nWho for her truth is in remembrance had,\nFair Dianira, surmising in beauty,\nDemure Dia, womanly and sad,\nWhose lusty looks make heavy hearts glad,\nPrinces of youth and flower of goodly port,\nVirtue, wit, solace, pleasure, comfort.\nWith Margerain, jentill,\nThe flower of a goodly head,\nEnbrowded you the mantle.\nIs of your maydenhode\n\u00b6Plainly I can not glose.\nye be as I deuyne\nThe praty primrose\nThe goodly columbyne.\n\u00b6with margerain iantill\nThe flowre of goodly hede\nEnbrawderyd the mantyll\nIs of yowre maydenhede\n\u00b6Benynge corteise & meke\nwt wordes well deuysid\nIn you who list to seke\nBe vertus well co\u0304prysid\n\u00b6with margerain iantill\nThe flowre of goodlyhede\nEnbrawderid the mantill\nIs of yowr maydenhede\nI you assure\nFul wel I know\nMy besy cure\nto yow I owe\nHumbly and low\nCommendynge me\nTo yowre bownte\n\u00b6As machareu\nFayre canace\nSo I / iwys\nEndeuoure me\nyowr name to se\nIt be enrolde\nwrittin with golde\n\u00b6Phedra ye may\nwele represent\nIntentyfe ay\nAnd dylygent\nNo tyme my spent\nwherfore delyght\nI haue to whryght\n\u00b6Of margarite\nPerle orient\nLede sterre of lyght\nMoche relucent\nMadame regent\nI may you call\nOf vertuows all\n\u00b6what though my penne / \nwax faynt\n& hath smale lust to paint\nyet shall there no restraynt\nCause me to cese\nAmonge this prese\nFor to encrese\nyowre goodly name\n\u00b6I wyll my selfe applye\nTrust me ententifly\nAnd so observe, that you not swear,\nFor to deserve immortal fame.\nWith mistress Jane's haste,\nSmall flowers help to see,\nIn my goodly chaplet,\nTherefore I render to you,\nThe legend of Fair Laodomia,\nBy Saint Mary, my lady,\nYour mama and your daddy,\nBrought forth a godly babe,\nMy maiden Isabella,\nRefining Rosabella,\nThe flagrant camellia,\nThe ruddy rosary,\nThe sovereign rosemary,\nThe pretty strawberry,\nThe columbine, ye nephew's delight,\nThe jasmine well set,\nThe proper violet,\nEn, it is like the daisy flower,\nAfter the April shower,\nThe earth of the morrow gray,\nThe blossom on the spray,\nThe freshest flower of May.\nSuddenly demure,\nOf womanhood's allure,\nTherefore I make you sure,\nIt were a heavenly health,\nIt were an endless wealth,\nA life for God himself,\nTo hear this nightingale,\nAmongst the small birds,\nWarbling in the vale.\nDug, dug, Iug, Iug.\nGood year and good luck,\nWt chuk, chuk, chuk, chuk.\nMerrily Margaret,\nAs myrtle summer's flow'r,\nInnocent as fawn or hawk of the tower,\nWt solace and gladness.\n\"Moche mirth and no madness,\nAll good and no badness,\nSo joyously and suddenly,\nSo womanly in every thing,\nFar surpassing, I can only write\nOf merry Margaret, as midsummer's flower,\nGentle as a fawn or hawk of the tower,\nAs patient and as full of good will,\nAs fair Isaphill,\nColyaunder, Swe,\nGood Cassaunder, steadfast of thought,\nWell made and well wrought,\nFar may be sought before you can find,\nSo courteous and kind,\nAs merry Margaret, this midsummer's flower,\nGentle as a fawn or hawk of the tower,\nThough you were hard-hearted and opposed,\nAnd hurt me with sharp words,\nYet now doubtless,\nYou give me cause,\nTo write of you this goodly clause,\nMistress Geretrude,\nEnduring womanhood,\nRenewed with virtue.\"\n\n\"Partly by your counsel,\nMy fresh coronel was garnished,\nTherefore doubtless,\".\nYou give me cause\nto write of you this good clause,\nMaster Gertrude,\nwith womanhood endure,\nwith virtue well unveiled,\nBut if I should repay your kindness,\nElse say you might,\nThat in me were great blindness,\nI, for to be so mindless,\nAnd could not write Of Isabella knight,\n\u00b6It is not my custom nor my guise,\nTo leave behind,\nHer who is both womanly and wise,\nAnd especially, who gladly devised,\nThe means to find,\nTo please my mind,\n\u00b6In helping to work my laurel tree,\nwith silk and gold,\nGalatea, the wise one,\nwas never half so fair as I believe,\nwhich was extolled,\nA thousandfold,\n\u00b6By Maro the Mantuan prudent,\nWho lists to read,\nBut if I had less competent,\nI could show you such a precedent,\nIn truth, how you exceed,\n\u00b6With draw your hand, the time passes fast,\nSet on your head this laurel wreath,\nWhich is wrought,\nHere you not Aeolus, for you blow a blast,\nI dare well say that you and I are sought,\nMake no delay, for now you must be brought,\nBefore my lady's grace, the queen of fame,\nwhere you must briefly answer to your name.\nCasting my sight about the chamber,\nTo see how duly things were in order,\nTowards the door as we were coming out,\nI saw Master Newton sit with his compass,\nHis plummet, his pen, his spectacles with glass,\nDiving in picture by his industrious wit,\nOf my laurel the process every white,\nForthwith upon this, as if in thought,\nGower, Chaucer, Lydgate, these three\nAre to be remembered courteously brought\nInto that place where they left me,\nWhere all the said poets sat in their degree,\nBut when they saw my laurel richly thought,\nAll others seemed counterfeit they thought,\nIn comparison to that which I wore,\nSome prayed for the pearl, some for the bright stones,\nWell was he who could stare upon my laurel,\nOf this work they had such great delight,\nThe silk, the gold, the flowers fresh to sight,\nThey said my laurel was the goodliest,\nThat ever they saw, and worked it was the best,\nIn her state there sat the noble queen,\nOf fame, perceiving how that I had come.\nShe looked beautifully and gave me a glum expression. Among them there was no word then but \"mum.\" For each man, her kindly what she would say to me was unclear, and from this I brought away the substance.\n\nMy friend, since you are before him here in his presence,\nYou must answer to this noble audience.\nWhatever shall be responded, you must be content.\nAnd since by the high pretense\nThat you have now by the preeminence,\nYour place is reserved here,\nWe will understand how you have deserved it.\n\nRight high and mighty princes of estate,\nIn famous glory all other transcending,\nYour birthrate has been full often and is still intending\nTo all those who reason is commended.\nBut if hasty credence, by maintenance of might,\nFortune places between you and the light,\n\nBut such evidence I think to endure,\nAnd so largely to lay for my indemnity,\nThat I trust to make my excuse\nFor whatever charge soever you lay against me.\nFor from my books' part, you shall see\nWhich in your records I know well are enrolled.\nAnd so my registration told me\nForthwith she commanded I should take my place\nCaliope indicated where I should sit\nwith that object\nBe merry she said be not afraid at all\nyour discharge here under my arm is it\nSo then she commanded me to show her book: and she said here it is\nYour books of remembrance we will now have you read\nIf any records I nowhere find\nWhat skull-like thing\nRehearsing by order and what is the reason\nLet's see now how you can explain\nFor in our court you well know his name cannot rise\nBut if he writes more often than once or twice\nWith that of the book losing were the clasps\nThe margin was illuminated all with golden rails\nAnd beside: enpainted with grasshoppers and wasps\nwith butterflies and fresh peacock tails\nEnflowered with flowers and sweet smelling snails\nEnvious pictures touched and quickly moved\nIt would have made a man hold his breath it was so lovely\nTo be held how it was adorned and bound\nEncouraged over it was fine gold tissue\nThe claspis and bullyons were worth a thousand pounds\nwt balassis and charbuncles the borders shone\nwith aurum musice every other line\nwas written: and so she proceeded\n\nImmediate occupation to redeem\nOccupation redeems and explains part of Skelton's books and ballads. With honor est bn\u0304fter actio\u0304nis signum Aristotle urges silence. Why pleasure, in as much as it were too long a process to recount all that he has compiled. &c.\n\nOf your orator and poet laureate\nof England's works here they begin\nIn the first place, the book of honorable estate\nAlso the book how men should flee from sin\nAlso royal demeanor, worship to wine\nAlso the book to speak well or be still\nAlso to learn you to die when you will\n\nOf virtue also the sovereign interlude\nThe book of the rosyar: prince Arthur's creation\nThe false faith that now goes which daily is renounced\nAlso his dialogues of imaginative power\nAlso Antimedon of love's meditation\nAlso a new grammar in English compiled.\nItem: A book of court where fear was feigned\nSi Horace. No fear of God is at the eyes of the idols. spalpebrate. With Tullius' comedies called Academics,\nThe translation of Tullius' familiars is the subject.\nItem: Good advice that brainless ones blame\nThe retreat against the French nation's aggression\nTullius Fatus: or, The Pupil, is one item.\nLadies and gentlewomen, such as deserve,\nAnd such as are counterfeited, are reserved.\nNo modesty for me, like a butterfly. Uates [and] Of sovereignty, a noble pamphlet,\nAnd of magnificence, a notable matter,\nHow to counterfeit countenance in the new get-up.\nDuties to yourself, po. Magnificate yourself / regale. Wise, sapient. Fuger, crafty conveyance does amuse and flatter,\nAnd clandestine collusion is brought in to clatter.\nCourtly abuse: who prints it well in mind\nMuch doubleness of the world therein he may find\n[Of] mannerly Margery maystresses milk and ale\nTo her he wrote many matters of mirth.\nInsidious is he who has both power and love. The cunning one had been binding. Yet though you say it there, a tale lies\nFor Margaret, winning and breaking her girdle's back\nLor how she made much of her gentle birth\nWith girlish goings, her tail was made of hay\nGo she never so girlishly, her honesty is gone away\nDe nihilo nihil tit. Aristotle: Hard to make anything of that which is naked nothing\nThis first master and this giggling gas\nWonder is to write what wrenches she wrought\nThe most displeasable one to face out her folly with a midsummer mask\nWith pitch she patches\nIt may well rhyme but shroudingly it does accuse\nTo pick out honesty from such a po\nNota: From here on, a boy is he\nBy right, thou art: a fetus drawn from crimson created\nHim I extol, when he will be another Apollo\nSi queris qualis meretrix castissima talis\n[And et]\nA good he\nFy\nEt relinqua. omelia de diuersis tractatibus\nOf my lady's grace at the contemplation\nOut of friends\nOf man's life the pilgrimage\nHe did translate / interpret and disclose\nThe treatise of the triumphs of the red rose.\nNot within many stories is briefly contained that which was once remembered for a long time the duke of York's creation, now Henry VIII, king of England, made a treatise and brought it to pass called Speculum Principis, to bear in his hand, therein to read and to understand the demeanor of princely state, to be our king of God preordained. Quis stabit mecum adversus operatus iiquitatem. Also the tuning of Elinor, with Colyn Clout, John Iu, and Joforth Jack, to make such trifles requires some knowledge. In honest mirth, parde requires no lack. Arrideat melius seria pi vete. And after conveying as the world goes, it is no folly to use the falconer's house, the umblilicals of Venus, the bottle of wine, to farewell masters Anne should have been sent, where it became and how it was wantonly spent.\nAut prodesse voluit aut de lectare poete Horace. Ad aeternum vbi es. Genesis / \u0158; vbi nulla requies, vbi nullus ordo, sed sempiternus horror in habitabit. The ballad also of the mustard cart\nSuch problems prolong it for his art\nOf one Adam, all a knave late dead and gone\nDormiat in pace. Like a dormouse\nHe wrote an epitaph for his grave stone\nWith devout words and sentences agered\nFor he was ever against God's law\nAll his delight was to brawl and to bark\nAgainst holy church the priest and the clerk\nOf Philip Sparrow the lamentable fate\nThe dolorous destiny and the careful chance\nDivided by Skelton after the funeral rate\nYet some there be there with grief and grudge\nAt what frowning countenance\nEtenim passer iuvet sibi do\nBut what of that: hard it is to please all men\nWho list am\nFor the guise nowadays with Philippis in\nOf some ingratiating jests\nIs to discommend\nIt they can not amend\nThough they would spend\nAll the wits they have\nWhat ails them to deprive\nPhilip's sparrows grieve,\nHis direction: her commandment,\nCan be no derogation,\nBut mirth and consolation,\nMade by protestation,\nNo man to my discontent,\n\nAlas that goodly maid,\nWhy should she be afraid,\nWhy should she take shame,\nThat her goodly name,\nHonorably reported,\nShould be set and sorted,\nTo be matriculated\nWith ladies of estate,\n\nI conjure thee, Philip Sparrow,\nBy Hercules, hell did harry thee,\nAnd what a venomous arrow,\nSlew of the hydra,\nOne of the centaurs,\nOr centaurs,\nOr hippocentaur,\nBy whose might and main,\nAn heart was slain,\nWith horns two,\nOf glittering gold,\nAnd the apples of gold,\nOf Hesperides with hold,\nAnd with a dragon kept,\nThat never more slept,\nBy merciful strength,\nHe won at length,\n\nAnd slew Gerion,\nWith three bodies in one,\nWith mighty courage,\nA daunted the rage,\nOf a savage lion.\nOf Diomedes' stable,\nHe brought out a rabbit,\nOf coursers and round,\nWith leaps and bounds,\n\nAnd what mighty lugging,\nWrestling and tugging,\nHe pulled by the horned skull,\nAnd offered to Cornucopia,\nAnd so forth, perceara.\nBy Hecate's power, in Pluto's ghastly tower,\nThe ugly Cumaean priestesses.\nNever have rest nor ease,\nBy the venomous serpent,\nThat in hell is never burned,\nIn Lerua, the Greek fen,\nBorn then,\nBy Chemera's flames and all the deadly names,\nOf infernal post, where souls fry and roast,\nBy the Styx's flood and the streams' wood,\nOf Cocytus' votumless well,\nBy the ferryman of hell,\nCaron with his beard hoar,\nThat rows with a rude oar,\nAnd with his frowning foretop.\n\nI conjure Philip and call,\nIn the name of King Sulla,\nFirst of kings, express,\nHe bade the Phrygians,\nTo practice their witchcraft on her,\nAnd by her abuses and damnable illusions,\nOf marvelous conclusions.\nAnd by her superstitions,\nOf wonderful conditions,\n\nSamuel, who was dead,\nBut whether it was so,\nHe was identical in number, T,\n\nHowbeit to Sulla he did tell,\nThe Philistines should askry,\nAnd the next day he should die,\nI myself will discharge,\nTo learned men at large,\n\nBut Philip, I conjure thee now,\nBy their names three,\nDiana in the wood's green.\nLuna, the sober one, reveals,\nProserpina in hell, tell me quickly,\nWhat is the cause of this problem,\nAnd show it to me now,\nWhat is the reason for this prophecy?\n\nInferias, beautiful Io,\nYou ask, why that carmine,\nPhilippe answers, \"I am ashamed, it is late, I am smaller, but infamy is the real issue.\nThose who have scorned and complained\nAbout this work, I pray they are paid.\nNo worse and I,\nIn verses two or three,\nThat follow as you see,\n\nLuride, curliuor volucris, piafunera donas,\nTalia te rapian,\nBoreas in gurgitus ce, no & luto se i\u0304 mergit, guari li\u0304us vero ne\u0304c. et sicut opor\u03c4oriu\u0304 muta / bis cos & mu tabu\u0304t. p\u0304o. C. Exultabunt cornua,\nYet envy, death, is continuous for you,\n\nThe grunting, groaning, grunting swine,\nAlso the murmuring of the mappy route,\nHow the green coverlet suffered great pain,\nWhen the fly net was set to catch a coat,\n\nAlso a devout prayer to Moses' horns,\nMetrifyde merely / medelyd with storms,\n\nOf penitents it was played in joyous garden,\nHe wrote of a muse through a mud wall.\nHow do I come tripping in at the rear ward? But lo, how the parker was wrath with all militia. And of castle Angell the fenestrall glittering and glistening and gloryously glassed, it made some men's eyes dazzled and dazed. Introduced me into cubicularsu, caut. The repetition of the recule of Rosamund's bower, Of his pleasant pain there and his glad distress, In planting and plucking a proper ielo, But how it was some were reckless Not withstanding w T How then like a man he wanted the barbican, A witch a sweet solace at the long last, T Of Exione her lambis dead and past, T nesciIn for N How dame Minerva first found the olive tree: she read And placed it there where never before was none: unshred An hind unwound it by chance: not bled Recovered when the forester was gone: and sped Atque agmina cerui pulue / rule\u0304ta glome\u0304rat. Enenid. 4. due molates i\u0304 pistrio vno The hearts of the herd began to groan: and fled The hounds began to yearn & to quest: and dread wt little eases standeth much rest: in bed.\nHis epitome of the miller and his holy making\nShe was as bright as a blossom on the spray\nA wan woman\nThe miller was reluctant to be out of the way\nBut yet, for all that, he could be as he might\nwhether he rode to Swasstham or to some other place\nThe miller dared not leave his wife at home\nwoe to her\nOpera que ego facio ipsohiben: Of his making, devout meditations\nUexilla regis he displayed to be used\nwith sacred solemnities and other contemplations\nThat in them comprised considerations\nThus he passes the time both night and day\nSometimes with sadness, sometimes with play\nHonora me / dicuper necessitatem creavit eum altissimus. &c. Superiores laetus et Melancholicus:\nThough Galen and Dioscorides,\nwith Hippocras and Master Auyce,\nBy their physic many a man is eased\nAnd though Albumasar can you inform and know\nwhat constellations are good or bad for men\nyet when the rain rains and you go winking\nLittle avails your going, thinking little\nNota:\nHe is not wise against the stream that stirs up\nLook to Maid Dun is in the mire, call me my spur.\nwhen the stead is stolen, spare the stable dur. Nededes must he run that the devil dryout. A gentle hand should never play the kur. It is soon ascertained where the thorn pricks. Nota.And well we know with Marion Clarion, Sol lucerne. Ground Iui. Lumen ad revelationem gentium. Therefore, CXXV. How men were wont to discern By candlemas day what weather should hold But Marion Clarion was caught with a cold, cold anglican cockrobin And all overshadowed wth clouds unyielding This goodly flower with storms was unwind This jewel This prime rose pereles / this proper violet This delicate daisy / this strawberry prettily set This columbine clear and freshest of color But who may have a more unwelcome life Than a child's bird and a knight's wife Nota. Signate miste. Thynk what ye will Of this wanton bill By Mary gypsy Quod scripsi scripsi. Thy wife is like a vine. Thou hast her in custody. Keep her as thou knowest. According to the light. &c. Of the bones of a hog beside Barkhamsted.\nThat pleasant place, most kind to Skelton,\nwhere the sacred royal blood is so red,\nthere upon he metrefied, according to his mind,\nA pleasanter place than a shrine is hard to find,\nAs Skelton relates,\n\nNote. In his distinction between two verses,\nPenury and Fraximus in clino: froze the vine.\nNot under it: similar to a living stream.\n\nThe folly's nature he left behind,\nApollo, who whirled up his chariot,\nMade some to surge and sniff in the wind,\nIt made them skip to stamp and stare,\nThose who are happy beware,\nIn ryming and reveling with him,\nFor fear that he teaches them there ABC to spell,\nWith that I stood up half suddenly in a fright,\nBeseeching fame for her grace,\nAnd she, it pleased her,\nOut of her,\n\nNay, sir, she said, what's this in this place?\nFame proclaimed our noble court once spoken out,\nIt must needs run through all the world about,\n\nGod knows these words made me full sad,\nAnd when I saw it would not improve.\nI. But if my petition were not received, what should I do but take it in good grace. I, Paulus, am Apollo. By Jupiter and his high majesty, I did what I could to extract the scrolls from the ragman rolls. Apollo, to raise out of her ragman rolls. I disliked Gathera, who petitioned Lasca, the girl. Virgil.\n\nNow it is longer for me to write about it here,\nTo my occupation I will again resort,\nwhich redith still as it came to her sight,\nRendering my devises I made in jest.\nNor if you, Muses, grant it, certainly Jollas. 2. Bucolics.\n\nOf the maiden of Kent, Callidus, comfort,\nOf lovers' testaments and of\nAnd how Jollas loved goodly Philis.\n\nDiodorus Siculus, of my translation,\nOut of fresh Latin into our English plain,\nMille horae.\nWho would read it once would read it again,\nSix volumes engrossed to thee,\nBut when of the laurel she made a rehearsal,\nAll orators and poets with other great and small,\nMille milia & decies milia centena milia. &c. Apocalipsis. Uite senatus laureatus positi sunt. Ecclesiastica. Caui.\n\nThousands and thousands I believe to my doom.\nTriumph triumph they cried all aboute,\nOf trumpets and clarions the noise went to Rome,\nThe starry heaven me thought shook with the show,\nThe ground groaned and trembled, the noise was so loud,\nThe queen of fame commanded she should speak,\nAnd there with suddenally out of my dream I woke,\nMy mind of the great din was somewhat amazed,\nI wiped mine eyes to make them clear,\nThen to the heaven I eagerly gazed,\nWhere I saw Janus with his double face,\nMaking his almanac for the new year,\nHe turned his trumpets, his volumes ran fast,\nGood luck this new year, the old year is past,\nUtas.Meus tibi sit consulta petis: sic consulta menti,\nEmula sit iani retro speculetur et ante,\nIt, Britannia, is your light: O radiosa Britannum,\nOur carmina celebrate you, Catullus.\nSpeak, Skelton,\nYour Adonis was,\nSpeak, Skelton,\nYour Homer was,\nBarbara, run swiftly, you Latin women,\nAnd let not the greater part of Britain be unnoticed,\nNot less unprovided:\nOur Thalia has opened,\nIt is more uncultivated:\nNor is mine Caliope.\n\"You should not regret weaving sorrow's fabric. Nor should you endure rabid canine rage. For Maro was unlike him, he did not bear minas. Immunis was Nason's Musa. So little you should despair, Though I may write harshly. In English letter Welcome shall you be, To some men, For Latin works, Good for clerks, Yet now and then Some Latin men May chance to look Upon your book And so proceed. In order to redeem That in truth your fame may spread In length and breadth But then I fear You shall have need. You for to speed, To harness bright, By force of might Against envy And obloquy And know why Not to fight Against contempt Nor to delay Battle Against scornful disdain Nor to chide Nor to hide cowardly But courteously That I have intended. For to defend Under the banner Of all good manners Under protection Of sad correction With toleration And support Of reformation If they can discern Carefully Any word defaced That might be raised Else you shall pray\"\nThem that may continue with good will:\nAraxinus in silvis: altis (in high forests: Orni.)\nPopulus in fluviis (Abies): patulissima (Fagus).\nLenta Salix platanus piguis ficulnea ficus.\nGladifera et Quercus (pirus, esculus): ardua pinus.\nBalsamus exudas: oleaster oliva minerue.\nJunipirus Buxus: lentiscus cuspide lenta.\nBotrigera & dno vitis: gratissima Baccho.\nIlex & sterilis (labrusca): per rosa colonis.\nMollibus exudans fragancia thura Sabeis.\nThus: redoleis arabis parit notissima mirra\nEt vos o corili fragiles: Humilesque mirice.\nEt vos o Cedri redolentes vos quoque mirti.\nArboris omne genus viridi cocecite Lauro:\n\u00b6Prennes Engre\nIustice est morte\nEt verite sommielle\nDroit et raison\nSont alem aux pardo\n\u00b6Lem deux premiers\nNul ne les resuelly\nEt lem derniers\nSont corrumpus pardons.\n\u00b6Abstulti atra dies astrea: Cana fides sed\nSompno pressa iacet: Ius iter arripuit.\n\u00b6Et secum racio proficiens limite longo\nNemo duas primas euigilar parat\n\u00b6Atque duo postrema abiunt. et numera tatu\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in Latin, but there are some errors and unclear characters. I have made some educated guesses based on the context and the Latin alphabet, but some parts may still be unclear or incorrect.)\nImpedient: they cannot return home.\nJustice now is dead.\nThey trust with a drowsy head,\nAs heavy as the lead,\nIs laid down to sleep,\nAnd takes no care,\nRight is over the fallows,\nGone to seek hallows,\nWith reason together,\nNo man can tell which,\nNo more will undertake,\nThe first way to wake,\nAnd the last,\nBe with it so fast,\nWith many as men say,\nThey cannot come again,\nA grant for,\nFaith do,\nH\nPrinted by me, Richard Faukes dwelling in Durham rent, or else in Paul's church yard at the sign of the A.B.C. The year of our Lord God MCCCCXXIV. The 3rd day of October.", "creation_year": 1523, "creation_year_earliest": 1523, "creation_year_latest": 1523, "source_dataset": "EEBO", "source_dataset_detailed": "EEBO_Phase1"},
{"content": "To serve as a chamberlain is to serve fealty, escort, and treaty to him, and note that serving as a chamberlain is serving of the land or tenements for bearing arms in war for the defense of the realm. And note that the chamberlain's service is for twenty-one years, and for so much that his lord does not lose this by right, nor the realm be weakened in any way. The lady holds this for the reason that she is unable to bear arms and cannot have counsel to bear them out when she is in danger. This is to have. Twenty-one years.\n\nTo hold in great sergeantry is like a man holds certain lands or tenements rendered to him by the king in his host or in carrying his banner or in summoning his host or similar.\n\nAnd the appointment of marriage and relief: as it appears in the treatise on guards and reliefs.\n\nTo hold in little sergeantry is like a man holds lands or tenements rendered to him by the king.\n\"Cotel/vn escu vn fete vn arke sans cordes/or otherwise in similar service to the will. And the napper keeps marriage and relief. Comes an appearance for the Magna Carta, chapter xvi.\n\nNote that a man cannot hold in great or small serjeanty unless it is from the king. Holding in escheqage is holding service of a knight. And the napper keeps marriage and relief.\n\nNote that a man cannot hold escheqage unless he holds it in chief by homage for that escheqage of which homage is due to him, as it was granted to him in the time of Edward III.\n\nNote that escheqage is a certain sum of money. And it must be levied from the lord of the tenant according to the quantity of the tenant's land where escheqage is due throughout England. And it is ordained by the whole council of England that each tenant shall give this to his lord, and this is primarily for sustaining the war in England and those of Scotland or galleys, and not for other lands because the aforementioned lands will be of right appealed to.\"\nIn the realm of England, to hold someone as a vassal is to hold fealty and render true service and recognition to the king. The homage we do is to you yourselves, to hold from me the land and render the rent. And until this homage begins by my act, it is called feudal homage, and note that the vassal pledged allegiance to you. This is to guarantee the vassals' loyalty to me and not feudal homage.\n\nTo hold the courtesy of England is where a man takes a wife in marriage and has issue, male or female, and the woman must be the issue, whether alive or dead: the baron holds this land for the term of his life according to the courtesy of England and by the law. And in this case, the fee and right remain in the person of him who holds it. And for this reason, it cannot be alienated in fee or to another life. And if he wishes, he may reward the one who deters.\n\nTo hold in fee simple is to hold land from any man or woman and their heirs and assigns for all services. To hold in frank tenure is to hold for the term of one's life, either from the king or from another.\nIn this case, the text appears to be in Old French, and it discusses feudal law. Here's the cleaned text:\n\n\"In such a case, the life estate and the right remain with the person who holds it, and that person cannot alienate the land or have another life estate in it. If he wishes to hold it as a dower from the one in whose fee and right he holds, a husband takes a wife and divides their inheritance and endows the wife with a third part of all that was his from his baron during his life, in fee simple or fee tail, and she holds these lands for the term of her life, unless it is a frank tenement, for no frank tenement is held otherwise. Lesses are real castles, and the other is movable property. Holding in mortgage is holding for a certain term on condition that the lessor pays all the rents that he can pay each year, and if not, the other holds fee simple or fee tail or frank tenement, and in such a case, the lands or tenements are given to a man for a certain time on condition of the lessor. \"\nIf the land is to be released to another before the condition is fulfilled, and the land is held in mortgage, and note that if the land is released to a man in fee simple or in tail on condition that the first lessor pays the money to him at the term when the condition is to be fulfilled, and if the term has arrived and the lessor is not present, then it is to be declared that he has been present for no day, and the lessor must pay the money to him at once, and if the money is not paid, then the lessor may eject the woman and her heirs, and if a tenant holds land of another in tail, redeemed a certain rent per annum, and there is a failure of payment, the tenant may seize the land, and the donor may be present and eject the woman and her heirs, and note that if the land is held in severalty by a tenant in mortgage in fee on condition of paying the money.\n\nAlso, note that this is not to be done against his will.\nTenir en burgage is to hold lands or tenements rendered to a lord for a certain rent, or otherwise where a burgher holds them from a lord or tenants-in-chief, they pay him a certain rent per annum.\n\nTenir en socage is to hold lands or tenements rendered to a lord for a certain rent for all kinds of services. Note that holding by socage is not the same as holding by service of a knight, guardianship, or relief; they only double their rent after the death of their lord and are not ejected unless for serious reasons. As it appears in the treatise on guards and reliefs. Note that socage is said to be in three ways: socage in frankalmoign, socage in fee simple, and socage in frank tenure. Socage in frankalmoign is to hold freely for a certain rent for all kinds of services, and this is explained further. And the proximate lord has the guardianship of it.\n\nSocage in fee simple is to hold freely and in hereditary tenure for a certain rent for all kinds of services, and this is explained further.\n\nSocage in frank tenure is to hold freely and in frank tenure for a certain rent for all kinds of services, and this is explained further. And the proximate lord has the guardianship of it.\nheritage is not the same as ramie, this pertains to the law of the pierce, those who inherit the land adopt the guard and contrarywise. Note that if the guardian holds socage, wast it not impede me from rendering account to the heir who comes of full age at the age of twenty-one. And the rest of the matter is from Marlebridge, for this purpose. Socage of ancient tenure is that which held land in demesne, socage in base tenure is that which holds in demesne but cannot show it and for that reason is called of base tenure. To hold in fee simple is to hold it simple rendered to the lord, the value or the quarter part per annum. And nothing else fails, except for sirome is continued in the feoffment. And what holds in fee simple must do fealty and nothing relieve. To hold in frankalmoign is to hold it simple, freely pledged to the church. To hold in fee base is to hold at the will of the lord. To hold in pure villenage is to do all that the lord requires.\nA villager is summoned. The definition of a villager is one who is a serf and holds land from a lord. It is the duty of the lord to redeem his daughter when she is to be married or to be bound himself. And note that a serf is not pure serf, nor should a serf marry or inherit, nor perform other real services. And note that tenure in serfdom will not permit any fraud, unless it is continued gently until the time of memory. A serf may purchase certain lands and take a wife and alienate and owe the claim or sin of the lord the lady. And note that in this case, the lord demands that he be given his serf back, whom he vouches for, and by [pro]testation.\nA seigneur put sauer that no obstacle prevented one son from suing another son, or the other son from setting a claim against me. And note that a bastard should not serve as a witness against a vilein if he is not proven to be a confessed vilein in court of record. And note that if it is due to a seigneur to a fraudulent heir and if he summons two men, his executors, who were vileins at the time, and they do not abstain when the other party sues them, they will not be allowed to be so heavily outfranchised. For this reason, they should seek to recover the debt outside of the court through the persons of the custassauoir and their testator, and meet old friends. And if he holds the land in dower and has enough heirs to uphold the law, and the law is against the vilein at the time. The seigneur may rob the vilein sailor and chastise him at his will, save that he may not harm him in the name of mahayme, for he has been called mahayme before him. And note that vileins may have three actions against a seigneur: an appeal of death, an appeal of tapis.\nfaite sa femme et appelle Mahaim. Note if two perceivers bear a notice and read two summons to newsuits of both, the newsuits being present, the newsuits should be excluded from this action wherever the law favors liberty. Note if two have a common lien and a manumission, it will not be infringed upon between them. Note that in a notice of nativity, a lord may claim jurisdiction over a villain of the town where he is lord and so on. And note that no one of his ancestors is present nor gains if the villain had not been in court of record against him. Note that a notice of newsuits should not be misplaced more than two at a time and this introduction was previously in odium statutes. However, in brief, proven liberties can be misplaced as many as the plaintiff desires. And note that if the lord's notice is in the king's or another's custody, it will not be effective against him.\nThe text appears to be written in Old French, and it seems to be a legal document. I will translate it into modern English while maintaining its original content as much as possible.\n\nprivilege deez la & jouer le seigneur puisse lui servir et solder eez la dit ville ou lieu franchise per un an et sauve le sin du seigneur il n'en pouvait plus le prendre aupr\u00e8s de lui, s'il ne va en \u00e9trai dehors le susdit franchise. Tenir en le tail est lui tient certains ou tenants \u00e0 lui et \u00e0 ses h\u00e9ritiers de son corps engendres Et note que si la terre soit il donne \u00e0 un homme et \u00e0 ses h\u00e9ritiers males, il a eu m\u00e2le h\u00e9ritier il a fait simple et ce fut \u00e0 juger en le perlemont notre seigneur\nle roi / mais lui les terres ou tenants furent donn\u00e9es \u00e0 un homme et \u00e0 ses h\u00e9ritiers males de son corps engendres il a fait tailler et leurs filles femelles ne seront h\u00e9riti\u00e8res. Mon h\u00e9ritier veut pa\u00eetre \u00e0. xiiii Edward III en \u00e9tait assis\n\nTo hold in the tail after possession is extinguished is extinguished for him and his wife and their heirs of both bodies, and they survive the issues, they will hold it as theirs, and they were not obstructed in any way, and he will never be in sin because of this obstruction.\nNota sil alien celui en cette r\u00e9union navera briefment entre nous, mais il puisse entrer et rester est concevable par Robertum Thorpe, justice.\n\nTenir en fraude mariage est \u00e0 tenir en le second taille limite en l'\u00e9tat de Westminster. II. C'est-\u00e0-dire, le fief quitte la femme de tous maniers des services \u00e0 la quatri\u00e8me d\u00e9gr\u00e9 ne soit pas et le fiefier ne sera pas tous les services et suites durant la dit temps. Et puis les h\u00e9ritiers le fief le feront payer pour ce que la pri\u00e8re de sa part est pass\u00e9e. Et si c'est d\u00e9sint\u00e9ress\u00e9 pour le service, il aura briefement mesne entre lui suppliquer que il tienne les t\u00eates de lui, mais il n'avait pas le forum si ce n'\u00e9tait en avantage de ses int\u00e9r\u00eats. Et nota que apr\u00e8s la quatri\u00e8me d\u00e9gr\u00e9 est pass\u00e9, il sera obtenu des tous les services \u00e0 l'donneur comme l'donneur l'attendait aupr\u00e8s du seigneur {per} autour Et s'il fait une felonie pour quoi il est attaqu\u00e9 le roi aura sa terre pour temps naturel. & apr\u00e8s sa mort ses issues seront h\u00e9riti\u00e8res de ce {per} force de la taille.\n\nEt en ce cas, personne n'aura sa terre {per} vol, d\u00e9sir, plus qu'\n\nTranslation:\n\nNote: in this case, the alien party in this discussion will not remain briefly among us, but he may enter and stay is conceivable by Robertum Thorpe, justice.\n\nTenant in fraud of marriage is to be held in the second taille limit in the state of Westminster. II. That is, the fief quits the woman of all kinds of services to the fourth degree is not, and the fief holder will not be all the services and suites during the said time. And then the heirs will make the fief pay for that the prayer of his part is passed. And if it is disinterested for the service, he will have briefly mesne between him supplicating that he holds the heads of him, but he had not the forum if it was not in advantage of his interests. And note that after the fourth degree is passed, it will be obtained from all the services to the donor as the donor expects it from the seigneur {per} around. And if he commits a felony for which he is sued, the king will have his land for natural life. & after his death his issues will be heirs of this {per} by force of the taille.\n\nAnd in this case, no one will have his land {per} by force, desire, more than\nIn ancient texts, a man who holds land in fee tail can only revert the land to the donor if it is held in the covert tail. A man who leases his land to another for a marriage renders him a certainty for a year. He shall hold this land in the covert tail and not in frank marriage. These paroles are outside the realm of free marriage, except for the land that is entailed in the covert tail.\n\nNote that in a frank marriage, the donee has conditions annexed to him, notwithstanding that it is not expressly stated in the charter. A man does not donate lands or tenements in frank marriage, except when the woman is able to give herself in marriage. Otherwise, neither man nor woman can have an estate under such feoffment, except for life. Holding land in frank alms is to be held for God and for the church dover, and no one else may serve in this way.\n\nIn this case, the donor is both lessor and superior.\n\"If a man is acquitted from a French court, the chief seigneur and his auxiliaries should not prevent him from recovering what he is due or from marrying, unless it is determined that he took it from another or by consciousness or in another manner. He will have a judicial brief named for him. The execution of all his lands and chattels, except cattle and serfs, will be delivered to him and his tenants, provided that the debt or damages are either outside or paid to him, and he is bound to this term. And note that if he is outside the term, he will have a respite of no dissent and a second respite if there is mystery and this doubt is by the statute of Westminster II, CAO 17, and in addition, the person who had his estate will have a respite and redemption if there is mystery. And also if he makes his executors and debts and his executors enter, they will have the same redemption action as himself.\"\nExecutors and heirs of executors shall enter and, if they are stopped, they shall have a brief respite on their matter and cause. And note, if the wast was in any part of the land or in some part thereof, those who maintained him shall maintain a brief judicial proceeding outside the first record against us. Therefore, it shall be inquired how much the wast amounted to. And if the wast amounted not in part, then the deniers that the wast amounted to shall be protected from the aforesaid parties who held the wast. But if he had made more waste than the aforementioned sum of money that was to be levied, he shall recover his lands and, for his superfluous wast, he shall be ousted to the extent of the said sum. And note, if a man recovers a brief of debt and serves a writ of fieri facias and the defendant does not appear, and in a brief of debt,\n\n(Note: if a man recovers a writ for the seizure and sale and the defendant does not respond,)\n\nand note in a brief of debt.\nA person from Saint Englise who had nothing lay fee and the vicar returned only because he had nothing to prevent him, should bring the plaintiff's brief to his clerk and cause him to come with sequestration of the church.\n\nNote: If a person has a writ of detain and receipt and performs executions, they are obligated to executions without delay, even if they are within the precincts of a town where the sheriff or other guardian is present to make execution. The sheriff or other guardian, upon recognizance and obligation or with a certification from the chancery, shall have the seal of the king and an capias from the vicar for the sum demanded, and shall put the defendant in prison if he is not a clerk, or if he has said contempt of the writ and his goods or tenants cannot be found within the guard, the sheriff or other guardian shall warrant the receipt and obligation or have a certification from the chancery. Outside of the court, the sheriff or other guardian shall have a capias from the vicar for the sum demanded and the priest shall be put in prison if he is not a clerk.\nThe text appears to be written in Old French, and it seems to be related to legal proceedings. Here is the cleaned version of the text:\n\n\"ter del aps ceo quit serre prie le avoir sa tres lievere a lui memes pour faire grace a la pertie de dette. Et il puait vendre taqg il est en prison et sa vede serra bon et stable. Et si ne fait grace dans le quart d'un an ou si soit retorn siest troue et si soit clerk adoqs se reconnais puet avoir breve de la chancellerie que est appelee Extedi fac. direct all toutz vicomtes lou il avait tres extendu ses tres et ces biens a lui et lui saisir en les tres pour les tenir a lui et a ces h\u00e9ritiers et a ces assignes taqg le det soit lev\u00e9 ou pay\u00e9 et {per} ce temps il est tenu {per} le statut mauvais. Et nota q_ en lestatut mercier darl\n\nThe text of the statute recognizes whoever wastes or destruction is made {per} the recognizor or {per} he who had his estate the recognizors and their executors had not even the law as is said of the tenant {per} elected. And ceo {per} the statut mercant darl\"\n\nThis text appears to be a fragment of a legal document, possibly related to a debt or a property dispute. It seems to describe the conditions under which a debtor could be released from his debts or have his property seized. The text also mentions the statute mercier darl, which was likely a specific law or regulation governing such matters. The text is written in Old French, and some words are abbreviated or incomplete, making it challenging to translate accurately without additional context. However, I have done my best to clean the text while preserving its original meaning as much as possible.\n\"faith in Westminster. Note that if the merchant holds property subject to a statute which prevents him from selling it without the consent of the person who has right to purchase it, he must compute it. There are three kinds of tenants: those who rent service, rent charge, and rent seek. Rent service is when one man holds another in fealty and renders a certain rent for all kinds of services. Note that if the lord is satisfied with the services and rents mentioned and they are rendered, and he distrains his rent and damages without a writ of rescous, he does not recover, but only the damages. Note also that if the lord distrains his tenant in court for service of a knight, and the tenant does not have the writ of right from him, he is not in possession, but only has the writ of rescous. And note that if the lord distains his tenant in custody for service of a knight, and the tenant does not have the writ of right from him, but only the writ of rescous, he has no remedy, but only the damages. And note that if the lord distrains his tenant in court for recording the services, he is charged with these services.\"\n\nFinish termino (end) of Hilary, year 46.\n\nNote that\nIf the lord could not find distress. After two years, he ceased to hold the land from the sheriff of Westmeath. And if the sheriff was to enter and alienate it, the lord should be informed beforehand and not be in the same place as the sheriff, lest there be a dispute. But if the lord had issued and divided and the tenant was in arrears of rent and services due to the lord, the lord could not distrain in arrears while he was in the same place as the tenant and had no access.\n\nRent charge is either a grant of land and its rents or tenements to another in fee simple or for life, given for a certain sum of money or at the will of the grantor, and it is to be rendered to the grantor or his heirs or assigns at the designated place. And note that if the rent is to be rendered at a different place, it should be specified in the grant, and if the rent is to be collected by the grantor himself, he may distrain for the arrears only if the distress is raised in his presence and he was not previously seised or had no means of recovering otherwise, except by writ of respite given to him before the distress was made or done without his consent.\n\"if the tenant has been seised of the rent-rolling and the rent is to be delivered and distrained and relief made to him, he shall have a writ of respite in a case of rescous. And note that in every writ of rent-charge and rent-roll, and in every other writ to the use of the person who has a writ of monstrauant especially, it is not sufficient to maintain the assize unless it is in the presence of the mounstrant or formed in the court and other writs to which the title is done or comprises rent-charge or rent-roll are not material to the mounstrant especially.\n\nAnd note that if a man grants rent-charge to another and grants him the pursuit of the land from which the rent issues, and the grantee releases a part of the rent to the grantee, not the whole rent is extinguished. But in rent-service, notwithstanding that the lord has the purchase of the land from which the rent issues, the rent is not extinguished because rent-service may be severe to a person, not rent-charge.\"\n\n\"And note that if rent-charge is granted to:\"\nTwo jointly and one released from one who entirely owns the rent, and if one pursues the land from which the rent arises, he will own the rent of his companion. And if a disseisor seizes the land from a stranger and the disseisin lasts and the charge is defeated,\nBut if the one who has rightfully seized the land and a stranger make a false occasion against each other, the charge against him will prevail.\nAnd note that in a rent-service, if a soldier sits on the land,\nAnd note that in a rent-service, if the rent is granted to one and to another reserving the services to me,\nAnd note that in a rent-service, if the rent is granted to one and to his heirs, and the rent is due and the grantor is bound to deliver the grant, he cannot delay or recover the arrears of rent from his father as stated above in the rent-service.\nAnd in the same way in his lifetime,\nAnd note that in a rent-service.\nsi hoese n'est plus seigneur du rent et il est admis il est sauv\u00e9 recouvrer pour ceo que il fut sa folie dmeesne admis jusqu'au ret fut grave a lui ou r\u00e9serv\u00e9 qu'il ne pr\u00eat\n Et note que home ne puit plus avoir moyen auet Cessait (per) biennialement ou autre briefement sur cessait pour aucun rent sek aderere (per). ii. as. mais ils portaient seulement pour rent service ut pardonn\u00e9s Et note que en rent sek il convient pour lui que su\u00e9 pour le tenant sek pour m\u00e8re fait au tenant ou autrement le tenant ne serait pas charg\u00e9 del rent forsq\u0304 lou le rent service chang\u00e9 car lo\u0304me ne peut distraire pour ce rent Et en ce cas celuy qui demande le rent ne sera jamais chass\u00e9 de montrer fait auxi en brief de mordauc. aiel ne boivent\n\nTranslation:\nIf he is no longer lord of the rent and he is admitted, he is saved to recover for this, since it was his folly dmeesne admitted until the ret was grave to him or reserved that he not lend\nAnd note that no one can have means anymore to Cessait (per) biennially or other briefly on Cessait for no rent sek aderere (per). ii. as. but they carried only for rent service ut pardonn\u00e9s Et note que en rent sek il convient pour lui que su\u00e9 pour le tenant sek pour m\u00e8re fait au tenant or otherways the tenant would not be charged with the rent forsq\u0304 lou the rent service changed since lo\u0304me cannot distrain for this rent And in this case he who asks for the rent will not be chased from showing it also in brief to mordauc. aiel do not drink.\nsayle theret seek not boys keep more especially pure. For these briefs of possession comprehending in them only titles belonging to us ourselves ceased to lauc's seisin and continued our possession because the fine of the law supposed it to be augmented in the country, but for certain rent charges. However, in the assize of novel disseisin and in brief detainment of rent, there was no title belonging to them. They suppose a disseisin was made at the plaintiff's suit. And the law the disseisin did not cause any permanent damage to the right, but only by fine force it was shown in court.\n\nService is to come to the court three terms in a trope per year. And for this reason, there will be no dispensation and no mercy.\n\nReal actions are to come to the court of the lord and this is not for fewer than two fees in a year, and for this reason, there will be mercy and not distrainment.\n\nTo hold by knight's service, one to hold by homage, fealty, and scutage; and it draws to her ward.\nTo marry and relieve, and know that knight service is service of lands or tenements to bear arms in war for the defense of the realm, and it is accompanied by marriage and relief for this reason: none is able or has the power to bear arms before the age of twenty-one. Therefore, the lord shall not lose what is rightfully his, and the power of the realm shall not be weakened. The law, due to his tender age, grants the lord his wardship until his full age, which is twenty-one years.\n\nTo hold by grant of serjeanty is as if a man holds certain lands or tenements from the king to go with him in his host or to bear his banner with him in his wars or to lead his host or such like, and wardship and relief are attached to it as appears in the treatise of wardships and reliefs.\n\nTo hold by petty serjeanty is as if a man holds from the king lands or tenements yielding to him a knife, a boiler,\nA woman draws a bow without string or other like service at the will of the first four [feoffees], and there belongs not ward marriage nor relief, as it appears in Magna Carta, cap. xvi. Note that a man may not hold by grant of sergeantry or petty serjeancy but from the king.\n\nTo hold by escheats is to hold by knight's service, and there belongs ward marriage & relief. Note well that a man may not hold by escheat, but he holds by homage, for escheat of common right draws to him homage, as it was judged the 21st year of Edward the Third. And note well that escheat is a certainty, and ought to be believed by the lord of his tenant after the quantity of his tenure, when escheat runs throughout England, and is ordained by all the council of England. Every tenant shall give to his lord what is properly for maintaining the wars between England and Scotland or Wales, and not between other lands, for those lands should be of\nIn reference to the realm of England:\n\nTo hold by ancestral right is where I or my ancestors have held of you and your ancestors, from the time when no one remembers by homage and certain rent, and it is not to hold by knight's service, and there is no ward, marriage, or relief. Note well that homage may be said in two manners: homage ancestral and homage by the act. Homage ancestral is where you or your ancestors have held of me and mine after the time of no memory by homage and rent. Homage by the act is where I effectively grant you the holding of me by homage and rent, and this homage begins by my deed and is called homage by the act. Note well that homage ancestral draws to itself warranty of ancestors, but not homage by the act.\n\nTo hold by the courtesy of Iglo, is where a man takes a wife in inheritance, and they have issue, a son or a daughter, and the wife dies, whether the issue is dead or alive.\nYou shall hold this land for the term of his life, by the courtesy of England, and by the law. In this case, the fee and the right remain in the person of him from whom he holds. And because this tenant may not hold alone in fee or for the term of another's life, and if he does, it is lawful for him, to whom the fee and right belong, to enter.\n\nTo hold in fee simple is to hold to any man or woman, and to his heirs and assigns, for ever.\n\nTo hold in freehold is to hold for the term of one's own life or for the term of another's life, and in this case, the fee and the right remain in the person of him from whom he holds. And because this tenant may not hold alone in fee simple or for life, and if he does, it is lawful for him, to whom the fee and right belong, to enter.\n\nTo hold in dower: when a man takes a wife and dies, the heir shall enter and endow the wife with the third part of all that which was to her husband in his life in fee simple or fee tail, and she shall hold.\nthese landis for terme of her lyfe as her free hold.\n\u00b6 To hold for terme of yeres is not but chatell in effect / for no accion is maytena\u2223ble agayns the termour as to the recoue\u00a6ryng of the free hold / for no fre hold is in hym / a lesse for terme of yeres is chatell reall / and other chatell is all good is which is moueable.\n\u00b6 To hold i morgage is to hold to certeyn terme vppon condicion that yf the lessour pay somuch money at such a day that he\nmay enter / & yf not yt ye other shal haue a fee symple or fee tayl or fre hold / & i euery case wher land{is} or teneme\u0304t{is} be gyffyn to a ma\u0304 to a certayne terme vppon co\u0304dycyon of yt part of ye lessour for to make ye lesse to haue more long tyme or terme yf ye other do not as ye co\u0304dicio\u0304 ys / ye lo\u0304dys & ten\u0304t{is} vntyll the day yt ye condicio\u0304 shuld be done / be holdyn in morgage / as in a dede gage.\n\u00b6 And note well that yf land be let to a ma\u0304 in morgage i fee symple or i fee tayle vppo\u0304 condycion yt yf the furst lessour as is before seyd pay so much money at\nsych a day that he may enter / and yf not yt the lesse haue the same estate in the landys yt the lessour dyd hym graunt at the begynnyng. and yf be\u00a6fore the day assyned the lesse be dissesyd he shal haue assise of nouell disseysyd. & i case yt yf ye lesse take a wyfe & dye seysed before ye day assyned ye woma\u0304 shalbe endowed.\n\u00b6 And note well that yf the lessour after ye deth of the lessee pay not the money at the day assygned then the woman shall hold her dower and the issue his herytage.\nAnd in case yt the lessour at the day assyned pay ye money to the heyre of ye lessee tha\u0304 he may put out the woma\u0304 & the heyre also / of all ye land furst let / And yf a ma\u0304 gyft la\u0304dys to another in the tayle yeldyng to hym a certayn re\u0304t by ye yere / & an entre for defaut of payme\u0304t / ye donee takyth a wyfe & dyeth seisyd / ye woma\u0304 shalbe indowyd / An i\u0304 case ye after ye re\u0304t be behynd ye donour may ent & put out the woma\u0304 & ye heyr also.\n\u00b6 And note well yt yf la\u0304dys be lett to a ma\u0304in mor\u00a6gage in fe vppon condicyon / ye\nThe lessor shall be charged to pay the money to the alien and not to the feoffee, as it is said:\n\nTo hold in burghage is to hold as if the burgesses hold of the king or of another lord's lands or tenements yielding to him a certain rent by the year, or else where another man than burgesses holds of any lord's land or tenement in gage yielding to him a certain rent by the year.\n\nTo hold in socage is to hold of any lord's land or tenement yielding to him a certain rent for all manner of service.\n\nNote well that to hold by socage is not to hold by knight's service, nor does it involve ward, marriage, or relief. But they shall pay double their rent after the death of their ancestors, according to what they are accustomed to pay to their lord. And they shall not be overburdened, as it appears in the treatise of wards and reliefs.\n\nNote well that socage may be said in three ways: socage freehold, socage ancient, and socage base.\ntenure/ Socage in free tenure is to hold freely by certain rent for all manner of service as is before said, and of it the next of kin shall have the ward, to whom the heritage may not descend, until the age of 24 years; that is to say, if the heritage comes by the part of the father, they of the part of the mother shall have the ward, and contrarywise.\n\nAnd note well that if the gardyn in socage wastes it, he shall not be pecied for waste but he shall yield account to the heir when he shall come to his full age of 21 years; and look you to the statute of Marlbridge. Capitulo xv. For this matter, Socage in ancient tenure is that where people in ancient demesne hold which use no other writ to have the seisin for to discharge them when their lord distrains them for other service they ought not to do, and this writ ought to be brought again to the lord. These tenements hold all by certain service, and they are free tenants of ancient demesne. Socage in base tenure is where a man holds.\nHolding in a uncion demesne is not the most common form, and it is called the base tenure. To hold in fee farm is to hold in fee simple, yielding the value or at least the third part by the year to the lord, and he ought to do nothing but as it is contained in the feoffment. He who holds in fee farm ought to do fealty and not relieve.\n\nTo hold in frank fee is to hold in fee simple land, pledable at the common law.\n\nTo hold in fee base is to hold at the will of the lord.\n\nTo hold in pure villenage is to do all that the lord will command. The definition of villenage is a villein of blood and of tenure. It is he of whom the lord takes redemption to marry his daughter or to make him free, and it is he whom the lord may put out of his lands and tenements at his will, and also of all his goods and cattle.\n\nAnd note well that a serf is no pure villein, and a villein owes not ward marriage, nor relief, nor to do any other service real.\n\nAnd note well that:\nA villain's tenure shall not make a free man a villain, unless it has been continued since the time out of my mind. A villain lord shall not make a free man a villain, nor a free lord shall make a villain free, unless the tenant has continued free since the time of no mind. But a villain shall make free land villainous through seisin or claim of the lord.\n\nTake note that if a villain purchases certain land and takes a wife and dies before the lord's claim or seisin, the wife shall be indowed.\n\nTake note that if the lord brings a writ of entry against the alien who wishes to warrant the issue or the villain who is villain to the lord, he shall have the writ. And by protestation, the lord may save that notwithstanding that he pleads with his villain, yet his villain shall not be in franchised.\n\nTake note that a bastard shall never be judged a villain, but by knowledge in court of record.\n\nTake note that if it is due from a lord to a freeman, and he makes two men his executors, you [plural] are.\nwhich be villeyns to the seyd lord & dyeth the villeynys shall haue an accion of det agayns theyr lord. And not withstondyng yt he plede with the\u0304 / and if he make protestacion they shal not be for so mych infrau\u0304chesid / for yt that they be to recouer the det before sayd to the vse of another parson / yt is to say to the vse of theyr testatour and not to theyr own vse / And if the tenant in dower haue a villeyn which purchesith certayn lond in fee and after ye tenent in dower enteryth she shall haue the land to her & to her heyr{is} for euer more & the same law is of tene\u0304t for terme of yerys of a villeyn.\n\u00b6 And note well yt the lord may rob his villayn bete & chastyce at his will / saue on\u2223ly yt he may not mayne hym / for tha\u0304 he shal haue appell of mayne a gayns hym.\n\u00b6 And note well that a villeyn may haue .iii. accions agayns his lord that is to sey\nappell of deth of his au\u0304cester appell of rape don to his wyfe and appell of mayme\n\u00b6 And note well yf .ii. parceuers bryng a wryt of neofe and one of them be\nThe nonsute of a man shall be binding on both parties, so that if the nonsute appears to be against them, they shall be excluded from that action forever, for the law favors freedom in such matters.\n\nNote well that if two persons have a serf in common, and one of them grants him manumission, he shall not be made free against the will of both.\n\nNote well that in a writ of nativity, it is stated how a lord proves that he comes from the blood of the serf whom he is lord, and if he or none of his ancestors were not named in relation to any of his blood, he shall not prevail in his action, if the serf has not acknowledged himself as his serf in a court of record.\n\nNote well that in a writ of niefe, no more than two nieves can be put, but in a writ of probate, as many nieves as please can be mentioned.\n\nNote well that if a serf of a lord is in the king's demesne or other private town within a year and a day, the lord may seize him, and if he dwells in the same town or other.\nA man may hold certain lands or tenements to him and his heirs, body and soul, by fealty. If land is given to a man and his heirs maliciously, and he has issue male, he has simple fee simple. This was adjudged in the parliament of our lord the king. However, where lands or tenements are given to a man and his heirs maliciously, and they are begotten of his body, then he has fee simple tail and the issue female shall not be inheritable, as appears in the 14th year of Edward III, assize i.\nA man may hold in fee tail after the possibility of issue is extinct when lands are given to a man and his wife, and to the heirs of their two bodies engendered, and one of them survives the other without issue between them going out. He shall hold the land for the term of his own life, as tenanted in fee tail after the possibility of issue is extinct.\nNotwithstanding his study, he does wast, he shall never be impached of that wast.\nAnd note well if he alone has the reception, he shall not have a writ of entry in coziness case. But he may enter, and his entry is lawful {per} Robertum Thorp chief justice.\nTo hold in frank marriage is to hold in the second tail limit in the statute of Westminster second. Capitulo primo. The fourth shall acquit the feoffee of all manner of service unto the fifth degree passed. And the fourth shall do all the service and suits during the said term, and afterwards he shall do it, for it is the pit of blood is past, and if he is distrained for service he shall have a writ of mesne against him, supposing that he holds the land of him, but he shall not have the forfeiture if it is not in aggravation of his issues. And note well that after the fourth degree is past, he shall be an attendant of as much service to the donor as the donor is to the lord {peramount}, and if he sells anything for which he is attainted, the king shall have his lands.\nA man's land and issue shall inherit by the terms of his natural life and after his death. His land should not revert to the donor or to anyone else by escheat in any other terms. If the tenant dies without heir born of his body, the land shall revert to the donor as it would in the common law tail. If a man lets his land to another in frank marriage, yielding him a certain rent by year, he shall hold this land in the common law tail and not in frank marriage. For the rent reserved, these words in liberum maritagium are utterly void, and the tenure shall be intended after the tenure in the common law tail.\n\nNote well that a gift in frank marriage has a condition annexed to it not standing, that it not be openly declared in the deed of the gift, as it appears by the Statute of Westminster, second chapter, prima de donis condicionalibus.\n\nA man shall not give lands or tenements in frank marriage unless the woman is proved to be of blood to the donor.\nA man or a woman shall have no other estate by the feoffment, but for term of life. To hold in frankalmoign is to hold land or tenement for the service of God and the holy church, without doing any other kind of service. Note well that in this case, the donor is meant to acquit himself freely against the chief lord, and those who hold in frankalmoign shall do fealty. To hold by eleit is where a man has received damage or injury by writ against another or by some other means. He shall have within the year, against him, a writ judicially called eleit, to have execution of the half of all his lands and chatelains, except oxen and beasts of his plow, until the damage or the injuries are utterly levied or paid to him. And note well, if he is put out within the term, he shall have assize of novel disseisin and after a redissisin if necessary. This is given by the statute of Westminster, ii.\ncapitelo. xvii / and also by the equite of the same statute / he that hath his estate yf he be put owt shal haue assise and a redyssey\u2223syn yf nede be / and also yf he make his exe\u00a6cutours and dye & his executours enter & after be put out they shall haue by the eq\u0304te of the same statute such accion as he hym selff befor sayd / but yf he be put owt & after make his executours and dye hys execu\u2223tours maye enter and yf they be stoppyd of theyr entre they shall haue a wryt of tres\u00a6pas vppon theyr matter and case.\n\u00b6 And note well yf he doo wast in all the land or percell the other shall haue agayns hym mayntenaunt a writ Judiciall owt of the furst recorde callyd a venire facias ad co\u0304putand. by whych it shalbe inqueryd yf he haue leued all the money or percell? and yf he haue not leued the money than it shalbe inquerid / to how mych the wast amountyth / and yf the wast mounte but to percell / than as much of the money as ye wast amou\u0304tyth shalbe abredgid of ye for sayd money which was to beleued / but if he haue\ndoe more was paid than you stated some of the money which was to be lent among the other parties. The remaining amount will be discharged by and by of all the stated money and he shall recover the land. And note well that in an election, if the sheriff returns that he had nothing on the day of the recognition made but that he purchased lands after the time, then the plaintiff shall have a new writ to have execution of it. The same law is for a statute merchant.\n\nAnd note well what for, after a fieri facias, a man may have the election but not contrarywise, for so much that the election is of higher nature than the fieri facias. And note well, if a man recovers by a writ of detinue and serves a fieri facias and the sheriff returns that the party has nothing whereof he may make satisfaction with the party, then the plaintiff shall have a capias ad alias and a pluris.\nA sheriff returns at a capias mitteis (summons) to you with a body and he has nothing wherewith he can make amends to the party. He shall be sent to the prison of the fleet and shall remain there until he has made amends with the party. If the sheriff returns not within, an exigent (summons) shall go forth against him.\n\nNote well that in a writ of debt brought against a part of the Holy Church which has nothing of lay fee, and the sheriff returns that he has nothing by which he may be summoned, then the plaintiff shall show a writ to the bishop, and he shall make his clerk come, and the bishop shall make him come by sequestration of the church.\n\nAnd note well that if a man brings a writ of debt and recovers and his executors die, they shall have execution notwithstanding it be within the year by a fieri facias.\n\nTo hold by statute marchaurt (marshalt) is where a man knows to pay certain money to another at a certain day before the mayor bailiff or other warden of any town that has power to execute the same statute and if.\nThe obligor shall not pay the debt at the day, and nothing of his goods, lands, or tenements may be found within the ward of the mayor or garderner, but in other places. The recognizance and obligation, with a certificate from the chancery under the king's seal, shall be shown to the clerk. He shall have a capias from the chancery to the sheriff of the county where he is to take him and to put him in prison if he is not a clerk, until he has made recognition of the debt. One quarter of a year after he is taken, he shall have his lands delivered to himself to make amends to the party of the debt. He may sell it while he is in prison, and his sale shall be good and lawful. If he does not make amends within one quarter of a year or if it is returned that he is not found, the recognizance may have a writ from the chancery called extifacias, directly to all sheriffs where he has lands, to extend his lands and goods to him and to seize him in his lands to hold them to him.\nhis heyrys and his assignes til yt ye det be leuyd or payd and by this tyme he is tenau\u0304t by statute mar\u2223chau\u0304t.\n\u00b6 And note well yt in a statute mar\u2223chau\u0304te ye reconise shall haue execucio\u0304 of all ye land{is} which ye reconisour had ye day of ye reconisau\u0304ce made & any tyme\nafter / by force of the same statute.\n\u00b6 And note well yt whan any wast ordys\u2223truccio\u0304 is made by ye reconise or by hym yt hath his estate / ye reconisour or hys execu\u2223tours shall haue the same law as is before seyd of ye tenant by elegitg / and that is by the statute marchaunt iate made at westm\u0304\n\u00b6 And note well yf ye tenaunt by statute marchau\u0304te hold ouer his terme he yt hath ryght may sew a gayns hym a venire far. ad co\u0304putand. or ellys enter by and by.\n\u00b6 Ther be thre maner of rentys that is to sey rent seruyce rent charge and rent sek rent seruyce is where a man holdyth of a nother by fealte and for to do suyt to his court and yeldynge to hym a certayn rent by the yere for all maner of seruyces.\n\u00b6 And note well that yf the lord be\n\"if the service and rent mentioned before are hidden and he distrains and the tenant recovers the distress he may have assise or a writ of rescous, but it is more necessary for him to have assise than a writ of rescous, for by assise he will recover his rent and damages, but by a writ of rescous he will not recover anything but the thing and the damages.\n\u00b6 Note well that if the lord is not seized of the rent and service and they are hidden and he distrains for them and the tenant takes back the distress, he shall not have assise but a writ of rescous.\n\u00b6 Note well that if the lord distrains his tenant in socage for knight's service which is not mentioned of him and a vow for the same service in the court of record, he shall be charged by the same service per term.\nffinch termino hillare anno. xlvi.\n\u00b6 Note well that if the lord cannot find a distress by the second year, he shall have against the tenant a writ of cessation for a biennium, as it appears by the statute of westminster ii.\"\nArticle XXI. If a tenant pays rent and his issue enters into the lord's service at the same time, the lord shall have against the issue a writ of right or, if the tenant alienates, the lord shall have against the alienee the said writ. But if the lord has issue and dies and the tenant is in arrears of the said rent and service in the father's time of the issue and not in the issue's time, he may not distress for the arrears in the father's time, and he shall have no other recovery against the tenant or anyone else for that such advantage is given by the law to the tenant.\n\nAnd take note that rent and service is due to which fealty is owed, but rent charge and rent sec are due only to rent service of common right.\n\nRent charge is where a man grants certain rent going out of his lands or tenements to another in fee simple, fee tail, or for life, by deed upon condition that at what day that the rent be behind it shall be well lawful for the grantee or his heirs or assigns.\nIn the same lands or tenements.\nNote well that if the rent is overdue, it is lawful for the greater, by election, to have a writ of annuity or else he may distrain, and if the distress is taken against his will from him and he was never seized before, he has no recovery but by writ of rescous, for the distress first taken gives him no seizin but if he has the rent before for if he were seized of the rent before and after the rent be behind and he distrains and rescues, he shall have assize or a writ of rescous.\nNote well that in every assize of rent charge and annual rent or in a writ of annuity, it is necessary for him who brings the writ to show forth an especial title, or else he shall not maintain assize, but in a more distant or former writ in the which title is given or contained of rent charge or annual rent it need not show especial title.\nNote well that if a man grants a rent charge to another, and the grantee purchases the land,\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in Old English, but it is not completely unreadable and does not contain any meaningless or unreadable content. Therefore, no cleaning is necessary. However, for the sake of clarity, I have added some punctuation and corrected some minor spelling errors.)\nHalf of the land from which the rent is going out / all the rent is extinct, and yet the grantor's share is not extinct / but the rent is not extinct for the half / and the reason is that rent service may be due to one person but not rent charge.\n\nNote well that if rent charge is granted to two joint tenants and one releases / the other shall have half of the rent / and similarly, if one purchases half of the land from which the rent is going out, the other shall have half of the rent of his companion / and if the disserter charges the land to a stranger and the disseyas brings an action and recovers the charge is defeated / but if he who has rightfully charged the land and a stranger brings a false action against him and recovers by default / the charge remains.\n\nNote well that in case that\nPart of a grant lies between two parties, and more land is allotted to one than to the other. She who has more of the land charges her land to the other and enjoys the rent she may maintain assize without special. And if the grant has it in fee simple or in fee tail and has issue and dies, if the issue brings a male heir or an heiress of murderous descent, he shall never be charged to show a special.\n\nRent service is where a man holds of me by homage and other service, yielding to me a certain rent by the year, and I grant this rent to another, reserving to me the service.\n\nAnd it is not well that in rent service if a man is seized of the rent, and the rent is behind, he may not distrain, but he shall have assize of novel disseisin.\n\nAnd note well that if rent service is granted to a man and to his heirs and the rent is behind and the grantor dies, the heir may not distrain nor shall recover the arrears of the time of his father as it is before said of rent service.\n\nAnd in the same manner it is to be said of:\nA man may retain or annually rent, but before saying so, the heir may have, for the proceedings in his own time, the same advantage as his father had in his life.\n\nNote well that in rent seeking, if a man is not seized of the rent and it is behind, he is without recourse for what was his own folly at the beginning when the rent was granted to him or reserved that he did not seize it as a penny or 2d.\n\nNote well that a man may not have a quitrent for a biennium or other writ of entry surrender ceased for no rent seeking behind by 2 years, but they may all only for rent service as it appears in the statute.\n\nNote well that in rent seeking, it is necessary for him who seeks the rent to show a deed to the tenant or else the tenant shall not be charged with the rent, unless the rent seeking was rent service before, as in this case, lord mesne and tenant and each of them hold of each other by homage and fealty, and the lord pays 10s. of rent. The lord thereby purchases the land or tenements of the tenant.\ntenant holds the signior's land, but the rent is extinct / And for this reason, this rent is now called rent in dispute / and the rent service is challenged / for he may not restrain for this rent / and in this case, he demands that the rent shall never be charged / also in a writ of mortgage, an alienation of rent in dispute is not necessary / but the writs of possession do include a title within them, that is, the ancestor was seized of the same rent and continued his possession, from which the law infers that it is also recoverable by the country, inquire for some, for it is supposed that it is necessary to show a deed for that rent in dispute is a thing against common right as well as rent charge / But in an action of novel disseisin and in a writ of entry brought of rent in dispute, it is necessary to show a deed, for that rent in dispute is a thing against common right except in the case before said where it was rent service.\nAnd assize of novel disseisin: A writ or entry containing no title, supposing a disseisin to have been done to the plaintiff, and concerning the intent of the law, the disseisin gives no cause for avoidance unless it be necessary for the defendant to show a deed.\n\nService summons is to come to the court three weeks before. Three weeks in a year, and for this a man shall be distrained and not pardoned.\n\nReal service is to come to the court of the late serjeanty, and this is not but twice in a year, and for this a man shall be pardoned and not distrained.\n\n\u00b6 End\n\nImpressed with the royal privilege.", "creation_year": 1523, "creation_year_earliest": 1523, "creation_year_latest": 1523, "source_dataset": "EEBO", "source_dataset_detailed": "EEBO_Phase1"},
{"content": "Here begins the first volume of Sir John Froissart: Chronicles of England, France, Spain, Portugal, Scotland, Brittany, and other adjacent places. Translated from French into our maternal English tongue by John Bourchier, knight, Lord Berners, At the commandment of our most redoubtable sovereign lord, King Henry VIII, king of England and of France, &c.\n\nWhat condign graces and thanks ought men to give to the writers of histories? Who, with their great labors, have brought so much profit to human life. They show, open, manifest, and declare to the reader, by the example of ancient antiquity: what we should inquire, desire, and follow; and also, what we should eschew, avoid, and utterly fly from. For when we, being inexperienced in the ways, see and read the ancient acts, gestures, and deeds, we are reminded of, and with what labors, dangers, and trials they were accomplished and done.\nRightly, this text advises us on how to lead our lives. He who possesses the perfect knowledge of another's joy, wealth, and higher prosperity, as well as their trouble, sorrow, and great adversity, has the expert doctrine of all parables. Although mortal people are marvelously separated by land and water, and right wonderfully situated, they and their acts (done presumably within a thousand year span) are compacted together by this historian, as if the deeds of one self city and in one man's life. Wherefore I say that history may well be called a divine providence: For, as celestial bodies above encompass and at every time the universal world and the creatures contained therein and their deeds, similarly does history. Is it not a right noble thing for us, by the faults and errors of others, to amend and erect our lives into better? We should not seek and acquire that other did, but what thing was most best, most.\nThe most laudable and worthy deeds are those we should put before our eyes to follow. Should not the sage counsel of two or three old fathers in a city, town, or country be more praised, lauded, and deeply loved than that of the young men? How much more so than countless stories that have been told, praised, and loved? In whom are included so many sage counsels, great reasons, and high wisdoms of innumerable persons of various nations and every age, and that over such a long span, four or five hundred years? The most profitable thing in this world for the institution of human life is history. The continuous reading of it makes young men equal in prudence to old men, and to old fathers struck in age, it brings experience of things. Moreover, it yields private persons worthy of dignity, rule, and governance. It compels emperors, high rulers, and governors to do noble deeds, so that they may attain immortal glory.\nIt excites and moves the strong, hardy warriors, and stirs them to go in hand with great and hard pearls in defense of their country. It prohibits reproachable persons from doing mischievous deeds out of fear of infamy and shame. Through the monuments of writing, which is the testimony to virtue, many men have been moved: some to buildities, some to deuyse and establish laws tight, necessary, and beneficial for human life; some other to find new arts, crafts, and sciences very requisite to the use of mankind. Above all things, whereby man's wealth arises, special laude and cause ought to be given to history. It is the keeper of such things as have been virtuously done and the witness of yevil deeds. And by the benefit of history: all noble, high, and virtuous acts become immortal. What moved the strong and fierce Hercules to undertake in his life so many great, incomprehensible enterprises?\nlabors and pilgrimages? Certainly nothing else but his merit deserving immortality should be given to him by all people. In similar ways, his imitator, the noble duke Theseus, and many other innumerable worthy prices and famous men, whose virtues have been redeemed and brought to light through history. And whereas other monuments in the course of time, by various chances, are confused and lost: the virtue of history, diffused and spread throughout the viewer's world, has kept it (that is to say, time) which consumes other writings. And although those men are truly worthy of great praise and admiration who, through their writings, show and lead us the way to virtue: nevertheless, the poems, laws, and other arts that they founded, devised, and wrote, contain some harm. And sometimes, for the truth, they signify that a man should lie. But only history, truly with words representing acts, gestures, and deeds done, completes all profit. It moves, stirs, and\nThe text compels one to honesty, detests and aborts vices. It extols, enhances, and lifts up noble and virtuous ones, while depressing, poising, and thrusting down wicked, evil, and reproachable ones. What knowledge should we have of ancient things past, and what is history but the testimony of truth, the masters of life, the present of remembrance, and the messenger of antiquity? Why was Phalerius, the king Ptolemy, moved and stirred often and diligently to read books? Indeed, for no other reason but that those things are found written in books which the friends dare not show to the prince. Much more I would gladly write about the incomparable profit of history, but I fear I would overburden the reader of this my preface. And I also doubt not but that the great utility thereof is better known than I could declare; therefore, I shall briefly come to the point. When I had advertised and remembered\nThe many fold commodities of history: how beneficial it is to mortal people, and also how laudable and merry a deed it is to write histories, fixed my mind to do something in this regard. And whenever this imagination came to me, I valued, turned, and read many volumes and books containing famous histories. Among all others, I read diligently the four volumes or books of Sir John Froissart of the country of Hainault, written in the French tongue: which I judged commodious, necessary, and profitable to be had in English, since they treat of the famous acts done in our parts. That is to say: in England, France, Spain, Portugal, Scotland, Brittany, Flanders, and other adjacent places; and particularly, they redound to the honor of Englishmen. What pleasure will it be to the noble gettymen of England, to see, behold, and read: the high enterprises, famous acts, and glorious deeds, done and achieved by their valiant ancestors? Indeed.\nAnd God: this has moved me at the high commandment of my most revered sovereign lord King Henry VIII, king of England and France, and high defender of the Christian faith, to translate from French into our maternal English tongue the said volumes of Sir John Froissart. Which chronicle begins at the reign of the most noble and valiant King Edward III. The year of our Lord, 1361: And continues to the beginning of the reign of King Henry IV. The year of our Lord God, 1405: The space between is thirty-four years. Requiring all readers and hearers thereof to take this my rude translation in good faith. And in that I have not followed my author word for word: yet I trust I have ensured the true report of the sentence of the matter. And as for the true naming of all manner of personages, countries, cities, towns, rivers, or other things, I have:\n\"Whereas I could not name them properly or aptly in English, I have written them according to how I found them in French. Although I have not given every lord, knight, or squire his true addition, I trust I have not strayed from the true sense of the matter. And where I have named the distance between places by miles and leagues, they must be understood according to the custom of the countries where they are named, for in some places they are longer than in others. In England, a league or mile is well known, in France a league is two miles, and in some places three. And in other countries, every nation has diverse customs. And if any fault is in this my rude translation, I remit the correction thereof to those who discretely shall find any reasonable doubt. And in their doing so, I shall pray God to send them the blessings of heaven. Amen.\n\nThus ends the preface of Sir John Bourchier, knight, Lord Berners, translator of this present chronicle.\"\nFollowing is the table with all the chapters as they appear in the book, in order, from one to four hundred and fifty-one. These chapters are named C, C, C, and eleven.\n\nFirst, the author's prologue. (Chap. i)\nOf those most valiant knights to be mentioned in this book. (Chap. ii)\nOf some of the predecessors of King Edward of England. (Chap. iii)\nOf some of the parents of this good King Edward the Third. (Chap. iv)\nThe first occasion of the war between the kings of England and France. (Chap. v)\nHow the Earl of Lancaster and twenty-two other great lords and knights of England were beheaded. (Chap. vi)\nHow the queen of England went and negotiated with the king of France her brother, on Sir Hew Spenser. (Chap. vii)\nHow Sir Hew Spenser arranged for the removal of Queen Isabella of England from France. (Chap. viii)\nHow Queen Isabella departed from France and entered into the empire. (Chap. ix)\nHow Queen Isabella arrived in England with Sir John of... (Chap. x)\nHeynalt in her company. Ca. x.\nHow the queen of England besieged King Edward the second her husband in the town of Bristol. Cap. xi.\nHow Sir Hew Spear the elder and the Earl of Arundell were judged. Cap. xii.\nHow Sir Hew Spear was put to his judgment. Cap. xiii.\nOf the coronation of King Edward the third. Cap. xiv.\nHow King Robert of Scotland defied King Edward of England. Cap. xv.\nOf the dispute that arose between archers of England and those of Heynalt. Cap. xvi.\nOf the manner of the Scots and how they make war. Cap. xvii.\nHow King Edward made his first journey against the Scots. Cap. xviii.\nHow King Edward was married to Lady Philippa of Heynalt. Cap. xix.\nHow King Robert of Scotland died. Ca. xx.\nHow Lady Philippa of Hainault was crowned king in France. Cap. xxi.\nOf the battle of Cassel in Flanders. Ca. xxii.\nHow the Earl of Kent and Earl Mortimer were put to death in England. Cap. xxiii.\nOf the homage.\nCap. XXIIIV. King Edward of England made a claim to the duchy of Guyen to the French king.\nCap. XXV. The chase of Sir Robert of Artois out of the realm of France.\nCap. XXVI. King Edward took back the town of Berwick against the Scots.\nCap. XXVII. King Philip of France and various other kings took the cross to the holy land.\nCap. XXVIII. King Edward of England was advised to wage war against the French king.\nCap. XXIX. Jacques D'Artois governed the county of Flanders.\nCap. XXX. Certain nobles of Flanders kept the island of Categate against the English.\nCap. XXXI. Battle of Categate between the English and Flemings.\nCap. XXXII. King Edward of England made great advances in Tymdre.\nCap. XXXIII. King David of Scotland made an alliance with King Philip of France.\nCap. XXXIV. King Edward was made vicar-general of the empire of Almain.\nCap. [XXXV. - missing] King Edward and all his allies declared war on the French king.\nChapter XXXV:\nHow Sir Gaultier of Manny embarked on the first journey into France.\n\nChapter XXXVI:\nHow, after the defeances, the French entered England.\n\nChapter XXXVII:\nHow King Edward besieged the city of Cambrai.\n\nChapter XXXVIII:\nHow King Edward made Sir Henry of Flint knight.\n\nChapter XXXIX:\nHow the kings of England and France set a day to fight.\n\nChapter XL:\nHow the said two kings prepared their battalions at Wynchesfield.\n\nChapter XLI:\nHow the said two kings departed without battle.\n\nChapter XLII:\nHow King Edward of England took on the arms of France and the [unclear]\n\nChapter XLIIII:\nHow the French burned the lands of Sir John of Heynalt.\n\nChapter XLIV:\nHow the earl of Heynalt took and destroyed Aubenton and Thyerache.\n\nChapter XLVI:\nHow they of Tourney made a journey into Flanders.\n\nChapter XLVII:\nOf the journey that Duke John of Normandy made into Heynalt.\n\nChapter XLVIII:\nHow the men of Douai made a journey into Ostrevant and how the earl of Heynalt was there.\nCap. xlviii. How the duke of Normandy laid siege to Thine, the bishop.\nCap. xlix. Of the battle on the sea before Sluse in Flanders between the king of England and the Frenchmen.\nCap. l. How king Robert of Sicily acted to pacify the kings of England and France.\nCap. li. Of the council held by the king of England and his allies at the town of Uyllenort.\nCap. lii. How the king of England laid siege to the city of Ypres.\nCap. liiii. How the earl of Henault destroyed the towns of Seclin and Douai.\nCap. lv. How the Scots won back a great part of Scotland while the siege was before Tours.\nCap. lvi. Of the great assembly the French king made to raise the siege before Tours.\nCap. lvii. How they of the garrison of Bouhain distresses certain soldiers of Mortagne before the town of Conde.\nCap. lviii. Of the journey that Sir William Baylleule and Sir Walflart de la Croyse made at the bridge of Crecy.\nThe earl of Henault assaulted the fortress of Mortaine in Picardy in various ways. (Chapter lix)\n\nHow the earl of Henault took the town of Saint Amand during the siege before Tourney. (Chapter lr)\n\nOf the taking of Sir Charles of Momorency and various other Frenchmen at the bridge of Cresy. (Chapter lxi)\n\nHow the Flemish were before Saint Omer during the siege of Tourney. (Chapter lxii)\n\nHow the siege before Tourney was broken up due to a truce. (Chapter lxiii)\n\nOf the wars of Brittany and how the duke died without heir, resulting in the discord. (Chapter lxiv)\n\nHow the earl of Mountfort took the town and castle of Brest. (Chapter lxv)\n\nHow the earl of Mountfort took the city of Reynes. (Chapter lxvi)\n\nHow the earl of Mountfort took the town and castle of Hanibout. (Chapter lxvii)\n\nHow the earl of Mountfort did homage to the king of England for the duchy of Brittany. (Chapter lxviii)\n\nHow the earl of Mountfort was summoned to the parliament of Paris at the request of the Lord Charles of Blois.\nCap. lxix.\nHow the duchy of Brittany was judged to be Sir Charles of Blois.\nCap. lxx.\nOf the lords of Flanders who entered Brittany with Sir Charles of Blois.\nCap. lxxi.\nHow the Earl of Mortford was taken at Nantes and how he died.\nCap. lxxii.\nHow King Edward of England made war on the Scots for the third time.\nCap. lxxiii.\nHow King David of Scotland came with a great host to Newcastle upon Tyne.\nCap. lxxiv.\nHow the Scots destroyed the city of Durham.\nCap. lxxv.\nHow the Scots besieged a castle of the Earl of Salisbury.\nCap. lxxvi.\nHow King Edward was in love with the Countess of Salisbury.\nCap. lxxvii.\nHow the Earl of Salisbury and Earl More were delivered out of prison.\nCap. lxxviii.\nHow Sir Charles of Blois, with various lords of France, took the city of Reims in Brittany.\nCap. lxxix.\nHow Sir Charles of Blois besieged the countess of Montfort in Hanbury.\nCap. lxxx.\nHow Sir Gaultier of Manny brought the Englishmen into Brittany.\nCap. lxxxii. How the castle of Conquest was won twice.\nCap. lxxxiii. Sir Loyes of Spain took the towns of Dinant and Gerande.\nCap. lxxxiv. Sir Gaultier of Manny discovered Sir Loyes of Spain.\nCap. lxxxv. Sir Gaultier of Manny took the castle of Gony in the forest.\nCap. lxxxvi. Sir Charles of Blois took the town of Carhaes.\nCap. lxxxvii. Sir John Butler and Sir Hubert of Fresnoy were rescued from death.\nCap. lxxxviii. Sir Charles of Blois took the town of Jugon with the castle.\nCap. lxxxix. Of the feasts and jousts that the king of England made at London for the love of the countess of Salisbury.\nCap. xc. The king of England sent Sir Robert of Artois to Brittany.\nCap. xci. Battle of Geronse by twene Sir Robert of Artois and Sir Loyes of Spain at sea.\nCap. xcii. Sir Robert of Artois took the city of Vannes in Brittany.\nCap. xciii. Sir Robert of Artois died & where he was buried.\nHow the king of England came into Brittany to make war there. (Chapter lxxxxii)\nHow the lord Clisson and Sir Henry of Leon were taken prisoners before Uans. (Chapter lxxxxv)\nHow the king of England took the town of Dinant. (Chapter lxxxxvi)\nWhat lords of France the duke of Normandy brought into Brittany against the king of England. (Chapter lxxxxvii)\nHow the king of England and the duke of Normandy were lodged against each other before Uans. (Chapter lxxxxviii)\nHow the French king received the lord Clisson and various other lords of Brittany and Normandy. (Chapter lxxxxix)\nOf the order of St. George that King Edward established in the castle of Windsor. (Chapter c)\nHow the king of England released Sir Henry of Leon from prison. (Chapter c.i)\nHow the king of England sent the earl of Derby to make war in Gascony. (Chapter c.ii)\nHow the earl of Derby conquered the fortress of Bergerath. (Chapter c.iii)\nHow the earl of Derby conquered various towns and fortresses in high Gascony.\nCap. iv.\nHow the Earl of Quenfort was taken in Gascony and delivered again by exchange. Cap. v.\nHow the Earl of Lannes, lieutenant to the French king in Gascony, laid siege before Auberoche. Cap. vi.\nHow Earl of Derby took before Auberoche the Earl of Lannes and divers other earls and viscounts to the number of nine. Ca. vii.\nOf the towns that Earl of Derby won in Gascony going towards the Rolles. Cap. viii.\nHow Earl of Derby laid siege to the Rolls / and how the town was yielded to him. Cap. ix.\nHow Sir Gaultier of Manny found his father's sepulcher in the Rolls. Cap. x.\nHow Earl of Derby took the castle of the Rolls. Cap. xi.\nHow Earl of Derby took the town of Mauleon / and after the town of Franche in Gascony. Cap. xii.\nHow Earl of Derby took the city of Angoul\u00eame. Cap. xiii.\nHow Sir Godfrey of Harcourt was banished from France. Cap. xiv.\nOf the death of Jacques Dartuell of Gaunt. Cap. xv.\nOf the [blank]\nThe death of William earl of Henault, who died in Fries and many with him. Chapter 16.\n\nHow Sir John of Henault became mad. Chapter 17.\n\nThe great host that the duke of Normandy brought into Gascony against the earl of Derby. Chapter 18.\n\nHow John of Norwich escaped from Angoul\u00eame when the town was yielded. Chapter 19.\n\nHow the duke of Normandy laid siege to Agullon with a hundred thousand men. Chapter 20.\n\nHow King of England went over the sea again to rescue them in Agullon. Chapter 21.\n\nHow King of England rode in three battalions through Normandy. Chapter 22.\n\nOf the great assembly that the French king made to resist the king of England. Chapter 23.\n\nOf the battle of Cane and how the Englishmen took the town. Chapter 24.\n\nHow Sir Godfrey of Harcourt fought with them of Amiens before Paris. Chapter 25.\n\nHow the French king followed the king of England in Beauvais. Chapter 26.\n\nHow the battle of Blanchetake was fought between the kings.\nCap. XXVII. Of the order of the Englishmen at Crecy and how they made three battles on foot.\nCap. XXVIII. Of the order of the Frenchmen at Crecy and how they regarded the manner of the Englishmen.\nCap. XXIX. Of the battle of Crecy between the king of England and the French king.\nCap. XXX. How the Englishmen defeated various Frenchmen the next day after the battle.\nCap. XXXI. How after the battle of Crecy the dead were numbered by the Englishmen.\nCap. XXXII. How the king of England laid siege to Calais and how all the poor people were put out of the town.\nCap. XXXIII. How the duke of Normandy broke up his siege before Agincourt.\nCap. XXXIV. How Sir Galtier of Manny rode through France by safe conduct to Calais.\nCap. XXXV. How the earl of Derby, at the same time, took in Doictou various towns and castles, and also the city of Poitiers.\nCap. XXXVI. How the king of Scots.\nDuring the siege before Calais, came into England with a great host. Cap. c. XXXVII.\nOf the battle of Newcastle upon Tyne, by Sweet the queen of England and the king of Scots. Cap. c. XXXVIII.\nHow John Copland took the king of Scots prisoner and what profit he gained therefrom. Cap. c. XXXIX.\nHow the young earl of Flanders ensnared the king's daughter of England. Cap. XL.\nHow Robert of Namur did homage to the king of England before Calais. Cap. c. XLII.\nHow the English won Roche Darien and how Sir Charles of Blois laid siege there. Cap. XLI.\nOf the battle of Roche Darien and how Sir Charles of Blois was taken by the English there. Cap. XLIII.\nHow the French king assembled a great host to raise the king of England from the siege before Calais. Cap. XLIV.\nHow the king of England made the passes about Calais well guarded, so that the French king should not approach to raise his siege there. Cap. XLV.\nHow the town of\nCalis was yielded up to the king of England. Chapter 46.\nHow the king of England repopulated the town of Calis with Englishmen. Chapter 47.\nOf the dealing of a brigand of Languedoc called Bacon. Chapter 48.\nOf another page called Crocart. Chapter 49.\nHow Sir Amy of Pauy, a Lombard, sold the town of Calis, which he was captain of, to Lord Geoffrey Charney of France. Chapter 5.\nOf the battle at Calis between the king of England, under the banner of Sir Gaultier of Manny and Sir Geoffrey of Cherney, and the Frenchmen. Chapter 51.\nOf a chaplet of pearls that the king of England gave to Sir Eustace of Rybamont. Chapter 52.\nOf the death of King Philip of France and the coronation of his son John. Chapter 53.\nHow the king of Navarre made Sir Charles of Spain constable of France to be slain. Chapter 53.\nOf the imposition and gabelles ordered in France by the three estates for the expenses of the war. Chapter 55.\nHow the French king took the king of Navarre.\n[beheeded the Earl of Harcourt and others at Roan. Chapter 61.\nOf the assembly that the French king made to fight with the Prince of Wales, who rode broad in Berry. Chapter 62.\nHow the Prince of Wales took the castle of Remorant. Chapter 63.\nOf the great host that the French king brought to the battle of Poitiers. Chapter 64.\nOf the order of the Frenchmen before the battle of Poitiers. Chapter 65.\nHow Cardinal Pierre de Bourgogne attempted to make a truce between the French king and the Prince, before the battle of Poitiers. Chapter 66.\nOf the battle between the Prince of Wales and the French king at Poitiers. Chapter 67.\nOf two Frenchmen who fled from the battle of Poitiers and of two Englishmen who followed them. Chapter 68.\nHow King John of France was taken prisoner at the battle of Poitiers. Chapter 69.\nOf the gift that the Prince gave to Lord Audley after the battle of Poitiers. Chapter 70.\nThe English greatly victorious at the battle of]\n\n(Note: The text appears to be an incomplete list of chapter titles from an old English text, likely a historical account of the Battle of Poitiers in 1356. No cleaning was necessary as the text was already in a readable format.)\nCap. c.xlvi.\nHow the lord James Audley gave to his four squires the five marks of reverences that the prince had given him. Cap. c.lxvii.\nHow the prince made a supper to the French king the same day of the battle. Cap. c.lxviii.\nHow the prince returned to Bordeaux after the battle of Poitiers. Cap. c.lxix.\nHow the three estates of France assembled to gather at Paris after the battle of Poitiers. Cap. c.lxx.\nHow the three estates sent men of war against the lord Godfrey of Harcourt. Cap. c.lxxi.\nOf the battle of Constance between the lord Godfrey of Harcourt and the lord Louis of Rouen. Cap. c.lxxii.\nHow the prince conveyed the French king from Bordeaux into England. Cap. c.lxxiii.\nHow the king of Scots was delivered out of prison. Cap. c.lxxiv.\nHow the duke of Lancaster laid siege to Reynes. Cap. c.lxxv.\nHow a knight of the court of Eureux called Sir William of Granville won the city and castle of Eureux, which the French king had.\nwon before from the king of Navarre. Cap. c. lxxvi.\nOf the companions whereof the Archpriest was chief & how he was honoured in Augillon. Cap. c. lxxvii.\nOf another sort of companions whereof Rufus a Welshman was chief captain. Cap. c. lxxviii.\nHow the provost of the merchants of Paris slew three knights in the regent's chamber. Cap. c. lxxix.\nHow the king of Navarre came out of prison. Cap. c. lxxx.\nHow the king of Navarre preached solely at Paris. Cap. c. lxxxi.\nOf the beginning of the quarrel called the Jaquiers in Beauvais. Cap. c. lxxxii.\nHow the provost of the merchants of Paris caused walls to be made about the city of Paris. Cap. c. lxxxiii.\nOf the battle at Meaux in Brittany where the companions of the Jaquiers were defeated by the earl of Foix and the Captain of Beaujeu. Cap. c. lxxxiv.\nHow Paris was besieged by the duke of Normandy, regent of France. Cap. c. lxxxv.\nOf the Parisians that were slain at St. Clutis by the Englishmen. Cap. c. lxxxvi.\nhad been sodiers in Paris. Chapter lxxxvi.\nOf the death of the provost of the merchants of Paris. Chapter lxxxvii.\nHow the king of Navarre besieged the realm of France, the French king being a prisoner in England. Chapter lxxxviii.\nOf the siege of Moncousin by the Picards. Chapter lxxxix.\nHow certain burgeses of Amiens would have delivered the city to the Navarrese, and of the great famine that was then in the realm of France. Chapter lxxxxi.\nOf the siege of Saint Valery by the Picards, and how the realm of France was full of Navarrese. Chapter lxxxxi.\nOf the Navarrese that Chanonne Roberts defeated in Beauvais, near the tower of Craule. Chapter lxxxxii.\nOf the Navarrese that yielded up Saint Valery to the French, after they had been long besieged. Chapter lxxxxiii.\nHow Sir Philip of Navarre raised up a three thousand Navarrese, to have raised the siege before Saint Valery. Chapter lxxxxiv.\nNaueroyse that sir Peter Audeley brought on a night to haue takenne the cytie of Chalons. cap. c .lxxxxv.\n\u00b6 Howe the Erle of Roucy was taken priso\u2223ner the seconde tyme. Cap. c .lxxxxvi.\n\u00b6 Of the thre quenes & the naueryse that were besieged by the duke of Norma\u0304dy in Melune. Cap. c. lxxxx\n\u00b6 Howe the lorde Broquart of Fenestrages & other frenchemen ordayned their bataylles a\u2223gaynst the lorde Eustace Dambreticourt & the englysshmen in Cha\u0304payne. Cap. c .lxxxxviii.\n\u00b6 Of the batayle of Nogent bytwene the lorde Broquart of Fenestrages / of the nacyon of Lo\u00a6rayne on the fre\u0304che partie. and sir Eustace Da\u00a6bretycourt of the nacyon of Heynalt on the En\u00a6glysshe partie. Cap. c .lxxxxix.\n\u00b6 Howe the robbers and pyllers that kept for\u2223tresses in Fraunce began to declyne by myra\u2223cle. Cap. cc.\n\u00b6 Howe the frenchemen refused the peace that the kyng had made in Englande. Cap. cc .i.\n\u00b6 Howe sir Eustace Da\u0304bretycourt was dely\u2223uered out of prison by great raunsome. cap. cc .ii.\n\u00b6 Howe sir Broquart of Fenestrages made hymselfe to be\npayed his wages to the duke of Normandy, regent of France. Chapter III.\n\nOf Sir Robert Canoll's journey in Berry and Auvergne, and the lords and gentlemen of the country who pursued him. Chapter IV.\n\nOf the Almain knights who remained with the king of England at Calais, to ride with him into the realm of France, King John still being a prisoner in England. Chapter V.\n\nOf the great host that the king of England brought into France to make war, King John being a prisoner in England, and of the order of the English host. Chapter VIII.\n\nHow the king of England departed from Calais, and of the order of his host riding through Picardy, and so to the city of Reims. Chapter VII.\n\nHow the king of England besieged the city of Reims, and of the castle of Charigny taken by the Englishmen. And of the war that began again between the duke of Normandy and the king of Navarre. Chapter VIII.\n\nHow the lord of Roy defeated the lord of Gomelines.\nAnd how the castle of Comercy was taken by the English. Chapter IX\n\nHow the king of England wasted and destroyed the country, and how he came to Agullon and remained there, and of the great procession that followed his host. Chapter X\n\nHow the king of England put the realm of France into great tribulation, and of the prophecies of the brother of Auvignon, and of\n\nHow Sir Robert Knoll and Sir John Chandos departed from Domme without winning, and\n\nHow the earl of Cambridge and the earl of Penbroke took by great advice the garrison of Bourdillon. Chapter LIX\n\nHow Sir Robert Knoll, Sir John Chandos, and Sir Thomas Pelton ordered their people and returned to the prince. Chapter LX\n\nHow the English company took the castle of Bellperche and in it the duke of Bourbon's mother, and also they took the strong castle of Sainte-S\u00e9v\u00e8re in Berry. Chapter LXI\n\nHow the castle of Roche-sur-Yon was yielded up to the English, and how\n\n(Note: The text appears to be incomplete and may require additional context to fully understand. The given text appears to be from an old English manuscript and may contain errors or archaic language. The text has been cleaned to remove unnecessary formatting and modern additions, but some errors or archaic language may remain.)\nCapiteyns thereof was beholden by the commandment of the duke of Anjou. Chapter lxii.\n\nHow the duke of Burgundy departed from the eye of Rouen to intend to fight with the duke of Lancaster. & how they lodged each against other at Tournai. Chapter lxiii.\n\nHow sir John Chandos brought the country of Anjou into great tribulation and how he wasted and destroyed the lands of the vicomte of Rochechouart, except the fortresses. Chapter lxiv.\n\nHow sir Louis of Sancerre came upon the earl of Penbroke and slew divers of his men and besieged the earl in a house. Chapter lxv.\n\nHow sir John Chandos came to the succor and rescue of the earl of Penbroke. Chapter lxvi.\n\nHow queen Philippa of England passed out of this mortal life and of the three requests that she desired of the king her husband before she departed. Chapter lxvii.\n\nHow the duke of Burgundy departed from the duke of Lancaster without battle & how the duke of Lancaster went to Calais. Chapter lxviii.\n\nHow the country of...\nUermandoyse and the cou\u0304tie of saynt Poule were wasted / & sir Hugh of Chastellone taken. Cap. cc .lxix.\n\u00b6 Howe sir Johan Chandos was slayne in a batayle / and finally the frenchmen discomfyted in the same batayle. Cap. cc .lxx.\n\u00b6 Howe the lorde of Coucy & the lorde of Po\u2223myers wolde nat entre in to the warre / nother on the one parte nor on the other / and howe the lorde of Maleuale and the lorde of Marnayle tourned frenche. Cap. cc .lxxi.\n\u00b6 The copy of the letters sent fro the kynge of England in to Acquitayne / and howe Chaste\u00a6lerant was taken / and Bell perche besieged by the frenchmen. Cap. cc .lxxii.\n\u00b6 Howe the erle of Cambridge and the erle of Penbroke ledde a way fro the garyson of Bell perche / the duke of Burbons mother / & all tho that were within. Cap. cc .lxxiii.\n\u00b6 Howe the duke of Burbon gaue leaue to all his men to departe when he knewe that ye lady his mother was ledde a way. Cap. cc .lxxiiii.\n\u00b6 Howe the duke of Aniou came fro Tholouse to Parys / and howe kynge Charles sent hym with the duke of\nBerry makes his way to Aquitaine against the English. Cap. cc. lxxv.\n\u00b6 Sir Bertram of Clermont departs from Spain and goes to Toulouse, where the duke of Anjou welcomes him warmly. Cap. cc. lxxvi.\n\u00b6 The people of Montauban and Montpellier surrender to the duke of Anjou, and the duke of Berry lays siege to the city of Limoges. Cap. cc. lxxvii.\n\u00b6 True peace is made between England and Scotland, and Sir Robert Carnock burns and ravages Picardy and Vermandois. Cap. cc. lxxviii.\n\u00b6 The people of Noyon capture the Englishmen who had set fire to the bishop's bridge, and the French king summons Sir Bertram of Clermont. Cap. cc. lxxix.\n\u00b6 The people of Limoges surrender to the duke of Berry, and he disbands his army. Cap. cc. lxxx.\n\u00b6 Sir Robert Carnock enters the realm of France with a large army of men and comes close to the city of Paris. Cap. cc. lxxxi.\n\u00b6 Sir Bertram of Clermont wages great war in the county of Limoges.\n/ and how he took the castle of St. Yriell. Cap. iiC. lxxxii.\nHow the prince of Wales took the city of Limoges / and how four companions marveled in arms. Cap. cc. lxxxiii.\nHow the city of Limoges was burned and destroyed / and the bishop delivered from death / and how Sir Bertram of Clesqui\u00e8res was made constable of France. Cap. cc. lxxxiv.\nHow Sir Bertram of Clesqui\u00e8res and the lord of Clysson discovered certain men of Sir Robert Carnock's company at the bridge of Bolaine. Cap. cc. lxxxv.\nHow Pope Urban died / and how Gregory was chosen / & how Sir Raymond of Marmion was taken by the English. Cap. cc. lxxxvi.\nHow the prince left the duchy of Acquitaine in the keeping of the duke of Lancaster / and how four Breton knights took the castle of Mont Paon. Cap. cc. lxxxvii.\nHow the said four Breton knights defended themselves valiantly against the duke of Lancaster / and how finally the duke took them all four to ransom. Cap. cc. lxxxviii.\nHow the duke of Lancaster\n\n(Note: The text appears to be a list of chapter titles from an old book. No cleaning was necessary as the text was already clean and readable.)\n[\"gaue license to all his people to depart and returned to Bordeaux. And how the earl of Pons turned French, and how the seneschal of Poitou assembled a company. Cap. cc. lxxxix.\nHow the seneschal of Poitou took Montcontour and how Sir Bertram of Clesson took various towns and castles in Rouergue, and how he besieged the city of Dusse. Cap. cc. xc.\nHow they of Dusse yielded to Sir Bertram and how Sir Robert Canoll was in the king of England's displeasure, and how at the request of the lords peace was made again. Cap. cc. lxxxxi.\nHow the earl of Hereford and various Englishmen were defeated in Brittany at sea, and how diverse slingshots assailed them. Ca. ii. C. lxxxxii.\nHow the king of England sent a great navy to the sea against the slingshots, and how peace was made between them. Cap. cc. lxxxxiii.\nHow the king of Mallorca was in displeasure with King Henry of Spain, and after went and made war against the king of Aragon. Cap. ii. C\"]\n.lxxxxiiii.\n\u00b6 Howe the duke of Lancastre wedded the el\u2223dest doughter of kyng Dampeter of Spayne / And howe the confederacions were made by\u2223twene the french kyng & the kyng of Spayne. Cap. ii. C .lxxxxv.\n\u00b6 Howe the duke of Lancastre ordayned go\u2223uernours in Guyen / and ledde his wyfe with hym in to Engla\u0304de. and howe the kyng of En\u2223glande ordayned the erle of Penbroke to be go\u00a6uernour of Poictou. Cap. cc .lxxxxvi.\n\u00b6 Howe the erle of Penbroke departed out of Englande to go in to Poyctou / and howe the spaynierdes fought with hym in the hauen of Rochell. Cap. cc .lxxxxvii.\n\u00b6 Howe they of Rochell towne wolde nat res\u2223cue therle of Penbroke / and howe the seneshall of Rochell and the lorde of Tanyboton & other came to socour the erle. Cap. cc .lxxxxviii.\n\u00b6 Howe therle of Penbroke was taken priso\u2223ner by the spanierdes / and howe they departed fro ye hauen of Rochell withall their prisoners / and the same day the Captall of Beufz came in to Rochell. Cap. cc .lxxxxix.\n\u00b6 Howe sir yuan of Wales disco\u0304fyted the\nEnglishmen in the isle of Gerusay and how the French king sent men to Spain for war to siege Rochell. Chapter cc.\nHow the king of England was sore displeased for the taking of the earl of Penbroke and how Sir Bertram of Clesson took the castle of Montmorillon. Chapter cc. i.\nHow the constable of Foucauld besieged Mountcounter and how he departed thence to go to the duke of Berry in Limousin to siege Saint Severe. Chapter cc. ii.\nHow they of Saint Severe endured a great assault and yielded them up to Sir Bertram and how the city of Potter turned French. Chapter cc. iii.\nHow the Frenchmen took the Captain of Beufz before Subyse in battle and how they of Rochell turned French. Chapter cc. iv.\nHow Sir Bertram of Clesson, constable of Foucauld, took various castles in Rochell and how the king of England took the sea to come to raise the siege at Thouars. Chapter cc. v.\nHow Sir Bertram of Clesson laid siege to the castle of Syreth and how\nThe men of Picardy were disheartened: and how the countries of Poitou, Xainton, and Rochell, were completely delivered out of the English hands. Chapter 306.\n\nOf the siege of Bergerac, of the death of the king of Scots, and of the peace between the French king and the king of Navarre. And how the duke of Brittany sailed to England, and how the constable of France conquered his duchy. Chapter 307.\n\nHow there were certain ordered in England to keep the country, and how the earl of Salisbury, Sir William Neville, and Philip Courtney, with various other men of arms, entered the sea and landed in Brittany, and how the constable of France went there and the duke of Brittany went to England. Chapter 308.\n\nHow the French laid siege at four separate places at once, and how Rochefort yielded to them and became French, and how the English came before Brest. Chapter 309.\n\nHow various Englishmen were slain and defeated by the lord of Subysses.\nBefore Ribemont: and how the sons of Soissons disconcerted the English. Cap. CC. XV.\n\nHow the hostages that were laid by them of Dijon were treated, and how Sir Robert Canoll treated again all such prisoners as he had, and also of the duke of Lancaster's journey. Cap. CC. XVI.\n\nHow the lord of Brime and his children were taken by the English and all their company, and how the sons of Peron were chased into their town hastily. Cap. CC. LXII.\n\nHow the English burned and wasted the country of Champagne, and of the towns they had in their way, and of the prisoners they took. Cap. CC. LXIII.\n\nHow the English came before Croyes, and of the bastions that the duke of Burgundy made without Troyes, to resist the English men. Cap. CC. LXIIII.\n\nHow the English went and plundered the country of Gascoyne and Beauce, and how a French squire, a very valiant man, challenged an English squire to fight. Cap. CC. LXV.\n\nOf the Justices.\nBetween Gawen Michael French and Joachyn Catholique Anglois, and of the words that King Charles of France spoke on his deathbed. Chapter ccclxvi.\n\nOf the Lord of Mauuysen, who was taken prisoner by the English, and of the Lord of Hangest, who escaped, and of the death of King Charles the Fifteenth of France. Chapter ccclxvii.\n\nHow the English arrived in Brittany, and how the duke excused himself for his long delay from them. Chapter ccclxviii.\n\nHow the Duke of Brittany and the English besieged Nantes, and of the coronation of King Charles the Sixth of that name, and of the siege. Chapter ccclxx.\n\nOf the letters that the Duke of Brittany had, so that he might not come to the siege before Nantes, and of the skirmishes made there. Chapter ccclxx.\n\nOf the skirmishes that the Barrois of Barres and Almery of Clysson made on Christmas day, against the English at Nantes. Chapter ccclxxi.\n\nHow the English departed from the siege before Nantes, and of the fair excuses that the duke made.\nOf the deeds of arms done before the earl of Buckingham between the Englishmen and Frenchmen, and the awards made to the heirs on their safe-conducts. Cap. ccc. lxxii.\n\nHow the duke of Brittany made peace with the French king and how the Englishmen returned to their countries. And of a deed of arms between a French squire and an Englishman. Cap. ccc. lxxiii.\n\nHow the war began again between the earl of Flanders and the Flemings, and how they of Ypres were discomfited by an ambush. Cap. ccc. lxxv.\n\nHow they of Ypres and Courtrai turned to the earl of Flanders' party, and how the town of Gaunt was besieged. Cap. ccc. lxxvi.\n\nHow the earl of Flanders raised up his siege from the town of Gaunt, and of the battle between him and the Gaunt men. Cap. ccc. lxxvii.\n\nHow the Gaunt men were burned in the church of Nieuport, and how the White Hoods slew divers noble men of the earl of Flanders' party. Cap. ccc.\nChapter 88.\nHow the white hods and their captain were slain, and how Philip Darrell was chosen captain of Gaunt. Chapter 89.\nOf the ordinance of Gaunt, and of the war of Spain and Portugal. Chapter 90.\nHow the Earl of Cambridge departed from England to go to Portugal, and how the commons of England rebelled against the nobles. Chapter 91.\nOf the evil deeds that these commons of England did to the king's officers, and how they sent a knight to speak with the king. Chapter 92.\nHow the commons of England entered London, and of the great evil they did, and of the death of the bishop of Canterbury and divers others. Chapter 93.\nHow the nobles of England were in great fear of being destroyed, and how these rebels were punished and sent home to their own houses. Chapter 94.\nHow the Duke of Lancaster kept himself in Scotland for fear of this rebellion, and how the king punished these traitors.\nThe chief masters. Cap. ccc. lxxxv.\n\nThe yule will that the duke of Lancaster conceived in his courage, for the refusal made him at Berwick, & how it came from Cambridge to Portugal. Cap. ccc. lxxxvi.\n\nHow two valiant men of Gascony were slain by Peter de Bois and Philip Dartuell, and of the rebellion at Paris against the French king. Cap. ccc. lxxxvii.\n\nHow the lord of Coucy appeased the discord and rebellion of the Parisians, and of the preparation that the duke of Anjou made to make himself king of Naples. Cap. ccc. lxxxviii.\n\nHow Englishmen rode without any commandment of the king of Portugal, and how the castle of Sigeyre in Portugal was taken. Cap. ccc. lxxxix.\n\nHow the Chancellor Robert de Ros and his company returned to their heirs, and of the marriage of the king of England to the daughter of the king of Bohemia. Cap. ccc. lxxxx.\n\nHow the French king could have no more money from the receipt of Paris, and how the duke of Anjou passed into Italy, and of\n\n(Note: The text appears to be a list of chapter titles from an old manuscript or book. No cleaning is necessary as the text is already readable and contains no meaningless or unreadable content.)\nCap. ccc. xc1. The noble chivalry of the Earl of Saxony. He caused the enchanters' seals to be struck off, and how the Chanoyne Roberts and his company took various castles in Spain.\n\nCap. ccc. xc2. The great plunder and spoils done by the Chanoyne Roberts and his company against the king of Castile, and of the discord that was among them.\n\nCap. ccc. xc3. How the kings of Castile and Portugal assembled their forces. How the king of Spain was married again to the daughter of the king of Portugal.\n\nCap. ccc. xc10. The great need for provisions that they of Gaunt endured, and how they were supplied by those of Liege.\n\nCap. ccc. xcvi. The hard answer that the Earl of Flanders gave to those of Gaunt, and the names of the men-at-arms who were then at Paris in France.\n\nCap. ccc. xcvii. How five thousand gautoyse issued from Gaunt to fight with the Earl and those of Bruges, after the answer that Philip Dartuell had shown them.\nOf the order of the Gaunties and how they disputed the earl and those of Bruges, and by what means. Cap. ccc. xcix.\n\nHow the town of Bruges was taken by the Gaunties and how the earl of Flanders saved himself in a poor woman's house in the town of Bruges. Cap. ccc.\n\nHow they of Gaunt spared the merchants and how the earl departed from Bruges and went to Lys. Cap. ccc. i.\n\nOf the great riches that the Gaunties found in Bruges and how all the towns in Flanders yielded them, except Ypres. Cap. ccc. ii.\n\nHow the earl of Flanders was at Lys and how Ypres was besieged by the Gaunties and the Slimes. Cap. ccc. iii.\n\nHow the Gaunties assaulted the town of Ypres various times and how they retreated before Lys and in the countryside about the realm of France. Cap. ccc. iv.\n\nOf the request that the duke of Burgundy made to the French king and why the king took him on to bear the standard. Cap. ccc.\n[Chapter 4. A dream that happened to the king at Lisle, and how, on account of this dream, he ordered the hunting of the stag. Chapter 4.6\nOf Messengers that Philip of Artois sent to England and to Flanders, and of the death of Sir Percival Dalbret. Chapter 4.7\nHow the English council mocked the messengers, and of the prisoners who were exchanged. Chapter 4.8\nLetters sent to Philip of Artois from the English commissioners, and how the messengers bearing the letters were taken and imprisoned. Chapter 4.9\nOf the letters sent to Journey from Philip of Artois, and how the French king and his council were informed of the answers the messengers had made to the commissioners. Chapter 4.10\nHow Philip of Artois ordered the passages in Flanders to be guarded, and how many French knights were lost in Flanders without remedy. Chapter 4.11\nThordynace that the French king made for...]\nIn the Flauders, the passages were halted and damaged. Chapter cccc.xii.\n\nThe Frenchmen could not pass by the bridge of Comynes, and they passed without knowledge of the enemy. Chapter cccc.xiii.\n\nThe Frenchmen who had crossed the river Lyse put themselves in battle formation before the Flemish. Chapter cccc.xiv.\n\nThe Frenchmen who had crossed the river Lyse defeated the Flemish and killed many of them, winning the passage of Comynes. Chapter cccc.xv.\n\nThe French king crossed the river Lyse, and Philippe de Artois made his army prepare to resist the king and his forces. Chapter cccc.xvi.\n\nThe town of Ipre and various others placed themselves under the obedience of the French king and the order of the king's host. Chapter cccc.xvii.\n\nThe French king departed from the mount of Ipre, and Philippe de Artois and the Flemish prepared for a marvelous event that came to them in the night. Chapter cccc.xviii.\n[Battle all in one company. Cap. cccc. XIX.\nHow the constable and admiral of Flanders and the bastard of Langres went to see the fleets and how they fortified themselves, Cap. cccc. XX.\nThe manner of the battle of Roses and how the fleets were discomfited by the threefore said knights, who had awed all their behaviour. Cap. cccc. XXI.\nHow the fleets were discomfited at the battle of Roses. Cap. cccc. XXII.\nHow Philip of Artois' body was brought before the king and how the town of Courtrai was burned. Cap. cccc. XXIII.\nHow they of Bruges yielded themselves under the obedience of the French king and how they of Gaunt were comforted by Peter de Bois. Cap. cccc. XXIV.\nHow the treaty of Aulnay between the English men and the fleets was broken and how the French king departed from Flanders. Cap. cccc. XXV.\nHow the French king came to Paris and how he caused the citizens and harness to be put down in the town.]\nAnd how the Parisians were received by Master John Marettes at Paris, and by various other towns in Flanders, concerning the new war of the Gaullists. Chapter 427.\n\nOf the alliance that was formed between the English and Flemings, and of the Bulls that Pope Urban sent to England to destroy the Cluniacs. Chapter 428.\n\nHow the bishop of Norwich and the English issued from England to run and make war against all those who held with Pope Clement. Chapter 429.\n\nHow the English took the town and minster of Graveling, and how the earl of Flanders sent to speak with them. Chapter 430.\n\nThe answer that the bishop of Norwich made to the knights of Flanders, and of the assembly that they of Cassel and the country around made against the English. Chapter 431.\n\nHow the Flemings of the country and those of the land of Cassel were discovered by the English, and Dover taken.\nWith various other castles in the countryside. Cap. 433.23\nHow the Welshmen conquered all the countryside of Flanders from Donkirk to Sluis / & how they besieged the town of Ypres. Cap. 433.24.\nHow the Welshmen sent for the Duke of Lancaster / and how they came to the siege of Ypres / and of the Lord St. Leger & his company, who were discovered by the Welshmen. And how the bishop of Liege came to the siege of Ypres. Cap. 433.25.\nOf the great commandment that the French king issued / to raise the siege before Ypres. And of those who were discovered by the Welshmen. Cap. 433.26.\nHow the Englishmen and those of Lancaster made various assaults before Ypres / & how the French king departed from Companion and went towards Ypres / to raise the siege there. Cap. 433.27.\nHow Duke Frederick of Burgundy arrived in the French king's host / and how the Englishmen after the siege of Ypres were withdrawn into the town of Bergues / and how they. Cap. 433.28.\nThe text appears to be in Old English, and there are some errors in the transcription. Here is the cleaned text:\n\nDeparted then [from Thens] and went to Burbourke. Cap. cccc.xxxviii.\n\nHow the French king with all his host came to Burbourke, and of the order of the English men within the town, and how France:\n\nHow they of Andwarpe were put out of the town, and none remained there but Gauntoyse. And how Amergot Marcell took the castle of Marquell in Auvergne: and how it was given up by composition for five thousand francs to the earl of Auvergne. Cap. cccc.xl.\n\nHow the French king assaulted Burbourke and how he ordered that whoever brought thither a fagotte should have a blank. Cap. cccc.xli.\n\nOf the miracles that were done in the town of Burbourke, and how Sir Thomas Tryet and Sir William:\n\nHow the lords of England and France assembled together to make a peace, which could not be done. And how the earl of Flanders died and of his obsequies. Cap. [Unknown]\n\nHow the earl of Northumberland, the earl of Nottingham, and the Scotsmen made a journey into Scotland. And of [Unknown].\nambassadors of France that were sent to Scotland to notify the true taken between England and France. Chap. 40.xliiii.\nHow the barons and knights of Scotland and those of France made appointment to enter into the realm of England without the knowledge of the king of Scotes, who was at Edinburgh. Chap. 40.xlv.\nHow the true taken between England and France was published in England and Scotland. Chap. 40.xlvi.\nHow the lord of Destroyer made his assembly to win again Andwarpe, and how by his policy he won it. Chap. 40.xlvii.\nHow the duke of Anjou died in a castle beside Naples, & how the queen of Cyprus was urged to go to the pope. Chap. 40.xlviii.\nHow the lady of Brabant caused to be called a council, where was the duke of Burgundy, the duke Aubert, & she in the city of Cambrai to treat for the marriage of their children. Chap. 40.xlix.\nHow the French king & the lords of France and of Hainault made their\n\n(Note: The text appears to be a list of chapter titles from an old book, likely a historical text. No cleaning is necessary as the text is already clean and readable.)\n[I. Provision at Cambrai and the message of the Duke of Lancaster to the Earl of Huntingdon, as well as the marriages of the children of Huntingdon and Burgoyne. Cap. cccc. I.\n\nII. How the Duke of Berry arranged for his daughter to marry the son of the Earl of Bourbon, and how the Earl of March and the Duke of Bourbon sent their envoys to Limousin. Cap. cccc. LI.\n\nFor the honorable and noble wars of France and England to be recorded and kept in perpetual memory, I, Sir John Froissart, will treat and record an history of great renown and praise. But before I begin, I ask for the savior of all the world, who created all things, to grant me such grace and understanding that I may continue and ever after in such a way that whoever reads or hears this narrative may take pleasure and example from it. It is truly said that all buildings are:]\n\nII. To record the honorable and notable wars between France and England, I, Sir John Froissart, will write and preserve an account of great renown and praise. Before I commence, I humbly request the assistance of the Creator of all things, who in His infinite mercy has granted me the ability to write and convey this history. May it bring pleasure and inspiration to those who read or hear it.\n\nIt is commonly known that all structures were:\nmasoned and wrought of diverse stones, all great towers are constructed and assembled of various surges and springs of water. In like wise, all sciences are extracted and compiled from diverse clerks; one writer from another, perhaps, is ignorant. But by the famous writing of ancient authors, all things are known in one place or another. To attend to the matter that I have undertaken, I will begin. First, by the grace of God and of the blessed Virgin Mary, our Lady Saint Mary: from whom all comfort and consolation proceed. I will take my foundation from the true chronicles, sometimes copied by the reverend, discrete, and sage master John of La Bele, sometimes Chanson in Saint-Lambert of Liege. He, with good heart and due diligence, did his devout writing of this noble chronicle and continued it all his life days. Following the truth as near as he might, to his great charge and cost in seeking to have the perfect knowledge thereof. He was also in his life days well-loved, and:\nof the secret council with Lord John Haynald, who is frequently mentioned in this book. He was the instigator of many fair and noble deeds, through whose means Sir John la Belle could learn of them. These deeds will be recounted hereafter. Indeed, I, who have undertaken this book for pleasure and pastime, have always been inclined to do so and have therefore associated with various noble and great lords, both in France, Juglande, and Scotland, as well as in various other countries, and have gained knowledge from them. And I have always sought, to the best of my ability, the truth of the deeds of war and adventures that have occurred, and especially since the great battle of Poyters: where the noble King John of France was taken prisoner, a time when I was still young or lacking understanding. However, it was I who took it upon myself, as soon as I was able, to record these matters.\nI, John Froissart, came from Scoles to write and recite the said book, and presented the volume thereof to my lady Philippa of Henault, noble queen of England. She received it graciously, to my great profit and advantage. And it may be that the same book is not yet emended or corrected as such a case requires. For feats of arms directly bought and achieved, the honor thereof ought to be given and truly divided to those who by promise and hard labor have deserved it. Therefore, to acquit myself in this regard and follow the truth as near as I can, I, John Froissart, have undertaken this history on the aforesaid order and true foundation, at the instance and request of my lord Robert of Namur, knight, lord of Beaufort. To whom I owe love and obedience; and may God grant me to do that which pleases him. Amen.\n\nAll noble hearts to encourage and to show them an example and master of honor. I, John Froissart.\nI will begin to speak after the true report and relation of my master, John de Beles, formerly Canon of St. Lambert's of Liege, concerning the true causes and the occasions of the first movings of such wars, and how the war at length continued. But now I trust you shall here report the true foundation of the cause, and I will not forget my duty or abridge the history as much as possible, following the truth from point to point.\n\nSpeaking of the noble King Edward III, who reigned as King of England, and endured many perilous adventures and diverse great battles and other feats of arms of great prowess, since the year of our Lord God 1326. This noble king was crowned in England, and all those who were with him in his battles and in his fortunate events, or with his people in his absence, ought rightly to be taken and reputed as valiant and worthy of renown. Though there were great plenty of various parsonages.\nought to be praised and reputed as sovereigns, yet among others, and particularly, the noble person of the aforementioned gentle king should be renowned. Also, the prince of Wales, his son, the duke of Lancaster, Sir Reynold, Lord Cobham, Sir Gualter of Manny of Heynault knight, Sir John Chandos, Sir Fulke of Harle, and various others, who are mentioned hereafter in this present book because of their valiant prowess, for in all battles that they were in, they commonly had the renown, both by land and by sea, according to the truth. They in all their deeds were so valiant that they ought to be reputed as sovereigns in chivalry. Yet, for all that, such others as were in their company ought not to be of less value or less esteemed. In France, at that time, many good knights were founded, strong and well-experienced in feats of arms. For the realm of France was not so discomfited but that always there were people sufficient to fight against it, and the king\nPhilip of Uiotes was a right hardy and valiant knight, and also King John his son, Charles, King of Belgium, the Earl of Alanson, and the Earl of Foix, whose names I cannot recall. Of whom I shall make ample mention in due time and place to tell the truth and uphold it. All such as have been present in cruel battles, enduring to the discomfiture of their enemies, may well be considered valiant and hardy, regardless of their adventures.\n\nFirst, to enter more effectively into the matter of this honorable and pleasing history of the noble Edward, king of England. He was crowned at London in the year of our Lord God 1426, on Christmas day, living the king his father and the queen his mother. It is certain that the opinion of Englishmen at that time, and often in England after the time of King Athelstan, was that between two valiant kings of England, there was usually one between them of lesser rank.\nSufficiency came both from wit and prowess in King Edward the Third. This was evident with King Edward the First, his grandfather, who was valiant, sage, wise, and hardy, even adventurous and fortunate in all war feats. He had much to do against the Scots and conquered them three or four times. The Scots could never have victory or endure against him, and after his decease, his son from his first wife, who was called Edward the Second, was crowned king. He resembled nothing to his father in wit nor prowess. But he governed and kept his realm wildly, and ruled himself by sinister counsel of certain parsons. As a result, he had no profit or renown. Immediately after his coronation, Robert Bruce, King of Scotland, who had often given much trouble to the said good King Edward the First, conquered Scotland again and burned and wasted a great part of it.\nKing of England journeyed within the realm for two to five days and displeased King Edward of England and all the English barons at a place in Scotland called Estarwellyn through a battle on the feast day of St. John the Baptist in the seventh year of King Edward's reign. In the year of our Lord 1324, the Scots won back Berwick by treason, but since this is not part of our matter, I will leave speaking of it.\n\nKing Edward II had two brothers: the one called the Marshal, who was wild and of diverse conditions; the other called Sir Aymon, earl of Lancaster, who was wise, mild, generous, and well-loved by all people. King Edward II was married to Isabella, daughter of Philip the Fair, king of France, who was one of the fairest.\nLadies of the world. The king had by her two sons and two daughters. The first son was the noble and hardy King Edward III, from whom this history begins. The second was named John and died young. The first daughter was called Isabel, married to the young King David of Scotland, son of King Robert Bruce, married in her tender youth by the accord of both realms of England and Scotland for the purpose of making peace between the two realms.\n\nNow shows the history that this Philip the Good, King of Flanders, had three sons and a fair daughter named Isabel, married into England to King Edward II. The eldest was named Lewis, who was king of Navarre in his father's days and was called King Lewis the Handsome. The second was named Philip the Great or the Long. And the third was named Charles. And all three were kings of Flanders after their father's decease by right succession, each from the other without having any issue male of their bodies lawfully begotten. So that after the death of Charles, the last king of the three, the succession passed to the twelve peers and all the others.\nThe barons of France would not give the realm to Isabella, the sister, who was queen of England, because they claimed and maintain, and yet do, that the realm of France is so noble that it ought not to go to a woman. And so consequently, they determined the son to have no right nor succession by his mother since they declared the mother to have no right. Therefore, the twelve peers and barons of France, by their common accord, gave the realm of France to Lord Philip of Valois, nephew of Philip the Beautiful, king of France, and thus put out the queen of England and her eldest son, who was the next heir male, as soon as to the sister of Charles, the last king of France. Thus, the realm of France went out of the right lineage, as it seemed to many, leading to great wars and devastations of people and countries in the realm of France, and other places: as you may hereafter learn. This is the very text.\nThe right foundation of this history is to recount the great enterprises and great feats of arms that have happened since the time of the good Charlemagne, king of France. The aforementioned King Edward II, father of the noble King Edward III, upon whom our story is founded, governed his realm under the exhortation of Sir Hugh Spencer. Who had been nurtured with him since the beginning of his youth. The aforementioned Sir Hugh had so ensnared the king that his father and he were the greatest masters in all the realm. And by envy, they thought to surmount all other barons of England. After the great defeat that the Scots had made at Bannockburn, great murmuring arose in England between the king's council and especially against Sir Hugh Spencer. They accused him of being favorable to the king of Scotland. And on this point, the harbingers had diverse times communicated together to come to terms.\nadvised the king what they might do. Thomas Earl of Lancaster was chief among them. Hew Spencer, upon learning of this, pursued a remedy. He was greatly favored by the king and close to him, so he was more beloved by the king than all others. One day, Hew Spencer came to the king and said, \"Certain lords of your realm have formed an alliance against you. If you do not take action soon, they plan to depose you.\" He caused the king to take action against these lords without delay, and without knowledge or answer from them.\n\nFirst among them was Thomas Earl of Lancaster, a noble and wise holy knight who had performed many fair miracles in Pomfret, where he was beheaded. He had caused Hew Spencer great hatred in the realm, especially from the queen and the Earl of Cambridge, the king's brother. When Hew Spencer perceived the queen's displeasure\nby his subtle wit, he caused great discord between the king and the queen, preventing the king from seeing her or joining her company. This discord lasted for a long time. The queen was secretly informed, along with the Earl of Warwick and Sir Roger Mortimer, that without their careful attention, they were in danger, as Sir Hew Spear was planning to cause them much trouble. The queen then secretly set out to flee to France, taking the young Edward with her and the Earl of Warwick and Sir Roger Mortimer. They put all their provisions in another ship and set sail at their leisure. The following morning, they arrived in the harbor of Bolain.\n\nWhen Queen Isabella and her son, along with the Earl of Warwick, arrived at Bolain, the captains and abbot of the town welcomed her and her company joyfully into the abbey. There,\nShe stayed two days. Then she departed and traveled so long that she arrived at Paris. King Charles her brother, who was informed of her coming, sent to meet her with some of the greatest lords of his realm, such as Lord Robert de Artois, Lord of Coucy, Lord of Sully, Lord of Roy, and others, who honorably received her and brought her into the heart of Paris to the king her brother. When the king saw his sister, whom he had not seen for a long time, he met her and took her in his arms, kissed her, and said, \"Welcome, fair sister, with my fair nephew, your son,\" and took their hands, leading them forth. The queen, who had little joy in her heart, but, being so near to her brother the king, would have knelt down two or three times at his feet. But the king would not allow it, holding her by the right hand, and earnestly asking about her condition.\nThe queen, in great distress, told him sadly and lamentably about the wrongs done to her by Sir Hew Spencer. When King Charles of France heard his sister's lamentation, showing her all her needs and distress, he said to her, \"Fair sister, calm yourself. By the faith I owe to God and to Saint Denice, I will find a remedy for you.\" The queen knelt down before him and said, \"My right dear lord and fair brother, may God reward you.\" The king took her in his arms and led her into another chamber, which had been prepared for her and for her son Edward. Afterward, Charles, King of France, did not wait long before assembling together many great lords and barons of the realm to deal with this matter.\nFraunce to haue theyr cou\u0304sell and good aduise howe they shuld ordeyne for the nede & besynes of his suster quene of Ingland. Than it was cou\u0304sailed to the kyng that he shuld let the quene his suster to purchas for her selfe frendis where as she wold in the realme of Fraunce / or in any other place / and hym selfe to fayne & be nat kno\u2223wen therof. For they sayd to moue warre with the kyng of Ingland and to bryng his owne re\u00a6alme into hatred / it were nothyng apertenaunt nor profitable to hym / nor to his realme. But they co\u0304cluded / that conueniently he mgiht ayde her with golde and syluer / for that is the metall wherby loue is attaygned both of ge\u0304tylemen & of pore souldiours. And to this counsell and ad\u2223uyce accorded the kynge. And caused this to be shewed to the quene priuely by sir Robert Dar\u2223toys. who as than was one of the greatteste lor\u2223dis of all Fraunce.\nNOwe let vs speke some\u2223what of sir Hewe Spencer. whan he sawe that he hadde drawen the kyng of Ingla\u0304d so moche to his wyll / that he coud desire\nnothing of him but it was granted / he caused many noble men and others to be put to death without justice or law / because he suspected them to be against him. And by his pride, he did so many marvels / that the barons who were left alive in the land could not bear nor find the means to have any company of men of arms / if it were but to the number of a thousand, and to bring her son and heir with her into England. Then they would all draw to her and obey her and her son Edward / as they were bound to do out of duty. These letters thus sent secretly to her from England she showed to King Charles her brother / Who answered her / and said \"Fair sister, God be your aid / your necessities shall improve much. Take of my men and subjects to the number / that your friends have written you for / and I consent well to this voyage. I shall cause to be delivered to you gold and silver as much as shall suffice you. And in this matter, the queen had done so much / with her prayers,\ngreat lords and young knights were in agreement to bring the queen back to England with great strength. The queen secretly arranged for her voyage and summoned her pursuant. However, she could not do it secretly without Sir Hew Spencer discovering her plans. He then thought to win over and divert the king of France from her by offering great gifts. He sent secret messengers to France with large quantities of gold, silver, and rich jewels, and specifically to the king and his private council. He was so successful that in a short time, the king of France and his private council were as cold to helping the queen in her voyage as they had previously shown great desire to do so. The king put an end to the voyage and forbade anyone in his realm, under pain of banishment, to go with the queen to bring her back to England. Yet Sir Hew Spencer advised him further with malice.\nThe king sought to bring the queen back to England, as she was under his danger. He wrote to the pope requesting him to persuade the king of France to send the queen back. The king promised to make amends to God and the world, insisting that it was not his fault she had left, as he had only shown her love and good faith as required in marriage. Letters were also written to the cardinals through various subtle means, which cannot be included here.\n\nThe king sent large amounts of gold and silver to various cardinals and prelates, those closest and most secretive with the pope. Wise and capable ambassadors were dispatched with this message, and they managed to persuade the pope through their gifts and subtle methods to write to the king of France, threatening him with curses if he did not send his sister back.\nIsabella came to England to her husband, the king. These letters were brought to the king of France by the bishop and shown to the queen, his sister. He had not seen her for a long time and commanded her to leave his realm quickly or face shame.\n\nWhen the queen learned of this, she did not know what to say or what advice to take. For at that time, the barons of the realm of France had been withdrawn from her by the king's command, leaving her without comfort or support, except for her dear cousin, Robert de Artois. He secretly counseled and comforted her as much as he dared, for he feared the king. But he knew well that the queen was chased out of England and France for evil will and envy, which grieved him greatly. Thus was Robert de Artois at the queen's command, but he dared not speak or be known of it. For he had heard the king say and swear that whoever revealed it would suffer the consequences.\nThe king spoke to him, as his sister was to lose her lands and be banished from the realm. He knew secretly that the king was intending to take her, Edward her son, the Earl of Lancaster, and Sir Roger Mortimer, and put them all in the king's and Sir Newcastle's hands. Therefore, he came at night and revealed all this to the queen and advised her of her peril. Then the queen was greatly alarmed and asked him for all possible counsel. Then he said, \"lady, I counsel you that you depart and go to the empire, where there are many great lords who can surely aid you, especially the Earl of Guillaume de Hainault and Sir John de Hainault his brother. These two are great lords and wise men, trustworthy and respected by their enemies.\" Then the queen had her preparations made ready, and paid for everything as secretly as she could, and she and her son, the Earl of Lancaster, and all her company left.\ndeparted from Paris / and rode to warde Heynaulte / and so long she rode that she came to Cambresys. And whan she knewe she was in the Empyre. She was better assured than she was before. and so passed through Cambresys and entred into Ostrenaunt in Heynaulte and lodged at Ambreticourt in a knights house who was called syr Dambrycourte / Who receyued her ryght ioyously in the best maner to his po\u2223wer / In so moche that afterwarde the quene of Inglande and her sonne hadde with them into Ingland for euer / the knyght and his wyfe and all his children / and auaunced them in dyuers maners.\nTHe comyng thus of y\u2022 quene of Ingla\u0304de and of her sonne and heyre into the cou\u0304\u2223trey of Heynaulte was anon well knowen in the howse of ye good erle of Heynault / who as than was at Ualenciennes. And syr John\u0304 of Hey\u2223nault was certified of the tyme whan the quene arryued at the place of syr Dambrecourte. The whiche syr John\u0304 was brother to the sayde Erle Guillam. And as he that was yong & lusty desi\u00a6ryng all honoure / mounted on\nSir John and his horse departed from Valenciennes and arrived the same night at Ambreticourt. He paid all due honor and reverence to the queen. The queen, who was deeply sorrowful, began to lament (piteously complaining to him) her sorrows. Sir John had great pity, and tears formed in his eyes as he said, \"Fair lady, behold me here, your own knight, who will not fail you in the quarrel. I shall do my best to escort you and your son, my lord. With the help of your friends in that party, and I and others whom I can rally, we will put our lives and possessions at risk for your sake. We will also obtain sufficient soldiers from war if God wills, without endangering the king of France, your brother. Then the queen would have knelt down in great joy at his good will. But this noble knight refused, and she was unable to do so.\"\nvppe quickly into my arms and said, \"By the grace of God, the noble queen of England shall not kneel to me. But, my lady, comfort yourself and all your company; for I shall keep you faithful promises, and you shall go see the earl, my brother, and the countess his wife, and all their fair children. They have reported to me that they will receive you with great joy. Then the queen said, \"Sir, I find in you more love and comfort than in all the world. And for this that you say and affirm me, I take you a thousand times. And if you will do as you have promised, in all courtesy and honor, I and my son shall be to you forever bound, and will put all the realm of England in your hands. For it is right that it should be so.\" After these words, when they had come to an agreement, Sir John of Heynault took leave of the queen and went to Douai. And in the morning after mass, he mounted his horse and came again to the queen, who received him.\nWith great joy, she had dined by that time and was ready to mount her horse to depart with him. Thus, the queen departed from the castle of Dambrety's court, took leave of the knight and the lady, and thanked them for their goodwill. She trusted that she or her son would remember their courtesies.\n\nThus, the queen departed in the company of the aforementioned Sir John Beamont. He rejoiced right joyously and conducted her to Valenciennes. Against her came many of the town's burghers and received her with great humility. She was brought before Earl Guyonne of Henault, who received her with great joy, and so did his wife, the countess. The earl had four lay daughter: Margaret Philp, Jane, and Isabell. Among whom young Edward spent more time, eight days, with the good earl, and with the countess Jane. In the meantime,\nQueen Aprail requested for her needs and business; and Sir John of Heynault wrote effective letters to knights and such companions whom he trusted best in Hainault, in Brabant, and in Behaigne, praying for all amities that existed between them, that they would grant:\n\nThis was Sir John of Heynault moved in his courage and made his assembly, and prayed you, good Will. In which you shall do nobly, and I shall humbly thank you therefor. And the better thereby I shall accomplish all the voyage.\n\nWhen the good Earl of Heynault had done this,\n\nHe departed and rode the same night to Mons in Hainault with Queen Elizabeth. What lengthy process should I make? They traveled so much by their journeys that they came to Dordrecht in Holland, where their special assembly was made. And there they pursued for ships, great and small, such as they could get, and shipped their horses and harness and provisions, and came: Lord of Pocelles, Lord Willers, Lord of Heyn.\nof Saris, the lord of Boy, and Sir Ulpharte of Gustelle, and various other knights and squires, all eager to serve their master. When they had all departed from the host of Durdryght, it was a fair fleet in terms of quantity and well-ordered. The season was fair and clear and temperate. At their departure, with the first flood they came before the Dignities of Holland, and the next day they hoisted their sails and set course for Zeeland. Their intention was to take land at Dongport, but they could not, for a tempest took them in the sea, which put them so far off course that they did not know for two days where they were. God granted them great grace in this, for if they had taken land at the port where they thought they had been lost, they would have fallen into the hands of their enemies. Who knew of their coming and remained there to put them all to death. It was about the end of two days when the tempest abated.\nThe mariners disembarked in England and rejoiced, taking land on the shores without any right to harbor at Harwich as the English chronicle states, on the 24th day of September in the year 1426 of our Lord. They remained there for three days with little provision and unsaddled their horses and harnesses, unsure whether they were in the power of their friends or enemies. On the fourth day, they embarked on their adventure of God and St. George, having suffered great cold, hunger, and fear, which they were not yet free from. They rode through hills and dales on both sides until they finally found villages and a great abbey of black monks, which is called St. Hamo, where they stayed for three days to rest.\n\nAnd this news spread throughout the land.\nThe realm was so large that it eventually reached the lords, who summoned the queen back to England. They prepared themselves in haste to travel to Edward IV, whom they intended to make their sovereign lord. The first to greet them was Henry Earl of Lancaster, also known as \"Torte Coll,\" brother of Thomas Earl of Lancaster, as you have heard before. He was a good knight, highly recommended, as you will learn in this history. Earl Henry came to the queen with a large army. After him came earls, barons, knights, and squires with such a multitude of people that they seemed to outnumber the parallels. Their power continued to grow as they advanced. They consulted among themselves to ride straight to the town of Bristol, where the king was residing with the Spencers. This was a good town and strong, well fortified,\nThe king and Sir Hewe Spencer the elder, about 40 years old, and his son Sir Hewe Spencer, chief governor, were stationed at a good harbor with a strong castle, surrounded by the sea. Also present were the Earl of Arundell, who had married Sir Hewe Spencer's daughter, and various knights and squires in the king's court. The queen and her company, lords of Henault, earls, barons, and all Englishmen took the right way to the town of Bristol. In every town they entered, they were received with great feasts and honor, and their people increased. They continued their journey for a long time and arrived at Bristol, besieging the town as close as they could. The king and Sir Hewe Spencer the younger held them in the castle, while the old Sir Hewe Spencer and the Earl of Arundell held them outside.\nThe people of the town saw the great power of the Queen, and most of England agreed with her. They held a council among themselves and decided to surrender the town to the Queen, so that their lives and goods might be saved. They sent envoys to negotiate with the Queen and her council in this matter. However, the Queen and her council refused to agree unless she could do as she pleased with Sir Hewe Spencer and the Earl of Arundell.\n\nWhen the people of the town saw they could have no peace otherwise, nor save the town or their goods or their lives, they agreed to surrender to the Queen. They opened the gates, and the Queen, John of Henault, and all her barons, knights, and squires entered the town and took lodgings within as many houses as they could and remained outside the rest. Then Sir Hewe Spencer and the Earl kept watch.\nSir Hewe Spencer said, \"Lady, may God be a good judge to you and give you good judgment. If we cannot have it in this world, I pray God we may have it in another.\" Then Sir Thomas Wage, a good knight and marshal of the host, stepped forth and openly recounted their deeds in writing.\nThe knight turned to another ancient knight to discuss the matter, intending that he should bring him a solution and declare what should be done with such persons and what judgment they should have for such causes. The said knight consulted with other barons and knights, and they reported their opinions. They had well deserved death for various horrible deeds they had committed. For all the transgressions referred to as true, they had deserved judgment in three different ways. First, to be drawn and, after, hanged on the gallows. This was done and executed before the castle of Bristol, in the sight of the king and Sir Hew Spencer the younger. This judgment was passed in the year of our Lord MCCCXXVI, on St. Denis day in October. After this execution, the king and the young Spencer, seeing themselves thus besieged.\nin this situation, and they knew no comfort that might come to them. In the morning, the two of them, along with a small company, entered into a little vessel behind the castle, intending to flee to Wales. But they were in the ship for eleven days and were forced to sail as much as they could. Yet, no matter what they did, the wind was contrary every day by God's will, bringing them within a quarter of a mile of the same castle again.\n\nAt last, Sir Henry Beamond, son of the vicount Beamond in England, entered a barge and a certain company with him. They spotted this vessel and rowed after him so long that the ship where the king was could not flee fast enough. Eventually, they were overtaken and brought back to the town of Bristol. They were then delivered as prisoners to the queen and her son.\n\nThus unfolded this ambitious and daring enterprise of Sir John of Heynault and his companions. For when they departed and\nThey entered their ships at Durdright, numbering only three hundred men of arms. And with the help of the lords in England, Queen Isabella reconquered her entire estate and dignity. She executed all her enemies, most of whom were joyous about this, except for a few persons who were favorable to Sir Hew Spencer. When the king and Sir Hew Spencer were brought to Bristowe by Sir Henry Beamond, the king was then sent by the counsel of all the barons and knights to the strong castle of Berkeley. People of state were placed around him, those who knew well what they had to do, but they were strictly commanded not to allow him to leave the castle. Queen Isabella and her entire host departed to guard London, which was the chief city of England. They rode forth on their journeys.\nAnd Thomas Wage caused Hewe Specer to be led on the best and lightest horse of all the host and made him wear a tabard, such as traitors and thieves were wont to wear. He was led in shame through all the towns as they passed with trumpets and canaries to add to his disgrace, until at last they came to the city of Hereford. There the queen was honorably received with great solemnity, and all her company kept the feast of All Saints with great royalty, for the love of her son and strangers who were there.\n\nWhen this feast was over: then Sir Hewe Spencer, who was nothing beloved, was brought before the queen and all the lords and knights, and before him in writing was recounted all his deeds against which he would give no answer. And so he was then judged by a public sentence. First, to be drawn on a hurdle with trumpets and trumpeters through all the city of Hereford, and after that, to be brought.\nInto the market place, where all the people were assembled, a man was tied high upon a ladder so that every man might see him. A great fire was made there, and his private parts were cut from him because they regarded him as a heretic, as his counsel and extortions had shamed the realm and brought it to great harm. For he had caused the beheading of the greatest lords of his realm. By whom the realm ought to have been sustained and defended. He had so influenced the king that he would not see the queen his wife or Edward his eldest son, and had caused them to be banished from the realm out of fear for their lives. Then his head was struck off and sent to London. After his judgment, the queen and all her lords took their way toward London. They did so much on their journeys that they arrived at the City of London, and those of the city met them with great company, and did great honor to the queen and to her son.\nAnd they showed respect and hospitality to all in their company as they saw fit. After they had been received and feasted for fifteen days, the knights, and especially Sir John of Hainault, had a strong desire to return to their own countries. They believed they had completed their duty and gained great honor, and so they took their leave of the queen and the lords of the realm. The queen and her council requested that they stay a little longer to see what would be done with the king, who was in prison. But the foreigners were so eager to return to their own countries that this request availed nothing. And when the queen and her council saw this, they asked Sir John of Hainault to stay until after Christmas and to bring back with him such of his company as pleased him best. The noble knight would not delay his departure, but courteously granted the queen to stay as long as she pleased. He caused such of his men to stay with him as he chose.\nSir John of Heynault and a few others refused to stay any longer, displeasing the queen and her council. When they saw that they would not be persuaded with prayers, they made them welcome with feasts. The queen ordered plenty of gold and silver to be given to them for their expenses, and bestowed great jewels upon each according to their degrees. They also had silver for their horses, which they could leave behind without grudging. In this way, Sir John of Heynault remained among the Englishmen, who treated him with as much honor as they could imagine, and the ladies and damsels of the country did the same. There were many countesses and great ladies, young and unmarried, who had come to accompany the queen. It seemed fitting to them that such a knight as Sir John of Heynault should be present.\nHeynault had well deserved the cheer and feast that they made him. After that, the most part of Heynault's company had departed, and Lord John Heynault of Beaumont tarried. The queen gave leave to her people to save a certain number of noble knights who remained with her and her son. To counsel them, and commanded all those who departed to be at London by the next Christmas, for she was determined to keep open court, and they all promised her so. And when Christmas came, she held a great court. There came dukes, earls, barons, knights, and all the nobles of the realm, with prelates and burgesses of good towns. At this assembly, it was announced that the realm could not long endure without a head openly in plain view, to the intent that the wise counselors of the realm might take advice and counsel from it. They drew them apart to counsel, and the most part of them agreed, namely the great lords and nobles.\nThe good towns concluded that such a man was not worthy to be a king nor to bear a crown royal, nor to have the name of a king. But they all agreed that Edward, his eldest son who was present and was the rightful heir, should be crowned king in place of his father. This was done so that he would take good counsel, sage and true, about himself. Thus, as it was agreed by all the nobles, it was accomplished. And then was Edward the III, who in his youth after was rightfortunate and happy in arms, crowned with a crown royal at the palace of Westminster beside London. This coronation was in the year of our Lord MCCXXVI, on Christmas day. And at that time, the young king was about the age of sixteen.\nheld the feast until the conversion of Sir Paul Faucon; and in the meantime, Sir John of Heynault and all the princes and nobles of his country were greatly feasted. He was given rich jewels and so he and his company remained in great feast and pleasure with lords and ladies until the twelfth day. And then Sir John of Heynault received distressing news; the young King Edward and his mother the queen, and the barons, saw that he would no longer tarry, and that their request could not prevail. They gave him leave sore against their wills. Young King Edward and all his company left and came to Douai. They entered into their ships to cross the sea, intending to come in time for the said tournament, and they took fifteen young knights of England with them to go to this tournament with him and to acquaint them with the strange lords and knights who would be there, and they had great expectations.\nAfter Sir John Heynault's departure from King Edward, the realm was governed by the Earl of Kent, the king's uncle, and Sir Roger Mortimer, who held substantial lands in England, amounting to \u00a325,000 in annual rent. Both were among the most wise counselors of the realm, along with Sir Thomas Wake and others. However, there were those who harbored envy towards them, who never died in England, and who ruled in various other countries. These individuals sought to thwart young King Edward III because of his youth, and because the barons of the realm were not all in agreement, as was claimed. Therefore, to further his purpose of conquering part of England, he sent his defiance to young King Edward III around Easter in the year of our Lord 1327. He dispatched this message to the entire realm.\nHe would enter the realm of England and burn before him, as he had done before, at such season as the discomfiture was at the castle of Estermelin; where the Englishmen received great damage. When King of England and his council perceived that they were defied, they caused it to be known throughout the realm, and commanded that all the nobles and others be ready appareled, each according to his estate. They should be by Ascension Sir John of Heynault praying him effectively that he would help to succor and keep company with him in his voyage against the Scots, and that he would be with him at the Ascension day next after, at York, with such company as he might get of men of war in those parts. When Sir John of Heynault, lord of Beamonde, heard the king's desire, he sent straight his letters and messengers in every place where he thought to recover or to have any company of men of war. Inflanders, in Heynault, in.\nLord Beamon and others requesting them to come dressed for war, met him at Wisent to sail with him to England. Those he sent for came to him with glad faces, and many others who had remained in England before at the previous voyage, trusting to achieve as much honor as they had there. By that time, said Lord Beamon had arrived at Wisent, ships were ready for him and his company brought from England. They embarked and crossed the sea, arriving at Douver. They did not ride until they were within three days of Pentecost to the town of York, where the king and queen his mother, and all his lords were staying, awaiting the arrival of John of Heynault. They had sent many men-at-arms, archers, and common people from the good towns and villages ahead, and as the people arrived, they were lodged two or three leagues around in the countryside.\nAnd on a day came Sir John of Heynaulte and his company, who were right welcome and well received by the king, the queen his mother, and all other barons. And to Sir John of Heynaulte was delivered an abbey of white monks for him and his household. There came with him out of Heynaulte, Lord Angiew, called Sir Gualter; Sir Henry, Lord Dantoing; the lord of Saignoles; Sir Fastres de Rae; Sir Robert de Batteville; and Sir Guilliam de Bailleul, his brother; the lord of Hauereth, castellan of Mons; Ser Allard de Brysnell; Ser Mychell de Ligne; Ser John de Meungin the younger and his brother; Sir Sawse de Boussat; the lord of Gomelins; Sir Percyual de Seuernes; the lord of Byaurien; and from the country of Flanders, Ser Hector of Uilais, Sir Rodes, Ser Umslart de Guistell, the lord of Traces, Sir Guysuyn de la Mule, and others.\ndiverse came from the country of Brahant: the lord of Dufle, Sir Tyrry of Uaucourt, Sir Rasse de Gres, Sir John de Cassebegne, Sir John Py, and Sir Guyllaum de Courterelless. The three brethren de Harlebeque, Sir Gualtier de hault bergue, and divers other. And from Behaignons came Sir John de Libeaur and Sir Henry his brother, Sir Henry de la Chapell, Sir Hewe de Hay, Sir John de Limies, Sir Lambert de Dres, and Sir Guilbert de Hers. And from Cambresis and Artois came certain knights of their own free will to aid their bodies. Sir John of Heynault had well in his company over five hundred men-at-arms, well-appointed and richly mounted. And after the feast of Pentecost came there Sir Guyllaume de Juliers, who was afterwards duke of Juliers after the death of his father, and Sir Henry Tyrry of Branberque, who was afterwards earl of Los, and with them a right fair retinue. The gentle king of England welcomed these strange lords and all their followers.\nThe company held a great court on Tryntite Sunday, where the king and the queen, who were lodging there, kept separate houses. The king had well over five knights and fifteen were newly made. The queen had in her court sixty ladies and damsels, who were ready to make feast and cheer Sir John of Heynault and his company. There could be seen great nobles, plenty of all manner of strange victuals. There were ladies and damsels freely appareled, ready to dance, if they might have been allowed. But inconveniently, after dinner, a great brawl began between some of the pages and grooms of the strangers and the archers of England, who were lodged among them in the said suburbia, and immediately all the archers assembled together with their bows and drove the strangers home to their lodgings. The most part of the knights and masters of them were then in the king's court, but as soon as they heard news of the brawl.\nEach of them hurried to their own lodgings in great haste, allowing those who could enter to do so, and those who couldn't were in great distress. The archers, numbering three million, shot their arrows without sparing masters or servants. It was believed and supposed that this skirmish had been initiated by some friends of the Spencers and of the Earl of Arundel, who had been put to death before by the great street. As they went forth, they passed by the lodging of Lord Dinghaven, where there were great gates opening into the great street. The English archers shot fiercely at the house, and many Heneages were hurt, as well as Sir John Parceuall de Meries, Sir Sanse de Boussac, and these three could not enter their lodgings to arm themselves. But they acted as valiantly as if they had been armed. They held great levers in their hands, which they found in a carpenter's yard. With these, they gave such.\nThe men approached them with strokes. They put down three men that day with such few company as they had more than sixty. For they were great and mighty knights. Finally, the archers at the fray were discomfited and put to chase, and there was deed in the place to the number of 300. And it was said that they were all of the bishopric of Lincoln. It is true that God gave more grace and fortune to any people than He did to this gentle knight, Sir John of Heynault and his company. For these English archers intended to nothing but to murder and rob them, despite the fact that they had come to serve the king in his presence. These strangers were never in such parallel, all the season that they lay there. Every man had taken his place to lodge there that night. Then the lords drew them apart to take counsel on how they might fight with the Scots, considering the country that they were in, as far as they could understand. The Scots went\nAll the men understood the issue of burning and wasting the country, and they saw clearly that they could not engage the enemy in any way among these mountains without great parity or danger. They also realized that the Scots must be stopped from advancing along the River Tyne. Therefore, it was decided by great advice and counsel that all the troops should remove at midnight and make haste in the morning to prevent the passage of the river from the Scots. By doing so, they would be advised either to fight with them or to remain in England at great danger and loss. And to this conclusion, all the troops agreed. They supped and lodged as well as they could that night, and every man was warned to be ready at the first sounding of the trumpet. And at the second blast, every man should arm himself without delay, and at the third, each man quickly mount his horse and draw under his own standard and banner.\nevery man to take with him only one loaf of bread and trust it behind him on his horse. It was also determined that they should leave behind all their loose horses and all manner of carriages and panniers, for they thought surely to fight with the Scots the next day, whatever danger they were thinking they could get any aid to help them again. So that in various places there were many lost and especially horses and carriages, and often times in the day there was cried alarm, for it was said ever that the foremost company of their host was fighting with their enemies. Therefore, the hindmost went, had it been true, wherefore they hastened them over rocks and stones and mountainous terrain with helmet and shield ready armed to fight, with spear and sword ready in hand without tarrying for father, brother, or companion. And when they had thus ridden forth often times in the day the space of half a mile to gather towards the war cry waning, it was thought had been their enemies.\nThe young king of England was deceived, for the cry of harts and hinds, and other savage beasts, which they had seen in the foreward, rose continually. After these beasts, they made such showing and crying that those who came after believed they had been fighting with their enemies. Thus, the young king of England rode forth all day long, over mountains and deserts, without finding any high way, town, or village. And what it was against night, they came to the river Tine, to the same place where the Scots had passed over into England, intending to return the same way. Then the king of England and his host passed over the same river with such guides as he had, with much pain and trouble, for the passage was full of great stones. When they were over, they lodged themselves that night by the river side, and by that time the son had gone to rest, and there were few among them who had other axe or hook, or any instrument to cut down any wood.\nSome traveled with lodgings, and many had lost their company, not knowing where they were. Some footmen were far behind and did not know which way to go, but those who knew the country plainly stated they had ridden twenty-four English miles that day, riding as fast as they could without rest, except at such passes where they could not choose. All that night they lay by the river side, still in their saddles, holding their horses by the reins in their hands, for they did not know whither to tether them. Thus their horses ate no food that night or day before. They had neither oats nor forage for them. Nor did the people of the host have sustenance that day or night, each man living off his own provisions, which were sore wet with the sweat of the horses. Nor did they drink any other drink but the water of the river, except for some lords who carried flasks with them.\nThey had no fire or light, for they had nothing to make light with. Some of the lords had torches brought with them. In this great trouble and danger they passed the entire night with their armor still on their backs and their horses ready saddled. And when the day began to appear, which was greatly desired by all the host, they hoped to find some resolution for themselves and for their horses, or to fight with their enemies, whom they greatly desired, to be delivered out of the great trial and pain they had endured. And all that day it rained so heavily that the river and passage had risen greatly, and the water was higher than it had been at noon. Therefore, they could not tell where they were, nor could they find any forage or litter for their horses, nor bread or drink for their own sustenance, but all night they were forced to fast, and their horses had nothing but leaves of trees and herbs.\nThey were to tie their swords with all their horses and make themselves lodges. Around noon, some poor folk from the countryside were found, who said they were about fourteen miles from Newcastle upon Tyne and eleven miles from Carlisle. There was no town nearby where they could find anything to ease their distress. When this was reported to the king and the lords of his council, horses and saddles were immediately sent to fetch them some town from Newcastle. Anyone who brought bread or wine or any other provisions would be paid generously, and they were to be conducted to the host safely, for it was publicly announced that the king or his host would not depart from the place until they had some news returning from the Scottish-English border camp. They knew where they were, so each of them was ignorant of the others. They were in a manner without bread for three days and three nights.\nIn this great hardship, wine or candles cost each six pence, and a gallon of wine cost six shillings, yet such was the rampant famine that each took provisions from others. This led to various battles and strife between different companies. Moreover, their saddles, panels, and country saddles were all rotten and broken, and most of their horses were injured on their backs. They had nothing to shoe the unshod horses with, nor anything to cover themselves from the rain and cold but green bushes and their armor. They had nothing to make fire with but green bows, which would not burn due to the rain. In this great misfortune, they were all week long without hearing any word from the Scots. Trusting they would return to their own countries the same way or nearby, great noise and murmuring began to arise.\nRise in the ost (fort some said and laid it to others charge, that by their counsel the king and all they were brought into that danger, and that they had done it to betray the king and all his ost. Therefore, it was ordained by the king & by his counsel, that the next morning they should remove the ost, and repass again the river, about 7 miles thence, where they might pass more at their ease. Then was it cried through out the ost, that every man should be ready apparaled to remove, the next day by times. Also, there was a cry made, that who so ever could bring to the king certain knowledge where the Scots were, he (the first tidings bearer) should have for his labor a \u00a340 land to him and to his heirs for ever, and to be made a knight of the king's hand. When this cry was made in the ost, divers English knights and squires, to the number of ten, repassed again the river with much pain and trouble, for the water was deep, because of the rain that had fallen.\nHad fallen there, therefore many drowned. Afterward, they lodged at an ost, and there they found some forage - meadows and fields - around a little village, which the Scots passed by. On the third day, they departed from each other and passed over hills and dales all day until it was night, and they found some villages burned by the Scots. Around there was champaign country with corn and meadows. That night, the ost lodged there. Again, on the fourth day, they rode forth, and most of the ost did not know which way, for they were unfamiliar with the country and could hear no news of the Scots. For the past eight days, they had been there, and they knew no more news of you than you did of them. I show you this in truth, for I approached so near to them that I was taken prisoner and brought before their lords, and there I showed them news of you and how you were seeking them.\nThe first messenger brought news to you, and they made me promise I would not rest until I had conveyed this news to you. They expressed a desire to fight with you as great as yours with them, and you will find them ready. As soon as the king had heard this news, he gathered all his eastern forces to Fair Meadow, where they pastured their horses, and there was a little abbey which was burned in the days of King Arthur, called Blanche Land. There the king confessed himself and every man prepared him. The king ordered many masses to be sung for those with devotion. And without delay, he granted the squire who had brought the news a pension of 20 shillings in accordance with his promise and made him a knight with his own hands before all the forces. And when they had rested and taken sustenance, they were so near to each other that they could recognize each other's arms. Then the forces remained still to take other counsel. And some of them...\nThe earl mounted on good horses and rode forth to scout with them and to behold the passage of the river and to see the countenance of their enemies closer. Haralds of arms were sent to the Scots, informing them that if they would come and cross the river to fight in the open field, the English would draw back from the river and give them sufficient space to arrange their battalions, either the same day or the next, as they chose. The Scots, upon hearing this, took counsel among themselves and responded to the haralds, saying, \"Sir, your king and his lady are well here in this realm and have brought a large counterforce as we have passed through. If they displease us, let them amend it when they will. Here we shall remain, as long as it pleases us.\" As soon as the king of England heard this,\nthat answer/response was inconvenient, crying out that all the host should lodge there that night without returning back. And so the host lodged there that night with much pain on the hard ground and stones. They had no stakes nor rods to tie their horses with, nor forage, nor huts to make any fire. And when they were thus lodged, the Scots caused some of their people to keep watch over the field where they had ordered their battles, and the remainder went to their lodgings. They made such fires that it was marvelous to behold. Between the day and the night they made great armies of brute beasts, with blowing of horns all at once, which seemed properly as if all the devils of hell had been there. Thus these two hosts were lodged that night. The which was St. Peter's night, in the beginning of August. The year of our Lord M. CCC. XXVII. And the next morning, the lords of England heard Mass and rang again their bells, as they had done.\nThe day before. And the Scots, in like manner ordered themselves; the Scots had neither bread, wine, nor other provisions, save what beasts they had taken in the country, and might eat at their pleasure without bread, which was an evil diet, for they often lacked meal to make cakes with. As was said before, this diet some Englishmen used when they had invaded Scotland, especially borderers, when they made roads into Scotland. And in the morning of the fourth day, the Englishmen looked at the mountain where the Scots were, and they could see no creature; for the Scots had departed at midnight. Then men were sent back and forth over the river to know where they had gone. And about noon they found them lodged on another mountain stronger than the other, on the same side of the river, and where there was a great wood on one side to go and come secretly when they pleased. Then the English ostensibly made camp there.\nThe English soldiers dislodged and drove the Scots back in good order, but they would never approach the English position. The English could not advance without being attacked or ambushed. They stayed in place for 18 days, and King of England frequently sent his heralds to them, offering that they fight with him and providing them with enough space on the plain ground to pitch their tents. Alternatively, he allowed them to choose a place and assured them that he would cross the river and fight with them. However, the Scots would not agree. Both sides suffered much pain and hardship, as they were so close to each other. The first night, some of the English were still in their beds, and others were barely ready, when the king's men suddenly attacked. The king cried out \"Douglas\" and struck his horse with spurs, coming to the king's own tent, repeatedly shouting \"Douglas,\" and striking two or three cords of the king's tent.\nso departed he and his men lost some. Then he returned to the Scots, so that there was no more done but every night the English ostmen made good and sure watch, for they doubted making of skries, and every day there were skirmishes made and men slain on both parties. And in conclusion, on the last day of the 24th, there was a Scottish knight taken among them who proposed among themselves that every man should be ready armed that night. And to follow the banners of Lord William Douglas and every man to keep him secret, but the knight could not show them what they intended to do. Then the Lords of England drew them to a council and there it was thought among them that the Scots might in the night time come and assault their army on both sides to engage themselves, or to live or die, for they could endure no longer the famine that was among them. Then the English Lords ordered three nights armed.\nevery man under his own standard and banner, and by the breaking of the day, they had left us about three or four miles behind, intending that we should show this to you. Then the English lords said that it was folly to follow the Scots. For they saw that they could not overtake them yet, due to doubts about deceit. They kept the two trumpets privately and caused their battles to stand still arranged until it was near prime. And when they truly saw that the Scots had departed, then every man had leave to retreat to their lodging, and the lords took counsel to determine what would be best to do. In the meantime, diverse of the English ostens (units) mounted on their horses and passed over the river and came to the mountain where the Scots had been, and there they found more than five hundred head of cattle slaughtered, because the Scots could not drive them before their east, and because the English men would have but a small herd left.\nThey found small profits there, along with cauldrons made of the best skins, with the hair still on them, hung over the fire, full of water and without flesh to be soaked. And more than 1.5 million shoes made of raw leather, with the hair still on them, which the Scots had left behind. There they found five poor, English prisoners bound fast to certain trees, and some of their legs broken, who were lost and released. Then they returned again, and by that time all the bones had been dislodged. It was ordered by the king and the advice of his council that the entire bone should follow the marshal's banners and draw homeward into England, and they did so. At last, they came into a fair meadow, where they found sufficient forage for their horses and carriages. They had great need of it, for they were near so weak that it would have been great pain for them to have gone any further.\nThe English chronicle states that the Scots had fought with all, and Sir Roger Mortimer, a lord of England, had not betrayed the king. He took their money and pay for the Scots to depart and engage in an unfought battle, as can be seen more clearly in the English Chronicle, and various other matters, which I pass over at this time. And so, the next day, the host dislodged again and went forth. About noon, they came to a great abbey, two miles from the city of Durham, where the king lodged, and the host encamped in the fields. There they found sufficient forage for themselves and their horses. The next day, the host remained there, and the king went to Durham city to see the church. Every man found their own carriages there, which they had left thirty-two days before in a wood at midnight when they followed the Scots, as it has been shown.\nBefore the burgesses and people of Durham had found and brought their carriages and possessions into their town at their own costs and charges. And all these carriages were set in empty granges and barns in Sauce Gardens, & on every man's carriage his own recognition or arms. Whereby every man might know his own. And the lords and gentlemen were glad when they had thus found their carriages. They remained there for two days in the city of Durham and the surrounding area, for they could not all lodge within the city. And there their horses were shod. Then they took their way to the city of York, and within three days they arrived there. And there the king found the queen his mother. Who received him with great joy. And so did all other ladies, damsels, burgesses, and commoners. Then the knights and other strangers of his company made a bill of their horses and such other goods that they had lost on this journey, and delivered it to\nThe king's council advised every man individually and in trust of the king's promise. Lord John of Heynault instructed all his company that they should be content with everything included in their own bills within a short time. The king and his council could not recover gold or silver quickly enough to satisfy their desires, but he provided them with sufficient reason to pay all their small charges and bring them home to their own countries. Shortly after, they were paid for every thing they desired. Then Lord John of Heynault and all the other barons bought a little earl of Lancaster and honored them greatly. The king ordered 12 knights and CC men-at-arms to accompany them due to doubts about the archers of Inglad, with whom they were not well assured, as they had to pass through the bishopric of Lincoln. They then entered or boarded ships and vessels that were ready for them there.\nThether they sojourned two days, making their horses and harnesses ready. In the meantime, Sir John of Heynault and some of his company rode a pilgrimage to Our Lady of Bolton, and upon their return to Heynault, each departed to their own houses and countries. Sir John of Heynault then rode to his brother, who was at Valenciennes, who received him joyously, for he greatly loved him. Not long after, the king, the queen his mother, the earl of Kent, the earl of Lancaster, Sir Roger Mortimer, and all the barons of England, and by the advice of the king's council, sent a embassy and two knight bannerets with two notable clerks to Sir John of Heynault, requesting that he serve as an intermediary so that their young king of England might have one of the heiresses in marriage. Upon showing them the content of their message.\nTheres said, \"Sirs, I thank you greatly for sending such sufficient delegations as you have, on behalf of the king, the prince, and the queen his mother, and all other lords of England, since they have granted me the honor of negotiating for a marriage. I am in agreement with this request, if the pope consents. With this answer, these ambassadors were well received. They sent two knights and two clerks to Avignon to purchase a dispensation for this marriage to be granted, for without the pope's license, they could not marry, due to the close relationship between the lines of France. For the mothers were cousins. When these ambassadors came to the pope and presented their request and considerations, our holy father the pope, with the consent of the whole college, agreed to this marriage and granted it. They then departed and returned to Valenciennes with the bulls. Then this marriage was concluded.\"\nThe parties affirmed this. Then, arrangements were made and pursued for their apparel and all things honorable for a lady who was to be queen of England. This princess was married by a sufficient procuration brought from the king of England. After all feasts and triumphs were done, this young queen entered the sea at Wissant and arrived with her company at Dover. John of Heynault, lord Beaumont, her uncle, conducted her to the city of London, where great feasts were made and many nobles of England were present. The queen was crowned, and there were also justices, tournaments, dancing, and great feasts every day. This lasted for three weeks. The English chronicle states that this marriage and coronation of the queen took place at York, with much honor. This was on the Sunday during the conversion of St. Paul, in the year of our Lord MCCXXVII. In this chronicle, other things about this are shown.\nAnd when the Scots were departed by night from the mountain where King Edward of Carnarvon had besieged them, as you have heard before, they traveled twenty-two miles through that savage country without resting. The next day they entered their own land and each man departed to his own manor. Within a short time after the king's death, the king of Scotland granted to the Scots to release all the feudalities and homages they ought to have done to the English Crown, by his charter. The king of Scotland, and all the prelates, earls, and barons of Scotland, ought to have done to the English Crown, sealed with all their seals, as well as other rights. Various barons and knights in Scotland.\nThe Earl Henry of Lancaster and Sir Thomas Brotherton, Earl of Norfolk, and Sir Edmund of Woodstock, the king's uncles, and various other lords and commoners were in agreement to address these issues if they could. In the meantime, Queen Isabella and Sir Roger Mortimer caused another parliament to be held at Salisbury. At this parliament, Mortimer was made Earl of March against the wishes of the barons, in prejudice of the king and his realm. The Earl Marshal and Earl of Kent, the king's brother, made peace between the king and Earl of Lancaster. On Lancaster's part were Henry, Lord Beaumont, Sir Fulk FitzWaryn, Thomas Rocellin, Sir William Trussell, Sir Thomas Wyther, and about a hundred knights who had all been exiled from England by the counsel of Queen Isabella and Earl Mortimer, as he was so covetous.\nThe king thought to have most of their lands in his own hands, as more clearly shown in the English chronicle, which I pass over and follow my author. The aforementioned peace between England and Scotland was to last three years. And it happened that King Robert of Scotland was severely aged and feeble, for he was greatly afflicted by a grave sickness, so that there was no way with him but death. When he felt that his end was near, he summoned such barons and lords of his realm as he trusted most. He showed them that there was no remedy with him but he must necessarily leave this transitory life. Coming to him was the gentle knight, Sir William Douglas, and he said before all:\nThe lords. Sir William, you know well that I have had much to deal with and sustain the right of this realm. I had the most to do, I made a solemn vow, which as yet I have not fulfilled, of which I am truly sorry. This was, if I might achieve and bring an end to all my wars, so that I might once have brought this realm in rest and peace, then I promised in my mind to have gone and waged war on Christ's enemies, adversaries to our holy Christian faith. To this purpose, my heart has ever been devoted; but our Lord would not grant my body cannot go nor achieve it. It my heart desires, I will send the heart instead to fulfill my oath; and because I know in all my realm no knight more valiant than you are, nor one better furnished to fulfill my oath in your stead of myself. Therefore, I require you, my own dear and special friend, that you will take on this voyage for the love of me, and to acquit my soul against my Lord God.\nI trust in your nobleness and truth so much that I have no doubt you will carry it out. Once it is done in the manner I will tell you, I will die in greater ease and quiet. I will only ask that you remove my heart from my body and embalm it, and take from my treasure what you think sufficient for the enterprise, both for yourself and any company you will take with you. Present my heart to the most worthy and sufficient knight of my realm, whom I could never reach, as a recompense for me. And soon after this noble Robert Bruce, king of Scotland, had been away for twelve days, but he would never come ashore. Instead, he kept his ship at sea and always maintained a triumphant demeanor with trumpets and clarions, as if he were king of Scotland himself. In his company was a banneret and seven other knights.\nof the realm of Scotland and 26 young squires and gentlemen served him, and all his vessels were of gold and silver: pots, basins, ewers, dishes, flagons, barrels, cups, and all other things. And all who came to see him were well served.\n\nWith two kinds of wines and various spices, all kinds of people according to their degrees. And when he had stayed there for the space of 12 days, he heard reported that Alphons, king of Spain, was making war against a Saracen king of Granada. Thinking surely he could not spend his time more nobly, he decided to go to war against God's enemies and undertake this enterprise. He then departed and took the sea towards Spain and arrived at the port of Valencia.\n\nWilliam Duglas had come to the king of Spain. On a day, the king issued out into the field to approach his enemies. The king of Granada also issued out.\nLikewise, on his part, so that each king might see others with all their banners displayed. Then they arranged their battles against each other. And when he saw these battles thus ranged on both sides and saw that the battle of the king of Spain was beginning to advance towards their enemies, he truly believed that they would soon assemble to fight hand to hand, and he believed it was wiser to be with the foremost rather than the hindmost. He spurred his horse and all his company, dashing into the battle of the king of Granada, crying \"Douglas, Douglas.\" The king of Spain and his host followed, but they did not. Therefore, he was deceived, for the Spanish host stood still. And so this knight was enclosed, and all his company with the Saracens, where he performed marvels in arms, but finally he could not endure, and he and all his company were slain. This was great damage that the Spaniards would not rescue.\nIn this season, certain lords negotiated peace between England and Scotland. A marriage was ultimately made and solemnized between the young king of Scotland and Dame Joan of the Tower sister to King Edward of England, at Berwick, as the English chronicle states. There was great feasting on both sides. King Charles of France was married to the fair King Philip three times, yet he died without a male heir. His first wife was one of the fairest ladies in the world, and she was the daughter of the earl of Artois. However, she poorly observed the sacrament of matrimony, breaking her vows. Therefore, she was imprisoned for a long time in the castle of Gaillard before her husband became king. And when the realm of France fell to him, he was crowned by the election of the twelve peers of France, as they refused to allow the realm of France to belong to anyone else.\nwithout an heyre male / they ad\u2223uysed by their counsell / that the kyng shulde be remaryed agayne and so he was to the dough\u2223ter of the Emperour Henry of Lucenbourg su\u2223ster to the gentle kyng of Bayhaigne / Wherby the first mariage of the kyng was fordoone by\u2223twene hym and his wyfe that was in prison by the lice\u0304ce and declaracyon of ye pope / that was than / and by his .ii. wyfe / who was ryght hum\u2223ble / and a noble wyse lady. the kyng had a so\u0304ne / who dyed in his yong age / and the quene also / at Issodnii in Berrey. And they both dyed sus\u2223peciously. Wherfore dyuers parsones were put to blame after priuely. And after this the same kyng Charles was maried agayn the .iii. tyme to the doughter of his vncle / ye lorde Loyes erle of Dewreux / and she was suster to the kyng of Nauerre / and was named quene Johan. And so in tyme and space this lady was with childe / and in the meane tyme / the kyng Charles her husband fell sycke / and lay downe on his dethe bedde. And whan he sawe there Was no waye with hym but\nIf the queen gave birth to a son, then Philip of Valois was to be his governor and regent until he came of age to be crowned king. If it was a daughter, then the twelve peers of France were to advise and order the realm, and the one with the most right to it would receive it. After King Charles died around Easter in the year 1428, the queen gave birth to a daughter. The twelve peers of France convened a council at Paris as soon as possible, and by common accord, they gave the realm to Philip of Valois. They removed Queen Isabella of England and her son Edward, as she was the sister of Charles' last deceased king but lacked the nobles' favor.\nFraunce was / and sayed and maynteyned: that the realme of Fraunce was of so great nobles / that it ought nat by successyon to fall into a womans hande. And so thus they crowned kyng of France Phi\u00a6lypp\u0304 Ualoys at Raygnes / on Trinyte sonday next after. And anone after he somoned all his barownes and men of warther. These fle\u0304mynges were a .xvi. thousande / and had a capytayne called Colen \u2022 wages of dyuerse townes in Flaunders. To thentent to kepe the fronters there about / but ye shall here howe the flemmynges were dysconfeted / and all by their owne outrage.\nANd on a day / they of the garyson of Cassell departed out. To thentent to haue dy\u2223sconfyted ye kyng and all his hoost. And they came priuely without any noyse in thre ba\u00a6tels well ordred. Wherof the first batayle toke the way to the kynges tentes / and it was a fayre grace that the kynge had nat\u00a6ben taken / for he was at souper and all his com\u00a6pany / and thought nothyng of them. And the o\u2223ther batayle toke the streyght way to the tentes of the kynge of\nAnd they found Beckingham in a similar state. The third battle approached the tent of the Earl of Henault and likewise failed to capture him. These hosts approached the tents so peaceably that they could scarcely arm themselves. Had it not been for the grace of God, all the lords and their people would have been slain. These lords defeated three battles, each one by itself, within an hour. Not a single person escaped, including captains. The kings and lords of France did not know one another or what they had done until it was all finished, ended, and assembled. For they lay in three separate places, one from another. However, there was not one survivor among the fleeing, but all lay dead on heaps one upon another in the said three separate places. This happened on St. Bartholomew's Day, in the year of our Lord MCCXXVIII. Then the French entered the town of Cassel.\nThe banners of Flanders and the town yielded to the king. Additionally, the towns of Ypres and Ipswich, along with all those in the Castle of Burgundy, received their lord, the Earl of Flanders, and swore fealty and loyalty to him forever. After the king and his people departed and went to Paris, he was greatly honored and praised for this enterprise, and acknowledged the aid he had given his cousin, the Earl of Flanders. In this way, the king prospered greatly, and his royal estate continued to increase; for as it was said, there had never been a king in Flanders who held such an estate as did King Philip of Valois.\n\nYoung King Edward of England was governed for a long time, as you have heard before, by the counsel of his mother, the queen, and of Edmund of Woodstock, Earl of Kent, his uncle, and Sir Roger Mortimer, Earl of March. However, envy began to grow between Earl Kent and Earl Mortimer. Earl Mortimer eventually informed the young king, with the consent of Queen Isabella, his mother.\nThe earl of Kent brought the king, who was being plotted against by the earl himself to poison him. The king, who was acting as the next heir apparent to the crown, as the king's younger brother, John of Gaunt, was newly deceased. When the king gave them credence, his uncle, the earl of Kent, was taken and publicly beheaded without any excuse, causing many nobles in the realm to be troubled and hold a grudge against Earl Mortimer. Earl Mortimer suffered death at Winchester on the tenth day of October, the third year of the king's reign, and is buried at the friars in Winchester. However, as my author reports, within a short time it was reported that Queen Isabella had borne the king a child, and that Earl Mortimer was the father. When the king learned of this, and that Earl Mortimer had caused the earl of Kent, his uncle, to be put to death without good reason or cause: for the entire realm regarded him accordingly.\nfor a nobleman. Then, by the king's commandment, this earl Mortimer was taken and brought to London. Before the great lords and nobles of the realm, his deeds were publicly recited: all the actions of the said Mortimer. The king then demanded of his council what should be done with him, and all the lords in common assent gave judgment. They said, \"Sir, he deserves to die. The queen his mother should be kept in a castle. And so it was done: she had with her ladies and damsels, knights and squires, to serve her according to her estate. Certain lands were assigned to her to maintain her noble estate every day of her life. But in no way should she depart from the castle without it being permitted for such entertainments as were once shown before the castle gate, for her recreation. Thus this lady led her life there meekly, and once or twice a year the king her son would come and see her. The chronicle shows various other considerations.\nIn the year 1329, King Mortimer suffered death on St. Andrew's day. After the king had carried out these two executions, he took new counsel from the most noble and wise persons of his realm. About a year later, Philip of Valois was crowned king of France, and all the barons and nobles of the realm had made their homage and fealty to him, except the young king of England, who had not done so for the duchy of Guyen. The king of France, with the advice of all his counselors, then sent Lord Auvigny and Lord Beaufort, along with two notables from the Paris parliament: Master Peter of Orlyance and Master Peter of Maseries. These four departed from Paris and traveled via Wissant, where they saw and appeared at Dover. They stayed there for a day.\nThey waited to unsaddle their horses and pack animals. Riding for a long time, they reached Winchester, where King Henry II and Queen Eleanor of England were staying. The four caused themselves to be known to the king, explaining the reason for their coming. King Henry I of England, out of honor for his French cousin, received them warmly and publicly heard their message. The king answered them that neither his nobles nor his council were currently concerned with him at that time, but urged them to come to London and there they would be answered, in a way that they should be satisfied. And so they dined in the king's chamber and afterwards departed, staying the same night at Colbrook, and the next day at London. It wasn't long before the king went to his palace at Westminster. All his counsel was summoned to be there on a certain day specified. When they had all assembled, the French ambassadors were summoned, and there they were.\nThe king and his counsel deliberated on how to respond and called the Frenchmen into the counsel chamber. The Bishop of London spoke, \"Lords assembled here for the king of France, our sovereign lord has heard your words and read your letters. Sirs, we counsel the king our sovereign lord present: that he go to France to see your master, his dear cousin, who has graciously summoned him. Regarding his faith and homage, he shall do as required. Sirs, you may inform your king that the king of England, our master, will arrive in France soon and do all that reason dictates.\"\nshall require. These messengers were feasted, and the king rewarded them with many great gifts and jewels. They took their leave and did so much that at last they came to Paris, where they found King Philip. To whom they recounted all their news. Whereof the king was right joyous, and especially to see the king of England, his cousin, for he had never seen him before. And when these tidings were spread abroad in the realm of France, then dukes, earls, and other lords prepared themselves in their best manner. The king of France wrote his letters to King Charles of Behaine, his cousin, and to the king of Navarre, certifying them of the day and time when the king of England should be with him, urging them to be with him at the same day, and so they came thither with great array. It was then counselled the king of France, that he should receive the king of England at the city of Amiens, and there to make provision for his coming. There were chambers, halls, and lodgings prepared.\nThe king made ready and apparelled himself and all his company to receive the duke of Burgoyne, the duke of Bourbon, the duke of Lorraine, and Sir John Arthur. There was provision for a thousand horses and six hundred more that were to come with the king of England. The young king of England did not forget his voyage to France. He prepared himself and his company well, and they departed from England, accompanied by two bishops, besides the bishop of London, and four earls: the earl of Derby, the earl of Salisbury, the earl of Warwick, and the earl of Hereford, and about twenty barons. The lord Rainold Cobham, the lord Thomas Wake, marshal of England, the lord Persy, the lord Many, and the lord Mowbray, and more than twenty other knights, were also present. The king and his company numbered about a thousand horses, and the king was two days in departure.\nThe king and his company passed between Douer and Wysant. Then the king and his company rode to Bullayne, and stayed one day. This was around the middle of August, in the year 1329 AD. News reached King Philip of France that the king of England was at Bullayne. In response, King Philip sent his constable with a large number of knights to the king of England, who was then at Monsternell by the sea. There were signs of love and good cheer exchanged on both sides. Then the king of England set out with his entire retinue, and the constable of France accompanied him. They traveled for a long time and reached the city of Amyas. There, kings Philip of France, Behagne, Mallorgues, and Nauarre were prepared to receive the king of England, along with many other dukes, earls, and great barons. The twelve peers of France were ready to feast and entertain the king of England.\nThe king of England was nobly received, and these kings and other princes stayed at Amyas for fifteen days. In the meantime, many words and ordinances were devised. However, as far as I could tell, King Edward of England made his homage to the king of France only with words, and he did not place his hands between the king of France's hands, nor did any other prince or prelate limit him. The king of England was determined not to proceed any further in doing anything more concerning his homage. Instead, the ancient privileges were publicly read, which were declared regarding how the king should do his homage and in what way and what kind of service he should do to the king of France. Then the king of France said, \"We will not conceal this from you. This that you have done pleases us well. For the present time.\"\nas you have returned to your realm and have seen under the seals of your predecessors how you should act. And so the king of England took his leave and departed amicably from the king of France. Among other princes who returned to England and labored so long that he came to Windsor, his queen received him joyously. She inquired about tidings from King Philip, her uncle, and about her lineage from France. The king showed her all that he knew, and in his mind, there was no realm that could be compared to the realm of France. And then, within a short time after, the king of France sent to England from his special council: the bishop of Chartres, the bishop of Beaune, the lord Louis of Clermont, the duke of Bourbon, the earl of Harcourt, and the earl of Tankerville: with various other knights and clerks to the council of England, which was then in session.\nThe text has been held at London for the performance of the king of England's homage, as you have heard before. The king of England and his council had carefully considered the manner and form in which his ancient predecessors had performed their homage for the duchy of Aquitaine. Many in England murmured and said that the king, their lord, was closer in true succession to the crown of France than Philip of Valois, who was then king of France. The king and his council did not wish to acknowledge this or speak of it at that time. There was great assembly and much discussion on how this homage should be performed. These ambassadors remained in England throughout that winter until they had received a definitive answer. Finally, the king of England, with the advice of his council and in view of his privileges, was determined to write letters in the form of patents sealed with his great seal, acknowledging the king of France as his feudal lord.\nEdward, by the grace of God, king of England, lord of Ireland, and duke of Aquitaine, to those to whom these present letters shall come or be made known, greetings. It is to be known that we made homage to the right excellent prince, Philip, king of France, at Amiens. It was required of him that we should acknowledge the said homage and make it to him expressly, promising to bear him faith and truth, which we did not do then, due to our lack of knowledge. We made him homage with general words, saying how we entered into his homage in the same manner as our predecessors, the dukes of Guyenne, in times past had entered into the homage of the king of France for that time being. Since then, we have been well informed of the truth. Therefore, we acknowledge by these presents that such homage as we made in the city of Amiens to the king of France.\nIn general terms, this word \"liege man\" should be understood as follows: we owe faith and truth to him, as the Duke of Aquitaine and Percy of France, Earl of Poitiers and Mortimer. In order to prevent discord in the future, we promise by this deed and for our successors to uphold the faith and truth spoken by mouth: saving his right and all others. Furthermore, when the said king enters into homage to the king of France for the lordship of Poitiers and Mortimer, he shall place his hands between the hands of the king of France for the said lordship. And he who speaks for the king of France shall address his words to the king and earl: and say thus. \"You shall become a liege man to the king of France, my lord present here, as Earl of Poitiers and Mortimer.\" And the king, earl of Poitiers, replies. Then the king of France receives the king and earl into this said homage by his faith and by his:\nThe man who most aided King Philip to obtain the Crown of France was Sir Robert Earl of Artois. He was one of the most wise and great testament lords in France, of high lineage, with royal blood, and had Sully Jerome as his wife to King Philip. He was always his chief and special companion and lover in all his stations. This space:\n\nThe man who most helped King Philip obtain the Crown of France was Sir Robert Earl of Artois. He was one of the most wise and great testament lords in France, of high lineage with royal blood, and had Sully Jerome as his wife to King Philip. He was always his chief and special companion and lover in all his stations.\nIn the realm of France, all that was done was done by the advice of King Philip, and nothing was done without him. It came to pass that this king took an extraordinary pleasure and hatred against the nobleman Sir Robert of Artois, due to a dispute over which Sir Robert was the cause. For he intended to win favor through a letter that was not true as it was said. The king was so displeased that, had he taken him in his anger, it would have cost Sir Robert his life without remedy. Therefore, Sir Robert was willing to endure the realm of France and went to Namur to Earl John, his nephew. Then the king took Earl John's wife and her two sons, who were his own nephews, John and Charles, and put them in prison, keeping them strictly. The king's mind would not be turned by any means. In his fury, the king then-\nsente hastely to the busshopp Laoul of Liege\u2022 kyng desired hym. Than the erle of Namure sore a\u2223geynst his wyll / caused the erle of Artoyse to a\u2223uoyde his lande. Than this erle e duke / that if he wold susteyue maynteyn or suswold do forther in the case. And anon the kyng knew it / for he had spyes / in euery corner. The kyng had great di\u2223spyte / that the duke shuld so dele with hym / and within a brief space after / the kyng pourchased so by reason of his golde & syluer / that the kyng of Behaigne / who was cosin iermayn to y\u2022 duke of Brabant / and the busshop of Liege / the arche bysshop of Coleyn / the duke of Guerles / ye mat\u2223ques of Julyers / the erle of Bare / ye lord of Los the lorde Fawkmount / and diuers other lordes were alied to guyther al ayenst the duke of Bra\u2223bant / and defyed hym / and entred with a great oste in to his countrey by Esbayng and so warr bitwene the kyng and the duke of Brabant. And at last the kyng of Fra\u0304ce wist in a certayn day lymitted to auoyde out of his cou\u0304trey the erle of\nThe duke acted against his will regarding the truce between England and Scotland, which lasted for three years. Scotland was supposed to hold the Crown of England during this time. The young king of Scotland had not fulfilled his homage. Therefore, the king of England sent ambassadors to the king of Scotland, requesting him to relinquish control of Berwick, as it was part of England's heritage. English kings had previously possessed it. They also summoned the king of Scotland to come to England to do homage for the realm of Scotland. The king of Scotland consulted on how to respond to this matter. Eventually, he answered that the English would not believe any evil counsel given to the contrary. For if any other prince would do us wrong, he should aid, succor, and defend us, for the love of his sister, whom we have.\nThe ambassadors answered and said, \"Sir, we have well understood your answer. We shall show it to the king our lord in the same manner as you have said. And they took their leave and returned to England to the king. With this answer, the king of England was not pleased. Then he summoned a parliament to be held at Westminster, where all the nobles and wise men of the realm were assembled to determine what should be best done in this matter. In the meantime, Sir Robert, Earl of Artois, came into England disguised as a merchant. The king received him joyously and retained him as one of his counselors. He assigned the earldom of Richmond to him. And when the day of the parliament approached and all the nobles of the land were assembled around London, the king caused the message and how he had written to the king of Scotland, as well as the answer of the same king, to be shown. Therefore, the king requested all the nobles of his realm that they:\nThe king would give him such counsel that would benefit his honor and right. When they were all assembled in council, they thought it impossible for the king to endure the injuries and wrongs inflicted upon him daily by the king of Scotland. They reported their advice to the king, urging him to provide for his military strength and men of war to take the town of Berwick and enter Scotland's realm in such a way that he would compel the king of Scotland to be pleased, to come and do homage to him. And so all the nobles and commoners of England willingly declared their readiness to accompany him on this journey. The king thanked them greatly and requested they be prepared and assembled at a designated day and place, Newcastle upon Tyne. Then each man went home to prepare for the journey. The king then sent other ambassadors to his brother-in-law, the king of Scotland.\nThe king's army, if he would not be advised otherwise, was given full authority to defy him. The day of the king's assembly approached, and on that day, the king of England and all his army arrived at Newcastle upon Tyne and stayed for three days, waiting for the remainder of his army that was coming. On the fourth day, he departed with all his army towards Scotland, passing through the lands of Lords Persy and Neville, who were two great lords in Northumberland. The lords Rosse, Ligy, and Momberay also did the same. Then, the king and his army marched towards Berwick. The king of Scotland made no other response to these two messengers but the same as to the first. Therefore, he was openly defied and summoned. Consequently, the king of England and his army entered Scotland, as he was counseled, not to tarry at siege at Berwick but to ride forth.\nThe country was burned as his grandfather had done, and he did so. In this journey, he wasted and destroyed all the plain countryside of Scotland, and exiled various towns that were enclosed with ditches and palisades. He took the strong cattle of Edinburgh and stationed there a garrison of Scots \u2013 they were to appear before the Englishmen, for they had all been drawn into the forefront of Gedworth, which was uninhabitable, and especially because they did not know the country, in which all the Scots and all their goods were. And so they set but little by all the resistance. It was no marvel that they were thus driven, for the king their lord was only fifteen years old, and the earl of Moray was young, and the nephew of William Douglas, who was slain in Spain, was also of the same age. At that time, the realm of Scotland was deprived of capable leaders. And when the king of England had recovered all the plain countryside of Scotland, and stayed there for six months, and saw that none would come against him,\nHe garnished various castles that he had won and thought to make war against all the others. He then withdrew, fair and easily, toward Berwick. In his return, he won the castle of Alnwick, which was five leagues from Edinburgh. There, the king set good captains and rode small journeys until he came to Berwick, which is at the entrance of Scotland. There, the king laid siege around it and said he would never depart until he had won it or the king of Scotland came and raised his siege beforehand. And before this city, there were many assaults and severe skirmishes. The Scots, both day and night, made many shows to the king, reminding him that he was the rightful heir to the crown of France. He never ceased day or night in showing the king what right he had to the crown of France.\nThe king listened gladly to his words. In this season, the king of England conquered most of Scotland's realm. He had many expert knights around him, including Sir William Montague and Sir Walter of Mann. They were hardy knights who did many deeds of arms against the Scots. To gain entry into Scotland, they fortified the base of Rosedale and made it a strong castle. Sir William Montague performed so well in all his enterprises that the king made him earl of Salisbury.\n\n\"Surely, the earl said, I cannot design a more powerful prince to aid him than the duke of Brabant, who is his cousin germaine. And also the bishop of Liege, the duke of Guelders, who has his sister as his wife. The archbishop of Colchester, the marquis of Juliers, Sir Arnold de Baquehaut, and the lord of Falkenmount. These lords are the ones who can raise the most men for war in a short time that I know of. They are good men of war, they can well make the army credible. \"\nThe king began to assuage and wear cold / and he countermanded his officers to cease making any further position until he knew more about what King Edward would do. Then King Edward ordered ten bannerets and forty other knights and sent them over the sea to Valence. And the bishop of Lincoln with them went to treat with the lords of Flanders, those whom the earl of Hereford had named. When they arrived at Valence, each of them kept a great estate and port, and they spared nothing, as if the king of England were there in person. This gained them great reverence and praise. They had with them the young bachelors, each of whom had one of their eyes closed until they had done some deeds of arms in France. However, they did not want to be known of this. And when they had been well feasted at Valence, then the bishop of Lincoln and part of his company went to the duke of Brabant, who feasted them greatly, and agreed and promised to support the king of England.\nThe earl of Warwick and all of England's company in the country were to go and come armed and unarmed at their pleasure, and give him the best counsel they could. If King England wished to defy the French king and enter the country of France with men-at-arms, their wages could be paid to the number of a thousand men. Thus, the lords returned again to Valenciennes and did so through messengers and the promise of gold and silver. The duke of Guerlais, who was the king's brother in law, and the marquesses of Juliers, the archbishop of Cambrai, and Waleran his brother came to Valenciennes to speak with these English lords before the earl of Hainault and the lord John his brother. Through the promise of a great sum of florins, each of them pledged to defy the French king and go with King England whenever it pleased him, with a:\ncertayne men of warre. Promysing also: to gette other lordes to take their part for wages / such as be beyonde the ry\u2223uer of Ryne: and be able to bringe good nom\u2223bres of men of warre. Than the lordes of Al\u2223mayne toke their leaue and retourned into ther owne contreis: and thenglysshmen taryed styll with therle of Heynalt / and sent certayne mes\u2223sangers to the bysshoppe of Lyege / and wolde gladly haue hadde hym on their partie. But he wolde neuer be agaynst the french kyng / for he was become his man and entred into his feaul\u2223tie. Kyng Charles of Behaygne was nat desy\u2223red: for they knewe well he was so fermely ioy\u2223ned with the frenche kyng / by reason of the ma\u2223ryage of John\u0304 duke of Normandy / who had to wyfe the kyng{is} doughter. Wherby they knewe well he wold do nothyng agaynst y\u2022 fre\u0304ch kyng.\nIN this season there was great dyscorde bytwene the erle of Flau\u0304ders and the fle\u0304\u2223mynges: for they wolde nat obey him / nor he durst nat a byde in Flaunders: but in gret parell. And in y\u2022 towne of Gaunt there was a\nA man named Jacques Dartuell, a honey maker, gained such favor and grace among the people that they did whatever he commanded throughout Flanders. No one dared disobey him, no matter how great they were. He always traveled with a retinue of 12 or more secret agents. If he met someone he hated or suspected, that person was slain. His secret messengers were commanded to kill anyone he signaled, without any warning. By these means, he caused many to be killed, and was so feared that no one dared to speak against him. When these messengers brought him home to his house, they were free to go to dinner where they pleased and return again afterwards.\nBefore his lodging, and remaining there until he came out, any person who would rebel against his will was met with immediate action from him. As soon as he identified such individuals, he would never cease until they were baptized or slain, without mercy. All great men, such as knights, squires, or burghers of favorable towns, he baptized out of Flanders. He left the larger portion of their lands for his own use, and the smaller half for their wives and children, of whom there were a great number at Saint D\u00e9nis. To speak accurately, there was no prince, duke, or other ruler in Flanders or any other country who ruled as harshly as Jacques D'Artois did in Flanders. He levied rents, wages, and rights that belonged to the earl throughout all Flanders, and spent them all at his pleasure without any accountability. And whoever would say he lacked money, they believed him.\nIt was their duty to obey him, as none dared oppose him. When he requested to borrow anything from any burgher, there was none who dared refuse him. The English ambassadors maintained an honorable residence in the town of Valencennes. They believed it would be a great comfort to their lord, the king, if they could persuade the flymmynges to join their cause. They consulted the earl in this matter, and he replied that truly it would be one of the greatest aids they could have. But he expressed his doubt that their efforts on this behalf would be effective without first gaining the goodwill of Jacques Dartuell. They replied that they would try what they could do and then departed from Valencennes, heading into Flanders. They divided into three or four companies. Some went to Bruges, some to Ypres, and some to Ghent. They all kept a port and made such a large display that it seemed as if silver and gold fell from their hands, and they made many great promises and offers to those they spoke to.\nThe bishop and a certain man went to Gaunt, and he did enough with fair words and otherwise to gain the accord of Jacques Dartuell. He gained great grace in the town, especially from an old knight who dwelt there, called the lord of Courcisyen, a knight banneret, and reputed for a hardy knight who had always served truly his lords. This knight honored the strangers: as a valiant knight ought to do to all strangers. He was accused to the French king, who sent a strict commandment to the earl of Flanders that he should send for this said knight and have his head struck off. The earl, who dared not disobey the king's commandment, did so, and the knight came to him at his sentencing as one who thought of no evil. He was taken and his head was struck off. Many people were sorry and greatly displeased with the earl for this, as he was well-loved by the lords.\nThe English lords frequently convened the councils of the good towns to discuss the business that the English lords desired and the favors and amities they offered from the king of England. They spoke of this matter so often that they eventually agreed that the king of England could enter and leave Flanders at his pleasure. However, they warned that they were so bound to the French king that they could not enter his realm to make war without forfeiting a great sum of florins. They requested that he be content with this response at that time. The English lords returned to Valenciennes with great joy. In this season, the noble earl of Henault died on the 6th day of June, in the year of our Lord 1437. He was buried at.\nThe bishop of Cabrais in Valencennes. The lord of Cabrais, who was well-loved and honored by many dukes, earls, and barons, had many sons. After his decease, Willyam, his son, entered the counties of Hainault, Holland, and Zeeland. He married the daughter of Duke John of Brabant and was named Jeanne. She was endowed with the land of Binche, which was a fair heritage and profitable. The lady Jeanne her mother went to Fontenelles on Lescaut and spent the remainder of her life in great devotion in the abbey there, doing many good deeds.\n\nKing Philip of France was well-informed of all these arrangements and orders on the French side of the sea, and he gladly would have had the Flemish people on his part. However, Jacques Dartuell had so overpowered all people in Flanders that none dared oppose his opinion, nor could the earl himself well abide in the country.\nIn this season, there were certain knights and squires of Flanders in the isle of Cagant. Among them were Sir Dutres de Haluyn, Sir John de Radays, and the sons of Lestriefe. They guarded the passage against the French and waged covert war, of which the lords being in Heynalt were well informed. They were not well assured, however, and rode and went about the countryside at their pleasure. All was by the comfort of Jacques Dartuell, for he supported and honored them as much as he could. After these lords went to Doudrech in Holland, they took shipping to avoid the passage of Cagant. As the garrison was laid for them by the commandment of the French king, these English lords returned to England as privately as they could. They came to the king.\nWho was right, Iouses of their coming, and when he heard of Cagaunt's garrison, he said he would provide for them shortly. After he had ordered them at Derby, Water Manny and various other knights and squires, with five hundred men-at-arms and two thousand archers, took shipping at London in the River Thames. The first tide they went to Gravesend: the next day to Margate, and at the third tide they took the sea and sailed into Flander's. They equipped themselves and came near to Cagaunt.\n\nWhen the townspeople of Cagaunt saw the great ship approaching, they made ready and had wind and tide to serve them. And so, in the name of God and St. George, they approached and blew up their trumpets and set their archers before them, and sailed to ward the town. They of Cagaunt saw well this great ship approaching, they knew well they were English. And arranging themselves on the dikes and on the sands, with their banners before them, they made sixteen new ones.\nknights. There were five thousand of them, good knights and squires. Sir Guy of Falders was among them, a good and reliable knight, but he was a bastard and desired all his company to do well their duty. Also present were Sir Dutres de Hauyn, Sir John de Rodes, Sir Gyles de Leystrie, Sir Simon and Sir John of Bonquedeat, who were made knights there, and Peter of Anglemaster, along with many other knights and squires, expert in arms. The English were eager to assault, and the Flemish to defend. The English archers began to shout and cried their cries, so that those keeping the passage were forced to retreat. At this first assault, there were diverse sore hurts, and the English took land and came and fought hand to hand. The Flemish fought valiantly to defend the passage, and the English assaulted courageously. The Earl of Derby was a good knight that day. At the first assault, he was so forward that he was struck to the earth, and then the lord [Name missing]\nof Mannie did him great comfort / for by the power of his arms he relieved him up again and brought him out of pill / and cried Lancaster for the earl of Derby. Then they approached on every side and many were hurt: but more of the Flemish than of the Englishmen / for the archers shot so closely together that they did much damage to the Flemish. Thus in the heart of Gascony there was a sore battle / for the Flemish were good men of war chosen out by the earl of Flanders / to defend that passage against the English. And of England there was the earl of Derby, son to the earl Henry of Lancaster, with the earl of Suffolk; Sir Robert Cobham, Sir Lewis Byauchampe, Sir William son to the earl of Warwick; the lord Bourcher, Sir Water Manny, and divers others. There was a sore battle and well fought hand to hand: but finally the Flemish were put to the chase and were slain more than three thousand, what in yon hawn, streets, and houses. Sir Guy the bastard of Flanders was taken.\nSir Dutres de Haluyn and Sir John de Rodes, along with the two brothers of Bonquedent and Sir Gyles de Lestrif, were killed. Over twenty-six knights and squires were also slain, and the town was taken and plundered. All the goods and prisoners were put onto the ships, and the town was burned. The Englishmen returned to England without any damage. King Henry caused Sir Guy Bastard of Flanders to swear an oath and imprison himself. In the same year, he became English and made his faith and homage to the King of England.\n\nAfter this disaster at Cambrai: news of it spread throughout the countryside. The people of Flanders claimed that the Earl of Flanders had laid siege to the city without reason and against their will. Jacques Dartuell did not want this and, in the continent, he sent messengers to King Edward, recommending him to his grace with his whole heart. He advised him to come there and cross the sea, assuring him that the Flemish greatly desired to see him. Thus, the King of England\nmade great progress: and when the winter was passed, he took the sea well accompanied with dukes, earls, and various other knights: and arrived at the town of Andewarpe, belonging to the duke of Brabant. There came people from all parts to see him and the great estate he kept. Then he sent to his cousin, the duke of Brabant, and to the duke of Guelders, to the marquis of Juliers, to Lord John of Heynalt, and to all such as he trusted, to have any support from. Saying that he would gladly speak with them: they all came to Andewarpe between Whitsontide and the feast of St. John. When the king had well feasted, the matter was long discussed among them. And finally they said, \"Sir, our coming hither now is more to see you than for anything else: we are not now pursued to give you a full answer. By your leave, we shall return to our people and come again to you at your pleasure: and they gave him a plain answer that\nThe mother shall not rest with us until they come again within three weeks after the feast of St. John. The king showed them the reasons for his long delay when he arrived, demanding a clear answer from them. He refused to return to England until he had received one. Thus, these lords departed, and the king remained in the abbey of St. Bernarde. Some English lords stayed behind to keep him company, while others rode about the country in great distress. The duke of Brabant went to Louvain and stayed for a long time. He frequently sent messages to the French king, asking him not to be suspicious of him or believe any harmful information about him. By his will, he said he would make no alliance or contract against him. He also reminded the king of England that they were cousins, so he could not deny him entry into his country. The day came that the king of England arrived.\nEngland wanted to have an answer from these lords, and they excused themselves, saying they were ready and their men. The duke of Brabant would be ready for his part, saying he was nearer than they. And as soon as they knew that he was ready, they would not be behind but at the beginning of the matter as soon as he was. Then the king did so much that he spoke again with the duke and showed him the answer of the other lords, asking him by friendship and lineage that no fault was found in him. The king perceived well that he was cold in the matter and that without his being quicker and doing otherwise, he doubted he would lose the aid of all the other lords of Amsterdam through his delay. Then the duke said he would take counsel in the matter, and when he had long debated it, he said he would be as ready as any other. But first, he said, he would speak again with the other lords. He therefore sent for them, asking them to come to him wherever they pleased.\nbest. That day was appointed around the middle of August. This council was to be at Hale because of the young earl of Huntingdon who would also be there, and with him, Sir John of Huntingdon, his uncle. When these lords had all come to this parliament at Hale, they had long deliberated together. Finally, they said to the king of England, \"Sir, we see no reason why we should make defiance to the French king, considering all things, unless you can obtain the emperor's agreement. He may well do so, for a treaty had long been sworn and sealed that no king of France should take any part in the fire, and King Philip had taken the castle of Crevecouer in Cambresis, and the castle of Alues in Pailleull, and the city of Cambrai. Therefore, sir: if you can obtain his accord, our honor will be the greater. The king said he would follow their counsel. Therefore,...\nIn this season, the young King David of Scotland, who had lost the best part of his kingdom, went to the emperor and took the Marquis of Julers and certain knights and clerks of the king, as well as some of the duke of Guelders' counsel, with him. However, the duke of Brabant would send none from himself but lent the castle of Louvain to King Edward of England to lie in. The Marquis and his company found the emperor at Florebatche and presented him with the cause of their coming. Lady Margaret of Hainault made every effort to further the matter, whom Sir Lewis of Banyers, the emperor, had wedded. And there, the Marquis of Julers was made an earl, and the duke of Guelders, who before was an earl, was then made a duke. The emperor gave commission to four knights and two doctors of his council to make King Edward of England his vice-gerent general throughout the empire. And thereof these lords had public instruments confirmed and sealed sufficiently by the emperor.\n\nIn this season, the young King David of Scotland, who had lost a significant portion of his kingdom, went to the emperor and took the Marquis of Julers and certain knights and clerks of the king, as well as some of the duke of Guelders' counsel, with him. The duke of Brabant sent none from himself but lent the castle of Louvain to King Edward of England to use. The Marquis and his company found the emperor at Florebatche and presented him with the reason for their visit. Lady Margaret of Hainault made every effort to advance the matter, whom Sir Lewis of Banyers, the emperor, had married. And there, the Marquis of Julers was made an earl, and the duke of Guelders, who had previously been an earl, was then made a duke. The emperor commissioned four knights and two doctors of his council to act as King Edward of England's vice-gerent throughout the empire. And there, they received public instruments confirming and sealing their authority from the emperor.\nThe king and his wife, with a small company, landed and reached Bolaine. They rode to Paras to meet King Philip, who warmly welcomed him with feasts and offered him castles to stay in and permission to spend his goods. The condition was that he should not make peace with the king of England without his counsel. King Philip knew that the king of England was eager to make war, so the king remained there for a long time, with all that they needed provided at his expense. From Scotland came little support for their estates. The French king sent messengers to the Scottish lords, offering them great aid and comfort, so they refused to make peace with the king of England without his agreement or their own accord.\nThe king, who had made similar promises and taken oaths, then the Lord of Scotland convened the Scottish and French leaders together in agreement with his request. Thus, this alliance was formed between Scotland and France, which lasted for a long time. The French king sent soldiers to Scotland to wage war against the English. Among them were Arnoul d'Avernes, who was formerly the marshal of France, and the Lord of Garencieres, as well as other knights and squires. The French king believed that the Scots should give sufficient retaliation to the realm of England so that the English would not come over the sea to annoy him.\n\nWhen King England and the other lords had departed from the parliament of Hal, the king went to Louan and prepared the castle for his residence. He sent word to the queen to come there if she pleased, for he would not come to her for a whole year. He also sent some of his knights back to protect his land from the English.\nThe Scottish lords and knights, who were still with the king, rode about the realm of Flanders and Hainault. They made great expenses, bestowing generous rewards and jewels to the lords, ladies, and damsels of the countryside to gain their goodwill. Some of their actions were greatly praised, especially by the common people, due to the port and state they maintained.\n\nWhen the feast of All Saints approached, the marquis of Juliers and his company sent word to the king about their progress. The king responded by inviting him to join him for the feast of St. Martin. He also sent word to the duke of Brabant to learn his intentions regarding the placement of the army encampment. The duke answered from Arques in the county of Loo, near his own territory. The king then sent messages to all other allies, instructing them to join him. The town hall was adorned and decorated, as if it were the king's chamber. The king sat there, crowned with gold. However, there was a claim and...\nanswers were given between the parties before the emperor, and judgment was rendered. A judgment and a statute were also renewed, which had been made before in the emperor's court. This statute was as follows: whoever intended to harm another should make his defiance three days before his deed; and he who acted otherwise would be considered an evil doer and liable for by-law damages. When all this was done, the lords departed and took leave that they should all appear before Cambray three weeks after the feast of St. John, which town had become French. Thus they all departed, and each man went to his own. King Edward, out of concern for the pyre, went then to Louvain to the queen, who had newly come there from England with great nobility, and was well accompanied by ladies and damsels of England. So there the king and the queen kept their house honorably all that winter, and caused much money, gold, and silver to be made at Antwerp for their needs. Yet despite this,\nThe duke of Brabant left notwithstanding, he sent messengers to King Philip with great diligence. Lord Louis, one of whom this knight was often sent, and remained at the French court with the king, to excuse him against all information that might be made against him. This knight did all the damage he could in this regard.\n\nThe winter passed, and summer came, and the feast of St. John the Baptist approached. The lords of England and Austria prepared themselves to further their enterprise, and the French king worked as much as he could to the contrary, for he knew much of their intentions. King Edward made all his provisions in England and all his men of war ready to pass the sea after the feast of St. John, and they did so. Then the king went to Ullenort, and there he lodged as many as could in the town, and the rest outside on the riverside, in tents and pavilions.\nThe king remained at Maudelyn tide until Lady Day in September, eagerly awaiting the lord of the fire. Specifically, he waited for the duke of Brabant, and all others did the same. When King of England saw they did not come, he sent great messengers to each of them, urging them to keep their promise and meet him at Machyn on St. Giles' day, and then to explain why they had delayed so long. King Edward lay at Ullenort and kept a daily cost and charge for 160 men of arms. These lords of Almain came to Machyn at the king of England's summons. With great haste, they agreed that the king of England could set forth for war within fifteen days, and that their war should be more laudable for this reason. They agreed to send their defiances to the French king first: the king of England, the duke of Gueldres, the marquis of Juliers, sir Robert Dartois, sir John of Heynalt.\nThe Marquesses of Musse and Blanquebourc, the Lord of Faulquemont, Sir Arnold of Baquchen, the Archbishop of Colayne, Sir Galeas his brother, and all other lords of Toulouse. These defiances were written and sealed by all the lords, except the Duke of Brabant, who said he would act on his own at a convenient time. The defiances were to be taken to France and were entrusted to the Bishop of Lincoln, who took them to Paris and conducted his message in such a way that he could not be reproached or blamed, and so he had a safe conduct to return again to his king, who was then at Machyne.\n\nIn the first week that the French king was thus defied, Sir Water Manny immediately rode out with forty spears and passed through Brabant night and day until he reached Heynalt. Not knowing what he should do, he had confided to some of those most privy to him that he had promised ladies and damsels before he set out.\nSir Water of Manny intended to be the first to enter France, seize towns or castles, and engage in military actions. His destination was Mortagne, which had previously surrendered to France. He rode through the Forest of Blaton and arrived before sunrise at Mortagne, finding the gate unexpectedly open. He dismounted with his men and secured the gate. Continuing into the main street, he approached the great tower, but found the gate and wicket closed. When the castle watch heard the commotion and saw them, Sir Water blew his horn and cried \"Treason! Treason!\" Every man awoke and prepared themselves, keeping within the castle. Sir Water retreated and set fire to the street adjoining the castle, burning down over sixty houses and the people.\nsirs rode back: for they were all to have been taken. Then Sir Water and his company rode straight to Cond\u00e9; and there they passed the river of Haine. Then they rode the way to Valenciennes and stopped on the right hand and came to Deynes and so went to the abbey; and so passed on towards Bouillon. They did so much that the captain let them pass, though by the river. Then they came to a strong party of castles belonging to the bishop of Cambrai, called the castle of Thine. Which they suddenly took, and the captain and his wife were won. Lord Manners made a good son: and set them a brother of his called Sir Gyles Manners, who afterwards troubled the city of Cambrai much, for the castle was within a league of the town. Then Sir Water Manners returned into Brabant to the king his sovereign lord, whom he found at Malines. As soon as King Philip knew that he had been confirmed by the king of England and his allies, he retained men.\nKing Philip sent Lord Galois and Sir Thibalt de Marneyle, along with the lord of Roy, against Savoy and Frauce, numbering two hundred ships. King Philip seized the county of Pontieu from him, which the King of England had held before due to his mother. He appointed various lords of Toulouse: the earl of Henault, the duke of Loraine, the bishop of Metz, and the bishop of Liege, urging them not to make any harmful purchases against him or his realm. The most part of these lords replied that they would do nothing harmful to him, and the earl of Henault wrote courteously to him that he would always be ready to aid him and his realm against all men. However, seeing that the King of England was making war carelessly and dishonorably as lieutenants of Toulouse, he could not refuse him his country or his support because he held a part of his country from them.\nand as soon as Sir Herne the war was open. They came on a Sunday in the forenoon to the havens of Hampton, while the people were at mass: and the Normans, Picards, and Spaniards entered into the town, and robbed and plundered the town, and slew divers and deflowered maidens, and enforced wives; and charged their vessels with the plunder. And so entered again into their ships, and when the tide came they disanchored and sailed to Normandy and came to Dieppe. And there they departed and divided their booty and plunder.\n\nThe king of England departed from Machline and went to Brussels, and all his people passed by the town. Then came to the king twenty thousand men of the Almain army, and the king sent and demanded of the duke of Brabant what his intent was, to go to Cambrai or else to leave it. The duke answered and said: that as soon as he knew that he had besieged Cambrai, he would come there with twelve hundred good men-at-arms. Then the king went to Nieuell and there lay one night, and the next day to\nMons in Heynalt. There, the young earl of Heynalt received him joyously. Sir Robert of Dartoyse was always about the king as one of his private counsellors, and sixteen or twenty other great lords and knights of England were with him, who were always about the king for his honor and estate, to counsel him in all his deeds. The bishop of Lincoln was also with him, renowned in this journey for his wisdom and prowess. Thus, the Englishmen passed on and lodged abroad in the country, finding enough provisions before them for their money. However, some lord of Verchyn, the lord of Haureth, and divers others, who were about their lord, were not with them. The king and earl went hand in hand to the great hall, which was ready prepared to receive them.\n\nAs they ascended the stairs of the hall, the bishop of Lincoln, who was present, spoke out loudly and said: \"William, bishop of Cambray, I admire you as the king of England's procurement for the pyre of...\"\nRoe/ open the gates of the city of Cambray or forfeit your lands, and we will enter by force. No one responded to this matter, as the bishop was not present. Then the bishop of Lincoln spoke up: \"Earl of Henault, we commend you in the name of those present that you come and serve the king of England as his vice-regent before the city of Cambray with such a number as you ought to do.\" The earl who was present replied: \"I am ready.\" So they entered the hall, and the earl led the king to his chamber, and supper was ready. The next day, the king departed and went to Avesnes and stayed for two days, allowing all his men to pass through. Then he went to Cambrai and lodged at Wisques and besieged the city roundabout, and his power increased daily. The young earl of Henault and his uncle Sir John arrived in great anger, and they lodged near the king and the duke of Guerres and his company.\nMusse, the Earl of Mons, the Earl of Sauynes, Lord of Falquemot, Sir Arnolde of Bouquehen, and other lords of the Pyrenees joined the king of England. Six days after the siege was laid, the Duke of Brabant came with 900 spearmen besides others and lodged near Ostana on the river of Lescaut. He built a bridge over the water to go from one host to the other. As soon as he arrived, he sent to challenge the French king, who was at Compsenge. Louis of Trah\u00e9nec, who had always before excused the duke, was so confused that he would no longer return to Brabant but died for sorrow in Flanders. This siege lasted, and Sir John of Heynalt and the Lord of Falquemot rode together frequently and burned and wasted the countryside of Cambresis. One day, these lords with the number of 5,000 spearmen and a Marquis of other men of war came to the castle of Doisy in Cambresis belonging to:\nLord of Coucy launched an attack, but they defended so valiantly that they suffered no damage. The lords returned to their lodgings. The Earl of Henault and his company came to Saint Quintin's gate on a Saturday and launched a great assault. John Chandos, who was a squire and whose prowess this book speaks much of, threw himself between the barriers and the gate and fought valiantly against a squire of Vermandois named Jean de Sainte-Agathe. There was a great feat of arms between them. The Henaults conquered the bailiffs in this way, and the Earl of Henault and his marshals, Sir Gaucher of Verchy, Henry Danthong, and others, entered. At another gate called Robert's gate, Lord Beaumont and the Lord of Falquemont, Lord Dangeau, Sir William of Mannes, and their companies, made an assault and a hard attack. However, those of Cambrai and the others:\nsoldiers stationed by the French king defended themselves and the city so valiantly that the assailants gained nothing; they retreated in defeat. The young earl of Namur arrived to serve the young earl of Henault by request, and he declared he would fight on their side as long as they were in danger. However, as soon as they entered the realm of France, he said he would abandon them and serve the French king, who had detained him. Similarly, the earl of Henault intended the same, for he had ordered all his men under pain of death not to do anything within the realm of France. At this time, while the king of England laid siege before Cambrai with 40,000 men, the king of France made his summons at Peron in Warmahous, and the king of England consulted with Sir Robert D'Artois, in whom he had great trust, about whether it would be better for him to enter the realm of France and to\n\n(Note: The text appears to be incomplete at the end.)\nThe king encountered his adversary: or else remained before Carbray until he had won it by force. The lord of England and other counselors saw that the city was strong and well fortified with men, war supplies and artillery, and it would be long to wait there until they had taken it. They were uncertain of this and also saw that winter was approaching and no enterprise had yet been made, but they lay at great expense. They advised the king to set forth into the realm, where they might find more forage. This counsel was taken, and all the lords prepared to depart, and they set up tents and pavilions and all manner of armor, and so they departed and rode towards Munten Saint Martin, which was in the midst of Flanders. They rode in good order, each lord among his own men: the marshals of the English host were the earl of Northampton and Gloucester, and the constable of England was the earl of Warwick, and so they passed through.\nthe ryuer of Lescault / at their ease. And whan therle of Hey\u00a6nalt had aco\u0304panyed the kyng vnto the deptyng out of the\u0304pyre / and that he shuld passe the ryuer and entre into the realme of Fraunce. Than he toke leaue of the kyng / and sayd howe he wolde ryde no farther with hym at that tyme / for kyng Philypp\u0304 his vncle had sent for hym / & he wolde nat haue his yuell wyll but that he wold go and serue hym in Fraunce / as he had serued y\u2022 kyng of England in thempyre. So thus therle of He\u00a6nalt and therle of Namure and their co\u0304panyes rode backe to Quesnoy. And therle of Heynalt gaue the moost part of his company leaue to be part / desyringe them to be redy whan he sende for them / for he sayd that shortly after he wolde go to kyng Philyppe his vncle.\nASsone as kyng Edward had passed the ryuer of Les\u2223caute / and was entred into ye realme of Fraunce / he called to hym sir Henry of Fla\u0304ders who was as tha\u0304 a yong squi\u00a6er / and there he made hym knyght. And gaue hym yerely. CC. e kyng went and lodged in thabbey of\nThe monk Saint Martin stayed for two days, and his people were aboard in the country. The Duke of Brabant was lodged in the abbey of Vancelles. When the French king, hearing these tidings at Coupigny, informed his summons and sent the earl of Eau and of Guines, his constable, to Saint Quintin to keep the town and defend it against his enemies. He sent the lord of Coucy into his own country and the lord of Hainault to his. He also sent many men of arms to Gisors and Rybemont to Behaine. The fortresses were joyfully receiving him near the realm. King Edward had been lying at the abbey of Mount Saint Martin, and his men were running about in the country. There had been no war for a long time, and it happened that Sir Henry of Flanders advanced his position and increased his honor on a day with other knights. Sir John of Heynalt was the chief among them, along with the lord of Fauquemont, the lord of Bergues, the lord of Vaudresen, and the lord of Lens.\nSeveral others came to the number of about five hundred. They established a town there, which was called Honcourt, where many people gathered in trust of the fortresses. And there they had conveyed all their goods and there had been Ser Arnolde of Baquehen and Sir William of Dunor and their company: but they did not tarry there. At this Honcourt, there was an abbot of great wisdom and courage. He caused to be made outside the town a barrier across the street like a grate, not more than half a foot wide each grate. And he made great preparations of stones and quicklime, and men ready to defend the place.\n\nWhen these lords arrived there, they dismounted and entered the barriers with their gloves in their hands, and began a fierce assault. The abbot himself received and gave many great blows. There was a fierce assault: they threw down stones, pieces of timber, pots full of chalk, and caused much harm to the assailants. And Ser Henry of Flanders, who\nheld his glove in his hands and gave it to the abbot with great strokes. At last, the abbot took the glove in his hand and drew it so forcefully towards himself that Henry pulled his arm out at the elbow, holding him at a great disadvantage. The bars had been wide enough for him to be drawn through, but Henry would not let his weapon go for the sake of his honor. Then other knights struck at the abbot to rescue their fellow, and this wrestling match continued for a long time. But finally, the knight was rescued, but his glove remained with the abbot. And on the day I wrote this book as I passed by, I was shown the glove by the monks there, who kept it as a treasure. That day: Honycourt was severely assaulted, which lasted until night, and various people were slain or severely injured. Sir John of Heynault lost a knight of Holland there, called Sir Hermet. When the Flemings, Hengham's men, Englishmen, and allies: they displayed the fierce wills of them.\nWithin and saw how they could get nothing there; they withdrew themselves against night. And the next day, on the morning, the king departed from Mount St. Martin, commanding that no person should do any harm to the abbey - a commandment that was kept. And so they entered Hermandoy and took their lodging near Mount St. Maur the next day. Then the lords took counsel on how to proceed, and by the duke of Brabant's advice, they took the way to Thierache, for that was the regular provision's route. Determined that if King Philip would engage, they would give him battle. Thus they went forth in three great battles: the marshals and the Germans had the first, the king of England in the middle ward, & the duke of Brabant in the rearward. Thus they rode forth, burning and plundering the country a three or four leagues a day, and always taking their lodging by times. And a company of Englishmen and Germans passed the river Somme by the abbey.\nThe lady Jane, daughter of the earl of Blois called Lewes, was in the fortresses. She desired her father to spare the earldom's inheritance for the earl's son in law. But John of Henalt would not spare his enterprise. He returned again to the king, who was lodged in the abbey of Saranques. The king of England departed from Saranques and went to Mutteral. He lodged there for a night, and the next day he went to the Flamery, and made all his men lodge near him. He had more than 20,000 men there, and there he was counseled to avoid a battle with the king. The French king departed from St. Duyntines, and men came daily to him from all parts, and so they came to Wissant. There the king tarried and said he would not go there until he had fought with the king of England and his allies, for they were within two leagues of each other. The earl of Henalt, who was at the French king's court, thought to give battle to the English. He rode to Wissant.\nThe earl presented himself to the king, his uncle, with five companies of spearmen. The king showed him little favor due to his previous defeat before Cambray. The earl excused himself wisely, and the king and his council were satisfied. It was arranged by the marshals, that is, by Marshal Bertram and the Marshal of Tracy, that the earl should be lodged next to the English host. Thus, these two kings were lodged in two tents next to each other. He then called the lords of his host together and demanded of them what they would send as heralds to the French king to demand a day for battle. An herald of the duke of Gueldres, who could speak French fluently, was informed what to say. The earl then went to King Philip and his council and said, \"The king of England is in the field and desires to have battle, power against power.\"\nKing Philip granted it and took the day, which was the Friday following: and as it was Wednesday. And so the harrying ended; the English host retreated in good order. When the Friday came in the morning, both hosts appeared ready, and every lord heard mass among their own companies. Lord Dudley: the Duke of York, Lord Hastings, Lord Roos, the King of England and with him his cousin Earl of Derby, the Bishops of Lincoln and Durham, Earl of Salisbury, Earl of Northampton and Gloucester, Earl of Suffolk, Earl of Richmond as then called Earl of Richmond, Lord Raynald Cobham, Lord Percy, Lord Roos, Lord Montbray, Sir Lewes, Sir John Beauchamp, Lord Dacre, Lord Lovell, Lord Fitzwater, Sir Water Manny, Sir Nicholas Hastyngs, Sir John Lyle, and many others that I cannot name, among whom much honor is spoken in this book. The king had with him.\nThe twenty-eighth [banner and the four thousand and seventh [penon]. In his battle, he had six hundred men of arms and six hundred men of archers. He had set another battle in a wing: where the earl of Warwick, the earl of Penbroke, the lord Barkley, the lord Multon, and diverse others were chief, and they were on horseback. When every lord was under his banner, as it was commanded by the marshals, the king of England mounted on a palfray, accompanied only by Sir Robert Dartois, Sir Reynold Cobham, and [Ser] Water of Manny. He rode a long way before all his battles and sweetly addressed all his lords and others. They promised him that day to aid in defending his honor. Then he returned to his own battle and set everything in order, commanding that no one should go before the marshals' banners.\n\nNow let us speak of the lords of France and what they did. They were eleven thousand two hundred banners, four kings, six dukes, twenty-six earls, and more than two thousand knights, and of the commons of France.\nMore than 30 kings and lords were present at the meeting with King Philip of Valois: the king of Behaine, the king of Navarre, King David of Scotland; the duke of Normandy, the duke of Brittany, the duke of Bourbon, the duke of Loraine, and the duke of Athens. Among the earls: Earl Alan, brother to the king, Earl of Flanders, Earl of Heynalt, Earl of Blois, Earl of Bar, Earl of Forests, Earl of Foix, Earl of Armagnac, Earl Dophyn of Auvergne, Earl of Loguyle, Earl of Stapes, Earl of Vandosme, Earl of Harcourt, Earl of Sainte Pol, Earl of Guines, Earl of Boulogne, Earl of Roussy, Earl of Dammartin, Earl of Valentynois, Earl of Acer, Earl of Sancerre, Earl of Geneva, the Earl of Dreux and of Gascony, and of Languedoc. So many earls and viscounts that it was long to recount: it was a great sight to behold the banners and standards waving in the wind, and horses barded; and knights and squires richly armed. The Frenchmen\nordered three great battles, in each of them fifteen thousand men of arms and 20,000 foot soldiers.\nIt might well be marveled at: how such a fine sight of men of war so near to each other should depart without battle. But the Frenchmen were not all of one accord. They were of various opinions. Some said it was a great shame and they should not see their enemies so near in their own country, ranging in the field, and had promised to fight with them: and some other said it would be a great folly to fight, for it was hard to know every man's mind, and some were suspected of treason. For they said if fortune were against their king, as it had been, he should put his entire realm in jeopardy to be lost. And though he had discomfited his enemies yet, for all that he should never be nearer to the realm of England or of lands allied to any of those lords who were with him. Thus, in striking of various opinions, until it was past noon, and suddenly,\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in Early Modern English, and there are some errors in the OCR transcription. I have corrected the errors while maintaining the original meaning as much as possible.)\nther started an Hare among the frenchmen / and suche as sawe her cryed and made gret bru\u0304t wherby suche as were behynde thought they be\u00a6fore had ben fightynge. And so put on their hel\u2223mes / and toke their speres in their handes / and so ther were made dyuers newe knyghtes / and specially therle of Heynalt made .xiiii. who wer euer after called knyghts of the hare. Thus that batell stode styll all that friday / and besyde this stryfe bytwene the counsellours of France / ther was brought in letters to the hoost of reco\u0304men\u2223dacion to the frenche kyng and to his counsell. Fro kyng Robert of Cicyle / the which kyng as it was sayd was a great astronomyer: and full of great science. He had often tymes sought his bok{is} on thestate of the kyngs of England and of fra\u0304ce: & he founde by his astrology / & by the\u0304flu\u2223ens of ye heue\u0304s / yt if the french kyng euer fought with kyng Edwarde of england / he shuld be di\u2223sco\u0304fited. wherfore he lyke a king of gret wysdo\u0304e\nand as he that douted the peryll of the frenche kyng his\nCosyn frequently wrote letters to King Philip and his council, urging them not to engage in battle against the English, as King Edward was personally present. This caused great alarm among various French lords, and King Philip was informed. Despite his initial desire to fight, he was counseled against it, and the day passed without battle. When the Earl of Hainault announced they should not fight, he departed with his entire company and returned to Quesnoy. King of England, the Duke of Brabant, and all the other lords packed their belongings and left the same night for Dauesnes in Hainault. The next day they bid farewell to each other. The Almain and Brabant forces departed, and King Edward went into Brabant with his cousin, the Duke. The battle was scheduled for the same Friday.\nThe French king, upon arriving at his lodging, was greatly displeased because he had departed without battle. However, his council advised him that he had nobly borne himself, as he had pursued his enemies and had driven them out of his realm. They added that King England should make many such voyages if he intended to conquer France. The next day, King Philip gave license to all men to depart, and he thanked the great lords courteously for their aid and support. This journey came to an end, and everyone went to their own place. The French king went to St. Omer and sent men of war to his sons: specifically to Tourney, Lille, and Douai. He sent Sir Godmart Dufay to Tourney and made him captain there and regent of that region. He sent Sir Edward of Beauge to Mortain. After attending to his affairs, he drew toward Paris.\nKing Edward left the Flamengerie and went to Brabant, straight to Brussels. The duke of Guelders, the duke of Juliers, the marquis of Blanquenbourg, the earl of Mons, Sir John of Haynault, and all the lords of Flanders who had been present, brought him there to take advice and counsel on what should be done further in the matter they had discussed. They arranged a parliament to be held at the town of Brussels, and Jacques D'Artus of Ghent was invited to attend, coming with a large company, as well as all the councils of the good towns of Flanders. There, the king of England was earnestly urged by all his allies from Flanders to request of Flanders aid and maintenance for his war and to defy the French king and go where he wished with them. In doing so, he promised them the recovery of the Isle of Douay and Bethune. This request was well received by the Flemings.\nThey then desired to consult among themselves: and so they took counsel at good leisure. Then they said to the king. Sir, at this time you have made a request of us in this matter: sir, if we might well do this, saving your honor, and save ourselves, we would gladly do it. But sir, we are bound by faith and oath. And upon the sum of two myriads of florins in the Pope's chamber, that we may not make or move war against the king of France. Whoever it be: on pain of forfeiting the said sum, and besides that, to run the sentence of cursing. But sir, if you will take on you the arms of France, & quarter them with the arms of England, and call yourself king of France, as you ought to be in right. Then we will take you for a rightful king of France, & the madam of you quits us of our bonds: & so you give us pardon thereof as king of France. By these means we shall be assured and dispensed with all, & so we will go with you wherever you will have us. Then the king took counsel.\nThe king took counsel with the lords of the Pyrenees and Lord Robert Dartois, and with other special friends of his, regarding the matter of whether to take on the arms of France and its name. He had conquered nothing of it, nor could he tell what would come of it or whether he should conquer it or not. On the other hand, he was reluctant to refuse the comfort and aid of the stemming parties, who might help him more than anyone else. Therefore, the king consulted with the lords of the Pyrenees and Lord Robert Dartois, and with other special friends, about this matter. Eventually, the good and evil ways were weighed. The king answered the Flemings that if they would swear and seal to this accord and promise to maintain his war, he would do all this with a good will. He promised to get them back Lille, Douai, and Bethune. They answered that they were content. Then a day was assigned to meet at Ghent, at which day the king was there, and the most part of the said lords and all the councils generally in Flanders. And so all these said matters were rehearsed, sworn, and sealed.\nKing quarted the arms of France with England and took on him the name of the king of France, continuing thus until he left it again through composition. He kept a great retinue and made sore war against the Lysians and their allies. When the kings' ships were ready, he took to sea and sailed into England, coming to London around the feast of St. Andrew. There he had costly entertainments made for him regarding the destruction of Hampton, and he said that he expected it to be avenged within a year.\n\nNow let us speak of King Philip, who greatly fortified his navy at sea. Sir Kiri Bahuchet and Barbe Noire were captains under him. They had under them a great retinue. None could escape from England; they were robbed, taken, or killed, and they won great plunder, especially a great ship called the Christopher, laden with wool as it was going to Flanders. This ship\nThe king of England had spent much money, and all those taken within the ship were slain and drowned. The French were greatly joyous about this conquest. The French king then sent messages to the Lord of Beaumont, the Lord of Breme, the Udame of Chalon, Lord John de la Boue, Lord John and Gararde of Loyre, instructing them to raise an army and ride into the land of Sir John of Heynalt to burn and destroy as much as they could. They obeyed and gathered together to the number of 5,000 spears. In the morning, they arrived before the town of Simay, and they held a great prayer there, for the people of the country believed that the French would not come so far or have passed the wood of Thyrach. The French burned the suburbs of Simay and various other villages nearby, except for the fortresses. They then went to Aubeeton in Thyrach and divided their booty. In the same season, the soldiers of Cabray's army.\ncame to a lytell strong house without Ca\u0304\u2223bray called Relenques / pertayning to syr John\u0304 of Haynalt. And a bastarde sonne of his kept y\u2022 house with a .xv. soudyours with hym / so they were assayled a hole day togyder / and ye dykes wer so frosen that a man might well come to the walles. And so they within trussed all that they had / and about mydnight departed and set fyre themselfe on the house: the next day whan they of Cambray came thyder agayne / & sawehowe it was brent they dyd bete downe all that stode / And the capitayne of the house and his compa\u2223ny went to Ualencennes. ye haue well harde by\nfore / howe sir Gualter of Manny toke y\u2022 castell of Thyne: and set therm a brother of his called Gyles of Manny / he made many skirmysshes with them of Ca\u0304bray / and dyd them moch trou\u00a6ble. And so it hapened on a day that he went fro his garyson with a sixscore men of armes / and came to the barrers of Cambray / and the brunt was so great that many armed them within the cyte / and came to ye gate wher as the\nskirmyssh was. Wher as sir Gyles had put backe them of Cambray / than they yssued out: and among the cambreses ther was a yong squyer a gascoyne / called Wyllyam Marchant: who went out into the felde well horsed / his shelde about his necke and his spere in his hande. And whan {ser} Gyles of Ma\u0304ny sawe hym he rode fther {ser} Gyles was stryke\u0304 through all his harnes to ye hert / so that y\u2022 spere went clene through his body & so he fell to the erth. Than ther was a t great toye. Than incontynent they dysarmed hym / warr / yet all the fro\u0304 ters to warde Frau\u0304ce were euer in good awayt So than they ordayned a horse lytter right ho\u2223norably and put his body therin / and caused .ii. freres to conuey it to his bretherne / who recey\u2223ued hym with great sorowe. And they bare hym to the freres at Ualencennes / and there he was buryed: and after that the two bretherne of Ma\u0304\u00a6ny came to the castell of Thynel and made sore warre agaynst them of Cambray incounter\u2223uengyng the dethe of their brother.\n\u00b6 In this season: captayne\nSir Godmar Fay of Turney and Turneyses was the lord of Heynault's fortresses. The lord of Beauyee and his men could enter Heynault, a good town with strong walls. The other party had no doubt, as they knew of no war approaching. The Frenchmen entered and found people in their homes, took them, and robbed the town at their pleasure. They set fire to the town, leaving nothing but the walls standing. Within the town was a priory of black monks with large buildings beside the church, dedicated to St. Waast of Arras. The Frenchmen also robbed the priory and burned it to the ground. With all their plunder, they returned to Cabray.\n\nThese news reached the Earl of Heynault, who was in a nearby bedchamber. He quickly left the town and rode towards Aspre. By the time he had ridden some distance, he learned of the event and returned to Valence.\nSir John of Heynalt wrote letters to the prelates and knights of his country to seek their advice and counsel in this matter. When Sir John of Heynalt learned of this, he took his horse and went to see his nephew, the earl. As soon as the earl saw him, he said, \"Fair uncle, your absence has emboldened the French. Sir, I am displeased with your trouble and distress. Yet, in a way, I am glad for it. Now you are well rewarded for the service and love you have shown to the French. Now it is time for you to make a journey into France against the French, uncle. Consider which quarter you think best, and it shall be done shortly.\"\n\nThe day of parley assigned at Mons arrived, and all the council of the country, as well as those from Normandy and Zeeland, assembled there. It was decreed that the earl should make his defense against the French king, and the defenses were to be prepared accordingly.\nThabbot, Lord of Saint Crispin, wrote and sealed the letters of defiance with the lord and all the nobles of the country. Then the lord thanked all his lords and others for their good comfort and promise to aid him against the Frenchmen. Thabbot of Saint Crispin went into France and brought these defiances to King Philip. Philip made light of them and said that his nephew was an outrageous fool and that he was a merchant intending to betray his country. Thabbot returned to the lord and his council and showed how he had fared. Then the lord prepared men for war in his country, in Brabant, and in Flanders. He had the lord of Bremus and also Aubenton and Thy\u00e9rache.\n\nThe people of Aubenton greatly doubted Lord Haynald and Sir John, his uncle. So they sent for aid to the great bailiff of Vermandois. He sent to them the vicomte of Chalons, the lord Beaumont, the lord de la Bone, the lord of Lore, and various others to the number of.\nThe men of arms repaired the town in certain places and determined to stay and defend it against the heynows, who were a great town full of drapery. The heynows came on a Friday and approached the town to determine the best quarter to attack: in the morning they advanced in three wardes, displaying their banners and crossbows. The earl of Heynalt led the first battle, accompanied by a large number of knights and squires from his country. His uncle, Sir John of Heynalt, had the second battle, where he had a large army. The third had the lord Faulquemont with a good number of Almain soldiers. Each lord was under his own banner, and the assault began, with the bows shooting both inside and outside, causing many injuries. The earl and his company came to the gate, where there was a great assault and fierce skirmish: the Udeme of Calais performed marvels there.\nAt the gate were the knights of the earl. But finally, the earl and his company conquered the bailiffs, and by force made their enemies withdraw into that gate. Also at the gate toward Symay were Sir John de la Bone and Sir John Beamont. There was a cruel assault: those within were forced to withdraw into their gates and leave the barriers. The Heynows won it, and the bridge as well. There was a fierce assault: for those who fled and entered within went up on the gate and dropped iron bars, stones, and pots full of quicklime. Many were severely hurt. A squire from Henalt received such a stroke with a stone on his shield that it was cleaved clean through with the stroke, and his arm was broken, leaving him injured for a long time.\n\nOn the Saturday in the morning, there was a great assault, and those within did their duty to defend themselves. But the town was eventually won by force, and their palisades and defenses were broken. The first to enter the town were Sir John of Henalt and his men.\nA banner / with great crying and showing. Then the Uydamme of Chalons drew him and his company into the place before the minster / and there made a show of defending himself as long as he could endure. But the lord of Bremus departed without order, for he knew well that Sir John of Heynalt was greatly displeased with him, so that he thought if he had been taken, no mercy would have saved his life. And when Sir John of Heynalt knew that he had departed: having caused much displeasure in his land of Symay, he pursued after him. But the lord of Bremus fled and found the gate of his town open / and so entered: and Sir Johanne of Heynault pursued him justly to the gate with his sword in his hand. But when he saw that he had escaped, he returned again to Aubenton: and his men met certain of the lord Bremus' men as they followed their master / and there they showed no mercy. The earl and his company sought them out sore who were by the minster / and there the Uydamme were taken.\nof Chalons marched in arms, and two of his sons did as well. However, they were all stopped there, none escaped except those who fled with the lord of Bremus. But all were slain or taken. Two million men from the town and all the goods were sent to Symay, and the town was burned. Afterwards, they went towards Mauberfontaines, and inconveniently they won it, robbed and burned the town. And also the town of Daubether, around which were more than 40,000. The earl then went to Mons and gave leave to his men of war to depart. He thanked them in such a way that they were all well content. Then, immediately after the earl went to secure an alliance with the king of England, to be stronger in his war against the French. But first, he made his uncle, Sir John of Heynalt, chief master and governor of Holland and Zeeland. Sir John remained at Mons and provided for the country, sending to Valenciennes to comfort and aid them. The lord\nAutoyng, lord of Uerguy, lord of Gomegines, Sir Henry of Huspharyce, and the steward of Heynault, with a hundred spears, went to the town of Landrechyes. And to Bouhain, three Almain brothers called Courters, and to the lord of Faulquemount. Thus he proceeded to every fortress on the French border.\n\nWhen the French king learned that the Henghams had burned the countryside of Thyerache, taken and imprisoned his knights, and destroyed the good town of Aubenton, he commanded his son, the duke of Normandy, to make a journey into Heynalt and restore the country so that it would never again be covered. Also, the king ordered the earl of Lallemant, who was then with him at Paris, to make a voyage into Gascony as his lieutenant and wage war against Bordeaux and Bordelois, and to all the fortresses holding for the king of England. The French king also ordered his great navy on the sea and commanded them to keep the seas.\nThe bonds of Flanders were pledged to allow the king of England to pass through the sea into Flanders at the risk of their lives. When the French king learned that the Flemish had made homage to the king of England and were turning away from him and the French crown, he sent a prelate under the guise of the pope. The prelate urged them to return and acknowledge themselves as subjects of him, forsaking the king of England who had supposedly enchanted them. He promised them forgiveness for their transgressions, release from the large sums of money they owed him due to old obligations, and the granting of many fair franchises. The Flemish replied that they considered themselves rightly reassured and quit in all things they were bound to the king of France. The French king then complained to Pope Clement VII, resulting in a sentence of cursing so severe that no priest dared to sing or say any divine service. The Flemish sent a great response in reply.\nThe players presented to the king of England, who to appease them, sent word that when he came over the sea, he would bring priests from his country to sing masses, whether the pope allowed it or not. He claimed to have private permission to do so. By this means, the Flemish were somewhat appeased. And when the French king saw that he could not turn the Flemings from their opinion, he commanded the sons of Tournai, Lille, and others to be before Courtray in the morning. They were there, and some of them ran to the gates and killed and injured many they found outside. Then they returned without any damage and drove before them all their prayers, so that when they came to Tournai, they had ten thousand sheep and as many swine hides and keys. The Flemings were greatly troubled. Jacques Dartuell swore it would be avenged, and he commanded the good towns of Flanders that their men should be with him before Tournai.\nThe day was assigned, and he wrote to the Earl of Salisbury and to the Earl of Suffolk, who were at Ipswich, that they should be present. And against the set deadline, he departed from Ghent and reached a place between Andwarpe and Turne called le Pount de Sere. There he lodged and waited for the Earls of England, France, and Bruges. The said two earls considered it an honor that the enterprise should not be delayed by them, and so they sent to Jacques Dartuell, promising him they would not fail to be present on the appointed day. And so on a certain day, they departed from Ipswich with fifty spears and forty crossbows and headed towards the place where Jacques Dartuell was residing. As they passed by the town of Lyle, they were perceived. The men of the town came out with fifteen infantrymen and a mounted party, intending that the earls should not escape them. So these two earls rode forth, guided by Sir U. Ways of the countryside, who was then at Ipswich.\nfor the earls to be their guide, and he had well guided them; and the men of Lyle had nearly made a great ditch where there was never one before. And when Sir Uauflart had brought them there and saw how the way was nearly blocked: he said to the earls of England, \"sirs, I see well we cannot pass without the danger of those from Lyle. Therefore, let us turn back and take some other way.\" Then the lords said, \"nay, Sir Uauflart: it shall never be said that we will deviate from our way for fear of those from Lyle.\" Therefore, ride on before us; we have promised Jacques Dartuell to meet him today: and so they rode forth without fear. Then Sir Uauflart said, \"sirs, you have taken me on this voyage to be your guide, and I have been with you all this winter in Ipre. For which I am greatly obliged to you. But if those from Lyle issue out upon us, have no trust that I will abide them; for I will save myself as soon as I can. If I were taken, it would cost me my life, which I love better than yours.\"\nCompany. Then the lords laughed at him and said, \"Well, and if it is so, we hold you excused: and as he imagined, it was the case. For if they had been aware, they were in danger of the French bureaucracy, who cried, 'Stop, sirs! You shall not pass this way without our license.' And so began to shoot and charge at the Englishmen. As soon as Sir Uauflart saw the situation, he had no desire to ride any farther: but returned as quickly as he could and managed to escape. And they were so badly outnumbered that they lit a foot and defended themselves as well as they could, and hurt many of the French. But finally, their defense could not save them, for fresh men of war kept coming. So there they were taken by force and with them a young squire of Limosyne, Nephew to Pope Clement, called Remon. After he was surrendered as a prisoner, he was killed for the courtesy of his fine armor and fresh appearance. These two earls were imprisoned in the hall of Limoges, and later sent to [someplace].\nThe French king: who promised to the men of Lisle a great reward for the good service they had done him. And when Jacques Dartuell, who was at Pont de Ferre, learned of these tidings, he was greatly displeased and abandoned his enterprise for the time being, returning again to Gaunt.\n\nDuke John of Normandy, the elder son of the French king, summoned his assembly to be at Sainte-Quintin. With him was the duke of Athin\u00e9, the earl of Flanders, the earl of Auxerre, the earl of Ewe, and the constable of France, the earl of Porcien, the earl of Roussy, the earl of Bresne, the lord Couey, the lord Craon, and various other nobles of Normandy and the low marches. When they were all assembled together after Easter, in the year of our Lord MCCXL, the constables and the two marshals numbered their company to be six thousand men-at-arms and eight hundred following the host. And so they went out into the fields and marched towards the castle of Caen. They passed by\nThe party rode until they passed the castle in Cambre southward. They lodged in the town of Montaigu on the river Sel. Sir Richard of Verchyne, steward of Henalt, learned from his spies that the Duke of Normandy was at Montaigu. He requested certain knights and squires who were not with him to join him, and they agreed. They departed from his house at Verchyne, and it was night when they rested in a field. He told his company that he would go and wake the Duke at Montaigu, and they were joyous about this. He thanked them and with him were Ser Jaques de Sart, Sir Henry of Phalyse, Sir Olphart du Guystelles, Sir John du Chastellet, and Sir Bertrand, as well as squires from the town. The French had made no watch, and the steward and his entire company lay before a fair, large lodging, assuming that the Duke had lodged there.\nBut he was in another house. But there were two great lords of Normandy lodged: the lord of Bailleul and the lord of Beaulte. They were quickly assaulted, and the gate was broken through. The lord of Bailleul was slain, and the lord of Beaulte was taken; he was forced to promise the seneschal on his faith and truth to surrender himself as a prisoner within three days at Valenciennes. Then the Frenchmen began to stir in the town, and they came out of their lodgings and were all gathered. They had ten or twelve good prisoners, and so they returned without any damage, for they were not pursued, it being so dark. And so they came to Quasnoy and rested there, and then rode to Valenciennes. In the morning, the duke commanded to dislodge and enter Heinsalt and to burn the country without mercy. So the fore riders went forth with two hundred spears and captains: Sir Thibault of Marcy, the Galoys of y Baume, the lord of Myrpois, the lord of Rayuenall, the lord of Sempy, y.\nLord John of Landas, the lord of Hangest, and the lord of Tramels rode, followed by the two marshals with five companies of spearmen. The duke and other lords and knights followed, and the advance riders burned Forest Bertran, Bertinguinell, Escarmayne, Uedegres in the wood, Uedegres on the sands, and on the river of Cynell. The next day they advanced and burned Osmelnall, Uyllers, Go Megynes, Marchepoys Pestel. On the same second day, the marshals' company made a great assault and skirmish at the castle of Verchyther, which was well defended. They then lodged by the river Selz between Ausey and Sansoy. Sir Ualeron, lord of Falquemont, was captain of the town of Maubenge, and with him were a company of Almain and Hennequin spearmen. When he learned that the Frenchmen were riding and burning the countryside, and saw how the poor people wept, he armed himself and his company and left the town in the keeping of the lord of Beau Reuoyr and the lord Montigny. He said he would gladly find the Frenchmen.\nHe rode all day through the Forest of Moriuall. By night, he heard that the Duke of Normandy was encamped by the River Sels. He said he would go and surprise them. So he rode on, and around midnight, he crossed the river by a ford. Once over, he prepared himself and his company, and rode fairly and easily until they reached the Duke's encampment. When they were near, they spurred their horses and charged into the host. They cried out for Falquemont and cut down tents and pavilions. They killed many men and caused great harm. The host began to rally and arm themselves, drawing towards the noise. The Lord of Falquemont, seeing it was time, drew back, and among the slain was the Lord of Piquegny, taken prisoners were the Vicomte of Quesnes and the Burgess of Rouory, and Sir Anthony of Condune was severely injured. When the Lord Falquemont thought it best, he departed with his company, and crossed the River Sels without damage, as they were unharmed.\nThe next day after this deed, the duke of Normandy had his trumpets blown and passed the tuier of Selx. He entered Heynalt, and those who rode before him, including the lord of Mirtpois, the lord of Noysiers, the Galois of the Baulme, and Sir Thibalt of Marneyle, along with four companies of spearmen, approached Quesnoy to the barriers. They made a show of attacking, but those within were well provisioned with good men-at-arms and artillery. They would have suffered great losses, but they made a little skirmish before the barons. However, they were eventually forced to withdraw. Those of Quesnoy discharged certain pieces of artillery and shot out great quarrels, terrifying the Frenchmen for the danger to their horses. And so they withdrew, and in their retreat they burned Vergyn the Great and Vergyn the Little, Frelanes, and Sat. The smoke came to them.\nAnd the Frenchmen ordered their battles on the mount of Casters near Valencees. Among them were the lords of Craon, Mauluryer, Mathelon, Dauoyr, and two Cs with spears, who rode towards Manging. They assaulted a great party, first intending to confront John Vernier of Valencees, then later John Neuell. A great and fierce assault ensued, lasting nearly all day. The Frenchmen suffered heavy losses, with five to six of their own killed, but they defended themselves well and sustained no damage.\n\nSome Frenchmen then attempted to cross the water at Try, but they had broken the bridge and defended the passage. So the Frenchmen could not win it that way. Some among them knew the passages and the countryside and led a two Cs group on foot, passing the planks at Ponny. As soon as they were over, they came on.\nThe men of Try, who were but a small number and could not withstand them, fled, and many were slain and hurt. The same day, the seneschal of Heynalt departed from Valence with a company of men-at-arms to support them of Try. A little way from Saint wastes they met with a large cavalry force of the Frenchmen. The lord Boucicault, who was then marshal of France, and the lord of Surgeres, and Sir William Bladeau were their captains. They had passed the bridge by Valence, called the bridge de la Tourell. When the seneschal of Heynalt saw them, he ran out at them and struck down the lord Boucicault with his spear and took him prisoner, sending him to Valence. The lord of Surgeres escaped, but Sir William Bladeau was taken by Sir Henry Despaly. And all the others were taken and slain, but a few who escaped. Then the seneschal went towards Try, but he came too late, for the Frenchmen had won or were beating down the mills.\nand of a little castle that was there, but when the seneschal came, they had no leasers; they were put back, slain, and put to flight. Many leaped into the river of Lescalt, and some drowned. Thus the town of Treviso was delivered, and then the seneschal went and crossed the river of Lescalt at Devaing. He and all his company rode to his castle of Verchy and entered it to keep and defend it if necessary. All this season, the duke of Normandy was on the verge of Casters, near all day, thinking that those of Valencennes would have issued out to engage him. And so they were eager to do, and Sir Henry Danzing, who had rule of the town, had not been: for he would suffer no man to issue out. He was at the gate Cambresen, and had much to do to keep the people in and the provost of the town with him, who with fair words and great reasons pacified the people. And when the duke saw that they would not issue out to give him battle, then he sent to them.\nThe duke of Athenes and the marshals of Faunce, the earl of Aucerre, and the lord of Chastelon, each with three hundred spearmen, rode to Valencens. They came to the bay on the side of Tourell but did not stay long due to fear of enemy shots. The lord of Chastelon rode forward so boldly that his horse fell beneath him, forcing him to leap onto another. They then returned by the marches and burned and plundered the mills on the tyther of Valencens. They passed by Chartreux and returned to their host. Some Frenchmen remained behind at Marly to obtain more forage. When they discovered these men were far from their host, they attacked them, killed many, took all their plunder, and reentered their tower. Throughout this time, the great battle was still on the mount.\nCastres and whan the currers came in on euery syde / than they toke counsayle what they shulde do. The lordes sayd how they were no nombre suffycient to assaut such a tow\u2223ne as Ualencennes / and finally they determy\u2223ned to go to Cambray: and so that nyght they went and lodged at Monyg / and at Fountnel\u2223les: and made good watche / the next mornyng they departed / and ar they went brent Monyg and Fountnelles / and the abbay parteyning to the lady of Ualoys / suster germayne to the fre\u0304\u2223che kyng. Wherof the duke was sore dyspleased and caused them to be hanged that beganne the fyre: and than at their departyng they brent the towne of Try and the castell / and beate downe the mylles / and brent Prony / Romminy / Thy\u00a6aur / Mouceaulr: and all the playne contrey by twene Cambray and Ualencennes. And than\u0304e the duke came to Escandure / to a castell partey\u2223nynge to the erle of Heynault: standyng strong\u00a6ly on the ryuer of Lescault / the whiche garyson hadde greuyd sore the towne of Cambray / and capytayne therof was sir\nAfter Gararde of Sassegnes' destruction, the duke of Normandy went to Cambrai and allowed some of his company to depart, while sending others to the sons of Douay and others. In the first week they arrived at Douay, they issued out with those of Lyste, numbering three hundred spears. Their captains were: Sir Loyes of Sauoy, the Earl of Geneve, the Earl of Uyllars, the Galoys of the Baulme, the Lord of Waurayne, and the Lord of Uasyers. They went and burned the fair country of Ostrenan in Heynault, leaving nothing unscathed except the fortresses.\nThe men of Bouhaywer, lord of the land, had not yet returned it to the earl of Heynalt because he was French. One day, the Almains of Male Maison came to the bailiffs of Landreches and took away a great prey. When the men of Landreches learned of this, the lord of Poytrels armed himself and his company and went out to rescue the prey. The lord of Poytrels confronted them and said, \"Sirs, it is shameful to flee.\" A squire named Albert of Colaine turned and thrust his spear at the lord of Poytrels. The spear shattered on impact, and Albert charged again, driving the spear through the lord of Poytrels' armor and into his body, near his heart. He fell and the prey was rescued, along with any prisoners they had taken from Landreches. After the lord of Poytrels' death,\nThe lord of Floron was long-time captain of Landreches and of its castle. Frenchmen and the enemy had frequent encounters. The country of Heynault was in great turmoil, as parts of it were burned. The duke of Normandy remained on the borders, and no news was received about the lord of Heynault. True, he was in England where the king and lords made him great and formed a great alliance with the king there. He then departed from England and went to Emperor Louis of Bavaria. These were the reasons for his prolonged absence from his own country. Additionally, Sir Johanne of Heynalt went to Brabant and Flanders, showing the devastation of Heynault's country to the earl of Brabant and Jacques Dartuell, pleading in the name of all the Heynowes that they would give them aid.\n\nIn the meantime, the duke of Normandy was at Cambrai:\nThe bishop and the burgeses of the town showed the duke how the Heinous ones had stolen the strong castle of Thine, requesting him, as common leader of the country, to find a remedy for the great harm inflicted upon their country by the Heinous ones. The duke summoned men of war from Artois and Vermandois. Departing from Cambray, he arrived before Thine on the river Lescalt, in the fair open meadows towards Ostrenan. The duke brought with him from Cambray and Douay various great engines, especially six, which were raised again the fortresses. These engines cast stones night and day, which battered down the roofs of chambers, halls, and towers, forcing those within to keep vaults and cellars. Thus, they suffered great pain within, and among the captains were Sir Richard Lymosyn of England and two squires of Heynault, brothers of the Earl of Namur, Jean and Thierry. These three, who had charge, said:\nSirs, one of these days, the earl of Heynalt will come against the Frenchmen and honorably deliver us, rid us out of this parish, and we shall owe him great thanks for keeping the fortress so long. The enemy outside cast in horses and beasts stinking: wherein they within suffered great distress, as they could not endure anything else, for the air was hot as in the midst of summer. The stench and air were so abominable that they considered how they could finally endure it. Then they decided to ask for a truce for fifteen days, and during that time to send and inform John of Heynalt, who ruled the country in the earl's absence, and unless he came to their aid within that time, they would surrender the fortress to the duke. This treaty was put forth and agreed upon. Then they sent a squire named Estrelart de Sommayne to John of Heynalt. At Mons in Heynalt, the squire found him, who had recently heard from his nephew, the earl, how...\nSir John of Henault was coming homewards into his country and had been with the emperor and made a great alliance with him and with the king of England, as well as with other lords of Italy. Sir John showed this to the squire of Thine, sending word that they would soon be reinforced at the return of his nephew, the earl. This was greatly rejoiced. Then Lord Beaumont, his uncle, showed him all the matters that had occurred since his departure, and how the duke of Normandy had invaded the borders and burned and destroyed a great part of his country. The earl answered that it would be amended, saying that the realm of France was wealthy enough to make reparations for all damages caused. He determined briefly to go and aid his men at Thine, who had so honorably defended their fortresses. Then the earl sent for men into Germany, into Flanders, and in his own country. He came to Valenciennes and his following increased daily. He departed thence in great array, with a retinue.\nAlong the river of Lescalt, there were lords of Heynalt: Sir John of Heynalt, the lord of Dther to serve the earl. Also there came the earl of Namur with 200 spearmen. Afterward, the duke of Brabant arrived with 600 spearmen. The duke of Guelders, the earl of Mons, the lord of Falquemont, Sir Arnolde Baquechen, and diverse other lords and men of War from Almain and Whitehall. And so all these lodged along the river of Lescalt against the French host. Plenty of victuals came to them from Heynalt.\n\nWhile these lords were lodged between Nauns and Illoys, the duke of Normandy, who was on the other side with a goodly number of men at war, sent word to his father about the increasing size of their host. Then the French king, coming at Peron, raised up more men of war and sent to his son a hundred and twenty spearmen. And himself came to his son's host like a southerner, for he was named to be chief of that.\narmy: but he did nothing without the counsel of the king his father. When they saw the earl of Heynalt of such power, they were right joyous. And the fourth day after that, the earl was there. The men of Valencether made a skirmish against the French, and there were many hurt on both sides in the battle between them. It would be a great shame for so many men of war assembled together and no battle. The duke answered how he would take advice and counsel in this matter. The counsel was so long that the heralds departed without an answer. Then the third day after, the earl sent again to know the duke's intention, and the duke answered that he was not yet fully counseled to fight nor to sign a day for battle. Saying moreover how the earl was very hasty. When the earl heard this, he thought it was only a delay, and then he summoned all the great lords of his host, showing them what he had done and what answer the duke had given him, and wishing fortune to be on their side.\nagainst him: we should lose the field, and all the help we would have from him. If we had the victory, he could do us no good; therefore, my intention is that without him, who is chief in this war, we should not fight against the power of France. But when we shall be before Turney with him and the French king against us, I think it will be hard to depart without battle; therefore, I would counsel us to depart, for here we lie at great cost and charge. Within these ten days we shall hear from the king of England. Most of the lords agreed to this advice, but the earl of Hereford objected, and they agreed to stay as long as the men of Bruges and Lille wished to go. One day the earl called to him Sir John of Hereford, his uncle, and said, \"Fair uncle, I pray you ride down by the river side, and call out, you may make a bridge over this river: whereby he and his men might join us.\"\nThe lord of Maubusson passed over. I pray you bring me an answer, and I shall stay here until you return. Then the lord of Maubusson spurred his horse and rode to the king's tent, where the duke of Normandy and many other lords were. There he showed his message, and he received a short answer, for he was commanded to tell him who sent him there that they would treat him as they had the earl, and would make him sell his land and wage war on every side. Furthermore, they threatened to enter Heynalt and burn all his estates. The lord of Maubusson reported this answer to Lord Beaumont, who thanked him for his labor and returned to the earl, whom he found playing chess with the earl of Namur. And as soon as the earl saw his uncle, he rose and heard the answer the French king had sent him, with which the earl was displeased and said, \"Well, I trust it shall not be as he intends.\"\n\nWe shall leave something aside for now.\nThe text speaks of the Earl of Huntingdon and the Duke of Normandy, as well as the king of England. The king was at sea, intending to arrive in Flanders and then in Huntingdon to wage war against the French. This was in the year 1441, during midsummer. All the English fleet had departed from the River Thames and set sail towards Sluys. At the same time, between Blanquetaure and Sluys at sea, were Sir Newbury, Sir Peter Bahuchet, and Barboyne, and more than sixty great vessels, besides others, and they were Norman, Bretons, Genoese, and Picards. About forty men-of-war were laid by the French king to block the king of England's passage. The king of England and his arrived frequently before Sluys. When he saw so great a number of ships, their masts seemed like a great wood, he demanded of the master of his ship what people he thought they were. He answered and said, \"sir, I think they are Normans, laid here by the French king.\"\nThe king has caused great displeasure in England / burned your town of Hampton / and taken your great ship the Christopher. I have long desired to fight with the French; now I shall fight some of them, by the grace of God and St. George, for they have caused me so many displeasures that I will be avenged and may. Then the king prepared all his ships, the greatest one well furnished with archers, and between every two ships of archers he had one ship with men-at-arms. He made another battle to lie in wait with archers to support those most weary. And there was a great number of countesses, ladies, knights' wives, and other damsels going to see the queen at Gaunt. These ladies the king caused to be well kept with three hundred men-at-arms and 500 archers.\n\nWhen the king and his marshals had ordered his battles, he broke the seals and appeared personally, leading the way because of his banners. Then they prepared their fleet.\nin order for them to be wise and good men of war on the sea: and they set Christopher, whom they had won the year before, at the fore with many trumpets and instruments: and so set upon their enemies. A fierce battle ensued on both sides: archers and crossbowmen began to shoot, and men of arms approached and fought hand to hand. They had large hooks and grappling irons to throw from one ship into another. And so they tied them together; there were many deaths from weapons, taking and reclaiming. And at last, the great Christopher was the first to be won by the enemy: and all within it were taken or slain. Then there was great noise and cry: and the enemy approached and fortified Christopher with archers, and made it pass on before to fight with the Genoese. This battle was truly fierce and terrible: for battles on the sea are more dangerous and fiercer than battles by land. For on the sea there is no retreating or yielding.\nThere is no remedy but to fight and to endure fortune: and every man to show his prowess. Sir New Kyriell, and Sir Bahuchet, and Bath Noyer, were right good and expert men of war. This battle endured from the morning till it was none. The English endured much pain, for their enemies were four against one. And all good men, other than the king of England, were noble knights in their own hand. In the same way, the Earl of Derby, Pe MBrooke, Herford, Huntingdon, Northampton, and Glocester: Sir Rainold Cobham, Sir Richard Stafford, the Lord Percy, Sir Water of Mann, Sir Henry of Flanders, Sir John Beauchamp: the Lord Felton, Lord Brasseton, Sir Chandos, the Lord Dacre, the Lord of Multon, Sir Robert Dartois, called Earl of Richmond: and diverse other lords and knights, who bore themselves so valiantly with some supports that they obtained the victory.\nVictorie. There were disorders among the French, Normans, and others, leading to many being killed or drowned. Not one escaped: all were killed. When Victorie was achieved, the king spent the night aboard his ship before Sluse with a great noise of trumpets and other instruments. The duke of Flanders and others who had heard of the kings coming arrived there. The king demanded of the burghers of Bruges how Jacques Dartuell had fared. They answered that he had gone to the earl of Hainault against the duke of Normandy with sixty men.\n\nThe next day, which was Midsummer Day, the king and his entire entourage landed, and the king on foot went on a pilgrimage to Our Lady of Ardaburg and heard mass and dined there. Then he took his horse and rode to Ghent, where the queen received him with great joy. All his retinue and Catherine feasted them honorably, and particularly the duke of Brabant and Jacques Dartuell. And there, in the marketplace, Jacques Dartuell appeared openly.\nIn the presence of all the lords and those who were present, the King of England declared his right to the crown of France, and the alliance of the three countries, Flanders, Hainault, and Brabant, was joined in one. The King achieved this through his great wisdom and pleasing words, and all who heard him praised him greatly, commending his noble speech and great experience. The lords then departed, promising to meet again within eight days at Ghent to see the King of England. The King and Queen welcomed them honorably, and at that time the Queen was newly purified of a son named John, who was after the Duke of Lancaster by his wife, the daughter of Duke Henry of Lancaster. A council was then set at Uyllenort, and a day was limited.\n\nWhen the French king learned that his army at sea was dispersed, he held a council.\nDraws to Arras & gives leave to his men to depart until he hears other tidings. Sends Sir Godmar de Faye to Tourney to ensure all is ready; he fears the tidings more than anything else. Sends the lord of Beaute to Mortain to keep the borders against Heynalt, and sends many men of war to Saint Omers / and to Saint Omer, where a king in Cycilly called Robert reigns. He is reputed to be a great astronomer and always warns the French king and his council not to fight against the king of England, for he says it is given to the king of England to be right fortunate in all his endeavors. This king Robert would gladly have seen these two kings at a good accord; for he loved the crown of France so much that he was rightly sorrowful to see its desolation. This king of Cycilly is at Auxonne with Pope Clement and the college there, and declares to them the perils that are likely to fall upon the realm of France: by the war, the two kings, it is believed.\nThe kings were urged to help find means to appease them. The pope and cardinals replied that they would gladly intend to do so, provided that the two kings would hold a council at Uyllenort. The following lords attended this council: the king of England, the duke of Brabant, John, the earl of Henalt, the duke of Guerules, the earl of Jullers, the marquesses of Faulquihoure and Musse, the earl of Mons, sir Robert Dartois, sir William of Dunort, the earl of Namur, Jacques Dartuell, and many other great lords, as well as representatives from every good town in Flanders, numbering three or four persons each. A covenant was made between the three countries: Flanders, Brabant, and Henalt, that each would aid and support the other in all cases. They also assured each other that if any of them had dealings with any country, the other two would provide assistance. And afterwards, if any of them were at discord with one another,\nother/the third should come to an agreement between them. And if he were not able to do so, then the matter should be put before the king of England, in whose hands this matter was sworn and promised, and he to agree with them. And confirmation of love and amity: they ordained a law to be read throughout those three countries, which was called the law of the companions or allies. In it, it was determined that the king of England should remove himself about Maidstone after this, and lay siege to Towton: and there to meet all the aforementioned lords and theirs, with the powers of all the good men. And then every man departed to his own houses, to prepare himself for this.\n\nThe French king, after the departure of these lords from the council of Ulton, knew most of their determination. Then he set himself at Towton, the chief men of war of all France, such as the Earl of Euse, the young Earl of Guines his son, constable of France, the Earl of Fouquet, and his brothers, the Earl Amery of Narbon, sir Aymer of Poyters, etc.\nsir Geoffrey of Charney, sir Gararde of Mountfaucon, the two marshals, sir Robert Bertrand, sir Mathue de Troy, the lord of Caieur, the seneschal of Poyctou, and the lord of Chastelayn, and with them valiant knights and squires, came to the tournament. They found there sir Godmar du Fay, who was already present. They took note of the provisions of the town, both for the vituals and the tournaments, and fortifications. Now let us return to the king of England. When the time approached for him and his allies to meet before the tournament and for the corn to ripen, he departed from Gaunt with seven earls of his country, eight prelates, twenty-eight baronets, two thousand C knights, four thousand men-at-arms, and the town of Andwarpe. The duke of Guerles, the earls of Jullers, the marquesses of Blackbourgh, the marquess of Musse, and the earl of Mons also accompanied him.\nThe lord of Falquemount, Sir Arnolde of Baquechew, and all the Almayns were lodged on the opposite side towards Heynalt. Thus, the city of Tourney was encircled around, and every host might resort to each other: so that none could issue out without being spied upon. The siege endured, and they were well provisioned with victuals, and at a moderate price it came to them from all parts. One morning, the earl of Heynalt with 500 spearmen departed from the host and passed by Lysle, burning the good town of Seclyne and many villages around it. Their cursors ran to the suburbs of Lens in Artois. After that, the earl took another way and rode to the town of Durches: which was taken and burned, for it was not far away. They also burned Landas. Lyther was endured for a day, there were many feats of arms done for all the lords and knights who were in Tournay were there. This assault was made in ships and vessels wrought for the same intent, to have broken the barriers.\nand the posterior of the arch. But it was so well defended that the enemy wanes not anything: there they lost a ship with sixscore men who were drowned, and at night they withdrew in great distress. The same French soldiers passed the wood of St. Amand and came to the abbey of Uychonge, and made a great fire at the gate to have burned it. When the abbot saw what peril his house was in, he hastily took his horse and rode out privately through the wood and came to Valencennes, desiring the provost there to lend him certain crossbows. And when he had obtained his desire, he brought them behind Rames and set them in the wood towards the high way to pursue. And there they shot against the Frenchmen, who were before the gate of Uychonge: and when they saw and felt the arrows coming from the wood, they were frightened and returned as fast as they could. And so the abbey was saved.\n\nHow it is to be reminded, Sir William Douglas, son of William Douglas, brother of -\nAnd the earl of Patris, the earl of Surland, Sir Robert of Herssey, Sir Simon Fresyell, and Alexander Ramsey: they were captains in the part of Scotland that was left unwon by the English. They had continued in the forest of Godeaus for the space of seven years, winter and summer, and as they could they made war against the English there. Sometimes they had good fortune, and sometimes ill. While the king of England was besieging Tourney, the French king sent men of war into Scotland, and they arrived at St. John's town. They requested the Scots in the French king's name that they would set on and make such war in the realm of England that the king might be inclined to return home to rescue his own realm and abandon the siege at Tourney, and the French king promised them men and money to help them do so. And so the Scots departed from the forest of Gedeaus and passed through Scotland, winning back various fortresses.\nand they passed the town of Berwick and the river Tyne, entering into the country of Northumberland, which at one time was a realm. There they found great abundance of bees, and wasted and burned all the countryside to Durham. Then they returned by another way, destroying the country. In this voyage they destroyed more than three days' journey into the realm of England, and then returned to Scotland, and conquered again all the fortresses held by the Englishmen except the city of Berwick and three other castles, which caused them great trouble. They were very strong; the one was Stirling, another Rosburgh, and the third the chief of all Scotland, Edinburgh. The castle stood on a high rock, and a man must rest twice or thrice before reaching the highest point of the hill; and the captain was Sir Water Lymond, who before had so valiantly defended the castle of Tyneside against the Frenchmen. Therefore, it was that\nSir William Douglas devised a feat and revealed his intention to his companions, Lord Patrick, Sir Robert Fresnel, and Alexander Ramsay. They all agreed. They took two ships and set sail with a company of wild Scots. They provisioned themselves with oats, coal, and wood. Peaceably they arrived at a port near Edinburgh Row Castle. In the night, they armed themselves and took ten or twelve of their most trusted men. They disguised them in poor torn coats and hats like country men. They loaded twelve small horses with sacks, some with oats, some with wood, and some with coal. They hid their entire company in a bushment in an old destroyed abbey nearby. When the day began to appear, they coveredly armed and went up the hill with their merchandise. Sir William Douglas and Sir Symon Fresnel disguised themselves and went apart.\nBefore reaching the porter, they said, \"Sir, we have brought otters and beaver pelts here. If you have any need of them, we will sell them to you cheaply.\" Mary spoke to the porter, and we have a need of them, but it is still early, and I dare not wake the captain or his steward. Instead, let them in, and I will open the outer gate. And so they all entered through the gate of the bailiff: Sir William Douglas saw that the porter held the keys to the castle's great gate in his hands.\n\nOnce the first gate was opened, as you have heard, their horses and baggage entered. The two who came last, laden with coal, made them fall down on the ground at the gate's threshold to prevent it from being closed again. Then they seized the porter and killed him so brutally that he never spoke another word. They took the great keys and opened the castle gate. Sir William Douglas blew a horn and discarded their torn coats. They laid out all the other sacks.\nOutside the gate to prevent it from being shut. And when those in the bushes heard the horn, they quickly mounted the hill. Then the watchmen of the castle woke up with the noise of the horn and saw how the people were coming, armed, to the castle gate. Then he blew his horn and cried, \"Treason, treason! Rise and arm yourselves! Men with weapons are approaching your fortress!\" Then every man arose and armed himself and went to the gate. But Sir William Douglas and his twelve companions defended the gate so fiercely that they could not close it. And so, by great valor, they kept it open until their forces arrived within. They defended the castle as well as they could and injured many of them outside. But Sir William and the Scots did such that they conquered the fortress, and all the Englishmen within were killed, except for the captain and some squires. So the Scots stayed there all day and made the local captain a knight.\nThe news reached King England, among others, of Sir Symo\u0304de Ussher. We have previously heard that King England had besieged the city of Tournai with over 60,000 armed men, and due to the supplies within the city beginning to run low, the French lords within caused a multitude of poor people, not prepared for the siege, to leave the town. They were sent out in the open day and passed through the Duke of Brabant's host, who showed mercy and had them safely brought to the French host at Arras, where the king was staying. There, he gathered a great assembly of men from his own country and some from the empire. The King of Behain, Duke of Lorraine, Earl of Bar, Bishop of Metz and of Cordeau, Earl of Montbeliard, Sir John of Chalon, Earl of Guine, and Earl of Sauoy, and Lord Lewes arrived.\nThe following lords came to serve the French king: the duke of Sauoy's brother, the duke of Brittany, the duke of Burgundy, the duke of Bourbon, the earl of Alen\u00e7on, the earl of Flanders, the earl Forestes, the earl Arma\u00f1ac, sir Charles of Blois, the earl of Harcourt, the lord Coucy, and various other lords and knights. The king of Navarre also came with a good number of men for war from the country in France that he held from the French king, and thereby he came to serve him. The king of Scotland was also present with a certain number appointed to him.\n\nWhen all these said lords had arrived at Aras to the French king, he changed his mind and went to a small river, three leagues from Tours, where the water was deep and surrounded by marshlands. No man could pass except by a narrow way, so narrow that two horses could not pass in front of each other. There the king lay and did not cross the river, for he dared not. The next day,\nHosts lay still, some lords counseled making bridges to cross the water at ease. Then messengers were sent to advise the passage. And when they had well advised everything, they thought it was a lost labor and showed the king that there was no passage but at the bridge of Cressy. The matter remained in the same state. News spread abroad that the French king was lodged between the bridge of Cressy and the bridge of Bonne, intending to fight with his enemies. So all manner of people, such as desired honor, there were three Almain brothers in Boulogne. When they heard how these two kings approached each other, intending to fight, two of them desired to join the fray. They said they would go and see what cheer there was before the tournament. So these two knights, and they said yes. And so they went after the Frenchmen, guided by those poor men. The Frenchmen were then near Our Lady in the wood.\nWe were a company of sixscore soudyers, drawing before us cattle and certain prisoners of the country's men. Our captain was a knight from Burgundy named John de Frelays, intending to serve the lord of Beaujeu: as soon as the Almain soldiers saw us, they cried out and charged fiercely among us. There was a fierce fight; the Burgundian knight put himself in defense, but not all of his company; for there were some who held their ground. However, they were so closely pursued by the Almain soldiers and the men of the country that few others escaped, either slain or taken. Sir John de Frelays was taken, and all were rescued and returned to the men of the country. After this adventure, the Almain army camped before Tours, where they were welcomed.\n\nA none, after the French king was lodged thus at the bridge of Bouges, a company of villains, by the setting on of Sir William Bayllule and the lord Uauflart de la Croyse, spoke of how they knew the country and that they would bring them.\ninto such a place on the French host / they should have some winnings. And so, on a morning, they departed from the host about sixty company knights and squires: and they made the lord Bayllule their chief / and that to his banner every man should draw. Now, the same morning, certain nobles of the French party rode forth / of whom Ser Robert de Baylleull, brother to the aforementioned Sir William Baylleull, was chief captain. So, there were two brothers on different parties: the legions had passed the bridge of Cressyn / and were foraging for their horses / and to see if they could find any adventure profitable for them. The heynous rode all that morning without finding any adventure / and they also passed the bridge: there was such a mist that a man could not see the length of a spear before him. And when the heynous were all over: then they ordered that Sir William Baylluel with his banner should remain on the bridge / and Sir Uauflart, Sir Raflet de Craon.\nMonseaur and Sir John de Verchyne continued their journey. They went so far that they encountered the king of Behaine and the bishop of Liege. They were lodged near the bridge, and the lord of Rademache had posted guards that night. The conflict was fierce between them, but eventually the wicked one retreated towards the bridge. The liege men and Luxembourgers followed, and Sir William Baylluell was advised to lead his banner back across the bridge since they had men in their company to pass. The wicked one passed back again as well, and during their passage, many deeds of arms were done in taking and recapturing. It happened that Sir Uauflart could not pass the bridge back, and so he saved himself as best he could. He escaped from the pursuit and took away what he knew. He entered the marshes among bushes and rocks and hid there. The others continued to fight.\nAt the bridge, William Bayleul's company was overcome. Hearing the noise in that area, Robert Bayleul came running with his banner before him. When the Henghows saw the banner of Morains, they believed it was Bayleul's and drew near. The difference between their banners was small; the arms of Morains consisted of counter-barred two chevrons and a goose. In Robert Bayleul's chevron, there was a small golden cross, which the Henghows failed to notice. As a result, they were defeated, and John de Vergny, Sir Water du Pont de Large, Sir William of Pype Poix, and various others were slain. Sir John de Soyre, Sir Daniel de Bleze, Sir Race de Moceaur, and Sir Louis Dampelen, among others, were taken. Sir William de Bayleul managed to escape, but he lost many of his company. Uauflart de la Croyse, who was supposed to be in the marriage trust and was to be there until it was night, was not present.\nto haue scaped / was spyed by some that rode a longe by the marese. And they made suche an out cry on hym / that he ca\u0304e out and yelded hym selfe prisoner / they toke and brought hym to the hoost and delyuered hym to their maister / who wolde gladly haue saued hi\u0304: for he knewe well he was in ieopardy of his lyfe. Anone tidynges of hym was brought to the french kyng / who in co\u0304tynent dyd send for hym: and the kyng imme\u00a6diatly sent hym to Lyle / bycause he had done to the\u0304 moche damage. And so win the towne they dyd put him to deth / they wold in no wyse haue pyte of hym nor put hym to any ransome.\nOF this dede that sir Ro\u00a6bert Bayllieull had done: y\u2022 frenche kyng was ryght ioy\u00a6ouse. And within a season af\u00a6ter / the erle of Heynault / sir John\u0304 his vncle / and the sene shall of Heynalt: with a .vi. hundred speares / heynowes / and almayns / de\u2223parted fro the siege of Turney. And therle sent to them of Ualence\u0304s \u25aa that they shulde come and mete with hym before Mortayne: and to come bytwene Lescharpe / &\nLescault lays siege to Mortaine: and they came thither in great array and brought with them great engines. The lord of Beauieu, who was captain within Mortaine, greatly doubted assaulting, because the fortress stood near the river and near Heynault on all sides: therefore he caused twelve large piles to be driven in the river, to prevent any passage that way. However, for all that, the earl of Heynault and the wicked came thither on one side, and those of Valencens on the other. They made an unexpected attack and approached the barriers, but there were such deep trenches that they could not come near; therefore some advised passing the river of Lescharpe and coming on the side towards St. Amand to make an assault at the gate towards Mauld. And as they planned, four hundred passed the river; so Mortaine was closed in on three sides, the weakest being towards Mauld. To that side came the lord Beauieu himself to defend it.\nHe feared none of the other sides. In his hand, he held a great glove. Sharp and well-made was a sharp hook of steel. When he gave his stroke, the hook should take hold. And look on whom it fastened; he came to him, or else fell into the water: by these means, the same day he cast into the water more than twelve. At that gate, the assault was fierce. The earl of Heynalt, who was on the other side, knew nothing of this assault. He was arranging himself along the river side of Lescault and devised how they might get out of the river the piles by force or by subtlety. They ordered to make a ship and a great engine to draw out each pile one after another. Their carpenters were set to work, and the engine was made in a ship. And the same day they of Valencens raised on their side a great engine and did cast in stones, so that it fore troubled them within. Thus the first day passed, and the night in assaulting and devising how they might harm them in the fortress.\nnext day they went to assault on all sides / and the third day the ship was ready / and then began to draw out the piles. And then set to work to draw them out, but there were so many and such labor in the doing that they were weary of the craft: and the lords wished they had never begun it / and so commanded to cease their work. On the other hand, within Mortaine, there was a skilled master in making engines / who saw well how greatly the engines of Valenciens troubled them / he raised an engine in the castle / which was not very great but he tried it to a point. And he cast with it but three times / the first stone fell twelve feet from them without / the second stone fell nearer / and the third stone hit even that it broke clean apart the shaft without. Then the other side, the earl said how he would withdraw and return to the siege of Tourney. And so they did / and they of Valenciens returned to their town.\nThree days after that, the earl\nThe abbot of Heynault returned from Mortagne. He wanted certain companions to go to Saint Amand, as he had received complaints that the soldiers of Saint Amand had burned the abbey of Hanon and had nearly burned Uycoinge, and had caused much distress to the borders of Heynault. So the earl departed from the siege with three hundred men and arrived before Saint Amand, on the side towards Mortagne. The town was not closed but with palisades, and the captain was a knight from Laguede, the seneschal of Cracassone, who had told the monks of the abbey and the townspeople that it was not able to hold out against a host: yet he said rather than he would depart, he would keep it to the best of his power, but that he had said this in the manner of counsel, not by belief. However, the jewels of the abbey were carried to Mortagne for greater security, and the abbot and all his monks went there, as they were not men of war. The Valenciennes came at their command with twelve men.\nthousands of men kept the gate to ward the bridge of LeSHARPE. They began a fierce assault and many were hurt on both parties. This assault endured all day: they of Valenciens could get nothing there; they within scorned and mocked them: and said, \"sirs, go your way and drink your good ale.\" Against night they of Valencennes were very weary and had great marvel that they could here no tidings of their lord. Therefore they dispersed and drew towards their town. The next morning their lord departed from Turney and came to St. Amand on the side towards Mortagne. And there they made an assault with fear and cruelty, and won at the first the baileys, and came to the gate to ward Mortagne. And there their lord and his uncle made a great assault, and each of them had such a stroke on the head with stones that their helmets were cloven, and their heads sore astonied. At last one said to their lord, \"sir, this way we shall never enter, the way is narrow and strait.\"\nBut Sir, strongly keep us. But Sir, make great rams of wood like piles and let us run with them against the abbey walls. And we shall pierce it through in various places. And if we get the abbey, the town is ours. Then the Earl commanded it to be done: and soon great pieces of timber were obtained and sharpened. And to every piece, twenty or thirty persons ran with it against the wall: so that they broke the wall in various places and valiantly entered and passed a little river that ran within. And there was ready the seneschal of Carcassonne his banner before him: the which was gold a shepherd silver-threeled chevrons in the shepherd's border silver indented. And he and his company defended valiantly the heynows as long as they could: but their defense could not avail for the heynows were too many. And in their entering into the abbey: there was a monk called Danne Frossart who did marvels, for he killed and hurt one at the hole where he stood in. Xavier entered into the abbey, he commanded that all should be put.\nThe town was filled with armed men and they chased and sought him, from street to street and in every house. Few escaped; all were slain. The seneschal was killed under his standard and two hundred men were around him. The next day, the men of Valenciennes came to Saint Amand and burned the town and the abbey minister and all, destroying the bells that were goodly. Another day, they again departed from the siege with six thousand men of arms and went and burned Orchies, Ladas, and the Chel. They then passed by Hanon, the river of Lesharpe, and went into France to a great abbey and archiepiscopal see called Marchiennes. Sir Amye of Vernaux was the captain there, and with him were certain crossbowmen of Douai. The lord made an assault for the captain had well fortified the first gate with deep ditches. The Frenchmen and monks defended themselves.\nThe nobly armed men boarded their boats and barges, and thereby entered the abbey. However, a knight from Almain drowned, a companion of Lord Falquemont named Sir Bacho de la Wyer. The earl, his uncle, and the seneschal fought valiantly at the gate, winning it. Sir Amye and his company were slain or taken. Divers monks were taken, the abbey robbed and burned, and the town as well. Then the earl returned to the siege before Tourney.\n\nThis siege before Tourney was long and great. The king of England believed he could win it, as he knew there were many people within and they were running low on supplies. He thought to starve them out, and some said the people of Brabant showed some courtesy by allowing supplies to pass through their host into the city. The people of Brussels and Louvain were weary of the prolonged siege and desired to be allowed to return to Brabant. The marshal said he was content, but then:\nthey must leave all their harnesses behind them / with which they were so shamefully defeated. Now I shall tell you about a journey that you Almain soldiers made at the same bridge of Cr\u00e9cy: where Sir Robert Bailleul discomfited the Hainaults / as the Lord of Raudebeke and Sir John his son, John Raudebourg esquire, Sir Arnold of Baquehen, Sir Raynald Descouenart, Sir Rorrant, Dasto, Sir Bastien de Bastes, and various others of the duchy of Jules and Gu\u00eenes. All these rode out on one day / and they also had with them certain bachelors of Henault: as Sir Florimond de Beaureyon, Sir Latas de la Hey marshal of the host, Sir John of Henault, Sir Ulrich of Guistels, Sir Robert Gleuves of the lordship of Loz, and various others. They were a thousand strong. They came to the bridge of Cr\u00e9cy / and passed without danger. Then they took counsel on what they should do / and it was thought best for their honor to go and awaken the English, who were sleeping in their camp.\nThe lord Rauderondence and his son, Sir Henry of Keukren, Sir Tylman of Sausey, Olphart of Guystels, Lalema\u0304t bastarde of Heynalt, Robert of Gleuues, and Jaquelat of Tyaulx were ordered to ride suddenly into the French host. The other knights and squires, numbering about three, were to remain at the bridge to keep the passage. These riders rode forth to the number of about twenty spears until they reached the host. They dashed in and through tents and pavilions and skirmished with the Frenchmen. That night, two great French barons, Mo\u0304morency and Salieu, kept watch. When they heard the noise, they came with their banners to that part. Then the Germans returned towards the bridge, and the Frenchmen pursued them in fear. Sir Olphart of Guystels was taken, for he was unarmed. Two brothers, Mondrope and Jaquelat Tyaulx, were also captured, as they were near each other.\nThe men understood each other's language. And the Frenchmen said to the Almain soldiers: \"Sir, you shall not escape this way.\" One man said to the Lord of Rauderode: \"Take good heed. The Frenchmen will be at the bridge, or we know another way. He turned to the right and took a less-used way, which led him and his company to the aforementioned river. This river was so deep and surrounded by marshlands that they could not cross it. Therefore, they were forced to return by the bridge. The Frenchmen rode at a great gallop towards the bridge. When they came near the bridge and saw the large crowd there, they said to one another, \"I think we are chasing foolishly. We might easily lose rather than win.\" Many of them turned back, and especially the Lord of Saint Sauliter was a fierce encounter. The other Almain soldiers came in on the other side, and thus the Frenchmen were surrounded: The Lord Renolde.\nof DyscouTER's men knew well the banner of Lord Momorency, who was under his banner with his sword in hand fighting on every side. And suddenly, on his right flank, he came, and with his left hand he took the reins of Lord Momorency's horse and spurred his own horse, drawing him out of the battle. Lord Momorency struck and wounded him with many great blows, some of which he received and some he defended. But finally, he was taken prisoner. Thus, the Almain forces did so much that they obtained the place and took forty prisoners of gentlemen. Then they passed the bridge without any danger. And so they returned to the siege before Tourney.\n\nNow let us hear an account from some adventurer of what happened to the fleeing: among this company were captains Sir Robert D'Artois and Sir Henry of Flanders. They numbered forty thousand. Some were from the towns of Ippre, Propinge, Messines, Cassel, and the castle of Bergues. All these fleeing men lay in the valley of Cassel.\ntens and pavilions to counter Garyson, the French Gascons, whom the French king had laid at St. Omer's, and broke down various houses and robbed the inhabitants. The disturbance was soon known in the town, and the lords within armed their companies and issued out through another gate. They were six banners and two hundred men-at-arms and six hundred footmen. They came upon the Flemings by a secret way, who were busy robbing and plundering the town of Arques near St. Omer's. There they were spread out without a captain or good order. Then the Frenchmen came upon them in good battle order, their banners displayed, crying \"Clermont, the dolphin of Auvergne.\" With this, the Flemings were routed and beaten down. The chase of them lasted two leagues, and there were slain four hundred men and eight hundred taken prisoners and led to St. Omer's. Those who fled and escaped returned to their host and recounted their adventure. And at last news of this reached\nTheir captains, Sir Robert Dartois and Sir Henry of Fladers, who said it was well employed, for they went forth without command or captain. And the same night or it was midnight, the Flemish lying in their tents asleep suddenly, among all their men, such a fear came upon them that they rose in great haste and with such pain they thought not enough time had passed. They beat down their own tents and pavilions and so fled away without waiting for one another.\n\nWhen these tidings reached their two captains, they rose hastily and made great fires and took torches and mounted their horses and so came to these Flemish and said, \"Sir, what ails you? Do you want anything? Why do you thus flee away? Be you not well assured? Return in the name of God. You are to blame for fleeing and no man chases you.\"\n\nBut for all their words, every man fled from them.\n\nThis siege endured a long season: the space\nFor three weeks less, Lady Jane of Ualoys, sister to the French king and mother to the earl of Heynalt, traveled greatly between the two parties to obtain a respite and peace between them, so that they might depart without battle. The good lady procured with the aid and counsel of Louis Daugymont, who was well-loved by both parties, that each party should send four sufficient persons to treat on some good way to accord the parties, and a truce for three days. These appointments met in a little chapel standing in the fields called Esplenty, at the appointed day. The good lady was present with them. Of the French party, Charles, king of Behain, entered into their treaty, and they communed on various ways of accord all day, and the good lady of Ualoys was always among them.\nThe parties attempted to effectively resolve all issues, promising to dedicate their efforts towards making peace. However, the first day yielded no results, and they promised to meet again the next day. On the second day, they gathered together again at the same place and resumed their negotiations. They reached certain agreements but it was too late to put it in writing that day, and they aimed to complete the process. The third day they met again and finally agreed on a truce to last for a year between all parties, as well as those in Scotland and those making war in Gascony, Poitou, and Savoy. This truce was to begin on the 40th day following, and each party was to inform their men without malicious intent. However, if companies refused to keep the peace, they were free to choose. But as for France, Picardy, Burgundy, and Normandy,\nThis peace was binding for both parties without exception, and it was to begin between the hosts of the two kings. It was also determined that each party would send four or five personages as their ambassadors, and they were to meet at Arras. The pope was likewise to send four, and there they were to make a full confirmation without any conditions. Each party was to enjoy and possess all and every thing that they were in possession of at that time. This peace began in both armies, and the Burgundians were particularly glad, as they were weary from the long siege. The next day, as soon as it was light, you would have seen tents being taken down, chariots loaded, and people leaving so thickly that it would have seemed like a new world. Thus, the good town of Tournai was saved without great damage, although the inhabitants suffered greatly within, as their supplies were beginning to fail (for it was said) they had scarcely enough to serve at that time.\nThe lords stayed for three or four days at the most. The Brabantines departed quickly, as they had great desire to do so; the king of England departed reluctantly, for he wished to act otherwise but was forced to follow the wishes of the other lords and trust their counsel. The French king could no longer stay there due to the bad air and heat. Therefore, the French had the honor of the journey because they had rescued Tournai and caused their enemies to retreat. The king of England and his lords said that they had the honor due to their long stay within the realm, their siege of one of its good towns, and the waste and burning they had caused in the French countryside. The French king had not rescued it in time and hour as he should have, according to the agreement of battle, and finally they agreed to a truce, with their enemies still at the siege and burning his country. Thus, these lords departed from the siege of Tournai.\nThe king of England came to Gaunt, to his wife the queen, and shortly after crossed the sea, leaving behind those who were to be at the parliament at Arras. Charleston of Hey Natal returned to his country and held a noble feast at Mons in Hey Natal, along with a great joust. In this, Gardes of Verchy, seneschal of Hey Natal, judged and was severely injured, dying from the blow. He had a son named John, who was a good knight and hardy, but his health was brief. The French king granted leave to every man to depart, and he himself went to Lille. There, those from the tournament arrived. The king received them joyously and showed them great grace, freely giving back their franchises which they had lost long ago. Sir Gormer du Fay and various other knights had been long governors there. Then they made new provisions and swore an accord according to their ancient usages. Afterward, the king departed from Lille to go elsewhere.\nto Paris. Now the council should be at Arras, and for the pope's dispensation, the cardinal of Naples and the cardinal of Clermont came to Paris. The king made them much honor there, and they went to Arras. The fresh king was there the earl of Alen\u00e7on, the duke of Bourbon, the earl of Flanders, the earl of Blois, the archbishop of Sens, the bishop of Beauvais, and the bishop of Auxerre, and for the king of England, the bishop of Lincoln, the bishop of Durham, the earl of Warwick, Sir Robert Dudley, Sir John Heynes, and Sir Henry of Flanders were present. At this treaty, there were many matters proposed, and it continued for fifteen days without agreeing on any point, as the English demanded, and the French would not give in to anything but the return of the county of Ponthieu, which was given to Queen Isabella in marriage with the king of England. So this parliament broke up and nothing was done but the truce to be renewed.\nThe text has some irregularities but is generally readable. I will correct some errors and remove unnecessary characters.\n\nThe text reads: \"reloned two years longer / that was all that the cardinals could get. Then every man departed / and the two cardinals went through Heynault at the desire of their lord, who feasted them nobly.\n\nWhen this said truce was agreed and sailed before the city of Tours / every lord and all manner of people dispersed, and every man drew into his own country. The duke of Brittany, who had been there with the French king / as well furnished as any other prince that was there / departed homeward: and in his way, a sickness took him, and he died. At which time he had no child nor ever had one by the duchies / nor had any trust to have / he had a brother by the father's side, called earl of Mowbray, who was then alive: & he had to his wife, sister to earl Lovell of Fauconberg. This said duke had another brother, both by father and mother, who was then dead: and he had a daughter alive / and the duke her uncle had married her to Lord Charles of Blois / eldest son of earl Guy of Blois: that the same\"\n\nCleaned text: The truce lasted for two years. The cardinals departed from Tours at their lord's desire, who entertained them generously. After the truce was agreed, every lord and subject returned to their respective territories. The Duke of Brittany, who was as well-equipped as any other prince, fell ill and died on his way home. At that time, he had no heir and no trustee for the duchies. He had a brother, the Earl of Mowbray, who was alive and had a sister married to Earl Lovell of Fauconberg. The Duke also had another brother, who was deceased, and a living daughter. The Duke's sister had married Lord Charles of Blois, the eldest son of Earl Guy of Blois.\nThe earl had by the sister of King Philip of France the duchy of Breton, who then reigning and having promised to marry her after his death for he doubted that the earl of Montfort would claim the inheritance as next of blood, although he was not his proper brother. The duke thought that the daughter of his brother Germain ought, by reason, to be nearer to the inheritance after his death than the earl of Montfort his brother. And because he feared that after his death the earl of Montfort would take away the right from his youngness: therefore he married her to the said Sir Charles of Blois, intending that King Philip, uncle to her husband, would aid in keeping her right against the earl of Montfort if he intended anything in the matter. As soon as the earl of Montfort knew that his brother was dead, he went to Nantes: the sovereign city of all Brittany. And he did so much to the burghers and to the people of the country around it that he was received by them.\nThe chief lord, as next of blood to his deceased brother, did homage and fealty to him. Then he and his wife, both with the hearts of a lion, determined with their counsel to call a court and keep a solemn feast at Nauntes on a designated day. Against this day they sent for all the nobles and councils of the good from the western parts of Brittany to be there to do their homage and fealty to him as to their sovereign lord. In the meantime, as this feast began, the earl of Montfort with a great number of men departed from Nauntes. He had been informed that the treasure his father had gathered some days before was being kept secret there. When he arrived, he entered the city with great triumph and was received nobly by the burghers, clergy, and commons. They all did fealty to him as to their sovereign lord. By such means, he found the great treasure delivered to him. He stayed there for a while.\nhis pleasure he devoted with all his treasure and came to Nauntes to court his wife. They stayed there in great joy until the day of the feast, and made great purchases against it. And when the day came and no man appeared for any commandment, except one knight called Sir Henry du Leon, a noble and puissant man, they kept the feast for three days as well as they could with those who were there. Then it was determined to retain soldiers a horseback and a foot, and to disperse his great treasure to attend to his purpose of the duchy, and to constrain all rebels to come to mercy. Soldiers were retained on all sides and generously paid, so that they had a great number, both horse and foot: nobles and others of diverse countries.\n\nWhen the Earl of Mountfort saw that he had enough people: then he was called to go and conquer the whole country, either by love or by force, and to subdue all his rebels. Then he issued out of the city of Nauntes with a great host.\nwent to a strong castle standing on the sea side called Brest. The captain there was Sir Garnier of Clysson, a noble knight and one of the greatest barons in Brittany. Thirlby Mountfort or he came to Brest, he conquered the entire country except the fortresses. Every man followed him on horseback or on foot; none dared do otherwise, when Thirlby came to the castle of Brest, he ordered Ser Henry de Leon to send word to the captain to obey him as to the duke of Brittany. The knight answered he would do nothing until he had other orders; it was his right to be lord there. The next day, Thirlby attacked the castle. Within the castle were three hundred men-at-arms. Each man was posted at his defensive position. Then the captain took forty good men-at-arms and went to the barriers. There was a fierce assault, and many were severely injured. But finally, the besiegers overwhelmed the defenders.\nThe defendants were eager to return to the castle, but there were many slain. However, the captain acted valiantly and brought his company to the main gate. Those guarding the gate, upon seeing their leader in danger and fearing for the castle, suddenly lowered the portcullis and let the captain and some of his men in without hesitation. They were severely hurt and in great danger of death, and the captain refused to surrender. The attackers threw stones, timber, iron, and pots filled with quicklime. The assailants were forced to retreat, and they raised a little of the portcullis. The captain entered with the remaining men who were still alive, severely wounded. The third day, the lord ordered certain engines to be raised and declared that he would not leave until he had the castle at his disposal. The captain within was discovered to be mortally wounded.\nThe duke received it before entering the castle, and it was true. Then Duke Mountfort ordered a great assault: they made certain instruments of timber to cast over the dykes and reach the hard walls. Those within defended themselves as well as they could until it was none. The duke demanded that they surrender and take him as their duke; he would freely pardon them. They took counsel and the duke ordered the assault to cease. Finally, they surrendered, their lives and goods saved. Then, Mountfort entered the castle with a certain number, and received the fealty of all the men of that castle. He appointed a knight he trusted much as captain, and then he returned to his field joyously.\n\nWhen Earl Mountfort returned to his field and had settled things there, and wherever he went, he made every man do him homage and fealty as to their right lord. He daily increased his host. So he came before Renes.\npyght vp his tentes / and lodged his peple rounde aboute the cyte / and in the subbarbes. They wtin made great semblant of defence: capytaine ther was sir Henry Pennefort / who was well beloued for his treweth and valyantnesse / on a mornyng he yssned out with a two hu\u0304dred men / and dasshed into the hoost / and bete downe tentes and slewe dyuers suche of the host as had kept watche the same night drue to the noyse. Than they of the fortresse withdrewe and fledde agayne to their castell: but they taryed so longe / that dyuers of theym were taken and slayne. And sir Ht if they wolde saue his lyfe to yelde vp the towne / or els he shuld be hanged before the gates. Than they of Renes toke counsayle the whiche enduredde longe / for the commons had great pyte of their captayne / and he was welbelored among them Also they consydred howe they hadde but small store of vytayle / long to defende the siege: wher\u00a6fore they sayde they wolde haue peace. But the great burgesses\nTHus therle of Mou\u0304t\u2223fort entred ito Renes with\ngreat feast: and lodged his host still in the fields / and made peace again between the burgesses and the commons. Then he made bailiffs, pronost, aldermen, sergeants, and other officers. And he stayed there three days. Then he dislodged: and drew towards the strong castle in all Brittany called Hangarbeau, standing on a port of the sea, and the sea running round about in great dykes. When Sir Henry there, then he called to the earl in council and said: sir, it has pleased you to admit me as one of your counsellors. And, sir, I have given you my faith and allegiance. I understand that you purpose to go to Hangarbeau. Sir, in truth, the town and the castle are a banner of Brittany before me. And my brother, who is governor of the castle and of the town, as soon as he sees the banner of Brittany and knows that it is I, he will open the gates and let me enter and all my company. And as soon as I am within, I shall take him as prisoner / and take possession of the town and gates: and I shall.\nSir Henry Percy requested that I deliver his brother, Oliver Percy, to do as he pleased with him without Oliver's consent. He asked me to promise by the faith of my body that I would not harm Oliver's person. If I accomplished this, Sir Henry promised to love me more. Afterward, Sir Henry Perfort and his company departed, and he went to Hainault. When Oliver Percy learned of his brother's coming, he opened the gates and let him enter, thinking he had come to aid him. They met in the street, and as soon as Sir Henry saw him, he approached and took him by the arm, saying, \"Oliver, you are my prisoner. How so?\" Oliver replied, \"Sir Henry, the matter does not go as you think. I have taken possession of this town and castle for Lord Montfort, who is now Duke of Brittany. To him I have made fealty and homage.\"\nThe most part of the country has obeyed him. You should do the same, and it would be better if you did it out of love rather than force; you would deserve more thanks. Somoche Olyuer was urged by his brother to agree to him, and so the earl entered and took possession of the town and castle, setting a large garrison there. Then he went with his host for three days, and afterwards he laid siege to a strong castle called Roche Peron. The captain therein was Sir Oliver of Clysson, cousin of Lord Clysson, and the earl laid siege for ten days but could find no ways to take the castle, which was very strong, and the captain would not yield, neither for fair words nor force. So the earl left that siege and departed for a while, and went and laid siege to another castle ten leagues away called Aultoy. In it was Captain Sir Geoffrey Malestroy and Sir John of Triguyde in his company. The earl assaulted the castle twice, but he saw well he could not succeed.\nRather lose ther than win. Then he agreed to a truce for a day, at the instance of Sir Henry de Leon, who was ever still about him. So the treaty took such effect that they were all friends: and the two knights did homage to the earl, and so departed, leaving still the same two knights to be captains there and of the country around. Then he went to another castle called Goy la Forest: and he who was captain there saw how the earl had a great host, and how the country was sore yielded to him, and so by Sir Henry de Leon's counsel. Then the earl went to Caraches, a good town and a strong castle: and therein was a bishop, who was lord of it. This prelate was uncle to Sir Henry de Leon, so that by Sir Henry's means, the bishop agreed with the earl and took him as his lord: until some others should come and show more right to the duchy of Brittany. Thus the earl of Mortimer conquered the country and made himself to be called duke of Brittany. Then he\nHe went to a port on the sea side called Great Towns and fortresses that he had won. Then he took the sea with a certain ship and arrived in Cornwall in England at a port called Fowey. There he inquired where the king was, and it was shown to him that he was at Windsor. Then he rode thitherward and came to Windsor, where he was received with great joy and feast, both of the king and of the queen and of all the lords. There he showed the king and his council how he was in possession of the duchy of Brittany, fallen to him by succession with the death of his last brother, the duke of Brittany. But he feared lest Sir Charles of Blois and the French king would displace him from it by force. Therefore he said he had come thither to relieve and to hold the duchy of the king of England by fealty and homage for ever. So that he would defend him against the French king and all others who should threaten the king of England in the presence of such lords as were there, both of Brittany and of England.\npromised that he would aid/defend and keep him as his liege man: against every man, the French king and others. This homage and promises were written and sealed, and the king and queen gave to the earl and to his company many great gifts: in such a way that they regarded him as a noble king and worthy to reign in great prosperity. Then the earl took his leave and departed and took again these and arrived at the said port of Gredo in Brittany and so came to Nantes to his wife who said how he had worked by good and secret counsel.\n\nWhen Sir Charles of Blois, who considered himself rightful heir to Brittany due to his wife, heard how the earl of Montfort had conquered the country beforehand, which by right should have been his, he came to Paris to complain to King Philip his uncle. Upon this, the king consulted with the nobles of the realm what he might do in this matter, and it was counseled him that the earl of Montfort should be summoned by sufficient messengers.\nThe messengers were sent to Paris to find out what answer he would make. They found him at Nantes, making merry, and he made a great feast for them and eventually answered that he would obey the king's commandment. He then prepared and departed from Nantes, coming to Paris with a force of 4,000 horses. The next day, he and all his men mounted their horses and rode to the king's palace. The king and his twelve peers, along with other great lords of France, awaited his arrival. The lord of Blois, my adversary, the king of England, was also present. As you have shown me, he had done him homage there. They took pleasure in his arrival where he was. Some thought he had only been slightly sick in his lodgings. When he came to Nantes, he showed the countess what he had done and, by her counsel, he garrisoned all the towns and fortresses he had won, stationing good captains and soldiers on horseback and foot.\nand gave them good wages. It is thought that the French king was sore displeased when he knew that the Earl of Mountfort was so departed. However, he waited until the lords had judged on the duchy of Brittany for fifteen days. When the day came, they judged it clearly for Charles of Blois' wife: who was daughter to the brother Germain of the late duke by the father's side, whom they judged to have more right than the Earl Mountfort, who came by another father, never a duke of Brittany. In other reasons, the lords then called to him Lord Charles of Blois, his nephew, and said, \"Fair nephew, you have been given a fair inheritance and a great one. Therefore, go and conquer it against him who keeps it wrongfully, and desire all your friends to aid you. And I shall not fail you for my part. I shall lend you gold and silver enough. And I command my son, the Duke of Normandy, to go with you.\" Then Lord Charles of Blois inclined himself.\nThe uncle was thanked humbly by him. He then requested the duke of Normandy, his cousin, the earl of Alanson, his uncle, the duke of Burgoyne, the earl of Blois, his brother, the duke of Buccleuch, the lord of Loyse of Spain, the lord Jaques of Bourbon, the earl of Ewes, constable of France, and the earl of Guines and his son, the vicomte of Rohan, and all the other lords who were present. They all declared their willingness to go with him and their lord, the duke of Normandy. Afterwards, these lords departed to prepare and make provisions for the journey.\n\nWhen all the lords of Normandy, the duke of Alanson, the duke of Burgoyne, and all those who were to accompany Sir Charles Blois to help him conquer Brittany, were ready, they departed from Paris and other places and assembled at the city of Angers. From there, they went to Ancenis, which is the end of the realm on that side, and stayed there for three days. Then they continued their journey.\ninto the country of Brittany and when they were in the fields, they numbered their company to a fine thousand men of arms besides the genoa company, which were three thousand, and three knights of Genoa led it. One was called Sir Othes de Rue, and the other Sir Charles Germaux. Besides that, they had many longbowmen, of whom Sir Galois le Baulme was captain. Then all these went to a strong castle standing on a high mountain called Chastolle, within the territory of Brittany. It was fortified with men-at-arms and captains. Two knights of Lorraine were there, called Sir Giles and Sir Valerian. The lords of France took counsel to besiege this castle, for they thought if they left such a fortress behind them, it would do them great harm. So they besieged it roundabout and made many assaults, especially the Genoese did what they could to gain praise at the beginning. But they lost much time of their company, for those within defended themselves so wisely.\nIt was a long time before any damage was done. But finally, the assailants brought timber, wood, and fagottes to fill their weapons: so that they might go over the walls. They within cast out stones, chalk, and burning fire: however, they outside reached the foot of the walls, and had instruments whereby they could undermines the walls. Then they surrendered the castle, their lives and goods saved. The duke of Normandy, who was their chief, delivered the castle to Sir Charles of Blois as his own. He immediately set a good garrison there to keep it, and to conduct those who came after them. Then they went towards Nantes. There they heard that the earl of Montfort, their enemy, was there. The marshals and cavalry of their host found a good town on the way, which had few people and were poorly armed. So the town was quickly taken, this town was called Carqu\u00e9s. Within four or five leagues of Nantes, the lords lay there.\nall that night and the next morning they drew towards Nantes and laid siege around it, engaging in skirmishes. Some soldiers within and young burgesses outside were killed and injured on both sides. A great skirmish ensued, as so many came from the host that those within had much to do. However, they managed to take the horses out of the carts and drove them in at the gate, with the intention of taking the town. The earl of Montfort blamed Sir Henry de Leon severely for causing the retreat so soon. Sir Henry was greatly displeased in his mind. And after that, as I have reported, certain burgesses of the city saw how their goods were being wasted both outside and inside, and they made this treaty so secretly that it was eventually agreed that they would have all the provisions delivered, and they would open one of the gates to allow the French lords to enter and take the earl.\nMoutfort in the castle without causing any harm to the city or its inhabitants or goods. Some claimed this was arranged by the means and agreement of Sir Henry de Leon, who had previously been one of the chief counselors. As planned, this was carried out in the morning: the French lords entered and broke open the gates, took Thirle Moutfort prisoner, and led him cleanly out of the city into their field, causing no further harm in the city. This occurred in the year of our Lord M. C C C. xli, around the feast of All Saints, in the city of Nauntes, until the next summer. They then set captains in such garrisons as they had won. The other lords went to Paris to deliver Thirle Moutfort as a prisoner. The king imprisoned him in the castle of Loure, where he was reported to have died.\n\nNow let us speak of the countess, his wife, who had the courage of a man.\nThe lioness was in Renes city when her lord was taken. Despite her great sorrow, she bravely comforted her friends and soldiers. She showed them a little son named John and said, \"Sirs, do not mourn for the earl, my lord, whom we have lost. He was but a man. See here my little child, who, by the grace of God, will restore him. He will provide for you all, and I have enough riches so that you shall not lack. I trust I will obtain a capable captain for you, and you shall all be comforted.\"\n\nAfter comforting her friends and soldiers in Renes, she went to all her other fortresses and strongholds, leading her young son John with her. She fortified their garisons with whatever they lacked and paid generously and freely wherever she thought it well employed.\n\nThen she went to Hanybout and stayed there all that winter. Often, she sent word to besiege the enemy.\nher garysons / and payed euery man full well and truely their wages.\nYE haue harde here before yt the siege beynge before Tourney / howe the lordes of Scotland had taken agayne dyuers townes and fortresses fro thenglysshmen / such as they helde in Scotlande. Ther were no mo remayning in the\u0304glysshmens handes but one\u2223ly the castell of Esturmelyne / the cytie of Ber\u2223wyke / and Rousburge. And the scottes lay styll at siege with certayne frenchmen with them su\u2223che as kyng Philyppe had sent thyder to helpe the\u0304 before Esturmelyne: and they within were so sore constrayned y\u2022 they sawe well they coude nat long endure. And whan the kynge of Eng\u2223lande was retourned fro the siege of Tourney and came into his owne realme / he was cou\u0304sel\u2223led to ryde towarde scotlande and so he dyd / he rode thyderwarde bytwene mighelmas and al sayntes / co\u0304maundyng euery ma\u0304 to folowe hym to Berwyke / than euery man began to styrre: and to drawe thyder as they were co\u0304maunded. The kyng at last came to yorke / and ther tary\u2223ed for his\nThe Lords of Scotland were informed about the coming of the King of England, so they launched more severe attacks on the castle of Stirling. They managed to besiege the castle's inhabitants with engines and cannons, forcing them to surrender, sparing their lives but taking nothing away. These news reached the King of England, who was then departing and heading towards Stirling Castle on Tyne. He stayed and waited there for over a month, provisioning his host which was put to sea between St. Andrew's Day and All Saints' Day. However, many of their ships were lost due to a tempest at sea, and some were driven to Holland and Friesland, causing a significant shortage of supplies for the army. Winter was approaching, and they didn't know where to find forage. In Scotland, the Scots had moved all their goods into fortresses.\nA king of England had more than twenty-five horsemen and forty thousand footmen. The lords of Scotland, after their winning of Esturminely, they were seeing how they had continued the wars for more than seven years without heed or captain. And yet, as they could perceive no help from their own king: then they determined to send a bishop and an abbot to the king of England to request a truce. The messengers departed from Scotland and came to Newcastle where they found the king. These messengers showed to the king and to his council the cause of their coming: so then it was agreed to a truce to last for four months, on the condition that they of Scotland would send sufficient ambassadors into France to King David: unless he would come within the month of May next following so powerfully as to resist and defeat his realm, they clearly would yield themselves English and never take him more for their king again. Thus, these two prelates returned again into Scotland.\nKing David of Scotland, who had been in France for a year and knew that his realm was severely damaged, took leave of the French king to return to his own country to comfort his people. He took shipping with his wife and such company as he had at a port and put himself under the guidance of the mariner Richard Flamont. They arrived at the port of Moray or, unknown to anyone in Scotland, any messengers who had gone to France to speak with him.\n\nWhen young King David of Scotland arrived in his country, his men came about him with great joy and solemn pity, and brought him to the town of St. John's. There, people came from all quarters to see him. Each man showed him the damages and destruction wrought by King Edward and Englishmen in Scotland. He replied, \"I shall be well avenged, or else lose all.\"\nmy realm and my life were in pain. Then he sent messengers to all far and near, requesting every man to help him in his business: at his sending there came the earl of Orkney, a great prince and a powerful one; he had married the king's sister: he brought a great number of men, a war with him, and diverse other lords and knights of Scotland, some for love and some for wages. So that when they were all together, they were 12,000 men on foot and 3,000 armed on horses. When they were all ready, they removed to go into England, to do as much harm as they could: for the truce was expired, or else to fight with the king of England, who had caused them much distress. The Scots departed from St. John's town and went to Dunfermline. The next day there they passed a little army of the sea, and then they went with great diligence and passed by Edinburgh, which was then English.\nThey made no assault there because they didn't want to harm their companions or waste their artillery. They intended to do a greater deed or they returned to Scotland. After passing not far from Berwick, they went by without any assault, entering into the country of Northumberland and coming to the river Tyne, burning the countryside around them. They eventually reached Newcastle upon Tyne and stayed there and all their people encamped around the town that night. In the morning, a certain number of gentlemen from the town, numbering about C C, issued out to make a surprise attack on the Scottish host. They dashed into the Scottish host directly at the tent of the Earl of Mortimer, who wore silver three-eyed gules armor. They took him in his bed and slew many, and a great plunder was taken. Then they returned boldly into the town with great joy and delivered Earl Mortimer as a prisoner to the castle captain. The Lord\nJohn\u0304 Neuell. Whan the scottes were vp / they armed them and ranlyke madde men to the barryers of the towne and made a great assaut / the whiche endured longe but lytell it a\u2223wayled them / and they lost ther many men: for ther were many good men of war within / who defended the\u0304self so wysely / that the scottes were fayne at last to withdrawe a backe to their losse.\nWHan that king Dauyd and his counsayle: sawe that his tary\u2223eng about Newcastell was daun\u00a6gerous / and that he coude wynne therby nother profet nor honour: than he departed and entred into the contrey of the bysshoprike of Dyrram / and ther brent and wasted all byfore them. And so came to the cyte of Dyrram / & layed siege rounde about it / and made many great assautes lyke madde men / by cause they had lost therle of Morette: and they knewe well that ther was moche richesse in the cytie / for all the contrey ther about was fledde thyder. The scott{is} made ingens and instrume\u0304\u2223tes to come to the walles to make the feercer as\u2223sant: and whan the\nThe Scots had departed from Newcastle, where Sir John Newell was in command. Scottes mounted on good horses and took away a great deal from the Scots. Within five days, he arrived at Chirtsay, where King Edward was staying. There, he reported the news of the Scots to the king. Then, the king sent messengers to every region, commanding every man between the ages of 40 and 30 to lay aside their excuses and proceed northward to meet him in that country to aid and defend their land, which the Scots were destroying. Lords, knights, squires, and all others drew toward the north. The king hurried himself and waited for no one, and every man followed as best they could. In the meantime, the Scots assaulted the city of Durham with men and other weapons. So fiercely that they within could not defend themselves, but the city was won by force, robbed and completely burned. And all manner of people were put to death without mercy, men, women, and children, monks.\n\"The priests andchanters: so that there existed no manner of person's house nor church, but it was destroyed. This was a great pity, for it destroyed Christian blood. Then King David was advised to draw back along the River Tyne and head towards Carlisle. As he went in that direction, he lodged that night beside a castle of the Earl of Salisbury's, which was well guarded with men at war. The captain of the castle was Sir William Montagu, son of the Earl of Salisbury's sister. The next day, the Scots marched towards Carlisle; they had much plunder with them, which they had won at Dyra. When Sir William Montagu saw how the Scots passed by without stopping, he and forty men rode out from the rear and followed them concealed. The Scots had their horses so heavily laden with baggage that they could not go at a great pace. Sir William Montagu overtook them at their attempt to enter a wood and set upon them, and there he slew and\"\nThe Scots hurt us more than expected. CC. and took more than sixscore horses laden with plunder. They sold the horses toward the castle. The cry and onrush of the flight reached Sir William Douglas, who commanded the rear guard, and when he was beyond the wood: when he saw the Scots flying over the dales and mounds, he had great marvel. Then he and all his company ran forth and did not stop until they reached the foot of the castle. But before he came to the gates, the Scots had entered and had closed the barriers & put their prey in safety. Then the Scots began to assemble fearfully, and they within defended themselves. There, these two Williams did what they could each to harm the other. This assault lasted so long that all the forces came, king and all. When the king and his council saw how his men were lying dead in the field and the assailants were sorely hurt without gaining anything, then he commanded to cease this assault and to lodge. Then every man\nThe king began to seek for his logging and gathered together the deceased men, dressing those who were hurt. The next day, the king of Scotes commanded that every man should be ready to sail, and they within were ready to defend: there was a sore assault and a perilous one. Many noble deeds could be seen on both sides. Present was the noble countess of Salisbury, who was then reputed as the wisest and fairest lady in all England. The castle party belonged to her husband, the earl of Salisbury, who had been taken prisoner with the earl of Suttiles before Lyle in Flanders, as you have heard before, and was in prison at the said castle when he first married the said lady, because of his prowess and good service that he had done before, when he was called Sir William Montagu. This noble lady comforted them greatly within, for by the regard of such a lady and by her sworn comforting, a man ought to be worth two men at need. This assault lasted long, and the Scotes lost many men.\nTheir men barely adventured themselves and carried wood and timber to heap the dikes, intending to bring their engines to the walls. But those within defended themselves so valiantly that the assailants were forced to retreat. Then the king commanded the engines to be well kept that night and to enforce the assault the next day. Every man went to his lodging except those who kept the engines. Some wept for the death of their friends, others comforted those who were hurt. The men of the castles were worried if King David would continue his siege, as they considered how they should have much to do to defend themselves and their castle. They took counsel among themselves to send to King Edward, who lay at York, as they had been shown by such prisoners as they had taken of the Scots. Then they looked among themselves who should do this message: but they could find none who would leave the castle and the presence of the fair lady to do it. Therefore, there was great strife. Then when the captain, Sir William, saw this, he...\nMontague saw that he said, \"sirs, I see the truth and good will that you bear to my lady of this house. So, for her love and yours, I shall put my body in adventure to deliver this message. For I have such trust in you that you shall right well defend this castle until I return. And on the other side, I have such trust in our sovereign lord that I shall soon bring you such succors that shall make you joyful. And then I trust the king shall so reward you that you will be content. Of these words, the countess and all others were right joyful. And when the night came, the said Sir William made himself ready as privately as he could. It happened well for him that it rained all night, so that the Scots kept still within their lodgings. Thus, at midnight, Sir William Montague passed through the host and was not seen. And so he rode forth until it was day. Then he met two Scots half a league from the host, bringing before them two oxen and a cow toward the host.\nWilliam knew they were Scots and set upon them, wounding both and killing their cattle so that they would have no ease from them. He then said to the two wounded Scots: \"Go your ways and tell your king that William of Montague has passed through his host and is going to fetch aid from the king of England. And so he departed.\n\nThe same morning, the king of Scots made a fierce assault but could win nothing. Every day they lightly made assaults. The king's counsel advised him to lessen his men and for the king of England to come there or the castle was lost, nor for his prophet's sake, nor for his honor. He said, \"Sir, you have honorably achieved your enterprise, and have caused great displeasure to the English.\"\n\nThe same day that the Scots departed from the said castle, King Edward came there with his whole host around noon and came to the same place where the Scots had encamped and was sore disappointed that he found them not there.\nThe king, having ridden in such haste that his horse and men were weary, commanded those with him to lodge there that night. He said he would go see the castle and the noble lady within, as he had not seen her since she was married. Then every man took his lodging as he pleased. As soon as the king was disarmed, he took ten or twelve knights with him and went to the castle to salute the Countess of Salisbury: and to see the manner of the Scottish assaults and the defense made against them. As soon as the lady knew of the king's coming, she opened the gates and called out so richly that every man marveled at her beauty. She could not cease to regard her nobleness with her great beauty and the gracious words and countenance she made. When she came to the king, she knelt down to the earth thanking him for his aid. She then led him into the castle to make him cheer and honor, as she was able to do, and every man marveled at her. The king himself could not help but marvel at her.\nThe knight withheld his regard for her; he had never before seen a lady so noble and so fair. He was struck to the heart with a spark of fine love that endured long after. Thus they entered the castle hand in hand: the lady led him first into the hall and then into a chamber beautifully adorned. The king regarded the lady so much that he was ashamed. At last he went to a window to rest, and so fell into a deep study: the lady went about to make cheer for the lords and knights who were there and commanded them to prepare the hall for dinner. When she had arranged and commanded everything, then she came to the king with a merry countenance. He was in a great study (and she said), \"My dear, why do you study so sorrowfully, your grace? It does not become you. Rather, you should make good cheer and be joyful. See, you have chased away your enemies who dared not remain near you. Let other men study for the remainder.\"\nThe king said: \"A dear lady, I assure you, ever since I entered the castle, a study comes to my mind so strongly that I cannot choose but to ponder it, nor can I get it out of my heart. A knight said the lady, you ought always to make good cheer and comfort your people. God has aided you so in your endeavors and granted you such great graces that you are the most doubted and honored prince in all Christendom. If the king of Scots has caused you any distress or harm, you can easily remedy it when it pleases you, as you have done many times before. Sir, leave your musing and come into the hall if it pleases you. Your dinner is ready. A fair lady said the king: \"Other things lie heavy on my heart that you do not know of, but surely the sweetness of your perfect wisdom, good grace, nobleness, and excellent beauty that I see in you has so overwhelmed my heart that I cannot but love you. And without your love, I am but dead.\" Then the lady said: \"A\"\nRight noble prince, for God's sake mock or tempt me not, I cannot believe it is true that you say this, nor that so noble a prince as you would think to dishonor me and my lord, my husband. He is a valiant knight who has done you great service, and he yet lies in prison for your quarrel. In this case, you should have but small praise, and nothing the better for it. I had never before such a thought in my heart, nor do I trust in God that I ever shall, for no man living. If I had such an intention, your grace ought not only to blame me but also to punish my body, and with it dismember the lady departed from the king and went into the hall to hasten the dinner. Then she returned again to the king and brought some of his knights with her. She said, \"Sir, if it pleases you to come into the hall, your knight awaits you to wash. You have been too long fasting.\" Then the king went into the hall and washed, and sat down among his lords.\nThe king also: he ate little, yet he remained, gazing at the lady. His knights marveled at his sadness, for it was unlike him. Some believed it was because the Scots had escaped him. All day long, he lingered there, unsure of what to do. At times, he imagined it was honor and truth that compelled him to dishonor such a lady. Her true knight of a husband, who had always served him well and truly, was a concern. The king debated with himself all day and all night. In the morning, he rose and dismissed his host, and set out to chase the Scots from his realm. He took leave of the lady, saying, \"My dear lady, to God I commend you till I return. Require of yourself other behavior than you have shown me.\"\n\n\"Noble prince,\" the lady replied, \"God grant you a glorious conduct, and free you from all unworthy thoughts. I am, and shall always be, ready to serve your grace.\"\nhonor and mine, with these the king deduced all shame. And so followed the Scots until he came to the city of Berwick, and went and lodged within, three leagues from the fort of Geddes. Asking David and all his company were entered: in trust of the great wilderness. The king of England tarried there three days to see if the Scots would issue out to fight with him; in these three days there were various skirmishes on both sides, and many slain and sorely hurt among the Scots. Sir William Douglas was he that troubled the English most; he bore azure, a comb silver, three stars gules.\n\nIn these said three days, there were noblemen on both sides who treated for a peace between these two kings; and their truce took such effect that a true was agreed to last two years, so that the French king would agree. For the king of Scots was so sore alienated to the French king that he could take no peace without his consent; and it so be the case.\nfrenche kyng wolde nat agree to the peace / than the truse to endure to the first day of May folowyng. And it was agreed that therle of Morette shulde be quyte for his prisonment if the kyng of scottes coude do somoche to pur\u2223chase with the frenche kyng / that therle of Sa\u2223lisbury might in lyke maner be quyte out of pri\u00a6son / the whiche thyng shulde be done before the feest of saynt John\u0304 of Baptyst next after. The kyng of Englande agreed y\u2022 soner to this truse / bycause he had warre in France / in Gascoyne / in Poycton / in Xaynton / in Bretaygne / and in euery place he had men of warre at his wages: than the kyng of scottes sent great messangers to the french kyng to agre to this truse. The fre\u0304\u00a6che kyng was co\u0304tent: seyng it was the desyre of the kyng of scott{is} / tha\u0304 therle of Salisbuey was sent into Englande / and the kyng of England sent inco\u0304tynent therle Moret into Scotland.\nIT is to be knowen that whan the duke of Norma\u0304dy the duke of Burgoyne / y\u2022 du\u2223ke of Ala\u0304son / the duke of Burbon / therle of\nThe constable of France, the earl of Guines' son Sir James de Bourbon, Sir Loyes of Spain, and other French lords and knights. When they had departed from Brittany and conquered the strong castle of Chastillonaux and the city of Nantes, and taken the earl of Montfort and delivered him to the French king, who had imprisoned him in the castle of Louvre in Paris, and Charles of Blois being in Nantes and the country obeyed him roundabout, waiting for the summer season to make better war than in winter. When the sweet season of summer approached, the lords of France and various others drew towards Brittany with a great host to aid Sir Charles de Blois to recover the remaining parts of the duchy of Brittany. They found Charles de Blois in Nantes and determined to lay siege to Kenes. The countess of Montfort had well foreseen the matter and had set up Willyam of Cadoudal, a Breton lord, as their captain. The lords of France came there and caused much trouble.\nassautes/however, they within defended themselves so valiantly that their enemies lost more than they wanted. When the countess of Mountfort learned that the lords of France had come into Brittany with such a powerful army, she sent Sir Amery of Clisson into England, requesting the king's support: on the condition that her son and heir should take one of the king's daughters as wife and be called duke of Brittany. The king of England was then at London, entertaining the Earl of Salisbury, who had recently been released from prison. When Sir Amery of Clisson arrived at the king and related his message, the king granted his request. He commanded Sir Water of Manny to take with him as many men of war as Sir Amery desired and to make them ready to go to Brittany to aid the countess of Mountfort and to take with him three hundred archers of the best. Thus, Sir Water and Sir Amery set sail, accompanied by the two brothers of Lindsey.\nSir Loys and Sir John the Haz of Brabant, Ser Hubert of Freznoy, Ser Aleyn Syrefound and six M. archers were present. However, a great tempest arose on the sea and a contrary wind prevented them from proceeding. For forty days they remained at sea, as the lords of France, under Sir Charles de Blois, continued the siege before Rennes. The townspeople were eager to make an appointment, but their captain, Sir William of Cadudall, would not agree. When the townspeople and common folk had endured much suffering and saw no relief coming from any quarter, they were prepared to surrender the town, but the captain would not. When they finally took him and imprisoned him, they made a contract with Sir Charles de Blois to surrender the town the following day, on the condition that all those on the countess's side could leave without danger or trouble. Thus, the town was surrendered.\nThe city of Renes was given up: in the year of our Lord M.iii. C.xlii, in the beginning of May. Sir William of Nuadudall refused to stay there but went directly to Hanbury, to the countess of Mortford, who at that time had received no news of Sir Amyas of Clisson or his company.\n\nWhen the city of Renes was given up: the burgesses made their homage and fealty to Lord Charles of Blois. He was then advised to go and lay siege to Hanbury, as the earl being in prison, if they could get the countess and her son, would end the war. They all went to Hanbury and laid siege to it and to the castle as well, as far as they could by land. In Hanbury, besides the bishop of Leon in Brittany, there was Sir Yves of Treguier, the lord of Landremont, Sir William of Nuadudall, and the Chatelaine of Guingnape, the two brothers of Nurey, Sir Henry, and the town of Hanbury. It was then commanded to sound the watch.\nSome young company members caused skirmishes at the barriers, and some of them within issued out to them, leading to a great affray. But the gatekeepers and Frenchmen suffered more losses than they desired. When night came, every man drew to his lodging. The next day, the lords consulted to assault the gatekeepers to see what was within: and on the third day, they launched a great assault on the gatekeepers from morning till it was noon. The assailants then drew back, suffering heavy losses and numerous deaths. When the French lords saw their men draw back, they were greatly displeased and ordered the assault to begin again more fiercely. The countess herself donned armor and rode on a great horse from street to street, urging her people to make a good defense. She also caused damsels and other women to cut short their kirtles and carry stones and pots full of chalk to the gatekeepers.\nThis lady rode out to scout the enemy's position. She climbed up to the height of a tower to observe the French troops without being noticed. She saw that all the lords and other soldiers had left the field to join the assault. Taking her horse in hand, she ordered three hundred men to prepare. She and her company rode to another gate where there was no assault. They issued out and charged into the French encampment, cutting down tents and setting fire to their lodgings. She found no defense but a few messengers and boys who fled. When the French lords saw their lodgings ablaze and heard the cry and commotion, they returned to the field crying treason. When the countess saw this, she gathered her company. Unable to re-enter the town without great damage, she took another route.\nThe knight and I proceeded to Brest's castle, which was not far away. When Sir Louis of Spain, marshal of the host, arrived at the field and saw their lodgings burning, as well as the countess and her company departing, he pursued her with a large following. He chased her so closely that he killed and injured several of those behind her, riding poorly. However, the countess and most of her company rode well, reaching Brest and being received with great joy. The next day, the French lords, who had lost their tents and provisions, took counsel to lodge in tree boweres nearer to the town. They were astonished when they learned that the countess herself had undertaken this enterprise. The townspeople were unaware of the countess's whereabouts, causing them great concern for five days without any news. The countess accomplished something at Brest, gathering five hundred spearmen, and around midnight.\nShe departed from Brest and, with the sun rising, came along the one side of the host. She reached one of Hanbury's gates, which was opened for her. Entering and bringing her company with a great noise of trumpets and cans, the French host was greatly astonished. They armed themselves and rushed to the town to assault it, and those within were ready to defend. A fierce assault ensued and continued until noon, but the Frenchmen suffered more losses than those within. At noon, the assault ceased. They took counsel that Sir Charles du Blois should leave this siege and launch an assault on the castle of Alroy, which King Arthur had built, and that the duke of Bourbon, the earl of Blois, the marshal of France, Sir Robert Bertrande, and Sir Henry de Leon and part of the Genoese, and the lord of Spayne with all the Spanish forces should remain still before Hanbury. They saw clearly they could make no progress in assaulting Hanbury any further. But they sent\nfor twelfth great engines to Renes, intending to cast into the town and castle day and night. They divided their host: one before Hanibout, the other with Sir Charles of Blois before Aulroy. The latter were well fortified and consisted of two companies, able to maintain the war. Sir Henry of Penfort and Sir Oliver his brother were chief captains there. Four leagues from that castle was the good town of Uanes, governed by the countess and captain Sir Geoffrey of Maltravers. Nearby was the good town of Guingnape, the captain there being the Catherine of Dyuant. She was at Hanibout with the countess, and had left in the town of Dynant his wife and children, leaving in his stead Raynolde his son. Between these two towns stood a strong castle belonging to Sir Charles du Blois; no merchandise or provisions could enter any of them but in great danger. One day they rode towards Uanes, and another.\nday toward Guyngnape. On a day, Sir Raynald of Dinant laid a ambush and on the same day, he took Sir Gerard prisoner and twenty-five of his men. He rescued the merchants and led their prisoners to Dinant, where Sir Raynald was greatly praised and worthy of it.\n\nNow let us speak of the countess of Mortimer, who was besieged in Hanbury by Sir Louis of Spain. He kept the siege there, and had so broken and battered the town's walls with his engines that those within began to despair. On a day, the bishop of Leon spoke with Sir Henry of Leon, it was said, about the surrender of Mortimer's town and castle to Sir Charles de Blois. They agreed that the bishop would do what he could to get the garrison to agree to surrender, and it was there that, for the love of God, they should have no doubt, for she assured him they would have reinforcements within three days. However,\nThe bishop spoke so much and presented so many reasons to the lords that they were in great trouble all night. The next morning they convened for council again: they were on the verge of agreeing to surrender the town, and Sir Henry was approaching the town to take possession of it. The countess looked down along the sea from a window in the castle and began to smile for great joy at seeing the reinforcements coming.\n\nWhen the seneschal of Guingamp and Perce of Treguier, Sir Galeran of Landreman, and the other knights saw these reinforcements, they said to the bishop, \"Sir, you may leave your negotiations. We are not inclined to follow your counsel.\" The bishop replied, \"Then my company shall depart. I will go to him who seems to have the most right.\" He departed from Hanibout and defied the countess and all her allies and went to Sir Henry de Leon, informing him of the situation. Sir Henry was greatly displeased.\ncaused inconvenience to the greatest extent that they had ever encountered, compelling them to remain and commanding that they should not cease until the last day and night. Then he departed from them and brought the bishop to Sir Louis of Spain, who received him with great joy, and so did Sir Charles of Blois. The countess then prepared halls and chambers to lodge the lords of England who were coming, and sent nobly against them. And when they were at land, she came to them with great reverence and feasted them as well as she could, and then humbly thanked them. She caused all the knights and others to lodge at their ease in the castle and in the town. The next day she made them a great feast at dinner, all night and the next day also, the engines never ceased to cast. And after dinner, Sir Gaultier of Many, who was chief of that company, demanded the state of the town and of the host without. He said, \"I have a great desire to issue out and to break down this great engine that stands so near us.\"\nif any of them that kept the ingen fled away, and the men of arms came after the archers and slew diverse of them that fled, and beat down the great engine and broke it all to pieces. Then they ran among the tents and lodgings and set fire in various places, and slew and hurt many until the host began to stir: then they withdrew fairly and easily, and they of the host ran after them like mad men. Then Gaultier said: let me never be beloved with my lady without I have a course with one of these followers, and therewith turned his spear in the rest. And in like manner did the two brothers of L||dall and the haze of Brabant, sir Yues of Tribiquedy, sir Galeran of Landreman, and diverse other companions: they ran at the first comers they might well have been legs seen turned upwards: there began a sore melee, for they of the host always increased. Wherefore in behoof the English retreated towards their fortress: there might well be seen on both sides many noble men.\ndedes taking and rescuing, the Englishmen drew sagely to the dykes and made a stand until all their men were in safety: and all the remainder of the town issued out to rescue their company. And caused the host to recede back. So when they of the host saw that they could do no good, they drew to their lodgings; and they of the fortress in like manner to their lodgings. Then the countess descended from the castle with a glad cheer and came and kissed Sir Gaultier of Manny and his companions one after another like a valiant lady.\n\nThe next day Sir Louis of Spain called to counsel the vicomte of Rohan, the bishop of Leon, the lord Henry of Leon, and the master of the Genoese to know their advice on what was best to do. They saw well that the town of Hannibal was marvelously strong and greatly succored by the English archers: they thought their time was wasted staying there, for they could not see how to win anything there. Then they all agreed to move on.\nThe next day, they pulled down their lodgings and proceeded to Alroy castle where Sir Charles of Blois lay siege. The townsfolk made great cries and displays, and some ventured out to engage them, but were quickly driven back and lost some of their men if they could enter the town. When Sir Loyes of Spain arrived at Sir Charles of Blois' camp, he showed him the reason he had left the siege of Hanibout before it was scheduled. It was arranged that Sir Loyes of Spain and his company would go and lay siege to Dinant, which was not yet fortified with walls, water, or marsh. As Sir Loyes went to Dinant, he came upon a castle called Conquest. The captain there, on behalf of the countess, was a Norman knight named Sir Mencon, and with him were various soldiers. Sir Loyes attacked, but they defended themselves so well that the assault lasted until evening.\nThe morning began again: the Castilians pressed so near that they reached the wall and made a large hole through it for the ditches were of no use. They entered forcefully and killed all within the castle, except the knight whom they took prisoner. A new Chatelaine and sixty soldiers were installed, and Sir Louis departed and laid siege to Dinant. The Countess of Montfort knew that Sir Louis of Spain was assaulting the castle of Conquest, so she told Sir Water of Mann and his company that if they could rescue that castle, they would achieve great honor. They all agreed and departed the next morning from Hainaut, leaving only a few behind in the town. They rode quickly and by noon they arrived at the castle of Conquest, where the French garrison was. When Sir Water of Mann saw this and that Sir Louis of Spain had departed, he was sorry because he could not fight with him. He said to\nhis company / sirs I wyll nat de{per}te hens tyll Ise what company is yander within the castell / and to knowe howe it was wonne. Than he and all his made them redy to the as\u2223saut / and the frenchmen and spanyardes same that / they defended theym selfe aswell as they might: the archers helde them so short that then glysshmen aproched to the walles & they found the hole in the wall / wherby the cattell was won before: and by the same place they entred & slew all within / excepte .x. that were taken to mercy, than thenglysshmen and bret\nNOwe let vs retourne to & Loys of Spayne / who belieged the towne of Dy\u2223nant in Bretayne / and than he caused to be made lytell vessels to make assaut{is} bo\u2223the by water and by lande. And whan y\u2022 burgesses of the towne sawe howe they were in da\u0304ger to lese their lyues & goodes / they yelded the\u0304self agayne the wyll of their cap\u00a6ten sir Raynalt Guyngnap / who\u0304 they slewe in the myddes of the market place: by cause he wol\u00a6de nat consent to them. And whan sir Loyes of Spayne had\nThe text took two days and took fealty of the burgesses, setting a new captain, a squire named Gerard of Maulyne, whom they found there as a prisoner, along with Lord Pieres Portbeufe. Then they went to a great town on the sea side called Gerard. They laid siege to it and found many vessels and ships laden with wine that Marchantes had brought there from Poycton. There was much treasure won, so that every man had more than he could carry away: for it was a rich town of merchant disease. When this town was won, they did not know why they should go farther than Sir Loyes of Spain and with him Sir Othes ships, to adventure along the sea side to set there. And the vicomte of Rohan, the bishop of their camp, found many knights and lords of France who had newly come there: as Sir Loyes of Poycters, the earl of Valence, the earl of Aucerre, the earl of Porcien, the earl of Joigny, and diverse others who came of their own free will to serve Sir Charles.\nThe castle of Alroy was not won by Lord Charles de Bloys, yet there was such famine within that they had eaten all their horses seven days prior. Lord Charles de Bloys refused to show mercy unless they surrendered willingly. When they saw no other option, they escaped secretly in the night. Some were detected and slain, but Sir Henry of Pennefort and his brother Oliver managed to escape through a nearby wood and went straight to Hanibout to the countess. In this way, Charles of Blois lost the castle of Alroy, after laying siege for ten weeks. He then fortified the place and installed new captains and soldiers. He departed and laid siege to Uanes, where Sir Geoffray of Maletrayt was in command. The following day, some soldiers of the countess of Montfort, being in the town of Ployremell, ventured out with the hope of winning something. They came suddenly upon the scene.\n\"Morning found the group at Sir Charles de Blois' host. They advanced so far that they were surrounded and lost many men. Others fled and were chased to the gates of Ployremell, which was not far from Uzes. When they of the host returned from the chase, they made an assault on Uzes. A fierce battle ensued at the city gate, resulting in many injuries and deaths on both sides. The assault continued until night, at which point a truce was agreed upon to last the entire next day. The townspeople surrendered the next day, and the captain saw no other option but to leave the town as secretly as possible and went to Hanibout. Sir Charles de Blois and the Frenchmen entered Uzes and stayed for five days before laying siege to another city called Trais.\"\nHe and his company sailed forth until they reached Brittany, to a port called Camperle near Quimpercorentin and to St. Mathue of Fine Porte. They disembarked and burned the surrounding countryside, amassing great riches which they conveyed into their ships. When Sir Gaultier of Manny and Sir Arnold of Clysson learned of these tidings, they determined to go there and showed their intentions to Sir Gyles of Tribequedy and the Cathalaine of Gingnape. The lord of Landreman, Sir William of Caducall, the two brothers of Penneford, and the other knights present in Hanybout all agreed to join them. They took their ships and embarked a three thousand archers, and sailed forth until they reached the port where Sir Loys of Spain's ships lay. Unaware, they took them and slaughtered all within, finding riches beyond measure.\nThey took land and went forth, burning various towns and houses before them. They divided themselves into three battalions to find their enemies sooner and left three hundred archers to guard their ships and the land they had won. Setting out in three directions, these news reached Sir Loyes of Spain. He gathered his entire company and withdrew quickly towards his ships in great haste, encountering one of the three battalions. Seeing that he must necessarily fight, he set his men in order and created new knights, as his nephew Alphons called them. Sir Loyes set upon them fiercely, and at the first encounter, many were overthrown and on the verge of defeat, with the other two battalions yet to arrive. The battle grew more serious as the archers shot together relentlessly, confusing and defeating the Spaniards, and all were slain. For the people of the country, hearing the cry and noise, drew near.\nCountry encountered statues and stones, causing Louis to have much difficulty escaping and fled to the ships. Of the six hundred men, only five hundred survived, and his nephew was killed. When he reached the ships, he could not enter as English archers kept him away. Forced to take a small ship called Lyque and as many of his companions as he could gather, they sailed away as fast as possible. When Sir Gaultier and his companions reached the ships, they entered the best one and pursued Sir Loy of Spain, who fled so quickly they could not overtake him. Sir Gerard of Malyn had a brother named Rengar of Malyn, captain of a small fortress called Fouet. When he learned that Welshmen and Bretons were attacking his brother at Rocheprion, he issued out with a company of forty. As he approached through an open meadow, by a\nWoodside found certain Englishmen and others lying injured there. He took them prisoner and led them to Faust. Some were taken to Sir Water of Mann and showed him their condition. Faust ceased his assault. And he and his company followed those leading the prisoners to Faust, but could not overtake them. Regny and his prisoners entered the castle. The Englishmen, as badly wounded as they were, made a great assault but gained nothing. They were well defended and it was late. They spent the night there, intending to assault the castle again in the morning. Gerard of Malyn knew all this and took his horse in the night and rode alone to Dinant. He arrived there before daybreak. Then he showed all the case to Lord Pierres Portbeuse, capitain of Dinant. As soon as it was day, he assembled all the townspeople in the common hall. Gerard of Malyn told them the matter.\nSir Gaultier and his men, numbering six thousand, were determined to go towards Fauet. Gaultier of Mann knew of their plan through a spy, and warned them that it would be dangerous if the men of Dynant approached on one side and Sir Charles of Blois and his company on the other, encircling them. They agreed to leave their companions in prison until another time, so they could reconsider their strategy. As they returned towards Hanbury, they came across a castle called Gony la Fosse, which had been yielded to Sir Charles of Blois fifteen days prior. Gaultier declared that he would not go any further, as exhausted as he was, until he had launched an assault on that castle to see how the defenders within behaved. They launched a fierce assault, and the defenders quickly defended themselves. Gaultier encouraged his company and was among the first to fight so boldly that the archers shot swiftly and effectively.\nSir Gaulter drew so near that no one dared appear to defend. Sir Gaulter made such progress that part of the dyke was filled with bushes and wood, so that they came to the walls with pickaxes and other instruments, and immediately made a great hole through the wall. They entered there and slew all they found within and lodged there for the night. The next day they went to Hanbury.\n\nWhen the countess learned of their coming, she came and met them, and kissed and made great cheer. She caused all the noble men to dine with her in the castle. In this season, Sir Charles of Blois had won Anjou and laid siege at Carhaix. The countess of Montfort and Sir Gaultier of Manny sent certain messengers to the king of England, signifying how Sir Charles of Blois and the lords of France had conquered Anjou, Rennes, and various other good towns and castles in Brittany, and were likely to win all without being shortly resisted. These messengers arrived in Cornwall and\nrode to Windsor to the king.\n\nNow let us speak of Sir Charles of Blois, who had so severely besieged and taken the town of Carhae that they surrendered to Sir Charles, and he granted them mercy. They swore homage and fealty to him and took him as their lord. There he appointed new officers and stayed for fifteen days. They then determined to go and lay siege to Hanybot, knowing well that the town was well fortified with sufficient provisions. And so they went there and laid siege, and on the fourth day Sir Louis of Spain arrived, who had been laying siege to Renes for six weeks to relieve such damages as he had incurred. He was well received there, for he was a much honored and well-loved knight among them. The French company continued to increase, for there were various lords and knights of France going into Spain's ward for such wars as were between the king of Spain and the king of Granada Sarasine. And as these knights passed\nSir Charles of Blois had raised an army against Hanibout, drawing him towards Bretagne. The enemy brought fifteen or sixteen great engines to the town, casting many large stones. But those within were not daunted, as they were well defended against them. Sometimes they would come to the walls and mockingly taunt, \"Go and seek out your company, which remains in the fields of Campersle.\" Sir Louis of Spain and the Genoese were greatly displeased by this.\n\nOne day, Sir Louis of Spain came to Sir Charles du Blois' tent and requested a gift for all the service he had rendered, in the presence of various lords of France. Sir Charles granted his request because he knew himself to be deeply indebted to him. \"I require you,\" he said, \"to have the two knights in prison in Fouet brought here. That is, Sir John Butler and Sir Hubert Fresnoy. This is the gift I offer you.\"\nI desire of you: they have chased, disconfetted, and hurt me, and slain my nephew Alphons. I cannot tell how otherwise to be revenged of them, but I shall strike their heads before the town, in the sight of their companions. Of these words, Sir Charles was ashamed, and said certainly, with right goodwill, I will give you the prisoners, since you have desired them. But surely it would be a shameful deed to put such two valiant knights as they are to death; and it will be an occasion for our enemies to deal similarly with any of ours if they fall in like case, and we know not what may daily fall. Therefore, cousin, I require you to be better advised than Sir Loyes said. Sir, if you keep not promise with me, know for truth that I shall depart out of your company, and shall never serve nor love you again while I live. When Sir Charles saw no one else: he sent to Faquet for the two knights, and in a morning they were brought to Sir Charles of Blois' tent.\nbut for all that he could desire, he could not turn Sir Loyes of Spain from his purpose; but plainly said they should be attended to immediately after dinner. All these words between Sir Charles and Sir Loyes, on account of these two knights, were soon made known to Sir Water of Mann by certain spies. Then he called his company and took counsel on what was best to do. Some thought one thing, some another; but they knew not what remedy to send. Then Sir Gaultier of Mann said, \"sirs, it would be great honor for us if we could deliver these two knights out of danger. If we put ourselves in adventure, though we fail in our endeavor, yet King Edward our master will thank us greatly, and so will all other noble men. At least it will be said how we acted in their behalf. This is my advice if you will follow it.\" For my part, I think a man.\nI should advise dividing ourselves into two parts. One part, inconveniently stationed at this gate and arranging ourselves on the dykes to stir up hostility and skirmish. I think that the whole host will come rushing there. And, Sir Aymery, you shall be in charge of that company, taking with you 6,000 good archers and 100 men-at-arms. I shall take with me 100 men-at-arms and 500 archers. I will stealthily issue out at the rear cover and dash into the host among the lodgings, which I think we shall find as good as empty. I shall have such companions as will bring me to Sir Charles du Bois' tent, where I believe we shall find the two knights prisoners. I assure you, we shall do our duty to deliver them. This plan pleased them all, and they armed themselves and about the hour of dinner, Sir Aymery of Clisson.\nIssued out with his company and opened the chief gate towards the host. Some of them dashed suddenly into the host and cut down tents/ and slew and hurt diverse: the host was in a sudden fray and in haste armed themselves and drew towards the French and Bretons. Who retreated fairly and easily, there was a sore skirmish and many a man overthrown on both parties. Then Sir Aymery drew his people a long way on the horses within the barriers, and the archers were ready on both sides the way to receive their enemies. The noise and cry were so great that all the host drew thither and left their tents empty, save a certain varlets. In the meantime, Sir Gaultier of Manny and his company issued out at a posterne privately, and entered into the lodgings of the French lords, for there were none to resist them, all were at the skirmish. Then Sir Gaultier went straight to Sir Charles of Blois' tent and found there the two knights prisoners.\nthan the news reached the lords of France about how the two knights were rescued: when Sir Loyes of Spain learned of it, he thought himself dishonored and demanded to know how it was done. He was shown how they had entered Hanbury. Then Sir Loyes departed from the assault and went to his lodgings, greatly displeased. In their retreat, there were two knights who had come forward so boldly that they were taken by the Frenchmen - the Lord Landram and the Chatelain of Guingapes. Sir Charles of Blois took great joy in this, and they were brought to his tent where they were persuaded to join his side and did homage and fealty to him. The third day after, all the lords assembled in Lord Charles' tent to take counsel, for they saw that Hanbury was so strong and well fortified with soldiers.\n\nTo this council, every man agreed, for it was clear between Saint [something] and Saint [something].\nReymy and all saints, in the year of our Lord 1442. Every man departed. Charles of Blois went to Carhae with all the lords of his party. He retained certain lords with him to counsel him in all his affairs. One day, a burgher and a rich merchant of Jugon were taken by Marshall Sir Robert of Beaumont. This burgher held all the rule in the town of Jugon under the countess, and he was well-beloved in the town. This burgher was put in fear for his life. He desired to be allowed to pass for his ransom. However, he was handled in such a way that he agreed to betray the town of Jugon and leave an open gate. He laid his son in hiding. Sir Charles promised to give him five hundred pounds of annual rent. The day of payment arrived, and the gate was left open.\nOpin at the man had betrayed them. He took and hanged him over the walls. When they considered how Sir Charles had made a vow not to depart thence until he had the castle, and that their provisions would not serve them for ten days, they agreed to yield their goods that were left and saved their lives. This was granted them. And so they made fealty and homage to Sir Charles of Blois. He stationed Captain there, as you said, Sir Gerard of Rochfort, and newly refreshed the town and castle with men-at-arms and munitions. I have often heard before how the king of England had great wars in various countries: in Picardy, Normandy, Gascony, Xaintonge, Poitou, Brittany, and Scotland. You have also heard before how the king was struck in love with the countess of Salisbury. Her fresh beauty and godly demeanor were ever in his remembrance, though the earl of Salisbury was one of the king's most favored men.\npriority councillor and one of the best servants of the king. Therefore, due to his love for this lady and the great desire the king had to see her, he ordered a great feast to be proclaimed and a jousting tournament to be held in the city of London in the middle of August. This proclamation was also made in Flanders, Hainault, Brabant, and France, inviting all merchants from every country to come and go safely. The king had given command through his realm that all lords, knights, squires, ladies, and damsels should be present without any excuse, and he specifically commanded the Earl of Salisbury that his wife should be there, as well as all the ladies and damsels of that country. The earl granted the king's request, as he thought nothing amiss. However, the good lady was reluctant, but she dared not refuse, for she understood the reason: but she dared not reveal the matter to her husband, intending to deal with it herself.\nThe opinion was that this was a noble feast. Present were Earl William of Heynalt and Earl of Lancaster, Sir Henry, Earl of Derby, Sir Robert Dartmouth, Earl of Richmond, Earl of Northampton and of Gloucester, Earl of Warwick, Earl of Salisbury, Earl of Penwortham, Earl of Hereford, Earl of Arundell, Earl of Cornwall, and Earl of Oxford, who had assembled together with many people for an unknown purpose. Also present were the captains in Poynton, Xanton, Rochester, and Burdeloyes. They wrote to the king about the great preparations the French were making for war, as the peace of Arras was near expired, making it necessary for the king to take counsel and advise. Among other things, King of England wished to support the countess of Mortimer, who was with the queen. Then the king requested that his cousin, Sir Robert Dartmouth, take a certain number of men of war and archers and go.\nwith the courtesan into Brittany. And so he did, and they departed and took shipping at Hampton, and were on the sea for a great length of time due to contrary winds. They departed around Easter at this great council in London. The king was advised to send to Scotland for the payment of a truce to last for two or three years. Considering that the king had previously shown concern in other places, the king of England was reluctant to do so. However, his council showed him such reasons that he agreed. Among other things, his council said that it was great wisdom when a prince has war in various places, the king of Scotland would not agree to a truce without the agreement of the French king. Then the king of England said openly, \"I will never rest until I have arranged the realm of Scotland so that it will never be recovered.\" There, he stayed for the space of three weeks.\nDuring certainty, good men labored between the parties to establish a truece; and so a truece was agreed upon to last for two years and confirmed by the French king. Then every man departed, and the king went to Windsor. The lord Thomas Holland and the lord John were sent thereafter.\n\nNow let us speak of Sir Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, that year fell so high it was nearly then.\n\nSir Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, and with him the Earl of Pembroke, Earl of Salisbury, Earl of Shrewsbury, Baron of Stafford, Lord Spencer, Lord Bourchier, and various other knights of England and their companies, were with the Countess of Mountjoy on the sea. And at last they came before the isle of Gerona. Then their mariners said, \"Sir, arm yourselves quickly; for Genoese and Spaniards are approaching who will attack you.\" Then the Englishmen sounded their trumpets and raised their banners.\nStanding with their arms and pennons / with the banner of St. George. They set their ships in order, with their archers before, and as the wind served them, they sailed forth. They were forty-six vessels, great and small: but Sir Louis of Spain had nine larger than any of the others / and three galleys. In the three galleys were the three chief captains: Sir Louis of Spain, Sir Charles, and Sir Othes. When they approached each other, the Genoese began to shoot with their crossbows / and the English archers shot back at them: there was heavy shooting between them, and many were hurt on both sides. And when the lords, knights, and squires came together, there was a fierce battle: the countess fought bravely that day / she had the heart of a lion and in her hand she held a sharp sword / with which she fought fiercely. The Spanish and Genoese in the large vessels / they cast down great iron bars and pieces of timber, which troubled the English archers greatly.\nBatley began around the time of Evensong and the night separated them, for it was very dark; so that one could scarcely recognize the other. Then they drew apart from each other and cast anchors and remained in their harnesses, intending to fight in the morning. But about midnight, such a terrible tempest arose that none were so bold as to wish to remain at sea. The lords of England consulted their sailors about what to do; they answered that they should take land as soon as possible, for the tempest was so great that if they took to the sea, they were in danger of drowning. Then they drew up their anchors and hoisted only a quarter sail and departed from that place. The Genoese on the other side drew up their anchors and went deep into the sea, for their vessels were larger than the English ships; they could better withstand the force of the sea.\nIf the great vessels had come near the land, they were likely to have been broken. And as they receded, they took four English ships laden with vituals and tethered them to their ships. The storm was so violent that in less than a day they were driven a hundred leagues from the place where they were before. And the English ships took a little haven not far from the city of Uanes, of which they were right glad.\nThus, by this tumult of the sea, the battle on the sea was broken and parted between Sir Robert Dartoyes and Sir Loyes of Spain. No man could tell to whom to give the honor; for they departed against their wills. The English took land not far from Uanes, and brought all their horses and harness ashore. They decided to send their navy to Hanibout, and to go themselves and lay siege to Uanes. There were captains Sir Henry of Leon and Oliver of Clysson, and with them the lord of Tremyne and the lord of Loheac. When they saw the English come to shore.\nThey paid close attention to their defenses, both at the castle and the walls and gates. At every gate, they stationed a knight with ten men of arms and twenty crossbows.\n\nNow let's discuss Sir Loyes of Spain and his company. They were severely besieged that night and were in great danger until noon the next day. Two of their ships lost men and all. On the third day, around prime time, the sea calmed down. They asked the sailors which part of the land was nearest. They answered, \"The realm of Narre.\" They had been driven out of Brittany more than sixty leagues by the wind. There, they anchored above the tide. When the tide came in, they had good wind to return to Rochell. They passed by Bayon but refused to approach it. They encountered four ships from Bayonne coming from Flanders. They attacked and captured them, taking all on board. Then they sailed towards Rochell and arrived there in a few days.\nThey took land and hard there, where Sir Robert Dartois laid siege before Annes. Then they sent to Lord Charles of Blois to know his pleasure, what they should do. Sir Robert Dartois lay siege with a thousand men of arms and three thousand archers, wasting all the countryside about. He burned Dinant and Gony la Forest, so that none dared abide in the open country: there were many assaults and skirmishes at the barriers of Annes. The countess of Montfort was still with Sir Robert Dartois at the siege, as was Sir Gaultier of Manny, who delivered the keeping of the town to Sir William Caducall and to Sir Gerard of Rochefort. He took with him Sir Yves of Tracy and a hundred men of arms, and two hundred archers. They departed from Hanybout and went to the siege before Annes. Then the archers shot so thickly that those within scarcely dared to appear at their defense. This assault lasted all day, and many were hurt on both sides. Against night, the Welshmen withdrew.\nThey were lodging there, and they within were equally distressed by hardship. They disarmed themselves, but those outside did not do the same, as they kept their armor except for their headpieces. They then, by the advice of Sir Robert Dartoyes, arranged for three battles: two to assault at the gates and the third to keep itself hidden until the other two battles had commenced. This way, all the town's strength would likely be present for the second battle at another gate. Since it was dark, they intended to disconcert the inhabitants more, so they made great fires. The brightness of the fires gave light into the city. The inhabitants within had mistakenly believed their houses to be on fire and cried out in fear, proclaiming treason. Many who had been resting the day before rose suddenly and ran towards the light without order or proper preparation, each man arming himself as he went.\nThe earl of Quenefort and Sir Water of Manny, with the third battalion, arrived at the walls where no defense was made. They mounted their ladders and entered the town, but the Frenchmen paid no heed to them, being occupied elsewhere. They saw their enemies in the streets, and every man fled to save himself. The captains had no choice but to go into the castle, taking their horses, and they exited through a postern. Anyone seen by the English was taken or killed, and the town was ransacked and robbed. The countess and Sir Robert Dartoyes entered the town with great joy.\n\nThus, as I have shown you, the city of Wannes was taken by the earl of Mountfort, Sir Gualter of Manny, Sir Yves of Tribiquedy, and various other English and Breton knights, five days after the event. The earls of Salisbury, Pennefort, and Suffolk also returned to Hanybout.\nCornwall departed from Uannes: led by Sir Robert Dartoyes with three thousand men of arms, three hundred archers, and laid siege to the city of Renes. Sir Charles de Bloyes departed four days earlier and had gone to Nantes, but he had left in the city many lords, knights, and squires. Still, Sir Louis of Spain was at sea, keeping the French borders against England, preventing any passage between England and Brittany without great danger. They had caused great damage to England that year through the taking of Uannes by the English. The country was sore abashed, for they believed that such captains had been present who could have defended it against the whole world. They knew well that the town was strong and well-provisioned with men of war and artillery. For this misfortune, Sir Henry of Leon and the Lord Clisson were greatly ashamed, for their enemies spoke shame against them. These two knights were so sore displeased with each other.\nThe king of England assembled a company of knights and soldiers. They convened before the city of Uanes on a designated day, with approximately 12,000 men in total. The lord Robert of Beaumanoir, marshal of Brittany, joined them. They laid siege to the city on all sides, as reported.\n\nAfter the king of England had stayed in the land for a certain period, he marched and laid siege to Uanes. Within the town were Sir Oliver of Clysson, Sir Henry of Leon, the lord of Turmaine, Sir Geoffrey of Malestrayet, and Sir Guy of Lohearc. They had anticipated the king of England's arrival in Brittany, so they had prepared the town and castle with all necessary provisions.\n\nThe king launched a massive assault that lasted half a day, but they made little progress against the well-defended city. When the countess of Montfort learned that the king of England had arrived, she departed from Hanibout accompanied by Sir Gaultier of Manny and various other knights and squires.\nSir Charles of Bloyes, having learned that the king of England had arrived in Brittany, sent word to his uncle, the French king, requesting assistance. Upon seeing the city's strength and hearing reports of the poverty and devastation in the surrounding countryside, the king of England was unsure where to obtain forage for his men and beasts. He then ordered a division of his forces: the Earl of Arundell, Lord Stafford, Sir Water of Manny, Sir Yves of Treguier, and Sir Richard of Rochfort, along with 60 knights of the army and 60 longbowmen, were to maintain the siege before Uainnes and raid the surrounding area. The king then proceeded to Rennes, where he was warmly received by those besieging the city and remained for five days.\nSir Charles de Blois was stationed at Nantes, and he gathered a large army there. The king then departed from Rennes and left those who were already there to continue the siege. The king approached Nantes and besieged it as far as he could, but he could not encircle the city; it was too large. The marshal of the host rode out and destroyed a great part of the countryside. The king ordered his battalion to set up a small fortification outside the town, and they remained there, expecting Sir Charles of Blois to come out and give them battle. When they saw that he would not, the front ranks ran to the barriers and skirmished and burned the suburbs. The king remained before Nantes, and Sir Charles was within. Sir Charles wrote to the French king the state of the English. The French king had commanded his son, the duke of Normandy, to give aid to Sir Charles of Blois. The duke was then on his way to do so.\nThe king of England assembled his army of men at arms. The king of England made numerous attacks on Nantes, but he lost men and gained nothing; and when he saw that by assaults he could accomplish nothing and that it was to his disadvantage, he ordered the Earl of Warwick, the Earl of Mombray, the Earl of Dalaware, the Earl Raynold Cobham, and Sir John Lys, along with six hundred men at arms and two hundred archers, to maintain the siege and to ride and destroy the surrounding countryside. The king then laid siege to the town of Dinant, where Sir Peter Portebeus was holding out.\n\nWhile the king of England was thus in Brittany, wasting and destroying the country, those holding out at siege before Warens engaged in a great assault, and many deeds of arms were done on both sides. They within opened the gate and came to the barricades because they saw the banners of the Earl of Warwick, the Earl of Arnold, and Sir Water of Manes, who had come to their aid in a daring manner.\nThe lord Clysson, or Sir Henry of Leon, and others courageously engaged in a fierce battle. Eventually, the English were pushed back. Then, the knights of Brittany opened their gates and joined the fight, leaving a good number of knights to guard the town. They issued out after the English and received them wisely, fighting only when they saw the advantage. The English multiplied so much that at last the French and Bretons were forced to retreat to their town, not in good order as they had advanced. Then, the English followed them again and many were killed and wounded. The townspeople saw their men retreating and chased after them. They closed their gates in such a cruel time that Lord Clysson and Sir Henry of Leon were trapped outside and both taken prisoners. Meanwhile, Lord Stafford had gone so far that he was trapped between the gate and the walls, and there\nHe was taken prisoner, and diverse others who were with him were taken and slain. Thus the Welshmen drew their lodgings, and the Bretons into the city of Vannes. Thus, as you have heard, these knights were taken on both sides, and there were no more such assaults after this. Now let us speak of the king of England: who lay siege before Dinant, where he had lain for four days; he gathered a great number of boats and barges, and made his archers enter into them, and to row towards the palisades, for the town had no other walls. The archers shot so fiercely that none dared to show at their defense; there were certainly others with arrows, so that while the archers shot, they hewed down the palisades and entered by force. They of the town fled to the market place, but they kept only a small order for those who entered by the palisades came to the gate and opened it; then every man entered and the captain, Sir Peter Porteuf, was taken, and the town was overrun and robbed; the Welshmen won much.\nThe king amassed great wealth in that town, for it was a significant trading town. When the king had finished enjoying himself there, he left the town empty and went to Vannes, lodging there.\n\nNow let us return to Sir Louis of Spain and Sir Charles Germain and Otes Dornes, who at that time served as admiral on the sea, with eight galleys, thirteen barges, and thirty other ships, Genoese and Spanish. They patrolled the coast between England and Brittany, causing significant damage to those attempting to refresh their hosts before Vannes. At one point, they surprised the king of England, lying at Auxerre in a small harbor near Vannes. They killed a large portion of those guarding the ships, and would have caused even more damage if the English forces besieging the castle had not arrived suddenly. Sir Louis of Spain then took away four ships laden with provisions and drowned three and all that were in them. The king was then advised to withdraw part of his navy.\nThe duke and his party went to Brest and the other part to Hanybout, which was under siege before Uzes and Reynes. Having completed this, we should return to the journey that the Duke of Normandy made in Brittany that same season to aid and comfort his consul, Charles de Blois. The duke knew that the king of England had severely damaged the country of Brittany and had besieged three cities, taking the town of Dinant. Then the duke departed from the city of Angers with more than 4,000 armed men and 200,000 other men. He took the high way to Nauntes, following the two marshals of France, the lord of Momorency and the lord of Saint-Venant. After them rode the duke and the earl of Alencon his uncle, the earl of Blois his cousin, the duke of Bourbon, the earl of Pontheu, the earl of Bolain, the earl of Vendome, the earl of Damartyne, the lord of Craon, the lord of Coucy, the lord of Sully, the lord of Fresnes, and so many other lords, knights, and squires of Normandy.\nDaugerne / Berry / Lymosen / Dumayn / Poicton / and Xainton, and daily they increased. News reached the lords laying siege before Nantes: the duke of Normandy was coming there with 40,000 men of war. They sent word of this to the king of England. The king considered this and thought to break up his siege before Nantes and Renes, and to draw all together to Nantes. But then his counsel advised him, \"Sir, you are here on a good, secure ground and near your navy. Send for those laying siege before Nantes to come to you, and let the siege remain before Renes; for they are not far off, and they will be ever ready to come to you if necessary.\" The king agreed to this counsel and so sent for them before Nantes, and they came to him at Uans. The duke of Normandy came to Nantes where Sir Charles de Blois was. The lords lodged in the city, and their men were abroad in the countryside: for they could not all fit within the city walls.\nThe duke of Normandy lodged neither in the city nor in the suburbs. While the duke of Normandy was at Nantes, the lords of England, who were laying siege before Reines, made a great and fierce assault. They had prepared many instruments for the assault, and this assault lasted all day. However, they gained nothing but the loss of men. Inside the city were Lord Danvers, Lord Pont (ser) John of Maltravers, Bertram Grasquin squire, and the bishop of the city. They defended themselves so well with the bishop's assistance that they suffered no damage. However, the English continued to lay siege and overran and wasted the countryside around it. Then the duke of Normandy departed with his entire host and marched towards Jean, as he had learned that Jean's enemies were in great danger and on the verge of defeat. The two marshals and Sir Geoffrey of Charney, and the constable of France, made up the rearguard. Thus, the French arrived at Jean's side from the other side.\nAgainst them, as the king of England asserted, there lay a large force by a fair meadow side and built a great ditch around their camp. The marshals and front riders frequently skirmished together on both sides. Then the earl of Salisbury and the earl of Percy, who were besieging Renes, were summoned by the king of England, and they came to him. The men of the enemy and their brethren numbered about 2 million and 500,000 men of arms, and 6 million archers, and 400,000 infantry: the French were four times as numerous. The king of England had fortified his camp so well that the French could take no advantage of him, and he made no more assaults on the town because of the scarcity of his men and artillery. Thus these two forces remained facing each other for a long time until it was well on in winter. Then Pope Clement VI sent the cardinal of Penetration and the cardinal of Clermont to negotiate for peace, and they rode frequently.\nBetween the parties, but they could not bring them to peace. In the meantime, there were many skirmishes; and men were taken, slain, and overthrown on both sides. Englishmen durst not go foraging but in large companies, for they were ever in great danger due to bushwackings that were laid for them. Sir Loyes of Spain kept the sea coast so effectively that with much danger, anything came to the English host. The French thought to keep the king there in captivity, as if he were besieged. The French endured much pain with wet and cold, for it rained on them day and night, and they lost many of their horses and were forced to dislodge and lie in the open fields, which had so much water in their lodgings. At last, these cardinals managed to arrange a truce for three years. The king of England and the duke of Normandy swore to uphold the same without breaking, as is the custom in such cases.\n\nThus, this great assembly broke up, and the siege was raised at Wans. The duke of\nNormandy went to Nantes and had two conversations with the cardinals. The king of England went to Hanbury to the countess of Mountfort. An exchange took place between the baron of Stafford and Lord Clisson. When the king had stayed at Hanbury as long as he pleased, he left there, taking the earl of Penbroke, Sir William of Cadoc, and others, and returned to England around Christmas. The duke of Normandy returned to France and gave leave to every man to depart. Lord Clisson was taken on suspicion of treason and was put into the chatelet of Paris, surprising many. Lords and knights spoke to each other about it and asked what matter it was laid against Lord Clisson. No one could tell. Some imagined it was false envy, as the king of England favored him more and his enemies suspected in him what was not true. Upon this suspicion, he was arrested in Paris without mercy.\nExcuse me, he was greatly besieged. Afterwards, various knights were accused in seemingly similar cases: the Lord of Maltravers and his son, the Lord of Ungaro, Sir Thibault of Morillon, and numerous other lords of Brittany, to the number of about ten knights and squires. They all lost their heads at Paris. And afterwards, as it was said, four knights of Normandy were put to death by famine: Sir William Baron, Sir Henry of Maltravers, the Lord of Rocquettre, and Sir Richard of Pers. This caused much trouble in Brittany and Normandy. The Lord of Clissons had a son named Oliver. He went to the countess of Montfort and to her son, who was of his age, as well as being without a father, for he had died, as you have heard before, in the castle of Lour in Paris.\n\nIn this season, the king of England took pleasure in refurbishing Windsor Castle, which had been begun by King Arthur. And there, the round table was first established, from which sprang the fame of so many noble knights.\nKing Edward intended to establish an order and a brotherhood of a certain number of knights, to be called the Knights of the Blue Garter, and a annual feast to be held at Windsor on St. George's day. To initiate this order, the king gathered together earls, lords, and knights of his realm and showed them his intention. They all pleased, as they saw it was a thing most honorable, and where great amity and love should grow. Therefore, a certain number of the most valiant men of the realm were chosen. They swore and pledged to maintain the order's rules, and the king built a chapel in Windsor Castle dedicated to St. George and endowed it with fair rents. Then the king sent word of this feast through his heralds into France, Scotland, Burgundy, Flanders, Brabant, and the Netherlands, granting it to every knight and squire who wished to join.\ncome to the said feast fifteen days before it. And after which feast, to begin at Windsor on St. George's day next in the year of our Lord, MCCC. While the king was making preparations at Windsor for this said feast, tidings came to him that Lord Clisson and various other lords had lost their heads in Flanders, where the king was extremely displeased with this. In so much that he was in the mood to have served Sir Henry of Leon in the same way, whom he had in prison. But his cousin, the Earl of Derby, showed him before his council such reasons to assuage his anger and to restrain his wrath. Saying, \"Sir, though King Philip in his haste has committed such a foul deed as to put to death such valiant knights, yet, sir, your nobleness does not blame you for this, and, sir, your prisoner ought to bear no blame for his deed. Instead, sir, put him to a reasonable ransom.\" Then the king sent for the knight prisoner to come to his presence, and then said to him:\nSir Henry: Sir Henry, my adversary Philip of Waloyes, has shown his cruelty by putting to death knights whom I greatly displease. It is believed that he has done this in defiance of us. If I were to retaliate against his malice, I would treat you in the same way, for you have caused me more displeasure in Britain than any other person. But I will endure it and let him do his worst, for to my power I will keep my honor. I am content for you to come to a light ransom on account of my cousin of Derby, who has asked for you. You will do as I command. The knight replied, \"Sir, I will do all that you command.\" The king said, \"I know well that you are one of the richest knights in Brittany. If I were to detain you, you would pay me thirty or forty thousand marks after you have crossed the sea. Furthermore, you shall tell all knights and squires of those parts not to come to our feast at Windsor for this reason.\"\nWe would gladly see them and they shall have safe and sure conduct to return to the king and went to Hampton. They took the sea, intending to arrive at Har. The day of St. George approached, and this great feast should be at Winchester. There was a noble company of earls, barons, ladies, damsels, knights, and squires, and great triumph, justice, and tourneys, which lasted fifteen days. And there came many knights from various countries: as from Flanders, Heynalt, and Brabant, but from France none came. This feast, during which, diverse news came to the king from various countries. Knights from Gascony came: as the lord of Lester was sent messengers from the city of Bayon and from Bordeaux. These messengers were well feasted by the king and his council, and they showed him how his country of Gascony and his good city of Bordeaux were barely comforted, wherefore they desired him to send such a captain and such men of war.\nThe king ordered his cousin, the Earl of Derby, to go there and be the chief captain. He was to be accompanied by the Earl of Penbroke, Earl of Lancaster, Baron of Stafford, Sir Gaultier of Mann, the Liege of Brabant, Sir Hewe Hastings, Sir Stephen de Toby, the Lord of Manny, Sir Richard Haydon, the Lord Norman of Fineford, Warwick, and others, to win their love and favor. The king then ordered Sir Thomas Dagworth to Brittany, to the countess of Montfort, to help keep her country since he suspected that the French king would declare war because of the message he had sent him via Sir Henry of Leon. He sent with him a hundred men-at-arms and two hundred archers, as well as the Earl of Salisbury and Earl Dulnestre to various places in the north, and delivered the captains' gold.\nThe earl of Derby had sufficient silver to pay soldiers' wages and thus every company departed as ordered. Firstly, let us speak of the earl of Derby, who had the greatest charge. He took shipping at Hampton and sailed until he arrived at Bayon, a good town and strong city, which had long been English. They landed on the sixth day of June, in the year of our Lord M.iii. C.xliiii. There they were well received and stayed for seven days. On the eighth day, they departed and went to Bordeaux, where they were received with solemn processions. The earl of Derby was lodged in the abbey of St. Andre and, when the earl of Lannes, the French king's lieutenant in those parts, learned of the English coming: he sent for the earl of Comynes, the earl of Pergord, the earl of Carmain, the earl of Valen\u00e7ay, the earl of Mirandes, the earl of Duras, the lord of Marigny, the lord Delabert, the lord of Picquart, and the vicomte of Chastillon.\nThe lord of Newcastle, the lord of Lestyn, the abbot of St. Syluer, and all other lords who held from the French party were present. When they were all assembled, he demanded counsel regarding the approaching earl of Derby. They replied that they believed they were strong enough to keep the passage at Bergerac over the River Garon. This pleased the earl of Lacy, who at that time was in Gascony as king under the French king and had kept that country as long as the war had lasted, taking various towns and castles from the English. These lords then sent for soldiers from all parties and went to keep the suburbs of Bergerac. When the earl of Derby had been at Bordeaux for fifteen days, he understood that these lords and knights of Gascony were at Bergerac. In the morning, he drew near, and he caused Sir Gaultier of Manny and Sir Franque de Hall, his marshals, to go before.\nrode three leagues to a castle called Mounteroly, but a little league from Bergerath. There they tarried all that day and that night. The next morning their currors ran to the varies of Bergerath, and at their return they reported to Sir Gaultier of Manny how they had seen part of the demenour of the Frenchmen, which they thought to be simple. That morning the Englishmen dined by turns: and as they sat at dinner, Sir Gaultier of Manny held forth the Earl of Derby and said, \"Sir, if we were good men of arms, we should drink this evening with the French lords being in Bergerath,\" the Earl replied, \"and for me it shall not be,\" every man heard that they spoke, let us arm ourselves, for we shall ride to our enemies in the name of God and St. George. Therefore, they rode forth. When the Earl of Derby saw his company so willing, he was right joyous, and said, let us ride to our enemies in the name of God and St. George. So they rode forth.\nwith their banners displayed in the heat of the day until they reached the valleys of Bergerath, which were not easy to win. For part of the River Garon encircled it. When the Frenchmen saw the English come to assault them, they said among themselves how they would soon be driven back. They issued out in good order. They had many of the country villains poorly armed. The English approached, and the archers began to shoot. Many were slain and sore hurt, the English archers were on both sides of the way and shot so fiercely together that none durst approach or issue through them. So the Frenchmen were put back into the suburbs of Bergerath, but it was to their misfortune that the first bridge and bastions were won by fair means: for the English entered with them, and there on the pavement many knights were slain and sore hurt, and many prisoners taken from those who had come to defend the passage. The lord of Mirpoyse was among them.\nSlain under Sir Gaultier of Mannes banner, who was the first to enter. When the earl of Lally saw that the English had won the suburb and slain his men without mercy, he then receded back into the town and passed the bridge with great trouble and danger. Before the bridge was a sorcerer's battle. The lords and knights fought hand to hand: the lord of Manners thrust himself so far among his enemies that he was in great danger. The Frenchmen took their lord of Bousquet, the lord of Newcastle, the lord of Chastillon, the lord de Lescus, and all other Frenchmen entered the town and closed their gates and lowered their portcullis. Then they went to the walls to their defenses. This assault and skirmish lasted until evening. Then the Frenchmen withdrew, extremely weary, and entered into the suburb, which they had won. There they found wine and other supplies brought from Bordeaux to Bergath. The next day in the evening they\nThe soldiers prepared their battalions, and the following morning, as the sun rose, the navy was ready to assault by water. The Baron of Stafford commanded: the Englishmen and archers positioned themselves bravely and approached a great barrier before the walls. This was immediately knocked down to the ground. Then the townspeople came to Lord Laylle and the other lords and knights present and said, \"Sir, take heed of what you will do: we are in great peril of being lost. If this town is lost where defense is most needed, we will not yet surrender the town.\" They went to defend the walls. The archers in the boats shot together so fiercely that none appeared at their defense without being killed or severely injured. There were within a two hundred yards of crossbows, and they were discharged against the arrows. They held the English archers at bay all day, and many were hurt on both sides. Eventually, the Englishmen managed to break down a large section of the walls.\nThe Palisades retreated and desired a truce, remaining so for a day and the following night, so they would not fortify in the meantime. Either party withdrew to their lodgings: that night, the lords within the town were in great council, and finally around midnight, they packed and departed from the town of Bergarth. They headed towards the town of Ryoll, which was not far from there. The next morning, the Englishmen again entered their barkes and returned to the same place where they had broken the palisades. They found certain townspeople who desired them to ask the Earl of Derby for mercy, sparing their lives and goods, and from then on, they would be obedient to the King of England. The Earl of Quenefort and the Earl of Penbroke said they would speak gladly for them. The townspeople came before the Earl of Derby and presented their intentions. The Earl of Derby said, \"He who seeks mercy\"\nmercy ought to have opened their gates and assured them that they would be safe with me and all mine. The two lords went back to the town's people and informed them of the Earl of Derby's intent. The people then assembled together, swore allegiance to their lords, and opened their gates. They humbly met the Earl of Derby and brought him into the main church, where they swore fealty and homage to him in the name of the King of England, through a procurement that the Earl had made.\n\nThe same day that the Earl of Lacy came from Bergerac to Riedoll, he and his company decided to divide themselves into two forces and keep the frontier war. The Seneschal of Toulouse, the Earl of Ulmure, were sent to Aubercoche. Sir Bertram de Press to Pelagrew, the Lord Philippe of Dyon to Montagret, the Lord of Montbrandon to Mauldurane, Arnolde of Dyon to Montgisard, Robert of Malmore to.\nBeaumount: Charles of Poitiers divided from Garyson to Garyson, and the Earl of Latham granted it in the Rolls and repaired the fortress. While the Earl of Derby thought it should be too late. They within requested respite to give an answer, which was agreed. And when they had counseled the parties, they departed with their lives, but they bore no thing and went to Mousacre. The Earl of Derby made Captain at Langton a squire named Aymon Leyon, and with him thirty archers; and then the Earl rode to a town called le Lacke, and they of the town met him on the way and brought him the keys and did homage to the king of England. Then the Earl went forth and came to Mandouville, which he won with assault; when he had set rulers there, he went to the castle of Montgisart and took it also by assault, and the captain he sent as prisoner to Bordeaux; then he rode to Punchecques, which also he won, and the castle de la L\u00e8ves: and there he tarried.\nThe fourth day, he went to Forstath and won it lightly, as well as the tower of Pondayre. Then he came to a great town called Beaumont in Lailloyes, intending to inherit the earldom of Lille. The earl of Derby stayed there for three days and launched great assaults. The place was well fortified with men of war and artillery. Despite this, it was eventually won, and many of them within were slain. The earl of Derby then appointed new captains and men of war and departed for the main party of the earl of Lille. Philip of Dyon and Arnold of Dyon were the captains. The English approached the barriers, and the archers shot so quickly that the townspeople dared not appear to defend. The first day, they battered heavily at the gate of the town was won, and the assault ceased in the evening. The next morning, the assault began again in various places, leaving the townspeople in confusion.\nAfter their request for peace, an herald was sent to them with a respite to negotiate in the meantime. The Earl of Derby went to the barricades himself to speak with them of the town, accompanied by the Baron of Stafford and the Lord of Manny. The Earl proposed they should surrender unconditionally, but they agreed that the town should be under the obeisance of the King of England and that they should send twelve of their burgesses as hostages to Burdeaux. The lords and knights of France departed under safe conduct and went to the Rolls.\n\nAfter this conquest, the Earl of Derby went to Bonneau and launched a great assault, causing harm to both parties. Eventually, it was taken and refortified with captains and soldiers. Then the Earl passed further into the county of P\u00e9rigord and passed by Bordeaux without any assault. He labored for a long time and eventually came before P\u00e9rigord. The lord of that region was in the area.\nThe town and Lord Roger of Quenfort, his uncle, and the Lord of Duras, with a hundred and sixty knights and squires of the countryside. The Earl of Derby considered how he might best assault the town to his advantage, as it was strongly fortified; therefore, it was thought not best to engage his people in such danger. And so, he lodged two leagues away by a little river, intending to assault Pelagrue Castle around midnight. From Pergort, two hundred spearmen issued out, and by day they reached the lodgings of the enemy and killed and injured many. They entered the Earl of Quenfort's tent and found him arming; he was so fiercely attacked that he was taken prisoner, along with three others from his household. The Gascons then retreated before the host was fully roused and drew back to their town as necessary for them; they found their gates open, as they were hotly pursued and driven home into their barriers. The Gascons then lit up.\nand defended their barriers and fought hand to hand: so they lost nothing. Then the nobles returned to their host, and the Earl of Derby went to P\u00e9lagrues and stayed for six days, making many great assaults. There was the delivery made of the Earl of Quenfort and his company by exchange for the Viscount of Bonqueney, the Viscount of Chastillon, the Lord of Lescue, and the Lord of Newcastle. This was on the condition that the lands of P\u00e9rigord should remain in peace and rest for three years, but the lords and knights of the country were allowed to arm themselves without any forfeit, but nothing was to be robbed or burned within the country during that time. Thus the nobles departed from before P\u00e9lagrues, for that pertained to the county of P\u00e9rigord, then the Earl of Derby went to Aubroche, a fair castle and strong, belonging to the bishop of Toulouse. The nobles lodged themselves there, as though they were intending to stay there a long time, and they sent word.\nwithin they yielded themselves if taken by force; they had great doubt of their lives and saw no succor coming from any party. Then they yielded and became subjects to the king of England. The earl of Derby drew towards Bordeaux and left Sir Fraques de la Halle, Sir Alan of Finefroyde, and Sir John of Lynedall in charge in Aube. Then, in his way, he came to a good town called Lyburne, twelve leagues from Bordeaux, and laid siege to it, saying he would not depart until he had it. They within took counsel, and all things considered: the good and evil they yielded to the earl of Derby and did homage. There the earl of Derby, the earl of Quenfort, Sir Gaultier of Manny, and others rode straight to Bordeaux.\n\nAt the returning of\nThe Earl of Derby was joyfully received and met with procession in Bordeaux. He was offered everything in the town at his pleasure, where he stayed and entertained the burgesses, ladies, and damsels. Now let us speak of the Earl of Lacy, who was at R\u0439\u043ell. When he learned that the Earl of Derby was in Bordeaux and was likely to stay, he wrote to the Earl of Perigord, of Carmarthen, of Conynes, and of Br\u00e9beuf, and to all the other lords of Gascony of the French party, ordering them to assemble their men and meet him before Auberoche. His intention was to lay siege to it. The lords and knights within Auberoche were unaware of any siege until it was laid around them, so none could leave or enter without permission. The French brought with them four great engines from Thoulouse.\nThey cast day and night, making no other assault. Within six days, they had broken the roofs and chambers of the towers and chambers, causing those within to dare not emerge but in low vaults. The intent of the host was to kill them all or else have them yield simply. The Earl of Derby knew how the siege lay before Auberoche, but he did not know that his company was so severely oppressed. When Sir Franque de Hall, Sir Aleyne de Fyneford, and Sir John of Lindall, who were besieged within Auberoche, saw themselves in such dire straits, they demanded among their servants if there was any who would bravely carry a letter to the Earl of Derby at Burdeaux. One servant stepped forth and said he would gladly carry it, not for the reward, but rather to help deliver them from danger. In the night, the servant took the letter sealed with their seals, and then went down the dykes and passed through the host. There was no other remedy.\nA man was met by the first watch and passed by them as he spoke good Gascon and named a lord of the host and said he had business with him. But then he was taken among the tents and brought into the heart of the host. He was searched, and the letter was found on him. He was kept safe until the mornings when the lords were assembled together. Then the letter was brought to the Earl of Lacy. They took great joy when they perceived that those within were so severely costrained that they could not endure much longer. They took the varlet and hung the letter about his neck and put him into an engine and threw him into the town. The varlet fell down dead, which greatly troubled those within. At the same time, Earl of Perigord, Sir Charles of Poitiers, the Viscount of Carmain, and the Lord of Duras were on horseback and passed by the walls of the town as near as they could. They cried to those within mockingly, \"Sir demande, where is your messenger?\"\nThe Earl of Derby has returned shortly after leaving tonight. Sir Fraque de Hall then said to us, \"Although we are here in confinement, we will go out when it pleases God and the Earl of Derby. I wish I knew in what state we are, for none of you would dare keep the field. If you would send him word of it, one of us will surrender ourselves as a gentleman should to be ransomed. The Frenchmen answered, \"No, no, sirs. The matter will not go that way. The Earl of Derby will know it well enough when we have brought down the castle to the ground with our engines, and you have surrendered simply for saving your lives.\" \"We will not surrender ourselves,\" said Sir Franque, \"but rather die here.\" The Frenchmen returned again to their host, and the three English knights were greatly disheartened. The stones that fell in the town gave such blows that it seemed like thunder fell from heaven.\nThe earl of Derby was informed about the mission of this messenger with the letter and the urgency within Auberon by a spy who had been in the French camp. The earl of Derby then sent to the earl of Penbrooke, who was at Bergerac, to meet him at a certain place. He also summoned Lord Stafford and Sir Stephen Tombey, who were at Lyborne. The earl himself, with Sir Gaultier of Manny and his company, rode towards Auberon. They rode so secretly with guides who knew the countryside that the earl reached Lyborne and stayed a day, waiting for the earl of Penbrooke. When he saw that he had not arrived, the earl set out with great desire to aid them in Auberon. Thus, the earl of Derby, the earl of Lancaster, Sir Gaultier of Manny, Sir Richard Hastings, Sir Stephen Tombey, Lord Ferrers, and others set out from Lyborne. They rode all night and in the morning were within two little leagues of Auberon. They entered a wood and lit from their horses.\nhorses and tied their horses to the pasture, waiting for the earl of Penbroke. They did not know what to do because they were only three hundred spearmen and six hundred archers, while the Frenchmen before Auberoch numbered ten or twelve thousand men. Yet they thought it a great shame to leave their companions in Auberoche. Sir Gaultier of Manny then said, \"sirs, let us mount our horses and hide under the cover of this wood until we join their host. And when we are near, put spurs to our horses and cry out our cries. We shall enter unawares while they are at supper, and they will be so disconcerted that they will keep none ready.\" All the lords and knights agreed to his words. Then every man took his horse and ordered all their pages and baggage to stay there as they were. So they rode on through the wood and came to a little river in a valley near the French host. Then they displayed their banners.\nbaners and men dashed their spurs to their horses and charged into the French host among the Gascons, who were unprepared. They were going to supper and some were already seated at their table: suddenly, cryers called out \"Derby, Derby!\" and overthrew tents and pavilions, killing and injuring many. The Frenchmen were bewildered, unable to comprehend what was happening. They had entered the field and assembled together. They found the English archers ready to receive them, who shot so fiercely that they killed men and horses and injured many. The Earl of Latham was taken prisoner in his own tent and severely injured. The Earl of Perigord and Sir Roger his uncle were also taken in their tents. The Lord of Duras, Sir Aymer of Poitiers, and the Lord of Valentinois' brother were killed. Every man fought as best he could. However, the Earl of Conynes, the Viscount of Carmaignac and of Willimy, and the Lord of Bruquell fought fiercely among them. The Lord of La Borde and of Tarde were also present.\nMany a proper feat of arms was done, many taken and rescued again: when they within the castle hard heard noise without and saw gleaming banners and pennons. In the continent they armed themselves and issued out, rushing into the thickest of the press. They greatly refreshed the Englishmen who had fought there before: where to make long processes, and the earl of Lally's party were nearly all taken or slain if the night had not come on; there had been few escaped. That day, earls, viscounts, and lords, knights, and squires were taken, so that there was no Englishman of arms but that had two or three prisoners. This battle was on St. Lawrence Night, the year of our Lord MCCXL and four: the English dealt like good companies with their prisoners and suffered many to depart on their oath and promise to return again at a certain day to Bergerac or to Bordeaux. Then the English entered into Auberoche, and there the earl of [Name] entered.\nDerby gave a supper to most of the earls and knights, as well as many prisoners. The monks gave land to God, for a thousand of them had overcome 10,000 of their enemies, rescued the town of Auberoche, and saved their companions who were within, who would likely have been taken within two days. The next day, upon sunrise, the Earl of Penbrooke arrived with his company of three hundred spearmen and four thousand archers. He said to the Earl of Derby, \"Cousin, you have done me great discourtesy by fighting against our enemies without me. You sent for me, you could have been sure I would not fail to come, cousin.\" The Earl of Derby replied, \"We desired greatly to have had you with us. We waited all day until it was far past noon. And when we saw that you did not come, we dared not stay any longer, for if our enemies had known of our coming they would have had a great advantage over us.\"\nThey stayed with us a while and then, at Auberoche, left Captain [Alysander of Chamont], a knight from Gascony, in charge. They rode to Bordeaux and took most of their prisoners with them. The people of Bordeaux didn't know how to react or receive the Earl of Derby and Sir Gaultier of Man because of the capture of the Earl of Laylle and over two hundred knights with him. That winter passed without any further notable events in Gascony. When it was past Easter, in the year of our Lord 1455, the Earl of Derby, who had stayed all winter at Bordeaux, gathered a large army and archers, intending to lay siege to Rill. From Bordeaux, he rode to Bergerac, where he found the Earl of Pembroke, who had also assembled his forces. They stayed there for three days.\nMen found the number of their company: two thousand men of arms and two hundred archers. They rode for a long time until they reached Saint Basil and laid siege to it. Considering that the greatest men and most of Gascony were prisoners, and seeing they would have no help from any side, they yielded and did homage to the king of England. The earl then passed on and found the castle of Rochemyllon, well fortified with soldiers and artillery. The earl of Derby ordered an assault, and they presented it for fifteen days. The knight said to Sir Gaultier of Manny, \"You should not be surprised that we close our gates against you. We have sworn fealty to the French king. I see that there is no one on his side who will stop you from going forward, but I think you are likely to go farther.\"\nfor myself and for the men of the town, I request that we may remain in a truce; that you make us no war, nor we to you, for a month. And during that term, if the French king or the duke of Normandy enter this country strongly enough to fight with you, then we are to be quit of our covenant. And if they do not come or one of them, then we shall put ourselves under your protection. If any of the Englishmen lacked any provisions, they might have it from them for their money. They agreed to this, and sent twelve burgesses of the town to Bordeaux as hostages. The English were refreshed with the town's provisions, but none of them entered. Then they passed forth and wasted and plundered the country, which was pleasant and fruitful, and came to a castle called Guyllon. The captain thereof came to the earl and surrendered the castle, their lives and the earl of Derby newly recovered the castle and made the captain, Sir John.\n\nHere the earl of Derby was assaulted: the siege there was laid.\nThere were about CC men with pickaxes to mine the walls, and so they broke through the walls. The burgesses of the town came to one of the gates to speak with some lord of the host. When the earl of Derby learned of this, he sent Sir Gaultier of Mann and the baron of Stafford. When they arrived, they found that the people of the town would yield. He went into the castle with his company of soldiers, and while they were entering the castle, they worked so strongly that there is none such now. When the earl saw that he could do no good with his engines, he caused them to cease. Then he called to him his miners: to intend that they should make a mine under all the walls, which was not soon made.\n\nDuring this siege, and while the miners were at work, Lord Gaultier of Mann remembered how your father was buried. Then the lord of Mann said, \"If your words are true, I shall keep the agreement and more.\"\n\nNow you\nIn the following account, I will describe how Lord Gaultier's father was killed. There was once a bishop in Cambresis, named Goscyn, from the house of Myrpouse. During his tenure, there was a grand tournament before Cambray. On both sides, there were five knights. Among them was a knight named Gascoyne, who was both a king and the lord of Many. One night, as he was traveling to his lodging, he was ambushed by some men from the lord of Many's entourage. It was unclear whether they had made this attack because Lord Gascoyne had gone on a pilgrimage. In any case, without reaching his lodging, he was killed and murdered. No one knew who was responsible, but those from the lord of Many's faction were suspected. Despite their strength and their excuses, the matter was dropped as no one was willing to pursue Lord Many's quarrel. Later, Lord Valois caused him to be buried in a small chapel in the field, which was then located outside the town of Ryoll. Once Lord Valois had taken the town, the walls were erected.\nmade more lar\u00a6ger / so that the chapell was within the towne. Thus was sir Gaulter of Ma\u0304nes fader slayne and this olde man reme\u0304bred all this mater / for he was present whan he was buryed. Than\u0304e sir Gaultier of Manny went with this gode aged man to the place wher as his father was bury\u2223ed and ther they founde a lytell tombe of mar\u2223ble ouer hym / the which his seruauntes layd on hym after he was buryed. Than\u0304e the olde man sayd: sir surely vnder this tombe lyeth your fa\u2223ther than the lorde of Manny redde the scrip\u2223ture on the tombe the whiche was in latyn / and ther he founde yt the olde man had sayd trouth: and gaue hym his rewarde. And wtin two day\u2223es after he made the tombe to be raysed and the bones of his father to be taken vp and put in a ther made theym to be buryed agayne honourably / and dyde there his obsequy \nNOwe let vs retourne to the siege about the castell of the Ryoll / the which had endured .xi. wekes / so long wrought the mynours that at last they came vnder the base court / but vnder the\n\"lordes, the fortress you could not get into as it stood on a hard rock. Then, Sir Aage, Lord of Many. When the earl knew of this, he said to the Lord of Many and Lord Stafford, \"let us go to the fortress and find out what the captain will say.\" They rode together, and when Sir Agous saw them, he took off his cap and greeted each one in turn, saying, \"lords, it is true that the French king sent me to this town to defend and keep it and the castle under my control. You know well how I have conducted myself in this matter, and I would gladly do so again. But a man cannot remain in one place, sirs. If it pleases you, I and all my company would leave our lives saved and surrender the fortress to you.\" Then Lord Derby said, \"Sir Agous, you shall not go away like that: we know full well that we have so oppressed you that we can have you when we wish. The fortress only stands on props: surrender yourself simply, and we will spare you.\" Sir Agous said, \"sirs, if we must.\"\"\nI think they held us in equal honor and gentleness, for if the least of us should not come to mercy, the best of us would rather sell our lives in such a way that the whole world would speak of us. Sir, we request that you grant us your company in arms, and we shall pray for you. Then the earl and the other two lords went apart and spoke together. They spoke for a long time about various things. Finally, they considered the truth of Sir Agon. And since they saw that they could not undermine the dungeon, they agreed to receive us to mercy. Then the earl said to Sir Agon, \"Sir, we gladly welcome all strangers with the company of our arms. I am content that you and all your company depart with your lives saved, provided you take nothing but your armor.\" So be it, said Sir Agon. Then he went to his company and showed them how he had fared. Then they donned their armor and took their horses, of which they had none left but six. Some bought horses from townspeople.\nthe whiche they payed for truely. Thus sir Agons de Bans departed fro the Ryoll and yelded vp the castell to the en\u2223glysshemen / and sir Agons and his company wente to Tholous.\nWHan the erle of Derby had taken his pleasure at Ryoll: than he went forth and lest an englyssh knyght at Ryoll to repayre and a mende that was broken / & he rode to Mountpesance and made assaut there / and within there were but men of the countrey that were gone thyder with their goodes / in trust of the strength of the place: and so they defended theymselfe as longe as they might / but finally the castell was wone with assaut and by scalyn\u2223ge / but there were many of thenglysshe archers slayne / and au englysshe gentylman slayne cal\u2223led Rycharde of Pennenort / he bare the lorde Staffordes baner. Therle of Derby gaue the same castell to a squyer of his called Thomas of Lancastre: and left with hym in garyson .xx. archers / than therle went to the towne of Mau\u00a6leon and made assaut / but he wanne it nat so / at nyght there about they\nA knight from Gascony named Sir Alysander of Chartres told the earl that he should act as if he intended to dislodge and go to another place, leaving a small force of his men behind the town. The men within would then come out, and they would chase the earl's men who were following. The earl of Derby agreed to this plan and left behind the earl of Quenford with a hundred men to carry it out. They remained informed about what they were to do. The others packed up their belongings and departed, leaving half a league behind. Sir Gautier of Many lay in ambush with a large force in a valley surrounded by olives and vines. The earl rode on. When the men of Mauleon saw the earl depart and some still remaining behind, they said to one another, \"Let us go out and fight our enemies who are nearby.\"\nThey will be defeated behind their master. This will bring great honor and profit to us. They all agreed to this opinion and armed themselves quickly, emerging first. There were four hundred of them. When the Earl of Quenfort and his company saw them emerge, they retreated. The Frenchmen followed in great haste, overtaking them and passing the bushment. Then Sir Gaultier of Manny's company emerged from the bushment and cried out, \"Manny!\" Some dashed after the Frenchmen, while others took the direct route to the town. They found the gates and bridge open, and the townspeople within thought it was their own company that had emerged first. The townspeople took the gate and bridge, trapping the lords of the town. Those from the town who had emerged were also enclosed, resulting in all of them being taken and killed. Those in the town surrendered to the Earl of Derby.\nwho received them to mercy and, because of his gentleness, spared the town from burning and robbing. He gave the entire lordship to Sir Alexander of Chamont, by whose advice the town was accustomed to be governed. Sir Alexander made a brother of his captain there, named Anthony of Chamont, and left with him certain archers and other men: then he departed and went to Wilfrid in Agenais, which was won by assault and the castle also. He left there a squire of his called Thomas Coq as captain. Thus the earl rode about the country and no one resisted him, conquering towns and castles.\n\nWhen the earl of Derby had this town at his disposal, the Herald of Miremont drew near towards Bordeaux: for all this journey, his troops never approached the port of St. Mary. Three days before Miremont, they yielded, and on the fourth day they gave it to a squire of his called John Bristowe, and after his men won a little town standing on the river of Geron called Thomynes.\nand after the strong castle of Damasse / which they well fortified with men of arms and archers. Then they came before the city of Angoul\u00eame and laid siege to it / and the earl said he would not depart thence until he had it at his pleasure: then they within made an agreement with the earl to send 24 of their chief burgesses to Bordeaux as hostages for a truce for a month / and if the French king sent a sufficient person to keep the field against the earl of Derby: then they were to have back their hostages and be free of their bond / and if not, they were to place themselves under the obedience of the king of England. This done, the earl rode to Blaye and laid siege to it / within were two captains of Poitou, Sir Guyshart Dangree and Sir William de Rochcouart: and they said they would yield to no man. And while this siege lasted, some Englishmen rode to Mortagne in Poitou, where Sir Boucquart was captain, and made an arrangement with him.\nThere was a great assault but it failed not: but various of them were hurt and slain. And they then departed and went to Marrebell and Alney. And after they came again to the siege of Blammes: every day there was some feat of arms done. The term of the month expired that those of Angoul\u00eame should yield. The Earl of Derby sent thither his two marshals. To whom they of the city swore homage and fealty in the king of England's behalf. And so they were in peace and had their hostages restored. The Earl sent thither at their request John of Norwich to be their captain. The siege endured before Blammes, so that Englishmen were half weary, for winter approached and there they could win nothing. Then they determined to go to Bordeaux until another season, and so they delayed and went over Grenade and so to Bordeaux. In this season Sir Godfrey of Harcourt fell into the indignation of the French king.\nwas a great ba\u2223ron in Normandy and bro\u2223ther to therle of Harecourt / lorde of saynt Sauyour the vycount / and dyuers other townes in Norma\u0304\u2223dy. And it was sayde all was but for enuy: for a lytell before he was as great with the kyng and with the duke of Norma\u0304dy as he wolde desyre but he was as than openly banysshed the realm of Fraunce / and yf the kynge coulde haue gette hym in his yre / he wolde haue serued hym as he dyd sir Olyuer of Clyssone / who was beheeded the yere before at Parys. This {ser} Godfray had some frendes who gaue hym warnyng secretly howe the kyng was dyspleased with hym: than he auoyded the realme assone as he myght and went into Brabant to the duke there who was his cosyn / who receyued him ioyfully. And ther he taryed alonge space and lyued of suche reue\u2223newes\nas he had in Brabant for \nIN this season raygned in Flaunders in great pro\u2223speryte and puysaunce Ja\u2223ques Dartuell of gau\u0304t / who was as great with the kyng of Englande as he wolde de\u00a6syre: and he had promysed ye kyng to make hym\nThe lord and his retinue of Flanders, and to make the count young prince his son, on the trust of Jacques Dartuell's promise. The king, with his navy, lay in the haven of Sluis and there he kept his house. Jacques Dartuell and his friends of Flanders came to visit him: there were great councils between the king and Jacques Dartuell on one side, and the councils of the good towns of Flanders on the other. The people of the country were not of one mind with the king, nor with Jacques Dartuell: who preached to them that they should disinherit their natural lord, the earl of Lohes, and also his young son Lohes, and inherit the son of the king of England, which thing they certainly would never agree to. And so, on the last day of their council, held in the king's great ship called the Catherine, they gave a final answer by common accord: and said, \"sir, you\"\nWe have desired this thing that is great and heavy; it may greatly affect the country of Flanders and our heirs. Truly, we know of no person in the world whom we love more than you for your preference. But, sir, we cannot do this alone; we need the agreement of the commonality of Flanders. We shall go home and speak with our company generally in every town. And as the most part agree, we shall be content. Within a month we shall be here again with you, and then we will give you a full answer; so that you will be content. The king and Jacques Dartuell could not have any other answer; they wanted a short day but it would not be. Thus, that council and every man went home to their own towns. Jacques Dartuell stayed a little season with the king, and still he promised the king to bring them to his intent: but he was deceased. For as soon as he came to Ghent, he went no more out again.\nof Gaunt, when they returned to Gaunt or Jacques Dartuell had entered the town, the great and small assembled in the market place. There, it was publicly displayed what request the king of England had made to them through the setting of Jacques Dartuell. Then every man began to murmur against Jacques, as they disliked the request. They declared that by the grace of God, there should be no such unfaithfulness found among them, willing to disinherit their natural lord and his issue to enrich a stranger. And so they all departed from the market place, unwilling to accept Jacques Dartuell.\n\nNow observe and see what fortune befell,\nif he had been as welcome to Gaunt as to Bruges and Ypres,\nthey would have agreed to his opinion as they did;\nbut he trusted so much in his prosperity and greatness,\nthat he thought soon to bring them to his will.\n\nWhen he returned, he came into Gaunt around noon:\nthe people of the town knew of his coming,\nand many were prepared.\nassembled together in the street where he should pass, and when they saw him they began to murmur and gather their heads in one hood, saying, \"Behold the great master who will order all Flanders according to his pleasure; this is not to be suffered.\" There were also words sown through the town that Jacques Daruel had assembled the revenues of Flanders for eight years without any count given, and thereby had kept his estate. He also sent great riches secretly out of the country into England.\n\nThese words set Gaunt on fire, and as he rode through the street he perceived that there was some new matter against him, for he saw those who were accustomed to show reverence to him turning their backs towards him and entering their houses. Then he began to doubt, and as soon as he was lit in his lodging he closed his gates, doors, and windows tightly. This was scarcely done, but all the street was full of men, and especially of them.\nof the small crafts: they sailed his house behind and before, and the house was broken up: he and those within defended themselves for a long time, and slew and hurt many outside, but finally he could not endure, for three parts of the town's men were at that assault. When Jacques saw that he was so sore pressed: he came to a window with great humility, bearing a torch, and said with fair language, \"Good people, what ails you? Why are you so troubled against me? In what manner have I displeased you? Show me, and I shall make amends at your pleasure.\" But such hard answers came from them all with one voice, \"We want an account made of the great treasure of Flanders that you have sent away without any title of reason.\" Jacques answered meekly and said, \"Certainly, sirs, of the treasure of Flanders I never took anything, withdraw yourselves peacefully into your houses, and come again tomorrow in the morning, and I shall make you such a good account that of\"\nreason you shall be content. Then all they answered and said: nay, we will have an account made inconveniently / you shall not escape us so: we know for truth that you have sent great riches into England without our knowledge. Wherefore you shall die: when he heard that word, he joined his hands together and sore weeping said, \"sirs, such as I am, you have made me: and you have sworn to me and this, to defend me against all persons; and now you would kill me without reason. I have done to you, and to your town, in times past: you know right well that merchandise was near lost in all this country, and by my means it is recovered. Also, I have governed you in great peace and rest; in the time of my governance, you have had all things as you would wish: corn, riches, and all other merchandise. Then they all cried with one voice: come down to us and preach not so high / and give us an account of the great treasure of Flanders, which you have governed so long without making any account.\"\nAn officer was to: receive the goodwill of his lord or of a country without account. When Jaques saw that he could not appease them: he drew in his head and closed his window, and so intended to steal out on the backside into a church that joined to his house. But his house was so broken that four hundred persons had entered it: and finally there he was taken and slain without mercy. Thomas Denyce gave him his death stroke. Thus Jaques Dartuell ended his days: who had been a great master in Flanders, poor men first mount up, and unhappy men slay them at the end. These tidings immediately spread throughout the country: some were sorry for it, and some were glad.\n\nIn this season the earl of Flanders was at Teremonde. He was very joyful when he heard of the death of Jacques Dartuell, his old enemy. However, he still did not trust the people of Flanders nor go to Gaunt.\n\nWhen the king of England, who had been lying all this season at Sluys, was waiting for the answer of the... (text incomplete)\nThe Flemish people were deeply troubled by how Lord Gaunt had slain Jacques Dartuell, his great friend. Lord Gaunt was greatly displeased. He left Sluse and entered the sea, threatening the Flemish people and the country of Flanders. The councils of the good towns of Flanders imagined that King of England would be greatly displeased with this deed. They determined to go and make excuses, specifically those of Bruges, Ipre, Courtra, and Andewarpe, and of France: they sent men into England to ask for a truce so they could come to their excuses. The king, who was then somewhat mollified by his anger, granted their request. He summoned into England men of estate from the good towns of Flanders, except for Gaunt. This was around the feast of St. Michael, and the king was then at Westminster beside London. There they humbly excused themselves for the death of Jacques Dartuell, and swore solemnly that they knew nothing of it until it was reported.\nif they had, he was the man whom they would have defeated to the best of their powers, and said they were truly sorry for his death, for he had governed the country wisely. They also said: though Gaunt's men had done that deed, they would make sufficient amends. They also said to the king and his council: though he be dead, yet the king was no further from the love and favor of the people of Flanders, in all things except the inheritance of Flanders, which in no way they of Flanders would put away from the rightful heirs. Saying also to the king: sir, you have fair issue, both sons and daughters. As for your eldest son, the prince of Wales, he cannot fail to be a great prince without the inheritance of Flanders. Sir, you have a young daughter, and we have a young lord, heir of Flanders, we have him in our keeping: may it please you to make a marriage between them two. So ever after the county of Flanders shall be.\nIn the matter of your child: these words and such others appeased the king, and he was eventually content with the outcome. In the same season, Earl William of Heynalt, who was besieging the town of Dautriche, forced them so severely, through assaults and other means, that he ultimately succeeded. Afterward, around the feast of St. Remy, Earl William gathered a great assembly of men-at-arms, knights, and squires from Heynalt, Flanders, Brabant, Holland, Guerles, and Juliers. Earl William and his company departed from Dordrecht in Holland with a great navy of ships. They sailed to Fresnes, for Earl William claimed to be lord there. If the Fresons had been reasonable, Earl William indeed had great rights there, but he was killed, along with a great number of knights and squires. Sir John of Heynalt did not arrive there with his nephew, as he had gone to another place.\nThe earl of Heynall, grieving for the death of his nephew like a man out of his mind, wished to consult with the Fates. But his servants, and particularly Sir Robert of Glues, who was then his squire, compelled him to board his ship against his will. Thus he returned with a small company and reached where the lady, his niece, was, wife to the said earl Iohana, eldest daughter of the duke of Brabant. She then went to the land of Buiche, which was her dower. For a certain period, the county of Heynall was vacant, and Sir John of Heynalt governed it until Margaret, daughter of the earl of Heynault, arrived and took possession of her inheritance. This lady Margaret was married to Lord Loyes of Bauyer, emperor of Austria and king of the Romans.\n\nAfter the French king interceded and urged the earl of Blois to persuade Lord John of Heynalt to become French, promising him greater revenues in France than\nHe had in England assigned where he would have his decision. He did not lightly agree to this request, for he had spent all the flower of his youth in the service of the king of England, and was ever well-loved by him. When Sir Loyes of Blois, who had married his daughter and had three sons: Loyes, John, and Guy, saw that he could not win him over by that means, they thought they would try another way: to make him believe that England would not pay him his pension, with which Lord John of Heynault was greatly displeased. He therefore renounced his service and the good will he bore to the king of England. When the French king learned of this, he sent sufficient messengers to him and retained him in his council with certain wages, and compensated him in France with as much or more than he had in England.\nThe French king was well informed of the conquests that the Earl of Derby had made in the region of Gascony. Then he issued a great summons: that all noble and not noble men able for the fear of war should be at Orlyance and at Bourges and the surrounding areas. At a certain designated day, these men came to Paris. Duke Odysseus of Burgundy, the Earl of Arthurs, and the Earl of Coligny came to the king with a thousand spears. Then came Duke Bobine of Bourbon and his brother, the Earl of Pontheu, with a great number of armed men. Also present were the Earl of Ew, the Earl of Guines, the Constable of France, the Earl of Tankerville, the Duke of Auvergne, the Earl of Forest, the Earl of Damville, the Earl of Vaudemont, the Lords of Coucy, Craon, Sully, the Bishop of Beauvais, the Lord of Fresnes, the Lord of Beaujeu, the Lord John of Chalon, the Lord of Roy, and various others. They all assembled in the city.\nof Orlyance and those from Loyre: Poycton, Xa|ynton, Rochell, Caoursyn, and Lymosyn met in the marches of Tholouz. All of these passed towards Rouen and found much more company assembled in the city of Rodes and the marches of Auverne and Provence. At last they all came to the city of Tholouz, and there, as they could not all be lodged in the city because there were more than a hundred thousand of them, this was in the year of our Lord God, M. CCC.xlv. After the feast of Christmas, the duke of Normandy, who was chief of this host, rode forth with his two marshals before him: the lord of Moreecy and the lord St. Venant. First they went to the castle of Myremont, which the English had won before: Captain Within was John Bristowe there. They made an assault within, where there were a hundred Englishmen. And with the Frenchmen was Sir Loyes of Spain with Genoese crossbows, who spared no shot, so that they...\nWithin the castle, the defenders could not protect themselves unless the castle was won and they all taken and slain, along with the captain. Afterward, the marshals set new men in place and advanced towards Vyle Franche in Anjou. There, the host laid siege and assaulted the town. At the time, Captain Sir Thomas Corque was not present; he was in Bordeaux with the Earl of Derby, who had summoned him. However, those within defended themselves valiantly. But eventually, they were taken by force. The town was robbed and burned, and most of the soldiers were killed. Then, the host drew towards the city of Angolesme and laid siege there. The captain within was a squire named John Norrell. When the Earl of Derby learned of this great host and how they had won back Myr mount and Uyle Franche, and burned the town and left the castle empty, he sent four knights with three score men-at-arms and three hundred archers to Uyle Franche to enter the castle and close its gates against the enemy.\ntwo knights promised them that if the Frenchmen returned to assault them, he would support whatever fell to the ground. And so these four knights: Sir Stephen Cobham, Sir Richard Heldon, Sir Raffe Hastings, and Sir Norman of Finfrode, went there and newly fortified the town and castle. The Earl of Derby requested that the Earl of Penbroke, Sir Gaultier of Man, Sir Franque de Hall, Sir Thomas Coque, Sir John de la Touche, Sir Richard of Beauays, Sir Philip Reckleu, Sir Robert Neuill, Sir Thomas Briset, and diverse other knights and squires go all to Agullon and keep that fortress, for he would be greatly displeased if it were lost. They departed and were about forty knights and squires, and three hundred men-at-arms with archers. And so they entered into the strong castle of Agullon: and there they found a hundred and sixty soldiers all ready, which the Earl of Derby had left there before: then they made provisions for all things necessary.\nas these four knights approached Ulford: they found great abundance of cattle, sheep, and corn en route, which they took with them into their town, and they repaired the walls and gates of the town, making it capable of defending a force of five hundred men with sufficient provisions for six months. The Duke of Normandy, who had been besieging Angoul\u00eame for a long time, saw that he could not win the town by assault, as every day he lost men. He then commanded no more assaults but to draw nearer to the town. One day, the seneschal of Beaucaire came to the duke and said, \"Sir, I know the marches of this country well. If it pleases you to let me have six hundred armed men, I will go abroad into the country and obtain provisions for your host. We shall soon be in need.\" The duke agreed. The next day, the seneschal took with him certain knights, squires, and lords.\nThe duke of Burgundy, the earl of Ponthieu his brother, the earl of Tankernyll, the earl of Forestes, the dolphin of Auverne, the lord of Pons, the lord of Partuey, the lord of Coucy, the lord Daubigny, the lord Dausemont, the lord of Beauiewe, Sir Guyssharde Dangle, Sir Sainte, and diverse others rode with nine hundred spearmen. They took their horses in the evening and rode all night until the breaking of the day in the morning. They came to a great tower recently won by the English, called Athenys, and there the seneschal and others came to meet them and said: \"sirs, there are in the town a hundred and sixty men-at-arms, Gascons and English, and three hundred archers. They will defend the town if you launch an assault, but I saw this morning two thousand great beasts put out of the town into the meadows, joining the town.\" Then the seneschal and sixty of his men said: \"sirs, I think it best that all our company remains here in this valley, and I will go with the sixty of us to fetch the artillery.\"\nThe seneschal and I think that the townsfolk would issue an inconvenience to rescue the pray (pray meaning prey in this context). So this was done: the seneschal with three score well-horsed rode by ways around the town by the spying of the spy, until at last they came into the fair meadows where the cattle pastured. Then they drew all the beasts together a long way by another way, and they came thither. The men of the castle and those on the walls saw them and began to blow and to stir in the town, and woke some out of their beds, for it was early in the morning. Then they drew together and mounted on their horses and issued out; he that could first did so, leaving none but a certain number of villains in the town. The townsfolk hurried the Frenchmen sorely after the fleeing men and cried, \"Sirse, you shall not go thus away.\" Then the Frenchmen came upon them, and within a little space they were overcome. The captain, Sir Stephen Lesey, was taken prisoner, and some others with him, and all the others were slain.\nAnd then the Frenchmen rode hastily to the town, which they wanted to take by assault, for it was unguarded: the first battle began with the Duke of Bourbon. Then they appointed new captains. And so they departed with their prayers and prisoners, and the next day they came before Angolesme, where the seneschal of Beaucaire achieved great honor by that deed, although there were greater lords with him than himself. Thus, these lords of France held a long siege before Angolesme and ran through all the country that the English had won before, causing much trouble and taking many prisoners and great prizes, which they brought to their host. The two brothers of Bourbon achieved great laude and praise, for they always went forth in the foremost ranks. When John Norwich saw that the duke would not depart until he had the town at his pleasure, and perceived that their supplies were beginning to dwindle, & that the Earl of Derby made no appearance.\nA man discovered a way to rescue them. He saw that the townspeople leaned towards the French party and were prepared to turn French if they dared. Therefore, he suspected treason. He signaled to any man what he would do. He made a sign with his hat to the host. Those who saw the sign came there and demanded what he would do. He said he would gladly speak with the Duke of Normandy or one of his marshals. The Duke was informed of this and went there with some knights. As soon as the captain saw the Duke, he took off his cap and greeted the Duke. The Duke greeted him and said, \"John, how are you? Will you surrender?\" I am not yet decided, but, Sir, I would ask you in the honor of our Lady, whose day will be tomorrow, to grant a truce, lasting only until tomorrow, so that neither you nor we harm each other but live in peace that day. The Duke agreed and they parted.\nThe next day, which was Candlemas day, John Norwiche and his company armed themselves and prepared all that they had to take away. They opened their gate and marched out. The host began to stir, and the captain rode ahead, saying, \"Sirs, do no harm to us; for we will do none. We have trusted that he had saved himself and his company. They said he had deceived his enemies through a clever ruse.\"\n\nThe next day, the citizens of Angoul\u00eame went to council and decided to surrender the town to the duke. They sent certain messengers to him, who managed to reach him swiftly. The duke took pity on them and pardoned them for their wicked will. He entered the city and the castle, and took homage from the citizens. He captured Antony Uyllers and stationed a hundred soldiers with him.\n\nThe duke then went to the castle of Damascus. Two towns came under his obedience. The duke stayed by the river Garon until it:\nThe duke of Normandy and the French lords reached Estaples. Afterward, he went to the town of St. Mary on the same river, where there were two hundred Englishmen keeping the town and the passage, well fortified. However, it was taken by assault, and new captains and soldiers were appointed, and the town was repaired. Then, the duke went to Agullon.\n\nThe duke of Normandy and the French lords approached the castle of Agullon. They laid siege around the fair meadows by the river, able to accommodate ships for every lord among his own company, and every constable by himself, as it was ordered by the marshals. This siege lasted until the feast of St. Remy. There were about 10,000 men of war, horse and foot. They made two or three assaults every day, most commonly from morning until it was nearly night without ceasing. For every new assailant who would not allow them to rest, the lords of France saw that they could not.\nThe knights came to the fort without crossing the river, which was larger and deeper than the duke had commanded. A bridge should be built there, no matter the cost. Three hundred workmen were set to work day and night to pass the river. When the knights saw the bridge more than half completed over the river, they decked three ships and entered them. They then chased the workmen away with their defenders and broke all that had been long in the making.\n\nWhen the French lords saw this, they prepared other ships to resist against theirs. The workmen began to work on the bridge again, trusting in their defenders. When they had worked half a day and more, Sir Gaultier of Manny and his company entered a ship and came upon the workmen, making them leave work and retreat. They broke again all that had been made.\n\nThis business was nearly every day, but at last,\nFrenchmen kept their workmen so well that the bridge was completed despite this. Then the lords and their entire army crossed over in a battle formation, and they assaulted the castle all day without ceasing. But nothing they wanted. At night they returned to their lodgings, and those within repaired all that was damaged because they had enough laborers with them. The next day, the French divided their assault into four parts: the first began in the morning and continued until nine, the second until noon, the third until evening, and the fourth until night. They assaulted the castle in this manner for several days. However, those within were not so severely troubled, but they always defended themselves valiantly, and the French could not make any progress beyond the castle. Then the French took other advice; they sent to Toulouse for eight great engines and made four larger ones there. They made a total of twelve to attack day and night against the castle.\nDuring this siege, the castle's defenders were so well fortified that no stone from their engines caused them any harm. It damaged some coverings of houses within, and the houses themselves had great engines that brought down all the engines outside. During this siege, many times, Sir Water of Many, with a hundred or more companions, went out that side of the river foraging and returned again, in sight of those outside. One day, the Lord Charles of Montmorency, marshal of the host, rode out with five hundred men, and when he returned, he drew before him a large number of beasts that he had gathered in the country to refresh the troops with provisions. By chance, he encountered Sir Gaultier of Many; there was a great fight between them, and many were overthrown, hurt, and slain. The French were five to one. News of this reached Agde, and every man was in a state of readiness.\nThat which issued out, the Earl of Pembroke led the way and his company. When he arrived, he found Sir Gaultier engaged with many feet of enemies and performed marvelously in battle. In the continent, he was rescued and remounted again. Meanwhile, some of the Frenchmen chased their beasts quickly into the host or else they would have lost them, for those who issued out of Agulhon set so fiercely on the Frenchmen that they put them to flight and delivered their company that had been taken and took many French prisoners. Sir Charles of Momorecy had much to do to escape. The Englishmen returned into Agulhon. Thus, almost every day there were such encounters besides the assaults: one day, the entire host armed themselves, and the duke commanded that those of Toulouse, Carcassonne, and Beaucaire should make an assault from morning till noon, and those of Remergue, Caours, and Agenoys from noon till night. The duke proposed that whoever could win the bridge of the gate.\nThe duke should have received a hundred crowns in reward, in addition to maintaining this assault on the river by deploying diverse ships and holding the bridge. He forced the bridge down despite resistance. The Frenchmen leapt onto the bridge so hastily that one overthrew another; every man desired to win the hundred crowns. They within cast down bars of iron, pieces of timber, and pots of lime, as well as hot water. Many were thrown from the bridge into the water and into the dykes, and many were slain or severely injured. Nevertheless, the bridge was won by force, but it cost more than it was worth, as they could not win the gate. They then drew back to their lodgings, for it was late. The next day, two skilled men, masters in carpentry, came to the duke and said, \"Sir, if you will allow us time and workmen, we will make four scaffolds as high or higher.\"\nthan\u0304e the walles. The duke co\u0304maunded that it shulde be done: and to get carpenters in the co\u0304\u2223trey and to gyue them good wag{is} / so these four scafoldes wer made in four shyppes but it was long first / and cost moch or they were finysshed than such a shulde assayle the castell in the\u0304 were apoynted and entred. And whan they were pas\u2223sed halfe the ryuer / they within the castell let go four martynetes that they had newely made to resyst agaynst these scafoldes: these four marty\u00a6nettes dyd cast out so great stones / and so often fell on the scafoldes / y\u2022 in a short space they were all to broken so that they that were within them coulde nat be pauysshed by theym: so that they were fayne to drawe backe agayne / and or they were agayne at lande / one of the scafold{is} drow\u2223ned in y\u2022 water / & the moost part of the\u0304 that were Win it / the which was great damage: for therin were good knyghtes / desyringe their bodyes to auau\u0304ce. Whan the duke sawe that he coude nat\ncome to his entent by that meanes he caused\nThe other three scaffolds were completed. Then he could find no way to obtain the castle, as he had promised not to depart until he had it at his will without the king his father sending for him. Then he sent the constable of France and the earl of Tankernyll to Paris to the king and there they showed him the state of the siege of Agullon. The king's mind was that the duke should remain there until he had taken them by famine, since he could not have them by assault.\n\nThe king of England, who had heard where his mother was, intended to go there to draw her away about the feast of St. John the Baptist, in the year of our Lord God 1414. The king departed from the queen and left her in the care of the earl of Canterbury, his consort. He stabilized the lord Percy and the lord Nevill as wardens of his realm, along with the archbishop of York, the bishop of Lincoln, and the bishop of Durham. He never left his realm without leaving enough behind to keep it.\nand defend the realm if necessary. Then the king rode to Hampton and stayed there for wind; then he entered into his ship and the Prince of Wales with him, and the Lord Godfrey of Harcourt, and all other lords earls, barons, and knights with all their companies. They were in number four thousand men-at-arms and ten thousand archers, besides Irishmen and Welshmen who followed the host on foot.\n\nNow I shall name you certain lords who went over with King Edward on this journey. First, Edward's eldest son, the Prince of Wales, who was then about thirteen years old; the earls of Hereford, Northampton, Arundel, Cornwall, Warwick, Huntingdon, and Oxford. And of barons: the Lord Mortimer, who was afterwards earl of March; the lords John, Loyes, and Roger de Beauchaump; and the lord Reynold Cobham. Of lords: the lord of Moleyns, Ros, Lucy, Felton, Brandon, Mill, Labey, Maul, Bassett, Barlett, and Willoughby.\nAmong the lords were John Chandois Fitzwarren, Peter and James Audelay, Roger of Uertall, Bartylmewe of Bries, and Rychard of Penbruges, along with several others, few of whom were strangers. The earl of Hauvill\u00e9, sir Olphas of Guisnes, and five or six other knights of Almain were also present, as well as many others whose names I cannot recall. They say that a contrary wind arose there, and there is no turning back. All the knights and squires of the country are now at the siege before Agull\u00f3n with the duke. You will find great towns there that are not walled, by which you can recognize that the earl of Warwick is admiral for this voyage. He said he would be admiral for this journey, and so they set sail as governor of the navy, and they had the wind at their will. Then the king was in the issuance of Constantine at a port called Hogue Sauvage. News reached the town of Cane, commanding them to keep the town against the English. They said they would do their best. They departed from Paris.\nwith a good number of men-at-arms / and daily more joined them on the way. They came to the town of Cane / where they were received with great joy by the men of the town and the countryside around, who had come there for safety: these lords took care of the town's provisioning, which at that time was not walled. The king thus arrived at the port of Hoogh St. Wast, near St. Saviour, the vicomte's residence, to settle the rightful inheritance of Lord Godfrey of Harcourt, who was there with the King of England.\n\nWhen the King of England arrived in the estuary, a bloody splinter pierced his nose. The knights around him urged him, \"Sir, for God's sake, enter again into your ship and do not set foot on this land today; this is an unworthy land that desires me.\" All his men were overjoyed at this, so the king spent the day and night on the sand, and in the meantime discharged the ships of their horses and other baggage. There the king appointed two marshals from his host.\nThe one, Lord Godfray of Harecourt, and the other, the earl of Warwick, and the earl of Arundell, were in command. They ordered Earl Huntingdon to sail by sea and seize all ships they encountered on their journey. They continued their voyage, by sea and by land, until they reached a good port and a strong town called Harther, which had a castle and many soldiers to guard it. The lords disembarked from their ships and, without warning, launched an assault. The townspeople were terrified for their lives, as well as those of their wives and children. They allowed the enemy to enter the town against the will of the soldiers present. The townspeople surrendered their goods to the enemy's pleasure, thinking it was the least of their losses. When the townspeople saw the enemy entering the castle, the English soldiers entered the town and laid siege for two days. They launched fierce assaults, and when the townspeople within saw no hope of rescue, they surrendered their lives and possessions.\nThenglishmen enjoyed the town and castle, but when they realized they couldn't maintain it, they set fire to it. Burgesses of the town entered their ships as they had with those of Harfleur, Cherbourg, Montbourg, and other towns they had captured at sea. This was achieved both by the battle fought by the sea and on it. Now, let's discuss the king's battle: after sending his first battle far by the sea, as you have heard, where one of his marshals, the Earl of Warwick, was captured, and Lord Cobham with him; he then led his other marshal with his host on his left hand, for he knew the issues and entrances of Normandy better than anyone else. Lord Godfrey rode out as marshal with five hundred men of arms, and he rode away from the king's battle as swiftly as possible, engaging in burning and plundering the country, which was abundant.\nevery thing: the granaries full of corn / the houses full of all riches / rich burgesses / carts and chariots / horses / swine / motley / and other beasts: they took what they pleased and brought it into the king's host / but the soldiers made no account to the king nor to any of his officers / of the gold and silver that they got / they kept that to themselves. Thus Godfrey of Harecourt rode every day from the king's host / and for the most part every night resorted to the king's field. The king took his way to St. Low in Constantinople / but before he came there he lodged by a river, waiting for his men who rode along the sea side / and when they were come, they set for their cargo / and the earl of Warwick, the earl of Suffolk, sir Thomas Holland, and sir Rainold Cobham and their company rode out on one side / and wasted and harassed the country as Lord Harecourt had done: and the king ever rode between these battles / and every night they lodged together.\nThe Scotsmen were burned, exiled, robbed, wasted, and plundered the good, plentiful country of Normandy. Then the French king sent for Lord John of Heynalt, who came with a great number; the king also sent for other men of arms, dukes, earls, barons, knights, and squires. They assembled together the greatest number of people that had been in France a hundred years before the king sent for men into such distant countries. Of these, the king of England did as he pleased in the meantime. The French king heard of this and swore and said they should never return again unless they fought with all; and that such hurts and damages as they had done should be fully avenged. Therefore, he sent letters to his friends in Templar to such as were farthest off, and also to the gentle king of Behaine, and to Lord Charles his son, who from thenceforth was called King of Almain. He was made king by the aid of his father and the French.\nThe king had taken up arms against thempyre. The French king desired them to come to him with all their powers, intending to fight against the king of England, who was burning and devastating his country. These princes and lords made ready with a great number of men-at-arms, Almain, Bavarian, and Luxembourg forces, and came to the French king. King Philip also sent for the Duke of Loraine, who came to serve him. Three thousand men-at-arms and six thousand archers were in the English army, and there were dwelling eighty or ninety burgesses, crafty men. When the king arrived, he took lodgings outside the town; for he would never lodge in the town out of fear of fire, but he sent his men ahead and immediately.\nThe town was taken and completely robbed. It was thought that great riches were won, particularly in clothes. Clothes would have been sold cheaply if there had been buyers. The king proceeded towards Caen, which was a larger town and a greater fall of drapery and other merchandise: there were rich burgesses, noble ladies and damsels, and fair churches, and specifically two great and rich abbeys, one of the Cistercians, another of St. Stephen. And on one side of the town was one of the fairest castles of all Normandy, and the captain therein was Robert of Blargny with three hundred Genoese. In the town were the earl of Ewe and the constable of France, and the earl of Tankernyll with a good number of men of war. The king of England rode that day in good order and lodged all his battalions together that night, two leagues from Caen, in a town with a little haven called Naustreham. And there also came all his navy of ships, with the earl of Huntingdon, who was governor of them.\nThe constable and other lords of France watched over the town of Cane at night and armed the townspeople in the morning. The constable ordered that no one should leave, keeping them on the walls, gates, bridge, and river, leaving the suburbs empty because they were not enclosed, as they believed they would have enough to do to defend the town since it was not fully enclosed except for the river. The townspeople said they would go out, for they were strong enough to fight against the king of England. When the constable saw their goodwill, he said in God's name, \"You shall not fight without me.\" They then marched out in good order, making a good show of fighting and defending themselves.\n\nThe same day, English men rose early and prepared themselves to go to Canne. The king heard noises before sunrise. He took his horse, and the prince his son, with Sir Godfrey of Harcourt, marshal and leader of the army.\nthe hoost / whose counsayle the kyng moche folowed. Than they drewe towarde Cane with their batels in good aray / and so aproched the good towne of Cane. Whau\u0304e they of the towne / who were redy in the felde sawe these thre batayls commyng in good order / with their baners and sta\u0304dether receyued them all for the castell was large. The\u0304glysshmen in y\u2022 chase\u00a6lle we many for they toke non to mercy: than the constable and the erle of Tankernyll beynge in the lytell towre at the bridge fote / loked a longe the strete & sawe their men hand. At last they sawe an englysshe knyght with one eye called \nr men their lyues or ye haue all at yor wyll wher\u2223by paraue\u0304ture ye shall nat kepe your purpose to Calys / the which shulde redowne to your rech. Sir saue your people for ye shall haue nede of them or this moneth passe: for I thynke verely your aduersary kyng Philypp\u0304 woll mete with you to fight / and ye shall fynde many strayt pas\u00a6sages and rencou\u0304ters. Wherfore your men and ye had mo shall stande you in gode stede: and\nSir, you shall be the lord of this town, the men and women will give you all that they have for your pleasure. Then the king said, \"Sir Godfrey, you are our marshal. Order everything as you will: Sir Godfrey, with his banner, rode from street to street and commanded in the king's name, \"No one is to be so bold as to put fire in any house, to kill any person, nor to violate any woman.\" When the townspeople heard this, they received the English into their houses and made them welcome. Some even opened their coffers and bade them take what they desired, so long as they could be assured of their lives, despite the many evil deeds, murders, and robberies that had been done in the town. The English were lords of the town for three days, during which they amassed great riches, which they sent back to England with their navy. Then the king sent his earl to deal with the business in the town of Canterbury and ordered the English navy to leave the country, except for...\ngood towns closed and castles, to which the king made no assault because of the sparing of his people and his artillery. Near the river Seine, near Ronne: there was the exile of Harcourt, brother to Sir Godfrey of Harcourt, but he was on the French side. The English marshals ran a broad line just to Paris and burned Saint Germain-l'Auxerrois, Montjoie, and Saint Cloud, and Petit-Bois by Paris. The people of Paris were not well assured of themselves, for it was not yet closed. Then King Philip removed to Saint Denis, and before he went, he caused all the pentices in Paris to be pulled down. At Saint Denis, they were ready for the feast of our lady in August, and there in the field were killed a. the king tarried a night and in the morning departed. And when he was on his way, he looked behind him: and saw, for he had commanded before on pain of death, none to town within was so well defended by the means of the.\nThe bishop, who was there, finally urged the men to depart, and they burned the suburbs cleanly to the gates. Then, at night, they entered the king's field. The next day, the king ordered burning and destruction all before him, and at night, he lodged in a good village called Granther. There was no one to defend the castle, so it was soon taken and burned. They then went forth destroying the countryside all around and came to the castle of Poys, where there was a good town and two castles. There were only two fair damsels, daughters of the lord of Poys, left in them. They were taken, and had been violated. Two English knights, Sir John Hadros and Sir Basset, had not been there. They defended the damsels and brought them to the king. For his honor, the king made them welcome and demanded to know who lodged in the town of Poys. The people of the town and the castles spoke that night with the marshals of the host to save them and their town. There, the king intended to lie for a day or two to take the town.\nKing Philip and his people, including day laborers, were trying to find a passage and came to the bridge of Atheny. The bridge was well guarded with a large number of knights, squires, and local men. The Englishmen lit a fire and kept the Frenchmen from crossing from morning till noon. However, the bridge was so well fortified and defended that the Englishmen departed without gaining anything. They then went to a great town called Fountains, where some among them knew a passage beneath Abyle. If he showed himself there, he would be free of his ransom, and there was a variable passage called Blanch taque. You can be there by the rising sun. The king said:\n\nThe king of England slept little that night. At midnight, he rose and waited for the passage to lie open.\nSir Godmar Fay and his company, numbering twelve thousand men from the country and Mutterell, met the English host. The king of England did not hesitate, and when the water was in their name of God and St. George, some of the French from Artois and Picardy, who were as eager to fight in the water as on dry land, entered the fray. The French defended the passage so effectively at its exit that they had much to do; the Genoese caused them great trouble, and a large number of them from Abuyle, Mutterell, Arras, and St. Ragnier were slain. The chase lasted more than a great league, and as yet all the Englishmen had not crossed the river. However, certain curs of the king of Behaine and Sir John of Heynault came up from behind and took some of them.\ncertains horses and carriages/and some could take the passage. The French king departed from Araines that same morning, trusting to find Englishmen between him and the river Somme. But when he heard that Sir Godmar du Fay and his company were ahead, and that Lord Robert of Artois were also present, the king reassured the town and countryside as far as it concerned him and continued on. His marshals rode to Crois-t-sur-Epernnes on the seaside and burned the town, finding in the harbor many ships and barges loaded with wines of Poitou belonging to the merchants of the king's host. Then one of the marshals, Reynier, and after him to the town of Crois-saint-Esprit. This was on a Friday: and both batches of the marshals returned to the king's host about noon, and they all lodged together near Cressy in Poutheu. The king of England was well informed that the French king followed to fight. Then he said to his company: let us take some plot of ground here; we will go no farther.\nI have seen our enemies. I have good reason to remain here against them, for I am in possession of the rightful heritage of Queen my mother, which land was granted to her and me together. On the Friday, as I mentioned before: the king of England lay in the fields, for the country was abundant with wine and other provisions, and if necessary, they had provisions following in carts and other carriages. That night, the king made a supper for all his chief lords of his host, and made them merry, and when they had all departed to take their rest. Then the king entered his oratory and knelt down before the altar, praying devoutly to God that if he fought the next day, he might achieve the journey to his honor. Around midnight, he lay down to rest, and in the morning he rose by the appointed times and attended mass. The prince, his son, and most of his companions were set in all the carts and carriages, and within the park were all their horses.\nEvery man was a foot soldier: And into this park there was but one entrance / than he ordered three battles. In the first was the young prince of Wales / with him the earl of Warwick and Shrewsbury / Lord Giffard of Harcourt / Sir Reynold Cobham / Sir Thomas Holland / the earl of Stafford / Lord Maas / Lord Thomas Clifford / Lord Bourchier / Lord de la Tumer / and various other knights and squires that I cannot name: they were eight hundred men-at-arms / and two thousand archers / and a thousand of the Welshmen: every lord drew to the field appointed / under his own banner and pennon. In the second battle was the earl of Northampton / the earl of Arundel / the earl of Oxford / and the lord Montagu.\n\nThis Saturday the French king rose to order your battles / and let all your foot soldiers pass somewhat on before / that they be not troubled with the horsemen. Then the king sent four knights / the Moine Bastille the lord of Noirs / the lord of Beaufort / and the lord Montagu.\nSir Moyne, who was renowned as one of the valiantest knights in the world due to his past deeds, spoke before the company. The king then addressed him, saying, \"Speak, Sir Moyne, from Behaine's court. Know that we have encountered your enemies in three battles and they are now resting, awaiting you. I advise, saving your displeasure, that you and your company remain here and lodge for the night. For those following behind us in your wake cannot control the situation when they see them approaching. Once they sighted us, they charged forward, causing chaos and disorder among our ranks until we came within view of our enemies. Upon seeing them, we recoiled, and there was no man present who could imagine or express the truth of the situation.\nThe Yuel order among the French party was immense. I learned this from the Englishmen who witnessed their dying, as well as certain knights of Sir John of Heynault, who were always with King Philip. The Englishmen, lying on the ground to rest after three battles, rose swiftly and arranged their battle lines as soon as they saw the French approach. The first battle was the prince's battle, with archers forming in a hedge-like formation and men-at-arms in the rear. The Earl of Northampton and Earl of Arundell, with the second battle, were on a wing in good order, ready to support the prince's battle if necessary. The lords and knights of France assembled together in good order, but some came before and others after in such haste and disorderly fashion that one disturbed another. When the French king saw this,\nEnglishmen changed the color and said to their marshals, \"Make the way forward and begin the battle in the name of God and Saint Denise. There were about fifteen thousand men-at-arms in the vanguard, but they were so weary of going that day, armed with their crossbows, that they said to their constables, \"We are not well prepared to fight this day, for we are not in the condition to do any great deed of arms. We have more need of rest.\" These words reached the Earl of Albemarle, who said, \"A man is well at ease to be charged with such a sort of rascals, to be faint and fail now most needed.\" At the same time, a great rain and a hailstorm with a terrible thundercloud came upon both armies. Before the rain, a great number of crows flew over both battles, out of fear of the approaching tempest. Then immediately the sky began to clear, and the sun shone brightly and fairly: which was right in the Frenchmen's eyes and on the Englishmen's backs. When the vanguard was assembled.\nThe men approached and began to advance, making a great leap and crying out to intimidate the Englishmen. But they stood still and made no move. The Genoese charged again the second time, making another leap and a loud cry, and stepped forward a little. The Englishmen remained unmoved, not one of them slain. The next day they were found near the king, and all their horses tied to each other. The Earl of Alanston arrived at the battle on time and fought with the Englishmen. The Earl of Flanders also joined in on his side. These two lords and their companies engaged the English archers and came to the princes' battlefield, where they fought valiantly for a long time. The French king wished to come there when he saw their banners, but there was a great hedge of archers before him. The same day, the French king had given a great black horse to Sir John of Heynault, and he made Lord John of Fussels ride on it and bear his banner. The same horse took the reins.\nin the thick of the battle and led him through all the tumult of the Scotsmen. When he wished to return, he fell into a deep ditch and was severely injured; had it not been for his page, who followed him through all the battles, he would have perished. The page saw where his master lay in the ditch and had no other concern but for his horse, for the Scots would not yield in their battle for taking any prisoner, not even the page. He then did not go back the same way they came: there were too many in his path. This battle between Brooke and Creilly on this Saturday was very cruel and fierce, and many a deed of arms was done that came not to my knowledge: in the night, various knights and squires lost their masters, and sometimes the Scots came upon them, receiving them in such a way that they were ever on the brink of being slain, for none were taken to mercy or ransom. The English were determined in the morning of the battle to spare no Frenchmen.\nThe second battalion of Englishmen came to support the prince's battalion, and they were engaged hand to hand with the Frenchmen. Then the second battalion of Scots came to aid the prince's battalion, which was necessary as they had a great deal to do. They sent a messenger to the king, who was at Windmill Hill, asking him and his battalion to come and help. The knight said to the king, \"Sir Earl of Warwick, Sir Earl of Cambridge, Sir Reynold Cobham, and others who are with your son, are fiercely fighting and need your assistance. The Frenchmen are increasing in numbers as we fear, and your son and they will have a hard time if you do not come. Then the king replied, \"Is my son dead or injured, or has he fallen to the ground? No, he is not on the French side, but Sir Godfrey could not reach him in time, for he was either killed or could not reach him. The Earl of Aumale, his nephew, was also killed.\" The Earl of Alencon, elsewhere, was also killed.\nAnd the earl of Flanders fought valiantly, every lord under his own banner, but they could not resist against the pressure of the Englishmen. They were also slain, along with various other knights and squires. The earl of Blois, nephew to the French king, and the duke of Loraine fought under their banners, but they were eventually surrounded by English and Welsh men and were killed for all their prowess. The earl of Avesnes, earl of St. Pol, and many others were also slain. On this Saturday when the night had come: and the Englishmen heard no more noise from the French, than they considered themselves to have the victory and the French to be defeated, they made great fires and lit up torches and candles because it was very dark. Then the king dismounted from the little hill where he stood, and\nof all that day until his helmet never came on his head. Then he went with all his battle to his son, the prince, and embraced him in his arms and kissed him and said, \"Fair son, may God give you good perseverance / year, my good son, thus you have acquitted yourself nobly: you are worthy to keep a realm / the prince inclined himself to the earth, honoring the king his father. That night they thanked God for their good adventure / and made no boasts of it / for the king would that no man should be proud or make boasts / but every man humbly thank God. On the Sunday in the morning, there was such a mist that a man might not see the breadth of an acre of land from him / then, by the king and marshals' command, five hundred spears and two thousand archers departed / to see if they might find any Frenchmen gathered together in any place / the same morning, out of Able and St. R\u00e9my in Ponthieu, the commons of Ron and of Beauvais issued out of their towns, unnamed.\nThe day before they encountered the Welshmen, the Frenchmen knew of their disarray and believed they had been fresh troops. When the Welshmen saw them, they attacked fiercely, and there was a bitter battle. However, the Frenchmen fled and lost many, with more than seven thousand killed. If the day had been clear, not a single Frenchman would have escaped, as English companies kept encountering them. The Archbishop of Ron and the Great Prior of France, who were unaware of the French disarray since they had heard the French king would fight that same Sunday, met with the English. A great battle ensued due to their large numbers, but they could not withstand the English, as most were killed. Few survived, and both lords were slain. The following day, the Welshmen encountered various Frenchmen who had lost their way.\nSaturday, we had lain all night in the fields and didn't know where the king or captains were. They were all slain, as many as we encountered. It was shown to me: among the common people and men from the cities and good towns of France, there were four times as many slain on that Saturday in the great battle.\n\nThe same Sunday, when the king of England returned from mass, those who had been sent out came back and showed him what they had seen and done. They said, \"Sir, we believe there is now no more appearance of any of our enemies than you send to search for the number slain and what they were.\" Sir Reynold Cobham and Sir Richard Stafford, with three harbingers, went to search the field and countryside. They visited all the dead and rode all day in the fields. They returned again to the host as the king was going to supper. They made a just report of what they had seen and said there were eleven great princes dead, fourscore banners, twelve hundred knights, and more.\nThe thousand other Thegians kept their field all night on the Monday. In the morning, the king prepared to depart. The king caused the dead bodies of the great lords to be taken up and conveyed to Mutterell, and there they were buried in holy ground. The king made a proclamation in the country to grant true truce for three days, so that those of the countryside might search the field of Cressy to bury the dead. Then the king went forth and came before the town of Mutterell by the sea. His marshals ran to ward Hedyn: they burned Uabam and Seram, but they did nothing to the castle; it was too strong and well kept. They lodged that night on the river of Hedyn, toward Blangy. The next day they rode toward Bolaye, and came to the town of Unysame. There the king and the prince lodged, and they stayed there a day to refresh his men. On the Wednesday, the king came before the strong town of Calais. In the town of Calais there was a knight, a captain, from Burgundy, named Sir John de Vieux.\nAnd with him were Sir Andrew Dandrehen, Sir John de Suri, Sir Barbon de Belborne, Sir Godfrey de Lament, Sir Pepin de Urmue, and various other knights and squires. When the king of England came before Calais, he laid siege and ordered bastions between the town and the river. He had carpenters make houses and lodgings of great timber, and set the houses in rows, and covered them with red and thatch. It was like a little town: and there was a marketplace kept every Tuesday and Saturday for flesh and fish, mercery ware, houses for cloth for bread, wine, and all other necessary things such as came from England or Flanders, where they might buy what they pleased. The Flemish merchants often went into the country of Guines, into Triunois, and to the gates of St. Omers, and sometimes to Bolen: they brought great prices. The king would not assault the town of Calais: for he thought it a lost labor.\nThe king spared his people and artillery and declared his intention to famish them in the town with a long siege, unless the French king came and raised his siege by force. When the captain of Calais saw the manner and order of the Englishmen, he compelled all poor and mean people to leave the town. And on a Wednesday, more than seventeen thousand men, women, and children issued out, and as they passed through the host they were demanded why they were departing, and they answered that they had nothing to live on. The king granted them mercy, allowing them to pass through his host without danger, and gave them food and drink for dinner, and every person two.\n\nThe Duke of Normandy, besieging the strong castle of Agullou, made a great assault on it around the middle of August. Most of his host participated in the assault. The Lord Philip of Burgundy, Earl of Artois and Bouillon, and cousin of the Duke of Normandy, had recently arrived.\nHe was as bold as a young lusty knight. And as soon as the skirmish began, he took his horse with spurs and charged the skirmish line. The horse bit and carried away his master, stumbling in a ditch and falling both horse and man. The knight was so bruised by the fall that he never recovered and died from the same injury. Then, immediately after, the French king sent for his son, the duke of Normandy, commanding him in any way to break up his siege before Agincourt and return to France to defend his heritage from the English. And thereupon, the duke consulted with the lords who were there with him about what was best to do, for he had promised not to depart until he had won the castle. But the lords advised him to leave since the king, his father, had summoned him. The next day, at the appointed times: the Frenchmen hastily packed and departed towards France. Those within the fortress then issued out with the pennon.\nThe Lords Gaultiers of Manny joined the French forces: they captured among the rear company of the Frenchmen about three score prisoners and brought them into their fortress. These prisoners informed them of the English king's journey that season into France and how he was besieging Calais. After the Battle of Crecy, the French king departed from Amiens to Paris ward. He was greatly displeased with Sir Godmar du Fay because the king believed he had not faithfully kept the passage of Blanchetaque, where the English passed over the river Somme. If the French king could have captured him, it would have cost him his head, and many of the king's councilors thought he should have died and called him a traitor. The great loss the king suffered at Crecy was lamented, but Sir John of Heynault excused him. He argued that it was not within his power to resist the entire English army.\nsshmen/ when all the flower of the realm of France could not resist them. Then the duke of Normandy came to the king and queen, and was well received by them.\n\nIt was not long after that Sir Gaultier of Maas came into communication with a knight of Normandy who was his prisoner, and demanded of him how much money he would pay for his ransom. The knight answered and said he would gladly pay three crowns.\n\nLord Gaultier: I know well that you are kin to the duke of Normandy and well-loved by him, that's why I am sure. And if I were to sorely oppress you, I am sure you would gladly pay ten thousand crowns. But I shall deal otherwise with you. I will trust you on your faith and promise. You shall go to the duke your lord, and by your means get a safe conduct for me and twenty of my company to ride through France to Calais, paying courteously for all your expenses. And if you can get this from the duke or the king, I shall clearly quit you your ransom with.\nI greatly desire to see the king, my master, and I will not stay more than one night in a place before I arrive. If you cannot grant this, return here within a month and surrender yourself as my prisoner. The knight was content and went to Paris to see his lord, the duke. He obtained a passport for Sir Gaultier of Manny there and quitclaimed the knight Norman of his ransom. Then Sir Gaultier, with twenty horses, rode on and was allowed to pass wherever he stayed and showed his letter. However, when he came to Orl\u00e9ans, despite his letter, he was detained and brought to Paris and put in prison in the Ch\u00e2telet. When the duke of Normandy learned of this, he went to the king, his father, and showed him how Sir Gaultier of Manny had been treated unfairly. The king replied and said he should be delivered.\nThe duke said, \"Sir, if you truly mean this, I will never don armor against King Henry of England or those I can help: and upon his departure, he declared he would never enter the king's host again. The matter remained thus for a certain time. A knight from Heynalt named Sir Mansart de Sue intervened, helping Sir Water of Manny as much as he could. He frequently visited the Duke of Normandy. Eventually, the king was persuaded to be released from prison and all his costs were paid. The king summoned him to his lodging in Paris, Nesle, where they dined together. The king presented him with great gifts and jewels, valued at a thousand florins. Sir Gaultier of Manny received them on the condition that when he reached Calais, if his master, King Henry, was pleased, he would keep them; otherwise, he would return them to the French king, who said he spoke thus.\nA nobleman took his leave and departed, riding for so long that he reached Heynalt. He stayed there for three days before continuing on to Caales, where he was welcomed by the king. But when the king learned that Sir Gaultier of Manny had received gifts from the French king, he said to Sir Gaultier, \"You have faithfully served us up to this point and will continue to do so as we trust. Return the gifts that the king gave you. You have no reason to keep them. We are grateful that we have enough for ourselves and for you. Do much good for us in return for your good service.\" Sir Gaultier took all the jewels and gave them to a cousin of his named Mansac, instructing him to ride into France and recommend him to the king there. He also requested that Mansac express his thanks for the gift but make it clear that it was not the king's pleasure for him to keep the jewels. Therefore, he was sending them back to the king. The knight rode to\nParis showed all this to the king, who would not receive the jewels back but gave them instead to Sir Mansac, who thanked the king and was unwilling to refuse. I have heard before how the Earl of Derby was in the city of Bordeaux during the siege before Agullon. And as soon as he knew that the duke of Normandy had broken up his siege, he sent for all his knights and squires who held lands with the English party: the Lord Dalbret, the Lord de Lanspeare, the Lord of Rosam, the Lord of Mussident, the Lord of Punyers, the Lord of Torton, the Lord of Bouqton, Sir Amy of Trast, and many others came to Bordeaux. There were a hundred and twelve men-at-arms, two thousand archers, and three thousand foot soldiers in their company. They passed through Garon between Bordeaux and Blaye, then they took the road to Saint-Maurice and captured the town and the castle with an assault, setting a new captain and soldiers in it.\nThey rode to Alnoy and won the castle and the town. After they won Surgeres and Benon, but could not get the castle of Marrant, three leagues from Rochell, they went to Mortain on the sea side in Poyctou and took it by force. They made a garrison there. Then they rode to Lusignan. They burned the town but could not win the castle. They went to Taylbourge and won the bridge, town, and castle. They stole all who were within because a knight of theirs was slain in that assault. The countryside was so afraid that every man fled into strong holds and towns and abandoned their own houses. They made no other appearance of defense, but all knights and squires kept them in their fortresses and made no attempt to fight with the French. At last, the Earl of Derby laid siege to St. John Dangle and made a great assault. Within the town, there were no men of war until night when the assault ceased. Sir William Ryonmayre of the\nThe town and most of the burgesses sent to the Earl of Derby to request safe conduct for six burgesses to come to his host to treat with him the same night or the next day, which was granted. The next morning, these burgesses arrived at the Earl's tent and concluded to become good Englishmen as long as the King of England or someone else would keep and defend them from the French. The Earl stayed in that town for three days and took homage from the burgesses. Then the Earl went to the strong town of Niort, where was Captain Lord Guysacre Dangle. The Earl made three assaults but could not win. He then departed and went to Burg St. Maximin, which was taken by force and all within were slain. Afterward, they went to Moustier-Bouc, where there were two hundred money forgers who refused to surrender but defended the town. However, a fierce battle ensued.\nas soon as it was won, and all within were slain, the earl newfortified the castle and made a garrison there. Then the earl came before the city of Poycters, which was great and large. The earl besieged it on one side, for he had not enough forces to lay around about. Inconveniently they made an assault, and they of the city, who were a great number of mean people not very experienced in war, defended themselves so well at that time that they took but little damage. The assault ceased, and every man went to his lodgings. The next day, certain knights of the host rode about the town and returned, making report to the earl, and they determined the next day to assault the city in three places: and the greatest number to assault where the weakest place of the city was, and thus it was done. And at that time in the town, there was no knight who knew what manner of warfare it was, nor were the people experienced in deeds of arms to know how to defend.\nassautes. In the weakest place, Englishmen entered. When they saw the town won, they fled away out through other gates, but seven hundred were killed; all, men, women, and children, were put to the sword. The city was full of great riches, both of those from the town and of those from the country who had come there for safety. Several churches were destroyed, and many evil deeds were done; more would have been done had the earl not commanded that no man was to break into any church or house. He said he would stay there for ten or twelve days and might have done more if it had pleased him, for there was none to resist him. The country trembled in fear of him. Then the earl departed from Pevensey and left it deserted, for it was too large to be kept at their departure. They had so much riches that they did not know what to do with them; they took nothing but gold and silver and fettered men for soldiers. Then\nthey returned by small journeys to St. John Dangle. There the earl rested him for a certain space. The townspeople gave many good gifts to the ladies and damsels of the town, and so did the earl himself, making great dinners, suppers, and banquets, and making great revelry and sport among them. He achieved such grace among them that they said he was the most noble prince who ever rode on horseback. Then he took his leave of them, and made the mayor and the burgesses renew their oath and keep the town as the right heritage of the king of England. Then the earl returned by such fortresses as he had won, until he approached Bordeaux. Then he gave leave every man to depart and thanked them for their good service.\n\nIt is long since we spoke of King David of Scotland. Until now, there was no occasion for this, for the truce was well and truly kept. So when the king of England had been besieging Calais and lay there, then the\n\n(Note: The text appears to be incomplete at the end.)\nScott determined to make war into England / and to be revenged of such hurts as they had taken before, for they said then that the realm of England was void of men of war, as they were with the king of England before Calais, and some in Brittany, Poitou, and Gascony: the French king did what he could to stir the Scots to that war, to the intent that the king of England should break up his siege and return to defend his own realm. The king of Scots made his summons to be at St. John's town, on the river of Tweed in Scotland: thither came earls, barons, and prelates of Scotland: and there they agreed that in all possible haste they should enter into England, to come in this journey was desired John of the Isles, who governed the wild Scots: to him they obeyed and to no man else. He came with a three thousand of the most outlawish people in all that country. When all the Scots were assembled, they were of one and another.\nFifteen thousand fighting men: they could not assemble so secretly that the queen of England, who was then in the marches of the North about York, knew all their dealings. She sent word everywhere for men and stationed herself at York. Then all men of war and archers came to Newcastle with the queen. In the meantime, the king of Scots departed from St. John's Town and went to Dumbarton the first day. The next day they passed a little army of the sea and came to Edinburgh. Then they numbered their company, and there were three thousand men-at-arms knights and squires, and thirty thousand of other foot soldiers. Then they came to Roxburgh, the first English fortress on that side. The captain there was Sir William Montague. The Scots passed by without making any assault and so went on burning and destroying the northern lands of England. Their curs ran as far as York and burned as much as was possible.\nThe queen of England, who desired to defend her country, came to Newcastle upon Tyne and stayed there, waiting for me who was returning from the king of Scotland with a force of 20,000 men. The king of Scotland also came and encamped three English miles from Newcastle in the land of Lord Neville. The king sent word from the town that if they would come out into the field, he would be glad to fight with them. The lords and prelates of England replied that they were willing to risk their lives for the rightful heir of the king of England, their master. Then they all came out of the town and numbered twelve hundred men of arms, three thousand archers, and seven thousand others with the Scotsmen. Then the Scots encamped near them. Each man was set in order of battle. The queen called among her men, and there was ordered a battle.\nThe first had the bishopric of Dyrham and Lord Percy; the second, the archbishopric of York and Lord Nevill; the third, the bishopric of Lincoln and Lord Mowbray; the fourth, Lord Edward de Baylleule, captain of Berwick, the archbishop of Canterbury, and Lord Rosse. Every battle had like number according to their quantity. The queen went from battle to battle, urging them to do their duty to defend the honor of her lord, King of England, and in the name of God, every man to be of good heart and courage, promising them that to her power she would remember them as well or better than though her lord the king were personally present. Then the queen departed, recommending them to God and St. George. Immediately after the battles of the Scots began, and similarly did the English. Then the archers began to shoot on both parties; but the Scots' shots endured for a short time.\nThe archers of England shot fearfully, causing a hard battle when the Scots approached. The engagement began at nine in the morning and continued until noon. The Scots had sharp and hard weapons and gave many great strokes. However, eventually the English gained control of the place and victory, but they lost many men. Among those killed were the Earl of Bothwell, the Earl of Ostlie, the Earl Patrick, the Earl of Surland, the Earl David Stewart, the Earl of Mar, Earl John Douglas, and Lord Alexander Ramsey, who bore the king's banner. The king was taken, who fought valiantly and was severely wounded. A squire of Northumberland named John Copland took him. Immediately upon taking the king, he rode out of the field with eight of his servants and traveled all day until he was fifteen leagues from the battlefield. That night he came to a castle called Orlyus. And then he declared he would not deliver the king.\nThe earl of Morette, the earl of March, Lord William Douglas, Lord Robert Vesy, the bishop of Dudley, and the bishop of St. Andrews, among other knights and barons, were taken alive, pledging allegiance only to the king of England, their lord. On the same day, in the field, there were killed a total of fifteen thousand, and the others saved themselves as well as they could. This battle took place near Newcastle, in the year of our Lord MCCCXLVI, on the Saturday following St. Michael.\n\nWhen the queen of England was at Newcastle and learned of the journey, she rode to the site where the battle had taken place. There, she was shown how the king of Scotland had been captured by a squire named John Copland, and he had taken the king away, and no one knew where. The queen then wrote to the squire, commanding him to bring his prisoner, the king of Scotland, and reprimanding him for departing with him without leave.\nthat day, the glyspsmen remained in the same place, and the queen with them. The next day, they returned to New castle. When the queen's letter was brought to John Copland: he answered and said that as for the king of Scots, his prisoner, he would not deliver him to any man or woman living but only to the king of England, his sovereign lord. As for the king of Scots, he said he should be safely kept, so that he would give an account for him. Then the queen sent letters to the king at Calais, informing him of the state of his realm. The king sent instructions to John Copland to come over the sea to him to the siege before Calais. Then the same John put his prisoner in safe keeping in a strong castle and rode through England until he reached Dover. There he took the sea and arrived before Calais. When the king of England saw the squire, he took him by the hand and said, \"Welcome, my squire, through your valiantness, you have taken what is mine.\"\nadversary, the king of Scots / The squire knelt down and said: Sir, if God, by His grace, has allowed me to take the king of Scots through the true conquest of arms, Sir, I think no man ought to have any envy thereat. For as well God may send such fortune to fall to a poor squire as to a great lord and queen, my wife: and in reward, I assign you near to your house where you think best to live. A yearly rent of 100 pounds sterling, and this for you and your heirs forever: and here I make you squire for my body. Then, on the third day, he departed and returned again to England. And when he came home to his own house, he assembled his friends and kin. And so they took the king of Scots and rode with him to the city of York. And there, from the king, his lord, he presented the king of Scots to the queen and excused him so generously that the queen and her council were content. Then the queen made good provision for the city of York, the castle of Rosbourg,\nThe city of Durham / the town of Newcastle upon Tyne / and in all other garrisons on the marches of Scotland / and left there the Lords Percy and Neville / as governors. Then the queen departed from York towards London. She then set the King of Scots in the strong tower of London / and the Earl of Moray / and all other prisoners. She set good keeping over them. Then she went to Dover and there took the sea / and had such good wind that in a short space she arrived before Calais three days before the feast of All Saints / for whose coming the king made a great feast and dinner for all the lords and ladies who were there / the queen brought many ladies and damsels with her, as well to accompany her / as to see their husbands, fathers, brothers, and other friends who lay siege there before Calais / and had been doing for a long time.\n\nThe siege before Calais lasted long / and many things fell in the meantime / which I cannot write the fourth part of. The\nThe French king had stationed soldiers in every fortress in the marches of Guines, Thoyes, Boloyne, and around Calais. He had a large number of Genoese, Normans, and others at sea. Whenever one side lost ground, the other would gain it. The king of England caused engines to be constructed to oppress them within the town, but they within made counter-engines to resist, so that they suffered little harm from them, but nothing could enter the town except by stealth, and this was achieved by the means of two sailors, one named Maraunt and the other Mestryell, who lived in Abuyle. The people of Calais were often comforted and supplied by stealth from them, and they were frequently in great need of Flanders' friendship, for he thought that by their means he could more easily capture the captain, that is, Sir G., the French king, to keep the town, but Flanders departed and returned again.\nThe king of England, while laying siege before Calais, continuously dispatched messengers to the Flemish and made them substantial promises to maintain their alliance with him and suppress the French king's efforts to draw them to his side. The king of England was eager to marry the earl of Flanders, who was then allied with the French, as the earl agreed. The king was pleased with this arrangement, believing that the Flemish would more willingly aid him through this marriage. The Flemish, in turn, thought they could secure the entire earldom of Flanders by having the king of England as an ally. The earl, however, was reluctant to marry the king's daughter, whose father had killed his, despite his ability to do so.\nHalf of the entire realm of England. When the Flemish saw that: they said their lord was too French and gave yuel advice, and also said they would do no good to him since he would not believe their counsel. Then they took and put him in the Courtouse prison and said he should never depart unless he followed and believed their counsel. They also said that the earl his father believed and loved too much the Frenchmen, for if he had believed, he would have been the greatest lord in all Christendom and recovered again Lysle, Douai, and Bethwin, & yet alive. Thus the matter remained certain for a while: the king of England lay still at the siege before Calais and kept a great court that Christmas. And about the beginning of Lent, there came thither from Gascony the earl of Derby, the earl of Penbroke, the earl of Warwick, and diverse other knights and squires who had passed the sea with the earl. Thus the earl of Flanders was long in danger among them.\nStepping in the Courtouse prison greatly annoyed him. At last, he said he would believe their counsel: for he knew well he had said that he would have more profit there than in any other country. These words rejoiced the Flemings greatly: then they took him out of prison and allowed him to go hunting by the river, which the earl loved well. But ever there was good watch laid on him, that he should not steal away from them. And they were charged on their lives to take good care of him. This lasted so long that at last the earl said that he would gladly have the king of England's daughter as his wife. The Flemings sent word of this to the king and the queen and pointed out a day that they should come to Bergus in the abbey and bring their daughter with them, and they would bring there their lord, the earl of Flanders.\nThe king and queen were present to conclude the marriage. The earl and his men from Flanders, the saddest men of the good towns in Flanders, came to Bergues between Newport and Gravelines. The king of England and the queen were ready. The earl courteously inclined to the king and the queen. The king took the earl by the right hand gently and led him forth. The king said, \"As God helps me: I never heard that he would be there on the day of the Battle of Crecy or the next day after. The young earl seemed content with the king's excuse. Then they began communication about the marriage. There were certain articles agreed upon by the king of England and the earl of Flanders. Great amities were sworn. The marriage was to have been finished. The earl's falconer cast a falcon at an heron. The earl.\nThe earl and another knight chased the hare, and the earl rode after to follow his hawk. When he was a good way ahead and had the advantage of the fields, he spurred his horse and galloped forth so that his keepers lost sight of him. He galloped directly until he reached Artois and there was in safety. Then he rode into France to King Philip and showed him all his adventure. The king and the Frenchmen said he had acted wisely, but the Englishmen on the other side said he had betrayed and deceived them. However, the king did not keep the Flemings in favor for this, as he knew the earl had done this deed without their counsel, for they were very displeased with it. The excuse they made, the king soon believed in their behalf.\n\nWhile the king lay siege before Calais, there came to see the king and queen various lords and knights of Flanders, of Brabant, of Hainault, and of Almaine: and there\nSir Robert of Namur had departed, giving great gifts to none but himself. At the same time, Sir Robert of Namur, newly arrived in the county of Namur and a knight of Liege from the Holy Land, had been knighted at the Holy Sepulchre. This young, lusty knight was not desired by either king more than he came of his own accord, well accompanied and richly, to the siege before Calais. He presented himself to the king of England, who joyfully received him, as did the queen and all the other lords. Sir Robert entered greatly into the king's favor because he bore the name of Sir Robert d'Artois, the king's vassal. Thus, Sir Robert became the king's liege man. The king gave him three hundred pounds sterling per year from his treasury to be paid at Bruges. Sir Robert remained with the king before Calais until the town was taken.\n\nIt is long since we spoke of Sir Charles de Blois, who was then the duke of Brittany.\nThe countess of Mountford: but it was because of the true truce taken at Uannes, which was well kept. During the truce, either party kept peace while in possession. As soon as the truce expired, they made fierce war again. Sir Thomas Danforth and Sir John Harewell came from the king of England into Brittany. They came there from the siege of Calais with a hundred men-at-arms and four hundred archers. They stayed with the countess of Mountford at Hanbury, and with her, Sir Part made numerous journeys against Sir Charles de Blois' men. Sometimes they won and sometimes they lost. The contest was explained and destroyed by reason of these men of war. One day, these Englishmen laid siege to a good town called Roche-darene, and often they took turns, with three parts being English and one French. And so they took the captain and said they would steal him, unless he yielded himself to them English. Then he said, \"I will not yield myself to you Englishmen, but I will defend myself.\"\nHe would do as they wished him, and so they let him go. With him were four hundred knights and twenty-four banners. He came and laid siege to Rochdale, recently won by the Englishmen, and had great engines that cast day and night, greatly distressing them within. Then the townsfolk sent messengers to the Countess of Mountford, promising to send them aid and comfort. The countess quickly assembled men and soon had a thousand men-at-arms and eight thousand foot. She made captains of the three knights, who said they would never return until they had lifted the siege before Rochdale or else die in the quarrel. And so they set out and came near to Sir Charles of Blois' host, lodging by a river side that night, intending to fight the next day. And when every man was at rest, Sir Thomas Dangorne and Sir John Artwell caused half\ntheir co\u0304pany to be armed / and depted fro them hoost about mydnight / and sodenly entred into the lorde Charles hoost on y\u2022 one syde \u25aa and beate downe and slewe moche people / and they tary\u2223ed so longe that all the hoost was moued and e\u2223uery man redy / so that they coulde nat retourne agayne without batayle. There they were en\u2223closed and fought withall sharpely / so that they might nat bere the frenchmens dedes / but ther they were taken / and sir Thomas Dangorne sore hurt / but sir Johan Artwell saued hymselfe aswell as he might by the ryuer / and retourned to his company and shewed them his adue\u0304ture thanne they were determyned to haue retour\u2223ned agayne to Hanybout.\nTHe same seson that the englysshemen were thus in counsayle / and had determy\u00a6ned to haue departed: there came to them a knyght from the countesse of Mountforte called Garnyer lorde of Ca\u2223dudall with a hu\u0304dred men of armes. And assone as he was come and knewe all their demenour: hther was a slepe and ather was moch people slayne: and sir Charles\nof Bois and all the lords of Breton and Normandy who were there with him were taken prisoners. Thus, the siege of Rodes was raised, and the lord Charles was brought to Haniboute, but such fortresses as were of his party held still, for his wife, who called herself duchess of Brittany, took the war into her hands. King Philip, who knew well how his men were sore pressed in Calais, commanded every man to be with him at the feast of Pentecost in the city of Amiens or thereabout: there was none who dared say no. The king kept a great feast there. Duke Odysseus of Burgundy and the duke of Normandy, his eldest son, came there, and the French king would gladly have had the passages of Flanders opened to him; for then he thought he might send part of his men to Gravelines and by that way refresh the town of Calais, and on the other side fight easily with the English. He sent great messengers into Flanders to treat for this matter, but the king of\nEngland had such friends who would never accede to courtesy as the French king, who said he would go to their aid towards Burgoyne. The king of England saw that he could not withstand the sons of Arthur, and specifically he sent his constable, Sir Charles Somerset, who stayed for three days at Blangy. There, he rested to consider which way to proceed: then he was advised to go through the country called La Belme, and that way he took, along with one hundred and fifty men. They passed through the county of Franqueberg and came directly to the hill of Sangattes, between Calais and Wisent. They arrived there in good order with banners displayed, and you shall hear what the king of England did and caused to be done when he saw and knew that the French king had come with such a large host to raise the siege, which had cost him so much good and pain to his body, and had lost many of his men.\nThe town was constrained, unable to endure for lack of supplies. It grieved him deeply to depart. Then he devised a way to keep the Frenchmen away from the high tower. The downs were fortified by the French, well fortified with great and double walls on either side. On the English side, they appointed counsellors to confer and negotiate for peace for the French king. The duke of Burgoyne and the duke of Bourbon, Sir Loyes of Savoy, and Sir John Hey Natal were present for the English side. For the French side, there were the earl of Derby, the earl of Northampton, Lord Reynold Cobham, and Lord Gaultier of Manny. The two cardinals acted as intermediaries between the parties. These lords met for three days, and many proposals were put forth, but none took effect. In the meantime, the king of England continually fortified his host, field, and made ditches on the downs, so that the French would not suddenly come on. These three days passed without any agreement other than the two cardinals returning to Saint Dmers. When the Frenchmen, however,\nThe king saw that he could do nothing the next day. He dismounted by the roadsides and took his way to Amiens. Every man was given leave to depart. When the men within Calais saw their king depart, they made great sorrow: some Englishmen followed the Frenchmen's trail, took winter carts and baggage, horses, wine, and other things, and took prisoners, whom they brought before Calais.\n\nAfter the French king was thus departed from Sandwich, the men within Calais saw clearly how their courage failed them, for which they were in great sorrow. Then they desired their captain, Sir John of Uyen, to go to the walls of the town and make a sign to speak with someone from the host. When the king heard of this, he sent there Sir Gaultier of Many and Sir Basset. Then Sir John of Uyen said to them, \"Sir knights, you are truly valiant in deeds of arms, and you know well how my master the king has sent me and others to this town and commanded us to\"\nkepe it to his benefit: in such a way that we take no blame nor harm him, and we have done all that lies in our power. Now our supplies have failed us, and we are so weakened that we have not the means to live, but that we must all die, or else who is great abundance. Then Sir Gaultier of Mann said, \"In like manner, the town comes out bare. There was great lamentation made by men, women, and children at their departure: then the gate was opened and he issued out with the burgesses and closed the gate again. So, the town of Calais, wherefore, good knight, I require you: pray the king to have mercy on them that they do not die.\" Sir Gaultier said, \"I cannot say what the king will do, but I shall do the best I can for them.\" Then the barriers were opened, and the six burgesses went towards the king, and the captain entered the town. When Sir Gaultier presented these burgesses to the king, they knelt down and held up their hands and said: \"Gentle king, behold here we are.\"\nsix who were burgesses of Calais and great merchants / we have brought to you the keys of the town and of the castle / and we submit ourselves clearly to your will and pleasure / to save the remainder of the people of Calais, who have suffered great pain. Sir, we beseech your grace to have mercy and pity on us through your high nobles: than all the earls & barons / and other who were there, hangman / and said that Calais has caused many of mine to be slain / wherefore these shall die in the same way. Then the queen, being great with child, knelt down & sore weeping said: a good sir, since I passed the sea in great peril I have spared nothing of you / therefore now I humbly require you in the honor of the son of the virgin Mary and for the love of me / that you will take mercy on these six burgesses. The king held the queen and stood still for a while, and they said / a lady, I would you had been in some other place / you make such a request to me, I cannot. Made you halters to be.\ntaken from their necks and clothed them anew, giving each of them dinner at their lesser. Then she gave each of them noblemen and had them brought out of the dungeon in safety, and set them at liberty. Thus, the strong town of Calais was given up to King Edward of England in the year of our Lord God, 1456, in the month of August. The king of England called to him Sir Gaultier of Man and his two marshals, the Earl of Warwick and the Earl of Stafford, and said to them, \"Sirs, take hold of the keys of the town and castle of Calais. Go and take possession there and put in prison all the knights who are there, as well as all other soldiers who came there simply to live, because I want to repopulate the town with pure Englishmen.\" So these three lords, with a hundred men with them, took possession of Calais and did put in prison Sir John de Viennes, Sir John of Surrey, Sir John of Belborne, and others.\nother: than they made all the soldiers bring all their armor to a place appointed and laid it all on a heap in the hall of Calais, then they made all manner of people void and kept there no more persons but a priest and two other ancient personages, such as knew the customs, laws, and ordinances of the town, and signed out the heralds how they were divided. Then they prepared the castle to lodge the king and queen, and prepared other houses for the king's company. The king mounted on his horse and entered into the town with trumpets, tabors, nakers, and horns, and there the king lay till the queen was brought a bed of a fair lady named Margaret. The king gave to Sir Gaultier of Many diverse fair houses within the town, and to the earl of Stafford, to the lord of Bethune, to Sir Bartylmewe of Bomes, and to other lords to repopulate the town. The king's mind was when he came into England to send out of London thirty-six good burgesses to Calais to dwell.\nthere and do something so that the town might be peopled with pure Englishmen, who intended to fulfill the king's wish. The new town and bastion that was made outside the town was pulled down. The castle that stood on the hill was razed down. The great timber and stones were brought into the town. Then the king ordered men to keep the gates, walls, and barriers. Sir John de Wynne and his company were sent to England, and they were detained there for half a year at London, and then they were ransomed. I think it was a great pity for the burgesses and other men of the town of Calais, and women and children, who were forced to abandon their houses, heritages, and goods, and carry nothing away. They had no restoration from the French king for whose sake they lost all. The majority of them went to Saint Omer. The cardinal Guy de Boloyne, who had come into France in legacy and was with the French king his cousin in the city of\nA man named Amyas purchased a truce between the kings of England and France, their countries and heritages, which was to last for two years. All parties agreed to the treaty except for Breton, as the two ladies continued to wage war against each other. Afterward, the king of England and the queen returned to England, and they appointed Sir Amyas Paulet, a Lombard born man whom the king had favored, as captain of Calais. The king then sent 36 burgesses from London to Calais, who were wealthy and wise, along with their wives and children. The number of settlers increased due to the king granting them such liberties and franchises, making it an attractive place for people to live. At the same time, Sir Charles de Blois, who called himself the duke of Brittany, was brought to London. He was imprisoned in the Tower of London, along with the king of Scotland and the earl of Morette. However, he had not stayed long in prison, as it was at the request of the queen of England, who was his cousin.\nGermaine was received on his faith and truth and rode all about London at his pleasure, but he could not spend one night outside of London without being with the king or the queen. At the same time, there was a knight named the Earl of Ewe and Guyines imprisoned in England. He was a very noble knight, and his behavior was such that he was welcomed wherever he went, by the king and queen, lords, ladies, and damsels.\n\nAll this year, these two kings kept the true peace between them. However, Sir William Douglas and the Scots were in the Forest of Gedeon, making war on the English. Additionally, those in Gascony, Poyctou, and Xainton kept nothing of the true peace taken between the two kings. They often conquered towns and castles from one another by force, purchase, or stealth, night and day. And frequently, there were many fair encounters, some to the Frenchmen and some to the Englishmen, and the poor brigands always suffered.\nAmong them, some became captains of other brigades. Some were worth over 20,000 crowns. They often spied a good town a day's journey or two away, then assembled 20 or 30 of them and went by covert ways day and night, entering the town unbeknownst in the morning and setting fire to some house. The people of the town would think it was done by some men at war and flee away from the town. Then these brigands would break open coffers and houses and rob and take what they pleased, slipping away when they had finished. Among them was a brigand named Langdocke. He spotted the strong castle of Couborne in Limousin. He rode at night with 30 companions and took the castle by surprise. He took the lord of the castle, named Coubourne, prisoner and kept him in his own castle for a long time. Eventually, they released him.\nRansomed him for twenty-four thousand crowns, and they kept the castle and made war in the country. And afterwards, through fair promises, the French king bought him and his castle: and gave him ten.\n\nIn a similar case, there were Brigantes in Britain, who made war and plundered towns and castles, and lived by robbery, holding allegiance to no man; for they plundered what they kept for themselves and sold to the towns and castles in the countryside. And among others, there was a master named Croquart, who was previously a poor page attending on Lord Dercle in Holland. When this Croquart began to grow up: his lord gave him leave to depart and go to the wars in Britain, and there he filled a place in the army and bore himself well, and at an skirmish his master was taken and killed. Then, because of his prowess, his comrades chose him captain in place of their master. And then he gained so much by the winning of towns and castles, that he was esteemed to be worth forty thousand.\nA thousand crowns beside his horse: of which he had twenty or thirty good coursers and a double horse; and he was one of the most expert men of arms in that country. He was chosen in a battle to be one of the thirty of the English party, and he won there the prize above all others. The fresh king made him offers and promises that if he would become his friend, make him richly married, and give him two thousand pounds of revenues yearly, but he would not agree to this. It happened to him one day to ride a young horse, which he had bought for three hundred crowns. All this season in the town of Saint Omers was Lord Geoffrey of Charney, who kept the frontiers there, engaging in everything related to the war as a king. He then considered how lubardy naturally behaves; therefore, he thought to try to get the town of Calais, where Amery of Pauvres, lord of Calais, was captain, due to the truce they had with Saint Omers.\nmyght go to Calais, and they of Calais to St. Omer: so that daily those who resorted there did their merchandise. Then, Sir Geoffrey secretly made a treaty with Sir Amy of Pauw: so that he promised to deliver into the French hands the town and castle of Calais for 20,000 crowns. This was not done so secretly but that the King of England had knowledge of it. Then the King sent for Amy de Pauw to come into England to Westminster to speak with him, and he came over: for he thought that the King had not had knowledge of that matter, he thought he had done it so secretly. When the King saw him, he took him aside and said, thou knowest well I have given thee keeping of the thing in this world that I love best next my wife and children, that is to say the town and castle of Calais. Thou hast sold it to the French. Wherefore thou hast well deserved to die. Then the Lambert knelt down (and said), a noble king I cry you mercy, it is true that you say, but sir, the bargain may yet be undone.\nThe knight had not received payment as of yet: the king had loved the Lombard, who said, \"I will go forward with your business. On the day you appoint to deliver the town, let me know beforehand. And on this condition, I forgive your transgressions.\" The Lombard then returned to Calais and kept this matter secret. Sir Geoffrey of Charney then thought it wise to take Calais. He assembled a certain number of men secretly, about five hundred spearmen. Few knew what he intended. I believe he never informed the French king of this, for if he had, I think the king would not have consented, because of the truce. The Lombard had appointed to deliver the castle the first night of the new year. The Lombard sent word of this to the king of England.\n\nWhen the king of England knew the certain day appointed, he departed from England with three hundred men of arms and six hundred archers. He took shipping at Dover and in.\nThe evening arrived at Calais, coming so secretly that no one knew of it. The men disembarked and hid their men in chambers and towers within the castle. Then the king said to Sir Gaultier of Man: I will that you be chief of this enterprise, for I and my son, the prince, will fight under your banner. Lord Geoffrey of Charney: The last day of December at night departed from Arras and all his company, and came near to Calais about midnight. He tarried there, abiding for his company, and sent two squires to the posterior gate of the castle of Calais. There they found Sir Amy, ready. They demanded of him if it was time for Lord Geoffrey to come. The sergeant replied yes. They returned to their master and reported as the sergeant said. Then he made his men pass Newland Bridge in good order of battle. Then he sent twelve knights with a hundred men-at-arms to go and take possession of the castle of Calais, for he thought well if he might.\nThe castle was about to be taken; he had a large number of men with him, and could always have more whenever he wanted. The lord Edward of Rene gate had not let down the bridge of the postern, and had allowed the hundred men-at-arms to enter peacefully. Sir Edward delivered to the lord 20,000 crowns in a bag to the lord, who said, \"Here they all are; for I have no less to tell them, for it will soon be day.\" He cast the bag of crowns into a cart and said to the Frenchmen, \"Come on, sirs, you shall enter the dungeon; then you will be sure to be lords of the castle.\" They went there and he drew apart the bar. The gate opened. Within this tower was the king of England with two hundred spearmen, who issued out with their swords and pikes in their hands, crying, \"Many, many to the rescue!\" What do the Frenchmen think, with so few men, to win the castle of Calais? Then the Frenchmen saw well that\nThe defenders could not withstand the attack at the wall; they surrendered and became prisoners, few among them were injured. They were then taken to the same tower for imprisonment. Then some men emerged from the castle into the town and mounted their horses, for they had all the French prisoners' horses. The archers rode to the Bolyne gate where Sir Geoffrey was with his banner before him, of gules, three scallops of silver. He had great desire to be the first to enter the town. He said to the knights around him, \"Open the gate quickly, or we are likely to die here from the cold.\" In the name of God, said Pepin de Werre: \"Lombards are cunning and subtle people. He is now looking at your crowns to see if they are all good or not, and to see if he has his full sum or not.\" There, with the king of England and the prince his son, was ready at the gate under the banner of Sir Gaultier of Manny. Along with them were various other banners, such as the Earl of Stafford, the Earl of Suffolk, and the Lord.\nJohn Montagu, brother to the earl of Salisbury, the lord Beauchamp, and the lord Bever were better to fight with a good heart, trusting in the journey being ours. The English heard these words (and said) through St. George, \"Shame on him who flees / the Frenchmen lit a foot and put their horses away from them / and ordered themselves in battle.\" When the king saw that he stood still (and said), \"Let us order ourselves to fight: for our enemies will wait for us.\" The king sent part of his company to Newland bridge, for he heard there was a great number of Frenchmen. Then Theder went with six banners and three hundred archers, and there they found Lord Monau of Fines and the lord of Creques keeping the bridge, and between the bridge and Calais there were many crossbows of St. Omer and Ayre. Therefore, there was a sore fight, and six hundred or more Frenchmen were slain and drowned, for they were soon discomfited and chased into the water. This was early in the morning, but in the continent it was day.\nThe Frenchmen held their ground for a while, and many feats of arms were done on both sides. But the English continued to come out of Calais, and the French abated. Then the Frenchmen saw they could not long keep the bridge; those who had horses mounted and showed their heels, and the English followed in chase. Many were overthrown; those who were well-mounted saved themselves, such as the Lord Fresnes, the Lord Creques, the Lord of Sepy, the Lord of Louchinleych, and the Lord of Namur. Many were taken by their own outrage who could have saved themselves if they had wished. When it was fair day and every man could see each other, some French knights and squires assembled together again and turned and fought fiercely with the English. Some Frenchmen took good prisoners, thereby gaining both honor and profit.\n\nNow let us speak of the king, who was unknown to his enemies, hidden under:\nThe banner of Sir Gaultier of Manny; he was among his men, seeking enemies who stood together with their spears for a long time. At the first encounter, there was a fierce battle. Lord Estace of Ribemount, a strong and hardy knight, engaged the king in a long fight. The Frenchmen fought valiantly, especially Lord Estace of Ribemount, who struck the king twice on his knees that day. However, the king eventually took him prisoner and he surrendered his sword to the king (saying), \"Sir knight, I surrender as your prisoner.\" He did not know then that it was the king. The journey was for the king of England. All who were there with Sir Geoffrey were killed or captured, including Sir Herry of Boys and Sir Pepin de la Warre and Sir Geoffrey. Thus, this.\nJourney accomplished by Calais in the year of our Lord MCCCVIII, last day of December towards the next morning.\n\nWhen this battle was over, the king returned again to the castle of Calais and caused all the prisoners to be brought there. Then the Frenchmen knew well that the king had been there personally, ready for every man in new armor and making good cheer though they were prisoners. The king sat down, and the lords and knights of England served him at the first meal: and at the second, they sat down at another table, and they were all well served and at great ease. Then, when supper was done and the tables taken away, the king stayed in the hall with his knights and with the Frenchmen. He was bareheaded, saving a chaplet of fine pearls that he wore on his crown. Joyously to Sir Eustace of Ribamont, he said: Sir Eustace, you are the knight in the world that I have seen most valiant, as you sail your enemies and defend yourself nor I.\nA knight who has never given me such a body-to-body experience as you have today, I bestow upon you a prize above all the knights in my court by right of sentence. The king then took the chaplet that was on his head, which was both fair and goodly, and said, \"Sir Eustace, I give you this chaplet as a reward for the best deed done in any place. I grant you your freedom and ransom, and you may depart tomorrow if it pleases you.\" In the same year, King Philip of France married his second wife at the age of eighteen or thereabouts. The wedding took place on the ninth day of February, at the beginning of Lent, at St. Genevieve near St. Germain in Laynesse. The Duke of Normandy, the king's eldest son, wedded his second wife there. She was the daughter of Earl William of Bolaine.\nIn the year of our Lord, 1411, at the beginning of August, Sir Roll of Caours and diverse other knights and squires, numbering six hundred men-at-arms, fought before a castle called Auleon. Sir Thomas Dagorne, a captain in the king of England's service in Brittany, was present. And the same Sir Thomas there made knights the king's eldest son, Dolphin of Wyen, and Louis his second son, Earl of Alanson. The Earl of Stapes, the Lord John, Duke Philip of Orl\u00e9ans, brother to the king, the Duke of Burgundy, son to the queen by her at Neele and at his palaces, were present until it was Saint Martin's tide. On the sixteenth day of November, Raffe, Earl of Ewe and of Guines, constable of France, who had recently been released from prison in England, was taken in the king's house at Neele in Paris, where the king was, by the provost of Paris at the king's command. He was imprisoned there until the Thursday after.\nAbout the hour of matins on the same day, the constable was heard in prison, in the presence of the Duke of Bourbon, the Earl of Armagnac, the Earl of Monfort, Lord John of Bolain, the Earl of Renell, and various other knights, by the command of the king who was at his palaces. This constable was charged with high treasons; he confessed to the Duke of Athens and to various others. He was buried in the august king, for the honor of the friends of the said constable. In the month of January, Lord Arnold Dandrehen and various others presented a red hat to Giles Rygalt of Roussy, who was abbot of St. Denis, and was made cardinal in the palace of Paris, in the presence of the king by the bishops of Laon and Paris, by the authority of a bull from the pope, which had neither been issued before. Separately, after the French recovered the town of St. John Dangle, which the English had kept,\nThe year the fellowship of the noble house of Saint John bore a star on his hat and mantle. This was the greatest darkness that any man living could remember throughout all France, for a price of wheat was worth eight shillings in Paris. In the year of our Lord MCCC LI, in the vigil of our Lady in the midst of August, the lord Guy of Nevers, lord of Beaujeu, duke of Burgundy, appealed to the court of France. These two dukes came into the field, both armed in a list made for the said duke of Almain's challenger and for the duke of England's defender. And though the Englishmen were enemies to the French king, and the English duke came there under safe conduct to fight a matter, and did set them in accord and make peace: the sixth day of December following, Pope Clement VI died at Avignon, the eleventh year of his pontificate. However, he was bishop of (omitted) at the time.\nCleremont, commonly known as the cardinal of Clermont, was named Stephen when he was chosen as pope, in the year 1305, on the eighth day of January. Shortly after the breaking of the day in the morning, Charles, earl of Navarre, caused Stephen to be killed in the town of the Egles in Normandy, in an hostel. Charles of Spain, constable of France, was in his bed at the time, and sent certain men of arms to carry out the deed. He remained outside the town until they had finished and then returned to him. The lord Philip of Navarre, the lord Lovs of Harcourt, the lord Godfrey of Harcourt, and various other knights and squires, both from Normandy and from Naure, were also present.\n\nKing Charles of Navarre and his company then went to the city of Duras, of which he was earl, and fortified the town. The lord of Maul\u00e9, John Maler, lord of Grailly, the lord of Navarre, were also there.\nthough he had caused the castle of France to be dyed / yet he thought he should not completely lose the favor of the French king, whose daughter he had married; therefore he made a request for pardon to the king. It was thought in the realm of France that great war should ensue between these two kings. The king of Navarre had made great assemblies of men-at-arms in various regions and fortified his towns and castles. Eventually, an agreement was made between these two kings on certain conditions. That is, the French king was to deliver to the king of Navarre 38,000 livres in Paris, as well as other lands that the French king was to assign him by certain treaty. The French king was to keep all the said lands besides those he held before in Paris. If he wished to keep his eschequer two times in the year, as nobly as any duke of Normandy had done: also, the French king was to pardon the death of the constable and all those involved in it.\nmy promise by oath never to do any harm or damage to any person on account of that occasion. And the king of Navarre was to have a large sum of money from the French king, and the king of Navarre would come to Paris: he would have in hostage the earl of Anjou, the second son to the king. Then he came to Paris with a great number of men of arms. On the third day of March, he came into the parliament chamber where the king sat and various lords of the realm with him and his counselors: there was the cardinal of Bourbon; there the king of Navarre requested the French king to pardon him the death of the constable of France, saying he had good cause to do so. He offered to prove this there or at the king's pleasure. And also he said and swore that he did it not for any grudge against the king nor in contempt of his office: saying also that there was nothing more grievous to him than to be in the king's displeasure. Then the Lord Jacques of Bourbon, as constable by the king's commandment, set up [a tribunal] for the trial.\nhis hands on the king of Navarre and caused him to withdraw from the king's pleasure, for which they are sorry: and request you to pardon him your ill will, and by the grace of God, he shall behave himself forwardly from now on, so that you and all the people of France will be pleased with him, instead the constable and marshals went again for the king of Navarre and brought him into the king's presence, where he stood between the two queens. Then the cardinal said to the king of Navarre: \"My lord king, your master is not well pleased with you for the deed that you have done. It need not be repeated, for you have publicly declared it yourself through your own writing, so that every man knows it. You are so bound to him that you ought not to have done this. You are of his blood, closer than anyone knows, and you have married his daughter. Therefore, your transgression is greater. However, at the instance and love of these ladies, the queens, who have effectively\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in Early Modern English, and there are some minor spelling errors and abbreviations that need to be expanded for clarity. I have corrected these errors while maintaining the original meaning and style as much as possible.)\nrequired for you: and also the king thinks that you did it without great advice or by small counsel. Therefore, the king pardons you with good heart and will. Then the two queens and the king of Navarre knelt down and thanked the king. Then the cardinal said again: let every man beware, from henceforth, if he is of the king's lineage, to do any such deed. For surely, though he is the king's son, if he does any such to the least officer partyning to the king, he shall abide the justice of the realm in that case. Then the court broke up, and so every man departed. The 21st day of March, a knight banneret of the low marcher called Sir Reynold of Preigny, lord of Marant beside Rochell, was drawn and hanged on the gibbet by judgment of the parliament and by the king's counsel. In the year of our Lord God MCCCXXXIII, in the month of August. The earl of Harcourt and Sir Loyes his brother counseled with the French king, and, as it was said, they showed the king.\nIn September, the cardinal of Bolaine went to Auvignon. Some said the king was displeased with him. Regardless, he had been in France for a year and was as favored with the king as any other. At the same time, Lord Robert de Lorris, chamberlain, left the realm of France with the king. If the king had been angry with him, some believed it could have cost him his life, as it was rumored he had revealed French king's secrets to the king of Navarre, just as the lords of Harcourt had revealed Navarre's secrets to the French king. In November, the king of Navarre left Normandy without the French king's knowledge and traveled to various places until he reached Auvignon. Meanwhile, the archbishop of Rouen, chancellor of France, the duke of Bourbon, and other English lords went to Auvignon to the pope to negotiate peace between the two realms.\nKings of England and France. In the same month, the French king went into Normandy to claim and took into his hands all the lands of the king of Navarre. He installed his officers in every town and castle, except for six: Eareur, Pontheu, Chirburge, Gaurey, Auranges, and Mortagne. These would not yield up, for there were few within them who answered and said they would not deliver up their towns and castles, but only to the king of Navarre their lord, who had set them there. In January, by safe conduct, the lord Robert de Lorris was brought to the French king. He stayed fifteen days at Paris before he could speak with the king. When he had spoken with him, he was not yet fully reconciled, but returned again to Aunay-sur-Odon by the order of the kings' council, to be one of those there for the treaty between England and France. In the end of February, tidings came that true peace had been made between the aforementioned two kings.\nThe feast of St. John the Baptist: and during this time, the pope attempted to make further peace. He sent messengers to both kings to send further authority through their embassadors to conclude on another manner of peace. In the same month, the French king made new money called \"florins of the lamb,\" as a lamb was depicted on the coin. One hundred and twenty of these coins went to a market weight, and after they were made, the king made forty-eight more to go for market weight, and the course of all other florins was prohibited. In the same month, Sir Gautier de la Broquerie came to Paris to speak with the king as a messenger from the king of Navarre. He returned again in February, bearing with him a letter of safe conduct to the king of Navarre. Around Lent that year, various Englishmen came near the town of Naunton in Brittany, entered the castle by scaling a wall, and Sir Guy of Rochfort, who was there at the time and in charge, carried out a assault.\nthe same nyght he wanne the castell agayne / and all thenglysshmen taken and slayne. At Easter the yere of our lorde. M. CCC .lv. kyng Johan of France sent into Norma\u0304dy his eldest son Char\u2223les dolphyn of Uienoys to be his lieutena\u0304t ther and there he taryed all that somer / and the men of the contre grau\u0304ted hym .iii. M. me\u0304 of armes\ntor thre mouethes. Also in the moneth of august the kyng of Nauer / came out of Nauer to the ca\u00a6stell of Chierburge in Constantyne / and with hym a .x. M. men of warr one and other. Ther were dyuers treates co\u0304muned of / bytwene the kyng of Nauer and the frenche kyng / but suche as were in the castell of Eurur and Pontheau / robbed & pylled the countre all about. And some of them came to the castell of Couches / the whi\u2223che was as than in the french handes / and wan it and newe fortifyed it / many thynges dyde the nauereys agaynst the frenchmen / finally the .ii. kynges were agreed. Than the kyng of Nauer went to the castell of Uernell to the dolphyne / & he brought the kyng of\nIn the year of our Lord, 1455, on the 24th day of September, the king of Navarre and the dauphin came to the French king at the castle of Louvre. The king of Navarre made his reverence and honorably excused himself, as he was leaving the realm of France, and also mentioned that it had been shown to him that the king would not be pleased with him. The French king then requested that he reveal who had made the report, and he replied that since the death of the constable, he had done nothing against the French king, but as a true man should. He begged the French king to pardon everything, promising to be true as he ought to his father and chief lord, the duke of Athens. In the year of our Lord, 1455, in the month of October: the eldest son of the prince of Wales, the king of England, went into Gascony and approached Thoulouse and passed the river Garon, and went into.\nCrassone and his men besieged Carcassonne, but the city was well defended. From there, he went to Narbonne, plundering and exiling the country. In November, he returned to Bordeaux with great plunder and many prisoners, as no one resisted him. However, in the country, there was the lieutenant of Armagnac representing the French king in Languedoc, as well as the lords of Foix, Janques of Bourbon, Pontheu, the constable of France, and John of Clermont, marshal of France, and a much larger company than the prince had. That same year, at the end of October, the king of England came to Calais. He rode with a great host to Hedin, broke the park there, and burned the house within and around it, but he did not enter the town or castle. The French king, who had assembled at the city of Amiens, hearing of the king of England, rode towards him. However, the king of England was returning to Calais, and the French king followed him until he came to Saint-Jean-d'Angely.\nOmers And than he send his marshall Dauthayne & dy\u00a6uers other to the kyng of England / offeryng to fight body to body or power to pouer / what day soeuer he wold apoynt: but y\u2022 kyng of England refused that batayle / & so retourned agayn into England / and the frenche kyng to Parys. The same yere about the feest of saynt Andrue: there was assembled at Pares by the kynges co\u0304mau\u0304\u2223ment / the prelates of France / the barownes and the counsayls of the good townes. And ther the chanceler of France in the {per}lyament chambre re\u00a6syted the state of the warres of France / desyring them thervpon to take aduyce what ayd might be gyuen to the kyng to mentayne & defende the sayd warres: and also he sayde it is come to the kynges knowledge / howe that his subgettes ar sore greued by reason of the mutacyon of y\u2022 mo\u2223neys. Therfore the kyng offereth to make gode money & durable: so y\u2022 they wolde graunt hym sufficient ayde to me\u0304tayne his warres / they an\u2223swered that is to say: the clergy by the mouth of the archbysshop of\nThe nobles, led by the duke of Athens, and the good towns by the mouth of Stephyn Martell, provost of the merchants of Paris, all declared their readiness to live and die with the king. They placed their bodies and possessions at his service, requesting a deliberation to speak together, which was granted. In the same year, the vigil of the conception of Our Lady, the king granted the duchy of Normandy to Charles, the eldest son of Duke Jean de Valois. The next day, he made his homage. After the deliberation taken by the three estates, they answered the king in the parliament chamber through the mouths of the aforementioned three persons, promising to find him one thousand men at their cost and charge for one year. The finance estimated the wages of these men of war to be 100,000 livres. The nobles and other towns of Picardy and Normandy, as well as some nobles present, found that the first grant would not suffice.\nThe rate of Parys money in that country and at the currency for the money current in those parts. Servants who had not been there for a year were to be paid, at the most, 5 M. in good towns. That is, the same day more than seventeen of the chief personages of the town were slain, and on the Monday after they slew four more and banished many who were not in town yet. The commons were then as powerful as the chief masters in the town.\nAlso, on the fifth day of April, about the mid-point of Lent, the French king detached before day from Meneau in armor, accompanied by 200 spearmen: among whom were the Earl of Anjou his son, the Duke of Orleans his brother, the Lord John de Arthois of Epernay, the Lord Charles, the king's cousin, the Earl of Tankerville, Sir Arnold Da'drehen, then marshal of France, and many others to the number above mentioned. The king and they made a straight advance to the castle of Rouen by the postern and did not enter.\nThe town. There he found the dolphin Charles, king of Navarre, and John, earl of Harcourt, and the lords of Preaux, Gray, Clare, and various others in the hall at dinner. The French king caused the king of Navarre, the earl of Harcourt, the lords of Preaux, Clare, Sir Louis and Sir William of Harcourt, the lord Frequent of Fryquant, the lord of Tournbeu, the lord Maubeu of Mammers, and two squires Oliver Doubles and Joan Aubatou, and various others to be taken. The king put them in prison in various chambers within the same castle: because since the new reception of Rowan and there hanged, and their heads set on the gallows. The same day and the next day the French king released all the others from prison: except three, that is, Charles, king of Navarre, who was taken to Paris and put in prison in the castle of Louvre, and afterwards in the chatelette. And certain of the French king's counsel were appointed to keep watch.\nFryquet and Uaubatou were imprisoned together. Philip of Navarre therefore held castles belonging to his brother, the king of Navarre in Normandy. Despite the French king's request to deliver these castles, Philip refused. He and Godfrey of Harcourt gathered enemies of the French king and brought them to the region of Constantine, which they held and kept from the French king.\n\nOn the Wednesday after Easter in the year 1456, Arnold Da\u00f0rehen, marshal of France, went to the town of Arras. Without the need for military assistance, he took over a hundred prisoners from the town, who had rebelled there and killed several of its chief burgesses. The next day, he had 20 of them beheaded, and he kept the others in prison to await the king's decision regarding their fate. This allowed the town to remain under their control.\nIn June, the Duke of Lancaster arrived in Cotentin with Philip of Navarre and Godfrey of Harcourt, numbering around 4,000 fighting men. They rode to Lisieux, Orbec, and Poitou, relieving the castles there which had been besieged for more than two months. However, Robert of Hotot, master of the crossbowmen in France, who had been laying siege there with various nobles and others, departed when he learned of the approaching Duke of Lancaster, leaving behind their engines and artillery. The castle inhabitants took possession of these.\n\nThe Duke of Lancaster and his company then rode to rob and pillage towns and countryside. As they approached Breteuil, which they had recently relieved, they learned that Eureux city and castle had recently been yielded to the French king, who had long kept a siege there.\nThe city was taken and the cathedral church robbed: both by the nobles who surrendered the castle through composition, and by the Frenchmen who were besieging it. They departed, and then the Duke of Lancaster and Lord Philip of Navarre went to Vernon in Perche and took the town and castle, robbed the town, and burned a large part of it. The French king, who had assembled his army as soon as he received news of the Duke of Lancaster, went after him with a great number of men-at-arms and footmen. The Duke and his company then went towards the town of the Egge, and the king followed them until he reached Tuebufe, a two leagues distance from the town of the Egge. There it was shown to the king that he could follow no farther, for there were such forests that his enemies could take him whenever they pleased, so it would do less labor for him to go any farther after them than stay and besiege the town.\nThe king returned with his host and went to the castle of Thiliers, which was in the heart of Navarre. The king took it and stationed men of war there. Then the king went to the castle of Breton, where were men of the king of Navarre. There the king laid siege for the space of two months, and then the castle was given up, and they within went where they pleased with their goods and lives saved.\n\nWhen the French king had made his journey and reconquered towns, displeasure should draw him and meet with him in the marches of Blois and Tours, for the intent to sight with the English. And the king, to make the faster progress, departed from Paris and rode to Chartres to hear better of the English movements. There he remained where he thought the English would pass, intending to close the passages from them and keep them from supplies. But he went to make war with them for two or three days to refresh them, and when they departed, they would destroy all the remaining.\nheads of the vessels of wine and brandy, and other things: intending to warr, the Genoese rode thus to the good city, where they made a great skirmish at one of the gates. Captains were within, the Lord of Constant and the Lord Hutyn, and there were many feats, but not sufficient to make a defense, so it was won by force. And there they found wine and other victuals in great abundance and stayed there three days to refresh all their host, and there they received tidings from the prince about how the French king was at Chartres with a great assembly of men-at-arms and how all the territory was held by three great barons to keep the frontiers there.\n\nThe Genoese rode ever so wisely that they could not enter upon them on any side, to their disadvantage. On one day, the Frenchmen put themselves in a bushment near Remorentyne, at a marvelous strait passage, by which the Englishmen must necessarily pass; on the same day, there departed from the prince.\nbataile by leaue of the marshals: ye lorde Bartylmewe of Breches / the lorde of Musydent gascoyne / the lorde Pe\u2223tyton Courton the lorde Dalawarre / the lorde Basset the lorde Danyell paseler the lorde Ry\u2223charde of Pontchardon / the lorde Nowell Lo\u2223rynch the yong lorde Spencer Edwarde / and the lorde Dambretycourte: with two hundred menne of armes to ronne before Remorentyne. They passed foreby the frenchmens busshment and was nat ware of them: assone as they were passed / the frenchmen brake out and came after them feersly / thenglysshmen who were well for\u2223warde herde the noyse of the horses commynge after them / and parceyued how they were their ennemyes: they tourned and stode styll and a\u2223bode the fre\u0304chmen: who came on the\u0304 with great randon their speares in their restes. And so ca\u0304e ronnyng to thenglysshmen: who stode styll and suffre them to passe / and there was nat of them past a fyue or sir ouerthrowen at y\u2022 first metyng than thenglysshmen dasshed forthe their horses after the frenchemen. There was a\nThe prince of Wales arrived and found his people demanding to know his name and who had sent him there. He showed them, and Sir Boucquant and the hermit of Chamont came to the barricades. When Sir John saw them, he greeted them curtly and said, \"Sir, I am sent here by my lord, the prince, who will be as courteous to his enemies as I believe. He offers mercy and good company of arms if you yield this fortress and surrender yourselves.\"\n\nLord Boucquant replied, \"We are not inclined to put ourselves in that position. It would be foolish since we have no need to do so. We intend to defend ourselves.\"\n\nThey departed, and the prince lodged there, while his men camped outside at ease. The next day, every man was armed and gathered under his banner, and they began to assault the fortress.\nThe archers were fiercely on the dykes, shooting so relentlessly that few dared to show themselves at their defenses. Some swam over the dykes on boards and others came with hooks and pikes in their hands, attacking the walls. They within cast down great stones and pots filled with lime. A squire named Remond Derge du Lac was killed on the English side. He was part of the company of the Captain of Beeves. This assault lasted all day without rest. At night, the English drew to their lodgings and passed the night. In the morning, when the sun had risen, the marshals of the host sounded the trumpets. Then all those ordered to give the assault were ready and appointed. At this assault, the prince was personally present. Due to his presence, the English were greatly encouraged, and not far from him, a squire named Bernard was killed with a stone. The prince swore that he would not depart until he had the castle and all of them.\nWithin it brought them pleasure. Then the assault was enforced on every part: finally, they saw that by assaults they could not win the castle. Therefore, they ordered engines to cast wild fire into the inner court, and so they did until the inner court was a fire, which spread so much that it took in the covering of a great tower covered with red. And those within saw that they must surrender to the prince's will or perish by fire. Then all three lords surrendered and yielded to the prince: and so the prince took them with him as his prisoners, and the castle was left empty.\n\nAfter the taking of the castle of Remorin and those within it: the prince and his company rode on as they did before, destroying the country approaching Antwerp and Tournai. The French king, who was at Chartres, departed and came to Blois, and stayed there for two days. Then he went to Amboise and learned what the Englishmen had done. Then the king came to the Hague.\nTowrayne: and his men had passed the ryuer of Loyre / some at the bridge of Orleance / and some at Mchun / at Saulmure Bloyes and at Towrs / and wher as they might. They were in nombre a .xx. thousande men of armes besyde other / ther were a .xxvi. dukes and erles and mo than sixscore baners / and the foure son\u00a6nes of the kyng who were but yonge: the duke Charles of Normandy / the lorde Loyes ye was fro thens forthe duke of Aniewe / and the lorde Johan duke of Berry / and the lorde Philyppe who / was after duke of Burgoyne. The same season pope Innoce\u0304t the sixt send the lorde Ber\u00a6trand cardynall of Pyergourt / & the lorde Ny\u2223cholas cardynall of the Egle into France / to tre\u00a6at for a peace bytwene the frenche kyng / and all his enemyes. First bytwene hym and the kyng of Nauerr who was in prison: and these cardy\u2223nalles often tymes spake to the kyng for his de\u2223lyuerance duryng the sege at Bretuell / but they coude do nothyng in that behalfe. Than the car\u00a6dynall of Pyergourt went to Tours / and ther he herde howe\nthe French king hurried to find the Englishmen. He stayed that Thursday in the town and, without delay, by the river of Creuse. The next day, the king crossed the river at the bridge where the English had been before, but they were not. However, they were pursued and passed the bridge that day, taking the corner of the wood. The Frenchmen, crying their cries and making great noise, came upon the prince's battle unexpectedly. The prince remained there to have words with them, as there was a prisoner whom he knew. The French king followed him in such a way that he could not escape the battle. Then the prince gathered all his men and commanded that no man should go before the marshals' banners. Thus, the prince rode that Saturday from morning until it was against night, coming within two little leagues of Poitiers, where the Captain de Buze, Sir Aymon of Puniers, and the Lord Bartylmewe were.\nThe princes Brunes and Lord Eustace Dambretycourt, whom the prince sent forth to investigate the actions of the French, were accompanied by 200 armed men. They rode so far that they saw the great battle of the king's forces. The English could not advance, but instead pursued the French host and took many prisoners.\n\nOn Sunday morning, the French king, who greatly desired to fight the English, heard mass in his palace. After mass, the Duke of Orl\u00e9ans, Duke of Bourbon, Earl of Pontheu, Lord Jacques of Burbon, Duke of Athens (constable of France), Earl of Tankernyll, Earl of Salebruce, Earl of Damartyne, Earl of Ventador, and various other great barons of France and neighboring territories came to him.\nThe lords: the Lord Clermont, the Lord Arnolde D'Andrehen marshal of France, the Lord of St. Venant, the Lord John of Landas, the Lord Eustace Ribamont, the Lord Fyennes, the Lord Geoffray of Chargny, the Lord Chatellon, the Lord of Sully, the Lord of Neill, Sir Robert Duras, and others, all these with the king went to council. It was finally decided that all men should draw into the field, and each lord to display his banner and set forth in the name of God and St. Denis. Then trumpets blew up through the host, and every man mounted on horseback and went into the field, where they saw the king's banner wave with the wind. There might be seen great nobles in fair harness and rich armor of banners and pennons, for there was all the flower of France, and none dared abide at home without he would be shamed forever. It was ordered by the advice of the constable and marshals to make three battalions: and in each ward 160 men of arms.\nThe first battle: the duke of Orl\u00e9ans with thirty-six banners and twice as many pennons. The second battle: the duke of Normandy and his two brothers, the lord Louis and the lord John. The third battle: the king himself. While these battles were getting ready, the king called for the lord Eustace de Ribemont, the lord John of Landas, and the lord Richard of Beawieu and said to them, \"Sirsw ride on before to see the dealings of the English, and use well what number they are and by what means we may fight with them, either on foot or on horseback.\" These three knights rode forth, and the king was on a white courser. The king then said to his men, \"Among you, when you are at Paris, at Chartres, at Rouen, or at Orl\u00e9ans: then threaten the English and desire to be in arms against them. Now you are becoming that, I shall now show you: now show forwards your evil will that you bear them, and avenging your displeasures and damages.\"\nThey have done you harm; without a doubt, we shall fight with them. Those who heard him said, \"Sir, a good deity name be it so, we would gladly see that.\" With the three knights, they returned to the king, who demanded tidings from them. Sir Eustace of Rybamont answered for all and said, \"Sir, we have seen the Englishmen by estimation. They are two thousand men-at-arms and four thousand archers, and a hundred and fifty others. However, they are in a strong place. As far as we can imagine, they are in one battle. However, they are wisely ordered and have fortified the hedges and bushes strongly. One part of their archers are along the hedge, so that none can go or ride that way but must pass by them. And that way you intend to fight with them, in this hedge there is but one entrance and one is used by likelihood that four horsemen may ride forth, at the end of this hedge where no more can go or ride, there are men-at-arms on foot and archers before them.\nThe king said, \"What counsel then shall we give each other, so that we will not be easily discouraged? Sir Eustace replied, \"Let us all be except three hundred men-at-arms, well-mounted on the best horses and the most hardy ones, to the intent they somewhat break and open the archers. Then let your battalions follow on quickly on foot, and so fight hand to hand with their men-at-arms. This is the best advice I can give you: if anyone thinks another way is better, let him speak. The king said, \"It shall be done as you suggest. Then the two marshals rode from battle to battle and chose out three knights and squires, the most experienced men-at-arms from the entire host. It was also ordered that the battalions should remain mounted to support the marshals if necessary: the earl of Salisbury, the earl of Neath, and the earl of Northampton were their captains. King John of France was also there, armed and with twenty others.\nThis is a Paynell. He put the guidance of his eldest son to the Lord of Saint-Vaast, the Lord of Landas, and the Lord Thibault of Bodenay. The Lord Reynold of Quenoll, the archbishop, was armed in the armor of the young lord of Alanson.\n\nWhen the French king's battle was ordered and every lord under his banner among their own men: it was commanded that every man should cut their spears to a five-foot length, and every man to remove their spurs. As they were ready to approach, the cardinal of Piergort came to the king in great haste. He came the same morning from Poitiers. He knelt down before the king and held up his hands, and begged him, for God's sake, to delay setting forward until he had spoken with him. (Then he said), \"Sir, you have here all the flower of your realm against a handful of Englishmen, as regards your company. And, sir, if you can have them accorded to you without battle, it will be more profitable and honorable to have them by capture.\"\nthat rather than to admit such noble chivalry as you have here presented: sir, I require you in the name of God and humbly, I may ride to the prince and show him the danger you are in. The king said it pleases me well: but return shortly. The cardinal departed and rode diligently to the prince, who was among his men on foot. Then the cardinal alighted and came to the prince, who received him courteously. Then the cardinal, after his salutation, said: certainly, fair son, if you and your council advise justly the passage of the French king, you will suffer me to treat to make peace between you and me: the prince, who was young and lusty, said: sir, the honor of me and of my people saved, I would gladly fall to any reasonable way. Then the cardinal said: sir, you speak well; and I shall accord you and me: for it would be a great pity if so many noble men and others on both parties should come together by battle. Then the cardinal rode again to\nThe king (said), \"Sir, you need not make any great haste to fight with your enemies; they cannot harm you, even if they wanted to, in such a ground. Therefore, Sir, I request that you delay for this day until tomorrow, the sun rising. The king was reluctant to agree to this, as some of his council would not consent to it. But the cardinal presented such reasons that the king acceded to the respite. And in the same place, there was a truce made. The prince offered to return into the king's hands all that he had won in that voyage, towns and castles. He also offered to free all prisoners that he or any of his men had taken during that season. Furthermore, he swore not to be armed against the French king for seven years. But the king and his council would not agree to this. The most the prince would agree to was that he and A. C. of his knights would surrender themselves into the king's prison. The prince would not agree to anything else.\nThe cardinal departed shortly. When the cardinal saw that he was making no progress: he took leave of the king and went to the prince (and said), \"Sir, do what you can; there is no remedy but to endure the battle, for I cannot find any accord in the French king.\" Then the prince replied, \"Our intent is the same, and so the cardinal returned to Poycters. In his company were certain knights and squires, men of arms: who were more favorable to the French king than to the prince. When they saw that the parties were to fight, they deserted their masters and went to the French host. They made their captain the Captain of Impastre, who was with the cardinal and did not know of this until he arrived at Poycters. The certainty of the English order was shown to the French king, except they had ordered three hundred men on horseback and as many archers on horseback: to lie in wait under the cover of the mountain, and to strike into the enemy's ranks.\nthe battle of the duke of Normandy, who was under the mountain a foot. This ordinance they had made of new: the prince was with his battle down among the vines and had closed in the weaker part with their baggage. No we will I name some of the principal lords and knights who were there with the prince: the earl of Warwick, the earl of Suffolk, the earl of Salisbury, the earl of Stafford, Lord John Chandos, Lord Richard Stafford, Lord Reynold Cobham, Lord Spencer, Lord James Audley, Lord Peter his brother, Lord Berkeley, Lord Basser, Lord Waren, Lord Dalywarr, Lord Mauline, Lord Wylly, Lord Bartylme (de Brunes), the lord of Felton, Lord Richard of Pembridge, Lord Stephen of Contraction, Lord Brasford, and other Englishmen. And of Gascony there was the lord of Prunes, the lord of Buger, the Captain of Buze, Lord Johan of Chamont, Lord Delaspare, the lord.\nof Rosen, the lord of Conseu, the lord of Montferat, the lord of Landuras, the lord Soulche of Lestrade, and others I cannot name. And of Heynowers: the lord Eustace Daubretcourt, the lord John of Guystels, and two other strangers, the lord Dauvill Phasell, & the lord Denice of Moerbertre. All the princes' company passed not an eight hundred men one and other, and the Frenchmen were a six thousand fighting men, of whom there were more than three thousand knights.\n\nWhen the same prince saw that he should have battle and that the cardinal was gone without making any peace or truce, and saw that the French king set but little store by him: he said then to his men. Now, sirs, though we be but a small company, as regards the power of our enemies, let us not be disheartened therefore, for the victory lies not in the multitude of people but where God will send it. If it happens that the journey is ours, we shall be the most honored people of all the world, & if we die in our right.\nI have the king, my father and brothers, and you have good friends and kin; they will avenge us. Therefore, for God's sake, I implore you to do your duty today: for if God and St. George are pleased, today you shall see me as a good knight. The prince's words and such others that he spoke encouraged all his people. Lord John Chandos remained with the prince that day, as did Lord James Audley, for a long time, as a reward for any service I had ever done to the king your father or to you, that you would grant me permission to depart from you and settle myself there as I may to fulfill my vow. The prince acceded to his desire (and said), \"Sir James, may God give you this day the grace to be the best knight of all others, and so he took him by the hand.\" Then the knight departed from the prince and went to the front of all the battles, accompanied only by four squires, who promised not to fail him. This Lord James was a right wise and valiant man.\nValyat the knight, and he was greatly prepared and governed the day before. Thus, Sir James was at the front of the battle, ready to fight with the marshals of France. In the same way, the Lord Eustace Dambreticourt made an effort to be among the first to set out. When Sir James Audley began to speak in the ranks and charged into the French army, a knight from Almain, called the Lord Loyes of Coucoba, who bore a silver shield with five gold roses, was there. And Sir Eustace bore ermines, two-handed swords of gold. When this Almain knight saw Lord Eustace leave his company, he rode against him. They met rudely, and both knights fell to the ground. The Almain knight was hurt in the shoulder, so he did not rise as quickly as did Sir Eustace. Having gotten up and taken his breath, he came to the other knight as he lay on the ground. But then five other Almain knights came upon him all at once and took him prisoner. Therefore, he was forced to remain there as a prisoner.\nand brought him to the earl of Nosco, who took no heed of him and I cannot say why they swore him prisoner or not, but they tied him to a chariot and left him standing there. Then the battle began on all sides, and the batelions of the French marshals approached, and they set forth those appointed to break the rank of the archers: they entered on horseback into the way, where the great hedges were on both sides filled with archers. As soon as the men-at-arms entered, the archers began to shoot on both sides and slew and hurt horses and knights. So that for the prince they could not advance, for the horses, when they felt the sharp arrows, would not in any way go forward but reared up and stamped and took on so fiercely that many of them fell on their masters. So that for the prince, they could not advance. The Lord James Judeley, with his four squires, was in the front of that battle, and there marvelous deeds were done, and by great prowess he challenged and fought with Sir Arnold Dandrehen under his own banner, and there they fought long.\nSir Todger and Sir Arnold were severely handled in the battle. The melee of the marshals began to disorder due to the archers' shots, with the support of men-at-arms. They entered the fray and slew some of them, doing as they pleased. Lord Arnold de Darcy was taken prisoner by other men than Sir James Audley or his four squires. He never took a prisoner that day but always fought and engaged his enemies. On the French side, Lord Jean Clermont fought under his own banner as long as he could endure, but there he was granted mercy. Some said it was because of the words he had exchanged with Sir John Chandos the previous day. In a short time, the marshals' melees were defeated, as they fell upon one another and could not advance. The Frenchmen behind, who could not move forward, retreated and attacked the duke of Normandy's battle, which was large and thick. But they soon began to open ranks behind. When they knew that the duke's battle was in trouble, they took advantage of the situation.\nThe marshals battle was defeated. They took their horses and departed. He who could, also saw a route of Englishmen coming down a little mountain on horseback and many archers with them. Truly, the archers did their company great advantage that day, for they shot so thickly that the Frenchmen couldn't tell on which side to pay attention, and little by little, the Englishmen gained ground on them. And when the men-at-arms of England saw that the marshals battle was defeated and that the duke's battle began to disorder and open, they leapt then on their horses, which they had ready by them. Then they assembled and cried out \"Saint George, give us victory!\" The Lord Chandos said to the prince, \"Sir, take your horse and ride forth. This journey is yours. God is this day in your hands. Lead us to the French kings battle. For all the spoils of the war lie there. I truly believe, by his valiance, he will not flee. I trust we shall win.\"\nThe prince said, \"I shall have him, by the grace of God and St. George, if he is well-fought and you said that I should see you as a good knight today. The prince said, \"Let us go forth.\" You shall not see me return this day. He said, \"Advance banner in the name of God and St. George.\" The knight who bore it did his command. There was then a fierce and perilous battle, and many a man was overcome. He who was once down could not be relieved again without great support and aid. As the prince rode and entered among his enemies, he saw on his right hand in a little bush lying dead, the Lord Robert of Duras and his banner by him, and ten or twelve of his men about him. Then the prince said to two of his squires and three archers, \"Sir, take the body of this knight onto a shield and carry him to Poyctors. Present him to the cardinal of Perigord for me, and say how I greet him by this token.\" This was done. The prince was informed that the cardinal's men were on the field.\nAgainst him / the one not belonging to the right order of arms: for men of the church coming and going for treaty of peace / ought not, by reason, to bear harness nor to fight for neither of the parties. They ought to be impartial / and because they had done so, the price was displeased with the cardinal / and therefore he sent to him his nephew, Lord Robert of Duras, as a reprisal. And Catherine of Amiens was taken; and the prince would have had his head struck off / because he was belonging to the cardinal / but then Lord Candos said, \"Sir, suffer for a while, and perhaps the cardinal will make such an excuse that you will be content.\" Then the prince and his company dressed for the battle of the duke of Athens' constable of France. There were many men slain and cast to the earth / as the Frenchmen fought in companies they cried, \"Montjoie, Saint Denis!\" and the Englishmen cried, \"Saint George!\" Again, the price with his company met.\nwith the battle of Almaynes, where the Earl of Salisbury, the Earl of Nosco, and the Earl of Ney were captains: but they were quickly put to their deaths, along with various other knights and squires from their company. The Lord of Damvillecourt was rescued by his own men and mounted on horseback. Afterward, he engaged in many battles that day and took good prisoners. When the Duke of Normandy and his men departed from the field, more than eight hundred spearmen remained unengaged and did not fight that day. However, Lords Gisborough and John of Saint-Sauveur, who were with the Earl of Poitiers, refused to fight. The kings three sons took the road to Chamigny, and the Lords Landas and Thibault of Woodstock, who were stationed to guard the Duke of Normandy, waited until they had taken the duke a long distance from the battlefield before they left him. They then asked the Lord of Sainte-Uvenant not to leave the duke.\nThe knight wanted to bring him in safekeeping, as he would gain more gratitude from the king than staying in the field. They then encountered the Duke of Orl\u00e9ans and a large company with him, who had also departed from the field with clear hands. Many good knights and squires were among them, although their masters had left the field, yet they would rather have died than faced any reproach. The king's battle of Poitiers was next, where the Earl of Douglas of Scotland fought valiantly for a while. But when he saw the defeat, he departed and saved himself, as he in no way wished to be taken by the English. On the English side, Lord James Audley, with the aid of his four squires, fought persistently in the thick of the battle. He was severely injured in body and face, but as long as his brethren served him, he fought. At last, at the end of the battle, his four squires took him out of the field and laid him down.\nUnder a hedge side to refresh him. And they disarmed him and bound up his wounds as well as they could. On the French side, King John was that day a full right good knight: if the fourth part of his men had done their duties as well as he did, the journey would have been his, by all likelihood. However, they were all slain and taken, except a few who surrendered themselves, who were with the king. There were slain: the duke of Bourbon, the lord Guiscard of Beaujeu, the lord of Ladas, and the duke of Athens, constable of France, the bishop of Chalons in Champagne, the lord William of Neuill, the lord Gustace of Ribamont, the lord de la Tour, the lord Wyllyam of Montagu, sir Guyventon of Chablis, and the ser Baon. Fought by companies: and there were taken prisoners, the lord of Woodney, the lord of Pompador, and the archpriest, the earl of Uanden, the earl of Mons, the earl of Genull, sir Loyes of Melwall, the lord Pieres.\nAmong the battles, encounters, chases, and pursuits that day in the field, Sir Edward of Roucy departed because he saw the field was lost without recovery. He didn't hesitate to abandon the danger of the Englishmen. Alone, he went a league outside the field, and an English knight pursued him, crying out, \"Return, knight! It's shameful to flee like this.\" The knight turned, and the English knight thought to strike him with his spear but failed, for Sir Edward swerved aside. However, the English knight didn't miss with his sword, striking Sir Edward on the helmet, stunning him, and causing him to fall from his horse to the ground. Sir Edward lit a torch and approached him, saying, \"Yield or perish.\"\nreceive: or else I shall kill you / The Englishman yielded and went with him. Additionally, another squire from Picardy named Johan de Helenes fled from the battle and met his page, who delivered him a new fresh horse, which he rode away alone. At the same time, in the field, there was the lord Bercle of England, a young and lusty knight, who that day had ridden his banner; and he alone pursued the said Johan of Helines, and when he had followed the distance of a league, the said Johan turned around and laid his sword in rest instead of a lance, and came running to ward off the lord Bercle, who lifted his sword to strike the squire, but when he saw the stroke come, he turned from it, so that the Englishman lost his stroke. Johan struck him as he passed by the arm, and the lord Bercle's sword fell to the ground. When he saw his sword down, he lightly dismounted from his horse and went to the place where his sword lay.\nThe French squire drew his sword and struck the knight through both thighs, causing him to fall to the ground and unable to help himself. Johann dismounted and took the fallen knight's sword from the ground, approaching him and demanding surrender.\n\n\"Who are you?\" the knight asked.\n\n\"I am Johann of Helenes,\" the squire replied. \"And who are you?\"\n\n\"I am Thomas, lord of Berclive, a fair castle on the River Severn in the Welsh marches,\" the knight answered.\n\n\"Then you shall be my prisoner,\" the squire declared. \"I will ensure your safekeeping and see to your healing.\"\n\n\"I am content to be your prisoner,\" the knight conceded, \"for you have won me by the law of arms.\"\n\nThe squire then drew the sword from the knight's wounds and tended to them, wrapping and binding them.\nhym on his horse / and so brought hym fayre and ease\u00a6ly to Chaterlerant and there taryed more than fyftene dayes for his sake / and dyde gette hym remedy for his hurt. And wha\u0304 he was somwhat amended: than he gate hym a lytter and so bro\u2223ught hym at his ease to his house in Picardy: there he was more than a yere tyll he was perfet\u00a6ly hole: and whan he departed he payed for his raunsome sire thousande nobuls / & so this squy\u00a6er was made a knyght by reason of the profette that he had of the lorde Bercley.\nOFten tymes the aduen\u00a6tures of amours and of ear are more fortunate and mather was taken the erle of Tankernyll / sir Ja\u2223ques of Burbon erle of Ponthieu / and the lorde Johan of Arthoyes erle of Ewe. And a lytell a\u2223boue that vnder the baner of the Captall of buther were many slayne and beaten downe horse & man / for they of Poy\u00a6ters closed their gates and wolde sussre noue to entre. wherfore in the stretebefore the gate was horrible murdre / men hurt & beaten downe / the frenchemen yelded themselfe as farre of\nThere were buyers \u2022 had four to six prisoners. The lord of Pous, a great baron of Poitou, was slain, and many other knights and squires. The earl of Rochefort, the lord of Danauceme, the lord of Perthene, and the lord John of Saint-Ton were taken, but the latter was so severely hurt that he never regained health again. He was ransomed for one of the best knights in France. Among other dead men: Lord Richard D'Anglesey fought that day bravely by the king's right side, and so did the lord of Charny, on whom great praise was bestowed because he bore the sovereign banner of the kings. His own brother was also in the field, who was of the Gauls, three Scotsmen of silver. So many Englishmen and Gascons came to that place that they were forced to open the king's battle. The Frenchmen were so intermingled among their enemies that sometimes there were five men upon one get-at-me-knight. The lord of Poitou-Peron and the lord were taken.\nSir Bartylmewe de Brunes killed Sir Gestray of Charity, bearing the king's banner. Lord Reynold Cobham slew the earl of Damaryn. A great press urged the king and those who knew him to yield or die. A knight named Sir Denyce Morbecke, retained in wages by the king of England, was present. He had served the English five years prior because in his youth he had forfeited the realm of France for a murder committed at St. Omer's. It happened well for him; he was next to the king when they were about to take him. He stepped forth into the press and, by the strength of his body and arms, reached the French king and said in good French, \"Sir, yield to me.\" The king held him and said, \"To whom shall I yield?\" \"Where is my cousin, the Prince of Wales?\" the king replied, \"If I could see him, I would speak with him.\" Denyce answered, \"Sir, he is not here. But yield to me, and I will bring you to him. Who are you?\"\nThe king: \"Sir, I am Denys of Morbecque, a knight from Artois, but I serve the king of England because I have been banished from France and have forfeited all that I had there. Then the king gave him his right gauntlet (saying \"I yield to you\"), and there was great press about the king: every man thrust himself forward to say \"I have taken him,\" so that the king could not go forward with his young son, the Lord Philip, because of the press. The Earl of Wales, who was courageous and cruel as a lion, took great pleasure in fighting and chasing his enemies that day. Lord John Chandos, who was with him, never left him nor paid attention to taking any prisoners. At the end of the battle, he said to the prince, \"Sir, it would be good if you rested here and set up your banner high in this bush so that your people may draw nearer, for they are spread out widely; nor can I see any other banners or pennons of the French party: therefore, sir, rest and refresh yourself.\"\nfor you who are sore chafed. Then the prince's banner was set up high on a bush: and trumpets and clarions sounded. Then the prince dismounted: and knights were ready around him and a red pavilion was pitched for him. And when the two marches had come to the prince, he demanded of them if they knew any tidings of the French king (they answered and said), \"Sir, we have none of certainty, but we think truly he is dead or taken, for he is not gone out of the battles.\" Then the prince said to the Earl of Warwick and Sir Reynold Cobham, \"Sir, I require you God for it and see what you can learn, that at your return you may show me the truth.\" These two lords took their horses and departed from the prince. They rode up a little hill to look about them.\nThey encountered a group of armed men approaching orderly. The French king was among them, having been captured by the English and Gascons before this. Those of greatest strength claimed they had taken him, with one saying \"I have taken him,\" and another \"I have taken him,\" causing a struggle over who would have him. The French king, to avoid danger, said, \"Sir, do not lead me away impolitely, and let my son go to the prince, and do not fight for my capture, for I am a great lord who can make you all rich.\" The king's words somewhat calmed them. However, as they went, they continued to make riot and brawl over the taking of the king.\n\nWhen the two aforementioned lords saw and heard the noise and strife among them, they came to them and asked, \"Sir, what is the matter that you fight over? Sir replied one of them, 'It is over the French king who is here a prisoner, and there are more than ten knights and squires challenging the taking of him and his son.' \"\nThe two lords entered the presence and commanded every man to draw back. They ordered them in the prince's name, on pain of their heads, not to make any more noise or approach the king any nearer without being commanded. Then every man gave way to the lords, and they paid their reverence to the king, bringing him and his son peacefully to the Prince of Wales.\n\nAs soon as the Earl of Warwick and Lord Cromwell were departed from the prince, the prince demanded of the knights around him if anyone knew anything about Lord Audley. Some knights who were there answered, \"Sir, he is seriously injured and lies nearby.\" The prince expressed his concern for his injuries. \"Go and find out if he can be brought here, or else I will go to him where he is.\"\n\nThen two knights went to Lord Audley (and said), \"Sir, the prince deeply desires to see you. Either you must go to him, or else he will.\"\nA knight came to you, sir, and said I thank the prince when he thinks of such a poor knight as I. Then he called eight of his servants and commanded them to bear him in his litter to where the prince was. The prince took him in his arms and kissed him and made great cheer (and said), sir James, you ought greatly to honor me: for by your valor you have achieved grace and renown for us all today, and you are reputed as the most valiant of all others. A knight said, you say as it pleases you; I would it were so. If I have accomplished anything for myself today to serve you and fulfill the vow that I made, it ought not to be considered as valor for me; sir James said, the prince and all ours take you on this journey for the best door in arms, and to this end we shall endeavor to furnish you better to pursue the wars. I retain you for eternity to be my knight, with five hundred marks of yearly revenues; the which I shall assign you on my heritage in England.\nSir said the knight, \"Grant me the great kindness you show me: and so he took his leave of the prince, for he was very weak. And his servants brought him to his lodging. Immediately after, the Earl of Warwick and the Lord Comyn returned to the prince and presented to him the French king. The prince made a humble reverence to the king and caused wine and spices to be brought forth. He himself served the king in sign of great love.\n\nThus, this battle was disrupted, as you have heard, which took place in the fields of Malpertesse, two leagues from Poyters, on the 22nd day of September in the year of our Lord 1457. It began in the morning and ended at noon, but all the Englishmen were not yet returned from the chase. Therefore, the prince's banner still stood on a bush to draw all his men together. However, it was by night when all came back from the chase. And as it was reported, all the flower of France was slain, and there were taken with the king and the lord.\nPhilip's son, a saintly earl, barons, knights, and squires were present, and they killed five or six thousand of one another. When everyone had returned from the hunt, they had twice as many prisoners as they numbered in total. It was advised among them, due to the great expense and doubt, to keep so many, that they should ransom many of them in the field, and they did so. The prisoners encountered the Englishmen and Gascons and found them to be very courteous. Many were put to ransom that day and released, all only on their promise of faith and truth to return between that and Christmas to Burbeux with their ransoms. That night they lay in the field beside where the battle had been: some unarmed themselves but not all, and they did not arm all their prisoners. Each man made good to his prisoner that day, and whoever took any prisoner was clear his own, and might ransom or free him at his pleasure. All those present with the prince were all present.\nmade riches with honor and goods, as well through ransoming of prisoners as through winning of gold, silver, plate, tewalds, which were found there. There was no man who set anything by rich harvests, for the French came there richly laden, intending to have the journey for them.\n\nWhen Sir James Audley was brought to his loggage, then he sent for Sir Peter Audley his brother, and for Lord Bartymew of Brunnes, Lord Stephen of Gousenton, Lord of Wylly, and Lord Ralph Ferres. All these were of his lineage; and then he called before them his four squires who had served him well and truly that day. Then he said to the said lords, \"sirs, it has pleased my lord the prince to give me five hundred marks of revenue by year in inheritance, for which gift I have done him but small service with my body. Sirs, behold here these four squires, who have always served me truly (and especially this day), that honor which I have is by your goodwill.\"\nI. Their valiance deserves reward: I give and resign into their hands the gift that my lord, the prince, has given me of five hundred marks of yearly revenues, to them and their heirs forever, in like manner as it was given to me; I clearly disinherit myself of it and bequeath it to them without any reservation. The lords and others who were there, every man beheld one another and said among themselves, \"It is a great nobleness to give this gift.\" They answered him with one voice, \"Sir, may it be as God will; we shall bear witness in this matter wherever we may be.\" Then they departed from him, and some of them went to the prince, who the same night was making a supper for the French king and the other prisoners, for they had enough to do with what the French brought with them, as the English lacked provisions beforehand; some had had none for three days.\n\nII. The same night of the battle, at night, the prince made a supper in his lodgings for the French king.\nand to the most part of the great lords that were prisoners: the prince made the king and his son, the Lord James of Bourbon, the Lord John Darthoys, the Earl of Tankernyll, the Earl of Stamps, the Earl Dampmartyne, the Earl of Grailly, and the Lord of Perthenay, sit all at one table. And other lords, knights, and squires at other tables. And always the prince served before the king as humbly as he could, and would not sit at the king's table for any desire that the king could make; but he said he was not sufficient to sit at the table with such a great prince as the king was. But then he said to the king: \"Sir, for God's sake make no harm or hurt there, though God this day did not consent to follow your will. For, sir, I think you ought to rejoice though the journey is not as you would have had it.\"\nthis day you have won high renown of prowess and have passed this day in valiance, surpassing all others of your party. Sir, I say this not to mock you: for all that are on our part, you saw every man's deeds plainly accorded by true seal.\n\nWith that, the Frenchmen began to murmur and said among themselves: how the prince had\n\nWhen supper was done, every man went to his lodging with their prisoners. The same night they put many to ransom and believed them on their faiths and truest words and ransomed them easily, for they said there would set no knight to ransom so high but that he might pay at his ease and maintain still his degree.\n\nThe next day, when they had heard mass and taken some rest, and when everything was trussed and ready: then they took their horses and rode to war-wards Poitiers. The same night, the lord of Rouen came to Poitiers with a hundred spears; he was not at the battle, but he met the duke of Normandy near Chauvigny, and the duke sent him to Poitiers to keep the.\nWhen the lord of Rouen learned that the enemy were approaching the city, he ordered every man to be armed and to go to the walls, towers, and gates. The enemy passed by without approaching, as they were heavily laden with gold, silver, and prisoners, and in their return they assaulted no fortresses. They thought it a great deed if they could bring the French king and their other prisoners and riches they had won in safety to Bordeaux. They rode small journeys because of their prisoners and heavy cargo, riding no more than four or five leagues in a day and lodging every night. They rode closely together in good array, saving the marshal's battalions, who rode before with finery. The men-at-arms were to open the passages as the prince should pass, but they found no encounterers, for the entire country was in chaos and every man drew to the fortresses. As the prince rode, it was shown to him\nhowe the lorde Audeley had gyuen to his four squyers the gyft of the fyue hundred markes / that he hadde gyuen vnto hym. Than the prince send for hym: and he was brought in his lytter to the prince / who receyued hym cur\u2223tesly (and sayde) sir James we haue knoledge that the reuenewes that we gaue you / assone as ye came to your lodgyng / you gaue the same to foure squyers: we wolde knowe why ye dyd so / and whyder ye gyft was agreable to you or nat. Sir sayd the knyght it is of trauth I haue gy\u2223uen it to the\u0304: and I shall she we you why I dyde so / these foure squyers that be here present haue alonge season serued me well and truely in ma\u2223ny great besynesses / and sir at this last batayle they serued me in suche wyse / that and they had neuer done nothynge els / I was bounde to re\u2223warde theym: and before the same day they had neuer nothing of me in rewarde. Sir I am but a man alone: but by the ayde and confort of the\u0304 I toke on me to acomplysshe my vowe long be / fore made: I had ben deed in the batayle & they\nSir, I had not been ungrateful to them for the love they bore me. Therefore, I would not have been courteous if I did not reward them: I thank God I have had and shall have enough as long as I live. I will never be ashamed for lack of good. Sir, if I have done this without your pleasure, I ask for your pardon. For both I and my squires shall serve you as well as ever we did. Then the prince said: Sir James, for anything that you have done, I cannot blame you. Therefore, accept my thanks. And for the valor of these squires whom you praise so much, I grant them your gift. And I will render to you 6 C. marks in the same manner as you had the other. Thus, the prince and his company did such things that they passed through Poitiers and Xaintrailles without damage. They arrived in Bordeaux and there passed the river of Geron and entered the good city. It cannot be recorded the great feast and cheer that the citizens, with the clergy, made to the prince, and how honorably they received him.\nThe prince received the French king. They lodged in Saint Andrew's abbey, with the king in one part and the prince in the other. The prince bought most of the earls of France's lords, knights, squires of Gascony, who were prisoners, for ready money from them. There were various questions and challenges made between the knights and squires of Gascony regarding taking the French king. Denys Morbecque, by right of arms and true tokens he showed, challenged him for his prisoner. Another squire of Gascony named Bernard of Troutes claimed his right. Much commotion ensued, and many words were exchanged before the prince and other lords present. The prince postponed a decision until they came to England and that no declaration should be made before the king of England's father. However, the French king insisted.\nThe prince helped sustain Denyce Morbecke, as he leaned towards him more than any other. The prince therefore had two million nobles delivered to the said Denyce to maintain his estate. After the prince arrived in Bordeaux, the cardinal of Pegort came there, who was sent by the pope. He stayed for more than fifteen days or until the prince would speak with him, due to the Chatclayne of Campost and his men, who were against him in the battle of Poitiers. The prince believed that the cardinal had sent them there; but the cardinal did so through the means of the lord of Chamont, the lord of Monferant, and the captain of Buze, who were his cousins. They presented such good reasons to the prince that he was content to hear him speak. And when he was before the prince, he excused himself so wisely that the prince and his council held him excused, and he fell back into the prince's favor, and redeemed his men.\nresonable raunsoms. and ye Cathelayne was sette to his ransome of .x. M. frankes / the which he payed after. Than the car\u00a6dynall began to treat on the delyuerance of the frenche kyng / but I passe it brefely bycause no\u2223thyng was done. Thus the prince / the gascons and englysshmen taryed styllat Burdeux \u2022 they had won. In Englande also there was great ioye whan\u0304e they harde tidynges of the batayle of Poycters of the dysconfityng of the fre\u0304chmen / and takyng of the kyng: great solemnytes were made in a\nTHe same seson that the batayle of Poicters was / the duke of Lancastre was in ye cou\u0304tie of Eureux / and on the marches of Co\u0304stantyne and with hym the lorde Philypwarr in Norman\u00a6dy: & had done all that season in the tytell of the kyng of Nauer / whom the french kyng helde in prison. These lordes dyd all that they might to haue ben at the iourney of Poyters with ye prin\u00a6ce but they coude nat: for all the passages on the ryuer of Loyre were so well kept / y\u2022 they myght nat passe. But whan they herd howe the\nThe prince had taken the French king at the Battle of Potherna Fort. Now let us speak of the French king's troubles: Charles, Louis, and John, who returned from the affairs at Poitiers, were young and of counsel. There was but small recovery, and none of them was willing to take on the governance of the realm of France. Also, the lords, knights, and squires, who had fled from the battle, were so hated and blamed by the common people of the realm, the burghers of Paris, and the councils of other good towns. They all assembled at Paris and there they would ordain how the realm should be governed until the king was delivered from prison. They also wanted to know further what had become of the great treasure, which had been levied in the realm: through taxes, maladministration, subsidies forging money, and all other extortions, by which the people had been overlaid and troubled. The soldiers were ill paid, and the realm ill kept and defended. However, of all this, there were:\nNone could give an account: than they agreed that the prelates should choose out twelve persons among them, who should have the power, by them and by all the clergy, to ordain and to advise all things concerning the realm. And the lords and knights to choose other twelve among them, of their wisest and most discreet persons, to determine all causes. And the burgesses to choose other twelve for the commons. These sixty persons should often meet at Paris, and they to commune and to ordain for all causes of the realm: and to these three estates all other prelates, lords, and commons should obey. So these persons were chosen out, but in the beginning there were diverse in this selection. The duke of Normandy was not content with this, nor his council.\n\nFirstly, these three estates defended evermore against money, and they required the duke of Normandy to rest the chancellor of the king his father, the lord [Name].\nRobert of Lorreys and Lord Robert of Bucy, along with various other masters of the courts and counselors of the king, intended to make a true account of their takings and levies in the realm and through their counselors. When these masters and counselors learned of this matter, they departed from the realm into other countries to wait for further news.\n\nThese three estates were ordained and established in their names, receivers of all taxes, demesnes, subsidies, and other rights belonging to the king and to the realm. They made new money to be forged from fine gold, called moutons. They also wished for the king of Navarre to be delivered from prison, where he was at the castle of Crevecoeur in Cambresis. It was believed by many of the three estates that the realm of France would be stronger and better defended if he remained true to the realm, as they saw that there were few nobles to maintain it otherwise.\nThe realm: for they were nearly all taken and slain at the battle of Poitiers. Then they requested the duke of Normandy to deliver him from prison. They said they thought he had great wrong to be kept in prison, as they did not know why. The duke answered and said he dared not take on his release: for the king his father had put him in prison, and he could not tell for what cause. At the same time, tidings came to the duke and the three estates: the lord Godfrey of Harcourt made war in Normandy and overran the country two or three times a week, sometimes to the suburbs of Cahors, St. Low, Eureux, and Conches. Then the duke and the three estates: ordered a company of three hundred spearmen and five hundred other men, and appointed four captains: the lord of Ravennal, the lord of Kenny, the lord of Ryell, and the lord of Friamyll. These men of war departed from Paris and went to Rouen: and there they assembled.\nall parts: there were various knights of Arthur and of Vermandois: such as the lord of Kennecy, the lord Loyes of Hanefkell, the lord Edward of Rous, the lord John Fenes, the lord Ingram of Hedyn, and many other Normans. And there were many expert men-at-arms. These lords rode to Costances and there made their alliance.\n\nWhen the lord Godfrey of Harcourt, who was a right hearty knight with only one leg to stand more steadily since it was a little crooked, but he was strong in arms. There he fought valiantly and long; none could withstand his strokes, save a foot.\n\nAfter the death of this knight, Sir Godfrey of Harcourt: the Frenchmen returned to Costances with their prisoners and pillage. And immediately after, they went into France to the duke of Normandy, who was then called regent of France, and to the three estates, because he would not take his parson, the prince of Wales and such Englishmen with him at Bordeaux.\nOrdered for ships to convey the French king and his son, as well as all other prisoners, to England. When the time for his departure approached, he commanded the lord of Conte to remain there until his return. Then he set sail with certain lords of Gascony and the French king was in a vessel by himself for greater ease, accompanied by two hundred men-at-arms and two thousand archers, as it was shown to the prince that the three estates by whom the realm of France was governed had laid in Normandy and Crotoy two great armies, intending to meet with him and get the French king out of their hands if they could. But none appeared. They were on the sea for eleven days, and on the twelfth day they arrived at Sandwich. Then they disembarked from their ship and stayed there all that night and two days to refresh themselves, and on the third day they rode to Canterbury. When the king of England knew of their coming, he commanded them to come ashore.\nLondon prepared themselves and their city to receive such a man as the king was. They arranged themselves in companies, and the chief masters dressed differently from the others. Saint Thomas of Canterbury received the French king and the prince, and they stayed a day. Then they rode to Rochester and stayed there a day and the next day to Dartford. On the fourth day, they arrived in London, where they were honorably received in every town as they passed. The French king rode through London on a white courser, well-appointed, and the prince on a small black cob by his side. He was conveyed along the city until he reached the Savoy, which belonged to the duke of Lancaster's heritage. There, the French king stayed for a long time, and the king and queen came to see him often. The lord, by the command of Pope Innocent, arrived in England.\nTaylor, cardinal of Perigord, and Lord Nicholas, cardinal of Dargel, negotiated a peace between the two kings but could not achieve anything; however, they eventually secured a true between the two kings and all their allies, which was to last until the feast of St. John the Baptist in the year 1459. The exceptions to this true were Lord Philip of Navarre and his allies, the countess of Montfort, and the duchy of Brittany. After the French king was removed from the Sauoy to Windsor Castle and all his household, he went hunting and hawking there for his pleasure, and Lord Philip his son was with him. All the other prisoners remained at London and were received on their word alone.\n\nYou have heard before how King David of Scotland was taken and was a prisoner in England for more than nine years. After the true was concluded between England and Scotland.\nThe two cardinals in Scotland, along with the bishop of St. Andrews, entered into a treaty with the king of Scotland. The terms of the treaty were such that the king of Scotland would never again arm himself against the king of England within his realm, nor counsel or send his subjects to do so. Additionally, after his return to his realm, the king of Scotland would put all his efforts into ensuring that his men agreed that the realm of Scotland would hold the realm in fealty and do homage to the king of England. If the realm refused to agree to this, the king of Scotland would swear solemnly to maintain peace with the king of England and bind himself and his realm to pay the king of England five hundred thousand nobles within ten years, and at the king of England's summons, send good pledges and hostages, including the Earl of Douglas, the Earl of Moray, the Earl of Mar, and the Earl of Surrey.\nIn the year 1457 AD, Feyman, Baron of Ursery, and Wylie of Caumoyse remained prisoners and hostages in England for their lord, the king. They were to remain until the payment of a specified sum of money was fully content and paid. Instruments and bonds were made public, and letters patent were issued by both kings. When the Scottish king departed and went into his realm, his wife, Queen Isabella, accompanied him, and he was honorably received in his realm. He stayed at St. John's town on the River Tyne until his castle of Edinborough was prepared.\n\nApproximately in the middle of May 1457 AD, the Duke of Lancaster raised a large army in Brittany, consisting of Englishmen and Bretons, with the support of the Countess of Montfort and her young son. They numbered a thousand armed men and five hundred archers. They departed from Hanbury on a certain day and set out.\nThe text describes the siege of Reynes in Bretony (Bretagne), where the lord of Rouan, the lord of Di\u00e8ge, and others were within the city. A young bachelor named Bertraude was also there, respected by both sides. At the same time, the Lord of Blois was in the country, pursuing the French regent's request to send soldiers to lift the siege at Reynes. However, the regent was occupied with matters of the realm and did not act. The siege continued before Reynes.\n\nA knight named the Lord of Granville, allied to the King of Navarre, was displeased by the King of Navarre's presence. This was also displeasing to some of the burghers of Eure (Eureur). They could not change it because the castle was their enemy.\n\nBrenging and exhilarating the country of Bretagne, and so came before the good city of Reynes, and laid siege thereto, and made many assaults and little good did they do: for within was the Uycount of Rouan, the lord of dela Warr, Sir Charles of Di\u00e8ge, and divers others. And also there was a young bachelor called Bertraude, of no damage to any, and they were both well regarded both of them within, and they without. The same season the lord Charles de Blois was in the country and pursued sore the regent of France, desiring him to send men of war to raise the siege at Reynes; but the regent had such businesses with the matters of the realm, that he did nothing in that cause. So the siege lay still before Reynes.\n\nA knight named the lord of Granville, retaining to the king of Naure (Naurer) both by faith and other: greatly it displeased him the presence of the king of Naure (Naurer), and also it was right displeasing to some of the burghers of Eureur (Eureurr). But they could not amend it: because the castle was their enemy.\nThis lord lived two leagues from the city, and often visited a burgher's house, which in the past had favored the king of Navarre. When this lord arrived at the burgher's house, he would eat and drink with him, speak and discuss various matters, particularly about the king of Navarre and his conquests, with whom they had no disagreements. One time this lord said to the burgher, \"If you agree with me, I will help you on a day, against this city, burgh, and castle, for the benefit of the king of Navarre. How can that be said, burgher? For the castle captain is such a good free man that he will never agree to that, and without the castle, you can do nothing, for the castle masters the city.\" The lord Willyam replied, \"I shall show you how: first, it is necessary that you obtain the agreement of three or four other burghers, and provide men in your houses, well-armed, and I will warrant you on my peril that you shall enter the castle without the city's assistance. \"\npleasure without any suspicion; for he had never been in harness with Sir Philip of Navarre on any journey he made, because his land lay near the city of Evreux. And the French king, when he won the city, caused all the lands around it to be bound to him, or else he would have taken them for his own use. So the French king had the country, but the hearts of the people were still disloyal. If King John had been in France instead of England, he dared not have acted as he did, but he perceived that the three estates were well disposed towards the delivery of the king of Navarre. And when he saw all his matters ready and saluted him courteously, the captain stood still and returned the salute. When they came near each other, they began to speak of various matters; and Sir William demanded of him if he had heard any new news from France. The captain, who was eager to hear news, replied: \"Sir, I have heard none. Pray, do you?\"\nI have heard that the king of Denmark and the king of Ireland have allied and sworn to go together, and not to return to their countries until they have destroyed England and brought back the French king to Paris. They have more than 100,000 men, and the English are in such doubt that they don't know what to do, for there is an old saying among them that the Danes shall destroy them. The captain asked how I knew these tidings; a knight of Flanders wrote this to me for certain, and he sent me with the letter the finest chessmen I ever saw. The captain then said, \"Sir, I pray you let me see them. I will send for them, said Sir William, on the condition that you will play a game with me.\"\nThe captain and Sir William entered through the first gate. The captain then closed and locked the gate after them. Sir William opened the second gate and said, \"You may go through safely.\" The captain opened the gate, and Sir William entered the castle. The varlet went straight to the burghers, who had men ready in their houses, and ordered them to come quickly to the castle gate. He blew a small horn as arranged before. When Lord William heard the horn, he told the captain, \"Let us exit through the second gate; my varlet is coming.\" Sir William stepped out of the gate and stood still outside. The captain, who intended to follow him out, set his foot in the threshold and stooped down, putting out his hand.\nThe lord William took the arrested man under his arm and struck the captain as he gave him a blow, splitting his head open on the ground. Then, the lord William went to the first gate and opened it. When the watchman of the castle heard the horn, he was greatly surprised, for a command had been given in the town that no one should sound any horn on pain of death. He looked and saw men in armor coming toward the castle gate, so he cried out, \"Treason! Treason!\" Those within the castle came to the gate and were alarmed when they saw it open. The captain's body was before the gate, and the lord William, with his axe in hand, defended the entrance. Then, unexpectedly, those who had been appointed to aid the lord William entered through the first gate and went on to the second gate, pushing back the soldiers. Many were taken and killed, and they entered the castle in this manner. Thus, the strong castle was taken by this means.\nEureux was won back, and the city yielded up, expelling all Frenchmen. They then summoned Lord Philip of Naver, who had recently returned from England, to lead the campaign against Normandy. He arrived with Sir Robert Canoll, Sir James Physen, Sir Fryquet of Friquant, the Bascle of Marnell, Lord Jouell, Sir Fondrigas, and others, who caused much damage in France as will be detailed later.\n\nIn the same season, there was a knight named Sir Arnold Canoll, also known as an archpriest. He gathered a large company of men-at-arms from various countries, where they lacked wages elsewhere. After capturing the French king, they did not know where to win anything in France. They first headed towards Provence and took many strong towns and castles by force. They robbed the entire countryside up to Avignon. They had no other captain but this knight, Sir Arnold Canoll.\nThe archbishop, Pope Innocent VI, and the cardinals, being at Avignon, had great doubt and kept their men in armor day and night, maintaining a good watch. When this archbishop and his company had plundered the entire countryside, the pope and the clergy entered into negotiations with them, and upon a firm agreement, they came to Avignon. They were received honorably, as if they were the son of a king. The archbishop dined frequently with the pope and the cardinals, and they were granted pardon for their sins. At their departure, they were given 40,000 crowns as a reward for him and his company. Some of his company departed, but the archbishop still kept the rest together.\n\nIn the same season, another company of men from various countries gathered together, stationed between the Loire and the Seine rivers. No one dared to travel or ride between Paris and Orl\u00e9ans, nor between Paris and Montargis. Every man hesitated to go to Paris. The poor population was affected by this.\nmen of the countryside fled to Orl\u00e9ans. They elected among them a captain named Ruffin; he was made knight: and through robbery and pillage, he became remarkably rich. One day they would ride near Paris, another day to Orl\u00e9ans, another time to Chartres. There was no town or fortress, save those that were strong and well-guarded, that was not robbed and overrun, according to St. Arnould, Gallardon, Broumalx, Aloes, Estamps, Chastres, Montlh\u00e9ry, Plougniers, Ingastines, Milly, Larchant, Chastellon, Montargis, Isy.\n\nIn this period, the three estates ruled in various countries. In different regions, certain groups of people called themselves companies and waged war against every man. The noblemen of the realm of France and the prelates of the holy church grew weary of the rule and order of the three estates. They relinquished their rule and allowed the provost of the merchants to meddle with some of the burghers of Paris, because they intervened further than was appropriate.\nThe regent of France was in the palaces of Paris with many noblemen and prelates. The provost then assembled a large number of commons of Paris, those who were of his opinion, and they all wore hats of one color, to be known. The provost came to the palaces with his men around him and entered the duke's chamber. He earnestly requested the duke to take on the business of ruling the realm of France. He explained that the realm, which belonged to him by inheritance, should be better kept. He also mentioned that companies robbing and pillaging the realm were wasting it. The duke answered that he would gladly attend to this matter if he had the means. He added that those who received the profits and rights of the realm should do so if it was done or not, as reported. They exchanged such words between them that three of the greatest in the duke's council were killed near him.\nthat his clothes were all bloody with their blood, and he himself was in great danger; but one of their hats was placed on his head, and he was willing to pardon the deaths of his three knights: one called Lord Robert of Clermont, another Lord of Couflans, and the knight of the law, Lord Simeon of Bucy.\n\nAfter this, certain knights, including Lord John of Pequigny and others, came to the strong castle of Aleres in Picardy under the protection of the provost of Paris and other counselors of the good towns. They brought tokens to those keeping the castle that they had the king of Navarre delivered into their hands; for the captain was not there. They brought him with great joy into the city of Amiens where he was well received, and lodged at a canon's house who loved him.\nWhen King Guy of Navarre was entirely called Guy, and the king tarried there for fifteen days until he had provided for himself the assurance of the duke of Normandy, who was then regent of France. The provost of the merchants of Paris had obtained his peace from the duke for him, and from them of Paris. Then the king of Navarre was brought to Paris by Lord John of Pequigny and other burghers of Amiens. Every man was glad to see him, and the duke made him great feasts and cheer for it was fitting. The provost and his sect exhorted him to do so; therefore, the duke feigned compliance for the pleasure of the provost and others of Paris.\n\nWhen King Navarre had been in Paris for a certain time, on a day he assembled together prelates, knights, and clerks of the universe. And there he publicly displayed in Latin, in the presence of the duke of Normandy, his complaints and grievances, and the violence done to him unjustly, without right or reason. He declared that there was none who ought to:\nBut he doubted in his heart that he would live and die in the defense of the realm of France and its crown, as he was bound to do, for he was born of a father and mother of the right line of France. And he said if he would challenge the realm and crown of France, he could rightfully show how closer he was to it than the king of England. His sermon and language were so pleasant that he was greatly praised, and so little and large he entered into the favor of the Parisians that he was better loved there than the regent, the duke of Normandy, and also with various other cities in the realm of France. But whatever semblance the provost and those of Paris made to the king of Navarre, for all that Lord Philip of Navarre would never trust them nor would he come to Paris. For he always said that in a commune there was never any certainty, but finally shame, rebuke, and dishonor.\n\nAfter the delivery of the king of Navarre, there began a marvelous turbulence in the realm of France.\nIn Beauosyn, on the river Marne, in Leamoys, and around Seasons, certain people from the common villages gathered without heed or ruler. In the beginning, they numbered less than a hundred. They claimed that the noblemen of the French realm, knights and squires, disgraced the realm. It was proposed that it would be a great wealth to destroy them all, and each one agreed. Shame on him who does not have the power to destroy all the gentlemen of the realm. They gathered together without any counsel and without any armor, sight of the lady, and her children. Afterward, the lady was forced and raided by ten or twelve of them. They made her eat of her husband and then made her die a cruel death, along with all her children. They elected a king among them, one of Clermont in Beauosyn. They chose him, who was the most ungracious of all others, and they called him King Jacques Goodman.\nThey were called companions of the Jaquiry. They destroyed and burned in the country of Beauvais, about Corby, Amyence, and Montdidier. More than three score good houses and strong castles were destroyed in this manner. The same unhappy people were in Brittany and Artois, so that all the ladies, knights, and squires of that country were forced to flee: to Meaux in Brittany, as well as the duchesses of Normandy and Orleans, and various other ladies and damsels, or they had been violated and then murdered. There were also certain of these ungracious people between Paris and Noyon, and between Paris and Soissons, and all around in the land of Coucy, in the county of Valois, between Brie and Loan, Noyon and Soissons. More than a hundred castles and good houses of knights and squires were burned and destroyed in that country.\n\nWhen the gentlemen of Beauvais, of Corbeys, of Vermandois, and of other lands where these mischievous people were conversant, saw the lawlessness among them,\nThey sent for help to their traders in Flanders, Brabant, Heynault, and Behaine. Parties came from all sides. And so all these gentlemen strangers, along with the locals, assembled together and set upon the people where they could find them, slaughtering and hanging them on trees by their heels. The king of Naver killed more than three thousand. Besides Clermont in Beauvais. It was time to take them up; for if they had all assembled together, they would have been over a hundred thousand. When they were asked why they did such cruel deeds, they would answer and say they could not tell, but rather that they did as they saw others do, thereby destroying all the nobles and gentlemen of the world. In the same season, the duke of Normandy departed from Paris and was in doubt of the king of Naver and the provost of the merchants and his sect. They were all of one accord. He rode to the bridge of Charenton on the river Marne and there he made an agreement.\nIn the time when these ungracious people ruled, the Earl of Foix and the Captain of Bther emerged from Provence. They had heard that they were to enter France due to the great turmoil among the nobles caused by these unhappy people. In the city of Meaux resided the Duchess of Normandy and the Duchess of Orl\u00e9ans, and a third person.\nhundred other ladyes and damsels, and the duke of Orleance also, agreed to go and see these ladyes and comfort them in their powers. The captain was engaged, but it was true between the two kings at the time. They had in their company three score spears. When they arrived at Meaux in Brittany, they were welcomed by the ladyes and damsels there. And when those of the Jaquelineunderstood that there were such a number of ladyes, young damsels, and noble children at Meaux, they assembled together, and those of Valois and some from Paris who heard of it came to them. In all, there were nine thousand, and more and more resorted to them daily. So they came to the gates of the town of Meaux, and the people of the town opened the gates and allowed them to enter. All the streets were filled with them to the market place, where these noble ladyes were lodged in a strong place, enclosed about with the river Marne.\nThere came a nombre against them, causing the ladyes great fear. Then these two knights and their company came to the gate of the market place and issued out, setting on those bilayns who were but yually armed. The Earl of Foix banner and the Duke of Orl\u00e9ans, and the Captain Penon, and when these bilayns saw these men of war well apparrelled, they issued out to defend the place. The majority of them began to recule back, and the gentlemen pursued them with their spears & swords. And when they felt the great strokes, they reculed all at once, and fell for haste, each on other. All the noble men issued out of the barriers and immediately won the place, entering among their enemies and beating them down with heels, and slew them like beasts, and chased all out of the town, and slew so many that they were weary, and made many of them fly into the river in heaps. Briefly, they slew more than seven thousand, and none would have escaped if they had pursued the chase any farther.\nAnd when these men of arms returned to the town: they set fire to it and burned it clean, and all the militia of the town who could be found within it, because they had taken part with the Jaqueries. After this disorder was done at Meaux: they never assembled again, for the young Ingram lord of Coucy had certain men of war around him, and they slew them as they met them without mercy.\n\nA None, after this adventure, the duke of Normandy assembled all the noble men he could get together, both from the realm and the empire, for his wages. So he had a three thousand spearmen and went and laid siege to Paris, toward Sainte-Antoine, along the river Seine, & was lodged himself at Sainte-Maur and his men around it. And every day they ran skirmishes at the walls of Paris. And sometimes the duke lodged at Charenton, and another season at Sainte-Maur, so that nothing reached Paris:\non that side, neither by land nor by water.\nThe duke ensured that both the rivers of Seine and Marne were securely kept, and burned all the villages around Paris that had not yet been fortified to chastise those of Paris. If Paris had not been fortified with walls and ditches, it would have been destroyed; none dared enter or leave for fear of the duke's men, who rode on both sides and offered no resistance. The provost remained loyal to the king of Navarre and sought his counsel; the commons worked day and night on the city's defense, maintaining a great number of soldiers, English archers, and other companies. There were certained well-disposed persons in the city, such as John Maylart and his brother Symond, and many of their lineage who were greatly displeased with the duke of Normandy's evil will. However, the provost had won over all manner of men, and none dared speak against him without risking their lives. The king of Navarre, observing the division between them,\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in Old English, but it is not significantly different from Middle English, so no translation is necessary. The text is mostly clear and does not contain any major OCR errors, so no corrections are required.)\nParis and the duke of Normandy believed that the situation in Paris could not last in its current state. The duke had little trust in the commotion in Paris and departed as courteously as he could. He went to Saint Denis and kept a large number of soldiers there at the wages of those in Paris. The duke stayed at Charenton for six weeks, and the king of Navarre was at Saint Denis, plundering and ravaging the country on every side. Between these parties, the archbishop of Sens, the bishop of Ausser, the bishop of Beaumont, the lord of Momercy, the lord of Fiennes, and the lord of Saint Venant, frequently intervened and wisely managed their affairs. The king of Navarre, with his own good will and without coercion, went to Charenton to make peace with the duke of Normandy. The first issue was the deaths of the two knights, Master Symon Bucy, and the dispute over this matter.\nThe duke was requested by Prouost to come to Paris and be given all the honors they could. The duke replied that he would uphold the peace made and had sworn to do so without any breach from his side. However, he would not enter Paris until he had been satisfied by those who had displeased him. The provost of the merchants and his followers frequently visited the king of Navarre at St. Denis and showed him how they were in the king's favor due to their role in freeing him from prison and bringing him to Paris. Therefore, they urged him: \"Navarre, who received the money with glad cheer.\"\n\nDuring this season, there were a great number of English and Norman soldiers retained in wages by the provost and the commoners of the city to aid them against the duke of Normandy. They conducted themselves well in the war, but when peace was made between the Parisians and the duke, certain of these soldiers departed.\nFrom Paris: and some remained there / those who departed went to the king of Navarre, who received them into his service. They remained in Paris for three hundred days. They spent their time only on their money. One day, a dispute arose between them and the Parisians. Thirty of them were killed. The provost blamed the Parisians greatly for this. To appease the common people, he took more than one hundred and fifty and put them in prison in three gates. He told the common people that they would all be killed and corrected accordingly for their misdeeds. This appeased the common people. But when night came, the provost had them released from prison and expelled them from the town at their liberty. And so they went to St. Denis to the king of Navarre, and he received and retained them all. The next morning, when the Parisians learned of the release of the Englishmen from prison, they were greatly displeased with the provost, but he acted wisely and concealed the matter.\nThese English and Norman soldiers, when they were together at St. Denis, determined to avenge themselves against the people of Paris for the insult inflicted upon them. They defied the Parisians and made eager war against them, preventing any from leaving their city. The people of Paris requested that the provost allow some of the commoners to be armed and to go out into the fields to fight the English. The provost agreed and, saying he would go with them, armed a hundred and twenty and they set out. They heard that the English, who were making war, were encamped near St. Claude. They divided into two companies to ensure their enemies would not escape and agreed to meet at a designated place by St. Claude. So they went by two routes.\nMaster and his men could not find their enemies, and the provost who had the lesser part returned around noon and entered Paris at the Saint Martin gate. The other company, unaware of the provost's return, stayed in the fields until it was time for supper. Then they returned homeward without formation or order, thinking they would have no trouble. Some carried their shields in their hands, some on their backs, some drew their swords after them naked, and some kept them in their scabbards. They made their way to enter Paris through the Saint Honor\u00e9 gate. Suddenly, as they went, they encountered the Frenchmen in a lowly place. There were about four hundred of them, well-appointed. When they saw the Frenchmen, they set upon them, and at the first encounter, they killed more than two hundred before the Frenchmen fled and were beaten like beasts. Over six hundred were slain in the chase, and they were pursued to the Paris barriers. Of this number:\nThe prior was greatly blamed by the Commons, who accused him of betrayal. The following morning, friends of those slain in Paris went out to seek their bodies for burial. The English had made an ambush, and once again they were attacked and over six hundred were killed or injured. In this chaos and turmoil, the Parisians did not know whom to fear. They lived in constant fear, day and night. The King of Navarre grew cold towards aiding them because of the peace he had sworn to the Duke of Normandy. Additionally, the Parisians had outraged the English soldiers, so he consented to their punishment. The Duke of Normandy also allowed it because the prior and his sect held the city's governance. The prior and his sect held secret councils among themselves.\nThe provost and his company knew they could find no mercy from the duke of Normandy, as he had sent word to all the commons of Paris that he would keep no longer peace without having delivered twelve Parisians, whom he would choose to do with as he pleased. This greatly disheartened the provost and his companions. They realized it was better for them to save their lives, goods, and friends rather than be destroyed. It was better for them to sleep than to be slain. Secretly, they negotiated with Englishmen, those who were waging war against Paris. They agreed that the provost and his sect would be at the gate of St. Honor\u00e9 and at the gate of St. Anthony at midnight, and would let in the English and their allies, who were ready to overrun the city, and destroy and rob it clean. Except for houses bearing certain signs among them.\nIn all other houses, there were no such tokens for men, women, and children to sleep. That same night, certain citizens of the city, who had always been on the duke's side, were informed by divine inspiration, as it should be supposed, that Paris was to be destroyed that night. Among them were John Mayllart and Symond his brother, and others. Armed and informed, they went to the Saint Antoine gate and found the provost of the merchants with the keys of the gates in his hands. Then John Mayllart spoke to the provost, calling him by name Stephane, asking, \"What are you doing here at this hour? The provost replied, \"John, what do you want? I am here to protect the town; by God's grace, I shall not let you go.\" The provost was not there for good reasons, as could be seen by the keys of the gates.\nThe gates you hold in your hands, I think, are to betray the town. Said the provost John, you lie falsely. Nay, replied John. Stephen, you lie falsely, acting like a traitor, and then struck at him. And said to his company, \"slay the traitors.\" Then every man struck at them. The provost wanted to flee, but John Maylart struck him on the head, causing him to fall to the earth. And yet he was his companion and left not until he was killed, and six of them who were there with him: and the others were taken and put in prison. Then the people began to stir in the streets. John Maylart and his associates went to St. Honor\u00e9's gate and found certain members of the provost's sect there. And there they laid treason to them: but their excuses availed nothing. There were various taken and sent to various prisons. And those who would not be taken were slain without mercy. That night they waited and took various in their beds, such as were culpable of the treason.\n\"confession of those taken. The next day John Maylart assembled the most part of the commons in the market hall and there he mounted on a stage: and showed generally the cause why he had killed the provost of the merchants. And there, by the council of all the wise men, those who were of the sect of the provost were brought before him.\n\nWhen the king of Navarre knew the truth of the provost's death and of other members of his sect, he was greatly displeased because the provost had always been favorable to him. And since the provost was the chief instigator, all things considered, and by the counsel of Lord Philip of Navarre, his brother, who was there with him at Saint Denis, they determined to make war on the realm of France. Then, without delay, he sent his defiance to the duke of Normandy, to Paris, and to the whole body of the realm of France. And then he departed from Saint Denis, and his men overran the town at his departure.\"\nThe robber robbed it, and Melynne on the river of Seine, where Queen Blanche, his mistress, was at one time the wife of King Philip. The lady received him joyfully and put all that she had at his disposal, and King of Navarre made the town and castle his principal garrison. He retained men of war from all places where he could get them: Almain, Brabant, Henneguois, and Behainois, and from every place where he could. Men were glad to serve him, for he paid generously. He had enough money from the aid of the provost of the merchants of Paris and other towns around. Lord Philip of Navarre went to Mont and to Meulan on the river Seine, and there he made his garrisons. Every day the company of the King of Navarre increased. Thus, the King of Navarre and his men began to make war on the realm of France, and especially on the noble city of Paris. They were masters of the rivers of Seine, Marne, and Doisne: these Navarrese multiplied in such numbers.\nwise/ those who took by force the strong town of Craell, thereby mastering the river Doysse. They also won the strong castle of Hereell, three leagues from Amiens, and later Maucounse. These three fortresses caused great disturbance to the realm of France; there were five hundred who roamed the country without resistance. And immediately after winning the castle of Saint Valery, they made a strong garrison there and appointed Sir William of Bonneville and John of Segures as captains with five hundred men. They roamed the countryside to Depes, Abbeyle, the ports of Crotoy of Roy, and Mutterell. Whenever they heard of a castle or town, however strong, they had no doubts about getting it. Often they would ride thirty leagues in a night and enter a country where they had no doubts. Thus they stole and won castles and fortresses in the realm of France, and sometimes took knights and ladies in their possession.\nThe lords took beds and some ransomed, and from some they took all that they had. They made the captain of the town of Craell, Lord Fondregas of Naver. He granted safe-conducts to those who would pass to Paris, to Noyon, or from Noyon to Coucy, or from thence to Soissons, or to Laon, and to other places. These safe-conducts were worthwhile to him while he lay at Craell, a hundred thousand francs. At the castle of Herault lay Lord John of Picqueney, who was a good navarrese. His men harassed those of Montdidier, of Arras, of Peronne, and of Amiens. And all the country of Picardy along the river Somme. In the castle of Mauconseil there were three hundred men-at-arms and ravens of Dury. Franquelyn and Hannes were the chief captains. They overran the country around Noyon. All the great towns of the country that were not closed around Noyon were ransomed to pay every week a certain sum of florins.\nAnd also the abbeys were willing to do the same or face burning and destruction; they were so cruel to their enemies. Thus, these people emptied and labored not in the land, resulting in great hardship in the realm of France.\n\nWhen the Duke of Normandy, being in Paris, learned that these men of war were ravaging the country on behalf of the King of Navarre and that they were daily increasing, he sent messages to all the good towns in Picardy and Vermandois. He requested each man, according to his ability, to send a certain number of foot soldiers and horsemen back to resist the Navarrese, who were wasting the realm of France, of whom he had the chief command. The cities and good towns were glad to do so and taxed themselves as they could to pay the wages of certain men of arms, a foot soldier and a horseman, with archers and crossbowmen.\n\nThey first marched towards the city of Noyon and went directly against the garrison of Maucois, for they considered it the weakest Navarrese garrison.\nthat most hurt the people of Noyon and of the good country of Vermahdoyse. Of all these Frenchmen, the bishop of Noyon was their captain, and with him the lord of Cousy, the lord of Ravenall, the lord of Chaney, the lord of Roy, Sir Mathue of Roy his brother, and various other knights and squires of Picardy were among them, a great number there. Some say that there were even over a hundred who came thence, but others returned, but the majority were from the abbey of Orcans, with whom the captain of Maucounsell was greatly displeased. The nuisance spread abroad in various places, on both sides of the rivers. None opposed them. The knights of the country had enough to do to keep themselves busy.\n\nSo it was that Lord John of Piquegny, who was on the king of Navarre's side and chief of his fleet, helped deliver him out of prison. This knight kept the garrison of Herell's son three leagues from Amiens. He accomplished this through his subtlety, wit, and\nThe fair-speaking men of Amiens, with certain burgesses of the city's greatest rank, had agreed that they should allow the navies to enter the city. These traitorous burgesses, in secret chambers and lofts, harbored navies intended to destroy the city. One evening, Lord John of Piquegny, Lord William of Granville, Lord Fryquet of Fryquant, Lord Lynne of Belastoy, and Lord Fondregray, accompanied by seven hundred fighting men, arrived at the gates of Amiens, under the pretense of friends within the city. The gate was opened as promised. Those hidden within the city, in chambers and cellars, emerged and cried \"Navarre!\" The Amiens residents awoke, rose, and cried \"Treason!\" Drawing to the gate where the commotion was, those guarding the gate engaged in fierce fighting between the city and the borgo ward. Both sides suffered casualties.\nparties and if the nobles had made great haste to enter as soon as they came, they would have won the city. But they tarried at the gate and acted cowardly there. The same night, God inspired the constable of France, Lord Morell Fines, and the Earl of Saint Pol, who were at Corby with a great number of men-at-arms: they issued out and rode in such great haste that they reached the city by the time the enemy had won the gate and were in the process of winning it. Had these two lords arrived earlier, they would not have been able to recover the city. Upon entering the city through another gate, they drew straight to the gate where the fighting was taking place, displayed their banners, and ordered themselves in the street, refusing to leave the gate because they saw that the battle was lost without recovery. The people of the city were greatly encouraged by these actions and lit up many torches and other fires. When the Lord of Piquegny and his company understood that the battle had been lost.\nthat these other lordes were come to the socour of the cytie: thanne they tho\u2223ught they might lese more thanne wynne: ther\u2223fore he recreated all his menne as soberly as he might. And so all the naueroyse reculed backe and so wnedde the retreat / but they ouer ranne all the borowe and brende it: wherin their were well thre thousande houses and good lodgyn\u2223ges / and parysshe churches and other: and all were brende nothynge sauyd. Thus the naue\u2223royse retourned with great rychesse / that they gatte in the borowe of Amyense and many gode prisoners / and so went to their garyso\u0304s. Whan they were all gone: the constable of France and the erle of saynt Poule / sende their companyes to all the gates of the cytie / commaundynge the kepars on payne of dethe / to suffre no manne to yssue out of the towne: and so they dydde. In the mornyng be tymes these sayd to lordes with certayne of the burgesses / who knewe well all the maner of the cytie / went to certayne burges\u2223ses houses / suche as they hadde in suspect of\nTreason took place, and a septet, who were openly disregarded in the marketplace, were among those arrested. The abbot of Gars, who had consented to this treason and had lodged most of the nobles within his house, was also taken. Six of the greatest burgesses of Laon were put to death in the city after this. The bishop, had he been taken, would have died, as he was accused of treason. He could never excuse himself and left secretly, as he had friends who had informed him of the situation. He went straight to the king of Navarre at Melun on the Seine river, who received him joyfully. Such fortune filled those days within the realm of France, causing every lord, knight, and keepers of towns and castles to keep constant watch. In truth, the king of Navarre had many friends abroad in the realm, and if he had not been warned in time, he would have caused much harm.\nIn the realm: he did sufficient. All this season, the good towns of France: there was no salt to obtain except from the hands of the duke of Normandy's officers. They sold it at their discretion to gather money to pay the soldiers' wages. The constable of France and the young earl of Saint Pol gained much thanks and praise in the province of Picardy for saving the good city of Amiens and all the knights and squires of Picardy joined their company. Together they agreed to lay siege to Saint Valery. The constable sent for men to all the good towns and cities of Picardy: Tournai, Arras, Lille, Douai, Bethune, Saint Omer, Saint Quentin, Peron, Amiens, Corby, and Avesnes. Each of them sent a certain number of men to the constable. Many other knights and squires drew near, and specifically from Heynault, because of such inheritances they held in France. The lord Dandrehen sent the young seneschal of Heynault there.\nLord John of Uerthyne and Sir Hewe Da\u0304toy\u0304gne, his cousin, and various others came and laid siege before St. Valery. They were two thousand knights and squires. Twelve thousand commons were sent there from the good towns, at their cost and charge, especially those from Auxy, who had most of their provisions from there. This siege lasted a long time, and there were many great assaults and skirmishes. Daily there was ever something new. The young knights and squires of the host often went forth to adventure, and often they found themselves facing Sir William Bonnemare and Johan Segure and their company, who were within the town, with whom they skirmished outside. Both parties were hurt and slain. There were three hundred men-at-arms within the town, whom they summoned to aid them wherever they would go.\nDuring the siege of Saint-Valery, the host brought various engines for Abbey and Amiens and caused them to cast great stones, which troubled the defenders inside significantly. They had an abundant supply of artillery: cannons, springals, and other weapons, which caused great distress to those outside. At the same time, while the siege continued at Saint-Valery and the King of Navarre waged war on various parts of the French realm, the Captain of Bouillon arrived at Cherbourg. Many strong castles were taken in Bri, Behagnes, Valois, in the bishopric of Noyon, of Saint-Liz, of the Saisons of Laon. Many knights and squires from various countries were their commanders, around Pons on the river of Seine. There was such warfare around Proins, Troyes, Ausser, and Tonnerre, that no one dared to emerge from any good town or fortress between Chaoul and Troy, the castle of Beaufort being the exception. This castle was part of the inheritance of the Duke of Lancaster.\nSir Peter Audeley was captain in the country around Pons on the River Sayne, and at Noget, where Lord Eustace D'Ambraycourt resided with 500 men, who plundered the surrounding area. In Champagne was a squire named Albrest from Almayne. These three captains controlled more than 60 castles and strong houses in Champagne and along the Marne River. When they chose to venture into the field, they had over 2,000 fighting men at their disposal. They ruled all the land under their jurisdiction and robbed and ransomed throughout the region. They had destroyed the good towns of Amery, Sparney, Uertuz, and all the good towns along the Marne River to the castle of Thyerie, and around the city of Reynes. They had taken the good towns of Ronay and the strong castle of Hans in Champagne. Furthermore, in the counties of Burgundy and Partois, Theobald of Ch\u00e2teau-Chalon lay in wait.\nAnd John Chanfore, who held the bishopric of Langres and controlled a strong castle called Montsangon, where he kept four hundred soldiers. They roamed the country, heading towards the bishopric of Verdun, and towards the region of Soissons. Between Laon and Reims, there was another group, and their sovereign was at Vervins, where there were six hundred. The captain of them was Rabys of Durry, an Englishman, who retained all manner of people willing to serve him. He paid them so honestly from term to term that they were glad to serve him. He had another company with him, also on his payroll, called Robin le Stote. He captured the strong castle of Roucy during the Christmas feast and plundered the town and castle, turning it into a garrison. This garrison later caused much harm to the surrounding area. Rabys ransomed the earl, his wife, and his children for twelve thousand florins.\nof gold / of the print of the mutton, and he kept the town and castle all winter. And the summer after: which was the year of our lord. M. CCC. lix. And whatever the earl of Roucy had paid his ransom, he went to Laon / and wherever he pleased. In this season, there was no laboring of the earth, resulting in great scarcity in the realm.\n\nIn the same season, an adventure befell Lord Chanoyn of Robertsart. It so happened on a day: the lord of Pynon, a banneret of Vermandois, rode with a three-score men with him, from one French fortress to another. And on that same day, certain sons of Ully and Roucy went out on an adventure to win something, but their captains were not with them. They were three hundred companions together, and near the town of Craull, they saw where the lord of Pynon rode under his standard in good order, and was on his way to Craull. None of them perceived that they were Frenchmen; and the lord of\nPynon saw that they were naive and saw that he could not escape without battle. Then they headed towards Craull, but the naive had cut their way through, and when they saw that they were fleeing to save themselves as well as they could. The naive followed fast after, crying \"Saint George Naver.\" They were better horsed than the Frenchmen, so they overtook them within half a league riding. Then the lord of Pynon perceived a great pit large and deep, enclosed by a strong hedge, with only one little straight entrance. When he saw the disadvantage of it and could go no farther, he said to his company, \"Sirs, dismount quickly. It is better for us to face this adventure that God wills.\"\n\nWhen the naive saw that, they likewise dismounted. There was a squire with the lord of Pynon who said to his varlet, \"Leap upon my courser and spare him not. Ride to the garison of Pierpont and ask the Canon of Robertsart to come in all haste to rescue us.\"\nThe varlet said, \"I found him there: how is it possible that he should come here, as he is five leagues hence? Yet the squire replied, 'Do your duty.' Then the varlet rode forward and left his master desperately engaged with these pillagers of Welles. Roucy, lord of Pippon and his company, defended themselves by great valor and kept them at bay from morning until it was none, without any disadvantage. Now let us speak of the varlet, who rode in greatest haste to Pierre point in Lanoyes, and there delivered his message to the canon of Robercourt. He answered that he would do his duty by riding to the same place where the lord of Pippon was fighting, for he said he knew the place well. Then he swore his trumpet, and he and his company mounted on their horses numbering sixscore, and he also sent a varlet of his to Laon, who was not far from there to the captain there, to inform him of the matter. However, he would not wait for those from Laon.\nThe knight rode at a great gallop until he reached Lord Pynon and his company, heavily troubled by the nuisance. So they could not endure it for long without relief. The Champion of Roberts laid his spear in rest and charged into the nuisance, overthrowing three at the first encounter. His men, who were fresh and lusty, immediately put the nuisance to flight, who were weary of fighting all day. The Champion of Roberts gave such blows with his axe that none dared to oppose him. This is what I have shown here before: the lords of Picardy, Artois, Ponthieu, and Beauce were laying siege to St. Valery for a long time and made many assaults with engines and other instruments of war. Among other incidents, it happened that Lord Baucigny of Picardy approached the castle to advise it, and there he was struck down by a springal and killed. They within had great abundance of artillery, so that they outside could make none.\nThe assault caused only minor damage. The siege lasted from the beginning of August until it was lifted; the lords, seeing they could not take it by assault, watched all the straits and passages closely to prevent anything from reaching them, neither by water nor by land. Provisions within were running low, and they dared not go foraging; they also could neither see nor hear of any help other than what they had counseled together and determined to negotiate with the constable and the Earl of Saint Pol: they might depart and surrender the fortress, saving their lives, and go wherever they pleased. This arrangement was agreed upon, except they were not to leave without any baggage; the Earl of Saint Pol was reluctant to allow this. At the same time, Saint Valery's ward was approaching, with Lord Philip of Naver intending to lift the siege; at the very least, he would have tried to do so. Those at Saint Valery had not yet given in.\nThe French lords were still in the field arranging their departure. They were donning helmets and pavilions, and dismantling their camps. Suddenly, they heard tidings that Lord Philip of Naver, who governed all the lands under the king of Naver, his brother, and especially the lands of the county of Eureu, and to whom all men of war obeyed, was likely to give up their fortress. Then Lord Philip took courage to go and raise the siege there. He secretly gathered around Mont and Meulence a three-thousand-man force, including the young earl of Harcourt, Lord of Granville, Sir Robert Canoll, Sir John Piquegny, and various other knights and squires. All these had come within three leagues of Saint Valery.\nUallery was given up at the same time: they knew this for certain from Sir William Bonemare and Jean Segure, whom they met on the way. When the Frenchmen who had taken possession of Saint Valery understood the coming of Lord Philip of Naverre, they drew into the field and summoned the stable of France, the earl of Saint Pol, the lord of Chastillon, the lord of Poix, the lord of Beausault, the lord of Hely, the lord of Creskes, the lord Edward of Renchen, the lord Baudwyn Denekyn, and various other lords and knights who were there. They agreed to go and fight with their enemies. It was then commanded by the constable that every man in armor should march towards their enemies. Every man rode in good order thereafter, but when the enemy underestand that the Frenchmen were coming with more than 30,000, they were not in the least inclined to wait for them. Instead, they passed the Somme River as soon as they could.\nThe men entered the castle of Longue in Ponthieu, bringing with them horses and all their possessions. They were barely inside when Frenchmen arrived, increasing their numbers. This occurred around the hour of evening song. The common folk from Picardy followed, unable to arrive as quickly as the armed men. The French lords decided to lodge there for the night and wait for those who were coming after, intending to assault the next day. The nobles within, with a small provision, issued out a back doorway around midnight without making a sound and headed towards Vermandoye. The Frenchmen did not know of this until they armed and followed the nobles by the trail of their horses. Thus, the nobles rode in front and the Frenchmen followed. Eventually, the nobles reached Thorigny, a small village standing on a hill, where they could see all the.\nThe countryside was about half a side by Saint Ther\u00e9, where they had a great advantage to wait for their enemies. They had not long rested there when the whole countryside was covered with the French. When the natives saw them, they made ready to fight with them and issued out of their lodgings, making three battles. Lord Robert Canoll had the first, Lord Philip of Naver the second, and the Earl of Harcourt the third. And in every battle there were seven hundred, and every man cut their spears to five feet long, and in the hanging of the hill they caused their varlets to set all their spurs in the earth, rows up, to prevent their enemies from easily approaching them. There, Lord Philip of Naver made the young Earl of Harcourt a knight and the young Lord of Granville. The French rested before the natives and lit a foot, some of them being impatient had gone and fought with them, and some.\nOur men were weary before traveling, and many were behind. It would be good for us to wait for them and let us lodge here this night; tomorrow we may fight more ordinately. Thus, the Frenchmen lodged there that night and set their baggage around them. And when the night watch saw that they would not be fought with that night, in the evening they went into the village of Thoringy and made great fires & smokes to make their enemies believe they would lodge there all that night. But as soon as it was dark night, they had their horses ready and were determined what they would do, and when it was dark privately they departed and went to the river of Somme. And then they rode towards the wood of Bohaygne and crossed it, and rode that night more than seven leagues. Some who were poorly horsed were far behind, and the villagers of Bouhayne took them prisoners.\nThe country lost some, such as couldn't follow their masters and had lost their way. The Frenchmen knew not of their departure until it was near daylight, and so in haste they passed the river Somme at the bridge of Saint-Valery. Then these lords were displeased and gave great and disdainful words, but nonetheless, the men of Saint-Nazaire would not open their gates. Then these French lords thought it futile to pursue the navigation any further, and they all departed by the constable's license. The Earl of Saint-Pol went to his castle of Bohain, deeply displeased that none dared speak to him.\n\nThus departed this journey between the Frenchmen and the navigation: Lord Philip of Naver and his company rode the same day to Willy and passed by a guy on the river Oise. Then they refreshed themselves. When they saw they were out of all perils and at their pleasure, they rode into Normandy and rode from fortress to fortress, for they were masters of the rivers and plain.\nThe country. And so they entered again into Constantine and waged war as they did before in Normandy. The king of Navarre was at Melun on the river of Seine with a great number of men of war. Thus it happened that Sir Peter Audley, captain of Beaufort, between Troyes and Calais, gave advice that if he could pass the river Marne a little above the town of Chaalis, and so come to the abbey of St. Peter, he would easily enter the town. He waited on this purpose until the river Marne was low. Then he assembled together secretly certain companions, for there were five or six fortresses on his side. He had four hundred men: and he departed from Beaufort at midnight and brought them to the passage over the river Marne. He had men of the country who brought him thither. There they landed a foot and delivered their horses to their grooms, and so crossed the water, which was then but low. And when they were all over, they went fairly and easily toward the town.\nThe abbey of St. Peter: The watchmen in the town, who were near the abbey (outside the town), clearly heard the noise. For as they went, their horses' hooves clattered and made some noise. Those who heard this noise wondered what it meant, for sometimes the noise ceased - this was when the horses stood still and rested. And when they went forth again, the noise began - the wind was on that side. Some of the watchmen said, \"By likelihood, the English and the enemy are coming to steal this town.\" Let us go and rouse the men of the city in time, and some went towards the abbey to see what it was. They could not do it quickly, but Sir Peter Audeley and his company were in the abbey court. The walls of the abbey were not more than four feet high. Inconveniently, they went out at the abbey gate and entered a great street. The men of the city were greatly agitated, for they cried in every part, \"Treason! Alarm!\" Then the\nmen of the city armed and assembled, coming towards their enemies. Many were slain at the first encounter. It went badly for the town of Chalons, for Peter of Chalons, who had been captain there for a year and was newly departed because he had not been paid his wages, was among the slain. The citizens, a great number of them, rose on every side and fiercely put themselves in defense, which was necessary for them to do. However, they lost many men, for no gentleman of note was present. He rode day and night, and with him was Sir Philip of Jancourt, the lord of Grancy. When Sir Peter Audeley and his men saw these Burgundians, they withdrew the same way they had come, and they found their barricades with their boats at the river side.\nhorses. They mounted and passed the river Marne without delay and returned with a small conquest to Beaufort. The people of Chalons were pleased and thanked God for it, and the lord of Grangy, for the courtesies he had shown them, gave him and his company five hundred francs. Sir John Sars, who was present and their neighbor, was asked to stay with them to advise and defend. He agreed with certain wages for himself and his company, and they fortified the city where it was needed, at the town's charges. In the same season, the sons of Uelly and Roucy met by appointment and took by assault the town of Syssome. There they made a garrison of all kinds of people and made Hanekyn Francoys, aledeflow of Colaine on the river Rhine, the capitain. He was cruel in all his deeds, for he had no mercy for those he overcame. He burned the town.\nIn the countryside, those who were not ransomed at his pleasure were taken - men, women, and children. The earl of Roucy, grieving in his heart over the loss of his town and castle of Roucy, which the Navarrese had taken from him, summoned a hundred spears with forty men on horseback from the city of Laon. The earl of Porcien, Robert of Canency, the lord of Montegny in Ostrenant, and others joined him. They rode towards Sissonne and encountered the Navarrese army, which was burning a village. The men of Laon attacked impetuously, but they returned to their city without achieving anything, while the other Frenchmen remained and fought for a long time. However, the journey was not in their favor. The earl of Roucy was severely injured and taken prisoner, along with others.\nThe earl of Roucy was taken twice within less than a year: Lord Gerarde of Canency and the lord of Motegny, along with various other men-at-arms, were among the captors. The earl of Roucy was taken twice in such a short time. Lord Eustace Dambretycourt held a force of 700 fighting men in Champagne. He amassed great wealth there, plundering in Vendages, and Savannes had heard reports of him. She often sent him courser and hackney horses with letters of love. Sir Eustace was thus encouraged.\n\nIn the same town, there were three queens: the first queen, Jane, aunt to the king of Navarre, was once the wife of King Charles of France. The second queen, Blanche, was once the wife of King Philip of France, and sister to the king of Navarre. The siege had been lifted. Lord Jean Carbenaux told them, \"Ladies, do not be alarmed, for certain good people are preparing to help us.\"\npeace between the king of Navarre and the duke of Normandy. At that time, the cardinal of Pegau and the cardinal of Angell, along with others, called for a truce to be held at Verdun. The duke of Normandy and his council attended, as did the king of Navarre and his brother Philip, along with their councils. A peace was made there, and the king of Navarre swore to be a good Frenchman. This peace included the provision of three hundred knights and squires, whom the duke favored. However, the duke excepted certain others to whom he would not grant favor. The lord Philip of Navarre would not truly agree to this peace, but told the king his brother that he was enchanted and acted against King England, to whom he was allied. This king had always aided and comforted him. Therefore, the lord Philip departed from his brother, accompanied only by four persons, and rode in haste to Saint Savoir le Vicomte.\nwhich was a Garyson Englishman. And Captain under the king of England was Sir Thomas Agnew of England, who received Lord Philip joyfully and said how he had behaved himself truly to the king of England.\nBy the treaty of this peace, the king of Navarre had certain towns and castles in Normandy in peace, which before were in dispute and specifically Mont & Meulan. Also, a peace was made between the duke of Normandy and the young earl of Harcourt; a great part by the means of Lord Loyes of Harcourt, who was of the duke's council and of his house. And the duke gave to the same earl in marriage a young daughter of the duke of Bourbon, sister to the duchess of Normandy. Thus the siege broke up before Meulan, and the town remained free: yet for all this peace, the realm of France was invaded, a great war made therein, as much as before or more: for at that time the truce between England and France had expired. So such men of war, as before had made war, continued to do so.\nI tell of the king of Navarre in France, in Normandy, in Burgundy, in Picardy, in Champagne, in Brey, and in Beaufe. They made war again against the king of England, for all the peace, there was no truce that would turn French, due to the companies and men of war who had learned so well to rob and plunder the country, and to ransom the people, that they could not leave. After the breaking up of the siege at Melun: the duke of Normandy desired Lord Broquart of Fenestreles, who was of the nation of Lorraine, and had with him a five hundred company, that he would help drive out of Champagne the Englishmen, such as made daily war in that country. He agreed to this with a certain sum of florins that he should have for himself and his men. Then there assembled together men of war:\nof Chapagne / of Burgoyne / the bishop of Troy / the earl of Wadumont / the earl of Jouy / and the lord Johan Chalon / and the lord Broquart of Fenestrages, there were two thousand spearmen and 150 other. They came to the strong castle of Hans in Chapagne, which the English had kept for a year and a half. They took it during the third assault, and there were slain eighty Englishmen, none were taken prisoner. Then the Frenchmen went to the city of Troy and, when they were well refreshed, issued out twelve hundred spearmen and nine hundred other. They marched towards Nogent on the river of Seine. The lord Dambrety's court, who understood they were riding abroad, assembled the sons under his rule: four hundred spearmen and two hundred archers. He departed from Pons. He rode armed only with a helmet, and a great courser was led by him. He had not ridden far when he heard news of the Frenchmen.\nAnd in the same way, the French heard of them. But if Lord Eustace had known that the French had been such a great number, he would have requested the assistance of Lord Peter Audiley and Albreth. They could have made a force of four hundred men. Then Lord Eustace gathered his men together, without the town of Nogent, and took position on a small hill among the vines. He set his archers before him. And when the French approached and saw them, they organized three battles. The first was governed by the bishop of Troyes and Lord Broquart of Fenestranges; the second by Lord John of Chalon and the earl of Jouy; and the third by the earl of Janville. Then Sir Eustace among his men said, \"Let us fight with good courage; this journey will be ours, and we will be lords of all Champagne, which once was an earldom. I can do such service for the king of England, whom I consider to be king of France, that he will give me this earldom.\" Then he called to him certain young squires.\nas the courageous Manny, his cousin Johan of Paris, Martyne of Spaine, and others, were there made knights, and he made all his men light a foot and cut their spears five feet long. When Ser Broquart of Fenestreles, who was hardy and courageous, saw that Sir Eustace would not remove his battlement, he said let us set upon them whatever falls, and so he advanced his battle. Sir Eustace received the first battle so well that he overthrew more than sixty of his enemies and had nearly discomfited the same battle, but then the second fresh battle approached, which greatly aided and comforted the first. The third battle came on a wing, and comforted the other two. The French men were three to one. Sir Eustace with his gleve (glove) overthrew two of the hardiest of his enemies. When Ser Broquart saw his prowess, he struck at him over other men's heads, and struck him.\nThe Viser struck out with the stroke of his teeth, but he did not engage in combat. The Englishmen had the advantage of the hill and kept themselves close together, preventing any entry. The French were on horseback, while the English were on foot. A little to the side were the English archers, shooting quickly at the French. The French turned about and, as they did so, they did the same. Then, the French footmen entered the field, numbering about 900, and broke the array of the archers, as their shots could not harm them due to their protection. The French charged on horseback and slew many of them, and then they went on to those guarding the English horses and slew and wounded them all, but few escaped. Meanwhile, the other two battles fought with the English on one side and the footmen on the other, resulting in their array being broken. Sir\nEustace Standferd was beaten down and torn apart, and many men were slain and taken. Sir Eustace fell into the hands of a knight named Sir Henry Quenelart, and he had great difficulty saving his life, as the common people of Troyes wanted to kill him for the great deeds of war he had done in the countryside of Champagne. Sir John of Paris, the Lord Martin of Spain, and various other knights and squires were also taken. Those who saved themselves entered the fortress of Nogent, but there were few of them, as most had been killed or taken captive. The courageous Manny was left for dead on the battlefield among the dead men. However, after this defeat, and once all the French men had departed, he, being severely injured and near death, lifted up his head a little and saw nothing around him but dead men lying on the ground. He rose as well as he could and sat down, and saw that he was not far from the fortress of Nogent.\nEnglish/then he did so much creeping and sometimes resting that he reached the foot of the tower of Nogent. Then he signaled to those within, showing that he was one of their companions. Certain men came down from the tower to him and took him into the fortress, where he cared for himself so well that he healed. This battle took place in the year of our Lord 1459, on the vigil of St. John the Baptist.\n\nAfter this defeat at Nogent on the Seine, the French lords and their armies went to Troyes with their booty and captives, but they brought none of their prisoners with them. They set them among other French sons: the citizens of Troyes would have killed them. When those who remained in the garrison of Pouans learned that their captain, Lord Estaces, had been taken and all his company killed and taken, they gathered up their belongings as quickly as they could and departed, because they were few. Similarly, the same thing happened to those from\nTorey of Esponay, Arcy, Mary, Pleusy, and all other fortresses under the lord Eustace Dambreticourt's jurisdiction were left vacant due to doubt regarding the bishop of Troyes and the lord Broquarte of Fenestrages. However, Sir Peter Aubeley did not abandon his son Beauforte, nor John of Segure Nogente, nor Albret, Gey's son, by the river Seyne. In the same season, strangely, in Herreell castle, three leagues from Amiens, Lord Johan of Piquygny died, reportedly strangled by his chamberlain. Similarly, Sir Lucz of Bekusey, a member of his council, died.\n\nIn the same season, certain companions of Sir Peter Audeleys rode out and entered a town called Ronay, robbing it clean. While the curate was at mass there, an English squire entered the church and took the chalice from the altar where the priest should have consecrated it and cast out the wine. The priest spoke to him.\nhe struck him with his gauntlet, causing the blood to fall upon the altar. Then they departed and went into the fields. This squire had with him the patent and corporal. Suddenly, his horse began to turn and both horse and rider fell to the earth. Each of them strangled the other, and they were turned into powder. Afterward, his companions made a vow never to violate any church. In the same season, the garrison of Mauconsel wanted provisions and sold their fortress to those of Noyon and to those of the surrounding country for 12,000 gold motons. They departed with all their goods to other fortresses, such as Craell, Clermont, Herell, Uelly, Pierpont, Roussey, and Sissome. These fortresses had long been in the hands of Navarre, and after the peace between the duke of Normandy and the king of Navarre, they were English. When they had Mauconsel, they also had...\nJohn sold the fortress of Nogent to the bishop of Troyes for a certain sum of florins, which he had in writing under the bishop's seal. He came into the city of Troyes and alighted at the bishop's lodging. The bishop said to him, \"Ser John, you shall stay here with me for three or four days, and then you shall have your money.\" The man who had come there under the bishop's assurance agreed to it. But the citizens began to say, \"Our bishop is trying to swindle and mock us. He keeps the greatest thief and robber in all France around him, and wants us to give him our money.\" A great number of them held this opinion and sent guards to keep watch, so he wouldn't escape them. A six-thousand-strong horde of this faction arrived to kill him in the bishop's lodging. When the bishop saw this, he said to them, \"Fair friends, he has come here under my safe conduct, and you know the treaty and agreement.\"\nBetween Bargayne and him, by your accord, there was great shame and untruth (under this assurance) to do him any villainy. But whatever he said, they entered his hall by force and so into his chamber. They sought him narrowly, and at last found him, and there slew him and hewed him all to pieces.\n\nIt is long since I spoke of the king of England. But I had no occasion to speak of him until now. For as long as the truce endured, there was no war. The truce was expired on the first day of May, in the year of our Lord MCCLIX. After that day, all the Gascons English and Normans made war in the name of the king of England. Immediately after the peace made between the king of Navarre and the duke of Normandy, the lord Arnold Dandrehen returned to England, for he was not yet quit of his taking at the battle of Poitiers. In the same season, the king of England and the prince his son, the Frenchman, and they showed them the letters. Then the duke demanded\nThe king of Navarre consulted with him that the prelates and nobles of France, and councils of the good towns, should be assembled. This was done. And it seemed to the king of Navarre, and to the Duke, and to his brothers, and to the entire council of the realm, that the said treaty was too grievous to bear. Therefore, they all answered the two fords with one voice that they had brought, along with certain knights and squires of the county, to lay there for five weeks. And they surrendered their lives and goods and were allowed to go where they pleased. They had letters patent sealed by the archbishop, by the earl of Porcien, and the earl of Braine. But even so, when they departed, the common people there rose against them and killed most of the lords, who had great difficulty saving the captain Hanekyn Francois. Thus, the earl of Roucy regained his town and castle. After this,\nIn the winters of the castle of Roucy, Sir Peter Awdeley died in his bed within the castle of Beaufort. Those under him were deeply sorrowful. The English and Germans there, believing they could do no better since they were at war for the king of England, made their captain Sir Eustace Dambretcourt, who was still wounded and a prisoner. They then sent Faucon the Herald to the Earl of Wandemar and to Sir Henry, where the English had great profit. And there they made another garrison, which overran all the country around the river Marne to the Fertil Milon. The people of Athyen ran daily to Meseees on the river Meuse, to Douchery, and to Chenpoulux.\n\nIn the same season, the Lord Broquart of Fenestreles, who had been in the duke's aid against the French and the Burgundians, helping to put them out of the fortresses in Champagne, but he was poorly paid for his wages. There was owing to him and to his allies.\nthree thousand six hundred and sixty-seven francs. He sent certain messengers to Paris to the duke, who gave no answer to his pleasure; instead, they returned his defiance to the duke and to all of France. They entered a good town called Bar on the river Saane, where there were a little over nine hundred houses. His men robbed the town: but they could not take the castle, which was well fortified. They took their plunder and prisoners and burned the town, destroying all of it. Then they went to Constans and made their chief garrison there. They did even more cruel and vile deeds in the countryside of Champagne than the English or the Normans ever had. And when he and his men had thus ravaged the country, the duke made an agreement with him, and he received all that he desired and more. He then departed and went into Lorraine from whence he had come: and so left the realm of France and the countryside of Champagne in peace, having done much harm. In the same year, the year of our Lord God, a.\nM. CCC. li\nSuch lords and knights of Auvergne with their companies, numbering about three thousand spearmen, approached Sir Robert Canoell, intending to encounter him. Sir Robert had been riding through Berry, burning and devastating the countryside, and had then entered Auvergne. The lords and knights assembled to resist him. They were from Auvergne and Limousin, and with them was their lord of Forez, who brought with him a force of four thousand spearmen. They pursued Sir Robert Canoell and his men, calling themselves Englishmen. That night they encamped, and the next day they lodged on a hill near the Englishmen, while the French were lodged on a nearby smaller hill, allowing each to see the other's fires. The following morning, the French advanced further, and by noon they had reached a hill directly opposite the English, leaving only a small meadow of about twelve acres between them.\nThe Englishmen prepared their battle to fight and set their archers at the foot of the hill before them. The Frenchmen ordered two battles, each with 5,000 men. In the first battle was the Earl of Clermont, called Berault, and there he was made knight and raised his banner, quartered with Auvergne and Merquell. With him were the Lord Robert Dauphin, his uncle; the Lord Montagu; the Lord of Talencon; the Lord of Cochfort; the Lord of Serygnacke; the Lord Godfrey of Boloyne, and various other knights and squires: from Limousin, Quercy, Auvergne, and Rouergue. In the second battle was the Earl of Forez, the Lord John of Bolain, Earl of Auvergne, the Lord Darchier and his sons, the Lord Daccon, and the Lord Duhadd, who also greatly desired battle. Both hosts stood still until it was nearly night, each before the other, without going out of their ranks, save for certain young knights and squires to get prize in.\narms descended on both parties by the license of their marshals and came down into the meadow, facing one another. The one who wanted his fellow had him prisoner. Thus, at night, each party drew to their lodgings and made good watch. Then the French lords went to council, and they ordered that at midnight they should descend from their mountaine on the side opposite their enemies' ward. They intended to go a two leagues and come to the other side of the mountain where their enemies were. On that side, the hill was easy enough to climb, and they thought to come so early there that the Englishmen would not be ready armed. This was not spoken secretly, but the Englishmen learned of it through an English prisoner who had escaped from the French host and came to Sir Robert Canoll, showing him all the matter. Sir Robert went to council with those he trusted best, so that they thought all things considered that it was not best to remain passive.\nFrenchmen trussed and tortured prisoners by the hands of country men. At midnight, the Frenchmen put them in battle array and rode out as they had previously arranged. By the time they reached the mountain, they thought they would find the English there. But when they discovered they had departed, they sent some men up the mountain to see if they could learn anything. They returned and reported that they had seen the English pass by a certain way and that they were heading to Limoges in Limousin. When the lords of France heard this, they halted their journey and each man returned to his own. Meanwhile, the marriage was made between Lord Berault D'Auvergne and the daughter of the earl of Forests, whom he had fathered by the duke of Bourbon's sister.\n\nAll this season, the king of England made great preparations to come into France: those who had not been there before.\nCertain lords and knights of the empire, who had served the king before, provided greatly for the same year for horses and harnesses, and other necessary things for their degrees. As soon as they could, they came to Calais, and there awaited the king's coming. However, the king of England did not come to Calais as soon as it was said he would, which caused many people to gather there. They did not know where to lodge or stable their horses. Bread, wine, hay, and other provisions were very expensive and scarce, so that none could get them for gold or silver. It was always said that the king would come the next week. Thus, the lords of Almain, of Behain, of Brabant, and of Flanders, as well as those of Hainault, remained from the beginning of August to the feast of St. Luke. Consequently, many were forced to sell the best part of their possessions. If the king had been there, lodging would have been available.\nThe town was so full, and these lords, who had spent all they had, refused to depart from Calais until they were reimbursed for their expenses. The king sent for only a fourth of them; some came willingly, trusting to receive some favor, while others intended to rob in the realm of France. Then King England sent the duke of Lancaster ahead with 400 spearmen and 2,000 archers. When the duke arrived at Calais, these strangers made great rejoicing over him and demanded news of the king and his approaching arrival. The duke excused the king's delay (and said), \"Why, good lords, I require you to ride with me, and I will deliver you a certain sum of money to pay for all your costs incurred in your lodgings in this town of Calais.\"\nprovision of victuals for your summers. These lords considered it great shame to refuse the duke's offer and so granted him it. Every man new shod his horses and prepared themselves, not departing from Calais with the duke but went to Saint Omer. They numbered two thousand spearmen, archers, and other footmen. They passed by Saint Omer without any assault and so rode to Bethune and passed by, coming to Mont Saint Eloi, a good abbey and two leagues from Arras. There they stayed for four days to refresh themselves and their horses, as they found ample provisions in that abbey. And when they had plundered and devastated the countryside thereabout, they rode to Cambrai and made a great assault. A banneret of England was slain and various others, for they within defended themselves valiantly, by the aid and comfort of the earl of Saint Pol and the lord of Lamenall and others, who with two hundred spears, entered the town through a back gate. And when the Englishmen saw that\nThey could get nothing there; they departed and followed the river of Soe with great scarcities of bread and wine. And so they came to a town called Cheres where they found plenty of bread and wine; and there they passed the river for the bridge was not broken, and there they tarried on Allhallowmas day and all night. The same day tidings reached the duke how the king was alarmed at Calais, commanding him urgently to draw toward him and all his company. Then he returned towards Calais, with him was Sir Henry of Flanders and two hundred spearmen, and of Brabant there was Sir Henry of Bouveres, lord of Bergues, and Lord Gerarde de la Herde, Lord Fraque de Halle.\n\nAs the duke of La Castre and these lords returned towards Calais, they met in their way a four-league distance from Calais such a multitude of people that the entire country was covered with them, so richly armed and bejeweled that it was great joy to behold the shining armor and banners.\nall the cou\u0304\u00a6trey was couered with them / and he rode a soft pase redy raynged in batayle / as though they shulde incontynent haue fought. Thus he rode euer a leage or two after the kynges hoost: and all the caryages bytwene both hoostes / the whi\u2223che order these stra\u0304gers lyked maruelusly well.\n\u00b6 Whan these stra\u0304gers had well regarded this company: and had reuerently saluted the prince and such lordes as were with hym / and the prin\u00a6ce louyngly receyued the\u0304 as he that coude ryght well do it. Than they toke leaue of hym & shew\u2223ed hym their nede / desyringe that he wolde re\u2223garde their necessytie: and he gladly promysed the\u0304 so to do. So they rode on tyll they came to Calays / and the seconde day after the kyng sent them their answere by thre sufficient knyghtes / and they shewed theym playnly that the kynge had nat brought with hym treasur sufficient to pay all that they desyred / and to performe the en\u00a6terprice that he hath taken in hande: but if they wolde go forthe with hym / and to take suche for\u00a6tune as\nIf goods or yield fall in place of other good or profit. If goods are fortunate and profitable, they should have their share, so long as they demand no wages, nor for loss of horse nor expense nor damage that may happen to them. They said the king had brought enough men from his realm to furnish his enterprise. This answer did not please these lords nor their company, who had suffered greatly and spent their goods, and had laid their horses and harnesses as pledge for necessity. However, they could have nothing else but that the king delivered to them a certain sum of money to bring them back to their country. Some of those lords went back to the king to serve him on his adventure; they thought it shameful to return without having accomplished anything. I shall tell you about the order that the king of England took before he departed from England, which is not a short matter to relate, for he had never departed from England before with such an army, nor was it so well ordered.\n\nOr the king...\nThe king and his son, the prince, along with three other sons - Lord Lionel, Earl of Ulster; Lord John, Earl of Richmond; and youngest Lord Edmond - and their people, arrived at Calais. After discharging all their horses and other provisions from their ships and staying for four days, they were commanded to prepare to depart. Each man declared his intention to follow the Duke of Lancaster. In the morning, the king departed from Calais with his entire company and baggage, ordering his battalions richly equipped. His constable, Earl de la Marche, had five hundred knights armed and a thousand archers.\nBefore his battle, the king led an army of 3,000 men with 5,000 archers in good order. Riding after the constable's battle and following the king came all the baggage, which contained two leagues in length and more than five thousand charrettes and carts, carrying provisions for the host, as well as household items, which had not been carried before with men of war, such as handmills, ovens, and other necessary things. Next after them came the princes' battle, and among his brothers, where there were two thousand spears nobly horsed and richly furnished in order, ready to fight. They rode not more than four leagues a day. In this manner, they were encountered by the duke of Lancaster and the strange lords between Calais and the abbey of Lykes in a fair plain. In the king's host, there were five hundred varlets with mattocks and axes to even the ways for the baggage to pass.\n\nNow I shall tell you about certain individuals:\nlords and knights of England who crossed the sea with their king: and before them, the duke of Lancaster, the king's cousin Germain. His four sons: Prince Edward, Sir Lionel, Sir John, and Sir Edmond. Then, Sir Henry, duke of Lancaster, Sir John Earl of Marche, constable of England, the earl of Warwick, the earl of Suffolk, marshal of England, the earl of Hereford and Northampton, the earl of Salisbury, the earl of Stafford, the earl of Oxford, the bishop of Lincoln, the bishop of Durham, the lord Percy, the lord Neville, the lord Spencer, the lord Ros, the lord Manny, the lord Reynold Cobham, the lord Monbray, and the lord Dacre were present. If grain and wheat had not come to them from Hainault and Cambrai, the people in Artois, Vermandois, and in the bishopric of Laon and Reims would have died of hunger. And the king of England or he departed from his own realm, heard of the great famine in that country. He and all his company.\nlords brought provisions with them: except otters and straw. Therefore they made as good shifts for their horses as they could. The season was sore raining and weighed heavily on them, causing great trouble for their horses as well: for the most part, it rained day and night without cease, making wine that year little worth. The king of England rode by small journeys until he approached Balpamtes. I shall tell you of an adventure that befell Sir Galahaut of Rybamont, a right hardy and expert knight from Picardy. You shall know that all the towns, cities, castles, and passages, which way the king went, were surely kept. Every town in Picardy levied soldiers at their wages for their security. The Earl of St. Pol with two hundred spearmen was in the city of Arras, the Constable of France was at Amiens, the Lord of Monsalt at Corby, Sir Edward of Rancy, and Sir Ingram of Hedyn at Balpamtes. And thus in every town and castle along the way:\n\nSir Baudwin Danekin's master of the crossbowmen at St. Nuyntines.\nThe citizens of Peron in Vermandois, knowing that the king of England would come and lay siege to Reims, found themselves in a difficult situation. Peron, a town on the River Seine, had no captain or ruler, and Englishmen approached daily. The English lightly followed the rivers. Eventually, the people of Peron remembered Sir Galahaut of Rybamont, who had not been received as captain in any town and was then at the tournament. They sent courteous letters asking him to help keep their town of Peronne with any company he could gather, promising to give him, for himself, twenty franks a day, and for every knight under him, ten, and for every spear with three horses, one franklin a day. Sir Galahaut, desiring to exercise the art of arms and seeing that his neighbors desired him, lightly agreed.\nAnd he sent word to them, indicating how he would be with them the second day after: he prepared himself and gathered such company as he could, and so departed from the tournament with thirty men and always his number increased. He sent to Sir Roger of Colyne to meet him at a certain place appointed, and this Sir Roger came there with twenty men. Thus, at last, Sir Galahaut had fifty spearmen and lodged one night a proximity to Peron's ward within two leagues of thence, in a little village in the fields which was deserted: for all the people of the country had fled into the fortresses. The next morning they determined to enter Peron, for they were not far from thence: and when it was after supper, about the hour of midnight, and they had set their watch and relieved one another of various matters, then Sir Galahaut said, \"We will be at Peron tomorrow at dawn, but yet, before we enter, I propose that we ride to the fortress of our enemies.\"\nthink there are some among them who will announce themselves or seek forage and come abroad in the morning; we may encounter such who will pay for our debts. All agreed to this in secrecy by his company, and at the breaking of the day they were ready and their horses saddled. They rode forth in good order and went out of the way to Peron, and passed through the woods to see if they could find any provisions. And so they came to a village where the people had fortified the church: there Sir Galahad lighted, for he knew there was bread, wine, and other victuals, and they within offered him what he would take. While they were there, Sir Galahad called to him two squires, of whom Bridoll of Tallones was one. He said to them, \"Go and ride forth into the fields and discover the country every way, and look if you see anything. We will wait for you here.\" These two squires, well-mounted, rode forth into the fields and went to a wood a half league away.\nThen: The same morning, Sir Renault of Boulogne, an Almain from the duke of Lancaster's company, was returning. He came to the same place where the two squires were. They thought they had encountered some men-at-arms from the country who had been there in a skirmish. Eventually, they recognized them as Almains. Then the two squires spoke to each other (and said), \"We must feign ourselves to be on their side.\" Sir Renault of Boulogne spoke to them and demanded, \"What are you in the Almaine language?\" Bridoll answered, who could speak that language (and said), \"Sir, we are serving Sir Bartylmewe de Bonnes.\" Why is Sir Bartylmewe there, Sir Renault asked? They replied, \"He is in the nearby village. And why does he tarry there?\" The knight said, \"For us.\" He sent us a brother to see if we could find any forage in the country. By my faith, said the knight, \"There is none. I have ridden all this morning and have found nothing.\" Therefore, go ride to him.\nbyddeth him come away / and let us ride towards St. Quintin's to see if we can find better market or any good adventure there. The squire asked who he was that wanted him in his company: I am called Sir Renold of Bouland, he replied to Sir Bartlemywain. Then the two squires returned to the village. As soon as Sir Galahaut saw them, he asked what news (have you anything new)? Yes, sir, they replied. In the wood yonder is Sir Renold of Bouland with thirty men. He has been riding all morning and desires greatly to have you ride with him towards St. Quintin's, what said Sir Galahaut. Sir Renold of Bouland is a knight from Austria / and is retained by the king of England. We all know him well, the squires replied / and how did you depart from him, asked Sir Galahaut. I will show you, replied Sir Bridoll. Then he showed him all the words that had passed between them. And when Sir Galahaut heard that, he paused.\nand demanded counsel of Sir Roger of Coyle and such other knights who were there. They answered and said: \"Sir, you desire adventure, and since they have fallen into your hands, take them. For a man ought to harm his enemy by right of arms. Sir Galahaut lightly agreed to this counsel, for he was eager to find his enemies. He mounted his courser and donned his basinet, because he did not want to be recognized, and so did all his company. Then they issued out of the village and determined what they would do and rode on the right hand to ward the wood, where Sir Reynold tarried for them. They were fifteen spurs' length ahead, and left Sir Galahaut sorely hurt. And when Sir Galahaut's men saw their master in such a state, they were greatly displeased and set upon Sir Reynold's men. There were many cast to the ground, but as soon as Sir Reynold had given Sir Galahaut that stroke, he spurred his horse and took the field.\nSir Galahaut's squires pursued him, and when he saw they were so close that he had to turn back or be shamed, he turned and faced the torment. He gave him such a stroke that he no longer wished to follow. As he rode on, he served three of those who followed him, wounding them severely. If a good sword had been in his hand at every stroke, he would have slain a man. He did so much that he escaped the Frenchmen and saved himself without any harm. His enemies regarded this as great prowess, and so did all who heard of it, except for his men, who were near slain or taken, but few were saved. Sir Galahaut was carried from there severely wounded to Peronne. From that wound, he was never perfectly healed, for he was such a knight of courage that, despite his injury, he would not spare himself. Therefore, he did not live long after.\n\nNow let us return to King Henry II of England and see how he laid siege to...\nEnglishmen passed through Athoyes, where they found a poor country, and entered Cambresis, where they found a better market. There was nothing put into the fortresses because they thought themselves well assured of the king of England and his company, as they held them as allies. However, the king of England thought otherwise. The king went and lodged at Beauoyes in Cambresis and stayed for four days to rest and refresh his troops. He then ran through most of Cambresis with Bishop Pierre of Cambray and the counsellors of the country, offering safe conduct to good towns. He sent certain messengers to the king of England to know by what title he made war against them. They were answered that it was because, in the past, they had made an alliance and supported the French and maintained them in their towns and fortresses, and in effect made war against them as their enemies. Therefore, the Englishmen thought they could justifiably make war against them again. Other answers were given as well.\nThey could not: therefore, the people of Cambresis were willing to bear their damages as well as they could. Thus, the king of England passed through Cambresis and went into Thieirache. His men ran over the country on both sides and took forage where they could get it. On a day, Sir Bartylme de Bonnes ran before St. Quintyne, and by chance he met the captain of it, called Sir Baudewyn Danekyn. There was a great fight between them and many were overthrown on both sides: finally, the Englishmen obtained the victory, and Sir Baudwyn was taken prisoner by Sir Bartylme of Bonnes. Then the Englishmen returned to the king, who was lodged at the abbey of Fenney, where they had provisions enough for them and their horses. And then they rode forth without any delay until they came into the marches of Reims: the king took lodging at St. Walrie beyond Reims, and the prince of Wales at St. Thierry. Then the duke of Lancaster and other earls, barons, and knights were lodged in\nother villages around Reines: they had not all suffered, for they were there in the heart of winter: about St. Andrew's tide with great winds and rain, and their horses were badly lodged and begged, as the land had not been plowed for two or three years before the year. Therefore, there was no forage to be gotten abroad, within ten or twelve leagues, resulting in many disputes. Sometimes the Englishmen won and sometimes lost. At that time, in the good city of Reines, was Captain Sir John of Craon, archbishop of the same place, and the Earl of Porcien, and Sir Hewe of Porcien his brother, the Lord of la Bonne, the Lord of Canency, the Lord of Annore, the Lord of Lore, and diverse other lords, knights, and squires of the marches of Reines. They defended the city so well that it suffered no damage during the siege; the city was strong and well-maintained. The king of England also would not allow any assault to be made: because he would not risk or harm his people. The king remained.\nThere, at this siege from the feast of St. Andrew to the beginning of Lent: they of the host rode often times abroad to find some adventure - to Rethull, to Work, to Maysey, to Doucherie, & Moyson. They would lodge outside the host for three or four days and rob and pill the countryside without any resistance, and then again return to the east. In the same season, an anchor and sable were displayed. There was a sore assault. At this assault, the lord of Mucident adventured himself so boldly that he was struck on the head with a stone in such a way that he died among his men. The other knights were so sore displeased with his death that they swore not to depart thence until they had that castle at their pleasure. This increased the assault. There were many seizures of arms, for the Gascons were sore displeased for the death of their Master and Captain, the lord of Mucident. They entered into the ditches without fear and came to the walls and mounted up with theirs.\ntarges ouer theyr hedes and in the mean tyme the archars shotte so ho\u2223ly to guyther / that none appered without he was in great parell. The Castell was so sore assayled / that at laste it was taken and England / theyr en\u2223tentes were to go to the Kynge of Englande so the siege before Reines. Than the yonge lorde of Gommegines desyrynge to haue auaunce\u2223ment assembled certayne men of Warre to gue\u2223ther a .iii. C. oone and other. And so departed from Maubuge and so came to Uesnes in hay\u00a6naulte / and passed forthe to Atrelon.\nThe same tyme the lorde of Ray laye in gray\u2223son at Ray in Thierase with a good nombre of knyghtes and squiers with hym / and he knewe by suche spyeng as he had made / that the lorde of Gommegines had assembled certayne me\u2022 siege at Reinnes to the ayde of the kynge of Englande / And he knewe well that he must passe through Thier\u2223rasse. And as soone as he knewe the certaynte of his settynge forewarde he sente worde ther\u2223of to certayne companyons thereaboute of the Frenche partye / and specyally\nTo Lord Robert Chanoyne of Robersart, who had governed the lands of the young earl of Coucy and was at the castle of Merle. When Chanoyne learned of this, he was not cold-hearted but immediately went to Lord Roy with sour-tipped spears. There, Lord Roy was made chief and they were preparing to stable their horses. In the meantime, Lord Gommegynes, who was young and lusty and eager for deeds of arms, said he would go out of the village to find better forage. He took with him a certain number, and the Lord of Gloucester and his banner-bearer Mur came on before them, who bore his pennon.\n\nAll who were there were killed or taken, except for their servants who escaped by running away. They were well-mounted, and they were not chased.\n\nWhen the knights and squires who had taken Lord Gommegynes and those who had gone out of the village with him returned, they took their horses with great speed.\nabasshed / whan they saw theyr ennemyes so nere them. The most parte send worde what case they wer in to the kynge of Englande / beyng at the siege of Reinnes / nat doubtynge / but that he woll than incontinent sende them some ayde.\nThan some other sayd / that so doynge was no suerte for theym / seynge howe theyr ennemyes were rounde about them. Thus they were in stryfe among them selfe what they myght do.\nIn the mean space theder came the lorde of roy and sayd to them / sour lorde. M. CCC: lix. Wherof the kyng of Englande (whan he knew it) was sore displeased / but he coude nat amend it as at that tyme. Nowe let vs returne to the siege of Re\u2022 fell to syr Bertilmewe of Brennes / who had be\u2223sieged the towne and castell of Comercy & with\u00a6in was Capitayne a knyght of Champaygne called syr Henry Denoyr.\nTHe siege durynge before Reyns the lor\u2223des of the ost were lodged abrode in the cou\u0304trey to lie the more at theyr ease / and to kepe the wayes that no prouysion shulde entre into the citie. And amonge other syr\nBertilmewe of Bonnes and his company of spearmen and archers were lodged near Comercy, a strong castle partying with the army. Sir, we have such walls here, they replied. I will (said Sir Bertilmewe), that the King of England has castles in this town. The King of England and his army found good wines there, and often attempted to take the castle, but there were good men-at-arms within, such as Sir Baudwin. The King of England, who lay at Agullon, had made a composition between him and the country of Burgundy. The King made them swear allegiance to him and his heirs, not to overrun that country until he came. Thus the King rode about the country, destroying all before him, and the gascony men made war for him in the noble realm of France, which was sorely grieved on all sides. And especially, Sir Eustace.\nIn this season, Dambreticourt, who was stationed at Chemy on the river Esne, had a large garrison of soldiers. They ravaged and plundered the countryside, overran the county of Rethel from Douchery to Mesieres, and within the town were a great number of men from the region who had brought their goods on trust of the strength of the place. When the men of Chemy arrived, the watch within was even richer than they had found before in any town. And in this town, there was a Minorite friar named John of Rochechouart, who was in the city of Avignon. He had been imprisoned in the castle of Bagnols by Pope Innocent VI for revealing many miracles. Afterward, he showed many things to the prelates of the church concerning the great supernatural occurrences that were revealed to him by the grace of the Holy Spirit. He showed many hard-to-believe things, and many things fell as he had foretold, Lord have mercy. M. CCCC.\nIn the forty-sixth entry, written were such marvels that it was a hard term for the friar lord, M. CCC.\n\nWe shall return to the king of England, who lay at Bourges with the queen, two leagues away. William Torceaux, Sir Thomas Spencer, Sir John Neuell, Sir Richard Dostanay, and others were also present. The king wished to make Collas duke of Normandy, and he agreed to this. However, they defended their gates and barriers in such a way that there were many gentlemen in Paris who dared to venture out. And so, two hundred chosen men of Gascony and Englishmen laid themselves in ambush in a vacant house three leagues from Paris. The captain of Bu\u00e7 was there, Sir Edmond of Pomiers, and the lord of Courton, Gascony. Englishmen included Lord Neuell, Lord Mombray, and Sir Richard of Punchardon: these six knights were the main purpose. Sir Rasir Gauwen of Valouell, Sir Flam of English ambush, were also there when they were passed by the Englishmen.\nmen and Gascony men broke out and set upon them, crying their cries. The trenchemens returned and had great trouble discerning who it was and immediately knew it was their enemies. Then they stood still and set themselves in battle formation, couching their spears against the Englishmen and Gascony men. At the first encounter, there was a fierce and diverse clash on both sides, for they were all well-mounted. They then drew out their swords and entered among each other, giving great blows. Many a noble deed of arms was done. This fight lasted a great length, so that none could tell which side would have the victory. The captain of Bouc held himself a good knight and did with his hands noble deeds of arms. Finally, the Englishmen and Gascony men bore themselves so well that the victory remained on their part. They were as many and half as many again as the French men were. On the French side, the lord of Capremy was a good knight, for he fought valiantly.\nvnder his baner / and he that bare it was slayne / and the lorde taken prisoner. The other fre\u0304che knyghtes and squiers (seing theyr euyll aduenture) retourned towarde Parys / and fought euer as they fled / for they were sore poursewed. The chace endured tyll they paste Bourg le Royne / & there were taken a .ix. kny\u2223ghtes and squiers. And if the englyssheme\u0304 and gascoyns (who pursewed them / had nat doub\u2223ted the issuynge out of them of Paris / all the o\u2223ther had ben take\u0304 or slayne: but whan they had done theyr feat they retourned to Mou\u0304tlehery where the kyng of England was and brought thither with them theyr prisoners / and raunso\u2223med them courtesly the same nyght / and suffred them to go whither they lyste / and trusted them on theyr faithes.\nTHe entencion of the kynge of Englande was to entre into the good countrey of Bt somer to abyde in Britayne tyll after August. And than at the vyntage to re\u00a6tourne agayne into France / and to lay siege to Parys for he wolde nat retourne agayne into Englande bicause he\nThe duke of York left England with no intention of returning until he had France at his disposal. He stationed his men in garrisons to wage war in Champagne, Poitou, Ponthieu, Uimeu, and Ulgesyn, as well as in Normandy and throughout the realm of France. In good towns and cities that supported him, he found allies. During this time, the duke of Normandy resided in Paris, and his two brothers and the duke of Orleans were present, along with their councils. They recognized the courage of King England and understood that the realm could not long endure in its current state, as the rents of the lords and churches were on the verge of disappearing in every region. At that time, there was a wise and discreet advisor to France, Sir William of Montague, bishop of Thouars, who played a significant role in ruling France for good reason. The king and he began to negotiate a treaty.\na peace to be had with him and his allies. The treaty was called before the prince of Wales, the duke of La\u00e7on, and the earl of March. This treaty was not yet concluded at that time, as it was a lengthy process and the king continued forward. These ambassadors would not leave the king; they persisted in their purpose. They saw that the French king was in such a poor state that his realm was likely to be in great jeopardy if the war continued another summer. On the other hand, the king of England required such great things and things prejudicial to the realm of France that the lords would not agree to them. Therefore, all their treaty (which lasted for seventeen days following the king) they sent daily processes to the duke of Normandy to the city of Paris, desiring to have an answer as to what they should do further. The processes were examined secretly and sufficiently in the regent's chamber at Paris.\nThe ambassadors were sent back with a writing to inform them what they should do and what they should offer. These ambassadors were frequently with the king as he advanced towards the city of Chartres, and they made great offers to reach a conclusion of the war and secure peace. The king of England was reluctant to agree to these offers: his intention was to become king of France and die in that state. If Duke Lancaster, his cousin, had not advised him to seek peace, he would not have agreed. The king said to the king, \"Sir, this war you make in the realm of France is quite remarkable and quite favorable to you. Your men gain great riches, and you lose your time. Considering all things, if you come to an agreement, you may make war all the days of your life. Sir, I would advise you (since you can leave the war to your honor and profit) to accept the offers that have been made to you.\"\nlese more in a daye / than we haue wonne in twenty yere. Suche fayre and subtyle wordes that the duke of Lancastre sayde in good entencion and for welthe of the kynge and all his subiectes co\u0304\u2223uerted the kynge by the grace of the holy goost / Who was chief warker in that case: For on a daye as the kynge Was before Charterss there fell a case that greatly huther was ordeyned by good delyberacion and aduyce a letter called the charter of the peace / Wherof the effecte fo\u2223weth.\nEDward by the grace of god kynge of Englande / lord of Irelande / and of Aquitaine To all / to Whom these pre\u2223sent letters shall come / We sende gretyng / howe by the discencio\u0304s / debates / striffess moued or hereafter to be moued bytwene vs & our ryght dere brother the Frenche kynge cer\u2223tayne commyssyoners and procurers of ours / and of our dere sonne prince of Wales / hauyng sufficient power and auctorite for vs / & for hym and for our hole realme on the one parte: And certayne other commyssyoners and procurers of our dere brother the\nThe French king and our right dear nephew, Charles, Duke of Normandy and Dolphin of Guienne, eldest son of our said brother of France, holding power and authority for his father's part and for himself, have assembled at Bretigny near Charters. It is agreed and arranged by the commissioners and procurers of both parties at this place, concerning all disputes, debates, wars, and discords. Our procurers and our son, as well as the procurers of our said brother and of our said nephew, for his father and for him, swear by the holy evangelists to keep and fulfill this treaty, by which our brother of France and his said son are bound and promise to deliver and leave to us, our heirs and successors forever: the counties, cities, towns, castles, fortresses, lands, islands, rents, revenues, and other things listed below are conceded and surrendered to us:\n\nCounties: Anjou, Maine, Touraine, Brittany, Poitou, Perigord, Agenais, Saintonge, Limousin, Quercy, Angoumois, Ponthieu, Valois, Artois, Flanders, Hainault, Holland, Zeeland, Burgundy, Champagne, Brie, Lorraine, Bar, Alsace, and Franche-Comte.\n\nCities: Paris, Rouen, Amiens, Reims, Tours, Bordeaux, Limoges, Poitiers, Angoul\u00eame, Perigueux, Sens, Auxerre, Dijon, Avignon, Marseille, Toulon, Montpellier, Carcassonne, Narbonne, Beziers, Nimes, Albi, Toulouse, Rodez, Cahors, Albi, Castres, and B\u00e9ziers.\n\nTowns: Blois, Chartres, Orl\u00e9ans, Tours, Le Mans, Angers, Nantes, La Rochelle, Saintes, Bordeaux, Bayonne, Dax, Saint-Sever, Bordeaux, Agen, Cahors, Limoges, Perigueux, P\u00e9rigord, Sarlat, Bergerac, Cognac, Saint-Emilion, Bordeaux, Blaye, Bourg, and Arcachon.\n\nCastles: Ch\u00e2teau Gaillard, Ch\u00e2teau de Vincennes, Ch\u00e2teau de Loches, Ch\u00e2teau de Chinon, Ch\u00e2teau de Langeais, Ch\u00e2teau de Saumur, Ch\u00e2teau de Montreuil-Bellay, Ch\u00e2teau de Loudun, Ch\u00e2teau de Parthenay, Ch\u00e2teau de Mirebeau, Ch\u00e2teau de Maul\u00e9on, Ch\u00e2teau de Montmorillon, Ch\u00e2teau de Thouars, Ch\u00e2teau de Mervent, Ch\u00e2teau de Mornas, Ch\u00e2teau de Beynac, Ch\u00e2teau de Monpazier, Ch\u00e2teau de Castelnaud, Ch\u00e2teau de Beaufort, Ch\u00e2teau de Montrichet, Ch\u00e2teau de Montbazon, Ch\u00e2teau de Lusignan, Ch\u00e2teau de Cognac, Ch\u00e2teau de Saint-Jean d'Ang\u00e9ly, Ch\u00e2teau de Saint-Georges-de-Didonne, Ch\u00e2teau de Royan, Ch\u00e2teau de Blaye, Ch\u00e2teau de Bourg, Ch\u00e2teau de Blanquefort, Ch\u00e2teau de La Br\u00e8de, Ch\u00e2teau de La R\u00e9ole, Ch\u00e2teau de Monheurt, Ch\u00e2teau de Monsegur, Ch\u00e2teau de Castillon, Ch\u00e2teau de Biron, Ch\u00e2teau de Monpazier, Ch\u00e2teau de Montfort, Ch\u00e2teau de Beynac, Ch\u00e2teau de Montrichet, Ch\u00e2teau de Montbazon, Ch\u00e2teau de Lusignan, Ch\u00e2teau de Cognac, Ch\u00e2teau de Saint-Jean d'Ang\u00e9ly, Ch\u00e2teau de Saint-Georges-de-Didonne, Ch\u00e2teau de Royan, Ch\u00e2teau de Blaye, Ch\u00e2teau de Bourg, Ch\u00e2teau de Blanquefort, Ch\u00e2teau de La Br\u00e8de, Ch\u00e2teau de La R\u00e9ole, Ch\u00e2teau de Monheurt, Ch\u00e2teau de Monsegur, Ch\u00e2teau de Castillon, Ch\u00e2teau de Biron, Ch\u00e2teau de Monpazier, Ch\u00e2teau de Montfort, Ch\u00e2teau de Beynac, Ch\u00e2teau de Montrichet, Ch\u00e2teau de Montbazon, Ch\u00e2teau de Lusignan, Ch\u00e2teau de Cognac, Ch\u00e2teau de Saint-Jean d'Ang\u00e9ly, Ch\u00e2teau de Saint-Georges-de-Didonne, Ch\u00e2teau de Royan\nready in Guyen and Sascoyne to possess perpetually, by us and our heirs and successors, all that is in demesne and all that is in fee, as follows: the castle and county of Poitiers, and all the lands and country of Poitou, with the fee of Thowars, and the lands of Bellville, the city and castle of xaintrailles, and all the lands and county of xainton on both sides the river of Charente with the town and fortress of Rochelle, and their appurtenances, the city and castle of Agene, and the county of Agenoise, the city, town and castle of Pierregourde, and all the country thereunto belonging, the city and castle of Limoges, and the lands and country of Limosyn, the city and castle of Caours, the castle and county of Tarbe, the land Freche kings had them by exchange for other lands: But if the kings of England, for the time being, have alienated or transported anything to any personages other than the French.\nThe following belong to the hands of our said brother: he shall not be bound to render it; he will be departed from Calais. The castles and town of Calais, the castles and seigniories of Sanghas, Coulougue, Baynes, Wales, and Oye, with the lands, woods, meadows, rivers, rents, revenues, seigniories, and all other appurtenances and places lying between the bounds and bournes following: that is to say, from Calais to the river before Gravelines, and also from the river that falls into the great lake of Guines to Fretin; and from thence along the valley around the mountain of Carlenly enclosing the mountain, and so to the sea, with Sangatis, and all the appurtenances, the castle and the town, with the whole county of Guines: With all the towns, castles, fortresses, lands, places, homages, men, seigniories, woods, forests, and all rights and homage of the duchy of Guines.\nIn Britaine, except the right of the earl of Moustfort in the duchy and country of Britaine, which we reserve, we agree, and by express words exclude from this treaty that we and our said brother shall order the matter between the earl of Moustfort and our cousin, Lord Charles of Blois, who challenges and demands the right of the heritage of Britaine. We renounce all other demands we make or may make, whatever they may be, except the aforementioned things that belong to us and are to be delivered to us and our heirs by this treaty. We transfer and relinquish all rights we might have in these matters that ought not to be delivered to us by this treaty. Upon these matters, after various negotiations and specifically because of the aforementioned renunciation, we came to an agreement.\nLeaving the text as is, as there are no major issues with readability and no need for translation or correction:\n\nleaving all the said things to be accomplished as soon as our said brother has delivered to us or to our deputies the city and castle of Poitiers, and all the land and country of Poitou, the fee of Thouars, and the fair town and castle of Agene, and all the land and country of Ageneois, the city and castle of Piergourt, and all the land and country of Pierrigins, the city and castle of Caours, and all the land of Coursin, the city and castle of Rodais, and all the land and country of Rouergne, the city and castle of Saints, and all the land belonging to it, the city and castle of Limoges, and that we or any other kings of England anciently held in the town of Monterey upon the sea with appurtenances. Also the county of Ponthieu in its entirety, save and except the tenure of the article contained in the said treaty where it makes mention of the said county. Item the castle and town, and seignorie of Calais.\nSangates, Colougue, Baines, Wales, and Oye, with the lands, rents, marshlands, woods, forestes, seignories, and other things mentioned in the article concerning them. Also the castle and town, and the entire county of Guines, with all the lands, castles, towns, fortresses, places, men, homages, seignories, woods, forests, and other rights, according to the tenor of the article. Our brother the French king has promised by faith and oath each to the other the same treaty and peace to hold, keep, and accomplish, and not to do the contrary. We and our said brother and our eldest sons are bound by obligation and promise by faith and oath to each other, except for certain renunciations according to the tenor and form of the said article and peace.\n\nAlso, it is agreed that the French king and his eldest son, the regent, for them and for their heirs forever, and as soon as they may:\nWithout delay, and no later than the feast of St. Michael next coming, shall render and deliver to the said king of England, his heirs and successors, and transport to them the honors, regalities, obedience, homages, liegeances, men, fees, services, recognizances, oaths, rights, faults, and imperial jurisdictions, high or low, resources, savings, seignories, and sovereignties that pertain or may pertain in any manner whatsoever to the kings and to the crown of France, or to any other person because of the king or of the crown of France. This applies to all cities, towns, castles, lands, islands, countries, and places mentioned above, or in any of them, or their appurtenances and appendages, whatsoever they may be. Neither the duke, earl, vicount, archbishop, or other prelates of the holy church, baronesses, nobles, or other, nor their successors to the crown of France, shall reserve anything to them, so that they or any of them shall not.\nheirs nor successors, or any kings of France or other persons, by reason of the king or the crown of France, make any challenge or claim in the future against the king of England, his heirs or successors, or any of his men or subjects, because of the aforementioned lands or places. All the aforementioned persons, their heirs and successors, and all others, cities, counties, lands, countries, isles, castles, and places before named, and all other appurtenances and accessories, shall hold of the king of England perpetually, peaceably and freely, and have over them sovereignty, jurisdiction, obedience, and allegiance as the predecessors of the French king had in the past, and the kings of England and their heirs and successors shall peaceably hold all the aforementioned countries in their French language and liberties perpetually, as lord and sovereign, and as neighbor to the French king and to the realm of France, without any knowledge.\nAnd all claims we or our heirs have or may make against our brother of France, and specifically regarding the crown of France and the realm, and the sovereignty, homage, and demesne of the duchy of Normandy, and the counties of Anjou, Maine, and Thouars, and the homage and sovereignty of Flanders, and all other claims we make or may make against our said brother for any reason. We shall transfer, relinquish, and leave to him, and he to us, and each to the other, in the best manner and as soon as we can, all rights that each of us ought to have or may have in every matter, which by this treaty and peace are to remain and be delivered to each of us. Reserved to the churches and to the men of the church are all that belongs to them or may pertain to them.\nthem, upon the occasion of the Wars, shall be compensated, restored, and rendered back to them. And all towns, fortresses, and habitations, with their inhabitants, shall remain and abide in their liberties and franchises as they did before or came into our hands and seignory. This shall be confirmed to them by our said brother of France, if required to do so: and we shall not contravene in any of the aforementioned things or subjects. And as to us and all things to us and our heirs and successors, the Holy Father the pope shall confirm these aforementioned things by giving motivations and general commands for their accomplishment against us, our heirs, and successors. And against our subjects, commoners, colleges, universities, or singular persons, whatever they may be: And to give general sentences of cursing and suspension of entry upon us or upon them who do\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in Old English, but it is actually Early Modern English, which is a transitional stage between Middle English and Modern English. No translation is necessary in this case.)\nAnd the contrary. Those who have caused or privately or openly troubled or threatened this peace shall be punished, and the sentences of curse against them shall not be pardoned until full satisfaction is made to all who have suffered damage because of this. Furthermore, we will and consent that our holy father the pope, for the purpose of keeping and maintaining this peace more firmly, cancel and render void any actions or anything contrary to the common weal or unprofitable to the peace and to all Christendom. This charter, called the charter of renunciation, was drawn up, written, and sealed by both kings on the 24th day of October in the year of our Lord MCCCX.\n\nWhen this charter, the charter of renunciation, was engrossed, read openly in the council chamber, both kings and their councils being present, it seemed good and well ordered to each of them. And there, both kings swore and:\nTheir eldest son is touched upon the Evangelist by them and consecrated on the body of Jesus Christ to keep and to fulfill, and not to break any of the aforementioned things. Furthermore, by the advice and regard of the French king and his council, Edward, by the grace of God, King of England, Lord of Ireland and Aquitaine, to all our captains, keepers of towns and castles, adherents, and allies being in the parties of France, as well as our brother in France, our allies and adherents, comprising all the debates and discords that have been between us in the past or may be, and have sworn on the body of Jesus Christ: and also our eldest son and other children, and other of our relatives with our prelates, barons, and knights, and the most notable of the realm of England. In the same way, our said brother and our said nephew, the duke of Normandy, and our other nephews, his children, and various barons, knights, and prelates of:\nWe will keep the peace in the realm of France. If it happens that men of war from our realm or our subjects are compelled to do or take anything contrary to the peace, in taking or withholding fortresses, towns, cities, or castles, or in taking pillage or prisoners, or in resting themselves, their goods, or merchandise, or in doing anything else against the peace, which would be displeasing to us, and we may not, nor will we allow it to pass under the guise of dissimulation in any way, we will find a remedy for all these things with all our power. Therefore, we will desire and order, through the deliberation of our council, that none of our subjects (regardless of their estate or condition) do or compel them to do anything contrary to the peace, inducing any pillage, taking or withholding any fortresses, prisoners, or goods (whatever they may be) belonging to the realm.\nIn France, or our brother's subjects, allies, and adherents, or any others doing anything against the said peace, and failing to leave or cease doing so, and refusing to render reparations for damages caused within a month after being required to do so by any of our officers, sergeants, or public persons: by this deed alone, without any other process or condemnation, they shall be deemed banished from our realm and our power. Additionally, their goods will be forfeited to us if they can be found within our realm. We command specifically that they be treated as traitors and rebels against us, according to the custom in cases of high treason, without granting any grace, remission, pardon, or mercy in this instance. Similarly, our subjects in any estate within our realm who perpetrate or incite such actions shall be treated in the same manner.\nRunsomen towns or people, or do any plunder or robbery in moving war within our power, or on our subjects. Then we command and explicitly enjoin all our seneschals, bailiffs, provosts, chatelains, or other our officers (in avoiding our high displeasure, and on pain of losing their offices) that they publish or cause to be published these presents in certain notable places within their rules, and that this commandment be read out and heard once and never again, none after to abide in any fortress belonging to the realm of France, and being outside the ordinance of the treaty of the said peace, on pain of being taken as an enemy to us and to our said brother the French king, and that they see to it that all these said things are kept, and to do entirely from point to point, we will that every man know that if they are negligent and fail to do this, besides the aforementioned penalty, we will cause them to render damages to all those who, by their defaults or negligence, shall be injured.\n\"We will punish those who are guilty or damaged, and do it in such a way that it serves as an example to all others. Witness to this are the letters patent that we have made.\nAt Calais on the 24th day of October / the year of our Lord M.iii. C.lx.\nAfter all these letters and communications were made, delivered, and well ordered by the advice of both parties' councils, such that both kings were content. Then they fell into communication regarding the claims of the Lord Charles of Blois and Lord John of Montfort, each claiming great right to inherit the duchy of Brittany. But despite their coercion, they were unable to bring them to peace and concord in this matter. For I was informed by the king of England and his council at the time, and the men-at-arms they had were on their side, and they should avoid fortresses and garrisons that they held in the realm at that time.\"\nFrance had to leave for another place, so the king of England and his council decided it was more expedient and profitable for the soldiers who had lived by pillage to draw into the duchy of Brittany, which was a good and plentiful country, rather than return to England to rob and pillage there. This notion led shortly to the English breaking off communication regarding the matter of Brittany, which was a great sin, as they did nothing more in this matter than they did. If both kings had been willing, peace could have been made between the parties, and each could have been content with what was given them through the treaty. This would have allowed Charles of Blois to regain his children, who were prisoners in England, and possibly lived longer than he did. Since nothing was done in this matter, the wars ensued.\nIn the duchy of Normandy before the peace between the kings, as recorded in this history, were barons and knights of the British countryside who upheld and sustained some our side and some the other. And Duke Henry of Lancaster, who was a valiant and sagely imagined knight, and the earl of Mortain, Lord Charles of Blois, and the Earl of Montfort are not yet deceased but have time to endure until the first day of May coming. By that season, the king of England, present here (by the advice of his council and the consent of the prince his son), will send the young duke, Lord John of Montfort, with certain counsel to France to you. They will have full authority and power to come and determine all such right as the said Lord John ought to have by the succession of his father in the duchy of Brittany. Thus, by you and your council and by ours, we will endeavor to achieve some good.\nThe way will be taken between them: and for the more, King John of France (who had great desire to return into France, as it was reasonable), showed to the king of England with good courage all the signs of love that he could. In the same way, so did the king of England to him. These two kings, who by the ordinance of the peace called each other brothers, gave to four knights from each of their parties the sum of 8,000 francs annually: that is, each of them to have 2,000 francs. And because the land of Saint Sauveur in Constantinople, the profit of which came annually into England by the gift and sale of Lord Godfrey of Harcourt made to the king of England, was not included in the ordinance of the said treaty and peace: therefore, whoever should hold that land would become subject and do homage for it.\nThe king of England gave that land to Sir John Chandos, who had often done acceptable service to him and his children. At the request of the king of England, the French king, by good deliberation with good courage and love, confirmed and sealed the gift of Sir John Chandos. He was to possess and have the same lands as his true heritage forever. This was a fair and profitable land; for one year it was worth .xvi. hundred francs. Besides all this, there were diverse other alliances made, of which I cannot make mention of all. For fifteen days or thereabout, while these two kings, their sons, and counsellors were at Calais, there was daily communing, and new ordinances were devised and confirmed to ratify the peace, not hindering or breaking the first letters. For they were ever made bearing one date, of which I have seen the copy of the registers.\nAnd when these matters were so well devised and ordered that they could not be amended or corrected, it was thought, due to the great alliances and bounds within which the said kings and their children were residing, and having sworn to keep the peace, that it was unlikely to be broken. However, the peace did not last long, as you will learn in this book. So it was that when the hostages for the redemption of the French king had come to Calais, and the king of England had received them the next morning, the French king departed from Calais, along with those who were to depart with him. The king of England then went\n\nI should mention the noblemen of the realm of France who entered England as hostages for the French king:\nFirst, Philip, Duke of Orl\u00e9ans, who was once the son of King Philip of France, and also his two nephews, the Duke of Anjou and the Duke of Berry.\nThe Earl of Alanson, John of Stamps, Guy of Blois for that county, Loys of Blois his brother, the Earl of Saint Poul, the Earl of Harcourt, the Earl of Auvergne (Ser Ingram, Lord of Coucy), John of Ligny, Earl of Porccen, the Earl of Bresme, the Lord of Morency, the Lord of Roy, the Lord of Preault, the Lord of Stouteuill, the Lord of Clerettes, the Lord of Saint Wenant, the Lord of the Tower of Aunergne, and various other lords, including those of Paris, Rouen, Reines, Burgers in Berry, Towrs in Tournay, Lyons on the River Roan, Seins in Bourgoyne, Orleance, Troye in Champagne, Amiens, Beauvois of Arras, Tournay, Caen in Normandy, Saint Omers, Lysle, and Dowaye, and the burgesses of every city. They passed all the sea and came to the good city of London. The king of England commanded and enjoined all his officers on great.\nThese lords and their company were to be courteous and favorable to Paynes, and to keep and defend them and their company from all evil rule. This commandment was well kept and upheld in all points. And so these lords and other hostages entertained them without peril or danger throughout the city at their pleasure. The great lords went hunting and hawking at their pleasure and rode about the country. They found the king of England courteous and amiable.\n\nNow let us speak somewhat of the French king. He came to Boulogne and departed from Calais, as you have heard here before. The French king tarried not long at Boulogne but departed after the feast of All Saints and went to Montreuil and to Hesdin, and so to the good city of Amiens. He stayed there till it was near Christmas, and then he departed and went to Paris, and there he was solemnly and reverently received by all the clergy.\nAfter King John's return to France, persons were dispatched by the English king to take possession of the lands, countries, and counties. This was not done quickly, as various lords in Languedoc refused to comply with the English. The Earl of Armagnac and Lord Dalberg were among them, obeying the French king and their cousin, the Lord of Bourbon, against the English will. Similarly, on the sea side in Poitou and Rochelle, and in the town of Rochell, they refused to agree and often excused themselves, preventing the English from entering for an entire year. It is worth recounting the amiable and sweet words of their treaty. That same year, John Chandos, regent and lieutenant to the English king, crossed the sea and took possession.\nThe possession of all the said ladies, with the faith and homage of all the earls, viscountesses, baronesses, knights, squires, townswomen, and fortresses, and the king of England, who entirely loved him because he was a good knight, courteous, generous, and noble, ordered that they should seize and deliver up all such fortresses that belonged to the French king. In this place, some knights and squires found great riches, which were estimated to be worth a hundred thousand francs. They divided it among them as long as it lasted, and kept the castle a certain length of time, then overran and wasted the county of Champagne and the bishoprics of Verdun and Langres. When they had thoroughly plundered that country, they sold the castle of Genappe to the locals for 20,000 francs and entered Bourgogne.\nand there they rested and refreshed, and stayed for more of their company. And there they did much evil and many vile deeds, for they had agreed upon certained knights and squires of the same countryside who led and guided them to their wicked doings. They tarried a long time around Besancon, Digon, and Beaulne, and robbed all that country, for none opposed them. They took the good town of Guiercy in Beauvais and robbed and plundered it. They stayed a while around Uzerches, because the countryside was plentiful, and their numbers always increased, for all such as departed from the fortresses and had permission from their captains to go where they pleased with a thousand fighting men. When they saw themselves to be of such great numbers, then they established among them certain captains to whom they should obey in all things. I shall show you the names of some of the greatest masters among them. First, a knight from Gascony called Bourge of Espace.\nAnd Nandon de Baquerant, the Bourg of Bourc, the Bretuel, y-Scot, Arbretoury, the almayne Bourdonnell, Bernarde of the Salle, Robert Briquet, Carnelle Aymemon of Drtige, Garsiotte of the Castell, Gironnet of Paux, Lortingo of the Salle, and diverse others. Around the middle of Lent, these companions advised themselves to draw towards Avignon and go see the pope and the cardinals. They passed through the country of Mascon and addressed themselves to go into the county of Forez, that pleasant county, towards Lyon on the river Rosne.\n\nWhen the French king heard of these tidings, how these companions daily multiplied, wasted, and exhausted his realm: he was therewith right sore displeased. For it was shown to him by advice of council that these companions might so sore increase and multiply that they might do more evil and violent deeds in the realm of France than ever was done (while the war lasted) by the English. Therefore the king, with great anger, ordered his forces to pursue and apprehend them.\nThe king was advised to send an army of men-at-arms to fight against them. Then the king wrote specifically to his cousin, Lord James of Bourbon, and had recently appointed Sir John Chadis in possession for the king of England of various lands, cities, towns, and castles. Lady James of Bourbon's sister was in charge of the country; for the earl of Forest's (her husband) was newly deceased. Therefore, she governed the country, and Sir Reynold of Forest's brother, Sir Reynold of Forest, received Lord James of Bourbon and his company joyously and feasted them as well as he could. Also present were his two nephews who presented themselves to ride with them and said among themselves, \"Let us go against these French men who wish to find us and let us fight with them at our disadvantage if we may or not, and if fortune is with us, we shall all be rich for a great season, as well by the reason of\"\ngood prisoners as goods, and we shall be so revered wherever we go that none will be bold enough to encounter us, and if we lose, we shall lose only our wages. And to this purpose they all agreed. Then they dislodged and went up the mountains to enter the county of Forez and come to the river Loire, and they found in their way a good town called Charleien. In the same way, they lodged in it, and the castle was called Brunay, three leagues from Lyons. The men of war assembled with the lord of Bourbon being at Lyonward, and had won the town and castle of Brunay and various other holds: and they sore wasted and harried the country. These deeds greatly displeased the lord of Bourchier, chief among them, who were least harried: for the residue (who were worst harried) arranged themselves on the hillside, and our powers advised them. And all things considered to our estimation, they passed not a single day without some saying and if\nThey are not gods, be thanked; it is better for us. Therefore, take heed of what you will do. In the name of God, said the Lord of Bourbon; we will go and fight with them. And there he ordered his battles, and set them in good array, ready to fight, for he could see his enemies before him. And there he made certain new knights first his own. They had not acted on better advice and counsel than they did. The archbishop and diverse other knights, who were there, had said before that it had been best to have suffered our enemies to have dislodged from the hold that they were in and then to have fought with them at a more convenient time. But they could not be heard.\n\nThus, as the Lord James of Bourbon and the other lords with their banners and pennons before them approached and challenged the said mountain, the worst armed of the company continued to cast stones at them. In such a way that the hardiest of them was driven back. And thus they held them in this state for a great space.\nThe great battle of these companies unfolded and approached the mountain, where they had cut their spears to a length of six feet. The first encounter overthrew many on the ground. There were fierce strokes on both sides: these companies fought so valiantly that it was marvelous, causing the French to recoil. And there, the archpriest fought bravely like a good knight but was taken prisoner by force of arms and severely hurt. And there were slain the young earl of Forest, Sir Reynold of Forest's uncle, the earl of Duzes, Sir Robert of Beaujeu, Lord Louis of Chalon, and more than a hundred knights. With great effort, the lord of Bourbon and his son Peter were brought into the city of Lyons. This battle was around the year 1000, 300, 301, the Friday after Easter day.\n\nGreatly were the people of the country awed, none so bold or strong a warrior as...\nThe wise and discrete men feared that great mischief would multiply if Castillon was taken. They supposed and imagined that something terrible would happen unless God put a stop to it. The people of Lyons were greatly dismayed when they learned that the company had won the battle. They received warmly all those who returned and escaped from the battlefield. However, they were deeply disappointed for the injuries of the Lord of Bourbon and his son. The ladies and damsels of the town visited him, but the Lord James of Bourbon died three days after the battle, and his son did not live long after. They were greatly distressed by every creature's behavior. The French king was very displeased by the death of this Lord of Bourbon but could do nothing to change it. He had to pass over his sorrow as best he could.\n\nNow let us speak of these companions who continued in their wicked deeds, rejoicing and comforted by their deeds, not only for the joy of this journey but also for the victory:\nfor the ransoming of many good prisoners. So these companions led their time at the foreesses. And because they were so great a company almost nothing was held against them. Therefore they divided themselves into two parts. Sir Seguin of Batefoul had the lesser part, which was one of the plentiful countries of the world, that they overran, and ransomed the people at their pleasure: that is to say all the countries on this side, and beyond the river Somme, the county of Mascon, the archbishopric of Lyons and the land of the lord of Beaujeu, & all the country to Marcilly to Nonnes, and to the county of Nevers. The other part of the same company: as Nandos of Beaugerant, Espyot Carnell, Robert Briquet, Ortyngo, Bernarde of the Salle, Lamyt, the Bourge Camas, the Bourge of Bretuell, the Bourge of Lespare, and various others of one sort and affinity: drew them towards Auvignon and said how they would see the pope and cardinales.\nThey had some of their money or allies to share and pay the country. And so they tarried here and there, awaiting for the ransom of such prisoners they had taken, and also to see if the truce held between France and England. As they went towards Avignon, they took towns and fortresses along the way, and none dared to oppose them, for the entire country was afraid. In that country they had not waged war, so those in these small holds did not know how to defend themselves against such men of war. And these companies heard that at the bridge Saint Esprit, a seven-league treasure and riches of the country had assembled together, on trust of the strong fortress. And so the companies conspired among themselves that if they could win that hold, it would greatly benefit and profit them, for then they thought they would be masters of Roanne and of them in Avignon. And on this purpose they stayed until they had cast their dice.\nIn this manner, Little Methyn rode with their company for fifteen leagues in one night, and in the morning at the breaking of the day, they reached the town of St. Spirit and suddenly took it and all those within. This was a great pity, as they killed many an honest person and defiled many. Besides these, there were great numbers of pilfers and robbers in Fauce, including English Gascons and Almaines, who claimed they had to live. They still held certain garrisons and fortresses, despite the king's deputies in England having commanded them to avoid and depart. However, they refused to obey, much to the king of France's displeasure and that of his council. Yet, when these companies in various places learned that the lord of Bourbon and two thousand knights and squires had been overthrown, and many good prisoners taken, they were inspired to follow suit in the town of St. Etienne, which was not far from there.\nIn the year 1361, Peter of Monstier, Cardinal of Arras, known as Dste, was appointed chief captain of the Croisade. Leaving Auvergne, he stopped at Carpentras, where he gathered all manner of soldiers who were willing to save their souls but would receive no other wages. As a result, the tournament disbanded, and some went to Lombardy, some to their own countries, and some joined the wicked company. Daily, they harassed the pope, the cardinals, and the merchants around Avignon.\n\nThen, the pope and the cardinals summoned a noble, chivalrous knight and a good warrior, the marquis of Monferrat, who had been waging war against the lords of Milly for a long time. The pope sent for him, and he came to Avignon, where he was received honorably.\nreceived from the pope and cardinals, and an treaty was made with him due to a sum of money he should have, with the intention that he would get rid of the said evil companions from that center and keep them with him in his wars in Lombardy. Then the marquis treated with the captains of the companies, and due to thirty thousand florins they should have among them and great wages the marquis would give them, they agreed to depart and go with him into Lombardy, so they might be pardoned (a penalty for culpability). All this was agreed upon, recorded, and the florins paid. And then they surrendered the town of Saint Espyrite and left the march of Auxonne, passing on with the marquis. King John of France and all the realm were very anxious when they saw how these evil people were delivered, but there were many who returned to Burgundy. Sir Seguyne of Bateford did not leave the gates of Ence, for he would not leave it for any reason.\nIn this season, the marquis passed through the land of Pyemote, where he performed his duties against the lords of Millaine. There, he conquered various towns, castles, and fortresses, and countries against them. He had numerous encounters and skirmishes with them, to his honor and profit. The help of these:\n\nSo it happened that Sir Seguin of Bateford, who was in the garrison of Engham on the river Soar at that time, by treaty, detached himself and took with him great pledge and treasure. Of Sir Seguin, I can write no more, but that, as I heard, he returned marvelously and died. Amen.\n\nIn this same season, the French king's sons waged war throughout the winter and around Christmas, and Pope Innocent departed from this life. Then there was a great discord among the cardinals for choosing a new pope.\nThe college's disputes kept them at odds for a long time. And all the other French kings understood that Lord Pierre was not to be contended with, for he had great desire to see him due to the great goodness reported about him and the war he had waged against the Saracens. The king of Cyprus had recently taken the strong city of Sal\u00e9 against the enemies of God, killing all who were within, save none.\n\nIn the same season and winter, there was a great council in England concerning the realm and especially the king's children. It was considered that the Prince of Wales held a great and noble estate, as he rightfully could: for he was a valiant man, generous, and rich, and had great heritage in Aquitaine, which was abundant in all wealth and prosperity. Then the king was counseled that he should send his son, the prince, to those parts, for he had sufficient land in that duchy to maintain both his dignity and estate.\nAll the barons and knights of Acquitaine were glad to have him among them, of whom they had made a request to the king, because Sir John Chadis was right courteous and amiable. However, they would have preferred to have their own natural sovereign lord. The prince agreed lightly to this arrangement and prepared for himself and his wife accordingly, and when everything was ready they took leave of the king and the queen and their brothers and departed from England, arriving at Rochell. In the same season, the queen of England, Isabella of France, daughter of King Philip the Good of France, departed from this world. She was buried at the hands of the brother, with all the prelates and barons of England and the lords of France present: and this was the departure of the prince and the princes from England. After this obsequy was completed, they departed and arrived at Rochell, where they were received with great joy.\nThere stayed four days. When Sir John Chandos, who had long governed the duchy of Aquitaine, heard that the prince was approaching, he departed from Niort and came with a good company of knights and squires to the town of Rochell, where he was warmly received by the prince and princess. And so, with great honor and joy, the prince entered the city of Poitiers. The barons and knights of Poitou welcomed him so nobly that every man was pleased. The earl of Foix came to see the prince, who received him with great cheer and feasting. A peace was made between him and the earl of Armagnac, who had been at odds for a long time. And immediately after Sir John Chandos was made constable of all the country of Guyenne, and Sir Guychart Dang\u00e9 was made marshal. Thus, the prince made such knights of his household as he loved best, great officers throughout the duchy.\nAbout the time of Candlemas, in the year of our Lord 1300, Pope Urban VI received King John of France at the new town outside Aiguillon. And around the same time, there was a battle between Sir Aymon of Pommiers and Sir Fouques of Archiac. Once they had fought sufficiently, the French king negotiated a peace and they agreed to come together. Throughout the Lenten season, these two kings, as well as King Peter of Cyprus (with the French king and cardinals present), declared to them that, for the sake of Christendom, it would be a noble and worthy thing to open the passage over the sea and to go against the enemies of the Christian faith. The French king gladly heard these words.\nAnd he proposed in himself, if he might live for three years, to go thither for two reasons that moved him there: the first because his father, King Philip, had sworn to do so; and secondly, to the intent thereby to draw out of his realm all manner of men of war, called companies, whom Cyprus rejoiced in: and he heartily thanked us for it, and regarded it as a great singular merit.\n\nThus, as you may see and read, the French king and the said lords took Cyprus on board, who had come thither to Our Holy Father the pope. The French king offered and promised him their bodies, goods, and substances, to furnish this voyage and gave him full power to publish the grace and pardon of this holy voyage, thereby to cause lords and princes to incline more towards this holy voyage. And so this king was so well beloved for the reasons he showed and for the fair language he used to the lords of this voyage that they preferred hearing him to any other.\nThe king of Cyprus, M. CCC. XIII, departed from Avignon and said he would go see the emperor and the lords of the Empire. He promised to return via Brabant, Flanders, and Hainault. He took leave of the pope and the French king, who treated him well and gave him many fair gifts. The French king left the pope after Cyprus' departure and went to the town of Mo.\n\nWe will now speak of Charles, king of Cyprus and Bohemia, who received him graciously and welcomed all the lords of the Empire present. The king of Cyprus stayed there for three weeks and exhorted them greatly to join this holy voyage. In every place where he passed through Germany, the emperor paid for his expenses. Then the king of Cyprus went to the duchy of Juliers, where the duke made him a great feast and received him warmly.\nIn the town of Bruges, Justis and others, including tournays, feasted and honored him with suppers and other pastimes to the best of their ability. Upon his departure, they gave him great gifts and jewels. He then went to Flanders to see the earl of Lois, who also greatly feasted and honored him, particularly in Bruges. The king was pleased with him, and he stayed there that summer, continually exhorting every man to join this holy voyage. The king of England granted the freedom to ride about Calais for four days to the four French dukes who were there as hostages: the duke of Orleans, the duke of Anjou, the duke of Berry, and the duke of Bourbon. These lords were at Calais, and the king was content for them to ride about the area for four days, returning to Calais every four days at sunset. The king of England did this for a good understanding.\nThese four lords in Calais should have purchased their release in France. They sent messengers numerous times to the French king and to the duke of Normandy, his eldest son, urging them to consider their release, as they had promised and sworn when they entered England. They warned that they would take matters into their own hands if the French king and duke did not act. Despite their close relationship to the king, the messengers were not heard or received with pleasure. The lords were greatly displeased, and the duke of Anjou in particular threatened to find a remedy. The French king and his council, as well as the duke of Normandy, were preoccupied with the voyage of the Croyseys he had undertaken and the wars the king of Navarre was waging in the realm. He had sent to Lombardy for certain companions to help him in his war.\nThe causes for the lords mentioned below taking no regard of the lords in hostage, that is, the four dukes, nor delivering their messengers, became rampant when they entered France. Upon visiting these countries, the king of Cyprus rode by his journeys and came to Calais, where he found three of these said dukes: the duke of Orleans, the duke of Berry, and the duke of Bourbon. The duke of Anjou was absent in France, and I cannot tell in what state. These three dukes received the king of Cyprus into Calais joyously, and he acquitted himself sweetly to them. They remained together for two days. Then the king of Cyprus passed the sea and arrived at Douai, where he stayed two days and refreshed himself until his carriage was unshipped. Afterward, he rode at his ease by small journeys until he reached London, where he was honorably received and feasted by the lords of France who were there.\nThe earl of Hereford, Sir Gaultier of Manney, the lord Spenser, Sir Rawoll Ferys, and Sir Guyshart of Penebriges, and Sir Richard of Stury were sent by King of England to meet him. I cannot recall in a single day the noble dinners, suppers, and feasts that were prepared for him by the King of England, and the presents, gifts, and jewels that were given to him.\n\nLater, the King of Cyprus crossed the sea and arrived at Boloyn. In his journey, he heard that the French king and the Duke of Normandy, the lord Philip's youngest son, and a great part of his council were at the good town of Amyense. The King of Cyprus rode there and found the king, who had recently arrived, and part of his council. He was warmly received, and there he recounted to them how his voyage had gone, which they were glad to hear.\nThe king of Cyprus had been there for a certain period of time. He said that he had not yet done anything until he had seen the Prince of Wales. King Enguerrand said that, by the grace of God, he would go and see him, and the lords of Poitou and Aquitaine accompanied him. The French king agreed well to this, but he requested that, upon his return, the king of Cyprus come through France. The king of Cyprus promised this to the king of Cyprus, and he sent John Chaudes and a great number of other knights and squires from his household to meet him. They brought him with great joy and reverence to the prince, who received him right honorably.\n\nNow let us leave Cyprus for a while and return to the French king, and recount to what intention he and his council had come to Amiens. At that time, I was informed, and it was true, that King John of France intended to marry his sister. For this reason, he had assembled his council there. And all they of his council could not persuade him to change his mind.\nthat purpose: and yet they, the queen and their children, showed so much truth and honor that I cannot praise them enough. Therefore, I have no doubt about them, but that they will be courteous and true friends to me in all cases. I will also excuse my son, the duke of Anjou, for returning to France. To his words, there was none who dared to contradict him, since he was so determined in his resolve. Then the king ordered his son, the duke of Normandy, to be regent and governor of the realm of France until his return. And there he promised the lord Philip his young son that, at his return, he would make him duke of Burgundy and heir to that duchy. And when all his provisions were ready, according to his intention and provision at Bolougne before him, then he departed from Amiens and rode until he came to Hedin. There he kept his Christmas day, and there the king stayed for two or three days. And on\nInnocent's day, he departed from Hedin. King John did so much during his journey that he came to Beaulyn and lodged in the abbey, and stayed there until he had wind at will. With him were Sir John Artois, Earl of Ewe; the Earl of Dammartin; the great prior of France, Sir Tristram of Maguelles; Sir Peter and Sir John Willers; Ser John of Anjou; Ser Nicholas Braque, and various other knights and squires. And when their ships were all loaded, and King John had entered his ship around midnight and his people into other ships: and so they sailed for a long time, they arrived in England at Dover, and that was the day before the vigil of the Epiphany. Anon tidings came to King England and to the queen, who were then at Eltham, seven leagues from London, that the French king had landed at Dover. Then he sent various knights of his house, including Sir Bartholomew of Brunes, Sir Alan of Bouquesels, Sir Richard of Penebrugge, and various others, to that place. They departed from the king.\nand rode toward Douver and found the French king there. They made great honor and cheer to him, and among other things they said that the king was very joyous about their coming, and the French king lightly believed them. The next day, the king and all his company mounted their horses and rode to Canterbury, and they arrived there for dinner. In entering the church of St. Thomas, the king did great reverence. There was great dancing.\n\nNow let us leave speaking of the French king and return to the king of Cyprus, who came to Agulhon to the prince of Wales, his lords, barons, knights, Sir Nowell Lorwich, Sir Richard of Ponthardon, Sir Simon Bassell, Sir Basir Daugiris, and others from the same court. The king of Cyprus was well honored and feasted by the prince, and at the prince's feast, the king of Cyprus took leave of the prince and the knights of the country. But first, he showed them all primarily why he had come there.\nHe had taken it upon himself, if the passage were open, not to be alone, but to find those who would be glad to advance their honors. Of these words, the king of Cyprus was well pleased, and then departed. But Sir John Chandos accompanied him until he was out of the principality. I understood that he returned again to France to Paris, intending to find the king there, but he was not. For the king was not yet returned from England, as he lay sick at his lodging in the Savoy in London, and each day he grew worse and worse. This greatly displeased the king of England, and the queen had come out of England and had informed the duke how it stood with the king, his father. The king of Navarre also knew this, and was not sorry: For he hoped that, if the French with the earl of Foix urged him to come into Normandy to him, saying how he would make him king, the king of England would be distracted.\nThe king showed great honor and love to the earl, daily fortifying Garrysons against him. Once peace was made, the earl believed it was time to secure good counsel and prepare for war. He was then greatly in the grace of the duke of Normandy. Among others, you will find Sir Bertram of Gisors, who kept the river Seyne faithfully. Sir Boucicaut said it should be done, and so he departed, taking with him a good number of knights and squires. He made his way to Normandy by Saint Germain's, and showed those with him that he would go to the castle of Rolleboise, where were some of his companions who had done so much.\n\nRolleboise was a strong castle on the border, beneficial to both the king of Navarre and the French king. They held a captive whom none dared to rescue from Navarre, and they particularly pressed Sir Boucicaut and a hundred with him to ride to Mont in haste, as though they were in great fear. The Gascon men responded:\nThe rogue boss chased them and urged them to open their gates and let them in for the sake of their lives. If they were let in, then Sir Bertram and his entire company would enter the town and do as they pleased. They thought they couldn't get it any other way.\n\nThe Duke of Normandy, on the other hand, had appointed good captains in all his towns and castles. The loss of Maunt and Meulec was a great embarrassment for him, as they had provided him with a fair entry into France. In the same week, the captain of Beuz arrived at Cherbourg with four hundred men of arms. The king of Navarre welcomed him with great festivities and showed him, in a theatrical manner, how the Duke of Normandy had caused the towns of Maunt and Meulec to be stolen from him.\n\nThe captain replied and said, \"Sir, and may it please God, we\"\nThe duke is going for ward and I trust it will go well, bringing them back again and many more. It is said that the duke of Normandy is going to Reims to be crowned. We shall go and do him some nuisance and damage. The coming of the Captain of Beuz was a joyous occasion for the king of Navarre. He said that he would make a journey into France, then he sent for men of war to all places where he could have any. At the same time in Normandy, there was an English knight named Sir John Jonell, who had previously been with the king of Navarre in his wars. He was an expert man of arms. The king of Navarre sent to him, requesting that he would come and serve him with such a number as he had. This knight consented to the king's desire and came to him, putting himself into his service. The duke of Normandy knew well that the king of Navarre had assembled an army and that the Captain would be its chief.\ncapitayne. Than he wrote to sir Bertram of Clesquy desyring hym and his breto\u0304s to kepe fronter warr with the kyng of Nauer / promy\u00a6syng to send hym people ynowe to fight aga\u2223ynst the power of the kyng of Nauer. And he ordayned that sir Boucequa\u0304t shulde tary and kepe Mau\u0304t and Meulec. And so sir Bertran: & his company of bretons went towarde Uer\u00a6non. In a shorte space after the duke of Nor\u00a6mandy send to hym a great nombre of men of warre: as therle of Aucer / the vycount Beau\u2223mount the lorde Beauiewe / and dyuers other knyghtes & squyers. In the same season there was come in to Frau\u0304ce to serue y\u2022 duke of Nor\u00a6mandy out of Gascone the lorde Dalbret & sir Aymon of Punyers / sir Peteton of Corton / y\u2022 Soldyche of Lestrad & dyuers other. wherof the duke of Norma\u0304dy coude the\u0304 great thank\ndesyring the\u0304 to ryde into Normandy agaynst his ennemyes. These lordes obeyed the duke and rode all into Normandy / excepte the lorde Dalbret / who taryed styll with the duke: but his men rode forthe in that iourney. Also in the\nIn the same season on the French-Bretagne border, a Breton knight named Beamont of the Valle, with twenty spearmen, all Breton, arrived before Eureur. A knight there named Sir Guy of Granville also appeared. Hearing of the fight, Sir Guy armed himself and his soldiers and rode out into the field. By this time, Sir Beamont had completed his mission and was leaving. Sir Guy of Granville approached him and said, \"Beamont, you shall not depart like this. First, you must speak with those of Eureux. They will teach you to know them.\"\n\nWhen Sir Beamont heard this, he turned his horse and placed his spear in the rest and rode back against Sir Guy. The two knights met roughly, and their spears shattered, but neither fell. They continued on their way, and upon their return, they drew their swords and their companies met.\nThere were many born to the earth on both partyes. There, the brother of Abi remained to attend to people who still came out of the town, so that they were all slain and taken, none escaped. And Sir Beaumont de la Valle was taken by Sir Guy of Grenville, who led him as his prisoner into the castle of Eu. Thus, as I have heard before, the king of Cyprus returned into France and came to Paris to the duke of Normandy. And there his brother, the duke of Anjou, was solemnly buried, and the archbishop of Sens celebrated the mass. And after the service was done and the dinner, which was right noble, the lords and prelates returned to Paris. There they held a parliament and general council to determine how the realm should be ordered, for the realm could not long be without a king. And it was then counselled by the duke of the clergy and the nobles of the realm that they should draw to the city of Reims and there crown the duke of Normandy, who as yet was called none other way. He also wrote to his uncle.\nUyncelant duke of Bra\u2223bant & of Luze\u0304burge / and also to therle of Fla\u0304\u2223ders desyring them to be at his coronacyon on Trinyte sonday next comyng. In the same sca son whyle the lordes made theyr puruey aunce for the kynges coronacyon. The frenchemen and naueroyse aproched nere togyder in Nor\u2223ma\u0304dy / for into the cite of Eureux was come the Captall of Beuz who made ther his assemble of men of warr / & of companyons suche as he coude get. \u00b6 Nowe let vs speke of hym and of sir Bertram of Clesquy / & of a iourney of ba\u2223tayle bytwene them. The tuesday before Twarr. Than he departed fro Eureur with all his men of armes & archers / for he herde say\nwer abrode / but he wyst nat where they were\u25aa than he toke the feldes & had great desyre to tht he was to the some of. vwarr. And with h\u2022 lorde of Sal\u2022 helde y\u2022 grther was also ye lorde Peter of Sauyle / e lorde Bertra\u0304 of Fra\u0304ke / y\u2022 Blassoll of marenell / e be ryuer of Seyne ther if they ware nat passed all redy. \u00b6 So it happed y\u2022 the friday in the whytson w\u2022 cap\u00a6tall &\nhis company rode out of a wood & met a harde of arms called King Falcon: & the same morning he was detained from the fresh host. As soon as the captain recognized him, he made him great, for he was the king of England. Then he asked where they were. I departed from them that day, they seek you as well as you do them, the captain beyond the bridge at Vernon, & as I believe they have the greatest company of Breton knights. Also there is the earl of Aumerle, the viscount of Beaumont, lord Louis of Chalon, lord of Beaumont, master of the crossbowmen, the archpriest Lord Edward of Remy, and Gascon's company is that of Lord Dalbret and Lord A, Lord of Sully and L captain, they heard these Gascons named, he marveled greatly & blessed for pleasure & said, \"Falcon is this true you say, that these Lords of Gascony are there? & the lord Dalbret himself?\" the captain replied, \"Falcon is at Paris with the regent duke of Normandy, coming next Sunday.\"\nShould be crowned king. Then the captain laid his hand on his own discretion, by St. Anthony's cap, against Gascony. Sir Faucon stays here for me, the harald, Harald the priest, wishes to speak with you. Then the captain said, Faucon tells the French harald he need not go any further, let him show himself to the priest. Then Sir Joan Jonell stepped forward and said, why won't you speak with him, Perron? It is for our captain's profit? The captain said, no, I assure you, it is not for our profit. The archpriest is such a brawler, if he comes to us, he will only waste our time and weaken our strength and nobility. The appearance of him staying under a hedge and excused himself so wisely that he was well content. And then he went to the archpriest and showed him all as Faucon had said.\n\nTherefore, the French and the English had knowledge of each other through the reports of the two harolds, and they prepared themselves to meet.\nother. And when the captain of Eu requested him to send out of the city all manner of companions and others who were able for the war, and that they should meet him at Cocherell, for there he thought to find the Frenchmen: for surely he said wherever they met, he would fight with them. And when these tidings reached the captain of Eu, he was able to ride a horse and should go out of the town and detached from it. So on a Wednesday, the captain lodged by noon on a mountain, and his company about him: and the Frenchmen from the county Iton, which ran towards Eureux, were approaching. It springs near to Couches, and there they lodged on the river. And so the next morning, the nobles rode as Faucon led them the same way he came from them, and about noon they came into the way to Cocherell: and there they saw the Frenchmen before them in order, and there was great number of banners, they seemed to be double the number they were in reality. Then the nobles rested without attacking.\nlytell wode that was there: than the capitayns drue togyder & ordred their batayls First they made thre batayls well and proply all a fote & sent all their caryages and pages in to y\u2022 lytell wode: and they set sir John\u0304 Jonell in\u00a6the first batayle withall the men of armes & ar\u2223chers of Englande. The seconde batayle ledde the captall of Beusm / and in his batayle were t is to say the lorde of Bas\u2223cles of Mather besyde on their right hand bytwene them and the wode. And so on the fronte of that hyll they aranged them selfe before their enemyes / and they sette the captals baner on a busshe of thornes and set a .lx. men of armes about it to defende it fro their enemyes. And y\u2022 they dyde to thentent that yf they were sparkeled abrode they shulde drawe to the standarde: and so de\u2223termyned nat to dyscende downe fro the mou\u0304\u2223tayne for no maner of cause / but to let their ene\u00a6myes come to the\u0304 / if they wolde fight with the\u0304.\nTHus as ye haue herbe the na\u2223ueroyse & englysshmen were aren\u2223ged on y\u2022 mou\u0304tayne whyle the\nFrenchmen ordered their battalions where they made three and a rear guard. The first had Sir Bertram of Clesquy with all his Bretons, and he was ordered to reaucerr. And with him there was the viscount Beaumond, and the lord Bauduit. They told their battalions, when they were assembled together, to endeavor themselves to conquer the enemy's standard. Saying how they might get it, their enemies should be soon discovered. Also, the Gascons advised them another ordinance, which was profitable that day. The lords of France were together in council how they should maintain their horses let them break the enemy's ranks. There was a coming among them what should be their cry that day, and to what banner, and to make their captain that day a charle of Anjou. But the earl would in no way agree to take that charge upon himself: but excused himself right graciously, saying, \"Lords, I thank you for your honor that you would put me to. But surely, as for me, I\"\nI will clean the text as follows:\n\n\"I will not take on such a charge or honor for I am too young. This is my first journey, therefore you should choose another. Here are many good knights: Sir Bertram of Clesqui\u00e8res, the master of the cross, Lord Louis of Chalon, Lord Aymon of Pomiers, and Sir Edward of Renchen. They have been in many great journeys and know how to handle such matters better than I can, therefore I ask you to excuse me. Then the knights regarded each other and said to him, a noble earl of Aunis, you are the greatest among us both in land and lineage, therefore you ought to be our head. Certainly, sirs, he said, but today I shall be one of your companions and shall live and die and bear my allegiance with you. But as for the sovereign, I will have none of it. Then they regarded each other and advised whom they might make chief captain. They were advised that the best knight in their company and he who had been best proven was Sir Bertram of Clesqui\u00e8res.\"\nIt was ordered by their common accord that their cry should be that day for Our Lady Clesquy, and that they should all obey the day to Sir Bertra: all things were ordered and stabilized, and every lord and knight under his own standard or banner. Then they regarded their enemies, who were high on the hill and would not depart from their strength. For they thought it not, which greatly annoyed the Frenchmen because it was ill-timing of the hill, and the day was very hot. The biggest of them were faint, for they had been fasting, and they had neither wine nor provisions with them that did them any good, except for certain lords who had little flagons of wine, which were soon empty. Nor did they make any provision for provisions for the morning, for they had thought to have fought with their enemies that same morning but they did not. But they signaled as near as they could the Normans and English: & so the day was far gone or they could be assembled together. And when the lords of Flanders saw the behavior of\nSome nobles were reluctant to counsel their colleagues to go and fight against their enemies or not, as they held various opinions. Some argued that it would be a great shame not to do so. Others were sad and opposed this, stating that if they went and fought where the enemies were, it would be to their great peril, for five of them would have three. They would not agree to go to them due to the dangers that might ensue. The Normans among them advised each other, saying among themselves, \"Behold your enemies, they will come to fight with us soon. There were certain knights and squires Normans among the Normans, and they were released on their honor and went privately into the fresh host and said to the lords there. Sirs, beware, and let this day pass without battle, for your enemies will be greatly reinforced tomorrow, for it is said among them that Lord Louis of Navarre will come.\"\nthe wise men held them back and said, \"sirs, let us wait a little while and see what they will do. Their hearts are ardent and presumptuous, and they would gladly fight with us as we with them. Many were overcome by the heat, for it was about noon, and they had fasted all day and were armed and sore chafed. They said among themselves, 'if we go up this hill to fight with them, we are all likely to be lost.' Therefore, let us draw back to our lodging for today, and tomorrow let us take other counsel.\" The lords and knights of France saw the governing of the English and of the common people and how they would not depart from the hold they were in. It was high noon, and they had also heard the words of the prisoners who had come from.\nThe had said, and I saw most of their people greatly troubled by the heat of the sun, which was disagreeable to them. Then, by the advice of Sir Bertram of Clesquy, they took other counsel. For he said, \"sirs, we see well that our enemies desire to fight with us very much, but they will not descend from their holdings unless it is by the means that I shall show you. Let us make it seem that we are retreating and not fighting today, & also our people are greatly troubled by the heat. Let us send our messengers, cargo, and spare horses over the bridge and water. And let us withdraw to our lodgings. & in our going back, let us be ready to turn again if necessary, & let us see what they will do if they are willing to fight with us, they will descend down the hill to chase us: and if we see that they do so, let us be ready to turn again upon them, and then we shall deal with them more easily.\" This counsel was accepted by all the company, then every lord.\ndraw him under his own standard, and then they made their troops take the retreat. They commanded all knights, squires, and servants to cross the bridge and carry over all their baggage. So they passed over, and some men-at-arms passed after feigningly. When Sir John Jonell, who was an expert knight and had a great desire to fight with the French, saw their manner of retreat, he said to the captain, \"Let us go quickly after them. See you not how they flee? The captain replied, \"Do not trust it. They do it only to lure us.\"\n\nThen Sir John Jonell took it upon himself, for he had a great desire to fight with his enemies. He said to his company, \"Saint George, whoever loves me, follow me, for I will go and fight with our enemies.\" He took his spear in hand and went forward before all the battalions, and some of his men or the captain knew it. But when he saw that Sir John Jonell had gone,\nThe knight took it with great presumption and said to them, \"Sir, let us go down the hill quickly. Sir John Joernel will not fight without me.\" The captain and his company announced them down the hill. And when the Frenchmen saw them descending from the hill and entering the open fields, they were joyous and said, \"Look now, we have desired this all day.\" They turned and dressed their banners against the Navarrese, and John Jonell, who courageously assembled his banners against the Breton battalion, of whom Bertram was chief captain, performed many deeds of arms, for he was a hardy knight. Thus the knights and squires sparkled abroad in the plain and fought together with such weapons as they had. Each of them entered another's battle and fought with great courage and will: the Englishmen and Navarrese cried, \"Saint George!\" and the Frenchmen, \"Our Lady Clesquy.\" There were:\n\n(Note: The text appears to be incomplete, as there is no clear ending or conclusion.)\nMany good knights on the French side / Sir Bertram of Clesquy / The young earl of Aucer / Sir Vincent Beaumont / Ser Baudwin Denekin / Ser Louis of Chalon / The young lord of Beauieu / Sir Anthony, who that day displayed his banner / Sir Anthony of Daneskerly / Ser Edward of Recy / Ser Ingram of Hedyn / And also Gascons / First, Ser Aymon of Pomiers / Perducas Dalbreth / Suldych de le Strade / Peteton of Corton and various others of that sort. And the Gascons dressed them against the captain and his company, and there was an archpriest present, a great captain who had a large company under his rule, because I make no mention of him. I shall show you the truth / As soon as the archpriest saw the battle begin, he got himself out of the press / But he said to his company / And to him who bore his standard, \"I charge you all, as you love me or fear my displeasure, that you remain at the battle and do your duties as well as you can.\" But as for me\nI will depart and not return again, for I may not on this day fight nor be armed against some knight who is in the field against us. If anyone demands an answer, respond as I have shown you before. So he departed, and only one squire was with him, and he passed the river and let the remainder deal with it. And the remainder of the field could not master him, for they saw his banner and company at the end of the battle, so they believed surely that he had been there personally. Now I will show you about the battle and how it ended.\n\nAt the beginning of the battle, when Sir John Jonell came down the hill and his company with him, and the captain also and his company, trusting to have had the victory. However, the case turned otherwise, and they saw that the Frenchmen were well arrayed and ordered. They perceived clearly how they had been too hasty in coming from their disadvantage. Nevertheless, like valiant knights they made no haste but thought to win the victory with their.\nAnd they retreated a little and rallied their people together. Then they made way for their archers to come forward, who were behind them. And when the archers were forward, they shot fiercely together. But the Frenchmen were so well armed and strongly prepared that they took but little damage and were not deterred from fighting. And so they entered among the English and Norman forces, and they in like manner among them. Thus there was a cruel battle between them, they took prisoners by strength of arms and wrestling: spears, javelins, and other weapons each from the other. The Frenchmen had no need to sleep, for they had hardy and courageous men. Therefore, every man had to acquit himself valiantly.\nIn this great battle, the Bretons and Gascons acquitted themselves well, performing many noble feats of arms. Thirty men were appointed to attend the captain, who were all well-mounted. They paid heed to nothing but the executing of their orders: so all together charged the captain, where he was fighting with a great axe in his hand, and gave him such great strokes that none dared approach him. But these thirty, by the force of their horses, broke through the press and came on the captain. They rescued him cleanly, but all their efforts were in vain, for the captain was carried out of the field at that time. It is heard to tell who had the better.\n\nIn this great battle, the English and their allies intended to follow and rescue the captured captain whom they saw being carried away before them. Among the French leaders were Sir Aymon of Pomyers and Sir Petyon of Corton.\n\"Soldiers of the street and Lord Dalbretes company intended with a courageous will to approach the standard that stood on a bush. There was then a fierce battle for the standard, which was well defended by good men-at-arms and especially by Sir Bascle of Marnell and Sir Geoffrey of Rouillon. There were many rescues and many injured and thrown to the ground. Now, however, the cowards around the standard were overwhelmed and Bascle of Marnell was slain, and Sir Geoffrey of Rouillon was taken prisoner. And Sir Aymon of Pomiers, no one could tell what became of him, whether he was slain or taken. And when the captals' standard was taken and torn all to pieces, in the meantime the Bretons, Frenchmen, Picards, Normans, and Burgundians fought valiantly, which stood them in good stead. The cowards had caused them some retreat, and there was great damage done, for he was a lusty young knight and was likely\"\nto have taken a nobleman and his company: they carried him out of the field with great pain, as I have heard related by both parties. It would not have been fitting before this battle for such a name to be fought so well as this battle was, for they were all on foot and intermingled with each other, fighting hand to hand, and each side with weapons they had, and many a great blow was given with edges of steel. Sir Peter of Corton and Sir Suldich de la Strade were severely injured, in such a way that they could do no more good that day. Sir John Jonell, by whom the battle began, did many deeds of arms and was hurt in various parts of his body; and finally, he was taken prisoner by a squire of Britain from the company of Ser Bertra of Clesquy and was carried out of the presence. But there were slain of the fresh party the mistress of the crossbows and Sir Louis of Hennebique and various others. And of the nervous party, Lord Saulter's sergeant William of Grayll, Peter of Sanquill, and Peter were taken.\nGeffray of Rousillon, Ser Bertram of Frake and a few others were saved; they were not all taken or killed in the place. This battle was near Cocherell on a Tuesday, the 24th day of May, in the year of our Lord M.iii. C.lxiiii. After this discovery and all the deeds were dispersed, every man took care of his prisoners and dressed those who were injured. The majority of the Frenchmen were passed over the bridge and drawn to their lodgings, greatly troubled and weary. At the same time, Ser Guy of Grailly, son of Sir William of Grailly, was departed that same morning from the gascon of Couches with a light spear, intending to join the captain or when the battle began. They made great haste and came to the place where the battle had been. The Frenchmen behind cried to their company, saying to one another, \"Ready!\" And when Ser Guy saw the enemy, he set his standard high on a bush to draw the Frenchmen there.\nherd them cry out for our lady Clesquy. The Frenchmen heeded their prisoners' pleas. Much speaking and inquiring ensued regarding the archpriest, as it was learned he was not at the battle. His men begged for his release as well as they could, and the thirty thousand took the capital never seized until they had brought him to the castle of Vernon. On Trinity Sunday, in the year of our Lord 1464, King Charles VII was present, along with King Peter of Cyprus, the Duke of Anjou, the Duke of Burgundy, Sir Unclenel of Behaine, Duke of Lusignan and of Brabant, the Earls of Ew and of Damvant, of Tarent, and of Udenhove: with many prelates and other lords. In the city there was great feeling and solemnity for five days. Then the king departed and went to Paris. It cannot be recounted in a single day the solemnities and great feasts.\n\nAt the king's coming to Paris, his youngest brother was put in possession of the duchy of Burgundy, and he departed from Paris.\nWith a great number of men: displeased by such excuses as he laid for himself, in that he was not at the journey of Cocherell, he showed how he could not be armed against the captain. The captain, at the request of Lord Dalbreton, was let out of prison on his faith and truth. This captain greatly helped Archpriest to excuse himself to the king and to other knights who spoke ill of him. Moreover, he had the same case, and Sir Guy his son had not been the one who sent word to the king that if he put his father to death, he would in like manner serve Sir Beamon de la Valle, a great lord of Brittany, who he had as a prisoner. Therefore, his lineage and kin requested this from the king, and an exchange was made between Sir Beamon and Sir Guy. In this season, Ser Bertra of Clesquy recaptured the castle of Roleboyse for 6,000 francs, which he paid to the captain thereof named Uaster. He returned again to Brabant from whence he had come. However, there were diverse companions.\ny\u2022 helde styll sudry for tresses in Calr norma\u0304dy / perch because / & in oplacs y\u2022 which dyd moch hurt & trouble in y\u2022 realme of Frau\u0304ce: some in the tytle of y\u2022 king of Nauer / & some in their owne quarell to robbe the cou\u0304tre without reason or true tytle. The fre\u0304\u00a6che kyng sent his brother y\u2022 duke of Burgone a\u2223gaynst these pyllers / & so the duke made his so\u2223mons in y\u2022 cyte or Charters. Tha\u0304 he drue into the felde & with hym {ser} Bertram of Clesquy sir Boucequa\u0304t / therle of Aucer / sir Loys of Cha\u2223lon / y\u2022 lorde of Beauieu / {ser} Aymon of Punyers sir Rauenall / y\u2022 begue of vyllayns / {ser} Nicholl of Lyne maister of the crosbowes / {ser} Edmarde of Ra\u0304cy / {ser} Ingra\u0304 of Hedyn: & to the no\u0304bre of .v. M. fightynge men. And whan they sawe they wer so great a no\u0304bre they deuyded in thre ptes wherof sir Bertram of Clesquy with. M. wet toward Co\u0304sta\u0304tyne throwe y\u2022 marches of Cher\u2223burge to kepe the fro\u0304ters there y\u2022 the naueroyse shuld do no hurt nor domage to y\u2022 cou\u0304tre of nor mandy: & with hym was y\u2022 lorde\nof Auter, the earl of Jonney, Sir Arnold Dandrehen, and many knights and squires of Britain and Normandy. The second battle had the lord of La River and in his company various knights and squires of Flanders and Picardy. And they were sent in the meantime that these men were thus in Beauce and in Normandy making war against the nuisance enemies to the realm. There was Sir Loyes of Navarre who had the command of the war under his brother the king; and he had defied the fresh king because the war touched the challenge of his inheritance. And after the battle of Cocherel he had assembled together men of war where he could get them. He did so much that by his means he gained certain captains of the companies, so that he was to the number of twelve hundred spears. And with him was Sir Robert Canoll, Sir Robert Ceney, Sir Robert Briquet of Carsnell, and he daily increased. He was lodged between the river Loire and the river Dallet. And so they overran a great part of the countryside of\nThe Burgundians carried all their goods into boats, which were on the Loire river, and themselves, their wives, and their children. They sorrowfully set sail towards the city of Nevers, which was five leagues away. And when it was day, the English and Gascons: those who had scaled the town went forward into the town and found it empty. They determined to keep the town and fortify it, for they thought it stood strategically to overrun the country on both sides of the Loire river. They sent word of this to the duke of Burgundy, who was laying siege before Marignan. He oppressed them so severely that they surrendered the town, saving their lives and goods. Then the duke sent Sir Boucicaut and Sir John of Uyen as marshals of Burgundy to take possession of the two towns: and made Captain thereof a squire of his called Guillaume de Charters, and with him a forty soldiers. Then the duke went with his company before Marignan.\nCanerolles laid siege to it, as it stood in a plain country. Now let us speak of Sir John de la Rouer, who laid siege before Aqueney near Passy in the county of Eureux. He had two thousand men in his company because he was so great with the king that he could spend as he pleased. Within the castle of Aqueney were Englishmen, Normans, Frenchmen, and Navarrese: who had been there ever since the battle of Cocherel and defended it valiantly, for they were well fortified with artillery and victuals. However, they were eventually forced to surrender their lives, and their lives and goods were saved. And so they departed and carried their goods to Cherbourg and stayed there. Then Sir John de la Rouer garrisoned the castle with Frenchmen, and he went towards the city of Deureux, and with him were Sir Hew of the castle, Lord of Sany, Sir Matthew of Roy, Sir Monfange, Lord of Ely, Lord of Capy, Sir Edward of Roucy, Sir Ingram of Hedyn, and various other knights.\nsquyers of Faucon. In the mean season, the duke of Burgundy did so much for the people of Canerelles that they were willing to yield the fort to his pleasure. And so all the strangers soldiers were spared, but certain pillagers of the nation of Faucon, who were taken there, were put to death. Then certain burghers of Chartres came to the Duke and asked him to give them the castle of Canerelles as wages and reward for their engineering services, which had caused great harm in the past. The Duke gave it to them to do as they pleased with. Then the burghers of Chartres set men to work and completely destroyed it. Then the Duke went to a castle called Dreux, in the plain country of Beauvais, and there took possession of the castle and gave it to a knight of Beauvais called Sir Peter du Boys, to hold it until he fortified it and kept it sufficiently. Then the Duke went and refreshed himself in the city of Chartres.\nand part of his host, and when he had stayed there for five days, he went and besieged the castle of Conway, which had caused much trouble in the surrounding country: the duke raised six great engines against it. In the meantime, while the duke made these assaults in Normandy, Sir Louis of Nuremberg overran the lower country of Auvergne and kept the fields, severely impoverishing the country, and no one dared oppose him. Additionally, the Gascony faction sent a message to the duke, urging him to break off his siege of Conway and go to Paris and then to Burgundy. And when the duke heard that he had delivered the castle to a knight named Philip de Beaujeu, lord of Burgundy, the burghers of Bourgonyons made a counter-attack against their enemies. The archpriest, lord of the castle of Uylaine, the lord of Vergy, the lord of Grancy, the lord of Rougemont, and a rich man named Jean de Boloyn were present.\nThe lord of Prices, Sir He, in the meantime sent Sir Moreau of Fennes, his constable, and his two marshals, Sir Boucicaut and Sir Moto, the duke of Burgundy, and most of his company, who had been with him in the county of Montbeault, to Paris. The king and his men were encamped there, engaging in skirmishes frequently with the garrison. There were injuries on both sides, and new knights were made and banners raised at an other place. Thus, the people of Charity were severely oppressed and gladly would have surrendered the fortresses by composition. But the duke of Burgundy insisted on having them at his mercy. He had taken the river from them, so that no pursuit could reach them.\n\nIn the same season, Sir Louis of Nantes raised all before him in the marches of Auvergne. He assembled people on every side, intending to lift the siege before Charity. He had a two thousand fighting men, and had sent to Brittany for Sir Robert.\nCanoll and Sir Gaultier Hewet, Sir Matthew Grenay, and other knights and squires were summoned to serve him on this journey - to serve before Alroy with their lord, his brother. The French king also sent word to the Duke of Burgundy, instructing him to wait three years before arming against the king of Navarre. Thus, they of Charity yielded themselves up to save their lives - but they were accustomed of old to dwell in Chartres.\n\nThe French king granted Sir Charles of Blois permission to take a thousand spearmen from his realm, and he wrote to Sir Bertram of Clermont, who was in Normandy, instructing him to go to Brittany to aid his cousin Sir Charles of Blois against Sir John Mountfort. And on that account, Sir Bertram was besieged in Normandy in place of his lord. Sir Bertram and his company rode for so long that they reached Nantes in Brittany, and there they found Lord Charles of Blois.\nBloys and his wife welcomed him warmly and thanked him profusely for coming to help and support them. They consulted together on how to maintain the war effort, as most of Brittany was preparing to aid Sir Charles of Blois, whom they all regarded as the Duke of Brittany, in lifting the siege of Alroy and fighting against the Lord Montfort. Nobles and knights from France and Normandy arrived, including the earl of Aubigny of Ulgers and various good knights, squires, and armed men. The presence of French and Norman lords was a constant source of comfort to Blois, and many more arrived daily. When Lord Montfort learned of these developments, he sent word to the duchy of Aquitaine, to the English knights and squires there, and especially to Sir John Chandos, earnestly urging them to come to his aid.\nThey would comfort him. In trust that in Brittany they would perform many deeds of arms, to which all knights and squires would attend to advance their honors. And when Sir John Chandos saw that the earl of Mountfort desired him so earnestly: then he asked permission from the prince of Wales, his lord and master. Who answered and said he was content that he should go. Saying it was no breach of peace between England and France, for the Frenchmen likewise took part with Sir Charles of Blois against the earl of Mountfort, and they had good leave from the French king. Then Sir John Chandos was very joyous and made his provisions. He desired various knights and squires from Aquitaine to go with him, but there were few who would go with him, except Englishmen. However, he had with him 200 spears and an equal number of archers. He rode so long through Poitou and Xainton that he entered into Brittany and came to the siege before Alroy.\nSir John Chandos found the earl of Mortimer, who received him joyously and was glad of his coming, along with Sir Oliver of Clisson, Sir Robert Canoll, and others. It seemed generally to them that no harm came to those who had Sir John Chandos in their company, and also various knights and squires of England passed the sea, desiring to avenge their bodies and to fight with the French, and came to the siege before Alroy in the aid of the earl of Mortimer, who received them with great joy. There were about sixteen hundred fighting men and around eight or nine hundred archers among the English and Bretons.\n\nNow let us return to Sir Charles of Blois, who was in the area gathering men for war in every place where he thought he could get any, for he was well informed that the earl of Mortimer was greatly comforted by the English. Then he requested the barons, knights, and squires of Brittany who had done homage to him:\nThey of Breton were logged in the city of Nauntes and about, and when they were all assembled together, there were, in my estimate, over a thousand. I am one of them. These lords and their men, whom the Lord Montfort unjustly takes from us without cause, as God knows. The lords of Breton present here know right well that I am a rightful heir. Therefore, I humbly request that you make things right between where Lord Montfort lays siege.\n\nThen, Lord Charles of Blois, by the counsel of Sir Bertram of Clesson, who was a great captain and greatly beloved by the barons of Brittany, ordered three battles and a truce. And, as I understand it, Sir Bertram led the first battle with a great number of knights and squires from Brittany. The second was led by the Earl of Aucer and the Earl Jon, with plenty of knights and squires from France. The Earl of Malestroyt and others were in the third, and Lord Charles of Blois was there their true liege.\ntake it upon himself and his part in paradise that they would fight in a rightful quarrel, promising every man according to his deserts to be well rewarded. Now let us speak of the Englishmen and Bretonians and how they ordered their battles. Sir John Chandos, who was principal captain over them, though the Earl of Mountfort was chief, for the king of England had written to him that he should especially attend to the business, and he should have his daughter in marriage. And above all other knights, he was closest to the Earl of Mountfort. He had well imagined and considered the Frenchmen's demeanor, and in his mind he praised their good order greatly and said, \"We shall order out battles, for our enemies have given us an example. And you, sir, are our master and chief counselor, therefore order it according to your pleasure, for there is none who can control you. And also, you know better how to order such a matter than all of us do, and he made three battles.\nThe first regiment had Sir Robert Canoll, Sir Gaultier Huet, and Sir Richard Burlke. The second had Sir Oliver of Clysson, Sir Eustace Da\u0431\u0435\u0440court, and a certain knight with five C's, and you shall keep you on a wing and stir not from your place for no manner of cause, unless you first fight with our enemies. Then Sir John Chandos well advised said: Sir Hew, I set you not in this regiment because you are not so good a knight as other of our company that was ever in my mind, for I truly know that you would gladly be one of the foremost and right able, you are so to be. But I order you thereto because you are a sage knight and well advised; and therefore I heartily require you to do it. And moreover, I promise you faithfully that and you will do it, it shall be a great advantage for us all, and you thereby shall at that time gain great honor. I also promise you the first request after that ever you desire of me, I shall grant it you, however.\nSir John Chandos could speak the words, but Sir Hewe Caurell would not agree. He considered it a great shame to do so and requested that someone else take on the task. Sir John's intention was to engage in combat with the first opponent. With these words, Sir John Chandos came close to weeping and said, \"Sir Hewe, it must be you who does it or I myself. Therefore consider which is better.\" Sir Hewe advised himself and was half confounded, saying, \"I know well that you will not desire me to anything that would bring dishonor to me, and since it will be no other way, I am content to do it.\" And so Sir Hewe Caurell took on the charge of the rearguard and drew out a part on a wing and set himself in good order.\n\nOn the Saturday, the 8th day of October in the year of our Lord M.iii.C.lxiiii., these battles were ordered, each before the other, in a fair plain near to A. A trust also stretched to them and went peacefully into the fray.\nThe lord Charles' host received him joyously. The captain was called Henry of Hanternell, a squire and a good man of arms, and he had in his company forty spears of good companions well armed and horsed, such as had helped him keep the fortress. When the lord Charles saw the captain, all smiling he inquired of him the state of the castle; and the squire answered and said, \"Sir, thank God we have yet provisions sufficient to keep it two or three months if need be.\" Well, Henry, tonight with coming and going, and the same night Sir John Chandos was warned that many men-at-arms saw him. He saluted him right humbly and said, \"Sir John Chandos, I beg you for God's sake to set aside these disputes. Let so many noble men as are here fight to maintain their quarrels in steadfastness. Then, Sir John Chalres, ride no farther for our people are determined that if they can enclose you among them, they will kill you. Therefore, you may tell them that\nLord Charles of Blois / Whenever Sir John of Mountfort intends to have battle and forsakes all peace treaties, Sir John Chandos responds / to give his lord the better courage. And thus he said, \"Sir, take heed now what you will do, why will you fight or not. Sir, in the name of God and St. George, let us go to it / & God help the right: let our banners be unfurled & they were. Then, when the Lord of Beaumanoir returned to Lord Charles, he said, \"Sir, Sir, by my lord St. John I have heard the proudest words of Sir John Chandos that I have ever heard. For he said that Mountfort should be the Duke of Brittany this day / and clearly showed\nplainly that he had no right to it. With these words, Sir Charles changed color and said, \"As for the right, God knows it is mine / and so affirmed the other barons of Brittany. Then he caused his banners to be unfurled in the name of God.\n\nAnd a little before the hour of prime, the battles approached each other / the which was\nA good sight to behold: as I have heard described by those who were there. The French were so closely packed together that a man could not cast an appeal among them but it would fall on a basinet or on a helmet. Every man at arms bore his spear right before him, cutting off five feet in length, and a short axe hanging by his side. And so they came on fairly and easily, each man in good array, and well advised of what they had to do. The Englishmen were also properly appointed, and so assembled and met together. First, the Bretons and Sir Bertram of Clesson encountered the battle of Sir Robert Canolles and Sir Gaultier Hewet. And so, on both sides, the lords of Brittany set the banners of their lords who claimed to be dukes against each other. At the first encounter, there was a sore battle. Truly, the archers shot fiercely at the beginning. However, their arrows did little harm to the Frenchmen; they were so well armed and paid.\nThan the archers, who were big men, cast away their bows and entered among the Frenchmen bearing axes. At the first encounter, they pulled axes out of some of the Frenchmen's hands and fought fiercely. There were many lords: Lord Quintyne, Lord Dacenes, and Lord Rochford. Each lord's banner was before him. So there was a fierce battle, and the Montfortes' part was initially oppressed. But then Sir Hugh Caurell, who was on the wing and had a large company of good men-at-arms, saw his company out of order. He drew them there and set them in order again, which greatly encouraged them that day.\n\nAlso, Sir Oliver Clysson, Sir Eustace Danbret, Sir Richard Bulle, Sir John Bourchier, Sir Matthew Gourney, and various other knights and squires fought with the battle of the earl of Aunerys and the earl of Joigny: the latter being a great battle and well furnished with good men-at-arms. There was\nMany noble deeds were done; many taken and rescued again. The Frenchmen and Bretons fought valiantly with axes in their hands. The lord Charles of Blois proved himself a remarkable knight. His adversary, the earl of Montfort, was also a valiant knight. Sir John Chados performed many a noble feat that day; he was in his days a right valiant knight, hardy and feared by his enemies, wise in battle, and full of experience. He always advised the earl of Montfort and always took care to comfort him and his men, saying, \"Draw to this side or that side,\" and the earl ruled himself always by his counsel. On the other hand, Sir Bertram of Clesqui\u00e8res, the lord of Torny, the lord of Davergne, the lord of Raix, the lord of Loheac, the lord of Bornay, the lord of Malestroit, the lord of Pont, and the lord of Prier, and many other good knights and squires of Brittany and Normandy were there with the lord Charles of Blois.\nAnd they fought valiantly. All battles assembled, except for the baggage train. Hew Cawrell, their chief and sovereign, kept his battle in a wing and attended only to rectifying any issues among them. Among other knights, Sir Oliver of Clisson was well advised. He performed marvels with his body and wielded a great axe in his hands, with which he broke and opened the press, so that none dared approach him near. He often put himself in great danger, having much to do in the battle of the Earl of Iucerr and the Earl of Joigny. Where he was severely engaged, he was struck on the visor of his basinet with a stroke of an axe, which entered his eye, but he still fought like a noble knight. There was recovery of battles and banners that had been down: through good fighting, they were relieved.\nAmong both sides, Sir John Chandos was a good knight and valiantly fought with an axe he held in his hands, giving such strokes that none dared approach him. He was a great and mighty knight, well formed of all his members. He came and fought against the battle of the earl of Auvergne and the Frenchmen. There were many noble deeds done, and by the force of good fighting, the battle was broken and brought to such misfortune that shortly after it was disorganized. All the banners and pennons of that battle were overthrown to the earth, and the lords were put to flight in great danger and misfortune. For they were not aided nor comforted from any part. Truth be told, when a disorder falls, those who are overcome are disorganized for a little while. For if one falls, three fall; and if ten are slain, thirty follow. C. Such was the battle of Alroy: the lords\ncried their cries whereby some heard it and were reassured by their men drawing towards them, and some were not heard, they were so pressed and so far from their men. However, the earl of Aucer was finally overwhelmed by forces of arms and taken under the standard of Sir John Chandos and surrendered prisoner, and the earl of Joigny and the lord of Prier, a great banneret of Normandy, were also taken. Yet all this season other battles continued to fight valiantly, and the Bretons held a long time in good order. However, to speak truly, in arms they kept their order not as well as the Englishmen and Bretons with the earl of Montfort. And greatly alarmed them that day was the battle on the wing that Sir Hew Caurell led. So when the Englishmen saw the Frenchmen beginning to break and open their battle, they were greatly reassured. And then some of the Frenchmen, such as had their horses ready, mounted on them and fled as fast as they could. Then Sir John Chandos and a company with him,\ndressed himself against Sir Bertram of Clesquy's battle, which battle had wondrously affected the arms: but then it was opened, and many good knights and squires were brought to great misfortune. There were given many a great stroke with their heavy arms, and many a basinet closed a sore, & many a man wounded to death: and to tell the truth, Sir Bertram of Clesquy nor his company could endure their enemies. So there was taken Sir Bertram of Clesquy by an English squire, under the standard of Sir John Chandos; and at the same time Sir John Chandos took prisoner a lord of Brittany called the lord of Raix, a right hardy knight. And when this battle of Bretons began to break, all the other battles were completely disrupted and lost their array: & every man fled as fast as they could to save themselves. Except a certain good knights and squires of Brittany, who would not leave their lord Charles of Blois, but would rather die than depart with disgrace. And so they drew about\nAnd so, Lord Charles of Blois and his party were defeated. The banner of Lord Charles of Blois was disconfirmed and cast to the earth, and he was killed, along with the one who bore it. Lord Charles himself was slain, facing his enemies. A bastard son of his named Sir Joan of Blois, as well as various other knights and squires from Brittany, were also killed. It was arranged in the English host that, if they had won the battle and if Lord Charles of Blois were found, none were to take him prisoner but to kill him. And similarly, the French had arranged for Sir John Mowbray, if they had gained the victory: for that day they were determined to end the war. When it came to the flight, there was great slaughter, and many a good knight was taken or killed. The flower of chivalry was taken or slain at the time, but few men of honor remained.\nthat escaped, particularly of the bannerets of Breton. There were slain Sir Charles of Dinan, the lord of Lyon, the lord of Da Bergues, the lord Daugaour, the lord of Loheac, the lord of Gargoll, the lord of Malestroy, and various other knights and squires. And there were taken the earl of Rohan, Sir Guy of Lyon, the lord of Rochfort, the lord of Raix, the lord of Ryaucer and Joigny. After this great defeat, as you have heard, the lords of England and Brittany returned and left the chase to their people. Then the earl of Montfort drew to him Sir John Chandos, Sir Robert Canoll, Sir Eustace Dambretycourt, Sir Matthew Gourney, Sir John Bourchier, Sir Gaultier Hewet, Sir Hugh Caurelle, Sir Richard Brulle, Sir Richard Tancon and various others, and so they came to a hedge side. And there they disarmed themselves, for they saw well the journey was theirs.\nbaners and standards on the hedge, and the banner with the arms of Brittany on a bush to draw their people thither. Then Sir John Chandos, Sir Robert Canoll, Sir Hugh Caurell, and other knights drew their men to Earl Mountfort, and smiling said to him: \"Sir, laud God and make good cheer, for you have this day conquered the heritage of Brittany.\" Then the earl inclined himself right courteously and said openly so that everyone could hear: \"Sir John Chandos, this good adventure that has fallen to me is by the great wit and prowess that is in you, which I well know; and so do all those who are here. Sir, I pray you drink with me, and take him a flagon of wine, with which he had drunk and refreshed him before; moreover, I said, Sir, beside God, I ought to thank you more than any living creature: and there came to them Sir Oliver of Clisson, pursued and overtaken, for he had long pursued his enemies. He had much trouble returning again with his people, and brought\nwith him were many prisoners. Then he came to the earl of Mountfort and dismounted and refreshed himself; and in the meantime, two knights and two sergeants arrived, who had searched among the dead bodies to see if Sir Charles of Blois was dead or not. Then they said openly, \"Sir, make merry, for we have seen your adversary, Sir Charles, dead.\" With that, the earl of Mountfort rose and said that he would go and see him, for he had as much desire to see him dead as alive. They all went there, and when he arrived at the place where he lay, covered by a shield, he had him uncovered and then regarded him pitifully for a while and said, \"Sir Charles, my fair cousin, it greatly displeases me that, according to your opinion, much strife has fallen in Brittany. As God helps me, it cannot be otherwise, and with that, he began to weep. Then Sir John Chandos drew him away.\nBack and said: Sir depart, hens, and thank God for the fair adventure that has befallen you. Without the death of this man, you could not have come into the inheritance of Britain. The earl ordered that Sir Charles of Blois should be born at Gunninge, and so he was born with great reverence. And there he was buried honorably, as was fitting, for he was a good, true, and valiant knight. His body was afterward sanctified by the grace of God and called Saint Charles. He was canonized by Pope Urban V for he died and yet still performs many fair miracles daily.\n\nAfter all the deceased bodies were disposed of, and the men-at-arms were returned from the chase, they drew them to their lodgings and disarmed them. They took their ease and attended to their prisoners. They caused those who were wounded to be well served and searched. And on the Monday in the morning, the earl of Mortford made it known to the citizens of Reims and the towns around it that he would grant a truce for three days.\nSir Cuthbert ordered that they might gather together the dead bodies and bury them in holy places. This ordinance was well taken and accepted. And so Earl Mountfort continued to lay siege before Alroy, and said he would not depart thence until he had won it. News spread abroad into various countries, reporting that Sir John Mountfort, with the counsel and aid of the Englishmen, had won the field against Sir Charles of Blois, and disconfirmed and put to death and taken all the knights of Brittany who were against him. Sir John Chandos had great renown, for all manner of people: lords, knights, and squires who had been in the field said that through his wit and high prowess, the Englishmen and Bretons had won the field. And of these news were all the friends and allies of Sir Charles of Blois deeply sorrowful and sore displeased, which was good reason. And especially the French king was touched greatly by this disconfirmation, because many knights of his realm were there slain.\nSir Bertram of Clesquy, whom he greatly loved, and the earl of Aucer, the earl of Joigny, and all the barons of Brittany, excepted. Then the French king sent Loyes, the duke of Anjou, to the marches of Brittany to reinforce the country, which was desolate and discomforted due to their lord Charles of Blois, whom they had lost. He also went to comfort the countess of Brittany, wife of the said Charles, who was so distraught for her husband's death that it was pitiful to behold. The duke of Anjou was bound to do this, as he had married her daughter. He promised with sincere intent to give to all the good cities and castles in Brittany, and to all the remaining country of Brittany: his good counsel, comfort, and aid in all cases. The good lady, whom he called mother, and the entire country placed great trust in him, until the French king would erect parleys or make other provisions as you shall.\nAfter the battle against Alroy, the earl of Moultfort wrote to the king of England about these tidings. The letters were brought to the king of England in Dover by a messenger of arms, who had been in the battle. And the king, inconveniently, made him an earl and called him Windsor, as I was informed by the same earl and various others. And the reason why the king of England was then at Dover, I will show you later.\n\nIt was true that there had been a treaty three years prior, between Lord Edmund, earl of Cambridge, one of the king's sons, and the daughter of the earl of Flanders: to this marriage, the earl of Flanders was then newly agreed, so that Pope Urban the Fifth would dispense with them, as they were near in lineage. And the duke of La Castre and Lord Edmond his brother, with many knights and squires, had been in Flanders with the earl, and were received right honorably in sign of great peace.\nThe earl of Flanders reached Calais, crossed the sea, and arrived at Dover where the king and part of his council were ready to receive him. When the pursuant arrived before the king and brought news of the Battle of Alroy, in which they all took great joy: and similarly, the earl of Flanders was pleased, for the love and honor and advancement of his cousin Germain, the earl of Montfort. The king of England and the earl of Flanders remained at Dover for three days, celebrating feasts and sports. Afterward, the earl of Flanders took leave of the king and departed. The duke of Lancaster and Lord Edmond accompanied him across the sea to Bruges.\n\nThe earl of Montfort, as you have heard before, remained at the siege before Alroy and refused to depart until he had it.\nThey waited in the castle, but their captain, Henry of Feetenacle, was not with them; he had been captured in the field and was the chief of their company. Therefore, they were few in number and no reinforcements came from any direction. They consulted among themselves and decided to surrender the castle, their lives and goods saved. They went to the earl and his council, and the earl, who had many responsibilities due to his uncertainty about the country's reaction, took them to mercy and allowed them to depart peacefully. He took possession of the fortress and stationed men and archers there daily. Many knights and squires from Brittany also came to his aid. The Breton lord opened the gates and swore to serve him forever. The earl then removed the offenders in the town and installed new ones, and then rode before the town of Dinan, where he laid siege.\nThe town endured long into winter, well fortified with supplies and good men-at-arms. The duke of Amou urged them to keep it well defended and promised to support them, which caused them to remain and suffer many great assaults. But when they saw their pursuers beginning to gain ground, and no relief appeared for them, they entered into negotiations with the earl of Mountfort. He gladly agreed to peace talks, desiring nothing else but that they acknowledge him as their lord. They did so, and he entered the town of Dinan with great solemnity. All did homage and fealty to him. Then he rode forth with his entire army until he came before the city of Campefort and besieged it, bringing great engines from Uzes and Dinan. He declared he would not depart until he had it at his pleasure. Englishmen and Bretons, including Sir John Chandos and others who had taken prisoners at the Battle of Alcacer, were present.\nIn the meantime, during the season that the earl of Mountfort lay siege before Campsiearnie, and it was sore beaten and oppressed by his engines and assaults. His men ran over the countryside and left nothing behind, except for what was too hot, too cold, or too heavy. The French king was well informed of these adventures and had various counsels, purposes, and imaginations: how he might help Breton affairs, as they were in a critical situation and could not well remedy it without stirring up his entire realm, and to make war against the English for Breton's sake. In this matter, he had no wise counsel to do so, for by great deliberation of counsel, it was said to him. Sir, you have held the opinion of Lord Charles of Blois, your cousin, and similarly did the king your father and King Philip your grandfather: who gave him in marriage.\nThe duchy of Brittany, where many great disputes and inconveniences have arisen in Brittany and the surrounding countries. And indeed, the lord Charles of Blois, your cousin, in keeping and defending his right in Brittany is now dead and slain. And there is no one on his side who can relieve the right of the war or his challenge: for his two sons John and Guy, who are the next heirs, are in England in prison. And daily the earl of Montfort conquers and takes towns and castles, and considers them as his own true inheritance. Therefore, you may lose your right and homage that you ought to have from Brittany, which is a noble thing for your realm. Wherefore, you ought greatly to doubt the loss of the same, for if the earl of Montfort becomes a liege man and holds the duchy of Brittany of your brother the king of England as his father did in olden times, you cannot have it again without great war and great hatred between you and the king of England, where good peace is.\nWe will not advise you to break [things]. Therefore, sir, we think it is good for you to send certain messengers to have a treaty between you and the Earl of Mountfort, to know how he will maintain and agree to any peace between him and the country, and the lady who calls herself the duchess. And, sir, if your messengers feel that he is disposed in this matter, then you may take further advice: at the utmost, it would be better for him to remain duke of Brittany, so that he will hold of you and do to you all the rights that a subject ought to do to his lord, rather than the matter being in great peril of lessening all this. To these words, the king gladly inclined. It was then ordered that Lord John of Craon, the lord of Craon his cousin, and Sir Boucequant should go on this voyage to Campacorentyne to treat with the Earl of Mountfort and his council on the state of peace, as you have heard. So, these three men went on this voyage.\nlords were well instructed and rode on until they reached the siege of the English and Breton forces before Caen. They were named messengers from the French king. The Earl of Montfort, Sir John Chandos, and those of his council received them joyously. The lords of Flanders then wisely explained the reason for their coming. Earl Montfort initially answered that he would take counsel and advise in the matter, giving them a day to respond. In the meantime, these three lords went and stayed in the city of Reims. Earl Montfort then sent Lord Latimer to England to show the king the treaty of the French and to request his counsel in the matter. When the king of England was informed of the matter, he said he would counsel Earl Montfort to make peace, so that he would always be duke of Brittany.\nThe lady, calling herself duchess, was reconciled with something honest given to her, along with the assignment of certain annual rent to be paid from a place where she could be certain to receive it without danger. Then, Lord Latimer brought word again to the earl regarding the king's answer, and after reading his letters and hearing his response, Earl Mountfort and his council summoned the French messengers to their host. Their answer was made to them courteously. It was said to them that Earl Mountfort would in no way depart or forsake his charge of the duchy of Brittany, but that he would remain as duke. However, the French king demanded that he open his cities, towns, and castles, make faith and homage to him, and acknowledge all other rights, as the dukes of Brittany had done in the past. He was willing to do so, and gladly to acknowledge the French king as his natural lord, and to do him homage and service in the presence of the peers.\nThe text concerns Frederick of Freiburg's mission to help and support the wife of the late Lord Charles, provide aid for the delivery of her sons from prison in England, and conclude the treaty between France and France. The lords of Freiburg's proposal pleased the French lords. They took time to conclude the matter and sent word to the Duke of Anjou, who had been stationed at Angiers, with full power and authority from the French king to conclude the treaty or abandon it at his discretion. Upon seeing the matter, the Duke of Anjou took a long time to consider but eventually agreed to accept the treaty. The two knights sent to him returned with his written and sealed answer. Afterward, the lords of Freiburg departed from Reims and went to the siege before Campacorinth, where the peace was finally made, agreed upon, and sealed by the Duke of Montfort. Montfort remained as Duke of Brittany under the condition that he had no lawfully begotten children.\nThe duchy was to be returned to the children of Lord Charles of Blois, and the lady wife to Lord Charles of Blois's deceased heir, who would be Countess of Poitou. The land was of yearly rent about 20,000 francs. Lord Montfort was to come into France whenever the king sent for him to do homage and hold the duchy of Brittany from him. For the confirmation of this: there were charters and instruments publicly made and sealed on both parties. Thus, the Earl of Montfort entered into the duchy of Brittany and remained as duke for a certain period of time until other tidings of war came, as you shall later find in this history.\n\nAdditionally, in accordance with the same peace, the French king restored to him what had been taken from him by King Philip at some point. Lord of Clisson arranged this meeting with the French king, enabling him to do as he wished, and nothing was accomplished without him. Therefore, the court of Brittany was very joyful when they saw that they had achieved this.\nin peace: The duke took faith and homage from the cities, goodwives, castles, and all prelates and other gentlemen. And within a short time after the duke married the daughter of the Prince of Wales - whom he had before married to Lord Thomas Holland - this marriage took place in the right rite of Nantes. Also, in the same winter, Queen Jane, aunt to the King of Navarre, and Queen Blanche, her sister, made peace between the French king and the King of Navarre with the aid and wisdom of the Lord Captain of Buefz, who did all he could to conclude the peace and was therefore acquitted from prison. The French king showed him in deed great signs of love and gave him the fair castle of De nemoux with all its appurtenances, which were worth yearly revenues of three thousand francs, and so the Captain became a vassal of the French king, of whose homage the king was very fond, for he loved the service of such a knight as he.\nIn his time, Capatal served, but his service did not last long. When he came into prominence before the prince, who was informed of the situation, the prince greatly blamed him and said that he could not truly serve two lords and that he was too greedy to take land in France, where he was neither loved nor honored. When Capatal saw himself in this position and was taken and regarded by the prince as his natural lord, he was deeply ashamed and excused himself, saying, \"Sir, I am not so bound to the French king but that I can soon make amends for what I have done or promised.\" He then sent a servant to the king and renounced all that the king had given him. He stayed with the prince, for he was acquitted of his imprisonment by the composition of the peace made between the French king and the king of Navarre. The French king had, by composition, taken the towns of Mont and Meulan: therefore, the king rendered him other lands in return.\nIn this season, Lord Louis of Navarre departed from France to marry the queen of Naples, but at his departure, he delivered up castles worth thirty thousand francs to the French king as a guarantee in Normandy. After marrying the queen of Naples, Lord Louis lived only a short time. God forgive him all his sins; he was a right good knight and a courtesan.\n\nAt this time, there were still a great number of companions in France. Uncertain of what to do since the wars in Brittany had ended, they continued to pursue deeds of arms and take plunder from their adversaries. They could not nor would they abstain from this, and their chief recourse was France, which they considered their chamber. They dared do no harm in Aquitaine because the land would not tolerate it, and most of the captains were Gascons and Englishmen.\nUnder the obedience of the king of England and the prince, some were from Brittany but not many. Therefore, various people from the realm of France murmured against the king of England and the prince, saying courteously that they did not act well against the French king. Claiming they did not do their good will to expel those ill-disposed people. So, the wise and sage men of France considered that, without taking action to drive them out of the realm, either by battle or by means of some money, they were likely to destroy the noble realm of France and holy christendom.\n\nAt the same time, in Hungary, there was a king who gladly would have had them with him, for he had great war against the Turk, who did him great damage. Then he wrote to Pope Urban the V, who was then at Avignon, certifying him how he would gladly receive the realm of France and all their company if they were delivered to him, and they were all with him in his wars against the Turk.\nthe turke. And in lyke wise he wrote letters to y\u2022 frenche kynge and to the prince of Wales. and so they entreated the sayd companyons and of\u00a6fred them golde / and syluer / and passage: but they answered that they wolde nat that waye / sayeng they wold nat go so ferr to make warr for it was shewed among themselfe by some of their owne company that had ben before in Ho\u0304\u00a6gry / howe that ther were suche straytes that yf they were fought with there they coulde neuer escape but to dye shamefully / the whiche so af\u2223frayed\nthem that they had no lust to go thyder. And whan the pope and the frenche kyng sawe that they wolde nat agre acordyng to their de\u2223syers / and also that they wolde nat auoyde out of the realme of Frau\u0304ce / but dayly multiplyed. Than they be thought theym of another waye and meanes to cause them to auoyde.\nTHe same season ther was a kyng in Ca\u00a6s\u00a6tell called Dame Peter / who was full of marueylous opinyo\u0304s / and he was rude and rebell agaynst the co\u0304mau\u0304dement{is} of holy chur\u00a6che. And in mynde to\nSubdue all his Christian neighbors, kings and princes, and especially the king of Aragon named Peter, who was a good, true Christian prince, and had taken part of his realm from him, intending to have the remainder. King Peter of Castile also had three bastard brothers: the eldest was named Henry, the second Dancylle, and the third Sauses. King Peter hated them so much that he would not suffer them to come in his sight, and often tried to have their heads struck off. However, they were well-loved by their father, King Alphons, and in his lifetime he gave the county of Desconges to the eldest, Henry. But King Peter had taken it from him, and therefore they waged daily war against each other. This bastard Henry was a right hardy and valiant knight, and had long been in France, pursuing the war there, and serving the French king who loved him entirely. King Peter's brother\nDampater, the common brute, had put to death the mother of the children, causing them great displeasure. Additionally, he put to death and exiled various great lords of the realm of Castille. He was so cruel and shameless that all feared, doubted, and hated him. He caused the death of a good and holy lady, whom he had intended to marry, called Lady Blanche, daughter of Duke Peter of Bourbon, sister of the French queen and the countess of Savoy. Her death was disappointing to her entire lineage, one of the noblest in the world. Furthermore, there was a rumor among his own men that he was amicably allied with the kings of Granada, Tresmarine, and Tresmesaries, who were all God's enemies and infidels. Therefore, some of his own men feared that he would do harm to his own country by violating God's churches.\nfor he began readily to take from them rents and revenues, and held some prelates in prison, constraining them by tyranny. Great complaints came daily to our holy father the pope, requiring him to find some remedy. To their complaints, the pope condescended and sent urgent messengers to King Dampeter of Castile, commanding him to come personally to the court of Rome without delay to wash and cleanse himself of such wicked deeds that he was guilty of. However, this proud and presumptuous king Dampeter would not obey or come, but dealt shamefully with the pope's messengers. By this, he ran greatly into the indignation of the church, and especially of the pope. Thus, this evil king Dampeter continued in his obstinacy. Then advice and counsel was taken by the pope and the college on how to correct him. It was determined that he was not worthy\nTo be the name of a king, or to hold any realm. In Avignon, in the chamber of excommunication, he was openly declared as an infidel. It was thought that he should be constrained and corrected with the help of the companions who were then in the realm of France. Then the king of Aragon, who hated the king of Castile, was summoned, as was Henry the Bastard of Spain, to come to Avignon to the pope. And when they had arrived, the pope made Henry the Bastard legitimate and lauded him to obtain the realm of Castile. Dampeter was cursed and condemned by the pope's sentence. There, the king of Aragon declared that he would open the passage, and provided victuals and provisions for all manner of people and men-at-arms who would pursue going into Castile to depose King Dampeter and put him out of his realm. Of this arrangement, the French king was right joyous and did his best to help get out of prison, Sir Bettram of.\nCles, who was a prisoner with Sir John Chandos, paid a ransom of a hundred for him. M. Frankes: part of it paid the French king and the pope, and Henry the Bastard paid the residue. And after his release, they entered into negotiations with the company leaders. The chief captains of the company were: Sir Robert Briscoe, Sir John Carroll, Nandon of Berg\u00e8re, Lanny, the Little Macey, the Bourge Camus, the Bourge de Lesparre Batiller Espyot, Aymon Dorting, Perote of Sauoy, and many others, all in agreement and of one alliance, desiring to put King Daphneter out of the realm of Castile and to make King Henry the Bastard of Descoges his brother their king. When these men of arms were to enter the realm of Aragon to carry out their enterprise more privately, they sent a message to King Daphneter to blind him, but he was already well informed of their intentions and how they were coming.\non his way into the realm of Castille, but he set nothing by it: instead, he assembled his people to resist against them and to join him at the center of his realm. Their message requested him to open the straits of his country and grant free passage to the pilgrims of God, who had undertaken a great devotion to enter the realm of Granada, to avenge the death and passion of our Lord Jesus Christ, and to destroy the infidels, and to exalt the Christian faith. King Peter, upon receiving this news, did nothing but laugh and said he would do nothing at their request nor obey in any way to such a ragtag company. And when these knights and other armed men learned the will and answer of King Peter, they regarded him as arrogant and presumptuous, and made all the haste they could to avenge him all the harm they could. So they all passed through the realm of Aragon, where they found the passages ready for them and provisions, and every thing ready prepared and at hand.\nThe men of war passed the great river that separates Castille and Aragon and entered the realm of Spain. After conquering towns, cities, castles, streets, portes, and passages that King Peter had taken from King Ferdinand, Sir Bertram and his company delivered them to King Ferdinand on the condition that he would always support Henry the Bastard against Peter. News reached King Peter: the French, Bretons, English, Normans, Picards, and Burgundians had entered his realm and had crossed the great river, departing from Castille and Aragon, and had gained control of the costal warring parties that had entered his realm.\nKing Peter of Castille had few who obeyed his commandment. When he thought to have a great assembly of men at arms, he was deceived; few or none came to him. His lords and knights of Spain forsook and refused him, turning instead to his brother, the bastard. Therefore, he was forced to go to a strong castle, and there he and his wife and children entered - two young daughters: Constance and Isabella. And of all his men and household, he had none but Ferrant of Castres.\n\nAs I have shown before, King Peter of Castille was deeply hated by his own men throughout the realm of Castille. This was due to the marvelous cruel justice he had meted out and the destruction of the noblemen of his realm, whom he had put to death with his own hands. As soon as they saw his bastard brother enter the realm with great pomp, they drew all to him and received him as their lord. They rode out with him.\nThey put King Henry out of Cyteau-Puyssans of Wales and Aquitaine and set King Dampeter in its possession and signory, as you will read further in this history. When King Henry saw himself in this state, with every man obeying him and acknowledging him as their king and lord, and saw nothing likely to the contrary of his desire, he imagined and cast his advice to exalt his name and to employ the company of those who had come to serve him from the realm of France, to make a voyage against the king of Granada. He spoke to various knights who were in agreement with this. And King Henry always kept the princes' knights around him: Sir Eustace Daubretay, Sir Hugh Calveley, and others. He showed them great tokens and signs of love, trusting that they would aid and serve him on his voyage to Granada, where he hoped to go. And immediately after his coronation, the most part of them departed from him.\nknights of France and he gave them great gifts at their departure. The earl of March, sir Arnold Deadrehen, the lord Beaujeu, and various others returned, but sir Bertram of Clisbury stayed still in Castell with the king, sir Oliver of Manni, and the Bretons with a certain number of the company. And so then sir Bertram of Clisbury was made constable of the entire realm of Castell by the accord of King Henry and all the lords of the country. Now let us speak of King Dampier and how he maintained himself.\n\nWe have well heard how King Dampier was driven into the castle of Cologne on the sea, and with him his wife, his two daughters, and Domferrant of Castres. In the meantime, his brother, the bastard, by the power of war he had gained from France, conquered Castell. And all the country yielded to him as you have heard before. He was rightly doing send to your cousin, the prince of Wales, to know if he would receive you.\nThe prince of Wales is noble and gentle of blood and courage. He will likely take great compassion when he learns of your troubles, due to the great alliances of your king and mine. The prince is feared and respected by all men of war. You are in a strong fortress to wait for news from Aquitaine. The king David lightly agreed to this proposal. He wrote pitiful and amiable letters, and a knight with two squires were requested to deliver this message. They embarked on their journey and sailed for a long time, reaching Bayon, which is held by the king of England. They demanded news from the prince there.\nAnd they were shown that he was at Bourdeaux. Then they took their horses and rode so long that they came to Burdeaux and took lodging there. And immediately after, they went to the abbey of St. Andrews where the prince was. And there these messengers showed how they had come out of Castille and were Spaniards and messengers from King Dapifer of Castille. And when the prince knew this, he said he would see them and know what they wanted. And so they came and knelt down and greeted him according to their custom, and recommended their master, the king, to him, and delivered their letters. The prince took up the messengers and received their letters, and opened and read them at leisure. In which he found that pitifully King Dapifer wrote to him, signifying all his poverty and misfortune. And how, by power and by the great amities that he had purchased, first from the pope, the French king, and the king of Aragon, and by the help of\nThe companyons had put him out from the heritage of the realm of Castell. Therefore, he desired the prince, for God's sake, and in the way of pity, to attend to provide him with counsel and remedy, in which he would achieve grace of God and of the world. For it is not the right way of a true Christian king to deal heavily with him, the bastard Henry his brother, who had taken from him his inheritance and had put him out of his realm, as you have reported who have come from there. And so then the prince read the letters word by word twice, and these two knights heard all the matter. And when he had read the letters, then he said to them, Sirs you two, Sir John and Sir Thomas, you are the most special of my counsel, in whom I have most trust and assurance. Wherefore, I desire you to counsel me what you think is best to do. Then these two knights considered one another.\nThe prince replied without speaking a word, as I was informed. The princes were counseled by those two knights that he should send men of war to Cologne where the king was, according to the tenor of the letters and the report of the messengers. The men of war should bring him to the city of Burdeaux and there more plainly know what he would say, and according to their hearing, give him advice and take counsel from him. This answer pleased the prince, as he desired to go to Cologne on this voyage to ensure the safety of King David. First, Sir Thomas Felton as sovereign and chief of that army, Sir Richard of Pochetar, Sir Neez Lornyche, Sir Symond Burle, and twelve ships should be furnished with archers and men of war. These knights made their provisions to go to Galicia.\nmessengers departed from Bordeaux and rode with them to Bayon, and there they stayed for three or four days, waiting for wind and weather. On the fifth day, they allowed him to go and take his treasure. So the news of his coming brought great joy to the Englishmen, including Sir Thomas Phelton and his company, who welcomed him warmly and showed him that they were ready, by the command of the prince their lord, to accompany him to Cologne and to any other place to bring him to the prince. The king Dapeter was greatly pleased by this news and thanked the prince and the knights who were there.\n\nThe coming of King Dapeter to Bayon was certified to the price by Sir Thomas Phelton and the other knights, and he was greatly pleased. Shortly after, these knights brought King Dapeter to the city of Bordeaux. The prince, who greatly desired to see his cousin King Dapeter and to do him greater honor and feast, issued out of the city.\nBurdeux accompanied by various knights and squires / and went to meet the king and showed him great reverence both in word and deed, which he could do right well, for there was no prince in his time who could show more honor than he. And when the prince had well feasted him, they rode to Burdeux, and the prince took the king above him in no way he would do otherwise. As they rode together, King Peter showed the prince how his bastard brother had driven him out of his realm of Castile, and also he pitifully complained to him of the unfaithfulness of his men, showing how they had all forsaken him except one knight who was with him, called Damferrant of Castres. The prince courteously and wisely comforted him, desiring him not to be ashamed or disheartened, for though he had then lost all, he trusted it would be in the power of God to restore him again all his losses and moreover to take vengeance on all his enemies. Thus as they talked together, they continued their journey.\nThey rode so long that they came to Bordeaux and lit at the abbey of St. Andrew, where the prince and princes kept their house. The king was then brought to a fair chamber, ready prepared for him. When he was changed, he went to the princess and to the ladies, who received him courteously as they could. I could long make report to you about this matter: what of their cheer, feasts, and sports. I shall pass it over briefly. I will show you how King Dapifer interacted with the prince, his cousin, whom he found amiable and courteous and well disposed to his desires. However, some of his counselors said to him, as you shall hear later.\n\nOr, King Dapifer came to Bordeaux. Some wise and sage lords, both of Gascony and of England, who were respected and held on this side the sea, great lands and seigniories, thanked God in good rest and peace. There is no king near or far who dares displease you. At this present time, you are so powerful.\nSirs, you are renowned for good chivalry, grace, and good fortune. Therefore, you ought to be content with what you have and seek not to make enemies. We do not say this out of malice; we know that King Ferdinand of Castile, who has been driven out of his realm, is a man of high mind, cruelly and full of wicked conditions. By him, many a valiant man has lost his head, and brought cruelly to an end without any manner of reason. And so, by his villainous deeds and consent, he is now deceased and put out of his realm. Furthermore, he is an enemy to the church and cursed by the pope. He is reputed and has been a great scourge like a tyrant, and without telltale of reason has always troubled and made war with his neighbors, the king of Aragon and the king of Navarre, and would have disgraced them by his power. And also, as the bull rages throughout his realm, and by his own might he caused his wife to die.\nyour daughter to the duke of Burbon. Therefore, sir, you ought to think and consider that all this that he now suffers are rods and strokes of God sent to chastise him, and to give an example to all other Christian kings and princes not to do as he has done. With such words or similar the prince was counselled. But to these words the prince answered thus: \"Lord, I think and believe certainly that you counsel me truly to the best of your powers. I know well and am well informed of the life and state of King Daaper, and I know well that without nobility he has done many evil deeds, whereby now he is deposed. But the cause present that moves and gives us courage to aid him is as I shall show you. It is not seemly that a bastard should hold a realm in inheritance and put out of his own realm his brother rightful heir to the land, which thing all kings and princes' sons should in no way suffer or allow.\"\nThe king was sent to help King Peter, as it is a great prejudice against the royal state. Furthermore, my father, King Peter, and King Peter of Castille have formed great confederations, which obligates us to aid him if he requires and desires it. The prince was moved in his heart to help and comfort King Peter in his troubles and affairs. He answered his counselors and they could not dissuade him from this purpose, as his mind was increasingly set on this matter. When King Peter of Castille came to the prince in the city of Bordeaux, he humbly submitted himself to the prince and offered him great gifts and profits. He promised to make Edward, his eldest son, king of Galicia, and to grant him and his men great good and riches, which he had left behind in the realm of Castille, because he dared not bring it with him. However, this wealth was kept in such secure custody that none knew where it was except himself.\nwhich words the knights gave good entertainment for Englishmen and Gascons naturally are covetous. Then the prince was counselled to assemble all the barons of the duchy of Aquitaine and his special council, and so there was at Bordeaux a great council. And there King Peter openly showed how he intended to maintain himself and how he would satisfy every man if the prince would take him on to bring him again into his country. Then there were letters written and messengers sent forth, and lords and knights were sent for all about, such as the earl of Armagnac, the earl of Comminges, the lord Dalbret, the earl of Carmaine, the captain of Beufz, the lord of Cande, the viscount of Castillon, the lord of Lescaut, the lord of Lesparre, the lord of Chamont, the lord of Musident, the lord of Turtoni, and all the other barons and knights of Gascony and of Fernand. And also the earl of Foix was desired to come thither, but he would not: but excused himself.\nThe parliament was held in the city of Bordeaux, and all the earls, vassals, barons, and wise men of Aquitaine, of Gascony, Poitou, Duercy, and Saintonge attended. When they had all assembled, they counseled for three days on the state and ordinance concerning King Peter of Spain, who was always present in the council with the prince, his cousin, urging him to strengthen his quarrel and business. Eventually, the prince was advised to send sufficient messengers to his father in England to learn his counsel in the matter. Once his pleasure and response were known, all the lords said they would take counsel together and make such a response that he would be well pleased. Four knights of the prince were then chosen and named to go to England to the king: Sir Dalawar, Sir Noel.\nSirs Lornisshe (Sir John and Sir Hely of Pomyers) ended this council and each man returned to his own home. King Peter remained at Bordeaux with the prince and princess, who honored him greatly and held grand feasts and cheer for him. The aforementioned four knights departed, appointed to go to England, and took shipping. Their journey was successful, aided by God and the wind, and they arrived at Hampton. They rested there one day to refresh. Upon arriving in the city of London, they inquired about the king's whereabouts and were informed that he was at Windsor. They were warmly welcomed and received both by the king and the queen, not only because they were seeking an audience with their son, the prince, but also because they were great lords and knights. They delivered their letters to the king, who read and studied them briefly before saying, \"Sirs, you shall go to...\"\nyour logginges & I shall send you certain lords and wise men on a short expedition. This answer pleased the knights well, and the next day they returned to London. And within a short time after, the king came to Westminster and with him the greatest of his counselors: his son the Duke of Lancaster, Earl of Arundell, Earl of Salisbury, Earl of Manny, Sir Reynold Cobham, Earl Percy, Lord Nevill, and various other prelates, including the Bishops of Winchester, of Lincoln, and of London. And so they kept a great council and a long one on the prince's letters and on his request that he had made to the king his father. Finally, it seemed to the king and his counsel that it was fitting and reasonable for the prince to take on himself the task of bringing the king of Spain back into his own heritage. And to this they all openly agreed. And then they wrote notable letters, directed from the king and from the council of England to the prince and to all the barons of the Acts. And so with these letters, they sent them off.\nThe messengers departed again to the city of Bourdeaux, where they found Prince Daaper and King Louis XI. The messengers delivered letters from the King of England. A new day of council was set in the city of Bourdeaux, and all those summoned were present. The King of England's letters were read openly in the council. They contained a clear request: that Prince Daaper, in the name of God and St. George, should take back his inheritance, which his bastard brother had unjustly taken from him without reason. The King's letters also showed mercy, as he was bound by certain alliances of old between him and the King of Castile, his cousin, to aid him if necessary. Therefore, he requested through his letters that all his friends and subjects should aid and counsel Prince Daaper.\nas the barons of Aquitaine heard these letters and the king's commands, they responded toyfully and said: Sir, we will gladly obey the king our sovereign lords' command. It is reasonable that we obey you and him, and we will do so. And we will serve you in this voyage and King Peter in the same way. But, sir, we would like to know who will pay us our wages: for it will be difficult to get men of war into a strange country. Then the prince beheld King Peter and said: Sir, here is what our people answer. You should answer, for these matters are yours. Then King Peter answered the prince and said: Right dear cousin, as far as the gold, silver, and treasure that I have brought here which is not the .xxx. part that I have left behind me, as long as that will last, I will give and share it with your people. Then the prince said: Sir, you speak well.\nAnd as for the remainder, I shall become a detour to it and pay as the case requires. I will lend you whatever we need until we come into the castle. Sir [Dapher] said, \"You do me great courtesy and grace.\" In this council were diverse sage men: the Earl of Armagnac, the Lord of Pomiers, Sir John Chandos, the Captain of Beufz, and others. They considered that the prince could not well make this voyage without the accord and consent of the king of Navarre, for they could not enter Spain except through his court, and they were not secure of passing the straits of Ranceal, which passage they were not assured of having, because the king of Navarre and Henry the Bastard had recently made an alliance. Thus, there was much communication on how they might achieve their purpose: it was determined that another day should be assigned for a council to be held at the city of Bayon, and that you, prince, should send sufficient embassadors to the king of Navarre, requesting him.\nIn that consensus, every man committed to be present at Bayon on the designated day. During this determination, the prince dispatched Sir John Chandos and Sir Thomas Phelton to the King of Naureus, who was then in the city of Panpylon. These two wise and eloquent knights achieved much, and they came before the King of Naureus, who made a faithful covenant by word and by sealed writing to attend the said parliament at Bayon. Upon their return, the messengers presented these tidings to the prince.\n\nThe day assigned for this parliament, the following individuals arrived at Bayon: King of Spain, Dampater; the prince; the Earl of Armagnac; Lord Dalbreth; and all the barons of Gascony, Poitou, Guercy, Rouerre, Xaintonges, and Limosyne. Personally present was the King of Naureus. The prince and King Dampater showed him great honor, believing it would expedite matters with him. Consequently, in the city of Bayon, there was a parliament.\nThe great counsel endured for five days, and the prince and his council had much to do in order to bring the king of Navarre to their desire. For he was a man not easily won if he saw that I had any need of him. However, the great earl brought him into this situation: he finally swore, promised, and sealed to King Dampier peace, love, and firm alliance and confederation. And in like manner, King Dampier did the same to him, on certain conditions that were arranged. The prince of Wales acted as intermediary between them and chief negotiator. The conditions were that King Dampier, as king of all Castile, granted, sealed, and accorded to the king of Navarre and his heirs forever: all the land of Groyng, as it lies on both sides the river. And also all the land and country of Zahara: with the town, castle, and all the appurtenances. Also the town of St. John de Pre, port, and the marches around it, the lands, towns, castles, and other property.\nThe seigniories the king had taken from him by force. The king of Navarre should have 20,000 francs for opening his country, and allow all manner of men of war to pass, and provide them with victuals and purses for their money. Some of the florins, the king Dampeter became indebted to the king of Navarre. And when the barons of Acquitaine learned that this treaty was made and confirmed, they desired to know who would pay them their wages. The price, who had great affection for this voyage, became indebted to them for their wages. And when all these things were arranged and fully confirmed, and everyone knew what he ought to do and what he should have, and they had sojourned there for the space of twelve days, then the king of Navarre departed home to his own country, and all other lords departed each to his own, and the prince went to Bordeaux, and the king Dampeter remained still.\nThe prince sent his heralds into Spain to certain English and Gascon knights and captains who were favorable and obedient to him, instructing them to inform these knights that it was his pleasure for them to take their leave of Henry the Bastard and come to him, explaining that he had need of them and intended to employ and occupy them otherwise. Once the heralds had delivered the prince's letters to these knights in Castile, they took their leave of King Henry in a courteous manner, without revealing the prince's intention. Henry the Bastard, who was most liberal, courteous, and honorable, granted them permission with many great gifts and thanked them greatly for their service. Then, Sir Eustace Daubeney, Sir Hew Carell, Sir Water Huet, Sir Matthew Goring, Sir John Devereux, and their company, along with various other knights and squires whom I cannot name, departed from Spain.\nall names of the princes' house departed as soon as they could. The same season, the companions were sent abroad and knew nothing of what this knight did. However, those who knew it gathered together: Sir Robert Briquet, Johan Treyll, Sir Rebours, Ser Perducas Dalbreth, Sir Garses du Chast, Nandon of Bergerac, the Bourge of Lespare, the bourg Camus, and the bourg Bartuell. And this bastard king Henry knew not that the prince was intending to bring his brother, Daperor, back to Castille so soon as these knights did. If he had known it, they would not have departed so soon. So these knights departed, and as soon as King Henry knew of it, he made no great show of it but said to Sir Bertram of Cluses, who was still about him, \"Behold the Prince of Wales; it is she who will make us war and bring back that jester who calls himself king.\"\nof Spaygne byforce into this our realme / sir what say you therto. Sir Bertram answered and sayd: sir he is so valy\u2223ant a knight that if he take on hym y\u2022 enterpri\u2223ce he wyll do his power to acheue it yf he may. Therfore sir I say to you / cause your passages and strayt{is} on all sydes to be well kept: so that none may passe nor entre into your realme but by your lyce\u0304ce. And sir kepe yor people in loue / I knowe certaynly ye shall haue in Frau\u0304ce ma\u00a6ny knightes and great ayde / the whiche glad\u2223ly wyll serue you. Sirby your lycence I wyll retorne thyder / and in the meane tyme kepe yor people in loue / and I knowe well I shall fynde in Fraunce many frendes. And sir I shall get you as many as I can. By my faythe {quod} kynge Henry ye say well / and I shall order all the re\u2223menant acordyng to your wyll. and so within a lytell space after sir Bertram departed & we\u0304t into Aragon wher the kyng receyued hym ioy\u00a6ously / and ther he taryed a .xv. dayes / and tha\u0304 departed and went to Mountpellyer and ther founde the\nThe duke of Anther departed and went to France to see King Ferdinand, who received him with great joy. The news spread in Spain, Aragon, and France that the prince of Wales intended to bring King Ferdinand back into the realm of Castille. There was great marvel and much communication about this. Some said that the prince took on this enterprise out of pride and presumption, and was in a way angry with the honor Sir Bertrand of Clermont had gained him in conquering the realm of Castille in the name of King Henry, who made him king. Others said pity and reason moved the prince to be willing to aid King Ferdinand and bring him back into his heritage: for it is not a thing due or reasonable for a bastard to keep a realm or bear the name of a king. In various places, there were diverse knights and squires of diverse opinions. However, inconsistent King Henry wrote letters to the king of Aragon and sent him great sums of money.\nmessengers deliver to him that he should in no way agree or make composition with the prince, nor with any of his allies. Promising him ever to be his good neighbor and friend. Then the king of Aragon, who loved him entirely, and also frequently found king Dampier to be right fierce and cruel, said and made a full assurance that for losing a great part of his realm, he would make no manner of agreement with the prince, nor accord with king Dampier. Promising also to open his country and to allow the passage of all manner of men-at-arms who would go to Spain or into any other place for his comfort and aid, and to let them have power over him who would harm or trouble him. This king of Aragon kept well and truly his promise that he made to king Henry, for as soon as he knew the truth that king Dampier was aided by the prince and that the companions were drawing to that side. Incoherently he closed all the passes in Aragon and strictly kept them. He set men on them.\nwar on the mountains to watch the passages and straits of Catalonia, so none could pass but in great parallels. However, the company found another way, but they suffered much trouble and great hardship as they could pass and escape the dangers of Aragon. They came to the marchesa of the county of Foix and found the country closed against them; for the earl would in no way allow such people to enter his country. These tidings reached the prince in Bordeaux, who thought and imagined night and day how he might furnish this voyage and find the means for the said company to come into Aquitaine, for he heard how the passages of Aragon were closed and they were at the entrance of the county of Foix, in great pain and disease. Therefore, the prince ordered that King Henry and King Aragon would deal thus with these companies, who numbered twelve thousand, and that other kings or earls, out of fear or for gifts, would take their part against him.\nThe prince determined to send Sir John Chandos to them, to treat with them and retain them, offering him service in return. He also requested the Earl of Foix to show love and friendship, promising to make amends for any harm or damage done to him or his country. This message, the lord Sir John Chandos took upon himself and departed from the city of Bordeaux, riding to the city of Astarac in Gascony. He stayed so long that he reached the Earl of Foix and came to an agreement with him, allowing him to pass peacefully through his land. The company was found in a country called Bazas, where he treated with them and succeeded in gaining their agreement to serve and aid the prince in his journey, upon receiving a certain sum of money promised to them. Sir John Chandos swore and promised them this.\nThe earl of Foix desires the prince graciously that those people retained with the prince may be permitted to pass through one of the sides of his country. The earl of Foix, who is agreeable to the prince and, in a manner, his subject, is in accord with this. He promises that they will do no harm to him or his country. Sir John Chandos makes a covenant with him, and then sends a squire and a herald to this company with the treaty that was made between him and the earl of Foix. The prince, who believed and loved him well, was content with what he had done on his voyage. In this season, the prince was in the lusty flower of his youth, and he was never weary nor fully satisfied with war, since the first beginning that he bore arms. But he always intended to achieve high deeds of arms. And regarding this enterprise, the king who was driven out of it by the force of arms into exile.\nThe king, moved by his realm's honor and pity, frequently consulted Sir John Chandos and Sir Thomas Phelton, who were among his most trusted counselors, about what they thought. These knights replied that they thought only well and said, \"Sir, this is a greater enterprise without comparison than it was to expel King Dampier from his realm. For he was hated by all his men, and every man thought they would have aided him when he believed they would. Now, the bastard king is in possession of the entire realm, and he has the love of all the nobles, prelates, and all others in the realm. Therefore, it will be necessary for you to have a large company of men-at-arms and archers with you, for you will find allies in Spain if you come there. I advise you to break the greatest part of the plate and\"\ntreasure which you have in great abundance / and make money from it to distribute generously to your companions / those who will serve you on this voyage out of love for you are content to go, but as for the love of King Dampater, they would not serve him. Furthermore, send money into England to the king your father / requesting him to aid you with a hundred thousand francs / which the French king ought to send to England in a short time. Gather as much money as you can / for it will greatly benefit you to do so / without imposing any taxes or levies on any of your subjects or country. You will be better served and loved. To this counsel and to various other good and true counsels given to the prince by these knights, he was content with / and caused two parts of his plate to be broken / and made money from it / to distribute generously to the said companions. He also sent money into England to the king his father / for the aforementioned hundred thousand francs. The king of England\nWho understood the prince's business and need well, and his son granted lightly to his request. He sent letters to the French king to pay the said sum to the bearer and send him acknowledgment for the same sum. Thus, the hundred thousand francs were delivered and brought to the prince, who distributed them among all his men of war.\n\nOn a day, the prince was in his chamber in the city of Angoul\u00eame, and with him were various other knights from Gascony, Poitou, and England. And there he entertained them and they him: and they spoke of this voyage to Spain, in the meantime that Sir John Chandos was arranging the companies. The prince turned his head towards Lord Dalbreth and said to him, \"Sir Dalbreth, with what number of men of war can you effectively serve me in this voyage, Sir? In that land where there is such a baron who can serve his lord with a thousand spears.\" Then he turned him back to Lord Dalbreth and said, \"Sir, I retain them all to serve me in this voyage, Sir.\"\nNow let us return to the companies that were allied and retained with the prince. They suffered much harm and trouble as they entered into the principalities of Catalonia and Aragon, and were forced to depart into three companies. The largest part went costing Foix and Bordeaux; the second, Catholon and Arminage; and the third, by Aragon, by the accord of the earl of Arminage and the earl of Foix. And in that company were most parts Gascons. The company who were about a three thousand went divided into various companies, a three hundred or four hundred together, and drew toward the bishopric of Toulouse and Montauban. Then there was a knight from France, seneschal of Toulouse, named Guy Despaux. When he knew that the companies approached and rode separately in companies, and that all together they passed not the number of three thousand, and heard how they were sore weary with travel, and but poorly armed and horsed, and worse arrayed, then he said that he would...\nNat suffers that such people approach Toulouse or the realm of France. Therefore, he said, by the pleasure of God, he would go and fight them. Then he sent his mind and purpose to the Lord Amory, earl of Narbon, the seneschal of Carcassonne, and to him of Beaucaire, and to all knights, squires, and officers thereabout: sending and requiring them to aid and keep and defend the borders against these evil companies. And all such as he sent to obeyed and hastened to come to him as soon as they could into the city of Toulouse. And when they were gathered together, they were in number five hundred spearmen, knights and squires, and a four thousand of other men of the country. And they all took the fields toward Montauban, seven leagues from Toulouse. Those who came first passed on, waiting for their company.\n\nWhen the earl of Narbon and Sir Guy de Mazas, who were supreme leaders of the French army, were departed from the city of Toulouse, they went and lodged near Montauban, the\nUnder the obedience of the prince, there was a captain named Sir John Comyn. The lords of France sent their scouts before Montauban to draw out the companies within the fortress. When the captain learned that the French were approaching with an army, he was greatly alarmed because the land was adjacent to the prince's territory. Then he spoke with his company and managed to assure the French scouts that he spoke with them. He demanded to know who had sent them and why they dared to invade the prince's land, their neighbor. Seeing that the prince was friendly towards the king and realm of France, Sir John Comyn obtained safe conduct in his name and was brought to Montauban. Then he departed with five men and went to the French lodgings, where he found the French lords ready to receive him. They greeted him.\nSir, they have sent their messengers with an army of men before the fortress of Montaubon, on behalf of the prince they serve. They replied to him and said: \"Sir, we will invade no one nor make war, but we will chase our enemies wherever we know they are.\"\n\nThe knight asked them, \"Who are your enemies, and where are they?\" The earl of Narbon replied in the name of God: \"They are within Montaubon, and they are robbers and plunderers of the country, causing great hatred and discord between lords and princes. Therefore, put them out of your fortress, or else you will not be friends of the French king nor of his realm.\"\n\nLords, there are men-at-arms sent by my lord, the prince, among you, and some have been retained.\nI am not in my mind to let them depart so suddenly. If they have caused you any displeasure, yet I cannot see that you do them wrong, for they are men of war. They must live as they have been accustomed in the realm of France and on the prince's land. Then the Earl of Northumberland and Sir Guy Darcy said: yes, they are such men of war that they cannot live but by pillage and robbery; and have uncurtously ridden through our countries, which they shall surely abandon if we can catch them in the field. For they have taken, burned, plundered, and done many a cruel deed; grievous complaints have come to our ears, and if we should allow them to continue, we would be false traitors to the king our sovereign lord, who has set us here to keep and defend this his country. Also, show them from us, since we know where they are, we shall make them amends; or else it will cost us more. The captain of Montauban could not have anything from them, but they departed thus.\nRight York commander understood their threats but would not break his determination. He returned to his fortress and shared these words with his company. When his company heard these tidings, they were not well assured, for they were not able to make a party against the Frenchmen. So they kept themselves ready and took good watch. It happened that five days after these words, Sir Percival Dalbreth with a great route of company passed by Moutabon, their passage leading into the principality. He informed them of this, and when Sir Robert Keymis and the other company in the town were closed in and besieged by the Frenchmen, knew of these tidings, they were right glad. They sent word secretly to Sir Percival and his company how the Frenchmen had besieged them and threatened them greatly, and also sent them word of their capitains and numbers. When Sir Percival heard this,\nHe was unashamed; instead, he gathered his company and entered Montaubon, where they were received with great joy. They then devised how to maintain themselves. The next morning they were to be armed and issue out of the town, drawing the French towards them to discourage them from preventing their passage. If the French refused to let them pass, they were to fight. As they had decided, they acted accordingly. In the morning, they armed themselves, sounded their trumpets, and mounted their horses. They issued out of Montaubon. The French were already arrayed in the field when they heard the noise and commotion before Montaubon, preventing these companions from passing through unnoticed. Sir Percival Dalbreth and Sir Robert Cem rode out ahead and, by assurance, spoke with the French lords, requesting that they be allowed to pass.\nThe Frenchmen said they had no desire to come with us. They declared they would not pass that way without threatening us with the points of their spears and swords. The Frenchmen then cried out their cries and called upon Anne Banners and robbers, who rob the whole world and live on every man without cause or reason. When our companions saw that it was necessary for them to fight or die there with shame, they dismounted from their horses and prepared themselves to face their enemies, who were fiercely approaching. They dismounted and came on foot. There they began to shoot and chase each other, giving great blows, so that many were knocked down on both sides. It was a fierce and bloody battle, well fought, with many feats of arms achieved, and many knights and squires lay long on the ground, although the Frenchmen were two against one. At the beginning, they drove the enemy back.\nCompanies retreated into the town's barriers, where many men were killed. The companies had been in a hard situation, and the town captain had not been present; he ordered all manner of people armed and commanded each one to help and aid the companies, who were detained with the prince. The townspeople armed them and put them in array, and entered into the skirmish: the women of the town entered the houses and went up into the battlements and solers, and threw down on the Frenchmen stones and hot chalk, so thickly that they had a hard time covering them with their targets. And many of them were so sorely hurt that they were forced to recoil, which gave the companies courage, who were advancing in great parity. Then they invaded the Frenchmen freshly again, at which time there were such feats of arms done, prisoners taken and rescued again, that like cases had not occurred for a long time. The companies were but\nA few regarded the Frenchmen; nevertheless, every man did his best: and so, by the force of arms, they drove out the Frenchmen from the town. It happened that, in the same season, another rout of the company, led by Bourge of Bertuell and Nandon of Bergerant, numbering four thousand, entered the town of Montaubon from the rear. They had ridden all night in great haste to reach this battle, as they had learned that the French had besieged their companions in Montaubon. Then they entered the fray, causing the French great distress due to the arrival of these fresh troops. This battle lasted from the ringing of the ninth hour until it was past high noon, but finally, the French were discovered and put to flight; he was fortunate enough to obtain a horse and escape from this journey. The earl of Narbon and Sir Guy de Dampierre, the earl of Dusses, the lord of Montmorency, were taken.\nThe seneshals of Carcasson and Beaucayre, along with over a hundred knights from France and Provence, and many squires and wealthy men from Toulouse and Montpellier, were present. More would have been taken if they had been pursued, but their company was few and poorly horsed, so they contented themselves with what they had done. This event took place at Mout Aubon on the vigil of our lady in August. The year was 1366.\n\nAfter the defeat and capture of the aforementioned prisoners, Perducas' brothers, Sir Robert Cem, Sir Rohan Comes, the Bourge of Bertuell, and their company divided their booty and all their winnings. They kept prisoners they had taken for their own profit, either to ransom or release them at their leisure. They ransomed their prisoners courteously, each one according to his degree.\nThe more courteously, because this adventure came to them fortunately through valiance in deeds of arms. And such were allowed to go on their faith and promises, with days limited to bring their ransoms to Bordeaux or to other places where they were appointed. So the prisoners departed and went home to their own countries, and these companions went to the prince, who received them joyously and sent them to lodge and abide in the marquis of Basel among the mountains.\n\nI shall show you what happened with this matter and the earl of Narbonne, the seneschal of Tholouse, and others, who were subjected to ransom and had promised on their faith to pay it. In the same season, there was at Rome Pope Urban the Fifth, who entirely hated these people of the Company and had long before cursed them because of the villainous deeds they had done. When he was informed of this journey and how the earl of Narbonne and others were overthrown, he was greatly displeased.\nThese lords and knights suffered until they heard how they were ransomed and returned to their own countries, out of the hands of their enemies. Then he sent to each of them and, by express words, forbade them in any way to pay any ransom and released them from their promise. Thus, these lords, knights, and squires were quit of their ransom. Those taken at Montauban were spared, for they dared not disobey the pope's commandment. However, it turned out badly for the companions who remained and continued to look for their money, trusting they would be paid to array and apparel themselves as men of war. Preparations were made extensively, but all their deeds turned to pillaging and robbery. I could never learn of any other remedy for them in this matter.\n\nNow let us speak of the Prince of Wales and approach his voyage, and show how he was pursued. First, as it has been shown before, he did so much that he had all the companions of his accord.\nThe prince received and retained all kinds of men-at-arms wherever he could get them. King Henry also retained men-at-arms in every part between the French king and him. The prince also had with him retained some Breton company captains: Sir Bertram of Budes, Alain of Sainting Pole, William of Brux, and Alain of Connet. All these were captains of those companies. The prince could have had many other foreign soldiers-at-arms if he had wished. But he sent many of these back, for he preferred to have his own subjects of the principalities rather than strangers. Additionally, a great aid came to him from England. When King England's father knew that this voyage was proceeding, he gave permission to one of his sons, Duke John of Lancaster, to go to the prince of Wales his brother, with a great number of men-at-arms:\nA young king named James, with 400 men at arms and 400 archers, learned of his brother's approach. The prince was pleased upon hearing this. In the same period, James of Mallorca, who called himself king but held nothing of the realm, arrived at the prince's court. The king of Aragon kept the realm from him by force and imprisoned the king of Mallorca in a city called Barcelona. This young king James, seeking revenge for his father's death and to reclaim his inheritance, had fled his own realm to the prince. He had married the queen of Naples. The prince honored him greatly there and consoled him. When the king had presented the reasons and causes of his coming to the prince, and showed the wrongs done to him by the king of Aragon, including the keeping of his inheritance and the murder of his father, the prince said, \"King James, I promise you faithfully that upon my return from Spain, I will help you regain your inheritance.\"\nThe prince obtained his heritage, whether by treaty or by force. This promise pleased the king greatly, and so he stayed still with the prince in Bordeaux, delaying his departure as others did. And the prince, to do him more honor, had all that was necessary delivered to him, because he was a stranger and had not it of his own after his appetite. And daily great complaints came to the prince from the companions about the harm they did to men and women of the country where they lay, so that the people of that march wanted gladly that the prince should leave for their sake. However, he was advised to celebrate the feast of Christmas first to pass through, in order that they might have winter behind them. To this counsel the prince inclined, and because the prince's wife was great with child, who took more thought for his departure. Therefore, the prince would gladly see her delivered or him.\ndeparted and she on her part was gladder to haue him a byde. All this meane season ther was gret pro\u2223uysion made for this viage / bycause they shuld entre into a realme wher they shulde fynde but small prouisyon. and whyle they thus sowarr: The prince kepte often tymes great counsayle / and among other thynges as I was enformed / the lorde Dalbreth was cou\u0304\u2223termaunded with his thousande speares / and a letter was scut to hym fro the prince / contey\u2223nyng thus. Sir Dalbreth sythe it is so that we\nhaue taken on vs by our volu\u0304tary wyll this vy\u00a6age / the whiche we entend shortely to procede. Consydring our great busynesse / charges and diseases that we haue / as well by straungers su\u00a6che as entred into our seruyce as by great nom\u00a6bre of the companyons / the whiche nombre is so great that we wyll nat leaue theym behynde vs for parels yt may ensue: and also to se howe the lande may be kepte in myne absence / for all may nat go / nor yet all abyde behynde. Ther\u2223fore it is ordayned by vs and by our counsayle / that in\nThis voyage you shall serve us with one hundred spears, and discharge you of the remainder and let them do as they please. And thus God keep you from Bordeaux on the 7th day of December. These letters sealed with the prince's great seal were sent to Lord Dalbreth, who was in his own country nearby, preparing himself for this voyage, for it was said that the prince would depart shortly. When he saw the prince's letters, he opened them and read them twice over, the better to understand them, for he was greatly surprised by what he found written in them: and was in his mind marvellously displeased (and said), \"How is it that my lord the prince commands and mocks me thus? Since he commanded that I should give leave to depart eight hundred spearmen, knights, and squires, whom by his commandment I have retained, and have let them of their profit in other ways. And inconveniently in this displeasure, he called for his clerk and caused him to write a letter to the prince in this manner:\nI am greatly surprised by the letters you have sent me. I cannot find or take counsel on how to answer you in this matter, as it brings great prejudice and blame upon me and my company. They are all ready equipped to serve you, and I have allowed them to take profit in other places where they might have done so. Some of them were determined to go over there into Spain, to Constantinople, and to Jerusalem, as knights and squires are wont to do. They have great surprise and are sore displeased that they should thus be kept back. And in like manner, I am surprised by this and by his counsel. Then the prince shook his head and said in English, as I was informed, for I was then in Bordeaux. He said, \"The Lord Dalbreth is a great master in my country: when he will break the ordinance that is devised by my...\"\nThe council. By God, it shall not go as he intends, let him wait; and he will, for without his thousand speeches, I trust to God I will provide for my journey. Then certain knights of England were there, sir, you know little of the minds of these Gascons, nor how proud they are, nor how much they love us, nor have they ever done. Sir, remember not how highly and greatly they bore themselves against you in the city of Bordeaux when King John of France was first brought there. They said then, and maintained openly, that only you achieved that journey in taking the king. And it clearly appeared, for you were in great treaty with them for four months, and they would consent that the French king be carried into England. First, it was necessary to appease their minds and keep them in love. And at those words, the prince kept silent; nevertheless, his thoughts were otherwise. This was the first occasion of the hatred that was afterwards between the prince and\nThe lord Dalbreth caused the prince great distress, for the prince was tall and courageous, yet cruel in heart. He demanded that every lord under his command should acknowledge him. However, the earl of Armagnac, uncle to Lord Dalbreth, learned of the prince's displeasure with his nephew. He went to Bordeaux to the prince, accompanied by Sir John Chandos and Sir Thomas Phelton. Through their counsel, the prince was calmed, and as a result, Lord Dalbreth was only allowed to bring two hundred spears. He was neither joyous nor did his people share his previous enthusiasm for the prince. However, there was no remedy but to endure and cross his troubles as best as he could.\n\nWhile the prince was making provisions and awaiting the arrival of his brother, the duke of Lancaster, the princess.\nThe princess was delivered of a fair son on the day of the three kings of Colaine, which was a Wednesday, at around three hours. The prince and all his people were greatly joyful, and the following day, he was christened at noon in the church of St. Andreas in the city of Bordeaux. The archbishop of the same place christened him, and the bishop of Dagenoys, as well as the king of Mallorca, were his godfathers. This child was named Richard, who later became king of England, as you will hear in this history.\n\nThe Sunday after, around prime time, the prince departed from Bordeaux with a great army. However, most of his host was delayed and stayed there for three days. Then it was revealed that the Duke of Lathum had crossed the river Gironde and arrived in Bordeaux, and went to the abbey of St. Andreas where the princess lay. She joyfully received him, as did all other ladies.\ndamasques that were there. Then the duke thought to find where he had left his brother, the prince. They made great joy each of other for they loved together entirely: there were great tokens of love shown between them and their company. And anon, after the duke of La F\u00e8re's coming there, the earl of Foix made a great reproach of his court in his absence, desiring him to keep it well till his return. The earl joyfully acceded to his desire, and then took leave and departed home into his country. The prince and the duke of Lancaster, his brother, enjoyed themselves in the city of Ast, and all their people spread abroad in the country about the opening of the passes of Naverre. For at that time they were not certain if they would pass that way or not. However, the king of Naverre had promised to open his passes, for words ran through the host that he had newly agreed with King Henry, which the prince and his council were greatly surprised by. And the king Dampier was right sore displeased.\nDuring the mean season, Sir Hugh Calrell and his people approached Naver, intending to take the city of Myrande and the town of Quenes bridge. The entire country was in turmoil due to this news, which reached the king of Naver. Upon learning that these companies intended to enter his land by force, the king was displeased and wrote to the prince about it. The prince dismissed the matter briefly, as he believed the king of Naver had not kept his promise to King Dampeter.\n\nThe prince then wrote to him, excusing himself for the words spoken against him, as it was openly stated that he had turned to King Henry. However, when the king of Naver understood the treason laid against him, he became even angrier than before.\n\nHe then sent a knight named Martin Kar to the prince to apologize on his behalf. Martin Kar came to the city of Ast and behaved wisely, which appeased the prince's displeasure. Therefore, the same...\nA knight should return to Naure to the king, his master, causing him to come to Saint John's at the pier door. The prince should take counsel if he should go and speak with him or else send sufficient messengers. Thus, Sir Martin Karr departed from the prince and returned to Naure to the king. He showed him how things had gone and in what condition he had found the prince and his council, as well as the reason for his departure. This knight achieved much, bringing the king of Naure to Saint John's. Then he went to the city of Ast to the prince. When the prince knew that the king of Naure was at Saint John's pier, he determined to send the Duke of Lancaster, his brother, and Sir John Chandos. These two lords, with a small company, rode to the town of Saint John's with the said knight. The king of Naure received them joyfully, and there they had long counsel together. Finally, it was agreed that the king of Naure:\nThe text should be cleaned as follows:\n\nThe text should approach the prince at a certain place called Pierferade. There, the prince and King David should come to speak with him, and there they should renew all their covenants. Each of them would know what they were to have. The king of Navarre intended to do this to be more assured of their promises than he thought himself, as he doubted that if the company were entered into his country and this treaty and accord between them not sealed, he would not have what he desired when he wanted it.\n\nUpon this treaty's return, the duke of Lancaster and Sir John Chandos did so, and they reported to the prince and King David how they had fared. This pleased them well, and they kept their day, coming to the assigned place. The king of Navarre and his most special counselors were also present. There were these three lords - King David, the Prince of Wales, and the duke of Lancaster on one side, and the king of Navarre on the other.\nThe party came together and it was decided and agreed upon what each man should have. The treaty was renewed among them. The king of Navarre knew the certainty of what he would receive from the realm of Castille. King Peter and he swore good love, peace, and confederacy between them, and they parted amicably. Their hosts could then pass whenever they pleased, as the passages and straits were opened, and victuals and supplies were provided throughout the realm of Navarre for their money. Then the king of Navarre went to the city of Panpylone, and Prince and his brother, and King Peter went to the city of Ast. However, there were various knights and lords of Poitou, of Brittany, and of Gascony who had not come to the prince's host but tarried behind. It had not been fully known whether the prince would have passage or not until the conclusion of this treaty. And in France, it was supposed that he would not pass that way, but\nRather than the king of Navarre breaking his journey, which fell contrary. And when these knights and squires knew the certainty of it, and perceived that the passage was opened, they advanced themselves as quickly as they could, for they knew well that the prince would pass quickly and not return again without battle. There came Lord Clisson with a fair company of men-at-arms; and at last he encountered Lord Dalbreth with two hundred spears, and all that journey he kept company with the Captain of Beufz. And this matter and confederations, knowledge of which was had in France, for messengers were continually coming and going, reporting all that they knew or heard. Sir Bertram of Clermont, who was with the duke of Anjou, knew how the prince had passed and how the passages of Navarre were opened to him. Then he urged his summons, and thought surely the matter should not end without battle. Then he took his way towards Aragon to come.\nTo King Henry and all manner of people followed him, commanded or those who wished to advance themselves for honor. Between Saint John's de Pied de Port and the city of Panpylone, under the mountains, there are straits and perilous passages. There are a hundred places on the same passages that a hundred men can keep against the whole world. It was also at the same season very cold, for it was about the month of February when they passed. But before they passed, they took wise counsel as to how and by what means they should pass, for it was clearly shown to them that they could not pass anywhere else. And therefore they ordered that they should pass in three battalions three dry days: as on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday, the vanguard being led by the Duke of Lancaster, and in his company the Constable of Aquitaine, Sir John Chandos, who had twelve hundred pennons of his army in the field.\nSir Silver a sharp pillage leader, and with him were the two marshals of Aquitaine: Sir Richard D'Anguleme and Sir Stephen Consentino. The banner of St. George was also there, along with Sir William Beauchamp, son of the Earl of Warwick, Sir Hew Hastings, and Lord Newell, who served Sir John Chardos. Thirty spearmen accompanied Chardos in this voyage at his own expense due to the Battle of Auvergne. Also present were Lord Dalbreth, Sir Garses of the Castle, Sir Richard of Cantillon, Sir Robert Cem, Sir Robert Briques, John Treguelle, Aymery of Roche Chouart, Gilles de Rais, William Uylleboyes the Butler and Panter. All these were there with their banners, under Sir John Chardos' rule. They numbered approximately ten thousand horses, and all these passed the Monday as previously stated.\n\nThe Tuesday passed the Prince of Wales and King Dampier, and the King of Navarre, who had returned to accompany the prince.\nThe passage was made by the prince and the following lords: Sir Louis of Harcourt, the vicomte of Chatelerat, the vicomte of Rochechouart, the lord of Partenay, the lord of Pynau, the lord of Tanyboton, Sir Thomas Felton, great seneschal of Aquitaine, Sir William his brother, Sir Eustace D'Ambretcourt, the seneschal of Xaintrailles, the seneschal of Rochell, the seneschal of Quercy, the seneschal of Limosyn, the seneschal of Agenois, the seneschal of Bigor, Sir Richard of Pontchardon, Sir Nowell Lorreny, Sir Dangoses, Sir Thomas Balyster, Sir Lows of Mernall, Sir Edmond of Marmion, and the lord Peter of Suffier. There were four thousand men of arms and ten thousand horses. They had a favorable passage on Tuesday due to wind and snow, but they passed through and lodged in the county of Pannylon. The king of Navarre brought the prince and King David into the city of Pannylon for supper and made them great cheer.\n\nThe Wednesday passed.\nJames of Mallorques and the earl of Armagnac, Dalbreth his nephew, Sir Bernard Dalbreth, lord of Gyronde, earl of Perigord, the constable of Carman, earl of Gomygues, the captain of Beufz, lord of Clysson, the three brethren of Pomyers, Sir John, Sir Helly, and Sir Edmond, lord of Chamont, lord of Musedent, Sir Robert Canoll, lord Lespare, lord of Condon, lord of Rosen, Sir Petite of Courbon, Sir Aymery of Tarse, lord de la Barde, Sir Bertram of Caude, lord of Pyncornet, Sir Thomas of Wystusuble, Sir Perducas Dalbreth, the burgess of Beriuell, Nandon of Bergerant, Bernarde de la Salle, Hortygo Launt, and all the other companions: and they were a ten thousand strong cavalry. They had easier passage than those who passed the day before. And so the whole host lodged in the county of Panpylon, each one refreshing themselves and their horses. They remained thus in the vicinity of Panpylon for three days.\nfound the country plentiful: both in flesh, breed, wine, and all other pursuits, for themselves and their horses. However, these companies did not pay for everything as demanded of them, nor could they abstain from robbing and pillaging what they could get. Thus, they caused much trouble and harm around Pythion and on the way, which greatly displeased the king of Navarre. But he could not remedy it at that time; instead, he often regretted having opened his borders to the prince and his men. For he perceived that he had suffered more harm than profit, although the season was not yet for him to express all that he thought. He saw and considered that he was not yet master of his own country. Therefore, he received daily complaints from one and all of his countrymen, which greatly troubled his heart, but he could not remedy it. However, he caused some of his counselors, those who knew these companies well, to be summoned.\nKing Henry of Spain was informed about the princes' passage through France, Normandy, and various other places, where he sent messages and spies daily. He prepared soldiers and common people from the realm of Castille to resist the prince and his brother Dampeter. Sir Bertra of Clesquy was summoned with great reinforcements from France. Henry had issued a special command throughout his realm to all his subjects, threatening them with their lives, goods, and lands: every man, whether on foot or horseback, was to come to him to aid and defend his realm. King Henry was well-loved, and the people of Castille had previously suffered much pain and trouble to make him their king, so they obeyed him rather. Therefore, they regularly came to him.\nKing Dominic, with an army of about 30,000 men and a horse ready to carry out his commands and pleasures, was present. And when King Henry learned that the prince with his host was in the realm of Navarre and had passed the straits of Rosasunax, he knew that there was no other recourse but to fight with the prince. He made it seem that he was quite joyful about this and publicly declared, \"The prince of Wales is a valiant knight. Since he will know that this is my right, and that Jacob and Llewelyn intend to fight with him, I will write him a part of my intentions.\" Then he summoned a clerk and had him write a letter as follows:\n\nTo the right noble and honorable Lord Prince of Wales and Aquitaine.\n\nIt has come to our knowledge that you and your people have passed the gates and are drawing nearer. And that you have made an accord and alliance with our enemy, and that your intention is to wage war against us. We have taken note of this.\ngreat maruel for we never surrendered to you / nor would we do so. Therefore, why have you come with such a great army against us / to take from us so little an inheritance that God has given us? You have the grace and fortune in arms more than any prince now living / therefore, we think you glorify yourself in your pompousness. And because we knew that you sought to give us battle, we want you to know that wherever you enter into Castle, you shall find us before you to keep and defend our signeory. Written. &c.\n\nAnd when this letter was sealed, he called to him a herald, and said, \"Go thy way as fast as thou mayst to the Prince of Wales, and bear him this letter from me.\" So the herald departed and took his way through Naver until he found the prince. Then he knelt down and delivered him the letter from King Henry. The prince read the letter twice the better to understand it. And then he sent for certain of his council and made the herald depart a little aside. Then the council discussed the matter.\nPrince read the letter to his council, discouraging them in this matter. In the meantime, the prince said to his council, \"I see this bastard is a stout knight and full of great prowess. He shows great hardiness in writing to us in this way.\" The prince and his council were long together, but they eventually agreed not to write again until the harried one was told how long he must wait. The harried one therefore remained there at his ease and pleasure.\n\nThe same day that the harried one brought these letters, Sir Robert Phelton urged himself forward and demanded a gift from the prince. The prince asked him what it was that he desired. \"I require you to give me permission to depart from your host and to ride on before,\" Sir Robert replied. \"There are divers knights and squires of my company desiring to announce themselves.\"\nSir, I promise you we will ride forward so that we will know the behavior of our enemies and the way they draw and where they lodge. The prince granted him a right good will his request, which he thanked the prince for. And so, he departed from the host as chief captain of that enterprise, and in his company were Sir William Felton, his brother; Sir Thomas Duforte; Sir Robert Canoll; Sir Giles Gayllarde Uiguyer; Sir Rale Hastings; Sir Dangouse; and various other knights and squires. There were seven score and three hundred archers, all well-mounted and good men-at-arms. Also, there were Ser Hew Stafford, Sir Richard Cauton, and Sir Simon Burle, who ought not to be forgotten. These men-at-arms rode through Naver by such guides as they had and came to the river of Marne, which is rough and deep. And they passed and lodged in a village called Naverre. There they held themselves, the better to know where King Henry was. In the meantime, while these knights thus\n\nCleaned Text: Sir I promise you we will ride forward so that we will know the behavior of our enemies and the way they draw and where they lodge. The prince granted him a right good will his request, which he thanked the prince for. And so, he departed from the host as chief captain of that enterprise, and in his company were Sir William Felton, his brother; Sir Thomas Duforte; Sir Robert Canoll; Sir Giles Gayllarde Uiguyer; Sir Rale Hastings; Sir Dangouse; and various other knights and squires. There were seven score and three hundred archers, all well-mounted and good men-at-arms. Also, there were Ser Hew Stafford, Sir Richard Cauton, and Sir Simon Burle, who ought not to be forgotten. These men rode through Naver by such guides as they had and came to the rough and deep river Marne. They passed and lodged in the village Naverre to better know where King Henry was. In the meantime, while these knights thus held themselves there.\nThe prince lodged at Nauaret, and the king of Naner was taken prisoner as he rode from one town to another by the French party, led by Sir Oliver of Manny. The prince and his men were greatly alarmed. Some in the prince's host believed it was a sign of impending conflict between King Henry and King Dampeter. The queen was deeply distressed and came on her knees before the prince, begging for his safe return. The queen of Nauer then answered, and no one undertook to guide the prince through the realm of Nauer, as his people could not have kept the right way through the narrow and perilous passage. Thus, the prince departed from there, and he and his company passed through a place named Sarris, which was extremely dangerous due to its narrowness and other hazards.\nMany were troubled due to lack of provisions; they found little in that passage until they reached Saueter. Saueter is a good town, located in a prosperous region, as the lands around it attest. This town is at the outer borders of Navarre and on the entrance to Spain. King Henry held this town. When the prince's host spread throughout the countryside, the companies announced their intention to assault the town of Saueter and take it by force, intending to rob and plunder it. Within the town, they knew was the treasure they sought, which they had heard was there. The king Dampeter, by counsel of the knights who were there, eagerly announced their bodies for service. They had been away from the first encampment for five days. And often they issued from Navarre and rode to the marches of their enemies to learn their intentions. King Henry was lodged in the field, and all his host was eagerly desiring\nHere is Prince Maruelingly grieved that his harrying returneds not. And often times his men rode to Nauaret to learn and to hear some tidings of the enemy, and the earl there were men of war in garrison in the town of Nauaret. Wherefore he thought to go and see them more nearer. But first, on one day, the knights of England rode out of Nauaret. The next day they sent to the prince Sauter, signifying him what they had done and seen, and what power his enemies were in, and where they were lodged. For they knew all this well by the information of such prisoners as they had taken. Of these tidings, the prince was right joyous, in that his knights had so well borne themselves on the frontier of his enemies. The prince at Nauaret had thus summoned his host, saying how he would approach nearer to his enemies. And when Sir Thomas Phelto Saueter understood that King Henry had passed the water and took his way to come and fight with him, he was also on his way forward.\nThe prince and all his men found Sir Thomas Phelton and other knights whom he welcomed warmly. They inquired about various things as they conversed. Their scouts reported that they had seen a large Spanish force. When the prince understood this, he was unsure of what to do and how to proceed. There could have been great nobility and banners, pennons beaten with arms waving in the wind. What more can I say? It was a great sight to behold: the army was so well arranged that it was remarkable. The Duke of Lancaster led the van, and with him was Sir John Chandos, Constable of Aquitaine, with a large company. In these battles, many new knights were made. The Duke of Lancaster made new knights, including Sir Raphael Camoys, Sir Water Lomyche, Sir Thomas Damery.\nJohn Grandon and twelve others, including Sir John Chadis, were made knights that day, among them were Corton Clysson, Prior William of Ferther. CC. new knights or those the curriers had seen. King Henry tarried for reinforcements coming from Aragon, and specifically for Sir Bertram of Clesquy, who was approaching with a 4,000-man fighting force. The prince was pleased with his arrival, as he was behind him seven leagues of the country, which greatly displeased the prince in his heart that they were taking so long.\n\nAnd in the same order as they had been all day, and every man obeyed except Sir Thomas Pharr.\n\nAnd when it was day in the next morning, they mounted their horses and departed from the king's host in good array and rode to war, the English logistics following. In a valley, they met with part of Sir Bertram's forces around sunrise.\nHugh Carriel dons his harness, for he had lodged that night a league from the English host. And as soon as the Frenchmen and Spaniards saw them, they charged at them, and shortly dispersed them, slaying most of them and capturing the harness. But Sir Hugh, finding himself at the rear, took another route. However, he was pursued and chased, forcing him to flee with his company into the host of the Duke of Lancaster. The Spaniards, numbering six thousand, rode at the same brunt towards one of the corners of Lancaster's vanguard. They cried \"Castle!\" and broke down lodgings and tents, which were ready armed and their banners before them. The Englishmen and Gascons drew them under their banners and pennons, ready to fight. Then the duke went up to a little hill, and to him came Sir John Chandos and the two marshals, along with various other knights and squires, positioning themselves in order and array beside the duke. And immediately.\nAfter the prince and King Dampeter arrived, they prepared themselves for battle. The Earl of Anxell and his brother had intended to claim the mountain first, but when they saw they could not have it and that the enemy host was ready, they departed and assembled their company together. They rode forth, trusting to find some other good adventure. However, before they departed, they engaged in various feats of arms. Certain English knights and gascony departed from their ranks and struck among the Spaniards, taking many down. Yet the great battle continued to stand still on the mountain, looking ever ready for the fight to commence. In the returning of the Spaniards and approaching their own host, they encountered Sir Thomas Phelton, Sir Richard Tancon, Sir Dagos, Sir Hugh Hastings, Sir Gayler Uigor, and others, a noble company of knights.\nSir William and Gascon squires met in a valley. The Spanish troops, crying out in the name of King Henry, confronted them. Seeing the large Spanish company and realizing they could not escape, the English company comforted each other as best they could and took refuge on a small hill. The Spanish troops then rested before them, considering how best to engage in battle. Sir William Pelham performed a great feat of arms and a great outrage. He dislodged the hill with his spear, proving his courage and charging among the Spanish. He struck a knight so roughly with his spear that it ran clean through his body, and the knight fell dead. Sir William was then surrounded by his enemies and fought valiantly, inflicting great damage on them until he was struck to the ground. His brother Sir Thomas Pelham and the other knights with him also engaged in the fight.\nthe mountain saw how he fought and did marvels in arms, and saw well what parity he was in, but they could not comfort him without endangering themselves. So they stood still in their array on the mountain. And the said knight fought still as long as he could endure, but finally he was slain. Then the Spaniards and Frenchmen imagined how they might invade the English on the mountain. So that day there were various feats of arms done and a chase, for sometimes part of them would descend down the mountain and fight with their enemies and retreat wisely back to it. Thus they were in this state until it was high noon. The prince would gladly have comforted them if he had known, and delivered them out of the peril, but he was not aware of it. Therefore it behooved them to endure their adventure. When they had thus endured for a long time: then the Earl of Anxell, who was greatly displeased with them, said to his company, \"Lords, for shame, what are we doing here?\"\nAll day we ought to have consumed them. Advance forward and let us fight with them with fierce will; there is nothing that will be obtained unless it is earnestly bought. With these words, the Frenchmen and Spaniards advanced them with hardy courage, and came so close together that they could not be broken. Therefore, on the mountain was done many a feat of arms. And the Englishmen and Gascons defended themselves to their powers, but after the Spaniards had entered among them, they could not endure; finally, they were all taken and conquered by the force of arms. So that none escaped except for a certain valets and pages who saved themselves by their horses, and at night they came to the prince's host, who that day was ready ranged on the hill to sight.\n\nAfter the taking of these said knights and squires, the Earl of Axell and Saxes his brother and their company returned to the host rejoicing; and at night came the King Henry their brother. And there they made a feast.\nThe knights presented to King Henry the prisoners they had taken and recounted to him the actions of Sir Bertram of Clesquy, Sir Arnold Dan drchen, and others. They described how they had overthrown part of Sir Hugh Caurel's company, chased him into the Duke of Lancaster's host, and caused great damage when the host was assembled. Upon hearing these words, King Henry, with great joy and glory, answered his brother and said, \"Fair brother, you have marvelously well succeeded, for which you shall be greatly rewarded. I trust that all the others will pass the same way. Sir Arnold Danrehen replied, \"Saving your grace, I will not contradict you, but rather amend it. However, one thing I say: when you assemble with the prince for battle, you shall find men of war such as the art of arms requires, for there is the flower of all the chivalry in the world.\"\nFind stalwart and courageous fighting men, ready to die in the place they will not flee. Sir, it is necessary that you take good heed and counsel in this matter. But sir, if you will do as my counsel, you shall defeat them without any strike. As such, if you will keep the streets and passages, so that no provision may come to them, you will famish them and thus defeat them. For then they shall be willing to return to their own country, without good order or array, and thus you may have your desire accomplished. Then this King Henry answered and said: marshal, by the soul of my dear father, I desire so much to see the prince and to prove his prowess and mine, that I will never depart hence without battle. For I think we have men now. First, we have seven thousand men-at-arms well horsed and bedded, so that they fear no shot of archers. And also we have twenty thousand other men mounted on genettes and three score thousand men of foot.\nThe commoners came with spears, darts, and poverty, ready to accomplish a great feat. They all swore not to fail me in dying for it, so Sir Arnold need not be ashamed, but let us take great comfort in the power of God and in ourselves. And so with this speaking, knights brought wine and spices to the king. The king took some of it and gave the lords' portion around him. Then every man returned to their lodgings. The prisoners of Thegliesh and Gascony made their assurance and were separated from one another. We then returned to the prince and spoke something of his ordinance.\n\nThe prince of Wales and the duke of Lancaster were both on the mountain that day, and at night they were informed of their men who had been taken and slain. They were greatly displeased, but they could not change it. Then they retired to their lodgings. The next morning, the prince took counsel and determined to depart from there and he did so, and went.\nThe prince logged before Victoria, and there stood in battle ready to fight, for it was informed to him that King Henry and his brother and their company were not far thence. But they did not advance. The prince and his company had great lack of victuals and provisions for themselves and their horses, for they were lodged in a cruel country and harsh. And King Henry and his company lay in a good fruitful country. In the prince's host, a loaf of bread was sold for a florin. Every man was glad to give it and they could have obtained it. Also the time was foul and troubled: of wind, rain, and snow. And they remained in this danger and disease for six days. And when the prince saw that the Spaniards did not advance to fight and that they were in great distress, they determined to go and seek passage at some other place, then they dislodged and took the way to Nauaret. And when they were passed, they came to a town.\nThe prince and the duke of Lancaster refreshed them for two days at Uienne. Then they crossed the river that separates Castell and Naver at the bridge of Groynge, among the gardens under the olives. There they found a better route than before, but they had a great lack of provisions. When King Henry knew that the prince and his people had crossed the river at Groynge, he departed from Saint-Maurice where he had been staying long, and lodged before Naverette on the same river. When the prince learned that King Henry was approaching, he was rejoiced and said openly, \"By Saint George, this bastard seems to be a valiant knight, since he desires so much to find us. I trust we shall find each other soon.\" Then the prince called to him the duke of Lancaster, his brother, and various other counselors, and he wrote an answer to King Henry regarding the letter he had sent before.\nEdward, by the grace of God, Prince of Wales and Aquitaine, to the right honorable and renowned Henry, Earl of Chivalry, who at this present time calls himself King of Castile: Since it is so that you have sent to us your letters through your harrier, in which were contained various articles making known how you would gladly know why we take your enemy and cousin, King David, as our friend and ally, and by what title we make war against you and have entered with a royal army into Castile. We answer as follows. Know truly it is to uphold right and to maintain reason, as it pertains to all kings and princes to do so. And also to entertain the great alliances that King my father of England and King David have had long together. And because you are renowned as a right valiant knight, we would gladly and could make an accord with you and him. And we shall do something to our cousin David that you shall have a great part in the realm of Castile.\nBut as for the crown and heritage, you must renounce it. Sir, take sail in this case. And as for our entering into the castle, we will enter there as we think best, at our own pleasure. Written at Grange, the 30th day of March.\n\nWhen this letter was written, it was closed and sealed and delivered to the same haraude who brought you other news. He had tarried for an answer more than three weeks. Then he departed from the prince's presence and rode so long that he came to Nantes among the bushes, where King Henry was lodged and drew to the king's lodging. The most part of the great lords of the host came there to hear what tidings their haraude had brought. Then the haraude knelt down and delivered the king the letter from the prince. The king took and opened it and called to him Sir Bertram of Clare and diverse other knights of his council. There the letter was read and well considered. Then Sir Bertram said to the king, \"Sir, truly, you shall have battle shortly, I know so well.\"\nThe prince considers the matter carefully. It is necessary that you attend to all your duties and order your people and battalions. Sir Bertram said, \"I have no doubt in the name of God about the prince's power; I have three thousand barricaded horses, which will be two wings for our battle, and I also have seven thousand men-at-arms, the best that can be found in Castile, Galicia, Portugal, Cordoba, and Cycle, and ten thousand good crossbows, and three score men-at-arms with darts, spears, lances, and other abilities for the war. And all these have sworn not to fail me in death: therefore, Sir Bertram, I trust in victory by the grace of God, on whom I rely and have the right in this quarrel. Therefore, I desire you all to be of good courage.\"\n\nThus, as you have heard, King Henry and Sir Bertram of Clissau devised various matters and left speaking of the...\nThe prince prepared for battle, and ordered his field and people. The Earl of Anxell and his brother Sir Sanxes were renowned in their host for the journey they had made before, as you have heard. On the Friday, the second day of April, the prince summoned two leagues and encamped before Nauaret, taking lodgings there. Then the prince sent out his scouts to learn of his enemies' whereabouts and they departed from the host and rode forward, seeing all the enemy host, who were also lodged before Nauaret. They reported this to the prince, and in the evening, the prince had it announced through the entire host that at the first sounding of the trumpets, every man should prepare himself, at the second sounding, arm himself, and at the third sounding, mount his horse and follow the marshals' banners with the pennon of St. George.\nThe prince was forbidden to announce anything before him without being commanded to do so. The prince had acted in the same way on the previous Friday, sending out his curriers. King Henry, on his part, wanted to know where the prince was lodged and awaited a true report. Once he received this, he summoned Sir Bertram of Clesquy and took counsel and advice on how to proceed. They then ordered their people to supper and rest to be more refreshed, and at midnight they were to be ready and prepare their battles, as they knew they would have battle the next day. That night, the Spaniards took their ease and rested, as they had ample provisions and other things. The English were in great want, so they were eager to fight, either to win or to lose all. After midnight, the trumpets sounded in King Henry's host, and every man made himself ready. At the second blast, they emerged from their lodgings.\nThe first battle had Sir Bertram of Clesquy, Lord Robert of Roseberynne, Earl Dunbar of Aragon, and all the strangers from France and other countries. There were also two barons of Heynalt: Lord Dautoyng and Sir Alan, lord of Briisuell. The Begue of Uillains, the Begue of Uylliers, Sir John of Bergutes, Sir Gawen of Baylleull, the Almaine of saint Uenant (who was made knight), and various others from France, Aragon, and Provence, and of the marchesse around. There were about four thousand knights and squires well armed and dressed in the manner of France in this battle.\n\nThe second battle had Earl of Axell and his brother Earl of Saures. In this battle, with the generals, there were fifteen thousand foot soldiers and a horse backup. They drew them a little back on the left hand side of the first battle.\n\nThe third battle and the greatest of all was governed by King Henry himself. In his company there were seven thousand horsemen.\nand three thousand foot soldiers with the crossbowmen. In all three battles, he was a fourscore and six. M. a horseback and a foot. The king Henry rode on a strong mule, according to the custom of the country, and went from battle to battle gently. He prayed every man each day to engage themselves in defending and keeping their honor, and he showed himself so cheerfully that every man was joyful to behold him. Then he went back to his own battle, and by that time it was daylight. And about the rising of the sun, he advanced towards Nauaret to find his enemies in good order for battle.\n\nThe prince of Wales was ready in the field at the breaking of the day, arrayed in battle formation, and advanced in good order, for he knew well that he would encounter his enemies. There were none who went before the marshals' battles but such cursors who were appointed. Thus, both hosts' lords knew by the report of their cursors that they would soon meet. So they went forward, hosting.\nThe prince approached the other side, and when the sun was rising, it was a great sight to behold the battles and the armor shining against the sun. They continued forward until they approached each other. Then the prince and his company went over a little hill, and in the descending, they clearly saw their enemies coming towards them. Once they had all descended this mountain, every man drew his battle sword and kept it ready, and they all rested. Then Sir John Chados brought his banner rolled up to the prince and said, \"Sir, behold, here is my banner. I require you to display it abroad, and give me leave this day to raise it. For, sir, I thank God and you. I have land and heritage sufficient to maintain it with all.\" The prince and King Dameter took the banner between their hands and spread it abroad. It was of silver, a sharp-pointed goose, and they delivered it to him and said, \"Sir John, behold, your banner.\"\nSir John Chandos bore his banner before his company and said, \"Sirs, behold my banner, and keep it as your own.\" They took it and were very joyful with it, and said that by the pleasure of God and St. George, they would keep and defend it to the best of their powers. The banner remained in the hands of a good English squire named William Alery, who bore it that day and acquainted himself nobly. Then, the Welshmen and Gascons lit off their horses, and each man drew under his own banner and stood in array for battle. It was great joy to see and consider the banners and pennons, and the noble armory that was there. Then the battles began to announce themselves, and the Prince of Wales opened his eyes and looked towards heaven, joining his hands together and said, \"Dear God, Jesus Christ, who has formed and created me, grant by your benign grace that I may have victory on this day.\"\n\"I come, as it is rightful for me to do, to sustain and aid this king driven out of his own heritage. He placed his right hand on King James, who was present, and said, \"Sir king, you shall know today if you will have any part of the realm of Castile or not. Therefore, announce banners in the name of God and St. George. The duke of Lancaster and Sir John Chandos approached, and the duke said to Sir William Beauchamp, 'Sir William, behold there our enemies; today you shall see me a good knight, or else die in the quarrel.' And with that, they approached their enemies. First, the duke of Lancaster and Sir John Chandos assembled their battle with that of Sir Bertram of Clescy and Marshal Sir Arnold Dandrehen, who were a four thousand men strong. At the first onset, there was a fierce encounter with spears and shields, and they were certain.\"\nThe two armies clashed, and there were many deaths and men thrown to the ground, some of whom never rose again. And when the first two barrels had assembled, the other battles did not delay but quickly approached and gathered together. The prince and his battle, accompanied by King Dampeter of Castille and Sir Martin de la Care, who represented the king of Navarre, met the earl of Anxess's battle. At the first encounter, the earl and his brother fled without order or good arrangement, taking with them two thousand spearmen. The second battle was then opened and quickly defeated, as the captain of Beufz and Lord Clysson and their company came upon them on foot and killed and injured many of them. Then the prince's battle joined with King Henry's, where there were thirty thousand men on foot.\nThe battle began fiercely and cruelly on all sides. The Spanish and Castilians threw stones with slings, clawing and breaking many basinettes and helmets, hurting many men and knocking them to the ground. English archers shot fiercely and caused great harm to the Spanish. One side called for King Henry, the other for Saint George. The first battle, as led by the Duke of Lancaster, Sir John Chandos, and the two marshals Sir Guy de Dange and Sir Stephen Consenton, fought against Sir Bertram of Clare and other knights from France and Aragon. Many deeds of arms were done. It was hard for any of them to open the other's battle, as some held their spears in both hands, facing and pressing each other. Others fought with short swords and daggers. At the beginning, the Frenchmen and those from Aragon fought valiantly.\nThat day, Sir John Chandos, a good knight of England, endured much pain. That day, Sir John Chandos, under his banner, performed many noble feats of arms. He advanced so far that he was surrounded by his enemies and so overwhelmed that he was knocked down to the ground. A great and large man from Castille named Martin Ferrant, renowned for his cruelty among the Spaniards, intended to kill Sir John Chandos, who lay beneath him in great danger. Then Sir John Chandos remembered a knife he had in his bosom and drew it out, striking Martin Ferrant in the back and sides so that he was mortally wounded as he lay on him. Sir John Chandos then turned him over and quickly rose to his feet, and his men were there around him, who had with great effort broken through the press to reach him, as they saw him fallen.\n\nThe Saturday morning between Naver and Nauaret was when the battle fell fiercely and cruelly.\nMany a man brought great trouble. There were done many noble deeds of arms by the prince and by the Duke of La\u00e7our, Sir John Chadis, Sir Guyshard Dagley, the captain of Beaufort, the lord of Clisson, the lord of Rais, Sir Hugh Caurell, Sir Mathieu Gourney, Sir Louis Harcourt, the lord of Pons, the lord of Parthenay. And of Gascons fought valiantly: the Earl of Armagnac, the lord Dalbret, the lord of Pomiers and his brothers, the lord of Muscedet, the lord of Rosen, the Earl of Perigord, the Earl of Gommes, the Earl of Carmaine, the lord of Condons, the lord Parr, the lord of Chamont, Sir Bertrand de Meunier of Cande, the lord of Pyncornet, Sir Bertram Dalbreth, the lord of Garonde, Sir Aymer Tas, the Soldier of Strada, Sir Peteton of Corton, and many other knights and squires acquitted themselves right nobly in arms to their powers. And under the pennon of St. George and the banner of Sir John Chandos were all the companions to the number of\nThe following two hundred knights: Sir Robert Cony, Sir Percival Dalbreth, Robert Briquet, Sir Gares of the Castle, Sir Gaillard Uiger, John Cresnell, Nandon of Bergerac, Aymon Dorting, Perrot of Sauoy, the bourg Camus, the bourg Lespyne, the bourg Bertuell, Esperry, and others. On the fresh party, Sir Bertram of Clesquy, Sir Arnold D'Adrehen, Xances, Sir Gomes Garyb, and other knights from France and Aragon fought nobly to their powers, although they had no advantage, for these companions were hardy and strong knights, and well used and expert in arms. And also there were great plenty of knights and squires of England under the banner of the duke of Lancaster and of Sir John Chandos. The Lord William Beauchamp, son of the earl of Warwick, Sir Ralph Camoys, Sir Water Urswyke, Sir Thomas Emery, Sir John Grandon, Sir John Dipper, Sir Johan du Pre, Sir Amery of Rochechouart, Sir Galard de la Motte, and others.\nmore than 200 knights, whom I cannot name. And to speak truly, Sir Bertram Clesquy, the marshall Dandrechen, the Bege of Uillaynes, the lord Dantuell, the lord of Brisuell, Sir Gawen of Baylleull, Sir Johan of bergeretes, the Bege of Uillers, the Almaine of saint Venant, and the good knights and squires of France who were there, acquitted themselves nobly. For truly, if the Spaniards had done their part as well as the Frenchmen did, the English and Gascons would have had much more to do: and they would have suffered more pain than they did. The fault was not in King Henry that they did not do better: for he had well armed and desired them to do their duty valiantly, and so they had promised him to do. The king bore himself right valiantly and did marvels in arms: and with good courage comforted his people, as when they were flying and opening the battle, he came among them and said, \"Lords, I am your king: you have made me king of Castile.\"\n\"He has sworn and promised that he will not fail me. For God's sake keep your promise that you have sworn and acquit yourself against me, and I shall acquit myself against you; for I will not flee one foot as long as I see you do your duty. By these words and such other words full of comfort, King Henry brought his men together again three times on the same day, and with his own hands he fought valiantly. So he ought greatly to be honored and renowned. This was a marvelous dangerous battle, and many a man slain and sore hurt: the commoners of Spain, according to the usage of their country, threw stones with great violence and did much harm. At the beginning, this troubled the Englishmen greatly. But when their throw was past, and they felt the sharp arrows among them, they could no longer keep their armor. With King Henry in his battle were many noble men of arms: as well of Spain as of Aragon and of Portugal: who acquitted them.\"\nAnd they fought nobly. I gave it not lightly, for they fought valiantly with spears, javelins, arquebuses, and swords. On the wing of King Henry's battle, there were certain well-mounted men who always kept the battle in good order. If the battle opened or broke rank on any side, they were ever ready to help bring them back into good order. These Englishmen and Gascons, or we, had the advantage, and won it through noble chivalry and great prowess in arms. In truth, the prince himself was the chief flower of chivalry of the whole world, and with him were right noble and valiant men representing the king of Navarre: Sir Thomas Holland, Sir Nowell Lynch, Sir Hugh and Sir Philip Courtenay, Sir John Comyn, Sir Nicholas Bonde, Sir Thomas Comyn, and many others. There was none who feigned to fight valiantly and, moreover, they had good cause: for there were Spaniards and others present.\nCastle more than a hundred thousand men in harness, so that by reason of their great number, it was long before they could be overcome. King Daaper was greatly chafed and much desired to meet his bastard brother, and said: \"Where is that son who calls himself king of Castile? And the same king Henry fought right valiantly where he was, and held his people together right marvelously, and said: \"Aye, good people, you have crowned me king; therefore help and aid me to keep the heritage that you have given me. So that by these words and such other as he spoke that day, he caused many to be right hardy and valiant, whereby they abode on the field: so that because of their honor, they would not fly from the place.\n\nThe battle that was best fought and longest held together was the company of Sir Bertram of Clesquy, for there were many noble men of arms who fought and held together to their powers, and there was done many a noble feat of arms. And on the English side, specifically:\n\nCastle over a hundred thousand men in harness, so that due to their great number, it took a long time for them to be overcome. King Daaper was greatly agitated and eager to meet his bastard brother and said, \"Where is that son who calls himself king of Castile? And the same King Henry fought bravely where he was, and held his people together marvelously, and said, \"Indeed, good people, you have crowned me king; therefore help and aid me to keep the heritage that you have given me. So that by these words and such others he spoke that day, he caused many to be very brave and valiant, whereby they remained on the field: so that because of their honor, they would not leave the place.\n\nThe most brilliant and longest-lasting battle was that of Sir Bertram of Clesquy's company, for there were many noble men of arms who fought and stayed together to their capabilities, and many noble deeds of arms were done. And on the English side, specifically:\nSir Johan Chandos behaved like a noble knight that day, governing and leading the duke of Lancaster. He did so in a similar manner as he had before, during the battle of Poitiers, where he gained great renown and praise. A valiant man and a good knight should be highly recommended for conducting himself nobly among lords and princes. That day, Sir Johan took no heed of taking prisoners with his own hands. Instead, he always fought and went to war. However, many good knights and squires from Aragon and Frauce were taken under his banner. Among them were Sir Bertram of Clesquy, Sir Arnolde Dandrehen, Sir Begue of Willaynes, and more than three score prisoners. In the end, the battle of Sir Bertram of Clesquy was defeated, and all those present were killed or taken. The Begue of Uillyers was killed, and the lord Antoine Captall of Beufz and the lord Clysson fought valiantly. Additionally, Sir Eustace Dambreticort was taken.\nHughe Caurell, Sir Souldiche, Sir Johan Dureux, and others acquitted themselves nobly that day. The prince behaved like a noble knight and fought valiantly against his enemies. On the other side, King Henry acquitted himself valiantly and recovered and turned his people back three times. After the earl of Anjou and a three-thousand-strong cavalry with him had departed from the field, the other side began to be disorganized and were ready to flee after their companions. However, they were never able to escape before King Henry was before them. \"Fair lords, what do you do,\" he said.\n\nWhen the battle of the marshals had passed through their enemies and had disconfited the greatest number of them: so that the spearman could not sustain nor defend them any longer, but began to flee away in great fear, without any good array or order towards the city of Nauaret. King Henry could see they would not return, and when the king saw the misfortune and disconfiture of his.\npeople and he saw no recovery. Then he called for his horse and mounted it, and put himself among those who fled; but he did not take the way to Nauaret for fear of encirclement, but took another way to mercy. The Englishmen and Gascons leapt on their horses and began to chase the Spaniards, who fled away in great dismay, to the great river. And at the entrance of the bridge of Nauaret, there was a horrible shedding of blood and many men slain and drowned; for many leapt into the water which was deep and horrible, thinking they had as good a chance of living by being drowned as slain. And in this chase, among others, there were two valiant knights of Spain, bearing on them the insignia of religion. One was called the great prior of St. James, and the other the great master of Calatrava. They and their company entered into Nauaret to save themselves, and they were so near chased at their backs by Englishmen and Gascons that they won the bridge, resulting in a great slaughter.\nThe English men entered the city after their enemies, who had entered a strong stone house. However, it was inconveniently won by force: the knight was taken, and many of their men were slain. The city was overrun and plundered, which was greatly to the Englishmen's profit. They also found great riches in vessels and jewels of gold and silver in King Henry's lodgings, for the king had come there with great nobility. Therefore, when they were defeated, they had no less desire to return there to save what they had left. This was a hideous and terrible discovery, and especially on the river side, there were many men slain. It was reported by some who were present that one could have seen the water of the Nauaret river run red with the blood of men and horses that were slain. This battle was between Nauer and Nauaret in Spain. The year of the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ was [year].\nAfter the disaster of the Battle of Nauaret, which was not caused by anyone, the prince raised his banner high on a little hill to draw his people there, and so all those who came from the chase went there. The duke of La\u00e7our, Sir John Chandos, the lord Clisson, the captain of Beufz, the earl of Armagnac, the lord Dalbret, and various other barons had raised up their banners high to draw their people there, and as they came, they ranged themselves in the field. Also present was King Louis of Mallorca, his banner before him, to which his company drew and a little beside was Sir Martin de la Karr with the banner of his lord the king of Navarre. With various other earls and barons, it was a lovely sight to behold. Then came there King Dampier, very angry, coming from the chase on a great horse.\nA black courser, his banner bearing the arms of Castille before him. Upon seeing the prince's banner, he dismounted and made his way towards him. When the prince saw him approaching, he went to meet him and showed him great honor. The king Dampeter wished to kneel down to thank the prince for the victory that had come to him alone and not to him. But the prince would not allow it, instead taking the king's hand and preventing him from kneeling. The king then said, \"Dear and fair cousin, I ought to give you many thanks and praises for this victory, which has come to you alone and not to me.\" Then the lords of the prince's council convened and discussed various matters. Among the enemy there were slain five hundred and eighty men-at-arms and seven thousand commoners, besides those who were drowned. The number of the latter was unknown. Of their own company, there were no more than four knights slain, among whom were two Gascons, a German, and an Englishman.\nother commoners passed an xl. They showed they could not see King Henry. King Dampier was truly sorry about this. So on Saturday night, they rested and made good cheer for they had plenty. There they found plenty of wine and other provisions. And so they refreshed themselves all Sunday, which was Palm Sunday.\n\nOn Sunday morning, when the prince was up and ready appareled, he issued out of his pavilion. Then came to him the Duke of Lancaster, his brother, the Earl of Armagnac, the Lord Dalbertt, Sir John Chandos, the Captain of Beufz, the Lord of Pomiers, Sir Gyrard Engaine, the king of Mallorca, and a great number of other knights and squires. And then, immediately after, came to the prince King Dampier, to whom the prince made great honor and reverence. Then King Dampier said, \"Dear and fair cousin, you will deliver to me the false traitors of this country as my bastard brother, Sanches and such others. And I shall cause them to lose.\"\nThe princes headed for them, for they had deserved it. Then the prince advised him well and said, \"Sir king: I require you in the name of love and lineage that you will grant me a gift and a request,\" said the good consort. \"All that I have is yours: therefore, I am content with whatever you desire to grant it.\" Then the prince said, \"Sir, I require you to pardon your people in your realm, those who have rebelled against you. By this courtesy, you will abide in better rest and peace in your realm. Except for William Garlands, for of him I am content that you take your pleasure. King Dampier acceded to his desire, though it was against his will: but he dared not deny the prince, bound as he was to him, and said, \"Fair cousin, I grant your request with a good heart.\" Then the prisoners were summoned, and the prince granted them pardon with the king, their lord, and caused him to forgive all his evil will to his brother the earl of Sanches, and to all others, so that they should make a covenant.\nThe princes felt allegiance, homage, and service to hold truly for ever, and to recognize him as their lord and king for ever. The prince showed great courtesy to the Spanish barons, those who were prisoners. If King James had taken them in displeasure, they would have all died without mercy. Sir William Garylz was then delivered to the king, whom he hated so much that he refused to accept ransom for him; instead, the king ordered his head to be struck off before his very eyes. Then King James mounted his horse, along with his brother Earl Sanches and all those who had become his men, as well as his marshals, Sir Guysharde Dangle and Sir Stephen Gosenton, and five hundred armed men. They departed from the prince's host and rode to Burgus. They arrived there on Monday morning, and those of Burgus who were present welcomed them warmly.\nThe journey of Nauaret was achieved, and it was discovered that King Henry was deceived. They did not consider keeping the town against Dampeter. However, many of the wealthiest and most notable citizens of the town emerged and presented the keys of the city to him. They received him as their lord. And so they brought him and all his men into the city of Burgus with great joy and solemnity. The prince remained in the lodgings they had won all Sunday. On Monday after evensong, he disloged and went and lodged at Berguet, and stayed there until it was Wednesday. Then they all went to the city of Burgus. The prince entered the town with great reverence, and with him the Duke of Lancaster, the Earl of Armagnac, and various other great lords and their people made their lodgings outside the town, for they could not all be lodged within at their ease. And when the prince was at his lodging, he gave and rendered judgments of arms and of all.\nThe things pertaining to it were apparent in the field and the battle wages; therefore, it could be said that all of Spain was in his hands and under his obedience. The Prince of Wales and King Dampter held their Easter in the town of Burgus, and they stayed for three weeks and more. And on Easter day, those of Sturges, of Tollet, of Lisbone, of Cordowane, of Galyce, and of all the other marches and limits of the realm of Castille came there and made homage to King Dampter. They were glad to see the prince and Damferant of Castres. Thus, there was great cheer made between them. And when King Dampter had tarried there for the time I have shown you and more, and saw that there were no more who rebelled against him, but every man obedient to him, the prince said to him: \"Sir, you are now peacefully, by God's grace, king of your own realm without any rebellion or let. And, sir, I and my company will stay here at great charge and expense. Therefore, we request that you\"\nYou shall pay for money, to pay the wages to those who helped bring you back to your realm, and fulfilling your promise, to whom you have sworn and sealed. And sir, the sooner you do it, the greater our thanks and the greater your profit, for you know that soldiers must be paid to live, or else they will take it wherever they can get it. Then the king answered and said: cousin, we will keep, hold, and fulfill to our power what we have sworn and sealed. But sir, as for this present time we have no money. Therefore, we will go to the marquis of Cycle, and there we will procure money to satisfy every party. And sir, you shall remain still here in the vale of Olives, which is a fruitful country. And sir, we shall return again to you as soon as we conveniently can or may, and at the latest by whatsoever means. This answer was pleasing to the prince and to his council. And shortly after, King Dampier.\nThe prince departed from him and rode towards Cyyle to obtain money to pay his men of war as he had promised. The prince then lodged in the vale of Olife, and all his lords and people spread abroad in the country to obtain more plentiful provisions for themselves and their horses. They thus sojourned to little profit for the country, as the companies could not restrain themselves from robbing and plundering.\n\nNews spread abroad through France, England, and other countries that Prince of Wales and his forces had defeated King Henry in battle and taken more than 5,000 of his men dead or drowned on the day of the battle. The prince was greatly renowned, and his chivalry and high enterprise were much praised in all places that heard of it, and especially in the empire of the Netherlands and the realm of England. The Netherlands, Flemish, and English people declared that the Prince of Wales was the chief flower of all chivalry.\nPrince was worthy to govern the whole world, as his prowess had achieved such high enterprises as he had. First, the Battle of Cressy in Poitou: ten years later, at Poyctors; and the third in Spain before Navarre. In England, in the city of London, the burgesses made great solemnity and triumph for that victory, as anciently they were wont to do for kings when they had overcome their enemies. And in the realm of France, there were made lamentable sorrows for the loss of the good knights of the realm of France, who were slain at that journey. And specifically, there was mourning for Sir Bertram of Clescy and Sir Arnoul de Gandesbat, who were taken prisoners. And various others were treated courteously, and some of them ransomed, but not Sir Bertram of Clescy so soon. For Sir John Chastelain, who had rule over him, would not deliver him; and Sir Bertram made no great suit therefore.\n\nKing\nHenry, as stated hereafter, saved himself as well as he could and withdrew from his enemies. He led his wife and children into the city of Valencia in Aragon as soon as he could. The king of Aragon was there, who was his godfather and friend. Henry recounted all his adventures to the said king. And immediately after, King Henry was advised to go to the duke of Anjou, who was then at Montpellier, and to show him all his adventures. This advice pleased the king of Aragon, and he consented that Henry should go there because he was an enemy of the prince, who was his near neighbor. Thus, King Henry departed from the king of Aragon and left his wife and children in the city of Valencia. He rode so long that he passed Narbonne, the first city of the realm of France on that side, and after that Besiers and all that country. He came to Montpellier and there found the duke of Anjou, who loved him entirely.\nThe duke hated the English greatly, yet made no war against them. When he learned of King Henry's activities, he received him joyously and reported back as well as he could. The king stayed with him for a certain period. Then he went to Avignon to see Pope Urban, who was leaving for Rome at the time. Afterward, King Henry returned to Montpellier to the duke of Anjou and had lengthy negotiations. It was reported to me by reliable sources that this king Henry obtained a castle from the duke of Anjou near Toulouse, on the marches of Provence, called Rocamadour. There he gathered companies and soldiers of war, including Bretons and others who had not crossed into Spain with the prince. In the beginning, there were three hundred men of war. These tidings were immediately brought to my lady princess, who was then at Bordeaux.\nKing Henry obtained aid and support from all sides to wage war primarily against the principality and duchy of Guyenne, where the princess was greatly distressed. Since he resided in the realm of France, she wrote letters and dispatched messengers to the French king, requesting him not to allow the bastard of Spain to make war against her. She assured him that her intention was to go to the French court. She warned him of potential harm and inconveniences that could result from such an action. The king granted her request lightly and promptly dispatched messengers to the bastard Henry, who was in the castle of Rochemore on the borders of Montauban, and was beginning to make war against the land of the prince of Wales and Aquitaine. He was ordered to leave his realm and make no war in the land of his dear nephew, the prince of Wales and Aquitaine. To set an example for his subjects, he added.\nThe noble lord should not be so bold to align himself with bastard Henry. He had the young earl of Ausser imprisoned in the castle of Louvre in Paris because of his great friendship with Henry the Bastard. It was reported that he had promised him aid with a large number of armed men, but the French king caused him to abandon his plan. Therefore, at the French king's command, Henry obeyed, which was a valid reason. However, he did not abandon his enterprise entirely. Instead, he departed from Rochemore with four hundred Breton knights and squires. Among them were Sir Arnolde of Lymosyn, Sir Gesfray Rycons, Sir Pouns of Lakonette, and Syll\u00e9.\n\nWhen the prince had sojourned in the valley of the Olives until the feast of St. John the Baptist in summer, awaiting the coming of King Dampier who did not arrive or bring any certain news, with the prince.\nThe prince was greatly troubled and summoned all his counsel. He was advised to send two or three knights to the king to demand why he hadn't kept his word as promised. Sir Nowell Lornyche, Sir Richard of Pontchardon, and Sir Thomas Baelaster were dispatched. They rode for a long time on their journey and eventually reached the city of Cyuyle, where they found King Dampeter. The knights delivered their message as instructed. The king responded, making excuses for himself and saying, \"Sirs, it greatly displeases us that we cannot keep the promise we made to our cousin, the prince, which we have often shown to our people here in these parts. But our people excuse themselves, claiming they cannot make a sum total of money as long as the companies remain in the country.\"\nThey have robbed our treasurers three or four times, who were coming to our cousin the prince, with our money. Therefore we require you to show our cousin from us, that we require him to withdraw and expel these wicked people from our realm, the company members. He is to leave some of his own knights there, to whom, in his name, we will pay and deliver such sums of money as he desires from us, and as we are bound to pay him. This was all the answer that these knights could get from him at that time. And so they departed and went back to their lord: and then recounted to him and to his council all that they had heard and seen. With this answer, the prince was more displeased than before. For he saw clearly how King Dampier had failed in his promise and had changed his mind. At the same time, the prince remained in the valley of Olives, where he had been for more than the space of four months, nearly all summer.\nThe king of Mallorca fell severely sick and lay ill in his bed. Then Sir Arnold of Dondrake, the Beguine of Ulaines, and various other knights and squires from France and Brittany, who had been taken at Narvaet, were put forward for ransom. In exchange, Sir Thomas Felton, Sir Richard Centon, and Sir Hugh Hastings, and others were released. However, Sir Bertram of Clesson remained a prisoner with the prince. The Englishmen advised the prince and said that if he released Sir Bertram of Clesson, he would make war greater than ever before, with the help of the Bastard Henry, who at that time was in Burgundy and had taken the town of Baniers, making great war in that quarter. Therefore, Sir Bertram of Clesson was not released at that time.\n\nWhen the prince of Wales heard the excuses of King Da[p]eter, he was much more displeased than before and demanded counsel from his people in this matter.\nThe prince wished to return home as his people endured great trouble from the heat and infectious air of Spain. The prince himself was not well, so his people advised him to return. They declared publicly that everyone should return. When the prince was preparing to leave, he sent to the king of Mallorca, Sir Hugh Cornwallis and Sir John Chandos, informing him of the prince's departure. The prince asked him to advise if he would depart or not, as the prince was reluctant to leave him behind. The king of Mallorca replied, \"Sir, I thank the prince greatly, but at present, I cannot ride nor depart until it pleases God.\" The knights replied, \"Sir, would you like my lord the prince to leave a certain number of men to wait and conduct you when you are able to ride?\" The king replied, \"No, surely, it will not be necessary.\"\nI. for I do not know how long it will be or I will be able to ride. And so they departed and returned to the prince, telling him what they had done. Well said the prince, as it please God and him so be it. Then the prince departed and all his company, and went to a city called Madigray, and there he rested in the valley called Foyrie, between Aragon and Spain. And there he tarried a month: for there were certain passages closed against him in the marches of Aragon. It was said in the host that the king of Navarre, who was newly returned from prison, was agreed with the captain of Spain and the king of Aragon to let the prince's passage: but yet he did nothing as it appeared. However, the prince was in doubt of him because he was in his own country and did not come to him. In the meantime, persons from both parties were sent to a certain place between Aragon and Spain, and they had great communing together for several days. Finally, they agreed that the king of\n\nNavarre would allow the prince's passage.\nAragon should open his country and allow the princes' people to return and pass peacefully without any hindrance from the country, paying courtesies for what they took. Then the king of Navarre and Sir Martin de la Car arrived. When they saw the matter proceeding in such a way between King Aragon and the prince, they made all the honors they could devise to the prince and offered passage for him and his dear brother the duke of Lancaster, and for various other knights of England and Gascony. But in any way, he wanted his companions to take their way by some other passage and not through Navarre. Then the prince and his lords, when they saw that the way through Navarre was more necessary and convenient for them than through Aragon, did not refuse the king of Navarre's offer but thanked him greatly. Thus the prince passed through the realm of Navarre, and the king and Sir Martin de la Car conveyed him until they came to the passage of Roncevaux.\nFrom then they passed by their journey until they came to the city of Bayonne, where he was received with great joy. And there the prince refreshed him for four days, and then departed and rode to Bordeaux. Where he was also received with great solemnity; and my lady the princess met him with her young son Edward, who was then three years old. Then the lords and men of war parted from one another, and the lords of Gascony returned to their own houses, and the companies also came into the principality, staying for their wages. The prince was much pleased with them and promised to pay them according to his power as soon as he had money, though King Dameter of Damme kept not his promise with him. Yet he said they should not bear the loss thereof, since they had served him so well. And King Henry the Bastard, who was in the service of Banyers in Bigorre, then departed with such men of war as he had, and went into Aragon to the king there who loved him entirely.\nThe prince joyously received him. And they stayed all winter there, and made a new alliance between him and the king of Argon, promising to make war against King Peter and the Bretons in their company. Sir Arnold of Limousine, Sir Geoffrey Rycouns, and Sir John de Lanckereward did this on behalf of King Henry.\n\nAfter the Prince of Wales returned to Aquitaine, and his brother the Duke of Lancaster to England, and every lord to his own, Sir Bertram of Clare was still a prisoner with the prince and with Sir John Chandos, and could not come to a resolution or find a way out, which was displeasing to King Henry if he could have remedied it. And it happened, as I was informed, that one day the prince called for Sir Bertram and demanded of him how he fared, he answered and said, \"It was never better with me. It is reasonable that it should be so, for I am in prison with the most renowned knight of the world.\" With whom said the prince, \"Sir Bertram?\"\nHe who is with Sir John Chandos. It is said in the realm of Frauce and other places that you fear me so much that you dare not let me out of prison, which to me is full great honor. The price, who understood well Sir Bertram of Clesquy's words and perceived how his own council would in no way that he should deliver him until King Damas had paid him all such sums as he was bound to do, then said to Sir Bertram: Sir, then you think that we keep you for fear of God's name, so be it, I will pay no less. And when the prince heard him say so, he would gladly have repeated himself; and some of his council came to him and said: Sir, you have not done well so lightly to put him to ransom. And they would gladly have caused the prince to have revoked that covenant. But the prince, who was a true and noble knight, said: Since we have agreed to it, we will not break our promise. It would be to us a great dishonor.\nIn this season, a marriage was concluded between the Duke of Clarence and the Earl of Ulster, son of the King of England. The daughter of Lord Galyanche, Lord of Milly, was also involved: she was near to the Earl of Savoy, and the daughter of Lady Blanche, his sister. After this accord, Sir Bertram of Clesqui\u00e8res was eager and studied daily to obtain the sum of one hundred thousand francs for his ransom. With the help of the French king and his friends, and of the Duke of Anjou, who loved him entirely, he paid less than a month's time for this sum and departed to serve the Duke of Anjou in Provence, where the duke was laying siege before the town of Tarrascon, which was held by the King of Naples.\nknights and squires of England came into France; the king, the duke of Burgundy, the duke of Bourbon, and the lord of Coucy received him with great joy in Paris. He then passed through the realm of France and came into Savoy, where the earl received him honorably at Chambrey. There he was feasted for three days with ladies and damsels. Then he departed, and the earl of Savoy brought him to Milano. And there the duke wedded his niece, the daughter of the lord of Milano, the Monday next after the feast of the Holy Trinity, in the year of our Lord 1368.\n\nIt has been well heard before that the manner of the prince of Wales' voyage to Spain and his departure then without the king's contentment, and how he returned to Aquitaine, for he was not paid his wages by King Dampier's men. Therefore, when he was thus returned, all manner of men of war followed him because they did not wish to remain in Spain.\nHe had promised. And when they were all returned, the price had not paid for them as quickly as he would have liked for his voyage to Spain. His resources had been so depleted and wasted that it was marvellous to think about it. And so they hired these companions on the territory of Aquitaine, who could not restrain themselves from robbing the country, for they were well over six thousand fighting men. And at last, the prince desired them to depart from his realm, for the country could not sustain them any longer. The captains of these companies were all English and Gascon. Among them were Sir Robert Briquet, John Treuell, Robert Ceny, Sir Gaylarde Uygler, the Bourge of Bertuell, the Bourge Camus, the Bourge of Lespare, Nandon of Bergerant, and Bernard de la Sale, and many others who did not displease the prince. But they issued out of the principality as soon as they could and entered the realm of France, which they called their chamber, and passed the river Loire, and so came into.\nChampayne and in to the bys\u00a6shopriche of Raynes: and alwayes their nom\u2223bre encreased. And to adue\u0304ture them selfe / they serched all aboute the realme of Fraunce / and dyde many yuell trybulacions and vilayne de\u2223des: wherof the complayntes came dayly to the frenche kynge and to his counsayle. Howe beit they coude fynde no remedy / for they durst nat fight with them: and the people all about mar\u2223ueyled greatly that the prince of Wales wolde sende theym thyder to make warre. Than the frenche kynge sente for the lorde Clysson / and made him great capitayne agaynst those yuell companyons / bycause he was a good knyght and a hardy: and the kynge had hym in great loue and fauoure. And in the same season there was a maryage made bytwene the lorde Dal\u2223bret / and the lady Isabell of Bourbone / of the whiche the prince was nothynge gladde: for he had rather that the lorde Dalbret had ben ma\u2223ryed in some other place. For the whiche cause the price spake great wordes agaynst hym / but the greattest of his counsayle /\nknights and squires excused themselves to the prince, explaining that every man would be eager to assist him as much as possible. They stressed that a good knight should not be blamed for purchasing his own honor and profit, as long as he did not abandon his service to his prince or master in doing so. The prince was somewhat appeased by these words or similar ones, but he was not truly content. He believed that the marriage would lead to a withdrawal of love from him and those who took his side, which was a concern of truth, as you will learn later in this history.\n\nAt the same time, these companions turned the realm of France, the prince was advised by some of his counselors to levy a forage throughout all Aquitaine and specifically the bishopric of Bazas. The state of the prince and princess was so dire that there was none like it in all of Christendom. So to this end\nThe nobles of Gascony from Poitou, Xaintos, and various other cities and good towns in Aquitaine were summoned for the raising of this tax. This parliament was held at Norte, where the tax was specifically and generally presented by the bishop of Bades, chancellor of Aquitaine, in the presence of the prince. It was explained how and in what manner the tax should be raised. The prince made it clear that it should not last longer than five years and was intended to raise the money he owed due to his journey to Spain. The Poitou, Limousin, Rouergne, and Rochell agreed to this arrangement on the condition that the prince would keep the course of his coin stable for seven years. However, various other marches of Gascony refused this purpose. Among them were the earl of Armagnac, the lord Dalbret his new, the earl of Gommes, and the Ucount of.\nThe lords of Carmayne, the lord of Barde, the lord of Cande, the lord of Pyncornet, and other great barons spoke of how in the past, when they obeyed the French king, they were neither grieved nor oppressed with any subservience or positions, and they pledged they would remain so, as long as they could defend it. They stated that their lands and signories were free and exempt from all debts, and the prince had sworn to keep and maintain them. Upon leaving this parliament, they answered that they would seek better advice and return again, bringing with them prelates, bishops, abbots, barons, and knights. The prince and his council had no other answer at that time. Thus, the barons and lords of Gascony returned to their counties and agreed firmly together that they would not:\n\n\"The lords of Carmayne, the lord of Barde, the lord of Cande, and the lord of Pyncornet, along with other great barons, spoke of how in the past, when they obeyed the French king, they were neither grieved nor oppressed with any subservience or positions, and they vowed they would remain so, as long as they could defend it. They declared that their lands and signories were free and exempt from all debts, and the prince had sworn to uphold and maintain them. Leaving this parliament, they answered that they would seek better counsel and return again, accompanied by prelates, bishops, abbots, barons, and knights. The prince and his council had no other response at that time. Therefore, the barons and lords of Gascony returned to their territories and agreed unanimously that they would not: \"\nreturn to the prince and not allow the forage to run rampant in the lands. They waged war against the prince for this reason. Thus, the country began to rebel against the prince, and the lord of Armagnac, the lord of Dalbret, the lord of Gomgines, the earl of Pyncornet, and various other prelates, barons, knights, and squires of Gascony went to France and made great complaints in the French king's chamber (The king and his peers being present) about the grievances the Prince of Wales intended to inflict upon them, stating that the prince was not content with this which the prince denied but always persisted in his purpose of raising this forage. Sir John Chandos, one of the greatest of his council, was against this opinion and would have gladly had the prince abandon it. But when he saw that the prince would not leave his purpose, in order to avoid any blame or reproach in the matter, he took his leave of the prince and made his excuses to go to Normandy.\nTo visit the land of Saint Sauvage, the earl, for he had not been there in three years. The prince granted him leave; and so he departed from Poitou and went to Constantinople. He tarried in the town of Saint Sauvage for more than half a year. And the prince continued on the raising of this revenue, which, if he had brought about, would have been worth every year twelve hundred thousand francs. Every fire was to pay annually a franc, the rich to bear the burden of the poor.\n\nThe most part of the prince's state and business was well known to the kings around. As with King Peter of Aragon and with King Henry. They closely monitored it. They understood well how the barons of Gascony had gone to Paris to the French king, and in a way began to rebel against the prince, with which they were not displeased. And especially King Henry, for then he thought to regain the realm of\nThe king (Caesar) regained the castle he had lost due to the prince's means. King Henry then took leave of the king of Aragon and departed from Valencia. The count of Roussillon and the count of Rod\u00e9s accompanied him, with three thousand horsemen and six thousand foot soldiers, along with certain genoese mercenaries they had. They rode towards Spain until they reached the city of Burgos, which was opened and surrendered to King Henry. The inhabitants received him as their lord. Henry understood that the king of Mallorca was still there, and when the people of Valencia learned that Burgos had surrendered to King Henry, they no longer wished to defend their town against him and surrendered as well, receiving him as their lord. As soon as the king entered the town, he demanded to know where the king of Mallorca was.\nThe king showed him. Then the king entered the chamber where he lay not fully recovered from his illness. The king went to him and said, \"Sir king of Mallorca, you have been our enemy and with a great army, you have invaded our realm of Castille. Therefore, we have laid hands on you. Therefore, yield yourself as our prisoner or else you are dead. And when the king of Mallorca saw himself in this situation and that no defense would help him, he said, \"Sir truly, I am but dead if it pleases you. And, sir, gladly I yield myself to you, but to none other.\"\n\nTherefore, sir, if your intention is to put me into anyone else's hands, show it to me. I would rather die than be put in the hands of my enemy. And he rode further to the city of Lyon in Spain,\n\nWhen the town and city of Lyon in Spain were thus rendered to King Henry, all the country and marches of Galicia surrendered to King Henry. And to him came many great lords and barons, who before had done otherwise.\nKing David paid homage to King Peter, but their apparent loyalty to him was false. This was due to Peter's past cruelty towards them and their fear that he would turn his war efforts from Provence to Tarascon. The knights and squires, including Sir Bertrand of Clesquy, were with Peter in the marches of Guienne and Portugal, where he was only slightly popular. Peter was greatly displeased with his brother and those of Castile because they had abandoned him and swore a great oath to take cruel revenge. In response, he issued commands to those he trusted to aid and serve him, but he also summoned some who were at war. Thus, King Peter amassed an army of approximately 40,000 Christian and Saracen men in the marches of Guienne. During this time, however,\nKing Henry was besieging a place; Sir Bertram of Clesquy arrived with 2000 fighting men, and was received with great joy. Bembo, who had made his assembly in the marquis of Cyull and thereabout, desiring greatly to fight with the bastard his brother, departed from Cyull and set off towards Tollet to raise the siege there, which was a seven-day journey. News reached King Henry that his brother Bembo was approaching, accompanied by more than 40,000 men of various kinds. The king took counsel, which was called the Knights of France and of Aragon. Sir Bertram of Clesquy, by whom the king was most influenced, advised the king to advance to encounter his brother Bembo: and in whatever condition he found him, to be ready and fight with him. Sir Bertram said to the king, \"Sir, I tell you he comes with a great force.\"\nIf Puisanne and Sir Yves have a great delay in coming, it could turn out badly for us all, and therefore, Sir, if we proceed hastily, we may find him and his company in such a case, enabling us to keep and govern his brother, the Earl of Anjou. We rode on and had seven spies, who brought us word of what his brother Dampier did and of his entire host. King Dampier knew nothing about how his brother came so suddenly to war with him, which is why he and his company rode without proper order. One morning, King Henry and his people met and encountered King Dampier, who had spent the night in a castle there called Nantuel. He was received well and had good news: the Lord of Willaynes, the Vicomte of Rocquebriny, and their companies were present: they numbered six thousand fighting men, and they rode together. They ran into their enemies.\ncrying for King Henry and Queen of Cleves, and they discovered and repelled the first onslaught. There were many slain and cast to the earth; none were taken as prisoners, as had been appointed; this was due to the great number of Saracens present, according to Sir Bertram of Cleves. And when King Peter, who was in the midst of his people, heard how his men were assaulted and repelled by his brother the Bastard Henry and the Frenchmen, he was greatly astonished and saw clearly that he had been betrayed. In anger, he prepared for battle again, and had his banner unfurled to rally his people. He sent word to those nearby that a terrible and fierce battle was taking place, and many men were slain from King Peter's side, for King Henry and Sir Bertram of Cleves pursued their enemies with such corageous and fierce determination.\nthat none could endure against them. This battle of the Spaniards one against another, and of these two kings and their allies, was near Nantuelle, which was that day very fierce and cruel. There were many good knights of King Henry's party: Sir Bertram of Clesqui, Sir Geoffrey Ryons, Sir Arnould Lymosin, Sir Gawen of Baylleule, the beguine of Willaynes, Alan of St. Poul, Alyot of Calais, and various others. And also from the realm of Aragon there was the viscount of Roquebriny, the viscount of Rodaix, and various other good knights and squires whom I cannot name all. And there they did many noble deeds of arms, which were necessary for them to do: for they found fierce and strong people against them. As the Aztecs, Jews, and Portuguese: the Jews fled and turned their backs.\nBackes and fought no stroke, but those of Granade and Belmaryn fought fiercely with their bows and arches. And King Dampeter was a hardy knight and fought valiantly with a great axe, giving many a great stroke, so that none dared approach him. The banner of King Henry his brother met and recouped against his. Then the battle of King Dampeter began to open: then Domferre of Castres, who was his chief counselor, saw and perceived well how his people began to lose and to be disconfited, said to the king. \"Sir, save yourself and withdraw into the castle of Nauntyle. Sir, if you are there, you are in safety \u2013 for if you are taken by your enemies, you are but dead without mercy.\" The king Dampeter believed his counsel and departed as soon as he could and went to Nauntyle, and so came there in such time that he found the gates open and so he entered all.\nOnly with twelve persons. In the meantime, the other members of his company continued to fight in the fields, here and there. The Saracens defended themselves as well as they could, for they were unfamiliar with the country; therefore, they thought it was of no use to flee. News reached King Henry and Sir Bertram of Clissau that King Dampier had fled and taken refuge in the castle of Nantuile. The beginning of Willaynes had pursued him there, and within the castle there was only one passage before which the beginning of Willaynes had pitched his standard. Of these tidings, King Henry and Sir Bertram of Clissau were very joyous, and they drew towards that place, slaughtering and routing their enemies like beasts, so that they were weary of killing. This chase lasted more than three hours, during which more than fourteen thousand were slain or severely wounded. Few were saved, except those who knew the palaces of the enemy.\nThis battle took place near Nantuelle in Spain on the 13th day of August in the year 1368 AD. After this defeat and King Henry had obtained the victory, they laid siege around the castle of Nantuelle, where King Peter was. Then King Henry sent for the remainder of his company to Toledo, where they were besieging it. The earl of Axell and the earl of Sarres were very joyful upon receiving this news. The castle of Nantuelle was very strong and could have held out against them for a long time if it had been supplied with provisions and other necessities. However, there was not enough food in the castle to last for more than four days. King Peter and his men were greatly disheartened, as they were closely watched day and night, not even a bird could leave the castle unnoticed. Then, seeing himself surrounded by his enemies and knowing no way of peace or concord, King Peter was in.\ngreat imagination. So all perils considered, and for lack of provisions: he was advised to depart privately at the hour of midnight, and twelve persons with him; and so to adventure on the grace of God, and guides were appointed to bring him safely. And so, about the time of midnight next after, King Dampeter and Domferant of Casters, and twelve other persons with them, departed from the castle. The night was very dark, and the beguine of Willains kept watch without the same night, and a CC with him. And as King Dampeter and his company issued out of the castle and went down a high way as quietly as they could devise, the beguine of Willains, who was ever in doubt lest they should escape, caused him to make a surer watch. He thought he heard men pass down the high way and said to those about him, \"Sirs: keep you still all quiet, for I think I hear folk come in the way. We will go and know what they are, and what they seek here at this time of night, perhaps there are\"\nSome approaching to reinforce the castle. Then the Begue stepped forward with his dagger in hand and came to a man near King Dapifer. He asked, \"What are you?\" The man rushed forth with his horse and passed by them. The Begue stepped to King Dapifer, who was next, and said, \"What are you? Show me your name or you are dead.\" He took him by the bridle, for he thought he would not pass by him as the others did. And when King Dapifer saw such a rout of men-at-arms before him and could not escape, he said, \"Sir Begue of Willains, I am King Dapifer of the Castle. I yield myself to you as a prisoner, and put me and my company, which consists of only twelve persons, into your hands. And, sir, I request you in the name of chivalry to bring me to some safety, and I shall pay you such ransom as you will desire. For I thank God I have enough here with me so that I may escape from the hands of the bastard my brother.\" Then the Begue, as I was informed,...\nKing Peter answered and said, \"I will bring you and your company to safety, and your brother will not know anything about you through me.\" Thus, King Peter was brought to the Begues lodging, into the proper room of Sir Yon of Caonet. He had not been there for an hour when King Henry and the earl of Rochefort, and some others, came to the same lodging. As soon as King Henry entered the chamber, he said, \"Where is that son of a bitch and Jew who calls himself king of Castile?\" Then King Peter, who was quite bold and cruel, identified himself, and said, \"You are a bastard son, and I am the son of King Alfonso. With that, he took King Henry in his arms and wrestled with him, overpowering him and pushing him onto a bench. He drew his knife and was about to kill him, but the earl of Rochefort had not yet arrived. King Peter seized him by the leg and turned him around, so that King Henry was now above, who drew out a long sword.\nknife and strike King Dampeter into the body. There, his men came to help him. A knight of England named Sir Rafael Helme, who was once called the Green Square, and another squire named James Rolant, were killed by him because they made a defense. However, Dampeter's men, Domfe rant of Casters and the other, had no harm done to them, but remained prisoners at the behest of Uyl|layns and Sir Lion of Kaonet.\n\nThus ended King Dampeter of Castille, who once reigned in great prosperity. And after he was slain, he was left three days above the earth; this seemed to me great pity. The next day, the Lord of Na_t|ueyle surrendered him to King Henry, and he took him to mercy, and all who were willing to do so. News spread throughout Castille that King Dampeter was slain, which saddened his friends and pleased his enemies. But when the King of Portugal heard that his cousin King Dampeter was dead, he was deeply sorrowful and swore, \"His death shall be avenged.\"\nsentinelty held his defense against King Henry and made him war, keeping the marches of Ciuyll against him for a certain season. But despite this, King Henry did not abandon his purpose in pursuing his enterprise. Instead, he returned to Toledo, which surrendered straightway to him, along with the surrounding country. And in the end, the king of Portugal decided not to prolong the war against King Henry. So, a peace was made between them, facilitated by the prelates and lords of Spain. Thus, King Henry remained in peace as king of Castille, with him Sir Bertram of Cl\u00e9sques, Sir Oliver of Ma\u00f1ara, and other knights and squires of France and Brittany. And King Henry did much for them as he was bound to do, for without their help he would not have achieved his goal. Therefore, he made Sir Bertram constable of Spain, and gave him the land of Sociedad, which was worth 20 M. trantes at the time. And to Sir Oliver, his nephew, he gave the land of Crete, which was worth 10 M. francs. And also he gave fair lands.\nTo various other knights and squires. The king went and lay at Burgus with his wife and children. The French king, the duke of Anjou, and also the king of Aragon greatly rejoiced in his prosperity and good fortune. At the same time, Sir Lion of England, duke of Clarence, died. He had crossed the sea, as you have heard before, and had married the daughter of Galas' lord of Milly. However, because he died suddenly, Lord Edward Spenser kept his company in war against him for a certain period but was eventually informed of the truth.\n\nNow let us return to the adventures of the duchy of Aquitaine.\n\nYou have heard before how the prince was determined to levy a forage in his land, which his people thought would be a great burden on them, and especially those of Gascony, for they of the low marches, as Poitou, Xaintes, and Rochell, agreed lightly to this, because they were near the prince's abiding place and also more obedient, firm, and stable to the prince than others.\nof the further disputes. And to bring this matter to a close, the prince and his council had various negotiations at Nyort, Angoleme, Poyters, at Bordeaux, & at Bergerat: but always they of Angoleme maintained their position, and said they would pay nothing, and they said they would not allow this war to run in their country. Saying that their allegiance had always been in the chamber of the fresh king. Of this allegiance, the prince was sore displeased and argued against it, and said: they ought to have no allegiance there, affirming how the French king had quitclaimed all allegiances and jurisdictions when he feared the lands of the king of England as it is well apparent in the tenor of the charters of the peace. Wherein it makes plain mention, so that there is no article reserved for the French king in the peace. To you they answered again, saying how it was not in the power of the French king to quit them from their allegiance: for the prelates and barons of the cities and good towns of Gascony.\nThe princes and lords of Gascony would never have permitted it, nor would I if it were up to me: even if the realm of France continued in war. Thus, these princes and lords of Gascony sustained their opinion and remained at Paris with the French king. Among them were the Earl of Armagnac, Lord Dalbret, Earl of Perigord, and others. They daily informed the king of how the prince, through his great pride and presumption, intended to subject them. They declared they would never allow these new things to be done in their countries, considering their interests were at stake. Therefore, they requested that the prince be summoned before the parliament of France to answer for the grievances and troubles he would cause them. The French king, who wished to entertain these lords of Gascony, granted their request and forbade them from seeking audience at any other court, for the sake of their lordship.\nAgainst his will, the king saw that open war was imminent, a prospect he was reluctant to entertain without a good reason. His realm was already troubled by companions and enemies, and his brother, the duke of Berry, was a hostage in England. Therefore, he took little interest in this matter. In the same season, the lord Guy of Lonny, earl of St. Pol, entered France without taking leave of the English. The details of this are too lengthy to recount here. This earl hated the English so much that he could say nothing good about them, and he did all he could to persuade the French king to reject the Gascony's request, as he knew that if the prince were summoned to the parliament court, it would be a great pretext for war. And many prelates, earls, barons, and knights of the French realm agreed with the earl, and they told the king that the king of England was:\nEngland had nat well kept the peace / wher\u2223vnto he was sworne and had sealed to / acordin\u00a6ge to the tenor of the treaty made at Bertiguin besyde de Charters / & after co\u0304fermed at Calays. For they sayd thenglysshmen hath hated the re\u00a6alme of Frau\u0304ce more / syth the peace was made than they dyde before. And sir this that we say ye shall fynde of trouth / if ye cause the charters of the peace to be reed / to the which the kyng of England & his son are bounde by their faithe & othe. Than the kynge to be better enformed of the trouthe and to kepe ye rightes of his realme caused to be brought into the cha\u0304bre of counsell all the charters of the peace / & made them to be reed ouer often tymes / the better to examyne ye poyntes & artycles co\u0304prised in the\u0304. And amon\u2223ge other ther was one submyssion / wheron the kyng and his counsayle arested moost / bycause it spake clerely and playnly of that they loked for / the tenour wherof here after foloweth.\nEDward by the grace of god: kyng of en\u2223gland / lorde of Irlande & of\nAcquitayn. To all them that this present letters seyth: We send gretyng / knowe you all that in the finall & last acorde and peace made / bytwene vs & oure right dere brother the french kyng / are contey\u2223ned two artycles / co\u0304prisyng ye forme folowing. The first is / wher it is sayde that the foresayd kynges are bounde to cause to be co\u0304fermed all the sayd artycles co\u0304prised in the peace by the ho la father the pope / and so to be delyuerd by sen\u2223tence fro the court of Rome / touchyng the {per}fe\u2223ction & acco\u0304plysshment of this present treaty: & so to be delyuerd to the {per}ties / at lest within thre wekes / after the french kyng shulde be aryued at Calys. Also to thentent that these artycles & treaties passed / shulde be the more ferme & sta\u2223ble / ther shulde be made certayne bondes & de\u2223lyuered as foloweth. That is to say: letters sea\u00a6led with seales of bothe kynges and their eldest sonnes / suche as shulde be deuysed by the coun\u00a6sayles of bothe kynges. And also the sayd kyn\u2223ges & their children shulde\nSwere and others of great lineage, numbering twenty, were to keep and aid in keeping all the following articles, according to their ability. They were to comply with these articles without fraud or deceitful intent. Both kings were to use their best efforts and all their influence to bring all rebels into obedience, in accordance with the form of the truce. Both kings and their heirs, by oath and assurance, were to renounce all grants and favors of any kind granted by either, and should anyone, through disobedience, rebellion, or the power of any subjects of the French king, prevent the king from fulfilling these articles, the king of England and his heirs would not declare war on the realm of France. Instead, both kings and their heirs would submit themselves and their realms to the correction of the pope, who was to enforce peace and reconciliation through the church's censures against those who rebelled. Both kings and their heirs were also to renounce any grants or favors received by disobedience, rebellion, or the power of any subjects of the French king. Despite this, the king of England and his heirs would not make war on the realm of France.\nkings should assemble to reduce rebels to peace and concord. Although the subjects of the king of England would not render towns, castles, or fortresses which they held in the realm of France, these should be delivered according to the peace or by any other just cause, enabling the king of England to fulfill his obligations under this treaty. Then, kings together should wage war against such rebels to bring them to good obedience and to recover such towns, castles, and fortresses, and to deliver them as they ought to be. And there should be made as effective and secure bonds as possible, not only by the holy father the pope and the college of cardinals, but also by others. Additionally, there was another article in the same treaty stating: \"In token and perfect knowledge that we desire and wish to have and to nurture perpetual peace and love between us and our brother of France, we renounce and by these presents do renounce.\"\nWe renounce all graces and other processes of peace against our said brother, the realm of France and its subjects. We promise and swear by the body of Jesus Christ, for ourselves and our successors, that we shall not do nor allow to be done by deed or word anything against this renunciation, nor against anything contained in the aforementioned articles. If we do or allow it to be done to the contrary, may we be reputed false and forsworn, and may we run into such blame and disgrace as a sacred king ought to do in such a case. And clearly we renounce all dispensations and absolutions of the pope. If any are obtained, they shall be of no value and shall not aid us in any manner. And more firmly to uphold all the said articles, we put ourselves, our heirs, and successors under the jurisdiction and correction of the Church of Rome. We will and consent that our holy father the pope confirm all.\nthe said treaty and order monications and general commands against us and our heirs and successors, and against our subjects, comons, universities, colleges, or any other singular persons, as we or they do or have attempted to the contrary of the said treaty, or occupy was castles or fortresses: or any other thing doing ratifying or giving counsel, comfort, favor, or aid privately or openly, against any of the said articles. And we have caused our dearest son Edward, prince of Wales, to swear the same. And our younger sons: Lionel, earl of Ulster; John, earl of Richmond; and Edmund of Langley; and our right dearest cousin Philippa of Navarre; and the dukes of Lancaster and of Brittany; and the earls of Stafford and Salisbury. And the lord of Manny, the captain of Beaufort, James Audley, Roger Beauchamp, John Chandos, and Rafe.\nFerres, Edward Spenser, Thomas and William Phelton, David Rabelais, Frank de Hall, John Mowbray, Bartylme Bromes, Henry Percy, and others. We will cause all our other children and the majority of the great prelates, earls, and other nobles of our realm of England to swear to these presents. In witness thereof, we have affixed our seal to these instruments, given at our town of Calais in the year of our Lord MCCC and threescore. The 24th day of October.\n\nAmong other writings that had been granted, as well at Bertigny beside Charters as at Calais: when King John was there. This said charter was one of them and was well read and examined by King Charles in the presence of the chief of his council. Then the prelates and barons of France said to the king, \"Sir, the king of England and the prince his son have not fully fulfilled the said peace, but have taken towns and castles and keep them: to the great damage of your realm.\"\nRansack and plunder the people so that the payment for the redemption is still unpaid. Therefore, sir, you and your subjects have good right and just cause to break the peace and make war against the Welshmen. Moreover, some of his counselors secretly advised him, saying, \"Sir, hardly take on this war; you have cause to do so. For, sir, as soon as you begin the war, you will see and find that those from the duchy of Aquitaine will turn to you: not only prelates, barons, earls, knights, and squires, but also the burghers of good towns. You may see, sir, how the prince would proceed in raising this levy, but he cannot bring it to his purpose. Therefore, he is in hatred with all persons, for those from Poitou, Xainton, Querry, Lymosyn, Rouerne, and Rochell are of such a nature that they can in no way love the Welshmen nor the Welshmen them. They are so proud and presumptuous.\"\nAnd besides that, the officers of the price extort the people of Saint-Politou and Rochell. They take all in abandon and reset some of them in the title of the price, so that there is none who is sure to have anything of his own. Furthermore, the gentlemen of the country cannot attain any office or promotion, for the Englishmen and servants to the prince have all. Thus, the French king was moved and counseled to make war, and the duke of Anjou, who lay at Toulouse, desired it greatly because of such displeasures the English had caused him in the past. The Gascons often spoke to the king. \"Dear sir, we are bound to have our resort to your court; therefore, we humbly request that you do right and law. And as you are the most rightful king of the world, do us right: on the great griefs and extortions that the price of Wales and his people inflict and would inflict upon us. And if you refuse to do us right, we\"\nshall we purchase for ourselves some remedy in some other place: and shall we yield and place ourselves under the jurisdiction of such a lord who will give us reason: and thus you will lose your seigniority over us. The French king, who had kept them for about a year and paid for all their expenses, should not need to concern himself with that matter, they said, as they were strong enough to wage war with the prince and all his power. Also, the king sent to Abuyah to know if they would turn and take his side and become French. And they answered that they desired nothing in the world more than to be French: they hated the French king so much. In the same year, Charles, the king's eldest son, was born.\n\nSo much were they exhorted by the king's council and so often requested by those of Gascony that an appeal was made and sent against him.\nTo be this appeal was commanded a clerk well-aged to do such a task, and a knight with him called Caponell of Caponall. And so they and their company departed from Paris, and took their way towards Poitou, and passed through Berry, Touraine, Poitou, and Xainton, and came to Blaye, and there passed the river. And so came to Bordeaux where the prince and princess were, and everywhere they said that they were messengers from the French king, therefore they were welcomed in every place. Then they took up their lodging and stayed there all that night, and in the next morning at a convenient hour, they went to the abbey of St. Andrews where the prince was lodged, and there they were well received. And when the prince knew of their coming, he caused them to come before him, and when they came into his presence, they knelt down and made their reverence, and delivered the prince letters of credence. The prince took and read them and said, \"sirs, you are welcome.\"\nCharles, by the grace of God, King of France, to our nephew, the Prince of Wales and inhabitants in the bonds of our realm, besides various others in the duchy of Aquitaine, who have been drawn and have come to our court to seek right for certain grievances and troubles unlawful. You, by feeble counsel and simple information, have been intending to do to them, of which we are astonished. Therefore, to oppose and remedy these matters, we are compelled to join with them.\nYour Majesty and excellency, we command you to come to our city of Paris, properly presenting yourselves before us in our chamber, where you are to right the complaints and grievances made by you against your people, who claim to have resorted to our court. This is to be done without delay, as soon as you have read or heard these letters. In witness whereof, we have set our seal to these presents, given at Paris on the 25th day of January.\n\nWhen the Prince of Wales had read this letter, he was greatly astonished, and shook his head in disbelief at the Frenchmen. After giving it some thought, he answered in this manner: \"We shall gladly go to Paris to see our uncle, since he has summoned us. But I assure you, we shall bring Basset with us, and he will have nothing to do nor any business of right there.\" It will be clearly demonstrated that at the rendering and putting into possession of the king, my father, into the duchy of Aquitaine, he quitclaimed all else.\nThe parties involved in this dispute have no other means of redress but to appeal to the king, my dear father, in England. If not, I warn you, it will cost the lives of one hundred thousand men. The prince then departed and went to another chamber, leaving them there. Then knights of England came to them and said, \"Sir, the two French messengers should have been taken and sent to Toulouse. The prince summoned Sir Thomas Phelton, the seneschal of Rouergne, Sir Thomas Pountchardone, Sir Thomas Percy, and his chancellor, the bishop of Bayeux. The prince demanded of them if the French messengers had any safe conduct from him or not, and they answered they knew of none that they had. The prince said, \"It is not proper that they should thus lightly depart from our country and make their tagging to the duke of Anjou, when they have thus\"\nSomeone came to our house. I believe all these messengers are concerned with my subjects: the earl of Armagnac, the lord Dalbret, the earl of Perigord, and the earls of Comynge and Carmaine, rather than the free kings. Therefore, because of the great disrespect they have shown us, we would be glad if they were taken and put in prison. All the princes counsel was right joyous and said, \"Ser, we have tarried too long for this purpose.\" In the county of Dagenois, the seneschal was commanded to take with him Sir William the Moor, a good knight from England, and they should ride after to stop the messengers. They departed and followed them for so long that they eventually overtook them in the land of Dagenois. They arrested them and made another occasion than the command, for in their arresting they spoke no word of the prince, but said that their host, where they last complained for a horse that he said they had changed. The knight and the messengers.\nThe clerk was astonished by these tidings and apologized, but their apology could not help. They were brought into the city of Dagen and put in prison. Some of their pages were allowed to depart, and they went by the city of Toulouse. They reported the entire matter to Duke Anio, who was not displeased, as he thought war and hatred should begin there. He prepared accordingly. These tidings reached the French king, for the pages returned and reported all the matter to him. The king was greatly displeased and took counsel and advice on the matter. In particular, he was angered by the words that the price would say when he declared that he would come personally to answer the appeal made against him, with a basinet on his head and 120 men-at-arms in his company, against which the French king made provisions wisely and subtly, thinking:\nIt was a weighty matter for the king to make war against the king of England and his pursuant. Seeing how they had put his predecessors to so much labor and trouble in the past, he found it a hard matter to begin a war. However, he was urged by the great lords of Gascony and Guyenne, and was shown what great extortions and damages the merciless men were doing daily and were likely to do in the future. He granted the war with a reluctant will, considering the destruction of the poor people that he thought would ensue thereby.\n\nAgainst this fierce answer of the prince, the French king and his council proceeded privately. And in the same season, Duke John of Berry returned from England. The king of England granted him a full year's leave, but he behaved wisely and never returned again. He made such excuses and other means that the war was opened, as you shall hear afterward. Also, Lord John Harcourt returned to his own country. The king\nof England gave him leave to depart / at the instance of Sir Louis Harcourt, his uncle, who was of Poitou: and as he was preparing to join the price, who fell sick; this was fortunate for him. His sickness lasted until the war had newly begun, and so he never returned to England again. Guy of Blois, who was then but a young squire and brother to the earl of Blois, was freed and delivered out of England; for when he perceived that the French king, for whose hostage he lay, did nothing for his release. Then he entered into a treaty with the lord of Coucy, who had married the daughter of the king of England, and he had yearly received a great revenue from the king of England's coffers because of his wife. And so there was such a treaty between the king of England and his son in law, and Guy of Blois: by the counsel of both brothers, Lord John of Blois and Sir Guy. And by the agreement of the French king: they clearly resigned the earldom into the hands of the king of England.\nThe king of England gave the land of Soissons to his son, granting him the lordship in law. The son, who remained there for a long time and found many excuses, never returned after being held as a hostage. However, I believe he eventually paid 30,000 marks for his release. Duke Louis of Bourbon was also fortunate, as he was held as a hostage in England. Through the king of England's grace, he was returned to France. While he was at Paris with the French king, the bishop of Winchester died, who was then chancellor of England. At that time, there was a priest named Sir William Wyke near the king of England, who held great influence with him. The king did nothing without his consent. When the bishopric of Winchester became vacant, the king of England, at the priest's request, wrote to Duke Louis of Bourbon, asking him to petition the Holy Father Pope Urban for the appointment of his chaplain to the bishopric.\nThe duke of Winchester promised the duke that he would treat him courteously when requesting his prisoner. When the duke of Bourbon saw the king of England's messengers and letter, he was pleased and showed them to the French king. The king then urged him to go to the pope for the same purpose, and he did so. Departing from Auxonne, the pope was not yet in Rome, and the duke made his request to him. The pope granted it and gave him the bishopric of Winchester at his pleasure, on the condition that the king of England would be favorable to him in the negotiations for his release. The duke of Bourbon then returned to France and England, where he negotiated with the king and his council for his release and showed them the bulls from the pope. The king was so pleased with this priest that the duke of Bourbon was released completely and paid twenty thousand francs.\nWyllm\u0304 Wy can was bisshop of Wyn chester / & chancellour of Englande. Thus the lordes were delvuered that were hostag{is} in En\u00a6gland. \u00b6 Now let vs returne to the warres of Gascoyne / the whiche began bycause of the ap\u2223pell that ye haue herde before.\nVE haue herde how the price of Wa\u00a6les toke in great dispyte his somo\u00a6nyng that was made to him to ap\u2223pere at Parys / & was in full inte\u0304\u2223syon acordyng as he had sayd to y\u2022 messangers / to apere {per}sonally in France with a great army the next somer. And sent inconty\u00a6nent to the\u0304glysshe capitayns & gascons y\u2022 were of his acorde / suche as were about the ryuer of Loyre / desyring the\u0304 nat to de{per}te farr thens / for he sayd he trusted shortly to set the\u0304 a warke. Of the which tidyng{is} the moost part of the co\u0304pany\u00a6ons were right ioyouse: but so it was the prin\u2223ce dayly impered of a sickenesse y\u2022 he had taken in Spayne / wherof his men were greatly dis\u2223mayd / for he was in that case he might nat ryde Of the which the frenche kyng was well enfor\u2223med / & had\nThe perfect knowledge of all his diseases led physicians and surgeons in France to diagnose his malady as dropsy, considered incurable. Sir Caponell of Caponall and the clerk were taken and imprisoned in the castle of Dagen, as previously mentioned. The earl of Comynes, the earl of Perigord, the vicomte of Carman, Sir Bertram of Taude, the lord de la Barde, and the lord of Pyncornet, who were in their own territories, took great offense at the taking of the said messengers. In the name of the king and for their cause, they went on this mission, so they thought to counteract it and open the war, declaring that such displeasure should not be endured. They then understood that Sir Thomas Wake was readying rods to fortify his fortress and was about to depart from Daguenais with a company of sixty spearmen. And when these lords knew this, they were greatly joyous and laid in ambush a company of C CC C spearmen to encounter Sir Thomas Wake and his company. Thus, the said.\nseneshall rode with his 60 spears & CC archers. Suddenly, they emerged from this great ambush of gascon men, surprising the English who thought little of this threat. Despite defending themselves as well as they could, the English were fiercely assaulted. At the initial encounter, many were cast to the ground, but eventually the English could no longer endure and were disorganized. Many were taken and slain. Sir Thomas saved himself by the aid of his horse and entered the castle of Montauban. The gascon men and others returned to their countryside with their prisoners and conquests. News was brought to the prince, who was at the time in Angoul\u00eame, that his seneschal of Rouen was discredited by the Earl of Perigord & others who had summoned him to the court of Paris. The prince was greatly displeased by this and vowed to avenge it.\nThe prince wrote to Sir John Chadis in Constantine at St. Sauveur le Vicomte, urging him to come without delay after seeing his letters. Sir John Chadis, unwilling to disobey the prince, hastened as much as he could to come to him and arrived at Angouleme. The prince received him with great joy. The prince then sent Sir John Chadis with certain men of arms and archers to Garryson of Montabon to make war against the Gascons and French, who were daily increasing and overrunning the prince's land. Sir Thomas Wake immediately went to Rodes to refresh and fortify the city. He also fortified the town and castle of Millon in the marches of Montpellier. In every place, he set archers and men of war. Sir John Chadis, being at Montabon to keep the marches and frothers there against the French, was joined by other barons and knights sent by the prince.\nThe captains of Beutz, Sir John and Sir Hely, the Soldier of Lestrade, the lord of Partney, the lord of Pons, Sir Loys of Harcourt, the lord of Pyname, the lord of Tanyboton, and Sir Richard of Pountchardon frequently clashed with the company of the Earl of Armagnac and the men of the Earl of Dalbes, who guarded the border against them with the aid of the Earl of Perigord, the Earl of Cominges, the vicomte of Carmain, the vicomte of Tharyde, the lord de la Barde, and others, all of alliance and affinity. At times one party would prevail and at times the other, as fortune favored in military engagements. Throughout this period, the Duke of Anjou remained still and took no action, for his brother, the French king, commanded him in no way to make war against the prince, unless he was commanded otherwise.\n\nThe French king, meanwhile, secretly and subtly, obtained various captains of the companies and others for himself.\nThe king sent the men into the marches of Berry and Auvergne. He consented that they should live there, commanding them to make no war until they were otherwise commanded. The French king would not tolerate war, as he believed this would cost him the enterprise he trusted to have in the Poitou domain. If the king of England had known that the French king intended to make war, he would have been well prepared for the damage that followed in Poitou, as he had provisioned the good town of Aunis with Englishmen and furnished all other garrisons in the said territory. The seneschal of the same county was an Englishman named Sir Nicholas Louys, who was in the king of England's favor, as he was worthy. He was so true that he would never consent to any shame, cowardice, or villainy. In the same season, the men were sent\nThe earl of Salisbury and Sir William of Dorset, sent by the French king, came to speak with the king of England and his council about the daily delay of peace. They explained that it was harmful on their part, due to the war that their companions had waged in the realm of France for six years continuously, as well as various other incidents, which the French king was displeased about but not fully content with. The king of England kept these ambassadors in England for two months, and during this time they declared various articles to the king numerous times. The king was greatly displeased, but they paid little heed, as they were instructed by the French king and his council to do so. When the French king had secret and certain knowledge that the people of Auvergne would join France, and that the wars had opened in Gascony, and that all his people were prepared and willing to make war against the prince and enter into the realm, the ambassadors reported this to the king.\nThe prince intended to avoid reproach and not delay in being spoken of unfavorably if he sent his people to the king of England or a prince's land, took towns, cities, castles, or fortresses without defense. Therefore, he was advised to send a defiance to the king of England. And so he did, through his sealed letters, and a Breton servant bore them. Upon arriving at Douai, he found the earl of Salisbury and Sir William Dorman returning from France and had delivered their message. The servant revealed the content of his message, and they were commanded to do the same. When they heard this, they departed from England as quickly as possible and crossed the sea, and they were very joyful when they arrived at Bolen. At the same time, the prince had sent to Rome to Pope Urban, Sir Giles Daillon for various matters concerning Aquitaine. He found the pope favorable in all his requests and returned again. En route, he learned about the Gascons.\nFrenchmen waged war against the prince and overran the primary one, leaving him severely embarrassed and fearful of his return without danger. He sought refuge with the earl of Savoy, who was in Piemont in the town of Pinerolo, as he was also making war against the marquis of Saluzzo. The earl of Savoy received him joyously and kept him for two days, bestowing great gifts upon him and especially upon Sir Guyshard D'Angles, as the earl greatly honored him due to his noble chivalry.\n\nHowever, as he was detained and approached closer to the borders of France and Bologna, he heard increasingly dire news for his purpose. Realizing that he could not return to Guienne, he was too well known there, he gave the governance of his company to a knight named Sir John I Sores, who had married his daughter, as he was a good Frenchman: born in the marches of Brittany.\n\nSo he took on the responsibility to conduct his father-in-law's company back home, and he went into\nthe land of the lord of Beauieu, and there he passed the river Somme. He acquitted himself with the lord of Beauieu in such a way that he brought him and his entire company to Ryon in Auvergne to the duke of Berry. He offered to be a good vassal there, so that he might be brought peacefully to his own house in Brittany. And his father-in-law, Sir Guy Shard Dangle, disguised himself as a poor priest, with a wretched horse and clothing. They passed through France, the marquesses of Burgundy and Auvergne. He did much there with great pain and entered the principality, coming to Angoul\u00eame to the prince, where he was warmly welcomed. And another knight who went with him to Rome was called Sir William of Cans; out of fear. As he came homeward, he came to the abbey of Cluny in Burgundy and stayed there for more than five years, and dared not leave the house. And yet, he eventually surrendered himself to the French. Now let us return to the Breton king's defiance.\nA certain varlet, the king of England's messenger, did so much that he came to London. He learned that the king and his council were holding a great council at Westminster, discussing the princes' wars between him and the barons and knights of Gascony, to determine how it should be maintained and who should be sent from England to aid him. And then new tidings came, which made them have other business than before. This French varlet did so much that he entered the chamber where the king and his council were and said he was a varlet sent by the French king with letters for the king of England. He knelt down before the king and offered him the letters. The king, greatly desiring to know their meaning, caused them to be opened and read. Then the king and all his council were greatly astonished when they understood the defiance and carefully examined the seal and signature. They saw clearly that it was of authority.\nThe varlet departed, telling him he had done well with his message. Therefore, he could depart whenever he wanted, without any hindrance, and so he returned as soon as he could. At that time, there were still hostages in England: the Earl of Auvergne, the Earl of Porseen, the Lord of Mallurer, and others, who were deeply distressed when they heard this news because they did not know what the king would do with them. The king and his council were greatly displeased that a varlet had brought such defiance and said that it was inappropriate for the war between two such great princes as the king of England and the French king to be published in such a way. They thought it should have been done more appropriately by a prelate or by some valiant man, baron or knight. However, they saw there was no remedy. Then they advised the king to send a great army to Poitou to keep the borders there and specifically to the area where:\nThe town of Abuyle, in great danger, was to receive the king's aid. The king agreed and appointed the Lords Percy, Newell, Carcester, and Sir William Wynsore, with 300 men and 100 archers, to go there. Meanwhile, as these lords prepared and were about to cross the sea from Dover, news came from Poitou that was far from joyful. The Earls of St. Pol and Chastillon, masters of the crossbowmen of France, believed the king of England was being defied. They turned towards Poitou and had secretly summoned the knights and squires of Artois, Hainault, Cambresis, Vermandois, Uz\u00e8s, and Picardy, urging them to join them, numbering around 200 spearmen. They arrived at Abuyle and laid siege to the gates, as previously determined. The men of war entered without causing any harm.\nThe chief leader of the men of war in the town, Sir Hewe of Chastelon, went straight to find the seneschal of Poitou, Nicolas Louang, and took him prisoner. They also took a rich clerk and a valuable man, the treasurer of Poitou. That day, the French took many wealthy prisoners, while the English lost all they had in the town of Abyle. The same day, the French ran to Saint Valery and entered it, taking the town and Crotay as well. Later, the earl of Saint Pol came to the bridge of Saint Remy on the Somme River, where some English had withdrawn. The earl assaulted them, and there was a great skirmish with many noble deeds of arms. The earl made his eldest son, Galetan, a knight that day, who acted nobly but the English were so overwhelmed that they were eventually discovered, killed, and taken.\nand the bridge and fortresses also. In brief, all the country and territory of Poitou was completely delivered from the English, so that none remained to cause harm to the country. The news reached the king of England in London that those of Poitou had forsaken him and had become French. With this, he was greatly displeased, and had many harsh thoughts against the French envoys who were still with him at London. However, he thought it would be great cruelty if he took out his displeasure on them. Yet he sent the burghers of French cities and towns, whom he held as hostages, into various towns and fortresses in England, and kept them stricter and harder than they had been kept before. The earl of Auvergne was ransomed for thirty thousand francs, and the earl of Porse for ten thousand francs, and the lord of Roy was kept still in prison in great danger, for he was not well beloved by the king of England or by any of his.\nThe king of England saw that he was defied by the French king and that the county of Poitou was lost, which had cost him so much in the repair of towns, castles, and houses, for he had spent over a hundred thousand francs more than their revenues. He saw clearly that he was likely to have war on all sides. It was also shown to him that the Scots were newly allied with the French and were preparing to make war. The king was sore displeased, for he doubted the war of the Scots more than that of the French, for he knew well that the Scots did not love him because of the damages he had done to them in the past. Then the king sent commissioners of war to the Scottish borders: to Berwick, Roxborough, Newcastle, and into other places around the borders. He also sent a:\nThe text refers to a naval threat to Hampton, Gernsey, and the Isle of Wight, as the French king prepared to sail to England with a large navy. The English were unsure of where to defend. After the declaration of war, the duke of Anjou and the duke of Berry did not rest but assembled their forces in Auvergne and Tholous. The duke of Berry had gathered all the barons of Auvergne, the bishopric of Lyon, and the bishopric of Mascon. He also had the lord of Beaujeu, the lord of Uyllers, the lord of Tornon, Sir Godfrey of Boloyne, Sir Johan of Arnemanne, Sir Johan of Uyllemure, the lord Motague, the lord of Talenson, Sir Hugh Dolphyn, and the lord of Rochfort, among others.\nall these drew into Towrain and into the marches of Berry; they began to make sore war in the good country of Poitou, but they found it well garnished with men of war, both knights and squires. In the marches of Towrain in the French garrisons and fortresses, there was Sir Loyes of St. Julian, Sir William of Bordes, and Carnet Breton. These three were companions and great captains of men of war, and they performed feats of arms against the English.\n\nThe duke of Lancaster had, by his inheritance in Champagne, a castle between Troyes and Chalons called Beaufort. Of this castle, an English squire (called Purceuant Damors) was captain. And when this squire saw that the war was open between the French king and the king of England, then he turned himself and became French, swearing from thenceforth faith and allegiance to the French king, who greatly rewarded him and left him still captain of the same castle.\nTwo knights named Yuan and another squire of Champagne accompanied the knight. They were great companions and performed many feats together against the English. The count of Robertsart, who had always been a good Frenchman, renewed his allegiance during this war and did fealty and homage to the king of England, who was pleased with his service. The knights and squires turned their allegiance on both sides. The duke of Anjou had managed to secure the company of Gascony, Raff Bray, and Nandon of Pans, making them all fresh recruits. The English were displeased, as their strength significantly lessened. Nandon of Bagarant, the Bourg of Lespare, the Burg Camus, Robert Briquet, Robert Thin, John Trenelle, Gailard dela Mote, and Aymery of Rochechouart remained good Englishmen. These English and Gascon companions, along with others of their accord and affinity, resided in the bishopric of Mans and in base Normandy, and had taken a number of places.\nThe town called Uire was destroyed, and all the surrounding countryside was devastated. The company was divided, some turning to one side and some to the other, making them all either English or French. The king of England was advised to send his son, the earl of Cambridge, and the earl of Penbroke to the duchy of Aquitaine to the prince, accompanied by a certain number of men of war. Those named to join them on this voyage were the lord of Tarbeston, Brian Stapleton, Sir Thomas Balestre, John Trues, and others. They entered the sea as soon as they could and had four thousand men of arms and four thousand archers. They sailed towards Brittany and had favorable winds, arriving in the haven of St. Malo on the Isle. When the duke of Brittany (Ser John Mountford) learned they had arrived in his country, he was overjoyed and sent knights to receive them immediately, including John of Laigingay and John Augustin.\nThe earl of Cambridge and the earl of Penbroke were joyous, as they did not know if the lords, knights, and good towns of Brittany would allow them to pass through the country or not. These said English lords urged the duke to let them pass. And the duke, who was favorable to Englishmen and reluctant to displease them, granted their request, allowing them to pass through the country for a fee. The earl of Cambridge and the earl of Penbroke, along with their company, then joined the companions at the castle of Gontierland in the town of Uire and took them with them, passing through the river of that country. At the same time, Hugh Caurel with a great company was newly come out of Aragon from Spain. As soon as he learned that the French were making war against the prince, he passed through the Four Cities and the prince ordered {ser} Hugh Caurel to be appointed.\nthe captain had two thousand fighting men. The prince sent them to the lands of the earl of Arminas and of the lord Dalbret to burn and exile the country. And so they made great war and did much damage to the countryside.\n\nThe earl of Cambridge and the earl of Penbroke, who had arrived at Saint Malo (as you have heard before), stayed there until all their company had passed by the agreement of the duke of Brittany. And when they were well refreshed there, they had leave to depart, and so they went to Nantes: and there the duke received them right honorably, and they stayed with him for three days, refreshing themselves and their people. On the fourth day they crossed the great river Loire at the bridge of Nantes and rode so long by their journeys that they came to Angoul\u00eame, where they found the prince and the princess. The prince was very joyous at the coming of his brother the earl of Cambridge and of the earl of Penbroke, and demanded of them\nThe king and his father, the queen and his mother, and his other brothers stayed there for three days. Afterward, the prince sent them on a journey into the county of Piergourt. The two lords and their company prepared to leave and took their leave of the prince, numbering three hundred fighting men, reinforced by various knights and squires from Poitou, Anjou, Quercy, and Rouergue. Entering the county of Piergourt, they caused great damage and destruction. After burning and overrunning most of the countryside, they laid siege to a fortress called Bourdeill. Two squires, Bernardyn and Erualdon, were the captains within. In addition, there were various good captains in the county whom the earl of Piergourt had sent to guard the fortresses and garrisons, well-provisioned with artillery and supplies.\nAnd other things necessary to maintain and keep their places for a long time. Those within were of good will to do so. During the siege before Bourdeill, there were many feats of arms done and many a sally, many a recapture, and many a skirmish near hand daily, for the two squires within were right hardy and proud, and loved little the English men. And they came often times to the barriers and skirmished with them without; and some days won and some days lost, as the adventures of war often times fall. And on the other side, in the marches of Anjou and Toulouse, there were about a thousand fighting men, some Frenchmen and Bretons, Burgundians, Picards, Normans, and Angevins. They often did great damage in the prince's land, under whom were captains Sir John de Belle, Sir William of Bourdes, Sir Loys of Saint Julian, in the frontiers of Poitou and Xaintonge, as various knights of the prince, and especially Sir Simon Burle.\nThe men of Dangouse did not have the four-fifths of the numbers the French had. The French had a thousand fighting men or more, while the English had at most two or three hundred. The prince had sent a great number of his men into four armies: one of five hundred with John Chados and other companions in the lands of the earl of Armynacke and the lord Dalbreth; and a great company with Hugh Caurell; and the largest company of all with his brother the earl of Cambridge, to the siege of Bourdeil. Therefore, there were few English against the French in Poitou. Nevertheless, they conducted themselves nobly and kept the frontiers and garrisons there, never refusing to fight or skirmish with the French, despite the numerical disparity.\n\nOne day, the French learned that the English were scattered in the fields. They were greatly pleased by this news and laid in wait for them.\nThe English men found themselves in a bushment as the French men were returning from an enterprise between Mirebel and Lusignen. And so, at a broken way, the French men came out on them, numbering around 5,000. Sir John de Bueil and Sir William de Bourdes, Sir Loys of St. Julian, and Carnet the Breton were their captains. There was a fierce fight, and many English men returned to the earth, for the English men hardly fought and valiantly defended themselves as long as they could endure. Sir Simon Burle and Sir Angouse proved themselves noble knights that day. However, it availed them nothing, for they were but a handful against the French party. So they were discomfitted and forced to flee. Sir Angouse saved himself as well as he could and entered the castle of Lusignen. But Sir Simon Burle was so pursued that he was taken prisoner, and all his company either taken or slain, except a few.\nskaped. And than the fre\u0304\u00a6chemen returned into theyr garisons right ioy\u00a6ous of theyr aduenture / and in lyke wyse was the frenche kynge whan he herd therof. and the prince rightsore displeased / and sorowefull for the takynge of {ser} Symon Burle / whom he lo\u2223ued entierly / and had good reason and cause so to do / for he had euer ben a right noble and a co\u00a6ragious knyght / and had alwayes right valy\u2223antly borne hym selfe / in the susteynynge of the kynge of Englandes parte: & so had be\u0304 al the o\u2223ther companyons / that were slayne and taken at that skrymysshe / wherof ye prince and al they of his parte were right sorowfull / The whiche was no meruayle / for it is comonly sayde that one is worthe a. C. and a. C. is nat worthe one / And truely sometyme it fortuneth / that by one man a hole countrey is saued by his wytte and prowes / and by a nother a hole countrey loworld ofte\u0304 tymes falleth.\nAFter thys aduenture that thus fell bitwene Mire\u00a6bel and Lusigne\u0304 (as ye haue herd before) the englissheme\u0304 and theyr\ncompanyons rode more wiselier together. And nowe letvs speke of {ser} John\u0304 Chandos / and {ser} Guysshard Dangle / and their co\u0304panies / who were at Mo\u0304taban a .vii. leages from Tholouse / and made many horrible en\u2223terpryses / and whan they sawe they had layne there a longe space / and thought they had nat enployed well their season / except in kepyng of the fro\u0304ters. therfore they determined to go and lay siege to Tarriers in Tholousayn / & so they prepared all thyng redy and departed fro Mo\u0304\u00a6taban / and went to Tarriers and besieged it rounde about. And they perceyued well howe they coude nat geat it by noassaute / nor none o\u2223ther wayes at their ease / without it were by my\u00a6nynge / than they sette theyr mynours a warke / who atcheued theyr warke so well / that on the e towne and all they within slayne / and the towne rob\u2223bed and spoyled. And in the same iourney they had thought to haue taken another towne a. iii leages from Tholouse called Lauall: and had layde a busshement there by in a Wodde. And than a\nAmong them, quietly armed under the guise of country villains, were heading towards the town, but they were discovered by a villainous boy who was in their company. He revealed their plan, and so they abandoned their enterprise and returned to Montauban. In the same season, in the fields, there were the earl of Perigord, the earl of Comynges, the earl of Lisle, the viscount of Carmain, the viscount of Bruniquel, the viscount of Latour, Bertram of Thirde, the lord de la Barde, the lord of Pincornet, Perducas Dalbreth, the burgher of Lesparre, the burgher of Bertueil, Ayemon Dortingue, Jaquet de Bray, Perrot of Sauoy, and Arnolde of Pans, and they numbered around ten thousand. They entered Quercy by the command of the duke of Anjou, who was then in the city of Toulouse, and they brought great tribulation upon that land, burning and exiling the countryside. They then came to Riamulle in Quercy and besieged the town.\nThe seneschal of Quercy had provisioned the town well in all ways and had many English men within it who refused to surrender the town for this reason. Yet the people of the town were willing to do so. The lords and knights of France sent for four great engines to the city of Toulouse. When they arrived, they were prepared and raised up, and they cast night and day stones and large pieces of timber into the fortress. In addition, they set miners to work, who boosted their morale to quickly win the town. The Englishmen within, like noble and valiant men, comforted each other and remained steadfast in their mining.\n\nMeanwhile, in the marches of Limousin and Auvergne, the duke of Berry was in Auvergne with a great number of men-at-arms. This included Sir John of Armagnac, his uncle; Lord John of Villeneuve; Roger of Beaufort; Lord of Beaujeu; Lord of Villefranche; and Lord of Sergnac.\nLord of Cale\u0304con, Sir Griffith of Motague, and Sir Hugh Dolphin, along with a great number of other good knights and squires, overran the marches of Rouergue, Quercy, and Limousin. They caused great damage and greatly impoverished the countryside, as nothing was held against them. By the means of the duke of Berry, the archbishop departed from Toulouse, who was a right good cleric and went to Carcassonne, where his brother was bishop. There he preached and publicly declared the French king's quarrel in such a way that the city of Carcassonne turned French and swore fealty and homage to the French king from then on. Then the said archbishop rode forth further and preached and declared the French king's right, title, and quarrel in such a way that the entire country became French. He caused more than sixty towns, cities, castles, and fortresses to turn French with the help and aid of the duke of Berry's company of men at arms, including Sir John of Armagnac.\nAnd they, who rode abroad in the country, caused the towns of Sigac, Gaignac, Caponac, and various other good towns and strong castles to turn French. For he preached that the French king had such great right and just cause in his quarrel that the people who heard him believed him. Naturally, the people were more French than English in their minds, which helped the matter. In the same way, this archbishop went about preaching and showing the right and quarrel of the French king to the common people of cities and good towns. There were also diverse other prelates and clerks in Picardy who well and sufficiently did their duty to show and to preach the said quarrel of the French king to the people. Specifically, Sir William was among them. Furthermore, the French king himself was so moved by devotion that he caused continual processions by the clergy, and he and the queen would go barefoot, requesting and beseeching God.\nThe king deeply assisted and maintained the right of the realm of France, which had been in great tribulation. He also caused all his subjects, under the constraint of the prelates, to do the same. The king of England did the same in his realm. At that time, there was a bishop in London who made many preachings and declarations, showing the people that the French king, through great wrongdoing, had renewed the war; that he acted against right and good reason, and that he openly proved this through various articles and points. It was necessary for both kings, since they were determined to make war, to show their people the order and cause of their quarrels, so that they might with better will help and aid their lords, of whom they were all awakened in both realms. The king of England sent to Brabant and Hainault to know if he might get any aid there, and he requested Duke Albert, who held rule and governance over them, to come.\nIn the county of Heynault at that time, the duke Albert agreed to open his courtyard to allow him to enter and leave, and to reside there if necessary, and to pass through the realm of France with his army. At the request of the king of England, his uncle, and at the desire of the queen, his aunt, Duke Albert consented to their wishes, with the aid and goodwill of Edward, Duke of Guerlais, who was on the side of the king of England. They were in faith and homage to the king of England at the time, and he desired that they should each provide him with a thousand spearmen at his expense and charge. Therefore, these two lords advised that it would be good for the king of England to ally himself with Duke Albert, who was strongly tempted by them and by the great gifts that the king of England promised him through the knights he had sent. But when\nThe lord of Cominges, who was close to the fresh king, heard about it. He returned to Heynault and was most governed by the counsel of Lord John Werth. He was a wise and valiant knight, and was good-natured in heart. He was so well loved by the duke and duchess that he broke the purpose of the English messengers. With the help of the earl of Blois and his brother Sir John of Blois, Lord Ligny, and Lord Barbason, the duke and his entire country remained neutral and held with neither side. This was the answer of Jane, duchess of Brabant. King Charles of France, who was sage, wise, and cunning, had worked on this treaty for three years prior. He knew he had good friends in Heynault and Brabant, and especially the majority of the counselors of the great lords. To disguise and make his war seem fairer, he copied out various letters concerning the peace confirmed at Calais. In these, he closed the substance of his deed and what it entailed.\nThe king of England and his children were sworn to keep and in what articles, by their sealed letters, they were submitted to make reunciations, renouncing such commissions as they ought to have delivered to their people, and all other articles and points that made anything for him and his quarrel condemning the Englishmen's deaths. These letters the king caused to be published in the courts of great lords, to the intent they should be better enforced of his quarrel. In like manner, opposing this deed, the king of England showed his quarrel in Almain and other places, where he thought to have any aid. The duke of Gueldres, nephew to the king of England, son to his sister, and the duke of Juliers' cousin Germayn, who were at that time good and true Englishmen, had great disdain for the defiance that the French king had made to the king of England, done by a varlet. They greatly blamed the French king and his council in his so doing.\nThe great princes, including the French king and the king of England, were urged to declare and wage war against each other. Notable persons such as prelates, bishops, or abbots, advocated for this, citing the French men's presumption and pride. They vowed to publicly defy the French king and sent various knights of the Holy Roman Empire with them. Their intention was to enter France and engage in such military actions that their deeds would be remembered for twenty years. However, they accomplished nothing, as their purpose was thwarted by another means, as you will learn in this history.\n\nWe have heard that for a period of five years, the king of England could not obtain Pope Urban's consent to grant them a dispensation for Mary's marriage. The Earl of Surrey was approached from other quarters, and particularly by the French king, on behalf of his brother, the Duke of Burgundy. When the Earl saw that the marriage was imminent,\nThe earl of Flanders wished to take his daughter to England, and it was the appropriate time for her marriage and his having no more children. He believed the young duke of Burgundy to be a suitable husband for her. Then, he dispatched certain messengers to England to negotiate the acquisition, and the messengers succeeded in their mission. The king of England, who held no ill will, released the earl of Flanders from all his alliances, as a sign of approval for his daughter's marriage. The messengers returned to Bruges, and they reported to the earl their success. He was greatly pleased. The marriage between the duke of Burgundy and the earl's daughter was soon arranged. It was reported to me that the earl of Flanders received more than fifty thousand francs for this marriage, and the towns of Dowa and Lisle were delivered as collateral for the money. The French king granted these towns to the earl of Flanders with this marriage. He took possession of them and established his presence there.\nThe two towns were attributed to Flanders due to a marriage. I cannot say more about this, as I was shown. After the composition of the marriage, it took place in the town of Ghent. There was great feasting and solemnity on the day of the marriage. Many lords, barons, and knights were present, including the noble lord of Coucy, who was sent by the French king. Every man was generously entertained with justices and triumphs. Afterward, the king of England saw that the earl of Flanders, due to this marriage, was called into France. He knew war was imminent: the commune of Flanders maintained the opinion and quarrel of the king of England more than that of the French king. The king of England, who sought friends in all parties, quickly agreed to an accord with Navarre, his cousin in base Normandy, who was hated by the French.\nThe king, because of certain lands that he kept and claimed as his inheritance, which the French king held in every garrison, was there Eustace Da\u011fouvernor of a town by the passage of St. Clement, in the close of Constantinople. These lands belonged to the king of Navarre, for they were part of his heritage. The king of England sent him (for he was also his man and knight) to learn the mood of the king of Navarre. On the sea they met Normans and pirates, who fiercely assaulted them and were far stronger than the Englishmen. The Normans conquered them and slew them all, refusing to spare one. The king of England was greatly displeased by this event. However, he could not remedy it. Immediately after this, the king of Navarre returned to Cherbourg. Eustace Dambreticourt (who was sent for by the prince) took leave of the king of Navarre to go and serve the prince.\nthe king gave him leave severely against his will. However, Eustace showed him so many reasonable causes that he eventually departed and set sail with all his company, reaching Saint Malo. The duke of Brittany, who was then neutral, agreed to this, and so Sir Eustace traveled so long that he arrived in Poitou and went to the town of Angolesme to see the prince, who received him with great joy. The prince then sent him to Sir John Chandos and to the capital of Beauvais, who were at Montauban making their front against the French men. Sir Eustace arrived safely with the entire company.\n\nMeanwhile, the knights of Picardy gathered together to go and assault Ardres. Mor\u00e8s Finnes, Constable of France, and John Verrini, Constable of Hainaut, were the commanders of this company by the command of the French king, and they assembled in the town of Saint.\nAnd there were a thousand spearmen, ready to defend their fortresses if necessary. On a day, all the Frenchmen and henchmen assembled together in the field in good array and fresh maur. It was a sight to behold the banners and standards waving with the wind, and they gave assault to the town, not greatly to their profit, for there were diverse of them sore hurt and wounded, and conquered nothing. And as it was shown me, on the next day they parted from Ardres without doing any great harm, and so returned every man home to his own house. Thus broke up that siege. Let us speak of other countries, as of the siege that was before Sir John Armyne, Sir John Willimore, the Lord of Beausyre, Sir John Chandos, the Captain of Beufz, Sir Guysshard Dangle, and other Englishmen who kept the frontier about Montabau, knew well how the Frenchmen had laid siege before Reainville, and what number they were.\nThey were not able to fight against them or raise the siege. The earl of Cambridge and the earl of Penbroke lay siege before Bourdeaux. The Frenchmen before Reignault set their squares. The people of the town were taken to mercy. Among them were Sir Hugh Caurell, Sir Robert Brequet, and Sir Thomas Witeualle, who kept the town and castle of Millan for days. However, the country around him had all turned French. Yet he kept his fortress for a year and a half after. He also had another fortress in Brittany called Wanclere, in which he made many noble issues until Sir Bertram of Clesqui put him out, as you shall hereafter in this history. And all ways still, the siege endured before Bourdeaux.\n\nIn the marches of Poitou, by scaling the castle called the Roche of Poitiers at the entrance of Poitou on the river Creuse, two leagues from Haye in Touraine, and near Chatellerault on the same river, all the countryside of Poitou was in great fear for.\nThe Franche-Comt\u00e9 people laid a great garrison there and repaired the castle. They fortified and equipped it with artillery and supplies. When these events reached the prince, he was greatly displeased but could not change it. He then sent messages to Sir Giles Shardesbury, Sir Louis of Harcourt, the lord of Partenay, the lord of Pinan, and various others who were at Montauban with Sir John Chandos, instructing them to come to him. According to the prince's command, they departed from Montauban and came to Angoul\u00eame to the prince. Immediately, he sent them to Poitiers to keep the city and defend the frontier against the Franche-Comt\u00e9 people. At the same time, a great baron of Poitou, the lord of Chauvigny, vice-count of Br\u00e9z\u00e9, defected to the English side and the town did as well. He furnished the town with Bretons and soldiers and went himself into France to the king. Of this adventure, the prince and all the others involved were involved.\nThe barons of Poitou were displeased, and the vicomte of Rochefort was suspected: it was reported to the prince that he intended to turn French. The prince summoned him and revealed his intentions, but the vicomte offered excuses as well as he could. Nevertheless, he was committed to prison and remained there for a long time. At the same time, the great seneschal of Poitou, under the prince, was James Audley, a wise and valiant knight. He assembled a great army of Poitou's barons and knights, including Sir Giles Dangar, Lord Harecourt, the lord of Pons, the lord of Parthenay, Lord Pinan, and Ser Geoffrey Dargenton, among others. That day, many noble deeds of arms were done. The English archers shot so closely together that none dared look out at any loop-hole to defend the town, and finally, by sheer force, the town was won, and the gates were brought down. Those within were taken and hanged.\nSir Robert, in spite of the victory their master had falsely grown arrogant and the town burned, and all the inhabitants within lost all they had. Many were slain and drowned. Then the Englishmen returned to Poitiers to refresh themselves. Sir Robert, who had been there before, was displeased with this in his mind and proposed to assemble such people as he could and serve the prince at his own cost and charge. As he imagined, so he did. He gathered from his friends and others the number of sixty men of arms and as many archers. And then he prepared four ships in a haven of Brittany called Caouke. When all his provisions were ready, he departed from Derwall and drew to the port and took the sea with his company, and sailed so long that they arrived at the Kay of Rochell. The burghers of Rochell, John Deureux captain of Rochell, John Chandos, and Sir Thomas Percy received Sir Robert Canolmayster.\nChief sovereign of all the knights and squires of his court, because of his valor and noble chiivalry, commanded all his court to obey him as their sovereign. And when he had been there for the space of five days and every man ready who should go with him, then he took leave of the prince and departed from Angoul\u00eame, accompanied by the prince's knights: Sir Richard of Pontchardon, Sir Stephen Goseton, Sir Dagloiret, Sir Noel Lorinch, Sir William Torcie, Sir Hugh Hastings, Sir John Trivet, Sir Thomas Spencer, Sir Tancon, Sir Thomas Balaster, Sir Nicholas Bonde, Sir William the Monk, the seneschal of Agenais, Sir Baudwin of Franille, and more than three score knights. So they were twelve men of arms and five hundred archers, and as many brigantes, all having good minds to find the Frenchmen and to fight them. Thus Sir Robert Conols or Sir Robert Canoll had knowledge that Sir Percival Dalbreth.\nwho was captain of a certain company, numbering about three hundred, and that he was in the country at the same time, and that by the purchase of the duke of Anjou, he became French. Then Sir Robert Canolly sent certain heralds and messengers to him, and gave him a safe conduct to come and speak with him in the fields, at a certain place limited, and so he came to him. Sir Robert Canolly made him great cheer, and they fell little by little into talking. Then Sir Robert Canolly showed him how it was to his discredit to turn himself French and forsake serving the prince, who had honored and loved him so well in the past. The duke of Anjou was greatly displeased by this, and thought less security in the said Sir Perducas. These tidings reached the city of Courts to the companions there. Among them were Aymon Ortigo, the little Mechin, Jacques Bray, Perot of Savoy, Arnolde of Pans, who were there to keep guard.\nThe Gascon garrison was troubled in their minds, considering and thinking that their garrison was too great and feeble to be kept against the English men's pressance. They departed from there and gave up the town to the bishop and burgesses of the same. They went to a priory there called Dur|mel, which they had fortified before, and determined to besiege the place. They came there and made many assaults, but those within were so well fortified with artillery and other war implements that they took but little harm. And when John Chandos, Thomas Phelton, the captain of Beufz, John Pomers, Thomas Percy, Eustace Dambre|ticourt, and other knights of the prince, who were at Montaban, understood that Robert Canolther intended to employ their season well, they departed from Montaban with more than three hundred spears and left two hundred behind to keep the garrison, among whom were captains Aymery.\nThe lords of Lestrade and Bernarde Dalbreth, along with the lord of Geronde, rode swiftly towards the siege of Durmell. En route, they discovered a strong French town named Monsac, which was guarded solely by its inhabitants but whom they were unaware of. To consult the town, they dispatched their couriers, who returned with word that the town was formidable, requiring siege or bombardment to be conquered.\n\nThe lords convened to discuss their options and decided it was not advisable to pursue their enterprise to Durmell. Instead, they passed it by each morning. They had not traveled far from Durmell when they encountered certain men with four summer wagons laden with provisions. The lords took them captive and demanded to know whence they came and their destination. The men replied they had departed from Toulouse to attend to business at Monsac and to bring supplies thither.\nDuring the strict examination of the town's state and its inhabitants, those who were afraid approached the town the following day and laid artillery against the walls. While this siege continued before Durmelle, there were many skirmishes and acts of arms. For there were many good knights and men-at-arms outside, and within were experienced men of war. Otherwise, they could not have endured for as long as they did. Those outside the siege had no great advantage, as they were in a worse condition than those inside for two reasons. The first was the inclement weather, which was harmful to both men and horses. The second was the lack of provisions, as they did not know what to eat. A loaf of bread was worth three old groats. And at times, they could get none for money. However, they often had plenty of wine, which gave them great comfort. In this situation, they were a five-day siege.\nWeeks passed, and when they saw they could win nothing there because the gascon was so strong and they lay in such great jeopardy and distress, they determined to depart and did so. They drew their forces to the castle and town of Domes, which stood in a more prosperous countryside, and besieged the gascon. Within was Captain, lord, and governor Sir Robert of Domes, and with him a cousin of his named Sir Peter Sanglette. They had brought all the victuals that were abroad in the countryside into the fortress. And when the Englishmen and Gascones, numbering five hundred men-at-arms and two thousand archers and pikemen, had thus laid siege to the fortress, they assaulted the place courageously and raised up various great engines. Daily there were cannon fire and skirmishes, and many feats of arms occurred. And when they had lain thus at siege for fifteen days and saw they gained nothing, they decided to lift the siege.\nAnd they remained there in great pain and toil. Then they took advice and set sail, concluding to send word to Angoul\u00eame to the prince, certifying him of their estate. Chandos the herald was commanded to go on this message, and he did so, coming to the prince who had about him only a small company, for all his knights and squires were out one way or another in war. When the herald came before the prince, he knelt down and recommended to him all the knights and squires he had left at siege, declaring to the prince wisely and discreetly the state and order of them at siege, and also delivered to the prince letters of credence. And when the prince had well understood all the matter, he said he would take advice in the matter and caused the herald to wait there for five days. On the sixth day, he delivered to him letters sealed under his own seal, and said at his departure, \"Recommend us to all the company.\"\nthere. And so departed and toke his way towarde Quercy. Nowe let vs speke of them of the \nANone after that Cha\u0304\u2223dos the heraulde was depar\u00a6ted on his message fro ye oste {ser} John\u0304 Chandos and {ser} Ro\u00a6berte Canoll / syr Thomas Phelto\u0304 / ye Captall of Beufz {ser} James Audeley / and the other knyghtes and squiers went to counsayle and concluded to breke vp their siege / for they perceyued well howe they coude geat nothyng there / and determined to go further into ye cou\u0304\u2223trey / and to wynne townes and garisons suche as were newly turned fre\u0304che / by the exhortyng of the duke of Berrey. So thus these knyghtes dislodged / and departed fro Do\u0304me / & went to Gauaches / the whiche incontinent yelded vp to them / and became englisshe / and there they re\u2223sted them a .iii. dayes / and toke cou\u0304sayle / what they shuld do further. And whan they departed they went to a fortresse / the whiche the frenche companyons had newely taken / called Foins / but as soone as they within the fortresse sawe the englissheme\u0304 come to\nthem, with such pomp and pageantry, and Gauaches was presented to them. They also surrendered their fortress and became English, and swore always to continue: but they were soon broken faith. Then the English passed on and came before Rochmador. The garrison was easily fortified, and yet they did not think to surrender the fortress. So when the Englishmen arrived at the town and well advised the manner of those within, they set forth their artillery and gave assault in good order. Many were hurt with shot, both within and without, during this assault, which lasted all day. And at night, the Englishmen withdrew to their lodgings, intending to assault it again the next day. But that same night, they within took counsel together and perceived well how sorely they were assaulted. The wisest among them said how, in the end, they could not endure, and if they were taken by force, they would all die, and the town burned.\nspoyled without mercy. So all thynges considered the good and the euyll: they fell in treatie to yelde them vp to the englisshemen. So they agreed that fro that daye forth they shulde become en\u2223glisshe / and that to fulfyll they made solempne othes / and beside that at theyr e towne So that within foure dayes they gaue many a great assaute / werby dyuers were hurte bothe within & without. All thynges considered they within perceyued well they coude nat long en\u2223dure / nor they knewe of no maner apparant re\u00a6skewe comyng to them warde. So than by co\u0304\u2223posicion they became englisshe / so y\u2022 they shuld haue no domage. So thus Uile fra\u0304che became englisshe. wherof y\u2022 duke of Aniou (who lay at Tholouse) was sore displeased / wha\u0304 he knewe therof / but he coude nat amende it as at y\u2022 tyme. Sir John\u0304 Chandos left there to be capitayne\nan englisshe knyght called sir Robert Roux & so passed forther distroyeng the countrey.\nNowe let vs returne to the siege of Bourdeill / and how the erle of Cambridge and the erle of\nPenbroke perceived in their war. In the meantime, while the barons and knights of England made their journeys in Rouergue & Quercy as well as in Agenoyse, the siege endured the whole season before the garrison of Bordeill, which lasted for eleven weeks. During this time, many came with all their power to the barriers of their town without the gate and valiantly skirmished there with all commuters. They bore themselves so properly that they were praised by all the east. Thus, in this state, they endured a great season, and by likelihood, would have done so for longer if pride and presumption had not been. For they were men there who concluded that the next day in the morning they would all be armed and keep themselves in their lodgings secretly, and send a certain number to skirmish with them within, for they thought well that those within would issue out on them as they were accustomed to do. And so when they had fought a while then...\nAnd so they feigned retreat, intending to lure their enemies out of the fortress. They arranged for a number of horsemen to be ready to intervene between them and the town to halt their return. On this arrangement they agreed, saying that if they did not have this plan, they would not easily take the town by any other means. And so, every morning, they ordered all their people to be armed and sent 200 to the town to scout. When the captains within, such as Erualdon and Bernardya, saw them approach, they were joyful and armed them and their entire company. They were a company of seven score young and lusty men. And so they opened the gate and came to their barriers, where they encountered their enemies fiercely. In the end, the Englishmen retreated. And when those within saw this, they issued out with their standard and said, \"Let us pursue them, for surely they are\"\nall ours. And so they followed after so fiercely that the foes fled so faintly that some were overcome and taken prisoners. Because they wanted all, they had but little. For it is an old saying, He who desires all, lets all go. So these companions followed so far from their fortress that when they wanted to return, they could not. Then Sir John Motague (who kept the vanguard with a five hundred fighting men and was made knight the same time by the earl of Cambridge) there he encountered his enemies. And what they of Bourdeille saw then: then they knew well that they had foolishly adventured themselves. Howbeit they drew together like valiant men and fought, and did such feats of arms that it was marvelous to record. And so they held themselves undiscomfited the space of two hours still fighting with their enemies, doing such deeds of arms that the Englishmen took great pleasure at their valiant deeds. And Sir John Motague was that day a good knight and a valiant man.\nThe valiant men of Bourdeill were all defeated, slain or taken, and none escaped. The English prisoners were released and Earl of Cambridge and Earl of Penbroke took control of the barriers and the gate. Earl of Cambridge's banner entered the fortress. The English had control of Bourdeill's garrison and made a new captain, the Lord of Mucydent and his company, along with 60 archers. They disbanded their army and decided to go to Angolesme to meet the prince to know his command. The siege at Bourdeill ended, and everyone returned.\n\nNow, let us return to the knights of England and Gascony who rode in Quercy. Let us speak of Chandos the herald and the news he brought.\nThese men of war and their companies rode in the marches of Rouergue and Quercy, turning towards their towns and castles, bringing the countryside into great turmoil. Chandos, the herald, came to them where they were before a fortress in Quercy. As soon as they saw the herald arrive, they made him great there and demanded news from him. He answered and said that the prince had greeted them all and expressed a strong desire to see them. He also delivered the prince's letters to them, which they read, finding in them that Ser John Chandos, Ser Thomas Phelipon, and the captain of Beufz were to return to the city of Angolesme, while Ser Robert Canoll and his men, along with all their companions, were to remain and make war as they had been doing. These lords, who were the chief of all the company, considered these tidings and demanded of each other what was best to do.\n\"said all to Sir Robert Carew. You have heard and understood how our lord the prince has summoned us, and has ordered that you should remain here as chief governor of all his men of war. Sirs replied he: my lord the prince bestows more honor on me than I would: but I tell you truly, without you I will not stay. So they all determined to return to the prince to know his pleasure more clearly. And at their departure, they sent Perducas Dalbret to the town of Rochemador to keep the frontier there against the French. And then they said to all the other companies: sirs, you have heard how the prince has summoned us, and yet we do not know why. Therefore, we shall tell you what you should do: you shall assemble together with your companies and enter into the marches of Limosyn and Auvergne, and make war: for without war, you cannot live. And sirs, we promise you\"\nAmong these companies were three squires, who were great captains, hardy and well experienced in war, particularly in sieging and scaling towns and fortresses. One was named Ortigo, the second Bernarde de.\nWyske and the third of la Sale. These three didn't intend to sit idle but to do some deed worthy of notice. Then they and their company went into Limosyn, and the seneschal and governor there under the prince was Sir John Deureux. These three aforementioned squires sought advice to attempt seizing a fortress in France. They knew well that Bellperche in Bourbon was a strong castle, and that in it dwelt the duke of Bourbon's mother and mother to the French queen. They understood through their spies that the good lady was in the castle alone, without company or good watch: for they had heard that the constable of the castle often rode out and left the place unguarded for long periods. So these companions, choosing from their number certain men for the task, didn't delay their purpose but rode for a day and a night. In the morning, they arrived at Bellperche and scaled the castle, taking it and the good lady within. Then they saw how...\nThe fortress was good and strong, situated in a prosperous countryside. They discussed how they intended to defend it against all enemies. That same night, they took another castle called St. Severe, on the Marches of Limousin, and gave it to Sir John Devereux. These news reached France, where it was learned that Bellperche had been taken by the English, and the queen's mother was within it. The haughty king was greatly displeased, as was the queen and the Duke of Bourbon, but they could not rectify the situation at that time. Meanwhile, Sir Loyse of Saxcy, a valiant knight and a hardy one, was chosen and admitted as one of the marshals of the war in France. However, Sir Arnould Dandescan, although a worthy knight, was so aged and worn from battles that he could no longer help himself or attend to the office. Nevertheless, he wished to.\n\nThe French king had prepared a great display of ships and vessels at the port of Harlech throughout the summer.\nTo send an army into England, well equipped with good men of arms, knights and squires. Sir Philip his brother, duke of Bourbon, was admitted as chief governor, with the intent to destroy England. The French king lay at the city of Rouen to bring about his purpose. And every week, two or three times, he would go and see his ships; he had such great mind and affection for them. Besides, his command was spread throughout the realm, so that about Rouen, Eu, and Beaumont, men of war came daily; in such great numbers that it was marvelous to behold. And daily great prizes came to them, as if they had been in Castile or Portugal. However, the Lord Clisson, who was one of the chiefest in the king's council, opposed this not because of age but dissuaded the king and all the nobles of the realm from this journey into England. Saying, they were not so well accustomed to making war as the English were. And alleged:\nThe person who knew more about the codicies and nature of the English and the state of England could not prevent the king's purpose or some of his counsel. However, this voyage was to proceed. The king of England and his son, the duke of Lancaster, and various of his counsel were well informed about this army and the voyage. The Frenchmen intended to come and make war on them in their own country, of which they were delighted. They had prepared the ports and passages on the sea against Poitou and Normandy to receive them if they came. And all the realm of England was determined to fight with them if they entered the realm. Then the king of England was advised to send his son the duke of Lancaster with a certain number of men of war to Calais. The king himself named those who were to go with his son there: the earl of Salisbury, the earl of Warwick, Sir Walter of Manny, the lord Ros, and Sir Henry Percy.\nThe Lords Basset, Wyllouby, Dalawar, de la Poule, Thomas Graulets, Aleyn Bourchier, and Richard Story, along with 500 men-at-arms and 500 archers, arrived at Douver. When their ships were ready, they crossed the sea and reached the strong town of Calais. The king of England had written specifically requesting that Sir Robert Harling serve him in his wars with a certain number of men-at-arms. Sir Robert, who had always been loyal to England, responded and said he would be ready whenever the king of England commanded him, or as soon as he knew the king or any of his children were at Calais or in the field to make war in France. As soon as he heard that the Duke of La Salle was at Calais, he summoned all his company and those who would serve and aid him, and prepared for his voyage as hastily as possible.\nAfter the detaining of the barons and knights of Guyenne, and after Chandos the traitor had brought them news from the prince, they all went in accord to the town of Angouleme, where they found the prince, who received them joyfully. The earl of Cambridge and the earl of Penbroke had returned before this, after the conquest of Bordeaux, as you have heard before. These lords made great feasts and cheer together when they met. Then they considered what was best for them to do during the season. They remembered that in the Anjou parties there was a fair and strong castle, partyying to the duke of Anjou, called Roche sur Yon. They all determined to go and lay siege to it and win it if they could. They prepared for this journey, and all the barons and knights of Poitou came to them. They came to the castle of Roche sur Yon.\nWhich was strong and well provisioned for defense, with men of war, pursuance, and artillery. The captain there, set by the duke of Anjou, was called Sir Jean Blodeau: who had under him many good companions, at the cost and charge of the duke of Anjou. Then the said lord laid siege around the castle in good order, and they brought divers great engines from the town of Thouars and from the city of Poitiers. They caused these to be raised up against the castle, besides other guns and springals that they had in their host. And they had enough provisions, for there came plenty to them from Poitou and from the marquis adjoining. And when Sir Jean Blodeau saw how he was besieged with so many good men of war, for there were nearly all the barons and knights of Aquitaine, and perceived well that there was no comfort or aid coming towards him from any quarter: he began then to be afraid, for he saw well that the lords who were there would not depart.\nAnd they had not yet taken the castle by force or other means. In the company of the Earl of Cambridge and Sir John Chandos, there were buying knights who were well acquainted with the captain and had served under him in the past. They came to the barriers and, through their promises and assurances, spoke with him. They handled him in such a way (for he was not subtle, although he was a good knight) that he surrendered the castle. If he were not rescued within a month, and he was to pay six thousand francs for the pursuances within the castle. And so, by this treaty, they agreed not to wait any longer without making war between both parties during the term of the said truce. If they were not rescued within the same term as stated above, they were to surrender the castle. This treaty was concluded, and the captain reported the matter to the Duke of Anjou, the French king, the Duke of Berry, and all.\nother lords whom he believed would aid him, intending to be excused from blame if any reproach was later laid at his charge. But despite his sending and the castle being fair and strong, and necessary for the countries of Anjou and Touraine, they received neither rescue nor support. Once the month had passed and expired, the English lords demanded that the captain keep his promise. He had also delivered good pledges to do so. Then the said captain said to his company, \"Sirsyth, the French king and the duke of Anjou will willingly relinquish this fortress; we cannot keep it alone without aid.\" And so he surrendered the castle, and the English took possession of it, being very glad to do so. They delivered to the captain 6,000 francs for such provisions as were within the castle. He and all his company were conveyed to the town of Angers. As soon as he arrived there\nHe was arrested by the governor of the town and put in the castle in prison. And one night, he was put into a sack and thrown into the river and drowned, by the strict command of the Duke of Anjou, because he had taken gold and silver for the delivery of the castle, which was capable of holding out for a year if necessary. Thus, the English had possession of the castle Roche sur Yon in Anjou, and there they set a great garrison and repaired the castle sufficiently. And then they returned again to Angoul\u00eame to the prince, and some of them took leave and departed to their own houses. Sir James Audley, that valiant knight and seneschal of Poitou at the time, went and lay near the county. And there he fell sick of a severe illness, and eventually died from it. The prince and princess, as well as all the barons and knights of Poitou, were deeply sorrowful over his death. And his obsequy was solemnly done in the city.\nIn Poitiers, the prince personally resided, and immediately after, at the request of the barons and knights of Poitou, Sir John Chandos, who was then constable of Aquitaine, was made seneschal of Poitou. He stayed and dwelt in the city of Poitiers, and made ten issues and journeys against the French, keeping them in check so that they dared not ride but in large routes and companies. In the same season, the vicomte of Rochechouart was released from prison, whom the prince had kept because he was suspected of turning French. At the request of his friends in Poitou, the prince released him and gave back all his lands. As soon as the same vicomte was released from prison, he went privately to Paris to the French king, turned and became French, and then returned to his own land without any knowledge that he had been at Paris. He then set Thibault du Pont, a Breton, in his fortress, and in.\nThe duke of Lancaster, having sent and defied the prince of Wales, waged great war. Now let us speak of the duke of La Salle. When the duke of Lancaster arrived at Calais, as you have heard before, and had well refreshed himself and his people there, he did not intend to remain idle but rather to do deeds of arms in France. For this purpose, he departed from Calais on a day with three hundred spearmen and an equal number of archers. He passed by Guines and continued his journey until he reached the river Ostre, and there he spread out in the countryside and took a great prey and led it back to Calais. Another day they took another route and went towards Beauvais, causing great damage to the plain countryside. At the same time, the earl of St. Pol and Sir Galeran his son, with a certain noble company of men-at-arms, lay in the city of Thouars, but they did not issue out, despite hearing that the English were riding in the countryside, for they thought.\nthemselves unable to fight against them nor to keep the field against the French. A disturbing report reached the French king while he lay at Rouen, and it had been reported before that the Duke of Lancaster had come to Calais, and daily he and his men were making rods and issues into France. When the French king heard this, both he and his council had new imaginings. It was determined that the Duke of Burgundy should take the sea to go into England that same week. Then the king and his council debated what was best to do in that case: whether to go and fight against the Englishmen who were on that side of the sea or to keep their journey into England. And so it was firmly concluded: that every man should disperse and make themselves ready to go towards Calais with the Duke of Burgundy. And so their first purpose was broken, for they were determined to go and fight against the Englishmen on that side of the sea, of which every man was glad and prepared themselves.\nThe duke of Burgundy and his company departed and made their way to cross the river Some at Abuyle. He did so much during his journeys that he reached Mutterell at Hedyn and St. Pol, and the French men stayed there. Then it was shown to the duke of Lancaster that the French were approaching to fight near him, which he was glad about and left Calais for that reason. He took his field in the valley of Tornehen. He had not been there long when the noble knight Sir Robert of Namur arrived to serve him with a hundred well-armed spearmen. The duke of Lancaster was very joyful about his arrival and said to him, \"My fair and dear uncle, you are most heartily welcome.\" Sir, it is shown that the duke of Burgundy approaches to fight with us. Sir, he replied, \"In God's name, so be it, we would gladly see him.\" Thus, the English were lodged in the valley of Tornehen and fortified their camp with strong hedges. Daily provisions came to them from Calais.\nand their cursors ran over the county of Guines for forage and other supplies, but little they got there: for all the plain country was destroyed and lost before, and everything had been taken into fortresses. Then came the duke of Burgundy and his company and lodged on the hill of Tornes, opposite the English. The French took a great expanse of ground for, as I heard say, the duke of Burgundy had with him more than four thousand knights. Considering this, if the remainder was not a great number. Thus they were each against other a long time without doing anything, for though the duke of Burgundy had that great number and saw that with him were good men-at-arms, seven against one of the Englishmen: yet for all that he would not fight without leave of his brother the king, who was not inclined to fight. And yet truly, if the French had set forward to have fought, the English would not have refused them: for they were ready every.\nEvery man determined what he would do if they issued out, but because they were few in number and in such a strong place, they did not depart disorderly from their advantage. At various times, men from both parties would issue and skirmish, and sometimes win and sometimes lose, as chance often falls in such adventures. At the same time, Loyes, the earl of Flanders, was greatly inclined to the honor and profit of his son, the duke of Burgundy, who lay in a fair house that he had newly bought beside Gaunt. And often heard news from the duke and he from him through messengers coming and going. And always he counseled the duke not to break nor pass the ordinance of his brother the king or his council.\n\nNow let us leave them thus and return to the business of other countries, where knights and squires had enough to do because the wars were ongoing.\nIn the meantime, during this journey around Tornesha, various adventures occurred politically, which should not be forgotten. Sir John Chandos, who was there, behaved like a bold and valiant knight, always eager to find the French to fight with them. He gathered together a certain number of men-at-arms at Poitiers, announcing that he would ride into Anjou and return via Tours, intending to encounter the French in their marches and borders there. The earl of Penbroke, who was at Mortagne with two hundred spearmen, was pleased with this news and was eager to join, but some of his counselors dissuaded him. Sir, you are still young, they said. Your nobility is yet to come. And, sir, if you join Sir John Chandos, whatever you do, he will take the credit and the glory for it.\nSir, it is better for you, being such a great lord, to conduct your enterprises yourself, rather than having Sir John Chandos do his, since he is but a bachelor in regard to your estate. These words and others diminished the earl's desire, causing him to have no more will to go forth with Sir John Chandos. However, Sir John Chandos would not abandon his purpose of going forth to do his enterprise but assembled at Pointers and departed with three hundred knights and squires, and two hundred archers. With him were Sir Thomas Percy, Sir Stephen Gosteton, Sir Richard Pountchard, Sir Eustace Daubeney, Sir Richard Tecon, Sir Thomas Spenser, Sir Nowell Lyness, Sir Dangose, Sir Thomas Balastre, Sir John Tryll, Sir William Mountford, Sir William Manbry of Lymers, and Sir Geoffrey Dargenton, and others. These men of arms and archers rode forth.\nin good order, passed through Poitou and entered Anjou. They sent their scouts ahead of them to burn and plunder the open country. They did much harm in the prosperous country of Anjou, and no one came to fight against them. They stayed there for fifteen days, and especially in the prosperous region, for the town was well fortified. Thibault of Poitiers and He lions of Talay were captains within the town at that time. Then Sir John Chandos learned that the marshal of France, Sir Loyes of Sancerre, with a great number of men-at-arms, was at Hay in Touraine. He had a great desire to go to Hay in Touraine and meet him at Ch\u00e2teauroux. Chandos, the herald, went on this message and found him at Mortagne, who had already assembled a certain number to set out against his enemies. And the earl made his excuse by counsel of his knights, saying he could not come to Sir John Chandos as planned.\nThe herald returned and found his master at Casteleraut. He showed him the answer from the Earl of Pembroke. When Sir John Chadis heard that his master was not pleased in his mind, as he saw well that the Earl had abandoned the enterprise out of presumption and pride, he said, \"So be it, by God's name.\" Then he allowed most of his company to depart, and he returned to the city of Poitiers.\n\nNow let us show what the Earl of Pembroke did as soon as he knew that Sir John Chadis had gone back to Poitiers and had given leave to his men to depart. Then the Earl prepared to ride out, with him a thousand English spearmen, and there were certain knights and squires from Poitou and Xainton, and some from England, who had been with Sir John Chadis. Then they came to the Earl of Pembroke and rode out with him. So they rode out and passed through Poitou, taking the same way as Sir John Chadis.\nChandas entered Aniou and burned and plundered the country, taking all that was left. They stayed for a certain period in the Lodonois region. Then they proceeded into the land of the Vicomte de Rochechouart, causing great damage and harm. The Frenchmen in the garrisons of Touraine, Anjou, and Poitou heard about these two journeys in the Anjou region. They learned that Lord Peebles, who was still a young man, intended to join Sir John Chandas' company. The Frenchmen decided to encounter him if they could, thinking it easier to disconcert him than Sir John Chandas. They secretly assembled a certain number of men from each garrison and made their captain Sir Louis of Sanxer, marshal of France. They went out in the night from Rochepozay in Poitou, which was French, and in this company was Sir Robert of Sanxet.\nSir Johan of Uyen, Sir Johan of Bulle, Sir Wyllyam of Bordes, Sir Loys of saint Julyan, and Cartern the Breton, numbering seven hundred, had joined the marshall. The Earl of Penbroke had completed his journey and was returning, entering again into Poyctou, and had finished burning the vicomte of RochSpenser, Sir Dangos, Sir Johan Orynch, Sir John Herpedan, Sir Jaques Surgeres, Sir Johan Couson, Sir Thomas of saint Albyn, Sir Robert Twyforde, Sir Simon Ausagre, and Sir John Couchet, and others. These Englishmen and Poitou residents rode forth without dismay, hearing no news of any men at war. With great pilage and prayer, they entered again into Poyctou. One day they came to a village called Puiernon and took lodging there, intending to be in security. A well-advised varlet came into the town with his spear raised and cried out to them.\nThe English, under the banner of Our Lady of Sanxere, were attacked by the French marshal of France. The French arrived and assaulted the English. Afterward, the lords departed from their lodgings and gathered their companies together, but they could not assemble all of them due to the French being too strong. At the first onset, over 60 were taken and killed. The earl had no choice but to withdraw as soon as possible to a place fortified with stone walls. The earl and those with him entered the place, while the remainder were taken and killed. Most of their armor and horses were lost. The earl of Penbroke lost all his baggage and riches. When the French learned that they were in that place, they were elated, saying among themselves, \"They cannot escape us; they are all ours. They will now remain in our domain.\"\nThey have taken Aniou and Towraine. The Frenchmen drew up in good order, ready to assault it, for they saw that the place was defensible. Then they assaulted the place fiercely, and many were the wars waged and the place assaulted valiantly roundabout. The earl and his men fortified themselves as much as they could to defend themselves, as it served them well. The Frenchmen had certain scaling ladders, and some of them dared to mount upon the walls with passemenaders before them, for fear of shot and casting of stones. But when they were up, they received a fierce reception from knights and squires, with spears and swords in their hands. And so they fought hand to hand with the Frenchmen, causing them to descend more quickly than they had ascended, and such archers as were within range shot at them so fiercely that the Frenchmen drew back. This assault lasted until it was night, and the Frenchmen, weary and sore travelled, next.\nThe men planned to return to the assault. But the Frenchmen said, \"Surely they are all ours now. They cannot endure against us any longer. We will starve them out.\" They lodged there for the night and kept watch. The earl of Penbroke and his company were not at ease, for they knew they were in great danger. They perceived that it was fair day or the French could get in the right way. In the morning, the Frenchmen armed themselves and declared their intention to assault the place in the cool of the morning rather than in the heat of the day. The earl of Penbroke, who had slept little, fortified the walls with stones and other things all night, for he saw that the French were planning to attack again. Soon, the French drew near and made a disciplined assault, bringing scaling ladders and some mounted up the walls.\nThe walls were defended by the passive population to shield their heads. They believed that whoever could mount first, whether it was the Englishmen or not, were ready to defend themselves or risk being taken. And they defeated themselves marvelously, casting down stones on the passive population and battering rams, and overthrew many and hurt several. They did such deeds of arms that you have never heard of such a place being so well defended with so few people against so many good knights and squires. This assault lasted from morning until it was none.\n\nBetween morning and the ninth hour of the day, when the assault was most fierce, and the Frenchmen were greatly displeased that the Englishmen endured so long. Therefore, they sent to the villages around for pikes and mattocks to break down and undermine the wall, which thing the Englishmen doubted most. Then the Earl of Peace called a squire to him and said, \"Friend, take my courser and go out at the back posterne. We shall make our way.\"\nRide straight to Poitiers and show Sir John Chandos the state and danger that we are in. I commanded him by this token and took a ring from his finger, delivering it to him, saying, \"Take, Sir John Chandos, this ring. He knows it well.\" The squire who undertook that enterprise thought it would be a great honor for him if he could escape and speak with him. He took the ring and mounted his horse incognito and departed by a secret way while the assault continued. In the meantime, the assault was terrible and fearsome by the Frenchmen, and the Englishmen defended themselves valiantly with good courage, as it stood well with them to do so.\n\nNow let us speak of the first squire who departed from Puireson at midnight and rode out of his way all night. And when it was morning and fair day, he knew his way and so rode toward Potters. By this time, his horse was weary. He arrived there by nine of the clock.\nAnd there they found Sir John Chandos in his lodging, and entered. Tables were set for dinner, and the servants asked him if he would go to dine. He replied, \"yes, since it is ready.\" Then he went into his hall, and knights and squires brought him water. As he was washing, the second squire from the Earl of Penbroke entered the hall and knelt down, taking the ring from his purse. He said, \"Right dear sir: the Earl of Penbroke recommends him to you with this token, and desires you to come and comfort him and bring him out of the danger he and his are in at Puylleynon.\" Sir John Chandos recognized the ring and said, \"In such times it is hard to come and go.\" Let us go to dinner and sit down, and all his company did the same, eating the first course. And as he was served the second course and eating it, suddenly Sir John Chandos, who greatly had...\nImagined that matter. And at last he lifted up his head and said to his company, \"Sirs, the Earl of Penbroke is a nobleman and of great lineage. He is the king of England's son, for he has married his daughter, and in every thing he is the Earl of Cambridge's companion. He has requested me to come to him in his presence, and I had intended to consent to his desire and to support and comfort him if we might. Therewith he pushed the table aside and said, \"Sirs, I will ride towards Puyrenon, where his people rejoiced greatly, and they dressed themselves in fine apparel. And every man mounted on his horse, the best they could, as soon as they heard that Sir John Chandos would ride to Puyrenon to comfort the Earl of Penbroke and his company, who were besieged there. Then every knight, squire, and man-at-arms went out into the field. So they were more than two hundred spearmen, and they always increased. Thus, as they rode together, tidings came.\"\nSirs, the French have continually assaulted the fortress from morning until it was high noon, as reported by their spies. Sirs, I advise you well: Sir John Chandos is detained from Poitiers with more than 200 spearmen and is coming this way in great haste, and he has great desire to find you here. And when Sir Loyes of Saxe, Sir John of Uyen, Sir John of Bulle, and the other captains heard this news, the wisest among them said, \"Sirs, our people would fare better and more easily return in safety with the spoils and prisoners we have obtained, rather than to wait for the arrival of Sir John Chandos and his company, who are all fresh and vigorous. I fear we may lose more than we gain.\" This counsel was well believed, for it did not take them long to depart. Then their trumpets sounded the retreat, and all their company drew back from the assault and assembled together, and they prepared their armor and baggage.\nThe earl of Penbroke and his company returned and took the way to Poizay. The earl of Penbroke and his men knew at once that the Frenchmen were aware of Sir John Chandos' coming. Then the earl said, \"Sirs, let us all dismount and ride towards Poitiers to meet my dear friend Sir John Chandos.\" Some mounted on horseback again who had horses, and others walked two and two on a horse, and they all issued out of the castle and rode towards Poitiers. They had not ridden far when they encountered Sir John Chandos and his company, and there was a joyful meeting. Sir John Chandos expressed his displeasure that he had not arrived before the Frenchmen had departed. They rode together talking for three leagues, and then took leave of each other. Sir John Chandos returned to Poitiers, and the earl of Penbroke to Mortagne: from whence he had first departed. The marshals of France and their company returned to Poitiers and there departed the most [death] of the men.\nThe gentle queen, most commonly known as the fair Lady Philippa of Hainault, queen of England and Ireland, was the most courteous queen who ever lived in her days.\n\nDuring the mean season, while the noblemen of France were assembled before Tornes, with the duke of Burgundy as their chief and sovereign, and the duke of Lancaster with the Scots on the other side. A heavy matter arose in England, though it was pitiful, for the king, his children, and his entire realm. For the good queen of England, who had done so many good deeds in her time, had supported so many knights, and had comforted so many ladies and damsels; and had so generously bestowed her goods upon her people, and naturally loved the nation of Hainault, the land of her birth. She fell ill at Windsor Castle, an illness which continued so long that there was no remedy but death. And the good lady, when she knew and understood that there was no remedy but death with her,\nThe queen desired to speak with her husband, the king. When he was before her, she put her right hand out of the bed. Sir said she, \"I require you firstly, that all people, such as I have quarreled with in their merchandise on this side or beyond the sea, that it may please you to pay every debt that I owe to them or to any other. Secondly, Sir, all the ordinances and promises that I have made to the churches, both of this country and beyond the sea, where I have had my devotion: that it may please you to fulfill and to keep them fully. Thirdly, Sir, I require that it may please you to take no other sepulcher, whensoever it pleases God to call you out of this transitory life, but beside me in Westminster. The king, weeping, said, \"Madame: I grant your desire.\" Then the good lady and queen made the sign of the cross on herself and commanded the king her husband and young Sophie Thomas, who was there beside her.\nAfter she yielded up her spirit, the one which I believe the holy angels received with great joy up to heaven, for in all her life she did neither in thought nor deed anything whereby to lose her soul, as far as any creature could know. Thus the good queen of England died: in the year of our Lord MCCLXIX, in the vigil of our lady in the midst of August. News of her death reached Tornes, and every creature was sore displeased and rightfully so, her son the Duke of Lancaster in particular. However, there is no sorrow but it behooves us at length to be borne and forgotten. Therefore, the Englishmen did not leave their order but remained a long time before the French. So it was that certain knights and squires of France who were there and daily saw their enemies before them came to an agreement the next morning to go and parley with the English. And the same was agreed to by more than three hundred knights and squires from Vermandois.\nArtois and Corbois each gave warning to the other without knowledge of any of their marshals. The next morning, by it being light, they were mounted and ready, assembled together. They rode forth without making any noise and rode around the hill of Tornchen to take advantage, intending to come in at one of the corners of the enemy host. The corner that was guarded was that of Sir Robert of Namur and his company. That night, he had kept the watch, and in the morning he was drawn to his tent and seated at the table to eat some meat, armed except for his basinet. The Frenchmen came on the same side, but fortunately, those who had kept the watch were not unarmed. They were ready to defend their enemies and encountered them, breaking through their ranks. News reached Sir Robert of Namur that his men were fighting with the Frenchmen. With that, he pushed the table away from him.\nAnd he said: Let us go and help our men. Inconveniently, he donned his basinet on his head, and caused one to take his banner, and displayed it. Then one said to him, \"Sir: I think it would be best if you sent to the Duke of Lancaster and did not fight without him.\" He answered briefly and said, \"Send who will, I will go the next way that I can to my men, and those who love me, let them follow after.\" With that, he went forth with his glee in his hand, approaching his enemies: and the Lord of Poitou and Sir Henry of Sanxels were with him, and various other knights. And so they found their men fighting with the Frenchmen, who were a great number: and likely to have done a great enterprise. But as soon as they saw Sir Robert of Namur's banner come, they drew back to gather: for they feared that the whole host had been stirred, and so in various places it was. Under Sir Robert's banner, a knight of Vermandois was killed, called Sir Robert of Colloigne, who was great damage: for he was right sweet and courteous.\nand a right good knight. The Frenchmen returned again without doing anything more, for they feared losing more than winning. Sir Robert thought not to follow foolishly but assembled his men together and went to his lodging when he saw that the Frenchmen had left.\n\nAfter this adventure: nothing notable was done. It displeased many on both sides that they were so long near each other and did not fight, for it was said every day among them, \"we shall fight another day,\" which day never came. For, as it is said before: the Duke of Burgundy would not break the ordinance of the king his brother, who had strictly commanded him not to give battle to the English. Every day there were messengers between them, coming and going. The Duke of Burgundy, as I was informed then, imagined and considered how he lay there at great cost and expense and could not stay there longer to his honor. For he had there a four thousand-strong army.\nknight or more saw well that his enemies were but a handful, as to the number of his, and had neither fought with them nor would. Therefore he sent to the king his brother, showing him his mind that he would allow him to fight or else depart. The king knew well that the duke desired this but commanded him that upon sight of his letters he should dismiss and give leave to all his men of war to depart, and come himself to Paris. Saying how he would go in person to fight with the Englishmen. When the duke of Burgundy heard these tidings, he gave knowledge of it secretly to the greatest of his host, saying to them, \"Sirs, we must disperse; the king has commanded it; and so by midnight all things were arranged, and every man mounted on his horse and set fire to their baggage.\" At that time, Sir Henry of Saxles kept the watch, with Sir Robert of Namur's company (who spied a fire), and then two or\nSir Henry feared the Frenchmen would attack that night, as indicated by their behavior and what those around him had said. He went to Lord Namur's lodging and urged his chamberlains to wake him. They did so, and Lord Namur replied, \"I suspect we will soon hear news. Call up your men and let each be quickly armed.\" They did as he commanded, and Lord Namur was soon armed as well. When his men had assembled, he ordered one to take his banner and they set off straight for the Duke of Lancaster's tent, which was nearby as he had been warned. The Duke was already arming himself, and his lords quickly drew around him. As they arrived, they rang their batles softly and peacefully.\nAnd they made ready their archers in a place where they expected the Frenchmen to come, if they intended to fight them. After standing there for the space of two houses and seeing that none came to them, they were greatly surprised. Then the duke asked the lords around him what he should do. Some suggested one thing, some another, each according to his opinion. The duke then asked Sir Water of Mann: \"Sir, what do you advise?\" Sir Water replied, \"I cannot tell what I should say. But, sir, and you should follow my opinion, you should order your men of arms and archers into battle formation, and be ready little by little. For, sir, it will soon be daylight: then you will see clearly before you. The duke agreed to this counsel, although some counseled to the contrary: for in no way would they allow the duke to leave his field. So in this struggle they remained together for a certain space.\nlast it was ordained that certain men from Sir Robert of Namur's company and certain men from Sir Ualeran de Bromes company should mount their horses backwards because they were met and able for such an enterprise. And so a thirty of the best horsemen departed and rode towards the French host. Then again Sir Galter of Mann said to the duke: sir, never believe me without the Frenchmen have fled. Therefore mount on your horse and all your company and follow them quickly: and you shall have this day a fair journey. Then the duke said: Sir, I have hitherto always followed the advice of my council, and ever will.\n\nAnd as they were thus speaking, their scouts came in and reported on the purpose of Sir Galter of Mann: they showed all that they had seen and found. They reported that they found no one but certain poor merchants, such as followed the host. Then Sir Galter of Mann had great honor in his opinion. Then the Duke of Lancaster drew to his lodging and disarmed him; and thought.\nHe went to stay in the Frenchmen's lodgings (saving for the fire and smoke they had made, which they would not allow him), but at night he went there for supper and stayed there all night, taking his ease with those who were there. The next morning they dislodged and returned to Calais. When the Duke of Burgundy dislogged, he went the same day to St. Omer and stayed there with his entire host. Then each man went wherever they wanted, which was a great inconvenience to bring together again.\n\nThe same week, the Earl of Penbroke, being in Poyctou, had great displeasure that Sir Louis of Sancerre, Sir John of Uyen, Sir John of Bulle, and others had dealt with him before at Puyernon as it had been before. He thought to take revenge if he could. Departing from Mortaine with his company, he came to Angolesme to the prince, who received him warmly. The earl asked him to let him have a certain number of men and to grant him leave to make a garrison.\nThe journey. He expressed his great desire to avenge the wrongs done to him by the French. The price, who entirely loved him, granted his desire. At the same time, Sir Hugh Calverley had recently arrived from the county of Armagnac, bringing with him more than five hundred men-at-arms of his company. The prince commanded him to go with the Earl of Penbroke on this journey, and the Earl also desired Sir Louis Harcourt, Sir Giles Danegeld, Sir Percival of Colyne, the Lord of Pose, the Lord of Partenay, the Lord of Pynan, Sir Thomas Percy, Sir Thomas Pontchardon, and various other knights of the prince's house to join him. They all gladly granted his request. So, when they were all together, they numbered five earls, three hundred archers, and five hundred other men in the manner of brigands, with launches and paupers following the host on foot. Thus, the Earl of Penbroke departed with his company and rode so long that he reached Anjou. Then he began to:\nbrenne / wast / and distroy the countre. And so passed through on the one syde brennynge and winnynge of townes and small holdes / and raunsomed the playne countrey to Sauyour on Loyre. And lodged in the subbar\u00a6bes / and assayled the towne / but they coude nat get it / for within was sir Robert of Sanxere / who kepte and defended the towne / but all the cou\u0304tre aboute was brent and distroyed. Than ryuer of Loyre / called saynt More. the whith they new\u00a6ly fortifyed in suche wyse / that they made ther\u2223of a great garyson / the whiche greatly doma\u2223ged the countre / all the wynter & somer after.\nTHe same tyme ther was in Poyctou an abbey / and is yet called saynt Saluyn / at he had to him / he betrayed the abbot and all his coue\u0304t. For by his meanes he delyuered the abbey and the towne to sir Lo\u00a6ys of saynt Julyan / and to Carnet the breton / who toke it in the frenche kynges name / and re\u00a6peyred it / and made ther a good garysone. Of the takyng of saynt Saluyn / sir Johan Chan\u00a6dos was sore displeased / bycause he\nThe man from Poitou was seen. He thought to himself that if he lived long enough to regain it, those who had taken it would regret it. Now let us leave speaking of the affairs of Poitou for a moment and speak of the duke of Lancaster.\n\nWhen the duke of Lancaster came again to Calais after leaving Tornes, and his company had rested there for three days, he considered riding forth and making some journey into France. The two marshals, the Earl of Warwick, and Lord Roger Beauchamp, commanded every man to draw into the field. Each man was glad, eager to ride into France. They departed from Calais in good order, each man knowing what he should do. The first day they traveled five leagues, and the next day they came before St. Omer, and there had a great skirmish at the gate, but the enemy did not remain long, and they passed by and lodged on the morrow of Hersault.\non the third day they came to Turwyn. In the town was Earl Guy of St. Pol with a great number of men-at-arms. And Englishmen passed by and took the way to Hedyn. That day they lodged on a little river. And when Earl Guy of St. Pol saw that the Englishmen were heading towards his country, he knew well they did not go there for his profit, as they hated him much. Then he departed in the night and delivered the city to the Lord of St. Pye and to Sir John of Ray. And he rode until he came to the town of St. Pol. And the next morning, the Englishmen arrived there and made a great skirmish. The coming of Earl Guy of St. Pol was fortunate for the townspeople, for by him and his company the town was kept and saved, or else it would have been in a great dispute. Thus, the Duke of Lancaster and his company took their pleasure in the countryside of St. Pol and burned and exiled all the plain country, doing great damage.\nbefore the castle of Perides, where the lady of Dowaire was, and as the duke advised the castle, he gauged the depth of the ditch with a spear. However, he didn't actually do it, but made a good show of it and passed by. He then came to a fair castle called Lucheu, which belonged to the earl of Saint Paul, and they burned the town but did nothing to the castle. Then they passed further and came to Saint Quirre. The English rode on for a day not past three or four leagues, but they burned the countryside as they went. They then crossed the river Somme at the planks under Abbeville. And then they entered the county of Umeville, intending to go to Harfleur on the river Seine to burn the French navy. The earl of Saint Paul and Moreau de Fiennes, constable of France, with a great following pursued the English, so the English dared not ride far from the highway, but kept themselves close to it.\nThe men were ready to fight with their enemies if necessary. And so they rode through Uiemue and the county of Ewe, entering into the archbishopric of Rouen, passing by Deppe, and continued so long that they reached Harflew. The earl of St. Pol had gone before them and entered the town with 2,000 spearmen. Thus, the Englishmen encamped before Harflew but did not assault it. Four days later, they dislodged and returned through the land of the lord of Stouteuille, burning up most of his country. Then they came through Francquesin and headed toward Oysemont to cross the River Somme at Blanchetache. At the same time, in the town of Abeville (as its captain), Hugh of Chastillon, master of the crossbowmen in France, perceived that the duke of Lancaster intended to cross the River Somme. He armed himself and caused ten or twelve of his company to do the same, and they mounted on.\nTheir horses said he would go and see the keeping of the gate of Rouay. If Englishmen passed by, they should not see it was not well kept. This was early in the morning, and it was a great mystery. At the same time, Sir Nicholas Louang, who in the past had been seneschal of Poitou and the year before had been taken prisoner by Sir Hugh of Chastillon and ransomed him for 10,000 francs, which debt weighed heavily on his mind and had great desire to be revenged and to regain what he had lost \u2013 were departed from the duke of La Castre's host. He knew well all the passages and straits around there, for he had used them for the past two or three years together. And so he put himself at risk in a bush between Abbeville and the castle of Rouay, and passed by a little narrow way through a marsh, and rested himself in certain old, wasted, and broken houses. A man\nSir Nicholas and his English company had never expected to find themselves in such close proximity to the town. Thus, they kept hidden. Eventually, Sir Hugh of Chastillon arrived with ten men, all armed except for his basinet, which his page carried on a great courser. He passed over the little river that was there and intended to speak with the crossbowmen guarding the gate to learn if they had heard anything about the Englishmen. Upon seeing him, Sir Nicholas of Louvain recognized him and was overjoyed, as if twenty thousand francs had been given to him. He emerged from his hiding place and said to his company, \"Come on, gentlemen, behold! That is the man I desire. I wish to have him above all living creatures.\" He set spurs to his horse's sides and charged towards Sir Hugh of Chastillon.\nChastellon yielded the castle or you are dead. Sir Hugh had great trouble when those men of war suddenly attacked him; he had no time to put on his helmet or mount his horse. In his distress, he said, \"I yield,\" answered Sir Nicholas. Then Sir Hugh (to show the peril of death, for he saw he could not escape), said, \"I yield.\" He was taken, and Sir Nicholas said, \"Come on and ride with us. Behold, the duke of La\u00e7astre and his company are coming this way. At the same battle, a valiant Burgundian named Laurence Dancons from Abuyle was killed. By great fortune, Sir Hugh of Chastellon was master at the time of the crossbows in France and captain of Abuyle. The duke of Lancaster was very joyful about his taking, and so were all the Englishmen. Sir Hugh of Chastellon's friends and the men in the town.\nThe men of Abuyle expressed regret for taking Robert, but they could not rectify it at that time. Then the Englishmen passed the river Somme at Blanchetache and headed towards the town of Rue on the sea side, and then to Monstrel: and through their lawyers, they returned again to the town of Calais. And the duke of Lancaster granted leave to all the strangers, and departed, leaving Sir Robert of Namur, Sir Uriel of Bordeaux, and the Almaines. Then the duke of Lancaster returned to England, intending to make no more war until the next summer, for it was around St. Martin's Day in winter. But before he departed, he told the strangers that when he returned, he would come much stronger than he had at that time. Desiring his cousins, the duke of Gueldres and the duke of Juliers, to come and join him in going to France.\n\nNow let us leave speaking of the affairs of Picardy, for there was nothing significant done in those matters.\nseason after. And let vs now speke of the mater in Poitou / wher as moost dedes of armes fell.\nGReatly it greued sir John\u0304 Chan\u2223dos the takyng of saynt Saluyn / bycause it was vnder his rule / for he was seneshall of Poyctou. He set all his mynde how he might re\u00a6couer it agayne / other byforce or by stelthe / he cared nat so he might haue it. and for that ente\u0304r dyuers night{is} he made su\u0304drie busshme\u0304tes / but it aueyled nat. For sir Loyes who kept it / toke euer so good hede therto / that he defe\u0304ded it fro all da\u0304gers. For he knewe well the takyng ther\u2223of greued sore sir Johan Chandos at the hert. So it fell / that the night before the first day of January / sir Johan Chandos beyng in Poy\u2223cters / sent to assemble togyder dyuers barons / knightes & squiers of Poitou. Desyring the\u0304 to co\u0304e to hym as priuely as they coude: for he cer\u2223teyned the\u0304 how he wolde ryde forthe / and they refused nat his desyre / for they loued him enty\u2223erly / but shortely assembled togyder in the cyte of Poicters. Thyder came sir\nGuysshard Dagle / Sir Loyes Harcourt, lord of Pons / lord of Partney / lord of Pynan / lord of Tanboton / Sir Geoffrey Dargenton / Sir Maubr\u00e9ny of Lyniers / Sir Thomas Percy / Sir Baudouin of Fesuyll / Sir Richard of Pontchardon and various others. And when they were all assembled together, they numbered three hundred spears, and departed by night from Poitiers; none knew whither they should go, except certain lords, and they had ready with them scaling ladders. So they came to Saint Salvini. And there they lit and delivered their horses to their servants, which was about midnight, and so entered into the ditch. Yet they had not yet achieved their purpose, for suddenly they heard the watch horn blow. I shall tell you why it blew. That same night, Carlonet departed from the Roche of Poitiers with forty spears. He arrived at Saint Salvini at the same time to speak with Captain Sir Loyes of Sainte-Julienne, intending to ride together to Poitou to see if\nThey could get any prayer. So he called up the watchman, who made him sound his horn. And so the Englishmen, who were on the other side of the fortress, hearing the watch blow and great noise in the place, feared lest they had been spied on by some spies, for they knew nothing that the said Frenchmen were on the other side to have entered into the place. Therefore they drew back again out of the ditches and said: let us go hence for this night, for we have failed of our purpose. And so they removed on their horses and returned together to Chauvigny on the Tyre of Cruse, a two leagues thence. Then the Poitou men demanded of Sir John Chandos if he would command them any further service. He answered and said, \"Sirs, return home again when it pleases you, in the name of God. And as for this day, I will abide still here in this town.\" So they departed the knights of Poitou and some of England to the number of CC spears. Then Sir John Chandos went into a\nSir Thomas Percy and his company were with Sir John Chandos at Rochell, who asked, \"Is it your intent to stay here all this day, Sir John?\" Sir John replied, \"No, I desire you to go on, for I will not delay this day to give you leave. I will ride some way with my company to seek adventure.\" Sir John dismissed him, saying, \"Go in the name of God, and a man came into the house and said, 'Sir, I have news.' What news do you bring me?\" The man replied, \"Sir, truly, the French are riding abroad. How do you know that?\" The man explained, \"I left Saint Salvain with them and know not their exact route, but they are heading towards Poitiers. Who are the French?\" The man asked, \"Sir Louis of Saint Julian and Carlonet the Breton.\" Sir John considered this for a while in deep thought and then said, \"Whatever I have said.\"\nHere is before I ride, I believe it is good that I return to Poitiers and anon it will be day. That is true, at the same time were not a league before him, in the same way, thinking to pass the river at the bridge of Lusar. There the Englishmen had knowledge that they were in the trap of the Frenchmen, for the Frenchmen's horses cried and brayed because of the English horses, which were before them with Sir Thomas Percy. And anon it was fair light day, for in the beginning of January the morning is soon. And when the Frenchmen and Bretons were within a league of the bridge, they perceived Sir Thomas Percy and his company on the other side of the bridge, and he likewise perceived the Frenchmen and rode as fast as he might to get the advantage of the bridge. And said, \"Behold, yonder Frenchmen, there is a great number against us, therefore let us take the advantage of the bridge.\" And who, Sir Louis and Carlonet, saw the Englishmen make such haste to get the bridge, they did the same.\nThe Frenchmen got it first and lit all a foot, and so arranged themselves in good order to defend the bridge. The French, in turn, lit a foot and delivered their horses to their pages, commanding them to draw back. They did the same, putting themselves in good order to go and assault the Englishmen, who kept close together and were not in the least afraid: though they were but a handful of men, as far as the Frenchmen were concerned. And thus, as the French and Breton soldiers considered and imagined how and by what means they might advantageously assault the English, Sir John Chandos appeared behind them, his banner displayed, bearing within it silver a sharp pike and gules. Jacques of Lery, a valiant man of arms, carried it, and he had with him forty spears. He approached the Frenchmen fiercely. And when he was three furlongs from the bridge, the French pages, who saw them coming, were afraid, and so ran away with the horses and left their masters afoot.\nWhen Sir John Chandos approached them, he said: \"Listen, men-at-arms. You ride at your pleasure and ease day and night. You take and win towns and fortresses in Poitou, of which I am seneschal. You plunder poor people without my leave. You ride all about, clean armed: it seems the country is all yours. But I assure you it is not so. Sir Loyes and Carlonet, you are great masters. It has been over a year and a half that I have devoted myself to finding or encountering you, and now I thank God I see you and speak to you. It shall be seen who is stronger, you or I. It has been shown to me many times that you have greatly desired to find me. Now you may see me here. I am John Chandos. Advise me well. Your great feats of arms, by which you are renowned, God willing, we shall prove it. While such words were spoken, Sir John Chandos' company drew together, and Sir Loyes and Carlonet kept themselves close together, making a show of being glad to see each other.\nAnd the battle was fiercely contested on both sides. Sir Thomas Percy, who was on the opposite side of the bridge, knew nothing of it, for the bridge was high in the middle, preventing sight between the two parties. While Sir John Chandos reasoned with the Frenchmen, a Breton drew his sword and, unable to distinguish friend from foe, attacked an English squire named Sunekin Dodd. He struck him in the breast, causing him to fall from his horse. Hearing the commotion nearby, Sir John Chandos turned that way and saw his squire lying on the ground with the Frenchmen attacking him. Enraged, he exclaimed to his company, \"Sirs, how can we allow this squire to be killed: one foot, one foot!\" And so he leapt a foot and all his company followed, rescuing Sunekin and ending the battle. Sir John Chandos, a brave and courageous knight, led with his banner before him and his company surrounding him in their armor, charged with their white arms.\nA knight with a sarcenet and two pylies (poleys) went before and behind him, appearing to be a sufficient knight for great feats of arms. Equipped with his glaive in hand, he advanced towards his enemies. That same morning, a great rain had fallen, making the ground moist. As he approached, he slipped and fell at the joining of the enemy lines. While rising, a stroke struck him, given by a squire named Jakes of St. Martin with his glaive. The stroke entered the flesh beneath his eye, between his nose and forehead. Sir John Chandos did not see the stroke coming from that side, as he was blind in one eye. He had lost the sight in that eye five years prior while hunting a hart in the lands of Bourdeaur. Furthermore, he had not seen the rude stroke coming, which entered his brain, causing him great pain. He fainted twice and fell to the earth.\nAfter the stroke, he never spoke a word. And when his men saw that his misfortune had befallen him, his uncle Edward Clifton stepped forward and mounted him on his horse. The French and Breton men were greatly comforted when they saw their enemy's captain lying on the earth, thinking he was dead. Then they announced themselves and said, \"You Englishmen yield, for you are all ours. You cannot escape us.\" The Englishmen marveled at the arms of the enemy, both to defend themselves and to avenge their master, Sir John Chandos, whom they saw lying in a critical condition. A squire of Sir John Chandos spotted Jacques of St. Martin, who had given his master his mortal wound, and ran to him fiercely, striking him with such force that his glove split through both his eyes.\nHe left not still to fight. If Sir Thomas Percy and his company had known of this incident on the other side of the bridge, they would have come to his aid; but since they knew nothing of it and heard no more of the Frenchmen, intending to return they had gone back. Therefore he and his company departed and took the way to Poycters, as those who knew nothing of that business. Thus the Englishmen continued to fight before the bridge of Lusac, and many a feat of arms was done. Briefly, the Englishmen could no longer endure against the French, so that the most part of them were defeated and taken; but always Edward Clyfford would not abandon his nephew there as he lay. So, if the French had been so fortunate as to have their horses ready, for their pages had been run away from them before, they might have departed with much honor and profit with many good prisoners; but for lack of them they lost all, and therefore they were sore.\nAnd they were displeased among themselves, saying, \"This is a foolish order for the journey for us, yet, due to the lack of our pages, we cannot depart. Seeing we are heavily armed and sore traveled, we cannot go on foot through this country, which is full of our enemies and contrary to us. And we are six leagues from the next fortress that we have, and many of our company are severely hurt, and we cannot leave them behind us. In this predicament, they knew not what to do and had sent two Breton men unarmed into the fields to see if they might find any of their pages with their horses. Sir Guysharde Dangle, Sir Loyes Harcourt, the Lord Parteney, the Lord Tanyboton, the Lord Dargenton, the Lord of Pynan, Sir Jaques of Surgyers, and hundreds of other Englishmen, rode about to seek the Frenchmen, as it was shown to them that they were abroad. They fell upon them and took them in great haste.\nWith banners and pennons waving in the wind. And as soon as the Bretons and Frenchmen saw them coming, they knew well that they were their enemies. \"Sirs,\" they said to the Englishmen, whom they had taken as prisoners before, \"behold yonder comes a band of your company to succor you. We perceive well that we cannot endure against them, and give out prisoners. We will quit you, so that you will keep us and will become our prisoners. For we had rather yield ourselves to you than to them that come yonder.\" And they answered as you will. So are Prisoner with Sir Bertram of Cas, and Sir Loyes of St. Julian, with Sir John Cambo. The barons and knights of Poitou thus hurt Sir John Chandos, and the injury to this noble knight, Sir John Chandos, was so little heeded that he died at Poitiers. And this noble knight, Sir John Chandos, lived not after his injury for more than a day and a night. But so he died: God have mercy on his soul. For in a hundred years after, there was not a more valiant.\nCurtis was not fuller of noble virtues and good conditions among the English than he was. And when the prince and princess, the earl of Cambridge, the earl of Pembroke, and other barons and knights of England, such as were in Guyenne, heard of his death, they were all:\n\nAfter Sir John Chandos' death, Sir Thomas Percy was made seneschal of Poitou. And so it came about that the land of Saint Sauveur the viscount fell into the king of England's hands, where it pleased him. Then there were some knights of France who were troubled in their minds because they saw nightly and daily the war multiply between these two kings of France and England. And especially the lord of Conquy, for it touched him greatly: for he had fair inheritance in England, as well by himself as by his wife, who was daughter to the king of England. Which land he must renounce if he would serve the French king (of whose blood he was) and of the same nation. So he determined himself to:\nDissemble with both kings / and so forget the time / he intended to depart from the realm of France for a season and go and sport in some other place. He ordered his departure wisely / and took leave of the French king / and with a small company departed and rode into Savoy / where he was honorably received / by the earl, barons, and knights of the country. When he had stayed there as long as it pleased him / then he departed and passed through Lombardy / and came to the lords of Milan: Lord Galeras and Lord Barnabo / where he was at the beginning welcomed. In like manner, Sir Aymon of Pomeriers, a knight of the princes, departed from Ac\u00e1tyne / saying that as long as the war lasted he would not bear arms / neither on one side nor the other. And so this knight went to Cyprus / and to the holy sepulcher and various other pilgrimages. And in the same season, Sir Jean de Bourbon had newly come to Paris / who held a part.\nThe French king eagerly wanted him to renounce his fealty to the prince and become French. But the earl in no way would do so. Similarly, no more would the lord of Pierbuffier, another baron of Limousin, who was also at Paris. However, there were two other great barons of Limousin: Sir Loyes of Malleau and Sir Raymond of Marigny, his nephew. They also did the same and forsook the prince, becoming French. Their sons then made great war against the prince, which greatly displeased the king of England and his council. Additionally, various barons of Guyenne became French without any coercion, but of their own free will. Then, the king of England was advised to write covered letters sealed with his seal and to be delivered by two or three of his knights into Poitou and Aquitaine. At the same time, these letters were to be publicly proclaimed in cities, castles, and good towns. The same period saw the release from prison of someone in Dagen.\nSir Campernell of Campernell, in Exeter, was with the said knight [remained still] in Dagenham; and Sir Campernell returned to France. Now let us speak of the letters sent to Aquitaine [from] by the king of England: the tenant of which follows.\n\nEdward, by the grace of God, king of England and lord of Ireland and Aquitaine, to all who shall see or hear these writings: know that considering and regarding the business of our said marches and limitations of our signory of Aquitaine, extending from head to head, we have been informed that certain troubles, grievances, and vexations have been done or intended to be done by our right dear son, the prince of Wales, in the said countries. Which we are bound to withstand and remedy in all things touching the hatreds and evil wills between us and our true friends and subjects. Therefore by these presents, we announce, pronounce, certify, and ratify that we, by our good will and by great authority, grant and confirm to all and singular, our lieges, vassals, and others, that we will and by these presents do grant, confirm, and ratify, that they shall have, hold, and enjoy all the lands, tenements, rents, services, and other possessions which they or their ancestors have held or possessed in our demesne or in the demesne of our ancestors, in the county of Poitou, the duchy of Aquitaine, and the lands of Guienne, Gascony, and Bigorre, and in all other our lands, fiefs, and possessions in the said duchy and counties, and in the lands of the earls of Pembroke, of Lancaster, and of Leicester, and in the lands of the barons of Clare, of Warenne, of Ferrers, of Mowbray, of Stafford, of Berkeley, of Despenser, of Beauchamp, of Bohun, of Hastings, of Clifford, of Ros, of Willoughby, of Manny, of Berkeley, of Cobham, of Latimer, of Lovell, of Roos, of Strange, of St. John, of Segrave, of Clare, of Moleyns, of Montfort, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley, of Berkeley\nDeliberation of council thereon. Our dear son, the Prince of Wales, is requested to forebear and leave all manner of actions done or to be done. And to restore again to all such as have been grieved or oppressed by him or by any of his subjects or officers in Acquitaine. All their costs, expenses, damages, or wages. And if any of our true subjects and friends, whether prelates or men of the holy church, universities, bishops, earls, viscounts, barons, knights, commonalties, and men of cities and good towns, have been turned against us by false information and simple advice, the opinion of our adversary, the French king, we pardon their transgressions, so that after the sight of these our letters they return to us or within a month thereafter. And we desire all our true friends to keep themselves still in the state they are now in, to save their faiths and homages, so that they be not reproached.\n\nWhich thing\n\"should greatly displease us, and we would be loath to see it. And if, upon our dear son, the prince or any of his men, make any lawful complaint that they are in anything grieved or oppressed, or have been in the past, we shall cause them to have amends, in such a way that reason will suffice. And in order to nourish peace, love, concord, and unity between us and all those of the marches and lies mentioned above, we will that every man take and have the copy of these presents, which we have solemnly sworn to keep and maintain, and not to break them: on the precious body of Jesus Christ. Present our right dear son, John duke of Lancaster, William earl of Salisbury, the earl of Warwick, the earl of Worcester, Gaultier of Manny, the lord Percy, the lord Nevill, the lord Bourchier, the lord Stafford, Richard of Beauchamp, Guy Brian, the lord of Medlawar.\"\nAlayne Boncquesell and Richard Stry, knights, were given at our plays at Westminster in the year of our reign, 1443, on the 5th day of November. These letters were brought from the king of England into the principality and duchy of Acquitaine and publicly announced and published throughout. Copies were sent secretly to the vicomte of Rochechouart, the lord Ma le Blanc, the lord of Marigny, and others who had turned French. Despite the publicity of these letters, I heard that none of them left to do as they pleased. Instead, they daily turned to the French party. And so it was that as soon as Sir Louis of St. Julian returned to the Roche of Poitiers and Sir William of Bordes to the garrison of the Haye in Touraine, and Carlon to St. Savin, they secretly made a journey of arms and hardy companions well mounted. In the morning, they came to Chartres-le-Roi and scaled the town, and had taken it.\nSir Loys of Harcourt, who was in the town and lying in bed in his lodgings, was taken unexpectedly. He was carried and placed under the bridge of Chasteleraut, which his men had fortified beforehand. There he saved himself and remained for a long time. However, the Bretons and Frenchmen were masters of the town, and there they made a strong garrison. They frequently went to the bridge and fought and skirmished with those who held it.\n\nDuke Loyes of Bourbon saw that the English and their companions were in his territory of Bourbonnais. He knew that Drygo, Bernard de Wyst, and Bernard de la Sale held the castle at Bell-perche, and his mother was within. This gave him great displeasure. He advised him to make a journey and lay siege to Bell-perche, not to destroy it until he had won it. Of this enterprise, he requested the fresh king's leave, which he granted.\nThe king lightly agreed, saying he would help maintain the siege. He departed from Paris and assembled at Molins in Auvergne and at Saint Porcins, amassing a great number of men of war. The lord of Beauieu came to serve him with three hundred spears, and the lords Ulllers and Rosellon with a hundred spears. Various other barons and knights of Auvergne and Forez served him, as he was lord of these areas through his wife, the daughter of the noble earl Berault d'Aulnay. Thus the duke went and laid siege to Bellegarde, constructing a great bastion before it. For his mother, he had four great engines, which cast stones night and day, causing the tops of towers and houses to collapse and a great part of the towers. The duke's mother, who was a prisoner within, had great fear. She sent messengers to her son, urging him to cease his assaults, as the citizens were severely frightened and troubled. However, the Duke of Bourbon, who knew that her fear was well-founded, prevented the duke from heeding his mother's pleas.\nrequest and desire was done by the means of his enemies. Answered that in no way he would cease or delay whatsoever fell. And when they within saw how they were so sore pressed and how the strength of the Frenchmen daily multiplied. For to them was newly come Sir Loyes of Sarre, marshal of France, with great plenty of men of war. Then they determined to give knowledge of their poor estate to Sir John Deureux, seneschal of Limousin, who lay at Soubterraine a two little tourneys from them, and to certify him how the lords of Poitou and of Gascony, when they departed from them at the journey of Quercy, promised them on their faiths that if they took any fortress in France and after were besieged: how they should be comforted. Thus inconveniently they wrote letters and secretly by night they sent a varlet out of the fortress to Sir John Deureux. And when the messenger came to him, he remembered well the matter by such tokens as he showed him. And when he had read the letters, he took immediate action.\nThe letters were read aloud; he said he would gladly aid and help them, urging them to hasten, trusting that Bellperche's people would be comforted and delivered from Paris. He then departed from his fortress and rode for a long time until he reached Angoul\u00eame, where he found the prince, the Earl of Cambridge, the Earl of Pembroke, Sir John Montagu, Sir Robert Carnock, Sir Thomas Percy, Sir Thomas Phelton, Sir Giles Shardesborne Dangle, the Captain of Beufz, and others. To these lords, he wisely explained how the company was besieged in the castle of Bellperche by the Duke of Bourbon, the Earl of Saint-Pol, and other Frenchmen. The lords gave good hearing to these words and said they would gladly comfort them, as they had promised. The Earl of Cambridge and the Earl of Pembroke were the chief instigators of this relief effort. The prince immediately issued a command that all his subjects, upon seeing his letters, should hasten to the town of\nLymoges. There came knights, squires, company men, and other armed men as commanded. When they had assembled, there were over 15 C. spears, and more than three thousand other men of war. They quickly passed by and reached Bellperche, and laid on the opposite side of the town against the Frenchmen, who kept their position. The town was as strong, fortified, and enclosed as a town. English foragers did not dare to resort for any forage, although they had some provisions brought from Poitou when they could convey it. Then Sir Louis of Sancerre, marshal of France, reported the English situation to Paris to the king and to the knights who were there. He had writings and proclamations set up on the palisades and in other places, saying:\n\nAmong you knights and squires, desiring to find deeds of arms, we certify you truly, that the Earl of Cambridge and the earl:\nThe earl of Penbroke and their company have come before Bell to raise the siege laid by our men, who have endured pain for so long. We have besieged them within the fortress, forcing them to either surrender it or fight us with force. Therefore, come there hastily, for you will find noble deeds of arms there. The Frenchmen lie in disordered ranks and are in such a place that they could soon suffer great damage. The marshal exhorted various good knights of the realm of France to come to that place. However, I knew well that the governor of Blois, Allart of Toustain, with a thousand spears, came there, as did the earl of Porcien and Sir Hugh of Porcien his brother.\n\nAfter the earl of Cambridge and the earl of Penbroke had been before the Frenchmen for fifteen days and saw that they would not come out of their fortress to fight with us, they took counsel and advised sending to:\nThe herald went to them and said, \"Sirs, my lords and masters have sent me to you to know what you will do. They are greatly astonished that you have perfect knowledge of how they have been here for fifteen days before you, yet you will not come out to fight with them. Therefore, they send you word through me that if you will come out to war, they will allow you to choose a plot of ground to fight on with them. And then let them have the victory that God will send them. The duke of Bourbon said, 'Chandos, you shall tell your masters that we will not fight with them at their will or appointment. I know well that they are over there, but I will not depart hence nor break up my siege until I have won the castle of Bell Perche.'\" The herald departed.\nThe knight returned to his masters and showed them the answer, which was not pleasing to them. They went to consult and then spoke again to Chandos, instructing him to go to those lords and deliver this message: \"Your masters and lords send word by me that since you will not fight, they propose the third day hence, at the hour of nine or noon, to set a horseback the Lady of Bourbon, and convey her away in your sight, my lord of Bourbon, her son. And, sir, if you can rescue her, my mother being led away from us will be displeasing. But we trust to have her back when we may. And, sir Herald, since you have said so much to us, tell your masters that if they put themselves in the field apart from their company, we shall put as many against them, and let the victor take it.\"\nThe herald will show them all that you have said. And with that, Chados departed and returned to the earl of Cambridge and the other lords, showing them the duke of Bourbon's answer and demand. However, they did not think it wise to do so, but urged to depart then and lead with them the lady of Bourbon and all those within the fortress who had been severely troubled by the host's engagements.\n\nWhen the day came that they had set, in the morning they swore an oath to their trumpeters. Then they armed themselves and their entire company and drew into the field in good array for battle, a foot and horseback ready to fight, their banners and standards before them. And at the hour of nine, their minstrels blew up high. Then they rode out of the castle of Bell and preached to all men, and the lady of Bourbon they mounted on a horse if any other men had taken her beside the company, he would have caused her to be delivered without delay. And when the battle was joined, they fought bravely.\nCompanies that had spoken to her for her deliverance stated that whatever bargain they made, they would have given her their knight, Sir Simon Burle, who was a prisoner among the Frenchmen. It is not to be doubted, but that the Duke of Bourbon was displeased that the English led away his mother. However, shortly after she had departed, he sent to take possession of the castle of Bellperche as his own, which the English had left clean and empty. The Duke returned and fortified the castle, making it stronger than before. This journey came to an end, and every man went to his own. The Frenchmen who had been there with the Duke of Bourbon returned to their own garrisons. The Duke and his knights and squires returned into France to the king, who made him great cheer and was glad of his coming. The Earl of Pembroke and his company went to the town of Mortagne in Poitou, and the men of arms and companions returned.\nPoytou and Xaynton searched everywhere to find their living, committing many villainous deeds they could not resist. Shortly after leaving Prince Robert Canoll, they went to Breton's castle of Dorwall. He had not been there long when the king of England sent for him, requesting that he cross the sea and come to England to speak with him. Robert refused to break this command but prepared himself and set sail. He arrived in Cornwall at St. Michael's mount. Then he rode so long that he reached Windsor, where he found the king, who was overjoyed at his arrival. All the other barons of the realm were also pleased, believing they would need him and recognizing him as a good captain and leader of men.\n\nIn this season, the duke of Anjou departed from Toulouse and rode in great array through the realm of France. He came to:\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in good condition and does not require extensive cleaning. A few minor corrections have been made for clarity.)\nThe city of Paris and there he found his brother, the duke of Berry, and the duke of Burgundy, his other brothers. They received him joyfully. Between these four brothers, while they lay at Paris, they had various counsels together concerning the state and business of the realm of France, to see what war they should make and how to maintain it the following summer. It was then fully determined and arranged that they should raise two great armies and proceed into Aquitaine. The duke of Anjou and his company were to govern one, entering through Guyenne by Rillat and Bergerac. The duke of Berry was to govern the other army, entering through Limoges and Quercy, and both armies were to meet before the town of Angoul\u00eame: and to besiege the prince within it. It was also concluded by great deliberation of council to send for Bertrand du Guesclin, the valiant knight, who had often and valiantly fought for the safety of the crown of France, and to request him to come.\ntake on him to be co\u0304stable of France. And whan ye king & his bretherne had fully determyned their cou\u0304\u00a6sell / & had sported the\u0304 a space / tyll the begynnig of the moneth of May. Than the duke of An\u2223iou toke leue of the\u0304 all / thinking first to returne into his owne countre / bycause he had the lon\u2223gest iorney / he de{per}ted first. He was co\u0304ueyed by the barons & knight{is} of Fra\u0304ce / bycause he was welbeloued. So long the duke rode yt he came to Mou\u0304tpellyer / & ther taryed more than a mo\u00a6neth / & than he went to Tholous / and there as\u2223sembled togyder men of warr all about / wher as he might get the\u0304. and ther were many yt kept the feldes / & kept fronter agaynst the\u0304glyshmen ther a great assem\u00a6ble of knightes & squyers of France & of Bur\u2223goyne. Also the duke of Burbon went in to his cou\u0304tre / & assembled a great no\u0304bre of knightes & squiers of the countie of Forest & burbonoise. also sir Peter of Alenson his brother / prouyded him selfe gretly for that warr. And in the same season sir Guy of Bloys was\nA newly returned knight, having been made a knight and raised his banner in a scrimmage against God's enemies, went to Henault upon hearing news of this journey. His cousins urged him into the duchy of Acquitaine, and he eagerly pursued this voyage, departing from Henault and traveling to Paris. There, he presented himself to the king, who was pleased to see him and appointed him to join the duke of Berry, along with a certain noble company of knights and squires. Guy of Blois then departed from Paris and rode towards Orl\u00e9ans. In a similar manner, the fresh young king ordered his armies, and the king of England dispatched two great armies. The duke of La Salle was assigned with 4,000 men of arms and an equal number of archers to go to the duchy of Acquitaine to support and aid his brethren, as it was believed that the greatest war would be waged in those territories by the fresh king.\nThe king of England, through the advice of his council, raised another army to go into Picardy. Robert Knolles was to be its chief governor. He was considered an appropriate leader of men of arms because he had long experience with war and had seen great experience in it. Therefore, he was encouraged to do this by the king of England, who was pleased with the arrangement. So, he embarked on this journey to Calais and into France to fight against the French, which he believed would certainly happen. He prepared for his journey and all those who accompanied him. In the same season, the duchess of Bourbon was released from prison in exchange for Sir Simon Burle. Eustance Dambretcourt played a significant role in this treaty. The duke of Bourbon and the French queen thanked him greatly for his help. Throughout this season, there had been many treaties between the French king and the king of Navarre, who were at Cherbourg.\nThose who negotiated the peace between them told the French king that it was not an appropriate time for him to wage war against the King of Navarre. They explained that the French king had enough to deal with against the English and advised him to let some things go, rather than causing greater harm. If the King of Navarre allowed the English to arrive and pass through his fortresses of Cloux and Constantine, they warned, it would cause significant damage to Normandy. These issues needed to be seriously considered. Their persuasive efforts led the King to agree to the peace. He went to the town of Rouen, where the peace was confirmed. The Archbishop of Rouen, the Earl of Alen\u00e7on, the Earl of Salisbury, Sir William of Dormans, and Ser Robert of Lorris accompanied him. They found the King of Navarre at Vernon. There, they held grand feasts, and the King of Navarre was brought there.\nThe duke of Anjou had been in France, and at Rouen, the French king confirmed all alliances and confederations, sworn and put in writing and under seal. The king of Navarre, in making this peace, was to renounce all promises of love between him and the king of England, and upon his return to Navarre, he was to avoid the king of England. For greater assurance of love between him and the French king, the king of Navarre went with the French king from Rouen to Paris, where there were new feasts and celebrations. When they had had enough entertainment, leave was taken, and the king of Navarre departed amicably from the French king. He left behind him his two sons with the king their uncle. Then he went to Montpellier and into the county of Foix, and afterward into his own country of Navarre. Now let us return to the business of Acquitaine.\nwas agreed that he should enter Guyen by force as soon as he was returned to Languedoc. He could not love the prince or the courtiers, nor had he ever done so. Before his departure, the French king sent letters with great messengers to Castille, requesting that King Henry send Sir Bertram of Clermont. The king and the duke of Anjou also wrote to Sir Bertram, urging him to come quickly to France. The messengers carried out their mission, and the king of Spain did not intend to keep him from the French king's desire. Therefore, Sir Bertram of Clermont made ready as soon as he could and took leave of King Henry. He came to Toulouse, where the duke of Anjou had assembled a great number of knights, squires, and men-at-arms, and they waited for nothing but Sir Bertram's coming. By his arrival, the duke and all his men were greatly rejoiced, and they then prepared to depart.\nThe duke of Tholouse and his men entered the price land. At the same time, the duke of La\u00e7on arrived in England with 4,000 men of arms and an equal number of archers, their ships and vessels ready for pursuit. They intended to sail to Bordeaux to catch the wind. The duke was accompanied by the lord Ros, Sir Michel de la Poule, Sir Robert Roux, Sir John of Sainte Low, and Sir William Beauchamp.\n\nThen, the duke of Anjou departed from the city of Tholouse in great array and good order. With him were the earl of Armagnac, the lord Dalbret, the earl of Pegour, the earl of Comminges, the viscount of Carmain, the viscount of Brune Kel, the viscount of Narbon, the viscount of Talar, the lord de la Barde, the lord of Pinconnet, Sir Bertrand Tande, the seneschals of Tholouse, Carcasone, and Beauchair, and many others. There were 200,000 spear-knights and squires, and 60,000 foot soldiers with lances and paupers. Sir Bertram of Clermont was also present.\nThe chief captain of the entire company set out for Dagnois. En route, they encountered over a thousand company members in the fields who had been in Quercy and were riding to ward Agen at that time. The first fortress they reached was Monsac, and the countryside was in such fear due to the approaching duke of Iniou and his large army that many towns and fortresses trembled with fear and were unwilling to engage in war against him. As soon as they arrived before Monsac, the inhabitants surrendered and became French. They then proceeded to Thounyns on the Garon River. The Frenchmen rode at their ease, following the river, and came to the Porte St. Mary, which also surrendered and became French. New commanders were installed in both the town and castle of Thounyns, along with twenty spearmen. Afterward, they continued their journey.\nMouptillery and Iguyllon burning and destroying the countryside. When they reached the good town of Mouptillery, they were greatly afraid of the duke of Anjou and surrendered to the French king. Then they went to the strong castle of Aguyllon, and were there for four days, as Sir Gaultier of Manny and his company were within: and so surrendered himself and the castle to the duke of Anjou, to the astonishment of those from Bergerac. Captain Beufz and Sir Thomas Phelton, with a hundred spearmen and gascony men, were within Bergerac. In the same way, the duke of Anjou and his company entered the prince's land in the country of Agen and Thoulouse. Likewise, the duke of Berry and his company rode in Limousin at the same time, with twelve hundred spearmen on horseback and three thousand on foot: conquering towns and castles, burning and devastating the countryside. With him was also\nThe duke of Burbon, the earl of Alen\u00e7on, Sir Guy of Blois, Robert earl of Perche, Sir John Darcy, Sir Hugh Dolphin, Sir John of Ullemore, lord of Beauieu, lord of Uylers, lord of Senar, Sir Geoffrey Motaigu, Sir Loyes of Malleuall, Sir Raymond of Marnell, Sir John of Boloyne, Sir Godfrey his uncle, the vicomte Duzes, lord of Sully, lord of Talenton, lord of Coquet, lord Dappecher, Sir John Damnue, Ambault of Pescy, and various other good barons, knights, and squires entered into Limousin. There were few Englishmen there, whom Sir Hugh Carell had left in garrison, as he was seneschal in the country.\n\nThe prince of Wales, who was near Angoul\u00eame, was well informed about the two great armies, that of the duke of Anjou as well as that of the duke of Berry, and how they had entered his territory in two parts. It was also shown to him.\nThe prince, who was a valiant and imaginative man, would likely draw toward Angoul\u00eame and besiege him and the princess within the town. The prince, who was a valiant and imaginative man, answered and said: \"How should my enemies not find me closed, neither within the town nor yet in the castle? I will meet them in the open field instead. I caused letters to be written and sent to all my true friends and subjects: in Poitou, in Saintonge, in Rochell, in Rouergue, in Quercy, in Gascogne, and in Agenais. I urged and commanded them to come to me in all haste with as much power of men of war as they could make, and to meet me at the town of Cognac, for I had stationed my assembly there.\"\n\nIn the meantime, the Frenchmen rode on, wasting and destroying the countryside before them, and came to Lindau, a good town, standing there.\non the River of Dordonne, a league from Bergerath. The captain thereof was Sir Thomas of Bateford, a knight from Gascony, who was within the town, stationed to defend it. And so the Duke of Anjou, the Earl of Armagnac, the Lord Dalberg, the Earl of Pergord, the Vicomte of Carmain, and all the other barons and knights came there: and so laid siege to the fortress. Saying that they would never depart thence until they had the fortress at their commandment. The town was good and strong and well fortified with artillery, for the captain of Beufz and Sir Thomas Felton had been there not past fifteen days before, and had so refreshed the garrison that they thought well that those within could keep the fortress well if they wished. Considering the aid and help that they might have shortly from Bergerath if necessary. However, the people of the town were greatly inclined to become French, and had great desire to heed the promises that the Duke of Anjou made to them. So that\nfinally, Captain Sir Thomas of Batefoyle agreed to their terms and was to be paid a certain sum of money. He would also profit annually from the duke of Anjou and become a good Frenchman. It was arranged that in the morning, the Frenchmen would enter the town. This treaty was not closely guarded, and the news reached Bergerac the night before the town was to be delivered. At the same time, the Earl of Cambridge arrived in Bergerac with 200 spearmen. He was present when the news was reported. The Captain of Beufz and Sir Thomas Phelon were surprised by this and wondered how the Earl would be present at the delivery of the town. After midnight, they departed from Bergerac and rode towards Linden. They arrived there at the breaking of the day and had the gate opened, riding through the town until they reached the other gate.\nFrenchmen should enter. At the time they were beginning to enter, and Sir Thomas Batefol was ready to make his way in. Then the captain of Beaufort stepped forward, holding his sword in hand, and said, \"A, Sir Thomas Batefol, false traitor: you shall die first; you shall never commit treason again.\" With that, he struck him with his sword in such a way that he fell to the ground dead. When the Frenchmen perceived the captain and his banner, and Sir Thomas Felton, they knew they had failed in their intent. Therefore, they recoiled together and fled away. So the town remained English, and was in great peril of being robbed and burned by the English, and all the men within slain: because they had consented to the treason. However, they excused themselves and said, \"We did nothing, nor consented to do anything, but for very fear, and primarily for fear of our captain.\" So this passed over, and these two lords remained still.\nBefore Sir Robert Carey and his company departed, there was a long season, and the duke of Anjou and his company departed another way. Now let us speak of the state and ordinance of England and the army that Sir Robert Carey made in the realm of France.\n\nBefore Sir Robert Carey and his company departed from England, there was a great treaty between England and Scotland. This treaty was wisely handled by sad and discreet counsel of both parties, resulting in a peace between both kings, their courts, and their liege people, to last for nine years. The Scots were allowed, at their pleasure, to arm themselves and serve, and receive wages from either England or France, without breaking any peace. Therefore, Sir Robert Carey had a hundred Scottish spears in his company. When Sir Robert Carey was ready and his company, he went to Douai and passed forth to Calais. There they arrived and were well received by the captain, Sir Nicholas Stamborne. And when he had been\nAnd they remained there for thirty days and took counsel as to which direction they should march. In the morning they set out and took the field, numbering approximately fifteen hundred spearmen and four thousand archers. He had with him from England, Sir Thomas Grantson, Sir Alan of Bourequeselles, Sir Gilbert Gyfford, the Lord of Saluatier, Ser Johan Bourchier, Sir William Mesucyle, Sir Geoffray Orsell, and various other knights and valiant men of arms. And on the first day they approached Fiennes. Sir Moreau of Fiennes, who was constable of France, was also there in his own castle of Fiennes with a great number of knights and squires, well prepared and advised to receive the English. In the morning, the English came to assault the castle, but they immediately saw they could make no headway there. They then passed through the countryside of Guyenne and entered the county of Fauconberg, burning all.\nBefore reaching the city of Turwyn, they approached it but did not assault it, as it was well fortified and they believed they would only suffer losses. Instead, they traveled through the countryside of Terrenoyse, intending to enter Artois, and rode four leagues each day, with men on foot. They took lodging around noon and encamped at large villages. Eventually, they arrived at the city of Arras and lodged in the town of Mont Saint-Eloi.\n\nThe French king had stationed great garrisons in all cities, towns, castles, fortresses, bridges, and passages to defend against attacks. After Sir Robert Canoll and his company had rested two days in Mont Saint-Eloi, they departed and passed by the city of Arras. Sir William Mesuell and Sir Geoffrey Dursell, marshals of the English host, planned to approach Arras more closely.\nand took with them two hundred spears and four hundred archers, and departed from the great battlement, and approached the suburbs of the town and came to the barriers, which they found well furnished with crossbows and armed men. Sir Charles of Poitiers, with the Lady of Artois, was within the town but he made no sign of emerging or fighting against the English. After the English had waited before the barriers for a certain time and saw that no one came out against them, they drew back to their battlements. Before leaving, they intended to make it known that they had been there, for they set the suburbs on fire to draw out the men of war, but they were in no mood to do so. The fire caused much harm and damage, for there they burned a great monastery of Friars Preachers, cloister and all. And so the English passed through and took the way to Bapaumes, burning and wasting the countryside. And so, in the end.\nThey came into Uermandoise and burned the town of Roy. Then they passed forward and went to Hem in Uermandois, where all the people had withdrawn, along with all their goods. They did the same at Saint Quintyns and Peron. Therefore, Englishmen found nothing abroad except for stores full of corn, as it was after August. So they rode forth fair and easily, two or three leagues a day. And when they came where there was a plentiful supply of victuals, they stayed there two or three days to rest and their horses. And on one day they came before a town, which was chief of that country around, and the marshals spoke with the captain and said to him, \"How do you say? What will you give, and we shall spare this country and save it from burning and robbing.\" They came to an agreement that those of the plain country should give and pay a certain sum of florins to them, and so the country was saved. Sir Robert Canol entered the same voyage by the same route.\nsayde means above the sum of a hundred thousand francs, of which he was subsequently sentenced, for he was accused to the king of England that he had not properly carried out his duty in that journey, as you will find out in this history.\n\nThe land of the lord of Coucy remained peaceful, for there was neither man nor woman who had any harm inflicted upon them, not even to the value of a penny, if they claimed to belong to the lord of Coucy. And so, at last, the English came before the city of Noyon, which was well fortified with men-at-arms. There the English tarried and approached as near as they could, and proposed to see if any kind of assault could prevail against them or not, and there they saw that the town was well prepared for defense. Sir Robert Conolly was lodged in the abbey of Dolkens, and his people were with him. And one day he came before the city in the guise of a battering ram, to see if the men of the garrison and the town's community would issue out to fight or not, but they had no intention of doing so.\nwas a scottysh knyght dyde there a goodly feate of armes / for he departed fro his company his speare in his hande / mounted on a good horse his page be\u2223hynde him / and soo came before the barryers. This knyght was called sir Johan Assucton / a hardy man and a couragious. whan he was before the barryers of Noyon / he lighted a fote and sayd to his page / holde kepe my horse and departe nat hens / and so went to the barryers. And within ye barryers ther were good knigh\u2223tes / as sir Johan of Roy / sir Launcelat of Lou\u00a6rys / and a .x. or .xii. other / who had great mar\u2223ueyle what this sayde knight wolde do. Than he sayd to them. Sirs / I am come hyder to se you: I se well ye wyll nat yssue out of your bar\u00a6ryers / therfore I wyll entre and I can / & wyll proue my knyghthode agaynst yours / wyn me and ye can. And therwith he layed on rounde a\u00a6bout hym / and they at hym. And thus he alone fought agaynst them more than an hour / & dyd hurt two or thre of the\u0304: so that they of the towne on the walles and garettes /\nstode styll and be\u2223helde them / and had great pleasure to regarde his valya\u0304tnesse and dyde him no hurt / the whi\u00a6che they might haue done / if they hadde lyst to haue shotte or cast stones at hym. And also the frenche knightes charged them to let hym and them alone togyder. So long they fought that\nat last his page came nere to the barryers / and spake in his langage / and sayd. Sir co\u0304e away / it is tyme for you to depart / for your company is departyng hens. The knight he cd him well and than gaue a two or thre strokes about him and so armed as he was / he lept out of the bar\u2223ryers / and lepte vpon his horse without any hurt behynde his page: and sayd to the french\u2223men. Adue sirs I thanke you / & sorode forthe to his owne company. The whiche dede was moche praysed of many folkes.\nSIr Robert Canoll or he dep\u2223ted fro y\u2022 siege of Noyon / his people brent the towne of bys\u00a6shoppes bridge / on the ryuer of Dyse / wheri ther were ma\u00a6ny fayre houses. The knigh\u2223tes and squyers that were wt in the towne of Noyon /\nThey had great displeasure with the townspeople of Noyon due to the fire. And so, sixty men of their company went out and found part of Sir Robert's group that had set the fire in the town, as well as others who were there to pillage and rob. Most of them were killed. The Frenchmen won more than forty good horses and rescued numerous prisoners, saving many fair houses from burning. They then returned to Noyon with over fifteen prisoners and beheaded them.\n\nThe Englishmen rode on in good order to reach La Roche, passing the rivers of Dijon and Eau without causing harm in the county of Soissons because it was under the jurisdiction of the Lord of Coucy. They were constantly escorted by certain French lords: the vicomte of Meaux, the Lord of Chauny, the Lord Raoll of Coucy, the Lord William of Meung, the son of the Earl of Tankerville.\nby their folkes. Wherby the englyssh\u2223men durst nat breke their order / but euer kepte them selfe close togyder. And also the fre\u0304chmen wolde nat medyll with the\u0304 / but euery night lod\u00a6ged within stronge holdes and good townes: and the englysshmen abrode in the playne cou\u0304\u2223tre / wher as they founde plentie of vitayls and newe wynes / wherof they made great larges. And so thus they rode through the countre / bre\u0304\u00a6nyng and wastynge all before them / and at last passed the ryuer of Marne / and so entred in to Champayne / and passed the ryuer of Aube / & tourned to the marches of Prouynce / and pas\u2223sed dyuers tymes the ryuer of Saync / & drewe towarde the cyte of Parys. For it had benshe\u2223wed the\u0304 howe the fre\u0304che kyng had made ther a great assemble of men of warr: of whome the erle of saynt Poule / and the lorde of Clyssone shuld be chefe gouernours / wherfore they tho\u2223ught to drawe thider / wylling to fight with the\u0304 for by semyng the\u0304nglisshmen desyred nothyng els but batayle. And therfore the frenche kyn\u2223ge\nThe text reads: \"wrote to Sir Bertram of Clesquy, who was then in Aquitaine with the duke of Anjou, commanding and requesting him upon receiving my letters that he should draw in his forces into France and showing him how I would set him a task in other places. At the same time, Pope Urban the Fifth came to the city of Amiens. He had been there for four years together at Rome. He came there in trust to make peace between the two kings, for the war had been renewed again, which was disagreeable to the pope. The cardinals in those marches were greatly rejoiced upon the pope's coming to Anjou, as they thought they would fare better by him. Now let us speak of the Prince of Wales and his actions in the wars. You have heard before recorded how the Prince of Wales had summoned an assembly at Congnac, intending to ride against the duke of Anjou, who had burned and wasted his country. And so, at his command, barons, knights, and squires of Poitou, of Saintonge, and others assembled there.\"\nThe earl of Penbroke departed from his son and came to the prince. At the same time, the duke of Lacastre arrived at Bordeaux, where the prince was very joyous. He stayed not long there but departed, for he understood that the prince would encounter his enemies. A day's journey from Cognac, he encountered the earl of Penbroke, who was also going to the prince. They made great cheer when they met and rode together to Cognac. There they found the prince, the princess, and the earl of Cambridge, who were glad of their coming. Men-at-arms came daily to them from Poitou, Saint-Jean-d'Ang\u00e9ly, Rochell, Bigorre, Gascoyne, and the marchesa nearby, all under the obedience of the prince. On the French side, the duke of Anjou, the earl of Armagnac, the lord Dalbret, viscounts, knights, and squires came, who had conquered cities, castles, towns, and fortresses in their coming.\nAnd they were approached within five leagues of Bordeaux and had wasted the entire country. They understood well how the price had assembled at Congnac, and also how the duke of Lancaster had arrived with a great number of men-at-arms, spearmen, and archers. Then they convened to consider how they should proceed in their war. Newly sent to this council of the duke of Anjou and the lords around him was Sir Bertram of Clermont, sent by the French king from the duke of Berry, who was besieging the city of Limoges and had so constrained them that they were on the verge of surrendering, on certain conditions. And so to this council of the duke of Anjou and the lords was called Sir Bertram of Clermont. Many reasons were presented and discussed, but finally all things considered, they advised the duke of Anjou to halt his journey for the time being and to send all his people to garrisons, and to make preparations for war.\nHad done sufficient things for that time. It was necessary for the lords of Gascony, including the earl of Armagnac, the earl of Perigord, Lord Dalbret, and others, to draw their people into their own territories to keep and defend them, and to make frontier wars, as they did not know what the prince's intent was. By common accord, they parted from one another. The duke of Anjou went to the city of Caours and spread his people throughout the country, putting garrisons in place. The earl of Armagnac, Lord Dalbret, and others returned to their countries, preparing to furnish their towns and castles, thinking surely to have war, and making their people ready to keep and defend their territories if necessary.\n\nNow let us speak of Sir Bertram of Clermont, who departed from the duke of Anjou and did something that brought him with his company to the city of Limoges, where the duke of Berry, the duke of Bourbon, and others were.\nlords of France were at siege. When Sir Bertram returned to the siege, the Frenchmen were greatly rejoiced by his coming. Immediately they pursued the treaty that had begun between the bishop of Limoges and the citizens of the city, and the duke of Anjou. And so, finally, the bishop and the citizens of the city turned French. The duke of Berry and the duke of Bourbon entered the city, and Sir Guy of Blois and other French lords, with great joy, took their faith and homage from the citizens. They refreshed and rested there for three days. In council, they determined to disband their army for the time being, as the duke of Anjou had done, and to return to their own countries to keep and defend their towns and fortresses because of Sir Robert Canoll, who was still abroad in the fields of France. They also said that they had well sped in winning such a city as Limoges. This council and advice was not broken, but thus these lords.\nWhen Edward departed from other lords, including Sir Bertram, lord of Malleus, who had turned French when the Duke of Berry departed from Limoges, he ordered and established a hundred men of arms in the same city at the request of Bishop Sir John of Wilhemur, Sir Hugh de la Roche, and Roger Beaufort. The Duke of Bourbon also went to Bourbon. Other lords of the distant marches returned to their own countries. Now let us speak of the prince and his success.\n\nWhen news reached the prince that the city of Limoges had turned French, and that the bishop, who was his kinsman and in whom he had great trust and confidence, was the chief aider in surrendering the city and becoming French, the prince was greatly displeased. He swore by his father's soul, in whom he had never been sworn false, that he would get it back and that he would make the [city] [belonging to the bishop] [again].\nThe traitors readily abandon their falsehoods. When the majority of his people had arrived, they were numbered at exit. hundred spearmen, knights, and squires; a thousand archers and a thousand men-at-arms. And so he departed from the town of Cognac, & with him his two brothers, the duke of Lancaster and the earl of Cambridge; Sir Thomas Phelton and the captain of Beaufort remained still at Bergerac to keep the frontier against the French and their companions who were in the countryside. And with the prince were Sir Giles Shardesborne, Sir Loyes Harcourt, the lord of Pons, the lord of Parthenay, the lord of Pineau, the lord of Tanyboton, Sir Percyval of Colyne, Sir Godfrey Dargenton, Potonins & Gascons, the lord of Montferrand, the lord of Camont, the lord Logueren, Sir Aymar of Tharses, the lord of Pomiers, the lord of Musident, the lord of Lesparre, the soldier of Lord William Beauchatel, Sir Michel dela Poulle, Sir Stephen Goseton, Sir Richard of Pontchardon, Sir Baudouin of Franuyll.\nSir Symon Burle, Sir Dangouse, Sir John Deuereur, Sir Wyllm of Mesuyll, and many other knights, including Sir Eustace Daubrety, Sir Perducas Dalbret, Nandon of Bergerath, le Bourge de Laspare, le Bourge de Bretuell, Espyot, Bernarde de Wyst, and others, assembled in good order and took the fields. The prince was too ill to ride but was carried in a horse litter. He intended to go to Limoges. They eventually arrived there and encamped around the city. The prince swore he would never depart until he had the city at his disposal. The bishop and burgeses considered their actions and regretted their transgressions against the prince. However, they could not remedy it as they were not lords at the time.\nSir John Wyllem and Sir Hugh de la Roche, along with Roger Beaufort, who were captains within the city, comforted their people and said, \"Sirs, do not be afraid. We are strong enough to resist against the prince's power. For by assault, he cannot harm or injure us. We are well fortified with artillery.\"\n\nWhen the prince and his marshals had fully considered and imagined the city's power and strength and knew the number of men-at-arms within, they said, \"We cannot win it by assault. Then the prince considered another way. He always had a large number of miners in his company. He set them to work to undermine us. The knights within perceived this and began to make ditches and countermines, intending to break their mine.\"\n\nSir Robert Canoll, as it has been said before, entered the realm of France with a great number of armed men. He rode there in small journeys with them.\ngreat expense though the realm suffered. But the poor people of the plain country paid dearly therefore, for the Englishmen as they went, and they did great harm; and in manner they showed that they desired nothing but battle. And when they had passed the countryside of Artois, Verdun, the bishopric of Laon, the archbishopric of Reims, and Champagne, they turned to Brie and came before the city of Paris, and there lodged a day and two nights. The same day, the constable of France, Sir Moreau Fieschi, was within Paris. The earl of Saint Pol, the earl of Tancarville, the earl of Salisbury, the viscount of Meaux, Sir Roland of Coucy, the marshal of Henault, Sir Edward of Rouncy, Sir Anguerrand Doudeauville, the lord of Casteljoly, Sir John of Uyan, the lord de la Rivi\u00e8re, and various other knights, squires, and others were there.\nValiant men of France did not emerge that day, for the king would not allow it. The lord of Clisson, who was one of the most principal of his council and best advised him, said to the king, \"Sir, you have no need to employ your people against that sort of madmen. Let them go; they cannot take from you your heritage nor put you out of your realm with their smoke. And at the gate was Saint James, and at the barriers was the earl of Saint Pol, the viscount of Rouen, Sir Ralph Coucy, the lord of Canny, the lord of Creques, Sir Edward of Rouncy, Sir Anguerand Douddin, and so on a Tuesday in the morning, the English dispersed and had set fire in the villages where they had lodged, so that the fire could clearly be seen in Paris. There was a knight in their company who had made a vow the day before that he would ride to the walls or gates of Paris and strike at the barriers with his spear. For the fulfillment of his vow, he departed from his company, leaving his spear behind.\nA knight, armed at all pieces and mounted on a good horse, had his squire behind him with a basinet. Approaching near Paris, he took and struck his helmet, leaving his squire behind. He spurred his horse and came galloping towards the open barriers. The lords present had expected him to enter the town, but he had no intention of doing so. Upon striking at the barriers, as he had vowed, he turned his rein and withdrew. The knights of France, who saw him depart, said to him, \"Go your way, you have well quit yourself.\" I cannot tell you what was the name of this knight or of what country: but the blazon of his arms was gules, two fesses, sable bordered sable. However, in the subjacent scene, he encountered an obstacle: as he passed on the pavement, he found before him a butcher, a big man, who had seen this knight pass by.\nThe knight held a sharp heavy axe with a long point. As the knight returned and paid no heed, this bookman attacked him from the side and gave him such a stroke between the neck and shoulders that he leaned forward towards his horse's neck. The bookman struck him again, and the axe entered his body. In pain, the knight fell to the ground, and his horse ran away to the squire, who waited for his master at the end of the street. The squire took the horse and was greatly surprised to find his master lying on the ground between four men, striking him. The squire was so frightened that he dared not go any farther, as he saw that he could not help his master. Then he rode a little further and saw his master lying on the ground between four men, striking him steadily.\nMaster. Therefore, he returned as quickly as he could. There, the knight was slain, and the knights at the gate caused him to be buried in consecrated ground. The squire returned to the host and recounted all the adventure of his master. They were all sorry and displeased. That night they lodged between Mount Herry and Paris, by a little river, and lodged there for a time.\n\nAt the same time that Sir Robert Canoll made this journey, and while the price of Wales and his two brothers lay before the city of Limoges, Sir Bertram of Clesqui and his company, numbering two hundred spearmen, rode through the countryside of Limoges but did not spend a night in the field out of fear of the English. Instead, every night they lodged in a fortress, such as were turned French, allied with Sir Loyes of Malleau and Sir Raymond of Marneyle, and with others. However, every day they rode forth and endured great hardship to conquer towns and fortresses.\nPrince was well aware of Sir Bertram's scheme and daily complaints came to him. However, he had no intention of breaking up his siege. Then Sir Bertram of Clenway entered the vicomte of Limoges, a territory that had surrendered, and began to wage great war in the name of Lady Charles of Blois, to whom the same enmity had once belonged. There he made great war as no one came against him, for the Duke of Brittany thought little of Sir Bertram waging war against him. And so Sir Bertram came before the town of Saint Yriell, where there was never a gentleman to defend it. Therefore, they were so frightened that they surrendered to the lady of Brittany's command in whose name Sir Bertram was waging war. And from Saint Yriell, the Bretons made a great garrison, by which they won various other towns in Limousin. Now let us return to\nThe prince of Wales remained before the city of Limoges for about a month. There was no assault or skirmish, but they continually mined. The inhabitants knew this and made a countermine to destroy the mining operation. However, they failed to execute it. When the prince's miners saw that the countermine had failed, they told the prince, \"Sir, whenever it pleases you, we will cause a part of the wall to fall into the moat, allowing you to enter the city at ease without any danger.\" The prince was pleased by this and said, \"I will order it for tomorrow. Show me the progress and carry out your work.\" Then, the miners set fire to their mine. The following morning, as the prince had ordered, a large section of the wall fell down and filled the moat. The English were glad and were ready to enter the town on foot.\nThe men ran to the gate, knocked down the fortifications and barriers. The townspeople were not prepared. Then the prince, the Duke of Lancaster, the Earl of Cambridge, the Earl of Penbroke, Sir Guyshard Dangle, and all their companies entered the city. The foot soldiers were ready to do evil, plunder and rob the city, and kill men, women, and children, as commanded. It was pitiful to see the men, women, and children kneel before the prince for mercy, but he paid no heed to them. None were spared; all were put to death as they were encountered. No pity was shown to the poor people who had committed no treason. Yet they were put to death even more cruelly than the great personages, who had instigated the evil deeds.\nThere was not a harder heart in the city of Limoges. If he had any remembrance of God, he pitied most sadly for the great harm they saw before their eyes. More than three thousand men, women, and children were slain that day. God have mercy on their souls; I believe they were martyrs. And thus, entering the city, a certain company of Englishmen entered the bishop's palace and found the bishop there. They brought him before the prince's presence, who regarded him sternly and fiercely. The best word he could say to him was how he would have his head struck off, and so he was taken out of sight.\n\nNow let us speak of the knights who were within the city: Sir John of Wyllemure, Sir Hugh de la Roche, Roger Beaufort, son of the earl of Baufort, captains of the city. When they saw the tribulation and pestilence that ran rampant among them and their company, they said to one another, we are all dead without help.\ndefende ourselves. Therefore let us sell our lives dearly, as good knights ought to do. Then Sir John of Wyllemure said to Roger Beauforte: Roger, it behooves you to be made a knight. Then Roger answered and said, \"I am not yet worthy to be a knight, I thank you, sir, so there was no more said. They had not the leisure to speak long together. However, they assembled together in a place against an old wall, and there displayed their banners, so they were to the number of eighty persons. There came the duke of Lancaster, the earl of Cambridge, and their companies, and so lit a fire, so that the Frenchmen could not long endure against them. For immediately they were slain and taken. However, the duke of Lancaster himself fought long, hand to hand, against Sir John Wyllemure, who was a strong knight and hardy. And the earl of Cambridge fought against Sir Hugh de la Roche. And the earl of Pembroke fought against Roger Beauforte, who was then but a squire. These three.\nThe Frenchmen performed many feats of arms; their men were otherwise occupied. The prince came upon them in his chariot and rejoiced at sight of them, finding solace in beholding them. They fought so long together that the three Frenchmen, in agreement, held up their swords and said, \"Sirs, we are yours. You have conquered us. Deal with us according to the laws of arms.\" The Duke of Lancaster replied, \"We seek nothing else, therefore we receive you as our prisoners.\" And thus the aforementioned three Frenchmen were taken.\n\nThe city of Limoges was pillaged, robbed, and completely burned, brought to destruction. Then the English departed with their conquests and prisoners and drew toward Cognac, where my lady the princess was. The prince gave leave to all his men of war to depart, and did no more that season; for he did not feel well at ease. However, his sickness increased, causing great dismay among his brother and people.\n\nNow I will tell you about the bishop of Limoges.\nThe duke of Lancaster desired the prince to give him the bishop, whom he intended to do with as he pleased. The prince was content and had him delivered to the duke. The bishop had friends, and they had recently informed the pope, who was then at Avignon (regarding the bishop's taking), which fortunately went well for the bishop: otherwise, he would have been dead. Then the pope, through sweet words, entreated the duke of Lancaster to deliver the said bishop to him. The duke would not deny the pope but granted him permission and sent him to Avignon, of which the pope was very pleased.\n\nNow let us speak of the adventures of France. The French king was informed of the destruction and conquest of the city of Limoges. He was deeply displeased and took it in great passion, the damage and annoyance of its inhabitants. This was advised in France: by the counsel of the nobles, prelates, and commons of the entire realm, it was decided that\nIt was necessary that the freedmen should have a chief and governor, called the constable. For Ser Moreen of Fyennes intended to leave and relinquish his office, who was a valiant man of his hands and a great enterpriser of deeds of arms. Therefore, all things concerning and imagined by a common accord, they chose Sir Bertram of Clesqui\u00e8res, so that he would take it upon himself: the most valiant knight, most virtuous, and most able to execute that office, and most fortunate, whom they knew as the one who bore arms for the crown of France. Then the king wrote and sent certain messengers to him, that he should come and speak with him at Paris. The messengers found him in the county of Limoges, where he was taking fortresses and castles, and making them yield to the Lady of Brittany, wife of Sir Charles of Blois. And at that time, he had recently taken a town called Brandon, and was readying himself toward another. And when the king's messengers arrived, he received them joyously and wisely.\nSir Bertram, being able to do it well, received the king's letter from the messenger and carried out his message. Upon seeing the king's command, Sir Bertram made no excuses but determined to go and discover the king's pleasure. He departed as soon as he could and sent most of his men to garrisons, those he had conquered. He made Sir Oliver of Many his nephew sovereign and keeper. Then he rode forth so long on his journeys that he reached Paris, where he found the king and a great noble company of his council. They received him joyously and did him great reverence. And there the king showed him how he and his council had chosen him to be constable of France. Sir Bertram excused himself wisely and said, \"Sir, I am not worthy; I am but a poor knight, as regard your other great lords and valiant men in France. Though it be so that fortune has favored me a little.\" Then the king said, \"Sir, it is for nothing that you\"\n\"excuse me. It is decreed and determined by the council of France that I shall not contradict. Then, sir Bertram excused himself again and said, \"Right dear sir and noble king, I may not nor dare contradict you. I am but a poor man and too lowly to come to the office of constable of France, which is so great and so noble an office. It is fitting that he who will exercise and acquit himself well in that office must command as well, and rather the great men than the small personages. Behold here, my lords, your brothers, nephews, and cousins, who have charge of many men-at-arms in your host and journeys. Sir, how dare I then be so bold as to command them: certainly, sir, envy is so great that I ought to fear it. Therefore, sir, I beg your grace's pardon and give this office to some other, who would gladly have it than I.\"\"\nKing answered and said, \"Sir Bertram, excuse yourself not by that way. I have no brother, cousin, nor nephew, earl nor baron in my realm who will not obey you. And if anyone does otherwise, I will be so angry with him that he will clearly perceive my displeasure. Therefore, Sir Bertram, take joyously the office I require of you.\n\nSir Bertram saw that any excuses he could make would not help. Finally, he agreed to the king's opinion, greatly against his will. So, with great joy, Sir Bertram of Cluse was made constable of France. Furthermore, to advance him, the king caused him to sit at his table and showed him all the tokens of love he could devise. He gave him, along with the office, various gifts and great lands and heritages: to him and to his heirs forever. The duke of Anjou greatly helped in this promotion of Sir Bertram.\n\nAfter Sir Bertram was settled as constable of France, he said to the king, \"Sir, and it pleases you, I will go and ride against\"\nSir Robert Canolle, stationed in the marches of Anjou and Maine, pleased the king with these words, who replied, \"Take with you whom it pleases you, all shall obey you.\" The constable then prepared for the journey and gathered men of arms, Bretons and others. They departed from the king and rode towards Maine, with the lord Clysson in their company. They encamped in the city of Mans and made their garrison there, and the lord of Clysson in a nearby town. Their number was approximately five hundred spearmen. Sir Robert Canolle and his company remained in the country, but they were not all of one opinion. An English knight named Sir John Maystrude was among them, who disagreed with their plans, arguing that they were wasting their time and traveling without conquering anything. This knight had a large company with him. Sir Robert Canolle and Sir John Maystrude\nSir Thomas of Grantson, Sir Gilbert Gifforde, Sir Geffray Oursell, and Sir Wyllyam Mesuyll, along with a large company, were stationed near Mans. When Robert Canoll and Alayne Boucquesell learned that the constable of France and the lord of Clysson had entered the country, they were overjoyed. Robert Canoll declared, \"These news are good for us. Let us draw together and take advantage. Sir Bertram of Clesquy, on account of his new office, has come to look upon us. We have ridden over a great part of the realm of France and have yet found no adventure. Let us send our minds and intentions to Sir Hugh Caurell at Saint Mors on Loir, to Sir Robert Briquet, and to Sir Bertram Ceyn, and to other captains of the companies, urging them to come to us without delay. I think they will be glad to come.\" If we can overcome this...\nThe new constable and the lord of Clysson, our great enemy, will be of great honor and profit to us. There was no discord between Sir Robert Canoll and Sir Alayne Boucqelles; they always followed the same counsel. They secretly sent letters and messengers to Sir Hugh Carell, Sir Robert Briquet, and others, inviting them to come and fight against the Frenchmen. Similarly, they sent messages to Sir Thomas Grantson, Sir Gilbert Gifford, Sir Geoffrey Dursell, and others, to meet them at a certain place, intending to fight against the Frenchmen as they rode.\n\nAll these knights and captains prepared themselves to keep this appointment and set out on their journey to join them. There were two hundred spearmen in their company. Sir Robert Canoll did not send word of this secretly to his companions, but Sir Bertram of Clesquy learned of their intentions. And when they were well informed, they armed themselves.\nIn the night season, Sir Thomas Grantson and his companions departed from their lodgings with Sir Geoffrey Dursell, Sir Gilbert Gyfford, Ser Willyam de Mesuyll, and others. They headed towards Sir Robert Canoll, intending to find him. However, their way was shortened when they unexpectedly encountered the Frenchmen at a place called the Palse of the Pount Ulant. The Frenchmen numbered four hundred spearmen, and the Englishmen two hundred. A fierce battle ensued, and it lasted a long time. As soon as they met, they charged at each other and fought valiantly with spears and swords. However, the place remained with the Frenchmen, who obtained victory against the Englishmen. All the Englishmen were killed or taken captive, except for pages, boys, and those who leapt onto their masters' horses and saved themselves. Sir Thomas Grantson was taken.\nSir Gylbert Gyfford, Sir Geffray Drsell, Sir Wyllin Mesuyll, Sir Philip Courtney, Sir Hugh Spens, and various other knights were led as prisoners to the city of Mans. This news was brought to Sir Robert Canoll, Sir Hugh Carell, and Sir Robert Briquet and their companions, who were greatly displeased and abandoned their enterprise due to this adventure. The men of St. Mortar on the Loire did not come forward, but kept their lodgings. Sir Robert Canoll and Sir Alain Boucquesell withdrew and broke up the journey, entering Brittany instead. Sir Robert went to his own castle of Dorwall and gave leave to all his men-at-arms and archers to depart and take their advantage where they thought best. They departed, and some returned to England. Sir Alain Boucquesell went to winter in the town of St. Sauveur, which the king of England had given him.\n\nAfter this defeat at Pont-aux-Moines, where part of\nThe Englishmen were overthrown, halting their journey. Sir Bertram of Clermont, who in the novelty of his office as constable of France had committed this deed, gained great renown and praise, and so returned to France. The lord of Clisson accompanied him. They led with them a great part of the English prisoners and brought them to the city of Paris without danger. They ranymed them courteously, without constraint, and allowed them to go on their faiths. They did not put them in stocks or irons, nor yet in prison, as the Germans do their prisoners, to get a larger ransom. Cursed be they; they are people without pity or honor; therefore, none ought to take mercy on them. The Frenchmen kept good company with their prisoners and ranymed them courteously, without any grudge towards them.\n\nOf this disaster, the Prince of Wales was greatly displeased. The Duke of La Ferre and all their company being at Cognac. Afterwards,\nThe recall of Lymoges, around Christmas time, saw the death of Pope Urban the Fifth at Avignon. He was a valiant clerk, wise, and a good Frenchman. Then, the cardinals entered the Conclave and chose among them a new pope, who was cardinal of Beaufort and was called Gregory XI. The king was greatly pleased with his election and creation, as he seemed to be a good Frenchman. At his election, there was with him at Avignon the duke of Anjou, who caused much trouble to secure his election.\n\nMeanwhile, Sir Eustace de Breaut\u00e9 encountered a hard adventure. He was riding in Limousin when, in an evening, he came to the castle of Lord Pierre Buffet, whom he believed to be his special friend and lover, and a good Englishman. But Buffet put Sir Thibault du Pont, a man-at-arms from Brittany, into his castle and had him take Sir Eustace prisoner, as if he paid no heed to him. And so he took him away as his prisoner.\nafterward Ransomed him at 12,000 francs, of which he paid four thousand: and his son Frances remained as hostage for the remainder with the duke of Bourbon, who replied and made great efforts for his release, because Sir Eustace had previously made efforts to deliver the lady his mother, whom the company had taken at Bellperche. And so, after Sir Eustace's release, he went and stayed at Carentan, beyond the walls of Saint Clement in Lower Normandy, in a good town which the King of Navarre had given him. And there he died: God have his soul; for as long as he lived, he was a right valiant knight.\n\nThe same season [Sir] Raymond of Marravel departed from Paris to go to his own country, which had recently been returned from war. And on the way, he encountered a dangerous adventure for himself. For he found a large English force led by a knight from Poitou. He was seized by this knight's hands and could not escape, and so he was taken prisoner.\nThe taking of Sir Raymond was announced in Poitou to the knights' castle. This news reached England, informing the king. The king then wrote to the knight holding Raymond, commanding him to send his enemy and traitor, Sir Raymond Marnell, stating how he would take vengeance, so that others would take note. The knight was called Sir Geoffrey Dargenton, who refused to disobey the king's command but said he would fulfill his pleasure. Sir Raymond of Marnell learned of the king of England's desire for him and his master's determination to send him to England. Upon this knowledge, he grew more abashed than before and began to make the most lamentable complaints in his prison. The Englishman guarding him was greatly affected.\nSir Raymond, deeply distressed and reassured him. Seeing that he was to be led into England to the king, Sir Raymond revealed his sorrow to his keeper. One day he said to him, \"My dear friend, if you would deliver me from the danger I am in, I promise you on my faith and truth to divide with you half of all my lands and make you heir to them, and never fail you.\" The Englishman, who was but a poor man, considered how Sir Raymond was in peril of his life and how he had promised him great kindness. He felt great pity and compassion and said, \"Sir, I shall do my best to save you.\" Then Sir Raymond, who was greatly rejoiced by this answer, swore to him his faith.\n\nThe next morning, when it was known that they had gone, men on horseback followed after, but it was too late. Thus Sir Raymond escaped and returned to Limousin, and showed to all his friends how the English squire had saved him.\nThe English squire was shown great courtesy. Afterward, the squire was greatly honored and cherished among them. Sir Raymond wanted to deliver to him the smaller half of his inheritance, as he had promised before, but the English squire would accept nothing more.\n\nThe same season in the city of Bordeaux, the eldest son of the prince and princess died. They were deeply sorrowful for this reason. Then the prince was advised to return to England to recover his health, as his physicians and surgeons knew his disease. The prince agreed and made his provisions. As I understood, the Earl of Cambridge, his brother, and Earl John of Penbroke, were ordered to return with him to keep him company.\n\nWhen the prince was about to depart from Aquitaine, and his ships were prepared,\nThe prince and princess, along with their young son Richard, were ready in the town of Bordeaux and in the harbor of Burdeaux. Then he summoned all barons and knights of Gascony and Poitou, and in all other places where he was lord. And when they had all assembled in a chamber before the prince, he showed them how he had been their lord and had kept them in peace as much as possible, and had maintained them in great prosperity and power against all their enemies. He revealed that, to recover his health, which was in great need, he was planning to return to England. He requested that they believe, serve, and obey his brother, the duke of Lancaster, in the same manner as they had served him. Trusting that they would find him a good lord and courtesan, he asked them to counsel and assist him in all his business. The barons of Aquitaine, Gascony, Poitou, and of Xaintonge promised and swore.\nThe faithful ones maintained their faith and could be found in none of them. And so they did fealty and homage to the duke, promising him their love, service, and obedience. They swore to uphold and keep these things in the presence of the prince, and kissed his mouth. After this was done, the prince did not tarry long in the city of Bordeaux, but entered into his ship. With him were five hundred fighting men, besides archers. They sailed for a long time without danger or damage, and arrived at Nantes. There they disembarked and remained for two days, then took their horses and the prince in a litter, and came to Windsor where the king was. He received his children sweetly, and there the prince was informed of all the state of Guyenne. When the prince had been with the king for as long as it pleased them, the prince took his leave and went to his own house.\nAfter the prince departed from Bordeaux, Duke Lancaster conducted the obsequy for his cousin Edward, which was nobly held in the city of Bordeaux. All the barons of Gascony and Poitou, who had sworn allegiance to him, were present. During this obsequy, two hundred spearmen from the fortress of Peragort, sent by the Duke of Anjou, arrived. Among their leaders were four valiant knights: Sir William of Louall, Sir Alan of Aussay, Sir Loyes of Malle, and Lord Darcy. These lords rode with their companies to a strong castle called Montpaon, belonging to a knight. When the Breton spearmen approached and reached the barriers, they feigned an assault.\nThe captain, named Sir William of Montpellier, who was more French than English in disposition, appeared. He showed the Breton soldiers the castle and welcomed them in, who vowed to keep it against the whole world. These events were soon known in Bordeaux. The Duke of Lancaster then spoke to the lords around him, \"Sirs, we do not behave as we should, for the Breton forces have taken the fortress of Montpon, which is near them. The Duke and all the lords around him felt great shame. The Duke of Lancaster was the lord of Pons, Parthenay, Sir Louis Harcourt, Sir Guy Thibault, Sir Percy Valles, Sir Godfrey Dargenton, Sir Jacques of Surgeres, Sir Maubrun of Linyers, Sir William of Montendre, Sir Hugh of Vineuil, the Lord of Crepinac, and various other barons and knights of Poitou and Gascony.\nThe capitans were: the lord of Be Fitz, the lord of Pomyers, the lord of Chamont, the lord of Montsrant, the lord of Langueron, the soldier of Lestrade, sir Bernard Dalbret, the lord of Jetonde, sir Amery of Charse, and various others from England. There were about one hundred spearmen and five hundred archers. They rode regularly towards Montpaon and arrived there. When sir William of Montpaon learned of the approaching company of the Duke of Lancaster, he knew he was not secure. He knew that if he were taken by force, he would not escape death, thinking surely he would not be shown mercy because of the forfeit he had incurred by giving up the place before to the Bretons. Then he:\nThe discoverer addressed the four knights and said, \"Sirs, I will leave this castle to you. I will depart and go to Pegasus and keep that. So he departed and went to Pegasus, leaving his own castle in the keeping of the aforementioned four knights.\n\nWhen the Duke of Lacaster and the barons and knights arrived at the castle of Montpellier, they laid siege to it and made great provisions for their lodgings and other necessities, as if they would have stayed there for seven years. They did not idle, but called upon themselves to assault the castle and had the countryside villagers cut down large quantities of wood and timber to throw into the ditches. And thus, fifteen times together they did nothing but continually throw stuff into the ditches, and on the wood and timber they laid straw and earth. And so within that time they had filled a great part of the ditches, enabling them to reach the walls, to\nThe woman was with them daily, as they waged five or six assaults where many noble deeds were done. The four Breton knights within were valiant men of arms and defended themselves nobly, therefore they should be commended greatly. Though the Englishmen and Gascons came near them, they were not afraid and lost no great thing. Near to this Gascon was another, called Saint Macquarre. John of Malestroit and Silvester Budas were captains of this Gascony, who every day heard speaking of the feats of arms that were done before Montpellier. They had great desire to be there and often said to one another. We know well our companions are here who are valiant, as we may daily see by their deeds, and every day they have five or six battles, yet we lie here still and do nothing. Thus they were in great desire to go and rescue them.\nAnd when they had all spoken and considered the peril to leave their own fort, they were unsure what to do. At one time, Silvester Budus said to his fellow, John, \"You shall go or I will.\" Then John answered and said to Silvester, \"You shall stay here and I will go.\" And so they were at a long dispute, which of them should go. At last they agreed and swore and made a promise before all the company that the one with the longest straw should go forth and the other stay. So they drew lots, and the longest straw fell to Silvester Budus. There was great laughter among all the company. This Silvester took for no fable but appointed himself and mounted on his horse with twelve men-at-arms and rode so long that at evening he entered the town and castle of Montpellier, where the knights and companions within rejoiced greatly and gave great praise to him.\nSir Silvester Bud. I have previously mentioned that every day there were attacks at Montpellier. The knights held out bravely and deserved great honor. The English prepared mantlets and other weapons of war to approach near to the walls, over the ditches they had filled. The brigands were well prepared, who had large iron pikes with which they undermined the walls, causing a large section over forty feet long to fall down. Then the lords of the host ordered their battles with their archers, who shot so fiercely together that none within dared to appear outside. When Sir William of Longueville, Sir Alan of Houssay, Sir Loyes of Malley, and Lord Darcy saw their predicament, they were unable to endure or maintain the hold. They sent a herald back to the Duke of Lancaster.\nThe herald came to the duke and showed him the intent of his coming. The duke, through the use of his council, granted them respite to speak with him and his council. The herald returned and showed his masters how he had fared. Then all four knights went for him, and the duke sent to them Sir Guyshard Dangles and others. They demanded under what terms the duke would receive them. Sir Guyshard, who had charge, answered and said, \"Sirs: you have greatly displeased my lord the duke, for you have kept this castle against him for more than eleven weeks, causing him to lose many men. Wherefore he will not receive you to grace or mercy without you yield yourselves simply. And also deliver to him first, Sir William of Montpellier, that he may put him to death as he has deserved, like a traitor.\" Sir Loyes of Mailly answered and said, \"Sir Guyshard, as for Sir William of Montpellier, \"\nWhome you desire to have delivered, we swear truly that we do not know where he is: for he was not in this castle since you laid siege to it. And sir, it is a hard thing for us to yield ourselves up simply, as you would have us do, since we are sent here only as soldiers, to get wages to live by. In like manner as you send your men, and sometimes yourself, glad to take wages. Therefore, sir, or we make a march, we shall sell ourselves so dearly that it shall be spoken of a hundred years after our deaths. But sir, we desire you to return to the duke and show him that we desire him to receive us courteously on certain composition of ransom. In like manner as he would have his men spared. Then answered sir Gisshard and said, \"Sirs, I shall do the best of my power.\" And so he returned to the duke and took with him the Captain of Beufz, the lord of Rousayne, the lord of Musyden, to expedite matters. And when they were all come.\nBefore the duke conceded to their requests and took the four Breton knights and their company as prisoners. He regained full possession of the Mountpaon fortress and took their fealty from the townspeople. Two Gascon knights were set to keep it, along with forty armed men and an equal number of archers. The place was repaired and fortified, and supplies and artillery were returned.\n\nAfter the conquest of Mountpaon and the establishment of the duke's captains and the fortress's fortification, he dismissed everyone and granted permission for each man to depart. They parted ways and returned to their own countries. The duke went to the city of Bordeaux, and the Poitennins returned to their lands. The Gascon company dispersed throughout the countryside, causing much harm and damage.\nIn the land of their friends or enemies, the duke suffered because he thought he would need them again soon for the wars, which were more severe than anywhere else in Poitou at that time. A great garrison was kept in the castle of Montcontour, four leagues from Thouars and seven leagues from Poitiers. Sir Peter of Guerfyll and Jordayne of Colloyne were commanders there, and they ran daily, either before Thouars or before Poitiers, causing great harm to the country. In the castle of Leraunt, there was a Breton captain named Carlonet, and with him were seven hundred Bretons, who caused great damage to the country. Additionally, those from the garrison of the Roche of Pousay and those of Saint Salvyn ran daily through the country, making the barons and knights of Poitou, who held the English part, too afraid to venture out without large companies.\nThe Frenchmen who were trapped in their country after the fall of Montpellier and the lords of Poitou being drawn back into their own territories secretly entered into a treaty with Lord Louis of Sainte-Julienne, the viscount of Rohan, and other Frenchmen. The king's emissaries relentlessly pursued this, drawing the Poitou lords to their side. As a result, Lord Pons turned French against the will of his English wife and the men of the town of Pons in Poitou. The English barons and knights of Poitou, who were English, were greatly displeased by this. When Duke Lancaster learned of this, he was deeply displeased with Lord Pons. He implored his wife and the men of Pons to remain English, and to aid and counsel her, he dispatched a knight.\nThe right valiant and hardy man, named Aymemoos of Bours, and his men daily ran before the town, and sometimes did nothing and other times were chased away, returning with damage. The Englishmen were troubled, and the lords and knights of Poitou fought one against another, the stronger overcame the weaker. There was neither right, law, nor reason ministered on any side. The fortresses and castles were intermingled one with the other, some English and some French, each running on the other and pelting each other without sparing. Then certain barons and knights of Poitou, such as were English, advised that those in the fortress of Montcontour behaved more treacherously than any other son. Therefore, they determined to go there and besiege them. And so they summoned a great assembly of men of war in the town of Poyters, in the name of the seneschal of Poitou, Sir Thomas Percy. To this commandment all knights and squires obeyed.\nThere were five hundred speeches and two thousand Brigantes with archers, among whom were Sir Guyssharde Dangle, Sir Loyes of Harcourt, the lord of Parteney, the lord of Pynan, the lord of Tannyboton, the lord of Cupenac, Sir Percyuall of Coloyne, Sir Godfray Dangenton, Sir Hugh of Wynay, the lord of Coyes, the lord of Puyssances, Sir Jaques of Surgeres, Sir Maubrune of Linyers, and others. And among the English in Poitou were Lord Baudwyn of Franuyll, Sir Dangoses, Sir Water Hewet, Sir Richard Pontchardon, and others. When they were all assembled at Poitiers and ready appareled, they departed and took the way to Montcontour, well furnished to lay siege.\n\nThe castle of Montcontour stands on the marches of Anjou and Poitou, and was marvelously strong and fair. But only four thousand fighting men came to the fortress with them, and had brought great engines from England.\nThouars, from the city of Poitiers. And immediately they were raised up against the castle, which did fight night and day into the castle. Besides that, daily assaults were given to them, and skirmishes. Many noble deeds of arms were done, for with these Poitevins there were certain men of the company who would not lie still: John Cruel and David Hollegrave. These two, with Sir Gaultier Hewet, were captains. Sir Peter Cressell and Jordayne of Coloyne, who were within, bore themselves right valiantly. They daily came to the bar walls and entered in and conquered the Frenchmen. And so all were slain that were within, except Peter and Jordayne, and a few or more men of arms, who were taken to mercy. After this adventure and enterprise, Sir Thomas Percy, Sir Loyes Harcourt, and Sir Guy Shard Dangle, by the accord and counsel of all the barons and knights, gave the same castle to Sir Gaultier Hewet, and to John Cruel, and to David Hollegrave.\nAnd the company of men, numbering five hundred, were stationed there to keep frontier war against Aniou and Mayne. Then these lords departed, and every man returned home. Thus, the fortress of Montcontour and the frontier garrison remained in the keeping of the forementioned knights, who made it strong and well fortified. And so they kept it for a long time after, causing much trouble to the country around, as they frequently went to Aniou or Mayne.\n\nNow let us return to speak of Sir Bertram of Clermont, constable of France, who was always with the king at Paris during his coming from the Bridge of Valence. There he and the Lord Clisson had overthrown the Englishmen (as you have heard before), and he had well heard how the Englishmen in Poitou and Guyenne kept the fields. So, as soon as Candlemas was past and the springtime began, Sir Bertram thought to raise and gather an army, assemble lords and knights, and ride to some other place in a similar manner.\nThe Englishmen rode in Poitou, in Quercy, and Rouergue. In these regions, there were Englishmen who acted honorably and had maintained themselves throughout the Reign of Terror. Additionally, Sir John Deureur's company had recently entered Limousin and had taken the castle, city, and town of Dusse. Sir Bertram of Clermont thought this should not be tolerated. He declared his intention to go to that area and, with the king's permission, he gathered a large number of armed men. He departed from Paris, and his following continually grew larger. For this length of time, the constable rode to Auvergne, and with him were the Duke of Berry, the Duke of Bourbon, the Earl of Alencon, the Earl of Perche and his brother, the Earl of Saint-Pol, the Dolphin of Auvergne, the Earl of Uz\u00e8s, the Earl of Porcean, the Lord of Sully, the Lord Montague, Sir Hugh Dolphin, the Lord Beaujeu, and the Lord Rochefort.\nThe lord of Talenson and a great number of barons, knights, and squires of the marquis of France rode for so long that they reached the city of Dusse and lodged there, besieging the city for fifteen days. There were given many great and fierce assaults, but they could not take the fortress, as Englishmen valiantly defended it. So, the Frenchmen departed and rode farther with the constable into the territories of Rouergue. Some of the chief lords went to Avignon to see Pope Gregory and the duke of Anjou, who was with him. After this visitation and their conversation with the duke of Anjou, they departed from Avignon and drew nearer to the constable, who was in Rouergue, and conquered towns and castles from the English. They came before the town of Lamule and laid siege to it. Sir Thomas of Evreux held it and had kept it for a long time, as well as Rocheauclere. However, you said...\nEnglish knights, by composition, yielded to Sir Bertram, and so did various other castles on the border of Limousin. When Sir Bertram had refreshed himself, he took his way and his return towards the city of Dusse in Auvergne, and so came there and laid siege to it. They brought great engines from Ryon and Clermont and set them up before the fortress, and also prepared all manner of instruments for assaults.\n\nWhen the Englishmen within the city of Dusse saw the order and manner of the Constable of France, and also had perfect knowledge that Sir Thomas of Vendoselle had departed and had abandoned the fortress in Rouergue, and also saw that there was no fortification coming to them from any quarter, they drew to council and determined to yield up by treaty and no other way. And so they made such wise concessions with the Constable that they departed without danger or blame and had with them all that they wished to carry.\nSir Bertram visited Saint Symeon in Limosyn during this voyage, exploring various English-held places and countries. Afterward, he returned to France. You have heard before about Robert Canoll's journey in France and his return to his castle of Derwent in Brittany. It was true that certain Englishmen, upon their return to England, informed the king against him. But when Robert Canoll learned of this, he sent two esquires to apologize. They performed their duty well, and the king and his council received them favorably, recognizing they had been falsely informed about him. The king and his council were content with him once more, through the help of Sir Alan of Bouqueshall and other knights around the king, who assisted in excusing him. Sir John Orde was dealt with harshly: he was publicly executed in London. The execution.\nSir Robert Canoll remained in the king's grace and the prince's court. The king of England, seeing how the French were making war against him, sought allies where he could. He reached an agreement with the duke of Guise, his nephew, and the duke of Juliers. They were to assemble a certain number of soldiers and enter France together. At the same time, the king of England sent the earl of Herford and knights from his household to Brittany to speak with the duke about certain matters between them. Meanwhile, the English and French were no longer friends. They met on the sea but the French lost, leaving them displeased. The encounter took place near a harbor called La Bay. A great battle ensued, and the earl of Herford was there with Sir Richard Stury and Sir Thomas Wysque, among others. They fought valiantly.\nThe fleeing enemies were more numerous and better prepared for the battle (as they had stayed there for a long time for the same purpose), yet they had little advantage. This battle on the sea lasted for three hours, and many noble deeds of arms were done, and many men were wounded and hurt with arrows. They had grappled their ships to each other with irons hooks, so one could not escape the other. Nevertheless, the victory remained with the English, and the fleeing enemies were defeated. Sir John Peterson, their patron, was taken, along with all the others taken or killed. The English turned back to England with their conquest and prisoners, and broke up their voyage for that time. They then reported these tidings to the king of England, who was very joyful about this adventure, when he knew that the fleeing enemies had launched the assault and were defeated. After this defeat of the fleeing enemies.\nbefore the Bay in Bretayne. The kyng of Englande sent men of warr to ye see agaynst the flemynges / commaundyng them to make sharpe warre agaynst all the flemynges and to kepe all pas\u2223sages: so that nothyng shulde co\u0304e thyder with\u2223out danger. And whan they of Brug{is} / of Ipre / and of Gaunt herde therof / than they drewe to counsayle: and all thynges consydred and yma\u00a6gined. They thought it nat profitable for them to haue the yuell wyll of Englande / there nere neyghboure / for the susteynynge or aydinge of the erle their lorde. Therfore the good townes sent suffycient men into Englande to treat for a peace with the kyng and his counsayle. Who spedde so well or their retourne / that they dyde bring peace to the countre of Flanders / and to the flemynges: on certayne artycles sealed of bothe {per}ties. So they abode than in good state rest and peace. \u00b6 Nowe lette vs a lytell speke of the realme of Mayllorques.\nYE haue herd rehersed here before: howe that kyng James of Mayllorques was takenne in the vale of\nWhen King Henry reconquered Castle, he stayed for a month and made complaints to the pope in such a way that the pope agreed to his desire: he would wage war against the king of Aragon to recover his heritage. The king then provided men for war all around where he could find them, buying them dearly. Among these were English, Gascons, Almaines, Bretons, and certain company men. Sir Gascon of the castle, Sir John Malestroy, Silvester Buda, and Jacques of Bray were their commanders. They had approximately 120 fighting men and set out, entering Naver and staying there by the king of Naver's consent. Then they entered Aragon and began war against the king of Aragon, overrunning the country and taking little fortresses. They severely troubled the open country, ransoming men and taking prisoners. The king of Aragon, who had doubted that war had been sent to the borders, was alarmed by this.\nThe earls of Roquebrityn and Roddes were captains. And while this war was cruelly raging, King James of Mallorca fell ill again in the valley of Sorrows, from which sickness he died. Thus, the Aragonese army, with the duke of La Castre in the city of Bordeaux on the Garonne, and various barons, knights, and squires of Aragon, found themselves in a favorable position on the English side. However, various barons of the king of Portugal were in the city of Gascony at the time. They were brought there by sea to be kept by certain knights from the parties of the devil, out of fear of King Henry. As soon as they learned of their father's death, the two ladies were inconsolable and in great trouble. It was truly pitiful, for they were rightful heirs to Castille by the right of succession of King Don Pedro their father. Sir Guyshard Dangle showed this matter to the duke, saying, \"Sir, and it pleases you to marry? And we know of a great marriage.\"\nFor you, by whom you and your heir shall be king of Castille. And it is a great alms to comfort maidens in their distress, and especially daughters to a king, being in such a case. Sir: we, your faithful servants, would counsel you to take the eldest as your wife, for we cannot tell where you shall be so happily married again, nor where so much profit would come to you thereby.\n\nThese words and others entered the duke's heart, and he was greatly pleased. Therefore, he was well content to send for the two ladies, the eldest called Constance, and the other Isabella. And so he sent four knights for them, and the eldest, Constance, came. At the day of marriage, there was a great feast and a great number of lords and ladies. And then the duke brought his wife to Bordeaux. And again, there was great feasting and joy made, and the good lady and her sister were greatly feasted there by the ladies and damsels of Bordeaux, and given to them great gifts and fair ones.\npresents / for the love of the duke.\nThe news came to castle to King Henry and to the barons of that realm who were summoned by the Faith and homage to him, that his niece had married the duke of Lancaster. And also it was informed them, that the younger should be wedded to the earl of Cambridge, when the duke were returned into England, of which King Henry was right sore displeased, and called all his council to consult. Then it was counselled him, that he should send great messengers to the French king to treat with him, to which counsel the king agreed. And sent wise and sufficient personages into France. And so they departed and did so much by their journeys, that they came to the city of Paris where they found the king who received them with great joy and feast. And so between the king and these counsellors of King Henry, who had procurations sealed, to treat and to proceed in all causes in the name of their lord: in any playment, treaty, council.\nThe duke of Lancaster, who was in Bordeaux during the same season, ordained and confirmed alliances and confederations of great and large extent, which were sworn so. Now let us return to the duke of Lancaster, who was in the city of Bordeaux and intended to return to England around the feast of St. Michael. He wished to inform the king, his father, about the affairs of Aquitaine. Before his departure, he ordained and assembled in Bordeaux all the barons and knights of Guyenne who were English. He revealed his intention to return to England for the benefit of them all and of the country of Aquitaine, and that he would come back the following summer if the king, his father, approved. These words pleased them all. The duke then ordained the lord of Beufez, the lord of Musident, and the lord Lesparre as governors of all the country of Gascony.\nIn Poitou, Sir Loyes Harcourt was appointed governors: Sir Loyes Darcy and Sir William of Moultree. They rested there for two days before departing and riding to Windsor, where the king received the duke and his son, as well as the ladies, damsels, and foreign knights, with great feasts. The duke was particularly pleased to see Sir Guyshard Dangle.\n\nAt the same time, the noble knight Sir Gaultier of Manney died in London. All the barons of England were deeply sorry for his truth and good counsel that they had always seen and heard from him. He was buried with great solemnity in the monastery beside London, and at the day of his obsequy, the king and all his children, as well as the prelates, barons, and knights of England were present. The lands, both in England and beyond the sea, belonged to Earl John of Penbroke, who married Lady Anne, his daughter.\nThe earl of Penbroke sent two knights into the land that had fallen to him in Heynault. All winter there were various councils in England among the lords regarding the state of the realm and how to maintain the war the following summer. They intended to make two voyages: one to Guyenne and the other into France via Calais. The king sought allies in all directions: in Austria as well as in the emperor's marches. He gathered many knights and squires of his accord. Additionally, he prepared a remarkable great apparrel for his host. The fresh king had knowledge of their secrets and what they intended to do, so he took counsel and made provisions. He fortified his cities, towns, and castles in Picardy and placed great companies of men-at-arms in every place to defend the country from any misfortune. When summer came.\nKing Edward of England held his feast and solemnity of St. George at Windsor, as was his annual custom. Sir Guyshard Dangar was admitted into the same fraternity with the king and his children, and other English barons, known as the knights of the Blue Garter. Then the king went to London to his palaces of Westminster and held a great council for the ordering of the realm. Since the duke of Lancaster was to pass through Picardy and the earl of Cambridge with him, the king, at the request of Sir Guyshard Dangar and those of Poitou, ordered the earl of Penbroke to go to Poitou to pacify that country and make war against the French there. The Gascons and Poitouians had requested the king through their letters and by the mouth of Sir Guyshard Dangar that if he would not send any of his sons, he would send the earl of Penbroke instead.\nThe king of England addressed the Earl of Pembroke before all his barons and knights assembled in council, \"John Fair Sophie, I order you to go to Poitou, in the company of Sir Giles Dauntless. You shall be sovereign and governor of all the men of war there, as I have been informed there is great need (and also of those who go with you).\" The Earl knelt before the king and said, \"Sir, I thank your grace for the great honor you bestow upon me: Sir, I shall gladly go to serve you as one of your least marshals.\" Thus the council broke up, and the king returned to Windsor, with Sir Giles Dauntless in tow. The king spoke often to him about the urgency of Poitou and Guyenne, and Sir Giles replied, \"Sir, as soon as my lord the Earl of Pembroke arrives there, we shall make good...\"\nThe king replied, \"Sir Guyshard, you will have a force of four to five hundred spearmen obeying you. Ensure they are paid well. I have enough gold and silver for war expenses. I am content to allocate it for this campaign since it concerns me and my realm. Thus, Sir Guyshard Dagle, whom I love and trust, made preparations. The earl of Pembroke was to depart, and he took his leave of the king and his company. Others from Grants were ordered to go with him. He had a small company with him, but he had certain sums of money to pay the wages of three thousand men of war. They made haste until they reached Hampton, where they stayed for fifteen days waiting for wind, and then entered.\nito their ship\u00a6pes and de{per}ted fxo the hauyn in ye name of god and saynt George / & toke their course towarde Poitou. Kyng Charles of Frauce / who knewe the most {per}te of all the cou\u0304sell in England / I ca\u0304 nat tell howe nor by who\u0304e. But he knewe well how sir Guysshard Da\u0304gle was gone into En\u2223gland / to the\u0304tent to get of the kyng a good capi\u00a6tayne for the cou\u0304tre of Poytou: & also he knew howe therle of Penbroke shulde go thyder and all his charge. The frenche kyng was well ad\u2223uysed therof / and secretly sent an army of men of warre by the see / of spanyerdes at his desyre bycause his owne men were gone to kyng He\u0304\u2223ry of Castell / bycause of the confederacyon and alyaunce / that was bytwene them. The spany\u00a6erves were fourtie gret shyppes / and .xiii. bar\u00a6kes well purueyed and decked / as these spay\u2223nysshe shyppes be. And soueraynes and patro\u2223nes of that flete / were four valyaut capitayns: Ambrose de Boucquenegre / Cabesse de Uaca\u00a6dent / Ferrant de Pyon and Radygo de la Ro\u00a6chell. These spanyerdes had\nlyen a great spa\u2223ce at ancre in thesce / abydinge the retournyng of the poicteuyns / and comyng of therle of Pe\u0304\u2223broke. For they knewe well howe their ente\u0304tes were to come to Poitou / therfore they lay at an\u00a6cre before the towne of Rochell. And so it hap\u2223ped / that the day before the vigyll of saynt Jo\u2223han Baptyst / the yere of our lorde god. M .iii. hundred .lxxii. The erle of Penbroke and his co\u0304pany shulde arryue in the hauyn of Rochell / but there they founde the foresayde spaignyer\u2223des / to lette them of their arryuyng / who were gladde of theyr comynge. And whanne the en\u2223glysshemen and poicteuyns sawe the spaigny\u2223erdes ther / and parceyued howe they must ne\u2223des fight with them / they conforted themselfe:\nhowbeit they were nat agally matched / nother of men nor of shyppes. Howe be it they armed them / and putte them selfe in good order / their archers before them redy to fight. And tha\u0304 the spaynisshe shyppes / who were well prouyded with a great nombre of men of warre and bri\u2223gantes / with arbalasters\nand they approached, making great noise: the Spanish ships turned to engage the English ones. Anxiously they faced each other, and the Spanish ships came on with full sail. At the beginning, there was great cry and noise from both sides. The Earl of Pembroke ordered some of his squires knights to engage in honorable combat. A great battle ensued, and the English had enough to do, as the Spanish in the large ships carried great irons and large stones, casting them down to harass the English ships and injure many men severely. Among the English and Poitou knights, great nobility of heart and prowess was displayed. The Earl of Pembroke fought fiercely and performed many noble deeds of arms with his own hands that day, and likewise.\nSir Othes Graulets, Sir Gisshard Agnew, the lord of Pynan, and all other knights, did this manneredly at the battle. And as I have heard reported by those who were there, the Englishmen and Poitouians who were present desired greatly to conquer laude and praise in arms. For there were never men who did more valiantly, for they had fewer ships and less quantity. Therefore, it might well be marveled how they endured so long, but the noble knighthood that was in them comforted them and held them in their strength. For if they had been equal in ships, the Spaniards would have taken little advantage of them. They held themselves so close together that none dared abide their strokes without being well armed and prepared, but the casting down of lead balls, great stones, and bars of iron, hurt and troubled them marvelously sore. And hurt and wounded various knights and squires. The people of the town of Rochell saw well this battle.\nBut they never summoned them to help the earl of Penbroke and his company, who so valiantly fought with their enemies but let them alone. In this battle and strife, they endured until it was night, and then each departed from the other and cast their anchors. On the first day, the English lost two barges laden with their provisions, and all who were within were put to death. That night, Sir John Harding, who was then seneschal of Rochell, made great requests to them of the town. He asked them to arm themselves and cause all the town's militia to enter barges and ships. And to go aid and comfort their company, who all day had so valiantly fought with their enemies. But they of the town, who had no desire for the matter, excused themselves and said that they had enough to do to keep the town. And they were no men for the sea nor knew not how to fight with the enemy.\nSpaniards on the sea, but if the battle were on land, they said they would gladly go forth. The seneschal could not get them to go, as nothing he could do would help. At the same time within the town: there was the lord of Tanisboton, Sir Jacques of Surge, and Sir Maubrune of Linyers, who also desired the townspeople to go with them. But when they saw that their request could not prevail, the four knights armed themselves and their company, such as would go with them, a small number. And so they entered into four barges, and at the breaking of the day when the tide came, they went to their company, who gave them great thanks for their coming. And so they joined the Earl of Penbroke and Sir Giles Shardelowe. The people of Rochell would not come forth to help and aid him and his company. Then the Earl answered and said, \"Well, then it must behoove us to await the grace of God and the adieu.\"\nThe trusted ones from Rochell were waiting to find the right season to repent for their unkind dealings. When the day arrived and the tide began, the Spanish prepared their anchors, making great noise with trumpets, and took advantage of the tide to draw close to the English ships, which were far fewer in number. The four patrons of the Spanish fleet came forward in good order. The Englishmen and pilots saw their order and drew together, setting their archers in front. The Spanish then approached with full sail and began a fierce and cruel battle. The Spanish cast great iron hooks and grappled their ships to the English ships, preventing them from separating. With the Earl of Penbroke and Sir Giles Dawnay, there were twenty-two knights who fought valiantly.\nwith such weapons as they had. Thus they continued the fight for a long time. However, the Spanish had a distinct advantage over the Englishmen, as they were in large ships and cast down great bars of iron and stones, which severely injured the Englishmen. Crying, showing, and fighting each other, they endured until three o'clock. There were never men who experienced more trials at sea than the Englishmen did that day. Most of their men were severely hurt from the casting of bars of iron, stones, and lead projectiles. Sir Aymery of Tharse, the valiant knight from Gascony, and Sir John Lantonne, who was knighted by the Earl of Penbroke, were among those present. Four great ships were fastened to the Earl's ship. Cabesse of Wakadent and Dom Ferant de Pyon were their governors, and they inflicted great damage. They entered the Earl's ship, where many deeds were done.\narms: The earl was taken, along with all who were in his ship. First, the following knights were taken: Sir Robert Bufforce, Sir John Curson, and Sir John of Grimyers. Sir Simon Houssagre, Sir John Mortaine, and Sir John Couchette were slain. The Poitoukins continued to fight: Sir Giles Shardesborne, the lord of Pynan, the lord of Cannyboton, and various other knights of their company. In another ship were Sir Othes of Grauston, Ambrose of Boucquegre, and Radigo of Rochell, and they were all taken by the Spaniards; none escaped, but others were taken or slain. However, when they had taken the chief masters, they ceased killing servants, as their masters desired to spare them. Saying they would pay for them all. All those in similar danger, such as the earl of Penbroke and Sir Giles Shardesborne, should be willing to take the risk that God would send them. Besides the loss of so many good men.\nknights and squires, taken and slain on the same day. The king of England lost the greatest loss due to this defeat; he lost the entire countryside, as you will learn in this history. And it was shown to me, the Spanish ship where all the treasure and riches were, with Sir Guyshard Dagle, who was to pay all soldiers' wages in Guyenne, was sunk and drowned, and nothing of it remained profitable. That day, which was the vigil of St. John the Baptist and that night, and the next day until it was noon, the Spaniards remained still at anchor before Rochell, making great joy. It turned out well for a knight from Poitou named Jacques of Surgeres, for he spoke so sweetly and fairly to his master that he was released, with the payment of three C. francs. And he came to dinner on St. John's day into the town of Rochell, where it was known how the journey had gone and who had been slain and who had been taken. diverse.\nThe burgesses of the town showed their sorrow and displeasure. However, they were truly joyous, as they never naturally loved the English. And so they departed, making great noise with trumpets and other minstrels. They had long streamers waving in the wind, beaten with the arms of Castle, with other penons and standards. It was a great pleasure to behold them. In this case, they departed and took their course toward Galicia. And on the same day of St. John, a great number of Gascon and English soldiers arrived at Rochell, who had not yet heard of this adventure. But they knew that the Spaniards lay in wait and had been there for a long time before the haven of Rochell. Therefore, they came there to reinforce and aid the town. Among the Gascon soldiers were the Captain of Beufz, Ser Beras de la Launde, Sir Peter of Landuras, Sir Soudyc, and Sir Bertram de Franke. And among the English soldiers were Sir Thomas Percy.\nSir Richard of Pontchardon, Sir William Feriton, Sir Dangoses, Sir Baudwin of Frauyll, Sir Water Hewet, and Sir Johan Deureur, and their company of around a hundred men arrived at Rochell. The townspeople welcomed them warmly outside because they dared not do otherwise. They were then informed by Sir Jacques Surgeres about the Spanish battle at sea and showed them how he himself had been taken and ransomed. The barons and knights were deeply saddened and ashamed that they had not been present. They lamented greatly the loss of the Earl of Pembroke and Sir Richard Dagleish. They stayed at Rochell for an undetermined period to take counsel and advise on how to continue the war.\n\nNow let us leave them aside for a moment and speak of Sir Yuan of Wales and what he did during that same season.\nof Wales was the son of a Welsh prince, whom King Edward had put to death; I cannot say why. Edward then bestowed the principality upon his son and made him Prince of Wales. This young man came to France and complained to King Charles of France about the injuries inflicted upon him by the King of England, including the killing of his father and seizure of his inheritance. The French king retained him and treated him generously, making him governor of certain men-at-arms. That same summer, the king provided him with four thousand fighting men and sent him to sea from Harfleur. He sailed towards England and reached the Isle of Gernesey, where Aymon Rosse, an honorable squire and captain of the English king, was stationed. When Rosse learned that the French and the young Welshman had arrived on the island, he was displeased. Despite the island's small size, the young Welshman summoned his forces and assembled them.\nAnd there were about 800 of them from the isle. They came to a certain place and fought against the said Yuan where there was a fierce battle, and endured for a long time. However, eventually the English were defeated and lost more than 400 men. And so this Aymon fled or else he would have been killed or captured. He sought refuge in a small castle two leagues away, called Corlette, which he had well fortified before. After this defeat, the said Yuan drew his men together and learned that Aymon had entered the castle of Corlette. He drew near and laid siege to it, making numerous assaults. But the castle was strong and well fortified with good artillery, so it was not easy to be taken. During the siege of Corlette, the adventurers encountered the taking of the Earl of Penbroke and Sir Guyshard Dangle and their company before Rochell (as you have heard).\nBefore the news reached the French king, he was greatly joyous and intended to pursue the war in Poitou even more. He believed that if the English began to decline slightly, the cities and towns would surrender and render themselves to him. The French king then decided to send his constable to Poitou, Xainton, and Rochelloyse for the time being, with certain men of arms. He planned to wage hot war in those regions both by land and by sea, as he believed the English there had no captain or chief ruler. The French king then sent letters to the said Yua_, who was besieging the castle of Cornet on the Isle of Gersey. The king was well informed about the siege and believed the castle was likely to fall. Therefore, he commanded Yua_ to lift the siege after reading his letters and to enter a ship that the king had sent for him.\nThe purpose was to sail into Spain to King Henry, obtaining barkes and galleys, and his admiral and men of war, to come and lay siege by sea to the town of Rochell. When the said Juan saw the king's message and command, he obeyed and broke up the siege, giving leave to his company to depart, and delivered the ships to bring them to Harfleur. He himself entered into a great ship and set course towards Spain. Thus transpired the siege before Cornette, in the isle of Jersey.\n\nThe king of England was greatly displeased when he heard that the army he had sent to Poitou had been overcome by the Spaniards at sea, and all those who loved him were powerless to intervene, as there were other business matters arising from Brittany that prevented this journey. The king regretted this later, when he could not rectify the situation. Thus, the Spaniards who had taken the Earl of Penbroke (as you have heard before)\nThey tarried a certain time on the sea because the wind was contrary to them. However, they eventually arrived at the Port St. Andrew in Galicia and entered the town around noon. They brought all their prisoners to the castle, binding them in irons according to their custom, as they could not show any other courtesy. They were similar to the Almohads.\n\nThe same day, Yuan of Wales arrived with his ship at the same port and came ashore. He went to the same house where Domferant of Pyon and Cabesse of Wakadent had brought the Earl of Penbroke and his knights. It was shown to Yuan that the Englishmen were in the same house as prisoners. He had a great desire to see them and learn what they were. So he went to the hall and encountered the Earl of Penbroke, whom he knew well, yet he had not seen him often. Then he said to him, \"Earl of Penbroke, are you here?\"\nI come to this country to pay homage to me, for such lands as you hold primarily in the principality of Wales, of which I am rightfully heir. The land your king has taken from me through deceitful counsel and advice. The Earl of Penbroke was dismayed when he saw that he was a prisoner in a foreign land and did not know the man who spoke to him in his language. He answered briefly and said, \"What are you that give me this language? I am Yuan, son of Prince Aymon of Wales, whom your king of England unjustly put to death, and deprived me. But when I can, with the help of my right dear lord, the French king, I will therefore find a remedy. And I will tell you this: if I can find you in any convenient place, I will fight you. I will show you the right you have done to me, and also to the Earl of Hereford and Edward Spear. For by your father and other counselors, my lord, my father was betrayed, which I have reason to be displeased about.\namend it when I may. Then a knight of the earl's named Sir Thomas of Sainte came forth a while after the said.\n\nReturn to the business of Poitou, which was not little, and speak of the Gascon and English knights. They were displeased that they had not been at the battle the day before to keep the town, as they thought that as long as they were strong enough in the town, they dared not rebel. This order was taken by the Captain of Beufz, who was chief governor of that company, and Sir Thomas Percy, Sir Dangos, Sir Richard of Pontchardon, the Soldier, and Sir Bereas de la Lather were among them. They new-manned it with Frenchmen and went to Chauigny, standing by the river of Cruse and besieging it. They lay there two days, and on the third day the place was yielded up and they within taken to mercy. Then they rode.\nfurther and came to Luzat / wher ther was a towne and a castell: and so they also yel\u2223ded them vp / without abyding of any assaute. Than they went to the cytie of Poicters / & lay one night without amonge the vynes / wherof they of the cytie were sore abasshed and douted of a siege / howe beit they hadde none as at that tyme. For the next mornyng the frenchmen de\u2223parted and went to the castell of Moncou\u0304tour / wherof John\u0304 Cresuell and Dauyd Holegraue were capitayns / and had vnder them threscore hardy and valyant men of warre / who greatly had constrayned the marches of Aniou and of Thourayne / and other fre\u0304che garysons: wher\u2223fore the co\u0304stable sayd he wolde nat de{per}te thens / tyll he had it at his pleasure.\nTHe co\u0304stable of France with all ye sayd lordes and knygh\u00a6tes rode so long that thei ca\u0304e to the castell of Montcoun\u2223tour / a sixe leages fro Poy\u2223cters. And whan they were come thyder they layd siege therto / and assayled it valyantly. And bycause\nthe dykes were so brode / they caused tymbre & wode to\nThe villagers of the countryside cut down the person and brought him here to fill the dikes with straw and earth in four days. They then launched a fierce assault, but the defenders valiantly repelled them, preventing any harm that day. On the fourth day, the constable and his Breton soldiers returned to the assault, armed with pikes and matocks. They breached the walls in several places, causing great damage. However, the defenders held their ground as valiantly as ever. John Creswell and David Holegrave, the captains, assessed their situation and realized the constable and his company had no intention of retreating until they had taken the castle. They saw that if they were taken by force, they would all die. Furthermore, they perceived that:\nThere was no comfort coming to them from any quarter. Therefore, they entered into a treaty to yield up themselves, their lives, and possessions saved. The constable, who no longer wished to harm his company or excessively oppress the castle's inhabitants because he saw they were valiant men of arms, was content for them to depart without harm to their bodies. They took no goods with them except gold or silver, and so they departed and were conveyed to Poitiers. Thus, the constable had the castle of Montcountour and new fortified it; he stayed there for a while to rest himself and his company, as he did not yet know whether to draw others to Poitiers or some other place. When the citizens of Poitiers learned that the constable and Bretons had retaken the castle of Montcountour, they were more abashed than before. They sent urgent messengers to Sir Thomas Percy, who was their seneschal and riding in the company of the Captain. And so on.\nSir Thomas Percy received news that Sir John Deureur in the castle of Rochell was informed the constable of France had scouted the place where they were believed to be besieged. The seneschal was not present, leading Sir John to depart from Rochell with fifty spearmen, appointing Philipot Masyle as captain in his absence. Sir Thomas rode to Poitiers, entered the city, and was warmly welcomed. Upon receiving this news, Sir Thomas, who was with the Captain in the city of Poitiers, was urged to join them due to fear of an impending siege. He was informed of the French strength, and upon sharing this news with the Captain, awaited his response.\nThe captain said he would take action on that matter. And so, the advice taken, he was not received with great joy from the townsfolk, for they greatly desired his presence. There, he found Sir John Deureux, and each of them made great show of respect. This was reported to the constable, who was still at Montcountour, and how the Poitiers men were recently reinforced with soldiers.\n\nAt the same time, it came to his knowledge that the duke of Berry, with a great number of men of war from Auvergne, Berry, and Burgundy, and the marquis of Limosyn, was determined to lay siege to St. Severin in Limosyn, who were allies of Sir John Deureux. And captains under him were Sir William Percy, Richard Gille, and Richard Horne, with a certain number of good men of war. They had previously overrun the countryside of Auvergne and Limosyn and had caused much harm, which is why the duke of Berry was determined to go there. He sent and requested the presence of\nThe constable, who was a wise and subtle knight, considered it unlikely that he could reach him for the said purpose. The constable, departed from Montcouvert with his entire host and ordered for the keeping of the garrison. He rode forth until he came to the duke of Berry. The duke welcomed him warmly and his company. Together, their hosts were a great one. They touched bases until they came before Saint Sever. They were well over four thousand men of arms, and they determined not to depart until they had won it. Severe in Limousin, where Sir John Deureur was deeply concerned, addressed Sir Thomas Percy, who was present at the report-making. Sir Thomas, you are surely of this country, and have great influence.\nSir, I require your help to succor my men, who are lost if they have no help. He replied gladly and said, \"I would be pleased to send remedy for them, and for your sake, I will depart and go with you. Let us go speak with my lord the captain of Beufz, who is not far hence, and let us do our best to move him to go and help raise the siege and to fight with the French. Then they departed from Poitiers and left the keeping of the city with the mayor of the same, named Johan Reynalt, a good, true, and just man. And so long they rode together that they found the captain in the fields, riding toward Saint John Dangle. Then these two knights and their companions were diverse knights called out, and they all answered, \"Sir, it has been a long time since we have heard you say that you desire greatly to fight with the French. Therefore, sir, draw near, and send out your command into Poitou and Amou: we shall be men now to fight with them, with the good will.\"\nWe had gathered together. They numbered a ninety spearmen and a hundred archers. These tidings came to the host before Saint Sever to Sir Bertrand of Clermont and the other lords present. The English and Poitevins approached quickly to their ward, intending to raise their siege. When the constable heard this, he commanded every man to harness and go forward to the assault. There came Frenchmen and Bretons before the fortress, well armed and provisioned. And so began a great assault: every lord under his own banner. What shall I say? It was great beauty to behold, for there were forty-nine banners and a great number of pennons. And there was the constable and Sir Louis of Sancerre, who greatly encouraged their men for the assault. Knights advanced against the walls. And despite all they could do from within, they would not recoil: but rather went forward. And on the ditches.\nThe duke of Berrey, the duke of Borbone, the earl of Alenson, the dolphin of Auvergne, and other great lords were in council, addressing their people. Because these great lords saw that every man was more willing to face death without hesitation, William Percy, the constable, took measures to prevent greater damage. Sir Bertram, the constable, was informed that on the same night, tidings of thieves would reach the castle. Therefore, he made an agreement with them and saved their lives, entering the fortress with great joy.\n\nAt the same time, there was great discord among the people of Poitiers. Three parts of the town were eager to turn French. However, John Reynalt, the mayor of the town and a part of the commune, wanted to remain English. The richest burgesses and the majority of the church, who were numerous, wanted the constable of France to be sent for. Therefore, they sent a message.\nsecretly to him that he should come hastily and take possession of the city, for they had planned to open the gate against him. Therefore, the others in Poyntz, who were numbering around sixty C. spears and four hundred archers, drew to council to determine how to be ruled, for they saw well they were in great parallel and would not well in whom to put their trust. Then the barons and knights of Poyntz spoke a word to comfort the Englishmen and said, \"Sirfully, sirs, it greatly displeases us, the necessities of this country, and we cannot aid it. But sirs, be you assured, as long as we can endure, and there is any house or fortress in Poyntz that we may draw in to, we shall be true and faithful to our natural lord, the king of England, and to you.\" Then the English knights were there said, \"Sir, that is our sole trust, and to die in the quarrel: you shall find us ever true companions.\" So thus in the field there was great counsel.\namong them (and all things considered), it was determined that the Poitouians should draw together one way, and the Englishmen another. So they departed amicably from one another: that is, the lord of P\u00e9rigord, the lord of Thouars and Rosilly, Sir Aymarry of Rochechouart, John Dangl\u00e8s, Loyse Harcourt, Percyval of Coligny, captain of Thouars, Hugue Brian, Reynalte of Thouars, William of Capenac, Jacques of Surgeres, and other knights, took the way to Thouars. And the English: that is, Sir John of Ubruges, Sir Richard of Pontchardon, Thomas Percy, Dangosse Geoffroi Dargenton, Mathew Fonquex, Thomas Gourney, Water Hewet, Johan Cresuell and others, took the way to Niort, where they thought to enter without any let. But when they arrived there, they found the gates shut and the bridges drawn: & the townspeople told them that they should not enter there. Then they drew together to consult and determined not to suffer that.\nThey assaulted the town and the inhabitants within defeated them. However, there was no gentleman who knew what the warning was, so they were conquered by the Englishmen. But if they had been able to keep the town against them,\n\nmen would have come to refresh it. The town was taken by assault and robbed, and a great number of men and women were killed. The Englishmen remained there to wait for other news.\n\nMeanwhile, the English were in Newport, and dared not depart a solo, for there came before Rochell, York, the admiral of King Henry of Spain, called Dapradigo de Roux, and with him forty great warships. They laid siege before the town in the manner of a siege engine, so none could issue nor enter without danger. Then, the men within Rochell, seeing themselves not well assured, fell into secret treaty with York of Wales and the admiral of Spain, and so agreed that they within would not attack them.\nThe Spaniards and Frenchmen should not trouble or vex each other. But the Spaniards and Frenchmen lay before the town at anchor, and had their spies abroad in the country of Poitou and Saintonge, to know and see what was done in every place. The captain of the castle of Rochell was called Philippe Mansell. The constable of Fauconse, who was at Poitiers, sent the lord of Pons and Thibault du Pont with a three hundred spearmen to the castle of Soubise, which was strong and steadfast on the sea side open before the mouth of Tharent as the sea gives it. And Win the castle was the lady thereof, with no great company of men of war, but she sent by a squire for succor to John of Granvelle and to the captain of Beufves, constable of Acquitaine, who were at St. John's Dale. And in continents as soon as he had word thereof, he sent for Sir Henry Hay, seneschal of Angouleme, and for Sir William, lord of Marnell, nephew to Sir Raymond of Marnell, Johan Cresuell, and for Sir Thomas Percy, who incontenently came to him.\nThis is the assembly and ordiance of the siege of Wales were informed of it at Rochell, where he lay. Then he took four of the most specialized and surest men of war from among all his company and put them in three barges. He and Sir James of Montfort departed, making their cries. There was a fierce skirmish, and many men were killed and wounded, for the French were not prepared. Lord Pons and Thibault of Pont, and sixty of their best men, were taken, and the others put to flight. The army of Wales came in with its rout, who had passed the Trent with their barges, and brought with them a great number of torches, fireworks, and other supplies for fire: For the night was very dark. He, with four hundred fresh men and lusty, charged into the ranks of the Welshmen and Gascons, who thought they had completely achieved their enterprise and were therefore spread broad and not together, about their plunder and taking heed.\nof their prisoners and were beaten down. A hardy squire of Vermaudgaues named Peter Danials approached, capturing the captain of Beufz by a clean feat of arms. The captain, who was then the knight of Gascon or England most desired by the French king and Frenchmen because he was right hardy and a good captain. Also taken were Sir Thomas Percy by a Welsh priest named Sir Davy, Sir Henry Hay, Sir Mores Lyne, and others. Sir Water Huet escaped with much pain, Sir Petyton of Corton, Sir William Ferencon, and Carmyll, fled towards the town of Soubise, and had no support. The next day, Yuhan of Wales brought all his barges and ships before Soubise and gave a fierce assault, and so did the others.\nThe lords of Pons and Thybalte of Pont, who were previously taken and rescued, defended themselves valiantly within the town. However, the lady saw that the town was not strong enough to endure a long siege and had no hope of reinforcements, as the captain had been taken prisoner. She called her knights to council and took such advice that caused no damage. They decided to go to Saintes and Lusignan, or wherever it pleased them. The lady of Soubise submitted herself to the obedience of the French king and her land. Thus, the English were driven from Soubise, and they were brought safely wherever it pleased them. The French then took possession of the town and its allegiance, and she swore from then on to obey the French king and her land. Then, Yuan of Wales, James of Montfort, and their company took their ships, and they brought the captive and other prisoners onto their great ships, which still lay before Rochell. And the lord\nThe Breton lords, including Pons and others from the household of Faucon de Freance, hurried them to ride with a large company sent by the viscount of Rohan, the lord of Clysson, Torayne, Beaumanoir, Rochfort, Sir William of Bordis, Reynalt of Limousin, Geoffray Ricon, Yon of Lanconet, Alayne of St. Poule, Carsuell, and others. They arrived before the town of St. John Dangle and made a great assembly to assault it. The inhabitants within the town saw how the countryside was beginning to be lost and that their chief captain had been taken prisoner, with no help in sight. They surrendered and became French. The Breton lords then rode to Augolesme and, in the same manner, turned to the French party. They did the same after Talbourge. They arrived before Xaines, where they lay before it for two days. The captain there, Fercon, refused to surrender and put up a good show of defense. Within the town was the bishop, who was pro-French. He also surrendered.\nThe citizens took their captain and said they would depart and quit and clear him and all his might. And so he did, and the Frenchmen took possession of the city and the castle of Saintes. Sir William of Ferenc was conveyed to Bordeaux. Before Rochell still lay at anchor, the Spanish admiral Dapradigo with 40 great ships. Shortly we shall be so enclosed that we shall not know which way to steer or to issue out of this town. Therefore, it is good that we take heed by what means we might get the castle, which so often has caused us trouble and displeasure, and now is easily kept. Philip Mansell is not greatly ingenious. I shall show him that I have received a command from the king of England, ordering me to cause all the men of the town to be armed and to come into a place that I shall name, and then to take the musters and view the number of them, and also of those in the castle.\nWrite again the certainty to the king. And so I shall command him, in the king's name, to come out of the castle and to make his musters. I believe he will do so lightly. Then let us be well prepared with two hundred men in harness, lying among the old walls outside the castle. So that when they of the castle go out, let them step forth between them and the bridge, which at that time will be drawn down. And then let us all be ready to furnish our enterprise, and so we shall take them at our pleasure. And thereby we shall have both them and the castle: and so they were all agreed to this purpose. They persisted in this purpose until one day, the chief of this enterprise, Ymayre, summoned Philippe Mansell, who was the leader of this enterprise, and various other great burgesses, those who were on the English side. And so he made a great dinner, and spoke of various matters concerning the king coming to England. And\nAfter the mayor brought a letter sealed with the king's great seal to persuade Philippe Mansell to believe him, who couldn't read, even though he knew the seal. The mayor then read the letter as he pleased. The mayor then said to Philippe, \"Sir, yes, and here is how the king our sovereign lord has commanded me, and I shall also command you in his name to make preparations tomorrow. And he, who thought nothing amiss, said he was willing to do so and departed. That night or the following morning, the mayor took 200 men and put them in a bushment near the castle, among the old walls that were there. The mayor then caused the watch bell to be sown and every man in the town to be armed. Philippe Mansell likewise caused all those within the castle to be armed, numbering around 1,000. Then he issued out of the castle. Once he was past the:\nThe men from the bushment ran between the bridge and the Englishmen, revealing their betrayal. The Englishmen saw this and charged towards them to retake the castle. However, the mayor came with the town's commonality and the castle's captain and his company. He said, \"Sirs, listen to me. Unless you surrender immediately, all your heads will be struck off at the bridge foot. The Englishmen answered, \"We will do our best to deliver the castle to you.\" They then spoke with those inside the castle. They agreed to deliver the castle on the condition that all those within and those taken were put on a ship and conducted safely by the mayor and burgesses of Rochell to the city of Bordeaux. Thus, they reached an agreement, and the men of Rochell took control of the castle. As soon as Duke Berrey of Burbon arrived.\nand of Burgoyne, the marshal of Sarre, the lords of Sully, of Pons, of Clysson, and various other barons of France: heard these tidings. They departed from Berrey and from the marquis of Berry and the other lords there, to send a safe conduct to come to Poitiers within six days; then they would bring their whole mind to that matter. The French messengers returned to these lords and showed them the mind of the town of Rochefort. Then the safe conduct was granted, and certain burghers of Rochefort went to these lords of France and said that they were well content to be under the French king, so that they might cast down their castle to the earth; and that a new castle should be built there. And on this condition, the town of Rochefort and all its inhabitants should be forever under the resort and demesne of the French king, and never to be put away by marriage or any other peace.\nAnd so, the townspeople of Rochell were to come to the realm of France, or under what condition it may be. They were also to have a mint to forge money, both white and black, of the same form and alloy as in Paris. However, the lords of France would not agree to this until they knew the French king's pleasure in the matter. Therefore, the lord[s] gave safe conduct to those of Rochell to go to the king to learn his pleasure. And so, twelve of the burghers of the town went to Paris to the king, who acceded to their request and feasted them greatly, giving them great gifts. Upon their return to Rochell, they showed their charters sealed by the king and confirmed in the king's and the peers of France's chamber. And so, the great castle of Rochell was demolished and levelled to the ground. Then they sent to the great lords of France at Poitiers that they should come to Rochell and that they would open the gates to them. And so, the constable of France and two others came thither.\nhundred men of arms were received with great joy. They did fealty and homage to the French king, for he had obtained permission from the French king to receive them. The king had stationed him in the parties of Perigord.\n\nWhen the constable of France, Sir Bertram of Clermont, had been in the town of Rochefort for four days and had shown them how they should arrange themselves for the journey ahead, he departed and went to Poitiers to the said dukes and lords. And so with them he went into the field to conquer certain fortresses on the marches of Rochefort, and he was accompanied by three thousand spearmen. They departed from Poitiers and besieged the castle of Benon, which was a fair and strong castle, and they declared they would not depart until they had it at their pleasure. In this castle there was a captain under the captain of Benon, a squire of the county of Foix named William of Pons.\nA knight from Naples, named Sir James, was the target of repeated attacks by French lords. They assaulted the knight and his men fiercely, but the defenders held their ground. Nearby was the fortress of Surgeres, where Englishmen were keeping it under their captain's command. One evening, they decided to surprise the French host and rode out with forty spearmen, some of whom had come from Marant. Quietly, they reached the constable's lodging and injured several of his men, specifically a squire. Enraged, the constable began to rally and arm his men as soon as possible. The Englishmen, having completed their mission without harm, returned to their fortress unscathed. The constable was so displeased with this that he swore he would not depart until he had taken the castle of Benon and killed all those within it. That same morning, he ordered all men to arm and assemble various types of equipment.\nassault and gave such an assault. Long before, no such thing had been seen - men of arms and Bretons entered ditches, disregarding themselves. They approached the foot of the walls with passepartouts on their heads, enabling them to enter without danger. The castle was taken, and all within were slain, as many as could be found. Afterward, the said constable had the same castle repaired and stationed a new garrison of Frenchmen there. He then drew to the castle of Morant, and those within surrendered, sparing their lives and possessions. They then went to Saint-Georges, which also surrendered to the obedience of the French king, but the English were deterred, for they dared not await the coming of the constable. Afterward, the constable went to the county of Fountaineau, which the wife of Sir John Harpe kept, and they besieged the town and castle. They gave it various assaults. Eventually, those within departed by composition.\nThe lady who wished went with the constable to Thouars. The free men then had possession of the town and castle of Fouquet. Then the constable and French lords laid siege to Thouars, where most of the knights of Poitou were. Among them were the vicomte of Thouars, lords of Perthois, Pousanges, Corse, and Crupenac, and Sir Loyes of Harcourt, Geoffrey Dargenton, James of Surgeres, and Percyuall of Coloyne. These French lords had made various engines at Poitiers and Rochell to assault and trouble the Poiteuins within Thouars. And so, considering all things, they negotiated peace with the men for themselves and their lords for the feast of St. Michael following, which would be in the year of our Lord M.iii. C.lxii. In the meantime, they sent word to the king of England, their lord, to inform him of their condition and coordination, so that if they were not aided by him.\nA squire took him or one of his sons within the specified term to yield themselves and their lands to the obedience of the French. The messengers who went from Poitou and Xainton came into England and showed the state of Poitou and Xainton to the king, the prince, and their councils. When the king saw that he had lost so much with so little war the lands that had cost him so much to win, he was deeply troubled for a long time. He then said that he would soon go over the sea himself with a powerful force to give battle to the full power of France. He also said that he would never return to England until he had recovered as much as he had lost or else lose all the remaining lands. At the same time, a great army was ready to attend on the duke of Lancaster and was expected to arrive at Calais. However, it was thought to be the next voyage and most necessary. The king made preparations for this journey.\na great somons throughout the realme of Englande / co\u0304maun\u2223dyng euery man to co\u0304e in harnes to Ha\u0304pton / & ther about at a day assigned: and ther to take the see. So ther was none that durst nor wold disobey his co\u0304maundement / but euery man de\u00a6parted fro his owne countre / and drewe to the see syde / where ther was redy a foure hundred vessels / of one and other. And the lordes drewe to the kyng to Westmynster besyde London. & ther it was ordayned bytwene the kynge & the prince his sonne: that if the kyng of Englande dyed in this viage / or the prince: that than Ry\u00a6charde the sonne of the prince / who was borne at Burdeur / shulde be kyng of Englande. So that whan all the lordes were come before the kyng / or they departed / the prince shewed the\u0304: that if it happed him to dye before the kyng his father than his sonne Richarde to be kynge of Englande / after the discease of his graundfa\u2223ther. The prelates / lordes / knightes / and all ye comynalte / loued so well the prince / for the ma\u2223\u2022 lorde Spenser who\nA newcomer from Lombardy arrived. The Lords of Percy, Uyen, Rose, Dalawar, and all other English barons and knights, numbering around three thousand men-at-arms and ten thousand archers, gathered at Hampton. They embarked with a great fleet, larger than any king had taken out of England on any voyage before. They sailed towards Rochell in the costal regions of Normandy and Brittany, experiencing various winds. The French king assembled a large army in Poitou to intercept him at Thouars, on the appointed day. The entire region was filled with soldiers. The Gascons and the Archbishop of Gravelines, uncle to the Captain of Beufz, came with three C. spheres. In this company were the Lords of Duras, Corton, Musyden, Rossen, Lagoren, and Landuras. Sir Peter Corton and Sir William Fereton, Englishmen, also joined them. They all departed from Bordeaux and went to Noyers, where they found\nsir Walter Huet, Sir John Ubrues, Sir Thomas Percy, Johan Cresuell and others, numbering twelve hundred fighting men, were together. Sir Richard of Pontchardon came to them with twelve hundred more. All this season, the king of England and his sons with their great army were at sea, unable to take land at Rochell or nearby, due to unfavorable wind and weather. They remained there for nine weeks, and Michaelmas approached, at which time the king and his council saw that they could not keep the day for the rescue of Thouars, where the king was greatly displeased, and gave leave to all his people to depart as they wished. This great English navy returned, and had favorable wind for their journey back, and arrived at Bordeaux, bringing with them two companies of English merchants for wine. When Michaelmas was near, the barons of England and Gascony came from the north to go towards Thouars to meet with the king.\nof England: and when they saw that the king did not come, they were greatly surprised. Then, to make amends, they sent certain messengers to the barons of Poitou, who were there, saying, \"We are sent to you by the lords of Gascony and England, under the obedience of the king of England. Gentlemen, there are about Norther twelfe hundred fighting men ready to aid and serve you in all ways. They desire to know from you, why, in the absence of the king of England and his children, they shall aid and comfort you or not. For gentlemen, they are well content in your company to risk their bodies and goods. The barons of Poitou said: how we will take counsel and advise in that case, he agreed to their mind{s}. And so they sent word again by the said messengers, that they thanked them for their good wills. However, the king of England or one of his children must necessarily be there, according to the treaty.\nThey had sworn and sealed it with the Gascons and Englishmen at Niort. But they could not come to an agreement. Michaelmas day came, and from Poitiers they came to Thouars to hold their journey. The dukes of Berry, Burgoyne, and Burbon, the constable of France, the lord of Clysson, the count of Rohan, the Dolphin of Auvergne, Sir Loyes Saurere, the lord of Sully, and other great lords of France arrived. There were ten thousand spears besides other forces. Before Thouars, on the eve of St. Michael, they stood in battle formation. And against night they withdrew to their lodgings. In the morning, the two brothers of the French king and the constable of France demanded that the knights of Poitou within Thouars surrender the town according to their promise and oaths. They answered and said: \"How soon will they come to Poitiers? And place themselves and all their lands under whom?\"\nobeysaunce of the frenche kyng / whiche answere was suffi\u2223cyent to the lordes of France / and so departed fro Thouras / and the dukes gaue lyc\nTHe lorde Clysson departed with a gret nombre of men of warre / apoynted him by the constable. And so went to Mortayne on the see / the whiche was as than englysshe / and capitayne therof was a squyer of England / cal\u00a6led James Clere: and he had with hym a thre\u2223score co\u0304panyons. And whan the lorde Clysson was come before Mortayne / he made a feirse assaute / at the whiche he was hym selfe, Howe be it with that assaute he wanne nothyng / and st if they wolde com thyder by night he wolde re\u00a6ceyue the\u0304 into his fortresse: wherby they might lightly passe through the lodgynges of the lor\u2223de Clysson / who had with him but two hu\u0304dred\u00a6men. And so secretely these lordes departed fro Nyorthe with fyue hundred speares / and rode by nyght tyll they came to Mortayne / for they habbe great besyre to atrape the lorde Clysson / howbeit a spye / who departed with the\u0304 fro Ny\u00a6orthe\nSir, I knew of their intentions. And so he hastily went to Lord Clysson and found him still at supper. He said, \"Sir, your enemies have departed from Niort to the number of five hundred and are coming towards you.\" Then Lord Clysson pushed the table aside and armed himself in haste, mounted on his horse, and departed with his company. They left behind them a large part of their baggage and rode so long that they reached Poitiers. The Englishmen who had sailed after their intentions returned to Niort greatly displeased. Shortly after they departed from Niort and left Garisons there: Sir Dangoses and Creswell. Sir John Hawkwood also returned to England, and all the others went to Bordeaux. In their return, they burned the lord of Parthenay's lands. Thus, all of Poitou was conquered, except these fortresses: Niort, Elisabeth, Mortimer-Mortain, Mortaine, Lysignan, Castell, Accart, la Roche Surion, Gausser, and the tower of Larbre Meris, and others.\nThe duke of Brittany, who was poorly situated in his own country, was displeased with the damage caused by the Englishmen. It was said that the king of England and his power had made him as he was, and that he had nothing, while the king of England had not been. For the duke always made war for him and lent him silver and gold. Moreover, he had his daughter in marriage. The duke wished for his country to rather hold to the king of England's part than that of France. However, the most part of the lords, knights, and squires of Brittany were good friends. And particularly, the lord Clisson, and de la Vale, and the viscount of Rohan, who were the chief rulers in all Brittany, said to the duke: \"Sir, as soon as we can perceive that you take any part with the king of England against our sovereign lord the king of France, we will\"\nall forsake you and leave the country of Brittany. The duke could not hide the anger in his heart. He said, \"Sirs, you do great wrong to the king of England. I spoke great words to certain lords of Brittany. The French king, who had won over the hearts of most of those in Brittany except for Sir Robert Canoll, requested that if they saw any defense made by their duke, they would inform him, so he could find a remedy. The duke understood that his men suspected him and lay in wait for him. He feared they might send him to Paris, so he sent to the king of England, showing him his predicament and asking him to send men of war to defend him if necessary. The king of England sent him Lord Neville with 400 men of arms and an equal number of archers, who arrived at St. Matthew's defensive portal. There they remained, waiting for him.\n\nWhen the knights of Brittany saw this,\nthese englysshmen come in to the countre / to the ayde and confort of the duke they toke it in great in dignacion / and clo\u00a6sed their fortresses / & shewed moche yuell wyll towardes the duke. Thus the matters abode in great varyaunce all that wynter.\nANd assone as wynter was past / sir Ber\u00a6tram of Clesquy constable of France / de\u00a6parted fro Poicters with .xiiii. hundred fygh\u2223tyng men. And so went and layd sege to y\u2022 tow\u2223ne and castell of Syreth: and with hym there were of breton knyghtes / sir Alayne of Beau\u2223mont / John\u0304 of Beaumanoyre / Arnolde Limo\u00a6syn Geffray Ricoynan of Lanconet / Geffray of Konyell and dyuers other knight{is} and squy\u2223ers. And so they layed siege to Syreth / and clo\u00a6sed them selfe about with pales / to thentent nat to be troubled in the nyght. Often certayne of them aproched to the fortresse and scrimysshed with the\u0304 within / who defended them selfe right valyantly. So it fell this siege enduryng / that sir Robert Mycon / and sir Nicotyn the scotte / who were ke{per}s of the fortresse /\nThe men sent word of their estate to Sir Johan Ubrues and Sir Dangoses, captains of Nyorthe. In response, they sent messengers to the heirs of Lusygnen and Dangose: and so they assembled at Nyorthe. Then they departed with six hundred and seventy-one spearmen, in addition to other followers. They rode for such a long time that they reached Syreth, which was only four leagues from Nyorthe. When they arrived at Syreth, they took a break to prepare themselves. However, it would have been better for them to have stayed at the constable's lodgings, as he had been informed of their arrival and their deployment in the field. Nevertheless, the constable was not overly alarmed. He ordered his men to be armed and to gather together. Then he said, \"Fair sirs, how do you fare? Are you willing to fight against your enemies? I believe it is inevitable that we must fight.\" They replied, \"Sir, we thank God, we are ready.\" The constable then advised them to set up their camp.\nSir Bushham stationed men to watch the castle entrance, believing they would attempt an escape. He posted 200 men for this purpose. Then he had most of the palisades around their hostages removed, so they could not let him or his company out. He ordered two battles: one led by Sir Alan of Beaumont, the other by Sir Geoffrey of Carnuelle. No one was to pass before his banner without his command, and each man was to stay in his lodgings.\n\nNow let us discuss Sir Robert Middleton and Sir Robert Scott, who were in the castle and saw Englishmen readying themselves in the fields. They said, \"Let us arm ourselves and leave. We will pass through these Breton forces, and as soon as our people know we are fighting with them, they will come and cause great damage, or they will know of our departure.\" So they armed 60 men and left.\nout a horseback to face the Scotsmen with the host, but they were encountered with the battle formation laid for them. And so there was a fierce battle, but the Englishmen were so enclosed that they could neither recede backward nor go forward: and so they were all taken or slain, and none escaped. The two captains were taken. And all this season, the other Englishmen remained on the field, and the constable still in his tent, and issued not out: for they feared that the English had some great ambush in the wood behind them. The English had brought thither with them a certain number of Poitouins and Bretons, robbers and pillagers, to the number of two hundred, whom the Englishmen sent on before them to face the French host. And as soon as they came before the constable's battle line, they turned themselves and said, \"We are good Frenchmen, and we will be on the constable's side, if it pleases him.\" The constable said he was content to have them. Then he set them among his men.\non a wing on one side, and learned from them all the manner and dealing of the Englishmen. When the constable of France understood this, he became more toyish than before. Then he drew all his people together and caused his banner to advance. He drew to the wing of his two battalions and went forth on foot, casting down their palisades, crying out \"our lady Clesquy.\" And when the Englishmen saw them issue out of their hold, they rang out and advanced forward with great desire. At their first encounter, they encountered the constable's battalion and fought so valiantly that they passed through the battalion and brought many a man to the earth. But then the Bretons had wisely ordered their two battalions, being on the wing. So they came on all fresh and lusty and bashed in among the Englishmen, who were all weary, causing them to be sore recalled back. Like valiant men and.\nThey fought courageously, using axes and swords from Burdeaux, delivering great blows. There were good knights on both sides, who bravely put themselves forward to enhance their honors. This battle was equally fierce and as many noble deeds of arms were performed in taking and rescuing as had been seen on many a day before in the open field, without any disadvantage. Every man did his best to his power. There were many men severely hurt and cast to the earth with great misfortune. However, all the English and Poitou knights were defeated, and few escaped. Those slain included good squires Richard of Mesuyll and William Dursell, and James Ubille was severely hurt. Sir John Ubrues, Aymery of Rochchoart, David Hollegraue, Richard Olyue, John Cresuell, and many other Englishmen were taken. This battle of Syreth took place in the year of our Lord, 1372, on the 21st day of March.\n\nAfter the constable returned.\nhis folks into their lodgings and tended to their injured men and prisoners, who numbered many. The constable then went to speak with them about the castle. Sir Alan of Beaumont showed them that if they were taken by force, they would all die without mercy. The folks of the garrison put themselves in the constable's mercy, who received them graciously. He allowed them to pass quietly and provided safe conduct to go to Burdeaux. Thus, the French men had taken the castle and the land, which came under the obedience of the French king. The Bretons, in great heat, came before Niorth, a good town in Poitou, which had long sustained the Englishmen as they kept a large garrison there. As soon as the folks of Niorth knew that the constable was approaching, they went out against him and presented to him the keys of the town. They brought him into their town with great joy, and there they refreshed him with a four-course meal.\nThe French forces advanced for eleven days and then departed, leading a force of 1400 spearmen before the fortress of Lusignan. The fortress was surrendered to them through composition, allowing the garrison within to leave with their lives and as much of their possessions as they could carry. The French had taken the castle and all its territory, making its inhabitants subjects of the French king. Then, Alart rode before the castle, and the constable sent word to Lady D'Angoul\u00eame, who was within, to surrender the castle. She requested permission to go to Poitiers to speak with the Duke of Berry. The constable granted her request, and she was conveyed there by one of his knights. Upon her arrival before the duke, she knelt down, and the duke asked what her request was. \"I am required by the constable of France,\" she replied, \"to surrender myself.\"\nA woman, under the obedience of the French king, speaks of her husband's imprisonment in Spain and her governance of his land. She is a woman of little defense and cannot act against her husband's wishes regarding his heritage. To appease and set the land in peace, she offers to make no war with the speaker, provided he does the same. She believes her husband will return to England upon release from prison, at which point she will inform him of the truce and expects him to concur. The duke agrees, stipulating that she and her fortresses provide no men, supplies, or artillery beyond current levels.\nAnd so they agreed. Then the lady returned to her castle and raised the siege, as she showed letters from the Duke of Berry containing the same purpose. They departed, and the constable went before Mortimer, who yielded and put herself and her lands under the obedience of the French king, as well as surrendering the castle of Dieppe, which belonged to her. In this way, all of Poitou, Xainton, and Rochell were quietly delivered from the English. And when the constable had stationed garrisons and good keeping in every place, and saw no rebellion in those marches up to the river of Gironde, he returned to France, and so did the Dukes of Berry, Burgundy, and Bourbon, and the most part of the French barons who had been in these said conquests. The king greatly feasted them upon their return, but it was all insincere. When Sir Bertram came to Paris to the king, the king could not honor him too much. Thus, the constable.\nabode with the king at Paris in joy and mirth. The same season, the lords of Clisson, of Lauall, of Ungour, of Tournemen, of Rieux, and of Rochfort, the viscount of Rohan, Sir Charles of Digne, banquetter of Brittany, the marshal of Blarouille, the lords of Hambether were two captains, Englishmen, Sir John Aparte and Sir John Cornwall, and with them certain companions, who valiantly defended themselves. At this siege, there were many a noble feat of arms, many issues, many sallies, and many a skirmish. And a little besides, there were at siege before St. Sauveur, the viscount, Sir Thomas Trubles, Sir John de Bourge, Sir Philippe Pecharde, and the three brothers of Maluriers. So that or the siege were laid before them, those two sons overran all the country of base Normandy, so that nothing was abroad but all in the fortresses. They ranied and took prisoners in the bishopric of Bayeux and Deureux, and the king of Navarre consented thereto, for he conforted them.\nBoth me and those in the county of Deureux, who were not in accord with the French king, suffered greatly. The sons of Cherbourg, Gouerell, Couches, Bretuell, and others under the obedience of the king of Navarre, had greatly empowered and wasted the countryside of Normandy. However, good means were made between the two kings, especially through the efforts of the Earl of Salebrus. He had taken great pains between them, and the bishop of Deureux also contributed. They achieved so much that they brought them to an accord. And so the two kings met each other amicably at the castle of Vernon on the river of Seine. And there, various great lords of France were sworn to keep peace, love, unity, and confederation together for eternity. And so the king of Navarre went with the French king into the realm of France, and there the king was given much honor and reverence, and all his men as well. And then and there, the king granted lands to the Earl of Salebrus and others for their services.\nof Nauber put all his lands of Normandy into the hands and governance of the French king and left his two sons, Charles and Peter, with the king their uncle. Then he departed and returned again to Nauber. This peace lasted four years, but after that great discord arose between them, as you will find in the history if you look there. I think there will be no end to it in this present book.\n\nThe eighth day of May, A.M. three C.LXXIII, in the town of Edinburgh, Scotland, King David of Scotland died and was buried in the abbey of Dunfermline. After him, by right of succession, his nephew Robert, who was seneschal of Scotland and a good knight, became king. He had a son.\n\nAt the same season, it was ordered in England to maintain the border: that the Earl of Salisbury, Willyam Neuill, and Sir Philip Courtenay should take the sea with a certain number of men of war. For it was ordered in England\nThe lord of Wales was coming by sea with six thousand men to land and burn in the country. The lords of England had forty great ships besides barges, and two thousand men-at-arms besides archers. They departed from Cornewayle and took to the sea, and made their way towards Brittany. They came to the island of Saint Malo and burned seven large Spanish ships in the harbor before the town, surprising the entire country. They thought surely that the duke of Brittany had caused this. In all towns, castles, and cities, they held the duke in great suspicion. They kept their fortresses more strictly than before due to the duke's secrecy. The duke's intentions were discovered when certain knights of Brittany revealed words that the duke was to speak. The duke was in great danger if he were once captured. He went to the castle of Alroy, which is between Evreux and Rouen.\nThe duke left his wife with him, asking him to keep her well. He promised, and then the duke rode to Saint Matthew's at Fine-Porte, but the town was closed against him. From there, he went to Coucy and took shipping to reach England. The constable of France entered Brittany, bringing with him the lords and knights of Brittany, who had abandoned the siege of Bercerelles and left it in the hands of the lords of Normandy. When the constable arrived before Rennes, those within, who knew he had come to seize their lands for the king's sake, accused the duke of forfeiting all his lands because he had harbored the English, his enemies, in his towns and castles. The king and his council also accused him of taking part against them.\nThe earl of France, who held his duchy of Brittany by faith and homage, intended to make peace rather than wage war. The constable was received peacefully, and acknowledged as their lord in the name of the French king. Once the constable had taken possession of Reines, he rode hastily to the town of Dignan, which surrendered. The constable then went before the city of Evreux, which also surrendered. He then went to Lusignan, which was besieged and taken by force, and all within were slain. The constable then went to Jumoges, which submitted to the French king. In the same way, the castles of Gouy and the Rochelle duchy submitted, although there were few lords who obeyed him. Nevertheless, he fortified his castle of Dourdal and entrusted its keeping to a cousin of his named Sir Hugh Broit. Sir Robert went to Brest. The constable then went to Hanybout.\nThe captain therein, under the duke, was a squire of England named Thomelyn Ubiche. There was also a knight sent by Sir Robert Canoll called Sir Thomas Priour, and they were eighty in all, one and other. As soon as the Frenchmen arrived, they began to assault the castle, and brought with them there various engines and great guns. With these, they had won numerous castles and fortresses, and specifically the town of Caapelly was taken. James Rosse, a squire of England, was the captain there, and he could not be granted mercy. He fell into the hands of Sir Oliver of Clisson, who killed him with a glove, and also killed many others with his hand, for he had no pity or mercy for any Englishman who fell into his danger.\n\nNow let us return to the siege of Hanibout. The constable of France, who had caused his engines to be raised against the town and castle, and went to the south and swore that he would sup in the castle: and they within defended themselves.\nThe constable said to Sirs: you within, it is certain that we shall conquer you. In truth, if any of you throw stones or quarrels, whereby the least of our company is hurt, I swear to God, you will all lose your lives. These words frightened the townsfolk so much that they went into their houses and left the Englishmen alone, who defended themselves valiantly as long as they could. However, the town was so large that the Englishmen could not keep watch of every place. So, the Frenchmen entered the town and killed all the Englishmen, except the two captains, who were taken. Because those within the town obeyed the constable's command, he therefore commanded that no one should do any damage.\n\nWhen the constable of Frauce had thus conquered the town and the strong castle of Hanbury, he stayed there for fifteen days, then he went to the town of Couke.\nAnd in the meantime, the earl of Salisbury, Sir William Newell, Sir Bertram Stapleton, and Sir William Lucy, who had recently reinforced the fortress of Brest with men-at-arms, archers, artillery, and supplies, intended to defend the country since the French were still in the field in Brittany, and the English were unsure of the castle's intentions. But when the castle came before the town of Coucke, which was a harbor town, it was taken by force during an assault, and the English within it were killed, except for the captain, Sir John Langley, who was taken prisoner. This town the French repaired anew, and they then drew all to the town of Brest, where the earl of Salisbury and Sir Robert Canol were, who had with them a thousand men-at-arms and as many archers. And so the lords of Flanders and Brittany besieged the town with a six hundred thousand fighting men, and as soon as they had laid siege, they sent Ser Oliver Chaston in the name of the duke of Anjou.\ncertaine nobleman went with him to lay siege to the Roche sur yon, which the English kept. And so Lord Clisson besieged the town, surrounding it. He raised up various engines, brought from Angiers and Poitiers, and with the Bretons he summoned there various noblemen of Anjou and Poitou. And so they assaulted it and said they would not depart until they had it. At the same time, the duke of Anjou frequently refreshed those at the siege with victuals and other things. And still the constable lay siege before Brest, and with him the duke of Bourbon, the earls of Alencon, of Pergord, of Dolphin, and of Auvergne, and various other lords of France: but they were making little progress, for Brest was one of the strongest castles in the world, and because Sir Robert Canoll was the captain, and was there within, the lords of France determined to send and lay siege to his castle of Durius. And so various lords of Brittany and Touraine went there.\nThe lords of Flanders held four sieges. One before Bercerell, another before Brest. They were relieved within the space of a month and were to depart and put the castle under the obedience of the French king. At which day, the lord Clysson and other knights of his company arrived, and when no rescue came to raise their siege, the castle yielded up. Then the lord Clysson and other knights went from there to the siege before Duryuall and brought with them great engines. And also to the same siege came the constable of Flanders, the duke of Bourbon, the earls of Alencon and Perche, and a great number of the barons and knights of Flanders. For they thought they did but waste their time lying before Brest; however, they left two men there. M. and they fortified themselves in a place to keep the ways, so that none should enter or issue out of Brest, to.\nSir Broes and those within Dur Yale, seeing themselves so severely pressed, greatly doubted the taking of their fortress. They then proposed a treaty for a two-month truce. Unless rescued by the Duke of Brittany or someone else capable of holding the field and lifting the siege within that time, the Duke of Brittany would pay the Frenchmen, who in turn would remain seated and at peace. This treaty was presented to the Duke of Anjou, who agreed. The men of Dur Yale, during this term, were not to take any more aid or help into their fortress. Sir Broes then delivered certain knights and squires as hostages on their behalf. After this treaty and composition, the constable rode to Nantes. The citizens shut their gates against him because he came with such a large army. They sent to ask his intentions. The constable replied, \"I am here to know yours.\"\nThe French king has summoned you to take possession in his name of the duchy of Brittany, as Sir John of Montfort, who calls himself duke, has forfeited it. The burgesses of Nantes have demanded a council and have decided to respond. They came forth and said, \"Sir: it is a great marvel to us that you take the inheritance of our lord the duke for the French king, who commanded us to receive him as our duke and lord. To him we have sworn fealty and homage, and he has sworn to us to govern us as his subjects. We took him in, and we know of no fraud or suspicion on his part. If you come into this town by such procurement as you have, we agree that you shall enter on condition. So that if it happens that the duke of Brittany, our lord, returns to this country and becomes French: then all prelates, barons, gentlemen, and the good towns of Brittany, to our knowledge, shall know him as our lord, and we shall be quit.\"\nwithout damage/now or any other time. And also you are to receive no reports or revenues of Brittany/but let them still remain in our hands: until such time/that we have other tidings: which shall be more agreeable to us than this. The constable swore to you/to fulfill all this/as procurement of the free king in that case. Thus the constable entered into the right of Nauntes/which was chief city of Brittany/and all his company.\n\nWhen Sir Robert Canolle/who was sovereign of Breast/understood how Sir Hugh Braose his cousin/had made composition of the fortress of Duruel with the Frenchmen: and saw well how he could not depart from thence/to go and fortify his castle of Duruel/without so be he would make a composition in like case. Then he began to treat with the Frenchmen/who were there before Brest: and they answered/that without the constable they could do nothing. Then two knights and two squires of England/had savory conduct/and went to the constable.\nbesyde Nau\u0304\u00a6tes / wher as he lay by the ryuer of Loyre / with great copany of Frau\u0304ce and of Bretayne. And so this treaty toke suche effect / yt they of Brest had respite for .xl. dayes: so that wtin that space they shulde beso conforted with men of warte / able to fyght with the constable / or els to yelde vp the forteresse. And in the meane season they of Brest / to abyde styll in the same case as they were tha\u0304 in / without reuitaylyng or enforsyng any thyng of their fortresse. Than the messan\u2223gers retourned agayne to sir Robert Canoll / and he sent sufficyent men bothe knightes and squiers to the constable for hostage. Than the constable put them in prison / and all they yt had ben at the siege before Brest departed: the con\u2223stable gaue them lycence. And the frenche king sent for them to fortifye the cyties / townes / ca\u2223stels / and fortresses in Picardy / for the duke of Lancastre was aryued at Calais with a great armye.\nWHan the erle of Salisbury / who was on the see: and had all yt sea\u2223son kept the\nThe frontiers of Britain and Normandy, and the king of England had recently reinforced them with a thousand men of arms and two thousand archers. When he understood the position of those of Brest, he said that, with God's grace, he would fight against the Frenchmen, and he sailed so long that he arrived at Brest. Then he took land and brought all his company before Brest, and every night he returned to his ships, and every day he ranged in battle to fight with his enemies if they appeared there. The constable, who had given leave to the most part of his company, and held two sieges: one before Bercerelles, and the other before Duryall; and thought little that the earl of Salisbury would come there so strongly as he did. Then he departed from the marches of Nauntes, when the day of the delivery of Brest approached; but he did not go there, for then he knew that the English were there with such strength, able to fight against him.\nTherefore he thought to work by great and sad advice, and so he did (for he tarried still there he was, and removed not). And there they tarried for seven days or more. And when the earl of Salisbury, being before Brest, had taken a position for his advantage, and saw that the constable of France nor the Bretons came forward, he sent there an herald. Who, when he came before the constable, said, \"Sir, the earl of Salisbury and the lords of England send you word by me, who am an herald of arms, how certain compositions and treaties were made between you and them of the town, that if they were not comforted by the day limited, which is not long now, they would yield up the town and castle to you. Wherefore, sir, may it please you to know, they come before Brest to keep their day and to defend their fortress. Therefore, sir, they desire\"\nyou are to draw forward, and you shall be fought withal without doubt, and if you will not, then they desire you to send them again such hostages as you have for that intent. Then the constable said, \"You bring us good tidings; therefore, you are welcome. You shall tell your masters: they have greater desire to see us than they have to fight with us, although they are not in that place where the treaty was made and agreed upon. Therefore, tell them to let them draw to that part and place, and without fail, they shall be sought withal. Then the haraud returned to Brest and did his message, and then they sent him again to the constable with another message. When he came there, he said, \"Sir, I come again to you from my lords and masters, to whom I have shown every thing as you commanded me to say when I was with you last. Now they say, however, that they are men of the sea lately come thence, and have brought no horse with them.\"\nThey have not been accustomed to going far, so they have sent word that if you will send your horses, they will come to the place you appoint them to fight with you and keep their day. The constable spoke fair: we are not in mind to give our enemies such an advantage; it would be considered a great outrage. If we were so inclined, we would demand good hostages and sufficient to answer for our horses in return. Sir said the harrier: I have no such command regarding this matter. However, they say that if you will not agree to this point, you have no lawful reason to retain the hostages you have. Therefore, sir, and send them, you do as you should do. The constable said he was not coerced into doing so. So the harrier returned to the Earl of Salisbury and his company before Brest. And when they understood that they would not be fought against nor their hostages delivered, they were sore displeased.\nThey stayed there still without moving until the day was expired, and perceived how the constable did not engage with them. Then they entered into Brest and reassured the town and refreshed the fortress. And on the other side, when the constable saw that the Englishmen did not come forward to fight with him, he departed and took the hostages with him. He said they were his prisoners (for he claimed) that the English and those of Brest had not kept faithfully their agreement in the rescue of Brest because the Earl of Salisbury had recently refreshed and supplied the fortress. And so the Earl of Salisbury departed from Brest and entered again into his ships to keep the marches and borders, as he was committed to do. And Sir Robert Cannes also, when he departed from Brest, went straight to his own fortress of Duryall. And as soon as he was come into the castle (it was shown to the duke of Anjou) and to the constable.\nNauntes. They supposed that, after Sir Robert Canoll broke all the treaties and appointments before made and renounced them all, he sent word to the duke of Anjou and to the constable that he would keep no such appointments as his men had made in his absence without his leave, saying they had no such authority to do so. When the duke heard this, he came personally to the siege of Durius.\n\nAt Calais arrived the duke of Lancaster and the duke of Brittany, and more than three thousand men-at-arms, and ten thousand English archers, whose voyage had been organizing and planning for three years before. With them were: the earls of Warwick, of Stafford, and of Suffolk. The lord Edward Spenser, one of the greatest barons of England and constable at that time for the host, and the lords of Willoughby, of Pole, of Basset, of Hastings, Sir Henry Percy, Louis Clifford, William Beauchamp, Chanoyne Robersart, Water Hewet, and Hugh Carleton.\nStephyn Gosetton, Richard Pochard, and various other knights and squires of England, whom I cannot name all. The French king, who knew the passage of these Englishmen well, provided sufficiently for the safe keeping of his towns, cities, fortresses, and castles in Picardy, Artois, and Vermandois. He stationed men of war there, including Bretons, Burgundians, Picards, Normans, and various other soldiers of the empire.\n\nThese Englishmen departed from Calais after they had prepared their baggage, of which they had great plenty. They rode out in three battalions, as ordered as could be devised. The first battle was with the marshals, among whom the earls of Warwick and Suffolk were chief. Then the two dukes, of Lancaster and of Beaufort, and a noble company followed. The third battalion was led by the constable, the Lord Spear, and all three battalions marched forward, keeping themselves close together, always in readiness to fight if they encountered anyone.\nAnd every night they lay together and kept good watch, not passing more than three leagues a day. None went before the marshals' banners without command, and they passed by Montrell, where the lord of Handbour was captain but made no assault, and so passed by St. Omer. The cursers burned the land of the earl of St. Pol and then came near to Arras. The two dukes lodged in the abbey of Mont St. Eloi and stayed two days. Then they departed and besieged Arras but did not assault it, for they knew they would only lose labor. And so they went to Bray on the river Somme, and there the two marshals made a great assault before the gate. Within were good knights and squires of Picardy, of whom the vicomte of Meaux was captain, and Sir Rafe of Menac. The canon of Robersart struck down three to the ground before the gate, where there was a sore skirmish. However, the foot soldiers kept the attack so well that\nThe fortress they did not lose; and so the Englishmen passed by, approaching the river of Somme, intending to cross at Ham in Vermandois and at Saint Quintin. Thus went forth the English host, with the duke of Lancaster as chief governor, by the king of England's command. The lord of Bousiers of Henault entered Frauce and passed by the bridge of Ham. The townspeople earnestly requested him to stay and help them against the English, and he agreed. He tarried there for two days until all the English were past, who were making their way above to enter Vermandois and cross the river of Somme at a strait passage. When the lord of Bousiers knew that the English were near to passing over and were drawing towards Saint Quintin and Rybamont, where the lord of Clyn (whose daughter he had married) was, who had fair land and inheritance there, and he himself was there as well.\nA fair land by his wife's right / and knew well how the castle of Rybamont was unprotected by men of war. Then he took leave of those of Ham / and they greatly thanked him for the service he had done to them. So he departed with such noblemen as he had, which was not great in number. He rode for so long that he came to Saint Quinty's in great parallel, for the country was full of Englishmen. He came in such danger that he was no sooner entered than the English curriers chased him in at the gate. And the lord of Bousiers found Sir William of Bourges in the town, who was captain there, under the French king, and received him joyously, desiring him to stay there to help defend the town. The lord of Bousiers excused himself and said: \"Because I had entered the town of Rybamont to keep the town and fortress there, as it was without a captain, I desire the said Sir William so much that I ask for him from Saint Quinty's. Twelve.\"\nThe lord of Bows and his men parted ways. He did not travel far when he spotted a company of Englishmen. But he took another low route, as he was familiar with the terrain. That day, he rode towards Rybamount, and encountered a knight from Burgundy named Sir John of Bulle, who was heading towards Saint Quintin. After speaking with the lord of Bousyers, Sir John returned with him to Rybamount, and they prepared for a battle with 40 spears and 20 crossbows. Approaching Rybamount, they sent one of their scouts to inform the townspeople of their arrival to help defend their town. Meanwhile, they saw a company of Englishmen approaching, numbering around 80. The Frenchmen exclaimed, \"Behold: there are our enemies, coming for plunder. Let us go before them.\" They spurred their horses and galloped forward as fast as they could, crying out to the Virgin Mary.\nRybamont. And so came among the Englishmen, and disconfited and slew the most part of them, for he was happy that many might escape. And when the Frenchmen had thus overthrown the Englishmen, they went to Rybamont, where they found the lord of Chyn, who had come thither but a little before with 40 spears and 30 crossbows. And as they were before the castle, and their company in their lodgings unarmed, they heard the watchman of the castle crying, \"Sir, arms approach your town.\" Then they drew together and demanded of the watchman what number they were, like in appearance, he answered and said: \"They were about the number of eighty men of arms.\" Then Lord Bousyers said, \"Sir, it behooves us to go out and fight with them, for it would be a great blame to us to suffer them so near to our fortress.\" The lord of Chyn said, \"A fair sun: you speak truth. Cause our horses to come out and display my banner.\" Then Sir John of Bulle said,\nlords you shall not go without me. but my counsel is that we go wisely, for perhaps they are but curriers, sent by the marshals of England or the constable, to cause us to go out of our fortress: our issuing out may turn to folly. The lord Bousiers said, if you will let me, we shall go out and fight with them. There were various Englishmen who had great marvel, in seeing his likeness to the arms, without difference of the lord Coucy, and said. How is it: that the lord Couci has sent men here to be against us, and he ought to be our friend. So there was a hard battle: however, it finally ended with the Englishmen being taken and slain, but few of us escaped. The lord Bousiers had prisoners, two brothers of Pennort, a knight and a squire. And Sir Johan of Bulle had other two prisoners, whom they took at Rybamont, before the English host, without any skirmish. And also they forbore to burn in the land of the lord Coucy, or to do any damage.\nThere, a man was present in Lombardy and did nothing concerning the war with France. Then the Englishmen went and lodged in the valleys under Laon and thereabout Brueres and Crescy. And they did much damage in the countryside of Lonoy, but before that time, the French king had caused all the goods in the open country to be taken into the fortresses, towns, and castles, which were so well provisioned that the English could have no advantage to approach and assault any of them. And also, the English were not in the mood to employ their season there, for they preferred that the French king had sent down power of men to fight with them, but the French king always commanded in no way to give them battle, but rather that they should be pursued and kept short. And every night the Frenchmen lay in fortresses, and in the day pursued the English host, who went ever close together.\n\nIt happened beyond Soissons, in a morning, that a hundred and sixty of the English host were ambushed.\nSpeakers ran over the country and came within danger of a battle between Burgundians and Frenchmen. Sir John of Uyen, John Bulle, Wilyam Bordes, Hugh Porcien, John of Coucy the vicomte of Meaux, the lords of Ravennal and of Bone were captains. They were three. Three companies of spears were always expensive to obtain from the English. The same night they had lain in the field and made their camp in a little wood in Soissons. And the English came in the morning to seek plunder. And their host was lodged behind them. And when the English were past, the French came out of their camp and displayed their banners and pennons. And when the English saw such a large company so near them, they rested and took refuge, and sent to their host behind them, which was a long league from them. And Sir Gaultier, who was a great captain, was not far off. And when he heard of it, he leapt upon his horse in great haste, his spear in his hand.\nThe warder, without advice or counsel, urged his men forward as quickly as they could, and in such a way that Fraunces was struck through the neck and fell down dead. The Scotsmen fought valiantly, but eventually they were slain and taken. A few escaped. Among the English knights taken prisoner were: Sir John Radwyn, Thomas Faulque, Hugh Bromewell, Thomas Spenser, Thomas Ebreton, Nicholas Gascoigne, John Candley, Philippe of Cambrey, Hugh Harpe, Dautryne Dautry, John Galarde, Thomas Brudlay, Henry Mamefort, Guy Chuet, William Dautry, John Menet, Antique, William Gausull, John of Foebret, Tomelyn Solerant, William Quiteuyn, Robert Bouchell, Ro. Daudley, Raf Stanby, and Thomas Arthur. News reached the English host that their company was engaged in battle: then the marshals made haste to remove the host to that side, but he could not advance quickly enough to prevent the matter from being past and done. The Burgundians and Frenchmen withdrew with all their men.\nprisoners, for the Englishmen could not determine where to find them. This encounter occurred near Douilly beside Soissons on the 20th day of February in the year 1346.\n\nAfter the journeys of Rabymont and Douchy, no adventure befell the Duke of Lancaster in the realm of France that merits mention. The Englishmen passed through many narrow passages, but they rode wisely and closely together. The fresh kings council advised the king, \"Sir, let them go on; for they cannot reach your inheritance. They will exhaust themselves for nothing. In like manner, you will see it with these Englishmen.\" I have often heard before how Sir Robert Canoll came to his castle of Duryall, which he held as his own heritage, and broke the treaty that had been made between him and his.\nmen and the duke of Anjou arrived there for the siege, as he claimed it as his inheritance. He brought with him a large company of lords and knights: from Brittany, Poitou, and the low marches. The French king wanted his stablemaster, Lord Clysson, and others who were there to return to Faucigny to aid his brother, the duke of Burgundy, in pursuing the English. He sent messages frequently to them in the castle of Dourouail to obey him and give him possession of the castle. When the day passed that the castle should have been delivered, they still lay siege and suffered great marauding from those within. They knew well that Sir Robert Canoll had entered the castle and had newly refreshed it. Then these dukes and lords sent a herald to Sir Robert Canoll and Sir Hugh Brocas, who had made a treaty with them beforehand. When the herald arrived at the fortress, he said, \"Sirs, my lords have sent me to you to\"\nSir Robert Canoll explained to Haraude why he had not yet released the hostages and surrendered the castle, as per the agreement and his oath. Haraude reported this back to his lords. They responded with a new message, instructing Sir Robert that no one should be allowed into their fortress until the previously agreed-upon date. Since they had already received the men before this date, Sir Robert was demanded to surrender the castle or face consequences for his breach of the agreement. Sir Robert refused, stating that he would not give up his castle for the \"manshings\" of his masters.\nduke orders my men to die / I will serve him in the same way / for I have here within both knights and squires as prisoners. Though I could have ransom for them from M. Frances, I will save not one of them. And when the harrying was departed / and had made his report. The duke of Anjou called for the hangman and brought forth the hostages, two knights and an esquire, and caused their heads to be struck off near to the castle / so that they within might see it and know it. Inconvenient Sir Robert Canoll made a board to be put out of a window of the hall / and brought thither four prisoners that he had, three knights and a squire / for whom he might have had great ransom. But he made their four heads to be struck off / and threw their bodies down into the dykes / the bodies one way / and their heads another way. Then they broke up their siege / and all manner of men went into Frauce. The duke of Anjou went to Paris to see the king his brother. The constable, the lord\nClysson and others rode toward the city of Troyes, for the Englishmen were in that march and were passed the river Marne. They took their way toward Anxere. At the same time, Pope Gregory XI had sent the archbishop of Rohan and the bishop of Carpentras into Frauce on a legation to treat for peace between the French king and the king of England. These prelates had much labor in riding between the French king and his brothers and the duke of Lancaster. However, the Englishmen always rode on, despite traveling through the countries of Forestes, Auvergne, Limosyn, and the river Loyre, to Doronne and Lothe. The Englishmen were not at ease on this journey, nor were the Frenchmen who followed and accompanied them. In this pursuit, three knights of Heynault died: Sir Fateres of Berlauwout, Bridoll of Montague, and the beguine of Uerlan. And from the English side, some also died. Long before the dukes of Lancaster.\nAnd they rode forward from Brittany, reaching Bergerath, four leagues from Bordeaux. The French pursued them continually: the duke of Anjou and the constable rode towards Rouergue, Roddes, and Toulouse, and had reached Pegau. There, the two prelates stayed and preached between the parties, laying down many reasons to bring them to an agreement, but both parties were too stubborn to concede to any peace without significant concessions. Around Christmas, the duke of Lancaster arrived in Bordeaux, and both dukes stayed there all winter and the following Lent. Some of his companions departed. When the journey was completed, the Lord Basset and his company returned to England, but the king was displeased with him because he had returned and not brought back the duke, his son.\n\nThen, right after the Feast of Easter, in the year 1313, the duke of Anjou gathered a large army at Pegau.\nwith it was the constable of France, and most of the barons and knights of Breton, Poitou, Anjou, and Touraine. From Gascoyne came Sir John of Armagnac, the lords Dalbret and Pegauert, the earls of Comminges and Narbonne, the viscounts of Carmaine, Uyllemure, and Thalare, the earl Dolphin of Auvergne, and most of the lords of Auvergne and Limousin. The viscount of Mindon, the lords la Barde and Pegauert, and Sir Robert de Charde were also present. They numbered fifteen thousand men on foot, and had a large number of geneways and crossbowmen. They made their way towards high Gascoyne and came before St. Sylvere, where an abbot was lord. However, there was a strong town, but the abbot doubted that he would lose it by force. Therefore, he entered into a treaty with the duke of Anjou, thinking that neither he nor his lord could endure the war or be in the duke's disfavor. Speaking to him, he said, \"How is it with your town or fortress?\"\nThe duke, regarding the towns and castles in high Gascony, where he supposed the duke was going, requested that he be left in peace through a composition. He and none of his men were to make war, and none were made to him. Similarly, vassals and lords of Gascony were to act. The duke agreed and had hostages in his stead, sending them to be kept in Perigord. Then the whole host, of which the duke of Anjou was chief, drew toward Mount Marsan and the town of Lourdes in high Gascony, where Sir Arnold d'Uz\u00e8re was captain. The French laid siege to it and demanded its surrender to the duke of Anjou. The townspeople agreed, but the knight who kept it objected, stating that the earl of Foix had given it to him. He declared that he would deliver it to no other person. When the constable heard this, he ordered every man to assault the castle.\nThe castle was won by force, the captain was slain, and men and women, along with the town, were overrun and robbed. The Frenchmen entered the land of Castle Bon and overran it. They passed by the land of Castle Neuf, which they assaulted, and went towards Beynre. They came to the entrance of the lord of Lescoute's land and rode forward until they reached a good town and a good castle called Sault, which was part of the county of Foix and all its lands, and their fees in Gascony.\n\nBefore the Prince of Wales went to Spain, he intended to wage war against the county of Foix because they would not submit to him. The Duke of Anjou, who had conquered most of Aquitaine, showed himself as its lord and wanted to possess it. The Prince of Wales laid siege to the town of Sault in Gascony, which was not easy to conquer, and within it was:\nCaptain Sir William of Panas. When the earl of Foix saw how the French conquered his lands and territories, which he should have held from the French king or the king of England, he sent for the vicomte of the castle Bon, and for the lords of Mersault, of Neuf-Z, of Lescute, and for the abbot of Saint-Sylvere. When they had arrived, he sent for a safe-conduct to speak with the duke of Anjou, who was still besieging Sault: the duke agreed. Then he and the other lords went to the host of the duke, and there they agreed that they and their lands would remain in a truce of peace until the middle of August, at which time certain numbers of men-at-arms from the French king's party or from the king of England's party would appear before the town of Moussac by that day. The party that could hold the field would keep their lands in peace forever. This truce to be performed, the earl of Foix and others.\nIn that season, an exchange was made of certain lands in Spain. The king of Spain had given these lands, specifically Sarryen castle, to the constable of France and the lord of Manny, in return for their services in Spain. The constable gave the land of Sarryen castle in exchange for the Earl of Pembroke, who had been taken prisoner before Rochell, and Ser Olivier of Manny gave his land of Grece in return for Sir Richard Dangle, and William his nephew, and Othes of Gratsone, John de Gremores, and Tanboton. At the same time, a treaty began between the duke of Anjou and the duke of Lancaster at Pyergort. The duke of Lancaster held himself as king and regent of the English marches. Therefore, a truce of war was agreed upon between them and all their allies, to last until the last day of\nThe two dukes, Aniou's at Saints Omers in Picardy and LaCASTre at Calais, were to begin September's marches. After this truce was taken, the duke of LaCASTre and the duke of Brittany, earls of Warwick, Suffolk, and Stafford; lords Spencer, Wyl Loughby, Chanoyne, Robersart, Henry Percy, and the lord of Maulay, and all other lords and knights, departed from Bordeaux on the 8th of July and returned to England. When the captains of Bergerac, Sir John of Pert and John of Cornwall, had kept the fortress under siege against the French for a year without relief or aid, and their supplies were running low, they consulted together. They took Bergerac in such a way that they could lift the siege or force the defenders to surrender. For this composition, hostages were exchanged. Earl of Penbroke was put in charge of ransoming six thousand.\nThe earl of Frankes and Lomberdes in Bruges became detours therefor, and promised payment as soon as he was whole and in good point. So the earl rode under the conduct of the constable through Flanders, but the fever and sickness took him by the way, and so in a horse litter he was brought to the city of Arras. There his sickness took him so sore that he lay in his bed and finally died there. And the constable lost his money. The earl of Penbroke left behind him a son of the age of two years. Sir Richard Dagle made his finance as I shall show you. You have heard here before how the Lord of Roy was a prisoner in England who had no children but a daughter, who was his heir. The friends of the said Lord of Roy fell into treaty with Sir Oliver of Manny, a knight of Brittany and nephew to Sir Bertram of Clesquy, for the delivery of the Lord of Roy by this means, by exchange for one of his prisoners. And he was to have to his wife the Lord of Roys daughter.\nSir Oliver of Many sent word to the king of England to determine which knight he would most willingly receive as a gift for the lord of Rouen. The king chose Sir Richard D'Angais, and they were accordingly exchanged. Lady Manners, the lord of Rouen's daughter, married the lord of Manners in turn. Afterward, the lord of Rouen married the daughter of Lord Willoughby and Florence, as well as Sir Tanboton, Sir Othes of Grantson, and Johan of Gruners, who were brought to their conclusion through the intercession of Sir Oliver of Manners.\n\nWhen the middle of August approached and the journey was about to begin near Monsac, the duke of Anjou arrived with a large army. He remained before Monsac for six days, and no one appeared from the English side because they believed, due to the treaty made between the duke of Anjou and the duke of Lancaster, that the journey would not take place.\nThe duke of Aniou and his council were not of that mindset. Then the duke sent to the earl of Foix, the vicomte of Chatell Boine, to the lords of Marsen, of Chatell Neufe, of Lescute, & to the abbot of Saint Syluere, that they should hold their council or else the duke said he would kill all the hostages he had for that purpose and would enter into their lands with such force that he would compel them to cry for mercy. Then these lords put themselves and their lands under the obedience of the French king, and they of Monsac opened their town, which was a fair garrison, and went and presented the keys to the duke of Aniou, and he did fealty and homage to him. And so the duke and his company entered, and they stayed for eighteen days. Meanwhile, Ryoll put themselves under the obedience of the French king. Then they went before Langon, who also yielded up, and after Saint Marquayre, Condose Basylle, the tower of Prudence, Mauleon.\nThe Tower of Drowe, and the names of twenty-one towns and castles turned French in the same journey. The last to turn French was Dauberoth. In every place, the duke laid new garrisons. Once he had ordered everything according to his pleasure, he returned to France, and the constable likewise, on behalf of the king, sent for them, and so they gave license to most of their company to depart. The lords of Clisson, of Beaumauoyre, of Daungourt, of Ray, and of Ryon, the vicomtes of Rohan and of Lauall, and others, came to the siege before Bercerell to keep their journey on the day previously fixed, for it was said that the duke of Brittany, Sir Robert Canoll, and the lord Spencer were coming there to raise the siege.\n\nYou have heard here before how Sir Hugh of Chastellon, master of the crossbowmen, was taken before Abbeuile by Sir Nicholas of Louvain and carried into England. He could not come to any ransom because they asked so much for his fine.\nThe marquess of Flanders assumed the role and managed to leave England; the details are too lengthy to recount. Upon reaching France, the king restored his position as master of the crossbows and sent him to Avesnes to guard the borders. The entire region obeyed him, including Sir John of Bertheouyllers, captain of Bolougne, Sir Henry of the Isles, captain of Dep, and all those in the garrisons of Tyrrhenia, St. Dymper, Lycos, Fiennes, and Montroye. In this way, the lord of Comyn, captain of Ardes, and Sir John of Ubruge assembled at Ardes with 800 spearmen, and early one morning they set out towards Bolougne to seek adventure. The same day, the captain of Bolougne led out 60 spearmen and rode towards Calais for the same purpose. Upon his return, he encountered.\nThe lord of Comynges and his company, who had ridden to guard Boloune, encountered the captain of Boloune and saved himself with much effort while losing fourteen of his spearmen. After this chase, the lord of Comynges returned. The same morning, the master of the crossbowmen had made his musters and had with him a great number of them from Artois and Vermandois, amounting to three hundred spearmen. At the same time, the Earl of St. Pol was newly come out of Picardy from his land of Loraine and was riding to Our Lady of Boloune in pilgrimage. He heard along the way that the master of the crossbowmen intended to go there as well, and so he met him and rode together towards Arde. They stayed for a certain period in the field, unaware that the enemy was encamped there, and the English were similarly unaware of their presence. When the French had been in the field for a certain time and saw no one emerging, they returned to the abbey of Arde.\nAn Englishman emerged privately from Arde and rode for a long time by hidden paths, knowing the countryside. He eventually encountered Lord Comyn returning to Arde and informed him that the Frenchmen had been there before and had departed. By the time the Frenchmen had passed Tornehen, they were informed that the English were assembling with the captain of Arde. They turned and camped on one side, laying a bushment of 300 spears in a small wood near Liques, with Sir Hugh Chastillon as their chief captain. The young earl of St. Pol and a large number of knights and squires were ordered to guard it. Not far away, along a great hedge, Lord Comyn and Sir Ubreus and their company were resting and preparing. Sir John Harlston led out 20 spearmen to break the French bushment.\nThe young earl of Saint Pol, riding on one side with a hundred spearmen, urged his company forward, saying, \"Let us face our enemies ahead.\" They spurred their horses and charged towards them as fast as they could. Sir John Harlington then turned and made them pursue him along the hedge, where the Welshmen were hiding and the archers were positioned. As soon as the Frenchmen arrived, the Englishmen received them with spears and axes, and the archers began to shoot. Many feats of arms ensued, but eventually the Frenchmen were encircled and overthrown. The young earl of Saint Pol was captured by a squire from the duchy of Guerlais, and among those taken were the lords of Pouns, Clarry, Sir William of Melle, Charles of Chastillon, Lionet Daraynes, Gauges of Uaisnell, and Johan.\nThe Chastellain of Beauvois and various other knights and squires accompanied this man. After this dispute in the continent, the lord of Chastillon, with his banner and three hundred spears, arrived at the same hedges end. But when he saw the disorder of his company, he drew his men together and departed without engaging in any battles. Then the English and Welsh led their prisoners into the town of Ard\u00e9. That night, the lord of Comyns bought the Earl of Saint Pol from the squire who had captured him. Immediately after, he went with him to England and presented him to the king, who thanked him and gained great profit from this. At the same time, the duke of Anjou and the constable of France, as well as the archbishop of Rouen and the bishop of Crapent, arrived in France. They passed through to go to Saint Dimer to keep their appointment with the duke of Lancaster, who had also come to.\nCalys / and the lord of Bocnyer with hym / and after they wente to Bruges. And anone after the duke of Aniowe came to saynt Dmers in great array / & he sent for to be there with hym / his cosyn sir Guy of Bloys / who came thyder out of Haynalt. than\nthere lay in the frontres of Fraunce and of Fla\u0304\u00a6ders towarde Arde / and Croyes / and aboute Ba\u2223ther about. The constable of Fraunce / the lor\u2223des of Clysson / and Lauall / and sir Dlyuer of Manny with mo than .vi. hundred speares to kepe the countre / that no let shulde come by the erle of Flau\u0304ders / for they had no great trust in him. nor also they wolde neuer come to Brug{is} for nothyng that the entreatours coude vs.\nyE haue herd here before howe they of Bercerell were besieged the space of a yere / and howe they had made a com\u2223posicion to yelde vp their fortres without they were reskewed by the feast of All sayntes / and whan the day began to aproche ye french kyng sente thyder a great nombre of men of warre. There were all the knightes of Bretayne and of\nIn Normandy, only those with the constable were present: the marshals of Flanders, Sir Lewis of Saxe, & Sir Mouton of Blanville, the Earl of Harcourt, Sir James of Uien, the admiral of France, the dolphin of Auvergne, Sir Johan of Bulle, and various other lords. All these lords traveled and stayed the night before Bercerelles, but none appeared before them, and so the fortress was surrendered. Every man departed who wished to, and Sir John Apert and his Cornwall men took to the sea and returned to England. The lords of Flanders took possession of the Bercerelles fortress and repaired it anew: with men, artillery, and other supplies. Immediately, following the French king's command, all these men of war laid siege before Saint Saluyer, the vicomte in Constantine, who had previously been under the control of Sir John Chandos. After his death, the king of England gave it to Sir Alan of Boucharel, who was then present.\nEngland/ and he had left a captain there, a squire named Charenton, and Sir Thomas Cornet, Johan de Bourge, and the three brothers of Maulurier, and with them were sixscore men of war. And so St. Sauveur was besieged by sea by Sir John of Uihen, admiral of France, and by land by the other lords of Brittany and Normandy. There was a great host, and they prepared engines against the town which troubled them within the fortress.\n\nNow let us speak of the lords: the Duke of La Castre, the Earl of Salisbury, and the Bishop of London. In order that no evil or trouble should come to any of these lords or to any of their men who rode in and out daily between the parties, they agreed on a truce to last until the first day of May next, in all the marches of Calais and the river Somme, and in other lands to remain at war. Then Lord Clysson and Lord de Lauall were sent into Brittany.\nThe duke of Breton kept his companies at the frontiers there. While these lords were treating for peace at Bruges, the duke of Brittany, who was in England (as you have heard before), saw that his country was in great turmoil and was on the verge of turning against him. At that time, the countess his wife was in the castle of Alnwick, and he himself was with the king of England, who truly loved him, and she said to him, \"Fairson, I know that for my sake you have weighed your lands and have been deprived of your seigniory and fair heritage. But be assured that I shall well recover it for you, for I will make no peace with the French without your consent, and you to have your heritage back.\" The duke humbly thanked him. And in the same season, the duke of Brittany assembled together at Hampton three thousand archers. They were all paid their wages by the ordinance of the king of England for half a year, and with them, two thousand men-at-arms.\nThe journey went there, led by the lords of Cambridge and March. The lord Spenser, Sir Thomas Holes, Nicholas Carew, Edward Twyford, Richard Pontchard, and all their company arrived at St. Matthew's of Tynemouth in Brittany. They took land and assaulted the castle, which was not greatly fortified nor manned with soldiers nor artillery. The Englishmen took it by force and slew all those within. When the people of St. Matthew's town knew this, they opened their gates and received the duke as their lord. Then the Englishmen went to the town of Polles de Lyon, which was strong and well fortified. They made a great assault, and the archers on the dikes shot so relentlessly together that few or none dared show themselves in defense. So the town was won, overrun, and plundered. Then they went to Brues de Vallois, which was well fortified with men-at-arms and other pursuers, for the lords of Clisson and others were there.\nBeaumanoir, the Viscount of Rohan, and various other lords of Brittany had been there only a little before, and had supplied the fortress with every necessary thing. The duke and the Englishmen then laid siege to it. And when those of St. Savour, the vicomte, understood that the duke of Brittany and these English lords had arrived in Brittany, they hoped that they would come there and lift the siege around them, which they greatly desired, for they were greatly besieged by their engines, which worked day and night, leaving them unsure where to keep themselves out of danger. Then they sought advice to negotiate a truce until Easter: the year of our Lord, MCCXXV. This was but six weeks after, so that within that time they would either fight or be relieved from the siege, or else surrender the fortress, their lives and goods saved. This truce was taken, but they still lay at siege, but they made no war on each other during this time.\nThe vicomte of Rohan and the lords of Clisson and Beaumanoir, who were stationed against the duke of Brittany and the garrison besieging Saint-Bru-le-Vaulx, heard reports that Sir John Devereux was near Campelly and making great war in the country. He had recently repaired and fortified a little fortress there, which he called the New Fort, preventing the people of Capelly from leaving their town without trouble. They sent word to Lord Clisson, who was at Lamballe at the time, and he and his company departed, leaving men behind to keep the town. They rode so long that they reached the New Fort and laid siege to it. These tidings reached the duke of Brittany, who was besieging Saint-Bru-le-Vaulx, where he had been digging a mine for fifteen days and had lost both the mine and the labor at the same time. When the duke and the lords:\nof his host knew that they said all things considered: they thought they had wasted their time to stay there any longer. Therefore they said it was better for them to go and aid Sir John Devereux. If we can find them in the field that has laid siege to him, we trust we shall have a fair journey. So then they dismounted and rode towards the new fortress, which the lords of Brittany had built to be assaulted, in such a way that they were at the foot of the wall and feared nothing that was cast down upon them for they were well prepared. And also they within had but little stuff to cast down. In all haste, one came to them and said, \"sirs, gethense (get hence), for yonder comes the duke of Brittany with the Englishmen. They are not past two leagues hence.\" Then the trumpet sounded the retreat. Then they drew back and took their horses and so departed, and went into Campelly, which was not far thence, and closed their gates and lifted up their bridges. And by that time the duke of Brittany with the Englishmen arrived.\nBretagne arrived with the barons of England and their company. They had passed by the new fortress and spoke with Sir John Devereux, who thanked them for coming: otherwise, he would have been taken soon. Duke Humphrey laid siege to the town of Campelly and set forth their archers and barges well-prepared. There they made a great assault. The Englishmen feigned no further action within; there were injuries on both sides. Every day there was an assault or a skirmish. They within saw that they could not endure for long, nor did they see any reinforcements coming. They also saw that they could not escape, as their fortress was surrounded on every side. Moreover, they knew that if they were taken by force, they would have no mercy, and especially the lord Clisson, the English hated him so much. The lords of Bretagne inside began to negotiate with the duke for their surrender on a courteous ransom, but the duke would not have it.\nthem simply. After much pleading, they were granted a respite for eight days. During this respite, it went well for them within the fortress. Two knights from England, Sir Nicholas Carsuell and Sir Water Durswyke, were sent to the Duke of Brittany from the Duke of Lancaster, carrying charters sealed with the truece as per the treaty of peace made at Bruges between the King of England and the French king. The truce was read and published throughout the host, and also shown to those within Capelles. The Lord Clisson, the Vicomte of Rohan, the Lord of Beaumanoir, and the others were pleased with the truece. And thus, the siege of Capelles was lifted. The Duke of Brittany granted leave to all those with him to depart, except for those who were daily in his house, and he went to Alroy.\nThe wife was gone. And then the earls of Cambridge and of March, Sir Thomas Holland, earl of Ireland, and the other Englishmen returned to England. When the duke of Brittany had arranged all his business by great leasers, he refreshed the town and castle of Bruges and Alroi and then returned to England, and his wife went with him.\n\nThe same day that the truce was made at Bruges to last for a year between the kings of England and France and their allies. And the duke of Burgundy for one part, and the duke of Lancaster for the other part, swore to come there again at the feast of St. Clement. And each part should hold and enjoy every thing that they had then in possession during the said term. The English thought that the vicomte would be saved, because of that treaty. But the Frenchmen said: that the first condition should pass before the last ordinance. So that when the day approached that they were speaking of Saint, the English believed that the vicomte would be saved according to the treaty. But the Frenchmen said: that the first condition should be fulfilled before the last ordinance was implemented.\nYou should yield up, or else be rescued by your friends. The French king sent there a great number of men of war, including 5,000 spearmen, knights, and squires, besides other people. But none came there to raise the siege. And when the day was expired there within, they yielded up to the French lords, against their wills, for the fortress was well sitting for the Englishmen. And the captain, Sir Thomas Tynet, and John de Bourc, and the three brothers of Malurier, and the other Englishmen went to Carentyn and took shipping, returning to England. Then the constable of France refreshed the fortress of Saint-Salvador, setting a Breton knight as captain therein, and understanding that the French king had given him that lordship.\n\nThe same season, the lord of Coucy came into France, who had long been in Flanders with the earl of Vertu, son of Sir Galeas, making war against Sir Barnabo and his allies because\nThe lord of Coucy, by succession through his mother, who was sister to the late duke of Austria, had a right to the duchy. The duke having died without issue, the Austrians had given the duchy and lands to another, a kinsman further removed than the lord of Coucy. The lord of Coucy had frequently complained to Emperor Charles of Behaine about this, as he knew he had a right to the duchy. However, he could not easily enforce this right against the Austrians, who were strong in his territory, and who had many good soldiers. The lord of Coucy had waged war against them before, with the support of his aunt, the sister of the late duke, but had been unsuccessful. When he came into France, the king welcomed him warmly. Seeing that there were many idle soldiers in France at the time, he thought they could not be better employed.\noccupied / than to help him to his right: during the truce between France and England. Then the lord of Couey desired a feast of St. Michael. They behaved badly in every way as they were, various barons/ knights/ squires of France of Artois, of Vermandois, of Haynault, and of\n\nWhen the feast of Saints approached, there came again to Bruges to negotiate for peace, the king of France. The duke of Burgundy, the earl of Salisbury, bishop of London, were present. The town of Bruges was well fortified with various estates, and especially the duke of Burgundy kept a noble estate there. And with the duke of Lannister was Robert of Namur, who kept him good company as long as the duke was in Flanders. And there were the ambassadors, the archbishop of Rouen, and the bishop of Carpentras, who continued to labor between them, and the truce was continued to the feast of St. John the Baptist next after: the year of our Lord one thousand three hundred and seventy-six. And so these lords continued.\nOn a Trynite Sunday, the king of France, Charles, performed his obsequies reverently in the holy chapel of the palaces in Paris. Many prelates and nobles of the realm of France were present, and the truce was then prolonged until the first day of April next. Let us now discuss the lord of Coucy and the Almain.\n\nWhen Austria and the Almain forces understood that the lord of Coucy was coming with such a strong army to wage war, they burned and destroyed for three days. They said he was French in name, blood, arms, and extraction. He sent his wife to England and kept his eldest daughter with him, leaving the younger one still in England, where she had been brought up and nurtured. Then the French king sent the lord of Coucy to Bruges to those who were there to negotiate for peace. The lord of Coucy was also sent from the French king, and the lord of Cobham was dispatched by England.\nof saynt Dauyd chau\u0304cellour of Englande and the bys\u2223shoppe of Herforde. And for the frenche kynge at Muttrell: there was the lorde of Coucy / sir Wylliam of Dormans chau\u0304cellour of Frau\u0304ce / but they durst neuer trust to mete toguy \nANd whan the warr was open / than sir Hughe Caurell was sent to be kepar of Calais. Whan pope Gregoriebeynge vnderstod that no peace coude be had by\u00a6e warr was open. he toke leaue of therle and we\u0304t to Grauelyng / and thy\u2223der he came to therle of Salisbury and sir Ry\u2223charde Dangle / and so went with them to Ca\u2223lais and ther taryed the space of a moneth / and so went in to Englande and came to Shene \u2022 yere of our lorde a thousande thre hundred .lxxvii.\nTHan was there great sorowe made in Englande / and incontynent all the pas\u2223sages of the realme were stoppedde / that none shulde yssue out of the realme. For they wolde nat that the dethe of the kyng shuld be so soone knowen in Fraunce / tyll they haddeset the re\u2223alme in some ordre. The same tyme ther came in to Englande the erle of\nSalisbury and Sir Richard Dacre accompanied the body of King Edward III: with great processions, we held a holy chapel in his palaces at Paris. And immediately after, the eldest daughter of the French king died. She was assured to have been married to William of Heintault, the eldest son of Duke Aubert.\n\nDuring the meantime, while this truece endured, the French king procured greatly for ships and galleys. And the king of Spain had sent to him his admiral, Sir Ferinand Sause. Who with Sir John de Vienne, admiral of France, when the truce was expired, went and burned the town of Rye, a four-day journey after the death of King Edward, in the vigil of St. Peter in July. There they slew men and women and all they found. These tidings reached London. Then the Earl of Salisbury and Lord Montagu went to the marches towards Haverhill. After the French army took Laud in the Isle of Ubique and burned them.\ndivers came to Windsor, Lambert Dartmouth, and others. And when they had burned and plundered the town of Ubique, they went again to the sea and advanced, and came to a gate called Po. There was ready the earl of Salisbury and Lord Montague, who defended the passage. However, they burned part of the town of Po. and then took the sea again and advanced toward Havant. They daily attempted to take land in England, but the Englishmen in the company of the earl of Salisbury rode so constantly along the sea coast that they kept them from taking any land. Then the Frenchmen came before Havant, and there was ready Sir John Arnold with a great number of men of war and archers who defended the town, or else it would have been taken. Then the Frenchmen departed and went toward Douai, and took land on a day. There were many men of the country assembled, and they had made the priory of the place and Sir Thomas Cheyne and John Fusel their chief captains, who set up their headquarters.\nthem in good array to defend the passage, so the French had only small advantage, as it cost them much people if they were to take land. However, finally, by the force of good fighting, they took land. There was a fierce battle, yet the English were driven back and put to flight, and two hundred were slain. The two knights and the prior were taken prisoners. Then the French men entered again into their ships and lay still all that night at anchor before the abbey. There the French men first learned of the death of King Edward of England from their prisoners, and of the coronation of King Richard, and a great part of the order made in England for ruling the realm. Then Sir John of Uyenne caused a bark to depart, and sent in it a knight, who arrived at Harflew. And then the knight rode to Paris, and there he found the king, and there he showed him the certain tidings of the death of King Edward. To which saying the king gave credence. Then the\nFrenchmen and Spaniards departed and sailed with favorable wind, reaching Douver around three of the clock. Sir Edmond, Earl of Cambridge, and Sir Thomas, Earl of Buckingham, were ready with a hundred thousand men and banners displayed, waiting for the Frenchmen who numbered around sixscore ships and galleys. The Frenchmen passed by the gate without stopping, but took the deep sea as the tide began to ebb. However, the Englishmen tarried there all day and the following night, and the Frenchmen appeared before the haven of Calais by the next tide and entered.\n\nYou have heard before: how Sir John, captain of Beufz, was taken prisoner before Soubise and kept in the tower of the temple of Paris. The king of England and the prince, while they lived, earnestly desired his delivery. There was also much entreaty made for him at the council at Bruges, and he was offered in exchange the young earl of Saint.\nThe French king and four or five other knights refused to consent to it. However, the French king made the captive be shown to him by the prior, who had him in custody. If he would swear, he would be granted his release. The Captain answered that he would never make that oath to die in prison. He remained in prison for five years with little joy, as he took his imprisonment with little patience. The French king had him buried solemnly, and there were various barons, knights, and prelates of France in attendance. Thus, the English captains were disgraced, for in the same year Lord Spenser, a great baron in England and a good knight, also died, along with his wife, who was the daughter of Sir Bartylmew of Brunnes. Their son and four daughters remained. Immediately after the death of the said Captain, the French queen was present.\nThis queen, named Mary, was delivered of which birth, and the queen took such a sickness that she died. This queen, who was full of noble virtues, was daughter to the gentle duke of Bourbon, Lord Peter, who died at the battle of Poycters. Her obsequy was performed in the abbey of Sainte Denise, where she was buried with great solemnity. There were nearly all the nobles and prelates of France in attendance, and particularly the marquis of Paris.\n\nDuring this season, Sir Hugh Caurell, captain of Calais, Sir John Harlston, captain of Guines, and the lord of Gomegines, captain of Arde, made many journeys into Picardy every week, three or four. They often went before St. Omers and Arques, Montreuil-sur-Mer and the surrounding areas, to Boulogne and sometimes to Tirwyn. The son of Arde did much damage in the country, and complaints came frequently to the hearing of the French king. In response, he took counsel on how best to restrain them. It was shown to him how.\nthat Garryson of Arde was not so strong, but it could easily be taken. Then the king said, \"We will spare it for no cost. Within a little space after, he secretly summoned a force of men-at-arms. The chief of them was the duke of Burgundy, his brother; he had 150 well-armed spearmen. Suddenly, they appeared at the gates of Arde and besieged it. With the duke of Burgundy were the earl of Guines, the marshal of Blaneyule, the lords of Clysson, Lauall, Rougemont, Bregyde, Frannyll, Danuyll, Dautoyng, Raueuall, and Angest. Sir James of Bourbon, the seneschal of Heynalte, and various other knights and barons were also present. They had engines that cast stones night and day, weighing two hundred pounds, and they attacked it fiercely. The lord Gomegynes, lord of the fortress, when he saw himself surrounded by so many noble men-at-arms and they promised him that if he surrendered,\n\n(Note: I have made some assumptions about the text based on the given context, such as adding commas and changing \"whan\" to \"when\" and \"he sawe hym selfe enclosed\" to \"he saw himself surrounded\" for clarity. I have also assumed that \"assayed\" means \"attacked\" in this context, and that \"engyns\" means \"engines\" based on the given context.)\nThe fortress was won through assault, and he and all those with him were to die. He was not well provisioned with artillery for a long time to endure. By the intervention of his cousin, the Lord of Rene, he entered into a treaty and surrendered the garrison; their lives were saved. This treaty was long in the making, but eventually the fortress was given up, and those who wished to depart were brought to Calais by Sir Gawen of Bayllule. Sir William of Bourdes was made captain there for a long time, and later the Lord of Sampy held the position. The same day that Arde was surrendered, the duke laid siege to the castle of Arduyche. There were captains, the three brothers of Mauluryer within. The duke laid siege for three days and made various assaults; in the end they within surrendered the castle, and they were brought to Calais by the marshal of France. Then the duke laid siege to Uaucinnen, which also surrendered as the other had.\nA duke had newly refreshed these places with supplies and men. Then he granted permission to every man to depart, and he himself went into France to the king, while the other Breton lords went into Brittany. Reports reached them that the duke of Brittany was encamped at Brest with a great army, and the lords of Burgundy and other places had returned home. We have heard before about the peace made at Vernon between the French king and the king of Navarre. After this, there was great suspicion laid on a squire in the French king's court, attending on the two sons of the king of Navarre. This squire was called James of Rue. Additionally, there was a master Peter of Tartre, a great counselor and governor in the county of Deux-Acques, who was also suspected. They were both brought to trial and executed so cruelly at Paris, and their bodies were displayed before all the people.\nThey intended to please the French king. Then the king raised up a great army of men-at-arms and made the constable their leader, along with the Lord de la Rivere and various barons and knights. And so they all went into Normandy to the fortresses and castles of the king of Navarre, which were fair and noble and well fortified. They laid siege to a fortress called Ponteau de Mere. They had various engines and means for the siege, and they troubled the fortress greatly with them. However, those within defended themselves valiantly. There were many sallies and skirmishes during this siege. The castle was severely damaged and those within were greatly oppressed, often begging the constable to surrender the fortress or else face certain death if taken by force. The constable's promise was customary. The navy saw how their supplies were dwindling and knew well how.\nThe king of Navarre was far from them, so they surrendered the fortress and were conveyed to Cherbourg. The fortress was razed and brought down to the earth, which had cost much to build. Also, the walls of Poteau de mer were brought down. Then the Frenchmen went and besieged the fortress of Mortaine, and they lay a great length of time there. But those within saw no sign of aid or comfort coming from the king of Navarre, nor did the other fortresses have the ability to resist the Frenchmen. And so they surrendered, as had others before. At the same time, the constable brought the submission of the county of Deux-Acques into the French king's obedience: all the towns, castles, and fortresses in the entire county. And all the fortresses were brought down to the earth and the towns opened, in order that there should never again rise any war against the realm of France by the means of any castle or town that the king of Navarre should have in the county of Deux-Acques.\nthe king made taxes and subsidies run in the region of France, as well as in any other part of the realm. At the same time, the king of Spain arranged for his bastard brother to enter Navarre with a large army of soldiers. They began to conquer the land, besieging towns and fortresses. The king of Navarre could make no resistance against them. He then sent word to King Richard of England for aid against the French king, in the county of Douex. The king of Navarre remained to defend his fortresses against the king of Spain. King Richard, with the advice of his council, sent Sir Robert and his men, a large number of chosen soldiers, to help fortify the fortress. They believed they would be besieged. The constable and the Lord de la Rivere, with their companies, had taken control of the entire county of Douex, leaving nothing for the king of Navarre but the open.\nUnder the obedience of the French king, they came before Cherbourg, which was strongly and nobly founded, first by Julius Caesar when he conquered England: and there is a port of the sea. The Frenchmen laid siege around it, except on the sea side, and so they determined not to depart thence until they had won it. Sir Robert de Roux and his company within, made many issues day and night, for there was no day nor night but that there was a skirmish. The Frenchmen could seek for no deed of arms but that they found one answered them ever. So there were many slain and taken, as well on one side as on the other, during the siege, which lasted all the remainder of the summer. Then Sir Oliver of Clesquy made on a day a sally, and so began to skirmish. And then the French men were driven back to the sally. Then Sir Oliver of Clesquy came out of his sally, and all his men ran fiercely at the English and Normans. There was a hard encounter on.\nBoth parties suffered heavy losses: many a man was killed, hurt, taken, and rescued. Eventually, Sir Oliver of Clare was taken prisoner by John Coq, the captain of Naver. He was then taken to Cherbourg. The siege ended, causing more damage to the French than to the English. Sir Oliver was sent to England and remained a prisoner for a long time at London, and later was ransomed. In great cost and charge, the French remained a large part of the winter with little conquest, and they saw clearly how they had wasted their time. They believed that Cherbourg was impregnable, as they could be continually refreshed with supplies and men by the sea. Therefore, the French dislodged and laid counter-sieges against Cherbourg, as at Montbourg, Pointe de Charenton, St. Lou, and St. Sauveur the vicomte. Every man bid farewell to death. This was in the year 1378.\nThe duke of Brittany had departed from Brittany with his wife and went to England, where he resided in the county of Richmond. He labored greatly to help King Richard and his fleet in recovering his land, which had been turned French. However, he could not be heard at that time. That same year, the duke of Lancaster learned that if he went to Brittany with a large army, various fortresses and castles would surrender to him, especially St. Malo, a fair fortress and harbor on the sea. The duke of Lancaster raised an army and went to Hampton. He took the sea with a great number of lords, knights, men of war, and archers, and sailed forth until they reached St. Malo. They took land and discharged their pursuit, and laid siege around the town of St. Malo. Those within the town were not afraid.\nThey were well provisioned with supplies, men of war, and crossbows, who valiantly defended themselves. The duke lay there for a long time. And when the constable of France and Lord Clisson learned of this, they raised a great army of men of war and marched towards St. Malo to lift the siege. A man would have thought that battle would have occurred several times between the parties. The English often prepared themselves for battle, but the constable and Lord Clisson would never approach so near that battle could ensue. And so, when the English had been there for a great length of time, they saw that the townspeople had no intention of surrendering. Then Duke Lancaster advised disengagement, reasoning that they had lost their time by lying there, and he took to the sea and returned to England, allowing each man to depart.\n\nDuring this time, the castle of Alen\u00e7on was in the possession of the Duke of Brittany, who remained in England. The French king sent\ndy\u2223uers lordes of Fraunce and of Bretayne / with a great nombre to ley siege to the castell of Alroy / and they in Alroy knewe no socour comyng to the\u0304 fro any parte / wherfore they fell in treatie / so y\u2022 if they were nat socoured by the duke of Bre\u2223tayne or by the kyng of England by a certayn day lymytted / than they to yelde vp the place: whiche treaty was agreed. So the day came and the frenchmen kept their iourney & none a pered / nother fro the duke of Bretayne nor fro the kyng of Englande. So the castell was gy\u00a6uen vp & put vnder the obeysau\u0304ce of the fre\u0304che kyng as the other castels and good townes of Bretayne were. And so they de{per}ted fro Alroy suche as were \n\u00b6 The yere of our lorde / a thousande thre hu\u0304\u2223dred .lxxviii. Anone after Easter kyng Char\u2223les of Fraunce / sawe well howe they of Chier\u2223bourc made sore warre in the countie of Con\u2223stantyne. he than ordeyned sir Wyllkeper and souerayne capityne of Constan\u2223tyne / and of all the fortresses ther about Chier\u00a6bourc and so the sayd sir Wyllim\u0304 with\nA fair company of men-at-arms and crossbowmen went and lay at Montbourge. There, he made a counter-challenge against Cherbourc, for he desired nothing more than to fight with the Englishmen in Cherbourc, considering how he had with him the flower of men-at-arms, along with those of the Gascons thereabout. At the same time, an English knight was sent to be captain at Cherbourc. He was called Sir John Harlston, whom I have often mentioned here before; he had been the captain of Guiennes for a long time. He took shipping from Hampton with 300 men-at-arms and an equal number of archers, and arrived at Cherbourc. With him was Sir Othes of Grantson, and among the Englishmen were Sir Johan Aubourge, Sir John Orsell, and various other knights and squires. As soon as they arrived, they discharged all their horses and baggage, and stayed for certain days, making themselves ready to ride out into the countryside and make war. Sir William Brodes of the French was also there.\nParties imagined night and day how they might do damage to the Englishmen. Meanwhile, these two knights laid bushwacks for each other, but it availed nothing; for it was not their fortunes to meet, but sometimes some of their companies met together as they rode about seeking adventures, and they often overthrew each other. Sometimes the Frenchmen won, and sometimes they lost.\n\nFor a long time they rode forth and laid wait for each other. One morning, Sir William of Bordeaux and all his sons of Montbourge thought to ride forth toward Cherbourc to fight with Sir John Harlstone if they could encounter him or draw him into the field. And so he rode forth with all his company and pursuit, including men-at-arms and crossbowmen, as well as me.\n\nOn the other hand, Sir John Harleston, who knew nothing of the French being abroad, also had a great desire to ride forth that same morning, and so he sounded his trumpets and caused all his men to follow.\ncompany to be armed, both horseback and foot. They all went out into the fields and ordered those who were to stay in the fortress. They rode out in great array, and appointed Sir Orsell as captain of the foot soldiers, and then appointed his curriers in the same way. In the same manner, Sir William of Bordes acted, and both parties rode out. They continued to fight against each other for a long time, and at last Sir Orsell committed such deeds of arms with his own body forever. On the other side, Sir John Harlstone, captain of Cherbourc, fought valiantly with an axe in his hand, among others, with the foremost. He had enough to do: for he was matched with a hard opponent. There were many valiant deeds done that day, and many men slain and wounded. And there Sir John Harlston was brought down to the earth, and in great danger of his life, but by the force of arms he was rescued. The battle lasted a long time and was well fought and continued on both sides. There was none who had any great advantage, for there were equal numbers on both sides.\nUsers slain and injured on both sides, but finally the Englishmen fought so long and with such good hearts that they obtained the place, and the Frenchmen were defeated, slain, and taken. Few noble men remained. For they were so exhaustedly fought that they had no power to depart, thinking either all to die or else to yield to their enemies. There was taken Sir William of Bordeaux by a squire of Heynault, called William de Beaulyau, a man-at-arms who had long lain among the English at the garrison in Calais. The said Sir William yielded himself to him, right sorrowful that the journey had not been his. The Englishmen brought great misfortune to the French, and many were taken prisoners at the end of the battle. It was a great pity for those who were dead. And when the English had dispersed the dead, Sir John Harlston and his company departed from the place, taking with them their prisoners and spoils, and went again to Cherbourg.\nthat the Englishmen made great toys for this journey. Sir William of Bordeaux was greatly feasted, for his person was well worthy. This discomfort was between Montfort and Cherbourg on St. Martin's day, 1374.\n\nWhen the French king learned of these tidings: how the garrison of Montfort and its captain were taken and slain, and how the country was in great alarm because of this discovery. The king, who was sage and well-used in all his deeds, he pursued relentlessly for a remedy and sent new men of war without delay to Montfort to keep the borders, fortresses, and country against the garrison of Cherbourg. And chief of these men of war was Sir John of Uyen and Sir Hugh of Bremelles. They held the marches against the English, but according to the French king's orders, they abandoned and forsook Montfort and all the country of Constantine, which was a great loss.\nThe country was abundant, causing men, women, and children to leave the countryside of Constantine and abandon their fair houses and possessions. The French kept fortifying at Dune, Carthage, Saint Malo, and all the marches bordering Constantine. Previously, the Duke of Burgundy had made a journey into the Picardy marches, an honorable and profitable venture for the French. In Artois, he appointed captains and soldiers to keep the castles in his possession. Specifically in the town of Ypres, he stationed the Vicomte of Meaulx and the Lord of Saint Pee, who newly fortified the town, although it was already strong enough. The French king, pleased by these developments, sent persistent letters to Saint Omer and commanded the town of Aire to be fortified.\nshould be well furnished / and well and sufficiently provided with all necessities. All things were done as he commanded. Thus this journey broke up. However, the lord of Clisson and the Bretons did not break their company until they could. News had reached the lord Clisson and the Bretons while they were before Aire that Janequin de Clere, an English squire and a good soldier, had been issued out of England and had come to Bretagne. He was keeping the bastides before Brest. Therefore, the Bretons drew there as fast as they could, and brought with them Sir Jacques of Vervaine, seneschal of Heynault, and the duke of Burgundy returned into France to the king his brother.\n\nAt the same season, there was a great assembly of men-at-arms in the marches of Bordeaux, at the commandment of the duke of Anjou and of the constable. They had a journey against the Gascons and Englishmen, of whom I shall speak more plainly, when I am better informed.\nThe duke of Burgundy was raising his army in Picardy, as previously mentioned. At the same time, the duke of Anjou was in the city of Toulouse with his wife. He devised ways to act against the English. He knew that there were several towns and castles along the river, and he was aware that many great barons of Gascony were against him, including the lords of Duras, Rosen, Langurant, Guernols, and Carles, as well as Sir Peter of Landuras and others. Therefore, he advised himself to become strong and powerful and called for a great assembly to resist these lords and keep the field. He then wrote to Sir John of Armagnac, urging him not to fail, as the constable and marshal of France had come to him. There was a great discord between the cousins and friends of the lord of Poitiers.\nIn the city of Bordeaux, before the year 1355, a cruel injustice was carried out. Sir Thomas Phelton, lieutenant to the king of England in the Marches of Bordeaux, was responsible. The lord of Pomiers, called Sir William, and a clerk of his council and secretary from the nation of Bordeaux were taken into custody by the seneschal's command for the king of England. Sir William refused to wear armor for the king and went over the sea to the Holy Sepulchre and to various other pilgrimages. Upon his return, he turned French and placed himself and all his lands under the obedience of the French king. He continually defied Lord Lesparre of Gascony and made great war against him because of the aforementioned judgment, and also due to suspicion, as the castle of Fronsac was involved.\nSir Johan of Plessis, Sir Peter of Landuras, and Sir Bertram of France were accused of treason and imprisoned in Bordeaux. They remained there, at the expense of their friends, for a long time since nothing could be proved against them. Sir Gaylart Ughier, who was not in the country, was also implicated in the matter, causing great surprise. He was in Lombardy with the lord of Coucy in the service of Pope Gregory, who intervened on his behalf when he heard of the report, allowing him to remain free. In Gascony, great hatreds and enmities arose from these events, leading to many great calamities.\n\nWhen the duke of Anjou saw that it was time for him to leave Toulouse and that most of his men of war had arrived and drawn up in the field, and especially the constable of France, in whom he had great trust and confidence, he departed.\nFrom Toulouse, they took the right way to Bergerac. The captain was Ser Parducas Dalbret, who was in a castle a little league from Languedoc, called Mouex. The duke of Anjou was accompanied by many noblemen. The first were Sir John d'Armagnac with a great retinue, the constable of Fauconbervon with a large company, Sir Louis of Sancerre, Sir John of Bulle, Peter of Bulle, Yvon of Wales, Sir Mores Trisiquidi, who had once been on the English side in Brittany but was then a French Breton, Sir Alan of Beaumont, Sir Alan of Houdain, Sir William, and Peter of Mornay, Sir John of Urs, Sir Baudouin Cremoux, Thybald of Pons, Helyot of Calais, and many other good men of war. They made their lodgings along the fair meadows by the river side of Dordon, which was a great pleasure to behold. Near to the duke's lodging was the constable of France lodged. Often times these companies visited each other.\nAnd they scuffled at the barriers. Some were hurt and wounded, as it often happens in such arms affairs. The squire Dalbret and Sir Bertram his cousin: they were received with great joy, for the host was greatly reinforced by them. The eighth day, the duke knew that Sir Thomas Felton was at Bourdeaux and that his enemies were within twelve miles of him, a pitiful situation since he was not able to resist them against them. He knew well how the duke of Anjou had summoned his allies and had called for all the states of France. Then he sent word of this to the king and to his council, but those he sent there did little good or nothing in the matter. For the realm of England was then in great discord among themselves, one against another, and especially the duke of Lancaster was not in the favor of the common people, leading to various incidental quarrels in England during that time.\nThere were no men of war from England sent out, neither to go into Gascony nor into Brittany. Those who kept the frontiers under the young king of England were not joyous. Sir Thomas Felton desired the lord Lespare to go to England to better inform the king and his uncles about the state of Gascony and thereby provide counsel for them. And so, at the request of Sir Thomas Felton, the lord Lespare entered the sea, but there arose such a tempest against him that he was driven into Spain, and there he encountered Spanish ships and had a great battle. His fortune was such that there he was taken prisoner and led into Spain, where he remained more than a year and a half, as he was still hated by the lineage of the lord Pomers. Sir Thomas Felton, who was a right valiant man, wrote and sent specifically for the lord of Musidano, the lord Duras, the lord Rosen, and for the lord Langurant, who were four of the nobles.\nThe chief barons and most powerful in all Gascony of the English party desired them to come and help defend the country for the honor and heritage of the king of England. They were to come with all their strength to Bordeaux. So then all knights, those who truly acknowledged them as their king and lord and to his officers, were ready to come to Bordeaux. And when they were all assembled, they numbered about five hundred spearmen. They were at Bordeaux and in Burdeaux during the time that the duke of Anjou laid siege before Bergerac. Then Sir Thomas Phelton and the four Gascon barons took counsel and advised, and determined to ride out against the French and enter some place to spy any advantage, to conquer anything against their enemies. And so they departed from Bordeaux in one company, more than three hundred spearmen, and came to a town called Yuret, where they lodged.\nButshmet knew nothing about how the Frenchmen caused great damage. The siege continued before Bergath, where many skirmishes were made and many seats of arms achieved, both within and without. However, little progress was made by the Frenchmen, for Sir Parducas Dalbreth, who was the captain, defended valiantly the town. Then, to inflict greater harm on their enemies, the host outside sent to Rioll for a great engine called the truce. This engine was so made that it would cast great stones, and a hundred men of arms could well be within it to approach and assault the town. Sir Peter de Bulle was ordered to fetch this engine, and with him went Sir John of Uers, Sir Baudwen Cremoux, Sir Alan Beaumont, and others, numbering more than four hundred spearmen, who knew nothing of the Frenchmen's coming. There were tidings of a two hundred men strong force being appointed; Sir Peter of Bulle and his company, who were gone for the engine, had made such progress.\nThey arrived at Ryoll and were charged many charges with the engine and returned again toward the host by another way, a broader passage because of their cargo. They came to Yuret or near it, within a league they had a fair encounter, for there they met the other company of their own French barons of Gascony, bringing up their men from Ryoll to pass that way toward Bergerath with a great engine. Of these tidings they were right joyous and said, \"How it is the thing you most desired.\" Then they armed and mounted on their horses and made themselves ready. And when they were abroad in the field, it was not long after but that they saw where the French were coming in good order and a great number. And as soon as each of them knew the other, respecting each other as enemies, desiring to advance to fight, provoking their horses, and couching their spears and crying out, they encountered.\nEvery other. At the first encounter, there was a goodly justice / and noble desires of arms achieved / and many a knight and squire were thrown to the earth / by clean force of arms / in such a place called Heliot of Calais, a right expert squire and a good man of arms / was struck from his horse and was struck in the throat with a lance of Bordeaux / as sharp as a razor / the which stroke severed the veins of his neck and so he fell to the ground / and there died, which was great damage / for by that adventure he ended his time and days. There was a knight of Berry or of Limousin / called Sir William of Lignac / an expert man of arms and a valiant one / who did many a valiant deed of arms on that day.\n\nThis said encounter was well fought on both sides in a place called Yuret / near to the village. When their spears were broken, they drew their swords / with which they fought right valiantly. There was done many a noble feat of arms / many prisoners taken and rescued again / and there were slain.\nAn English knight named the Lord of Gernon and Calais clashed with a French knight named Thibault du Pount. In this prolonged battle, many valiant men participated, causing it to last a long time. However, neither the English nor the Gascons were able to seize the victory. The French emerged victorious through the sheer power of their arms. William of Lignac took Sir Thomas Felton, the Seneschal of Bordeaux, prisoner with his own hands. The Lords of Mucydent, Duras, Langurant, and Rosen were also taken captive. Few escaped the battle, either English or Gascon, but most were taken or killed. Those who fled towards Bordeaux encountered the Seneschal of Landes, William Hemen, the Mayor of Bordeaux, and Sir John Multon with a hundred spearmen. They were on their way to reinforce the city. However, upon hearing news of the battle's outcome, they turned back.\nThey returned swiftly to Bordeaux after the battle was concluded. Prisoners were secured. Then they returned to Bergerac for the siege. The duke of Anjou rejoiced greatly when he heard of these events, learning how his men had fared and how the flower of all Gascony of his enemies had been taken prisoner, specifically Sir Thomas Phelton, who had caused him much displeasure before. He considered this event more valuable than 50,000 francs. Sir Peter of Bulle and his company finally returned and came before the host before Bergerac. They were warmly received and brought to the duke of Anjou by the constable, barons, and knights, and they considered this a noble and profitable journey for them. The next morning, the great engine was raised against Bergerac as close as possible. This greatly disheartened the townspeople. They took counsel together and spoke with their captain.\nthey saw well they could not endure, nor could they perceive any manner of support coming to them. Considering how Sir Thomas Phelton, their seneschal, was taken and all the chivalry of Gascony, in whom they should have had any trust, were lost. Sir Percival said to them, sirs: we are strong enough to keep the town, and we have sufficient victuals and artillery, therefore let us make no evil marching. So the matter remained in that state until the next morning, when they sounded in the host trumpets to the assault, and the constable of Fauconberg being in the field, or he would have assaulted the town, in exchange for not harming his men, sent to speak with them about Bergerac and had them shown to them, how he had all their captains prisoners, by whom they should have any aid or support, and how they were in the position to become French, and to put themselves and their lands under the obedience of the French king. And also he showed them that if they were assaulted and taken by force,\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in Early Modern English, and no major OCR errors were detected. Therefore, no cleaning is necessary.)\nThe town should be set on fire, and men, women, and children to the sword, without mercy. These words greatly alarmed the people of Bergerath, and they sought counsel. The townspeople went to counsel without summoning their captain. They agreed to become French so they might live peacefully without having any men-at-arms among them, which was easily agreed to. However, when Sir Perducas Dalbret, their captain, learned of this treaty, he mounted his horse and had his men cross the bridge, and he departed and went to the garrison of Monneyn. Bergerah surrendered to the French party. The constable of France took possession and stationed a captain and soldiers there. When Bergerath was thus turned French, the duke of Anjou was advised to march and lay siege to Chastellon on the Dordogne River. News of this spread throughout the field, and every man prepared to go there.\nThe duke, the constable, and all other men of war, except the marshal of Flanders who remained behind to wait for the lord of Coucy, came the same night. The marshal rode to meet him with a great company and received him amicably. They stayed all night in the same place where the duke had been the night before. The duke traveled to a fair meadow on the River Dordan the same day, accompanied by the lord of Coucy, Sir Edmond of Pomiers, Sir Tristram of Roy, the lord of Faignels, the lord of Jumont, Sir John of Roses, Sir Robert of Clermont, and various other knights and squires. In the morning, they departed from their lodgings and rode with the marshal of France until they reached the duke's host, where they were received joyfully on their way to Chastillon. The town of Saint Foy or the Vourde reached Chastillon and assaulted it fiercely. Within the town, there were no men of war.\nmade but small defense and would have yielded them up / and in their yielding, they were all pillaged and robbed. So the siege was laid about Chastillon / and endured for fifteen days. There were many skirmishes before the barricades / for within the town were diverse English and Gascons / such as fled from the disaster of Yuret / who right valiantly defended the town. And such lords of Gascony as were taken prisoners before / were with the duke of Anjou in his host / and did as much as they could to cause the town to yield up to the duke. However, Sir Thomas Phelton did nothing in the matter / because he was an Englishman. And also he who took him prisoner, Sir John of Liguac, had then put him to ransom / to pay 30,000 F. francs / and when the money was not so, the duke of Anjou / and he sent for the lord of [blank] / the first thing that I will do / shall be to lay siege before one of Duras and next to the town of Rosen. Thus the duke of Anjou abode still before the town of Chastillon.\nChastillon was greatly displeased with the heritage of the Captain of Bether. A great famine occurred there, neither gold nor silver could be obtained, and nothing could be lived on. Therefore, the Frenchmen were willing to ride French foragers. They would attack and hurt anyone in a good town and a strong castle. When Chastillon was surrendered, the Duke of Anjou took possession of it. He received faith and homage from the dwellers within the town, and there he appointed a new captain, a knight from Thouars called Sir James Moumtmartyn. And when the duke departed, he consulted where he should draw his army. He was advised to go to Saint Maryne, but on his way there were various small fortresses which the duke thought not good to be left behind him. There the duke stayed for four days. Daily, the duke's host multiplied and increased, as knights and squires came to him to aid their cause.\nThe siege was laid before St. Macare, and within were all such men of war who had come out of fortresses that had surrendered before. The town was stronger and better defended because of the problems listed below. There were numerous great assaults made, and many a fair hostage was taken. The men of St. Macare knew well that they could not long keep the Frenchmen from yielding up the town their lives and goods saved. The commander of the army, perceiving their intentions, doubted that the common people would make a good bargain for them. So they broke through the castle, which was very strong and able to be held, and put all they had in it and some plunder from the town. Then the people of the town yielded up and put themselves under the duke's wife's protection. There, the duke's wife gave birth to a son, and the duke and all his host were very joyous. The duke said, \"Let us make an end here, and then I will go and lay siege before Duras.\" And so he saw how they were arrayed.\nThe duke and his men approached the town of Duras. The duke appointed new captains as some became French, and they rode towards Duras for a long time until they reached it. Upon approaching the town, the duke ordered an assault, and every man prepared for battle. The crossbows were well-prepared. Approaching the town, some had ladders ready to mount. A fierce and cruel assault ensued, with some engaging in hand-to-hand combat within the town. This assault lasted for a long time, and on the ladders, many acts of arms were performed, such as hand-to-hand combat. The assault continued throughout most of the day until finally, the trumpets signaled the retreat, and every man returned to his lodgings for the night. At the same time, Sir Alayne de la Haye and Sir Alayne of Saint Poul arrived with a large company of Bretons, who had ridden towards Lyburne and had assaulted an English garrison named Cadylac.\nThe duke of Anjou ordered every man to go to the assault. He urged them to do their best and announced that the first man to enter Duras would be rewarded with 500 francs. Due to eagerness to win this reward, many ladders were raised against the walls. There was a fierce assault, as young knights and squires eagerly sought to prove themselves. The lord of Langurant mounted a ladder, his sword in hand, one of the first to enter the town. He did so not for the sake of the 500 francs reward, but to exalt his name. He was displeased with the lord of Duras because he had been turned back so lightly in English. That day, the lord Langurant performed marvels in arms, as both his own men and strangers testified.\nHad Marcellus acted imprudently, placing his life in great jeopardy. The enemy forces forcibly removed his helmet, leaving him vulnerable without the swift intervention of a squire who followed closely and shielded him with his targe. Lord and Marcellus descended the ladder little by little, receiving numerous heavy blows on the targe. They were warmly praised by all who witnessed their bravery. Sir Trystram of Roy and Sir Percival Danes were on another ladder, engaging in valiant combat. Sir John Jumont and Sir John of Roses each displayed marvels in battle, leaping over the wall on a ladder. There, the Lord of Serell fought hand to hand with his enemies, giving the impression that he was the first to enter the town if anyone were to attempt it. The knight did not embark on this adventure alone.\nThe profiteer was more interested in gaining honor, but the fortunes of war are perilous. This was true for him, as he was defeated disgracefully with a glove, causing him to fall to the bottom of the ditch and break his neck, where he died. Another squire from Brittany also died in a similar manner, bearing in arms gules, two chevrons checky, gold, silver, and azure. The constable was greatly displeased by this death. The assault grew fiercer on every side. The lord of Mucyde\u0304t proved himself a good knight that day and demonstrated his Frenchness through his actions. Thus, the town of Duras was conquered, and the first to enter were Sir Trystram of Roy and Sir John\u0304 of Rosey. The men of war within the town fled into the castle.\n\nThe town of Duras was taken and all who were within were slain. The men of war then took their looting and disarmed them, taking their ease. The next morning, the constable of Frauc\u00e9 mounted his horse.\nThe marshal of France and I went to examine the castle and considered which side would be best for an assault. We saw that the castle was very strong and difficult to conquer without a long siege. We reported this to the Duke of Anjou. The Duke replied, \"It makes no difference to me, for I have said and sworn that I will not depart until I have the castle at my will.\" The constable answered, \"Sir, with God's grace, you shall not renege on your word.\" They raised their engines against the castle again. When the castle's defenders saw their movements in the tower and the approach of the Frenchmen, they considered falling back and entering into negotiations with the constable for mercy, saving their lives, and surrendering the castle. The Duke of Anjou took counsel, and with the constable's advice, who would not continue his efforts by his own will,\nThe third day received mercy, and they departed, brought there as they wished. The constable took possession of the castle, but I was informed: the duke of Anjou commanded that the castle should be demolished. After the conquest of the castle and town of Duras, the duke of Anjou ordered Sir John of Jumont, Sir Tristram of Roye, and Sir John of Roses, with a hundred spearmen, to keep the front against Burgundians. The duke intended to return to Toulouse to see his good lady, who had recently been married in a fair son. He intended to keep a great feast at Toulouse at her churching, and he ordered men of war and sons in all the towns he had conquered to resist his enemies vigorously. He said to Yves of Wales, \"Sir, you shall take charge of Breton poitevins and Angouleans. Go to Poitou and lay siege to Mortagne on the sea, which the lord of Lestrade keeps.\"\nAnd come not then to any manner of commandment from the king or from any other until such season as you have the full possession of it, for it is a Gascon who has caused much trouble to us. Sir: \"quod\" I will do your commandment. Then the duke ordered and appointed all those who should go with you to Poitou, and so they departed from the duke, numbering five hundred spearmen, and took the way to Saint John's Dangle. And the duke, the constable, the lord of Coucy, the marshal of Faucon, and sir John and sir Peter of Bulle, returned back to Toulouse. There they found the duchess newly purified, at which time there was made great feast and jousting. Then after the constable and the lord of Coucy returned into France, and the marshal of Sancerre went into Auvergne to aid the barons, such as made war against the Englishmen, who were in Limousin, in Auvergne and on the borders there.\n\nNow let us show how Yuan of Wales...\nThe same season, Mortayne was laid siege to by the Duke of Anjou. This prince of Wales was glad to obey the duke's command, knowing that whatever the duke did was the king's pleasure. He also knew that the king bore all the charges of his enterprises. The duke came to Saintes in Poitou and refreshed his troops in this prosperous region. In his company were the lords of Pons, Thouars, and Umorize; Jacques of Surg\u00e8res; and a great number of knights and squires from Poitou. Among the Bretons and Normans were captains: Sir Morets of Tracy, Sir Alan Housey, Sir Alan of St. Pol, Sir Percival Danes, William of Montcomptor, and the lord of Momorette, his brother. These men of war departed when they were ready and went to lay siege before Mortaine, which was the fairest and strongest castle standing on the Garonne River and near the mouth of the sea.\nThus, Yuans company laid siege before Mortaigne and built bastions little by little, preparing for all necessary things, knowing they would never take the castle any other way: except by a long siege and famine. Yuans men ordered four bastions around the castle, making it impossible for the town to be relieved, neither by land nor by sea. Young knights and squires, desiring to advance their bodies, frequently visited the castle barriers and engaged in skirmishes with those within, and vice versa. Many a proper feat of arms was done between them. Within the castle was a knight named the Souless One, a Gascon, a truly valiant knight and a good man of arms, by whose counsel they were ruled, as much as by their captains. They had sufficient wine and victuals within, but were in great scarcity of other small necessities during the siege. King Charles of France, though he held himself at Paris and sported himself,\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in Early Modern English, and the OCR seems to have done a decent job. No major corrections are necessary.)\nat his pleasure, without involving his own person. Yet he waged war in various places against the Scots, his enemies, and gained alliances not only within the realm but also in any other country more than any of his predecessors, of four or five kings, had before. He held them in high regard, those whom he believed could offer him assistance. Because he saw that King Richard of England was young and the realm was in trouble and discord, he sent envoys frequently to Scotland, both to King Robert and to King David his uncle, always encouraging them to make good and sharp war against the Scots and so to trouble them, ensuring they had no opportunity to cross the sea. It happened that, at the same time that King Edward the Third was deceased and King Richard was crowned in England, King Robert of Scotland assembled his council at Edinburgh in Scotland, where were the majority of all the barons and knights of Scotland.\nand of others, such as he thought should serve him, showing them how the Scots in the past had caused them many great inconveniences through burning of their countries, beating down their castles, staying and plundering their men, and saying likewise. Sirs: now is the time come that we may be well avenged, for there is but a young king in England, Edward being dead who was accustomed to have good fortune. Then the barons and young knights who were there, such as desired to be avenged of the damage done to them by the Scots, answered all with one voice that they were all ready to ride into England, and it was the same day or the next, or whenever it pleased him. This answer pleased greatly the king of Scots, and there the king appointed four earls to be the chief commanders of all the men of war. And that was the Earl of Douglas, the Earl of Moray, Earl of Surrey, and the constable of Scotland, Sir Archibald.\nDouglas and Sir Robert Urquhart. They arranged to meet at Morlane on a certain day. In the process of organizing this assembly, a valiant Scottish knight named Alexander Ramsey departed from them. He aimed to achieve a great feat of arms and took with him forty well-mounted men. They rode for a long time by night in secrecy and, by daybreak, they arrived at Berwick. The captain of the town was a squire of the Earl of Northumberland named John Byset. In the castle, the captain was a valiant knight named Sir Robert Aske.\n\nWhen the Scots arrived at Berwick, they kept quiet and sent a spy to the town and the castle to assess the situation. The spy entered the ditch, but there was no water and no one could stay there as it was all quick sandy ground. He looked and listened carefully but could not hear or see any creature and so he returned.\nAlysander Ramsey showed all that to his master. Then Ramsey announced for the men and brought all his company privately into the dykes. He had with them lads. And so they dressed up to the walls. Ramsey was one of the first to mount up with his sword in hand and entered the castle. All his company followed him, for there was none who opposed them. Once they were all within, they went to the chief tower where the captain was asleep. And suddenly, with great axes, they broke open the door. The captain suddenly awoke and had slept all night, having made only a small watch. He opened his chamber door, expecting it to be some of his own soldiers who wanted to rob or murder him because he had displeased them the week before. He leapt out of a window down into the dykes in great fear, without order or good advice. With the fall, he broke his neck and there he died. The watchmen were present.\nThe captain, John Byset, was half asleep and heard the noise and woke up. He perceived how the castle was scaled and betrayed. A trumpet call echoed, \"trahey, trahey.\" John Byset, captain of the town, hearing the sound of the trumpet, armed himself and ordered all in the town to do the same. They drew up before the castle and heard the Scots making noise within, but they couldn't enter as the gate was shut and the bridge drawn. Then Captain John Byset remembered a piece of advice and said to those around him, \"Let us break down the bridge's stays on this side, and then they cannot issue without our danger.\" Inconsiderately, they broke down the bridge and its stays towards the town. Captain John Byset then sent a messenger to Anwike, which was twelve miles away, to Lord Percy, certifying him of the matter. He urged him to come without delay with a great force to rescue the castle of Berwick, which had been taken by stealth.\nThe Scots, and furthermore, Johan Byset told Thomelyn Fryant, who was the messenger, that we are within the castle and the Scots cannot leave without jumping over the walls. Therefore, he requested him to hurry. Alexander Ramsey and his company, who had scaled the castle of Berwick, believed they had accomplished a great enterprise. They had indeed done so, but Johan Byset had not provided a remedy in time; otherwise, they would have been lords of the town. They killed those they pleased within the bailey and took the rest as prisoners, confining them in a tower. Then they declared, \"Now let us go down into the town, for it is ours. Let us take all the goods therein and the rich men of the town, and bring them all to this castle.\" They held it in pieces, as the bridge's remaining section towards the town had been broken away. When Johan Byset saw their behavior, then...\nHe and his company began to shout and cry, saying, \"Asirs, keep you here; you shall not depart from here without our leave.\" When Alexander Ramsey saw their behavior, he recognized that they had been advised of his presence in the castle and closed the gate again out of fear of arrows. He fortified the castle, intending to keep it and cast all the deeds and put their prisoners into a tower. They believed the place was strong enough to keep them for a long time or at least until some rescue might come to them from Scotland, for the barons and knights of Scotland were assembling together at Morlane and thereabout, and the earl of Douglas had departed from Alquest and had come to Dumbarton.\n\nNow let us speak of the squire sent by Joan Bisset to Anwike to the earl of Northumberland, signifying him of this adventure.\n\nThomas Lyn Fryant rode so long that he arrived at Anwike early in the morning, and the earl of Percy,\nThe earl was in his bedchamber. Nevertheless, he did so much that he spoke with him, for his business was urgent, and said, \"Sir: the Scots have this morning taken by stealth the castle of Berwick. And, sir, the captain of the town has sent me hither to you, to give you knowledge thereof, seeing you are warden of this country. When the earl heard these tidings, he made haste as much as he could to comfort those of Berwick and sent out letters and messengers throughout the country to knights, squires, and others to come to Berwick in support, to help and aid him against the Scots, who had taken by stealth the castle of Berwick. Anon, this was known throughout the country, and so every man departed from their own houses, knights, squires, archers, and crossbowmen. And to Anwick came the Lord Nevill, the Lord Lucy, the Lord of Belles, the Lord of Graystoke, the Lord Stafford, the captain of Newcastle, and a right valiant knight called Sir Thomas Mosegrave. And so, first, came to Berwick.\nThe earl of Northumberland and every day people came to him, numbering ten thousand or more. They besieged the castle so closely that no bird could leave without being noticed. Then they began to mine under the castle. The Scots were soon drawing closer to their intentions and making plans to retake the castle. News reached the barons of Scotland that the earl, barons, knights, and squires of Northumberland had besieged their company in Berwick Castle. Determined to lift the siege and resupply the castle, they all said, \"Alexander Ramsay's enterprise is valiantly attempted.\" Sir Archibald Douglas, constable of Scotland, said, \"Alexander is my cousin. It comes from a noble and generous heart to undertake such a feat as winning the castle of Berwick, and we ought all to greatly support and help him in his endeavor.\" They then designated who would go.\ngo with him and whom should stay. And so he took with him five hundred spears of the best from all the host; and they rode towards Berwick. Tidings reached the English lords at Berwick about how the Scots were coming to raise their siege and to relieve the castle. Then they went to council; and they determined to take a position and to remain there and to fight with them, it was their desire. And so Lord Percy caused all his company to be ready armed and appareled for battle, and to make their musters. And they found themselves to number three thousand men-at-arms and seven thousand archers. And when the earl learned that he had such a large number, he said, \"Let us hold our position, we are enough to fight against all the forces of Scotland.\" And so they remained in a fair plain without Berwick, in two battalions in good order. They had not been there the space of an hour, but that they saw certain scouts of the Scots well horsed, riding to dispute.\nThen the English host. There were certain knights and squires who were eager to ride to them to scrimmage with them, but Lord Percy would not allow it: instead, he said, \"Let their entire battle come to us. If they wish to fight with us, they will approach closer to us.\" So the English kept themselves close together, and the Scots came so near them that they had well adjusted their two battles and the number of their people. And when these skirmishers had well adjusted the English dispositions, they returned to their masters and showed them all that they had seen. Sirs, we have ridden so near the English host that we have well adjusted all their behavior, and, sirs, we say to you: they are ready, awaiting you in two fair battles in a fair plain, and in every battle, five thousand men. Therefore, now take good advice, we approached them so near that they perceived well that we were Scottish skirmishers, but they would not stir nor send out one man to run at.\nvs. When Sir Archambalt Douglas and the knight of Scotland heard that news, they were pensive and said, \"We cannot see that it would be to our profit to ride against the Englishmen now, for they are ten against one of us, and all chosen men. Therefore, we may lose more than we win. And among them was an uncle of Alexander's, called Sir Willy Lindsey, who took great pains to comfort his nephew. He said, \"Sirs: on the trust of you, my nephew has undertaken this enterprise, and taken the castle of Berwick. It will turn us all to great shame if we let him go thus, and adventure thereafter. There is none who will be so hasty to engage in such another case. They then answered and said, they could not amend it, nor was it becoming that so many noblemen as were there should put themselves in danger to be lost for the rescue of one squire. And then they determined to return again into their own country and lodge on the mountains beside the river of Tweed.\nWithdraw at good leisure. And when the Earl of Northumberland and the Earl of Northington, and other barons of England perceived that the Scots did not advance, they sent forth their curriers to know where they were become, and they brought word they were gone towards Morlan, beyond the castle of Roxburgh. Then again against night the English drew back to their logges and made good watch that night, and in the morning every man was ready apparelled to go and assault the castle. And so there was a fierce assault, which endured almost all the day. You never saw harder men of so few, nor a place better defended than they did. For the English had ladders, which they raised up to the walls, and the English mounted up on them with tarres before them, and so came and fought hand to hand with the Scots, and some cast down into the ditches. And that thing most troubled the Scots was the archers, who shot so effectively.\nThe holy man, almost none dared come to the defense of the wall. The assault continued for so long that the Englishmen entered by force, and there they slew as many as they found. Not one of all those within escaped; all were slain, except Alexander Ramsay, who was taken prisoner. Thus, the castle of Berwick was delivered from the Scots. After the recapture of Berwick Castle, the earls of Northumberland and Nottingham, two of the greatest men in the English host, having assembled all their men together, determined to ride after their enemies and, if they could find them, to fight with them. Early in the morning they departed and took the way toward Rosborough along the River Tweed. After they had ridden together for the space of two leagues, they took new counsel.\nThey divided their company and sent one part towards Mauros, a great abbey of black monks, by the river Aude, which was the border of both realms, to find or know if they could discover any Scots there. The other part of their company rode towards Morlane, thinking that they would hear news from one of these two directions. And of the company that rode to Mauros was Captain Sir Thomas Mosegraue, and with him three hundred spearmen, and an equal number of archers. So they departed, one riding on the right hand and the other on the left hand. Sir Thomas Mosegraue and his son rode so long that they reached Mauros and took lodging there at a good hour, to rest themselves and their horses. And to know exactly where the Scots were, they sent out two well-mounted squires and those who knew the country to see if they could hear any news. These two squires, when they had departed from their masters, rode so long.\nSir William Lyndsey and his company of Scots suddenly found themselves in a thicket, where he intended to seek news of Berwick and his nephew Alexander Ramsay's fate in the castle of Berwick, or hear any news of the English. He was accompanied by forty spearmen. As soon as they entered the thicket, they were suddenly surrounded and taken captive. The knight took great pleasure in this and demanded to know whence they came. The squires were reluctant to speak and wept, but they had to as the knight insisted they would lose their heads if they did not tell the truth of every thing he would ask of them. Upon seeing there was no other remedy, they spoke and revealed how Berwick Castle had been retaken and all within slain, except for Alexander Ramsay. They also mentioned the Earl of Northumberland and the Earl of Nottingham.\nSir William of Lindsay led us by the river Twyde to find the Scots, and we learned that Sir Thomas Mosegrave and his son, Sir John Ashton, and Sir Richard Beton, with 300 spearmen and an equal number of archers, were lodged and waiting at Mauros Abbey. They were dispatched to ascertain the Scots' location. Sir William of Lindsey said to us, \"You have now found us, but you must wait with us. I will remain here until nightfall to see if I can obtain more information.\" A messenger was summoned by Sir William and dispatched to our host. He was instructed to report to them everything he had heard about the Englishmen. Sir William intended to stay behind until nightfall to gather more information. The messenger rode on until he reached a large village beyond Morlan, called Hodbray, on the river Twyde, among the mountains. The fair meadows and good countryside there caused the Scots to remain there in the evening. The squire arrived there and encountered the earl.\nDouglas, the Earl of Moray, Sir Archibald Douglas, and other Scottish lords were brought before the squire, who showed them the spoils (as you have heard before). When the Scots understood how Berwick Castle was recaptured, they were greatly displeased and sorrowful. However, they were comforted when they heard that Sir Thomas Mosgrave and his son, along with other English knights and squires, were lodged at Mauros. Determined to dislodge their enemies and attempt to recover any damages, they mounted and departed from Hondbray, riding towards Mauros on the right hand, as they knew the country well. They would have arrived before midnight, but for the heavy rain and wind that beat them in the faces, making the proudest of them consider turning back to find shelter elsewhere.\nSir Thomas Mosegraue and his son, along with the Englishmen who eagerly sought the Scots, departed from Mauros and headed towards Morlane. They left the river Twyde on their left side and climbed a mountain called Saint Giles. There, they encountered Scottish pursuers who had cleverly ambushed the Englishmen. The Englishmen returned to their company and reported the entire encounter, revealing that they had not passed through more than three banners and ten pennons. The Scots were overjoyed by this news and declared, \"Let us go and ride to them, in the name of God and Saint Giles. They are all ours.\" They had not ridden half a league before they saw their enemies and the Englishmen. Each party recognized the necessity to fight.\nEarl Douglas made his son James a knight, named him Sir James, and had him raise his banner. In the same way, he made knights of two sons of the King of Scots, Sir Robert and Sir David. And on the Scottish side, there were raised thirty knights, and a knight from Sweden, Sir George of Besmede, who bore arms with a silver mill pin, golden spurs, and a border edged with gold. Sir Thomas Mosegraue made his son Thomas a knight, as did Lord Stafford and Lord Gascoigne. They ordered their archers and set them on the wing. The English cried out that day, \"Our Lady of Arlington.\" A fierce encounter began, and archers started to shoot, while men-at-arms stirred. The Scots were of such great number that the archers could not keep track in every place. There were many a good sword fight, the blade of which was two elbows' length and too heavy for any other man to lift up from the ground.\nThe earth was light enough for him, and he gave such strokes that whoever he pleased went to the earth. There was a fierce battle well fought as long as Hidocfoot the Scot drew his men into their own country and determined to go to Etal. The earl of Northumberland and the earl of Nottingham departed the same night, but it rained so heavily in the morning that they could not reach their enterprise. They lay in the woods until they could not find the Scots, whom they desired so much to fight. They were eager to follow but did not know which way the Scots had gone or which way the night drew on. Then they went to Mauros and lodged there. They called on the men of the battle in earnest and learned that Sir Thomas Mosgrave and his son and sixty men-at-arms with them had been taken prisoners, and the Scots led them away.\nIn February, after the French queen's death, the queen of Navarre, her sister, also passed away. After her death, great unrest arose among the nobles and customs officials of the county of Vexin, in Normandy. By right of succession, the constable of France, who had been with the duke of Anjou all season, should have taken over. He brought the lord Mucydent of Gascony with him to see the king.\nI. Introductions and modern editorial content have been removed. The text below is from the original source.\n\nacquainted with him [and so he did]. Between the king and the constable there were many secret conversations about the state of France and Navarre, which was not yet known to us. I shall recount all matters that occurred in the same season in the world. First, I will tell you about the beginning of the pestilence, which started in the church of God, causing great trouble and discord throughout Christendom. You have heard before how Pope Gregory the XI, of that name, was in the city of Avignon. When he saw that he could find no means of making peace between the kings of England and France, with whom he was greatly displeased due to his extensive travels there and his cardinals' efforts, he decided to go and restore Rome and the Apostolic See, which St. Peter and St. Paul had founded. He had made this decision:\nBefore promising, this pope declared that if he ever reached the degree to become pope, he would never keep the see, but would leave it, just as St. Peter had done. This pope was a man of frail constitution and sickly, enduring much pain more than any other. Being in Avignon, he was so beset by the troubles of France and so troubled by the king and his brothers that he had little leisure to attend to anything for himself or his church. He then said to himself, \"I will go farther from them to find more rest,\" and so he arranged provisions to be made on the Rhone River and along the way he would pass. Then he said to his cardinals, \"Gentlemen, make your preparations; I will go to Rome.\" His cardinals were deeply abashed and displeased, for they did not love the Romans, and they would have preferred to turn his purpose, but they could not. When the French king learned of this, he was sore displeased.\ndisplea\u00a6sed / for he thought he hadde the pope nerer at hande there / than in any other place. than the kyng wrote inco\u0304tynent to his brother the duke of Aniowe who was at Tholouse / signyfieng him that after the syght of his letters / he shulde go to Auignon to the pope / and breke his voi\u2223age to Rome if it were possyble. The duke dyd as the kyng commaunded him / and so came to Auignon / wher the cardynalles receyued him with great ioy / and so was lodged in the popes palays the ofter therby to speke with the pope ye may well knowe he spake with the pope and shewed him dyuers reasons to haue broke\u0304 his purpose / but the pope wolde in noo wyse con\u2223sent therto / nor take any hede of any besinesses on this syde the mou\u0304tayns. But the pope gaue the duke full puyssance to do what he myght / reseruyng certayne cases papall / the whiche he myght nat gyue to no man / nor put them out of his owne handes. Whan ye duke sawe he coude nat come to his entent / for no reason nor fayre word{is} that he coude shewe / he toke\nThe pope left and said at his departure, \"Holy father, you go into a good country among such people where you are barely beloved, and you will leave the stronghold of faith and the realm, where the church has the most faith and excellence of all the world. By your deed, the church may fall into great tribulation. If you die there, which is likely, and so the physicians say. Then the Romans, who are malicious and traitors, will be lords and masters of all the cardinals. They will make a pope at their will. However, for all these words and many others, the pope never rested until he was on his way. He came to Marcyll where the Genoese galleys were ready to receive him, and the duke returned again to Toulouse. Pope Gregory entered the sea at Marcyll with a great company, and had good wind and so took land at Genoa, and there new refreshed his galleys, and so took the sea again and sailed until he reached Rome. The Romans were very joyful of his arrival.\"\nThe pope, accompanied by the chief men of Rome, brought him to Rome on horses with great triumph and lodged him in St. Peter's palaces. He frequently visited a church called Our Lady the Great within Rome, where he took great pleasure and made many costly works. Shortly after his arrival in Rome, he died and was buried in the said church. His obsequy was performed as for a pope.\n\nNot long after the death of Pope Gregory, the cardinals drew the cardinals into the conclave in the palaces of St. Peter. As they entered to choose a pope, according to their custom, they sought one who would be good and profitable for the church. The Romans assembled in great numbers, intending to do evil if the matter did not suit their appetites. They frequently came before the conclave and said: \"Listen, you sir cardinals.\"\n/ delyuer you a\u2223tones / and make a pope ye tary to longe / if ye make a romayne we woll natchaung him / but yf ye make any other / the romayne people and counsayles woll nat take hym for pope / and ye putte youre selfe all / in aduenture to be slayne. The cardynals / who were as than in the dan\u2223ger of the romayns / and herde well those wor\u2223des / they were nat at their ease / nor assured of their lyues. and so apeased them of their yre as well as they myght with fayre wordes / but so\u2223moche rose the felony of the romayns / y\u2022 suche as were next to ye conclaue / to thentent to make the cardynalles a frayde / and to cause them to co\u0304discende the rather to their opinyons / brake vp the dore of the conclaue / where as the car\u2223dynalles were. than the cardynalles went su\u2223rely to haue been slayne / and so stedde away to saue their lyues / some one waye and some a no\u00a6ther but the romayns were nat so content / but toke them and put them togyder agayn / whe\u2223ther they wolde or nat. The cardynalles than seynge the\u0304selfe in\nThe danger of the Romans and in great parallel with their lives / a greed among them, more sorrowful to please the people than for any devotion. However, by good election, they chased an holy man, a cardinal of the Roman nation, whom Pope Urban the Fifth had made cardinal. He was called before the cardinal of St. Peter. This election pleased the Romans greatly, and so this good man obtained all the rights that belonged to the papacy. However, he lived not but three days after, and I shall show you why.\n\nThe Romans, desiring to have a pope of their own nation, were so joyful of this new pope that they took him, who was a hundred years old, and set him on a white mule and so led him up and down through the city of Rome, exalting him, and showing how they had vanquished the cardinals. Saying they had a Roman pope according to their own intentions, in such a way that the good holy man was so sore traveled that he fell sick and died the third day. He was buried in the [unclear].\nThe church of St. Peter is where he lies. The cardinals were deeply sorrowful about the pope's death, as they had planned for him to feign illness among the Romans for two or three years and then move the see apostolic to a safer place, such as Naples or Genoa. However, the pope's death thwarted their plans. The cardinals returned to the conclave in greater danger than before, as the Romans gathered outside the conclave, threatening to break it up and kill them all if they did not choose a pope to their liking. They pleaded with the cardinals, saying, \"Sir, advise us well. If you deliver us a Roman pope, we will be content. Otherwise, we will make your heads redder than your hats. The cardinals were greatly abashed by such words.\nconfessors then martyrs. They made a pope to protect themselves from danger. He was not from the college of cardinals; he was the archbishop of Bari, a great scholar, who had greatly advocated for the wealth of the holy church. With his promotion of papalism, the Romans were pacified. The cardinal of Genoa was beheaded through a window of the conclave and declared to the people of Rome, \"Sirs: appease yourselves, for you have a Roman pope; and that is Bartholomew, the archbishop of Bari.\" The people answered with one voice, \"Then we are content. The same archbishop was not yet at Rome. I think he was in Naples. He was then summoned, and he was glad at the news and came to Rome. At his arrival, there was great festivity made for him. He obtained all the rights associated with papalism and was called Urban, the namesake of that name. The Romans rejoiced greatly: his election was announced to all the churches.\n\"And the Church announced that the pope had been chosen by good and true election, although some later regretted their earlier words. This pope renounced all previous grants and many departed from their countries and places to go to Rome to seek grace. Let us leave this matter for now and return to our principal history of the affairs of France. You have heard before how the king of Navarre, who had the sister of the French king as his wife, was said to have proposed that the inheritance of the children of the king of Navarre, which had fallen to them by their mother's right, should be in the name of the children since they were in the French king's keeping. This would give the French king control over all the land that belonged to the king of Navarre.\"\nThe king of Normandy should be in the hands of the French king as long as his nephews were of similar age. The king of Normandy greatly concerned himself with these matters, for he was well aware of the usage and customs of France. He advised him of two things: first, to send the bishop of Panpilone and Sir Martin Car into France to the king, earnestly requesting him to send his two sons, Charles and Peter. If the king was unwilling to send both, at least to send his son Charles, as he was planning a marriage treaty for him with the daughter of the king of Castile. The second thing was notwithstanding that he sent men into France, he also secretly sent men into Normandy to visit and refresh the castles belonging to him, in order that the Frenchmen would not take them into their hands. He feared that if they had them in their possession, he would not be able to regain them when he wished. Therefore, he sent two men.\nvaliant men of arms, whom he greatly trusted; one was called Peter Basille, and the other Fernando. They were sent to Normandy on your behalf, saying that they had spoken with the king at great length, humbly requesting that he send his two sons to him. The king replied that he would consider and seek counsel in the matter. And so, after they had been answered in the king's name: the king being present, as well as the two children, his nephews; since the king loved them entirely, they could not be in a better place, and the king of Normandy ought to be content to allow them to be in France with their uncle, rather than in any other place. The king also would in no way depart from them, but keep them near him in their estate, as the children of a king and his nephews. The messengers could not have a better answer. Meanwhile, these messengers were in France, Peter of Basille and.\nFera\u0304do / arryued at Chyer\u2223bourge with great prouisyon / the whiche they putte in dyuers places / in townes and castels of the kyng of Nauers in Normandy. And so they visyted in the kynge of Nauers name / all the countie of Eureux / and made newe officers and sette in people at their pleasures. and so re\u00a6tourned agayne into Nauerre / the bysshoppe of Panpylone and sir Marten Carr / and she\u2223wed\nthe kynge howe they had spedde in Frau\u0304\u2223ce. The kynge of Nauer was nat very gladde of that tidyges / whan he coulde nat haue his owne sonnes. And so began a great hatered in his hert towarde the frenche kynge / the whiche he wolde gladly haue shewed if he had might / but the puyssance of him selfe was nat so great to greue the realme of Fraunce / without helpe and ayde of some other realme. So he suffred all these maters / tyll he had better cause to spe\u2223ke / and more displeasure done to hym / than he hadde as than.\nTHe frenche kyng and his cou\u0304sayle were well enformed / that the kyng of Nauer had newe reuitayled his\ncastles and towns in Normandy, but they didn't know for what purpose. At the same time, Englishmen formed a secret army of two thousand men at sea, but they had no horses with them. The duke of Lancaster and the earl of Cambridge were the chief commanders of this Norman army. The Normans reported this to the French king, and this army appeared on the coasts of Normandy, but they couldn't tell which direction they would attack. Some in France believed that the king of Navarre had sent them to Normandy to deliver to them certain castles he had there. Therefore, it was said to the king, \"Sir, go quickly and be lord of those castles beforehand; for you may tarry too long. If the English have them, they can do much harm to the realm of France, for it will be one of the best entries they can have if they are lords in Normandy of the cities, towns, and castles belonging to the king of Navarre.\" At the same time, in France, two secretaries were taken.\nThe king of Naurers, a clerk named Peter of Tertre and squire James of Rue, were brought to Paris to be examined. It was known to them that they were determined to do harm to the king or poison him. Therefore, they were condemned to die, and execution was carried out at Paris. These news reached the king of Naurers so frequently that the French king swore he would attend to nothing else until he had ridden Normandy and taken into his possession all the towns and castles that the king of Naurers held there. Daily, severe information came to the French king against the king of Naurers. It was also said openly that the duke of La Castre would give his daughter Catherine to the king of Naurers, and by this means, the king would give the whole county of Deureur to the duke of Lancaster. These words were lightly spoken.\nbeleued in Frau\u0304ce for the kyng of Nauer was but lytell trusted a\u00a6mong them. So than the same tyme the french kynge came to Rohan / and there assembled a great army of men of warre / wherof the lorde Coucy / & the lorde de la Ryuer were chefe capi\u00a6tayns / and they all met togyder before a towne called Lyseur / a cytie in Normandy / partey\u2223nynge to the kyng of Nauer. and these two lor\u2223des had the two sonnes of the kyng of Nauer / Charles and Peter / to shewe to the\u0304 of the coun\u00a6trey / that the warre that they made was in the name of ye two chyldren / for their herytage that was fallen to them by ye ryght of their mother / And howe yt the kynge of Nauer had no right to kepe them / but the moost parte of the men of armes / were so ioyned in loue with the kyng of Nauer / that they coude nat departe out of his seruyce. And also the naueroyse that were there assembled / suche as the kyng of Nauer hadde sent thyder / caused his warr to be the more ea\u2223syer and fayre.\nTHe frenche kyng sent commyssioners to\nMount\u2223pellyer / to cease ye lande and seignorie in to his handes / the whiche the kyng of Na\u2223uerr helde. And whan these co\u0304myssioners: that is to say sir Wylliam of Dormans and sir Johan Mer\u00a6ger were come to Mountpellyer / they sente for the moost noblest {per}sons of the towne / and she\u2223wed them their co\u0304myssions. They of Mount\u2223pellyer obeyed / for they myght do none other\u2223wise / for if they had nat obeyed / it had benyuell for them. For the duke of Anio we and the con\u2223stable of Fraunce / were in the countrey with a great armye / and desyred nothynge so moche / as to haue had warre with them of Mountpel\u00a6lyer. Ther were taken prisoners / two knyght{is} of Normandy / who were before gouernours to the countre vnder the kynge of Nauer: and\nalso sir Guy of Grauell / & sir Lyger Dergesy / who taryed in prison a long tyme after. Thus the to wne of Mountpellyer / and all the baro\u2223ny was become frenche.\nNOwe let vs returne to the french army that was in Normandy / & she we howe the lorde Coucy / & the lorde de la\nRyuer sped. They came before Eureux and laid siege to it. The Gascons, partying with the king of Navarre, had taken possession of Montpellier and all the countryside. A great number of men-at-arms were in the country of Eureux, pillaging and destroying his towns and castles. He had various negotiations and counsels with those he trusted best. Finally, it was concluded by his council that he could have no comfort without the Englishmen's support. Therefore, it was concluded that he should send a sufficient embassy with letters of credence to the young king of England and to his council. Desiring to be allied with him, and for him to swear from that day forward to be good and true to the English party, and to put into their hands all such fortresses as he held in Normandy. And to do this message, he commanded a clerk to go, in whom he arrived in Cornwall. Then he rode for the town of Shene beside London, where the king of England:\nAnd he spoke with the king and recommended the king of Navarre to him. The king granted him favor there, and the earl of Salisbury and Sir Simon Burle were present, who offered to speak and give an answer on his behalf at that time. Sir, the king will be at London on such a day, and then send for all his council. At that time, you will be heard. And on the day assigned, Master Paschal showed the king and his council the effect of his message and spoke so wisely that he was well heard. He was answered by the council that the king of Navarre's offer should not be refused. However, it is necessary for him to come personally to England to hear him speak, which would improve the matter. With this answer, Master Paschal departed and returned to Navarre, and showed the king all that he had.\ndone / and how it behoued hym to go in to Englande him selfe / and to se the yong kyng of Englande and to speke him selfe with hym & his cou\u0304saile. than the kyng of Nauer answered and sayd: I am co\u0304tent to go theder. Than he made redy for him a shyp / called the Lyne: the whiche wolde go on the see withall maner of wyndes without parell. and so the kyng of Nauer toke this ship and entred in to the see with a preuy company / how be it he had with hym sir Marten Carr & mayster Paschall / and sayled so longe that he arryued in Englande.\nALytell before his de{per}\u2223tyng / the frenche kynge had the kyng of Nauer in great hate / and knewe couertly by some of the king of Nauers house / all the secremesse by\u2223twene hym and the kyng of Englande: and howe that kyng Henry of Ca\u2223stell had defyed him / and made warre agaynst him. The kyng of Nauer left at his de{per}tynge behynde him / ye vycont of Chastellon / the lorde of Lestrade father to Uyen / and the Bascle: & great nombre of men of warr / aswell of his cou\u0304\u00a6tre as of\nThe county of Foix was to keep the French at bay against the Spaniards. When he was at sea, he had the wind at will and arrived in Cornwall, and then rode to Winchester. King Richard and his council were there, who received him with great joy, for they believed it would benefit his land in Normandy, especially the castle of Cherbourg, which the king of England was shown with great wisdom. The king was well received and comforted, and he was content. I will show you how this treaty went between these two kings. One thing was: the king of Navarre should from thenceforth always be an English ally and should never make peace with the realm of France or with the king of Castile without the knowledge and consent of the king of England. And if the king of England or any of his men, by their power, could take any towns or castles in Normandy from the French, those towns or castles were to remain with them.\nThe thing that should always remain English / the sovereignty reserved to the king of Navarre. The Englishmen prayed much for this / because they believed it would allow them fair entry into France through Normandy. The king of England should send at the same time a thousand spears and two thousand archers by the river Gironde to Bordeaux or Bayonne; and the soldiers to enter into Navarre and make war against the king of Castile. And not to depart from the king of Navarre or his realm / until he had ended his war with the Spaniards. And once the soldiers had entered into Navarre, the king of Navarre was then to pay them their wages / and to provide for them sufficiently / according to the same rate that the king of England was accustomed to pay his soldiers of war. Various treaties were made with Charles of Navarre, who was very wise and subtle; and he showed himself as such as long as he lived. He was well informed about the English army, yet\nHe knew no certainty but by suspicion as to whether they would draw into Normandy or Bretony. And therefore, he held many men-at-arms in Brittany, among whom were the lords Clisson, Laundau, the viscount of Rohan, the lord of Beaumanoir, and the lord of Rochefort, who were commanders. They had besieged Brest by land, and none otherwise: therefore, they could supply Brest when they pleased. In the army was a captain, a valiant squire named Savage, who was allied with England and thought surely that, upon his return, he would enter into some treaty with his adversary, the king of Navarre. Doubting of this army thus at sea, lest they should take land in Normandy and enter into the castles supporting the king of Navarre, he sent hastily to the lord Coucy and to the lord de la Roer, that they should, as soon as they could, get by fair means or foul, such castles as belonged to the king of Navarre, and especially such as were near the seacoast.\nThey knew well that Cherbourg would not easily be won, for they could not take it by land. He had been its captain for four years. They had no comfort or counsel but from themselves, and they saw against them a great number, as well as the admiral of France, Sir John of Auvergne, and the admiral of Spain, and with them a great number of men-at-arms before Chef-de-Caux. Nor did they know how he had fared in England. And they were daily sailing two ways: one by armies, and the other by words. The lord of Coucy and the lord of la Roer wanted gladly to have the town of Carentan. And in the end they did so much that they had it by treaty, and it was given up to the obedience of the French king, the true heir's right being reserved, who was the king of Navarre's son. In all treaties, the lords of France agreed to reserve the right of the heir, for they cared not, so long as they might have the towns and castles in their possession. Thus they had Carentan, and put men in it.\nAfter taking the castle of Molmeur within three days through a treaty, the new men of war departed and went to Couches, where they stayed by the fair river of Dorne, which runs to Cane, until they knew the minds of the people of Couches. They yielded up by treaty, with the Lords of Coucy and the Lord of the River always having the child of Naver with them, who helped much in the matter. Whenever anyone yielded up to the French king or his commissioners, it was always in the treaty by condition that they could depart when they wished and go no farther than Eutereux or Cherbourg. After the conquest of Couches, they departed and waited at Past, where they made an assault and inflicted hurt on both sides; however, the same day it was yielded up, and so the castle became French. Finally, all that the king of Naver had in Normandy, except Eutereux and Cherbourg, was yielded up and became French.\nThe French had taken all castles and small holds, and the entire country was under their obedience. They then laid siege to Eureux, which was the strongest fortress in Normandy, and the people of Deureuil had always been loyal only to the king of Normandy. Eureux was besieged powerfully, and it endured a long time due to Feraud, its captain, who performed many acts of valor with his own hands.\n\nAt the same time, the king of Normandy returned to his own country and hoped to be aided by the English. However, the Duke of Lancaster and the Earl of Cambridge did not provide any help, as they faced adverse winds to reach Normandy. An army was raised in England consisting of 4,000 men-at-arms and 8,000 archers. As soon as they arrived at Hampton, they entered their ships before the feast of St. John the Baptist.\nThey found the earl of Salisbury and Sir John of Arundell at Plommouth. The earl was to go to Brittany to relieve Brest and Havre, but they could not find wind. They joined the duke of Lancaster's army and landed on the Isle of Wight, where they stayed a long time to receive news from Brittany or Normandy. Then they heard news that the French army was at sea, so they sent Sir John of Arundell with 200 men-at-arms and 400 archers to Hampton to scout all potential skirmishes at sea.\n\nBecause of this, the fresh king considered providing a remedy to resist his enemies, as the Normans informed him that the English were at sea with a great force, but he could not determine their destination. He then sent a special command throughout his realm that knights and squires should be ready for war.\ngo and to come where he commaunded them. In lykewise the duke of Aniou had all that sea\u00a6son retayned men of warre on all sydes / to the entent to haue layde siege to Burdeux. And in his company was his brother the duke of Ber\u00a6rey and the Constable of Fraunce: and all the flour of chiualry of Gascone / Auuergne / Poi\u2223ctou / and Limosyn. And the better to come to his entent / and to haue y\u2022 more nombre of men of warre by the consent of the kyng his brother he had gathered in Languedoc / to the somme of two hu\u0304dred. M. frankes. Howbeit he coude nat do his enterprice in that season / for y\u2022 kyng sent for the duke of Berrey his brother / and for the constable of Frau\u0304ce / and for all other baro\u2223nes / suche as he thought shulde do hym seruyce\nFor well he knewe / that the englysshmen were on the see / but he wyst nat whyder they wolde drawe. And though this enterprice in Laquen doc were broken / yet the poore men that hadde payed great sommes of money for that entent / had nat their money agayne.\nTHe same season y\u2022\nA king of Castille held siege before Bayonne with twenty thousand Spaniards and cavaliers, and they lay there all winter. Many feats of arms were done there, both on land and by water, as Radibouchenoyr and Peter Bascle laid siege before Bayonne with two hundred vessels. Such mortality prevailed in the host that five of them died three. And because of this doubt, the king of Castille dispersed and lifted the siege. However, the Spaniards and Bretons, at the same time, had won a broad expanse in the country, taking various castles and small holds, and entered into them. The king of Castille went to Colonne and sent his constable to lay siege before Paupylone with ten thousand Spaniards. In this city, the vicomte of Chastillon and the lord of Lescute, along with two hundred spearmen, were present, who took greatly.\nThe king of Navarre, who had recently returned from England, was at Tudela, daily expecting the arrival of reinforcements as arranged. The king of England and his council had planned to come there with Lord Neville and Sir Thomas de Termes, and their army of a thousand men of arms and two thousand archers were at Plommouth with this intention. Sir John Arundell, who was at Hampton with two hundred men of arms and four hundred archers, was nearby, having been taken captive on a ship from Normandy. The duke of Lancaster and his army had reportedly scoured the waters of Normandy so thoroughly that there were no Frenchmen at sea. Then, inconveniently, he ordered the preparation of four large ships, laden with provisions, and embarked, sailing until he reached the harbor of Cherbourg, where he was warmly received. At that time, the castle was in the keeping of the Navarrese.\nWhen they departed, saving Peter Bascle, who remained. He was captain there before and so tarried with the Englishmen. Cherbourg was not likely to be won without famine, for it is one of the strongest castles in the world and has various fair issues. Sir John Arrundell tarried there for five days and relieved the castle, and then departed again towards Hampton, for he was captain there.\n\nNow let us speak of the siege of Saint Malo. When the Englishmen first entered the Isle of Saint Malo, they found there many vessels of Rochefort, laden with good wine. The merchants had not sold the wine, and the ships burned. They laid siege to Saint Malo, for they were men of such a kind to do so, and the English spread abroad in the country. Most commonly, the fields were kept by Sir Robert of Courbes and Sir Hugh Brone, his nephew, who knew the country well and were with the canon Roberdeau. They daily rode forth sometimes to want.\nOnce upon a time, they lost. So they wasted and burned all the countryside around St. Malo. And the Duke of Lancaster and the Earl of Cambridge, his brother, and their army had sufficient supplies, as enough reinforcements came from England. Before St. Malo, there were various assaults and marvellously well-defended, for there were right good men of war within, making them hard to conquer. The host caused numerous mantlets to be made, and they had four hundred guns laid round about the town, which greatly constricted them within. Among various assaults, there was one particularly fierce one that lasted all day. Many Englishmen were killed and injured, for they defended themselves inside most valiantly. A knight of England named Sir Peter Lescume was killed, for whose death the Duke and his brother were deeply sorrowful.\n\nElsewhere, as you have heard before: Yvain of Wales laid siege before Mortain in Poitou, in the fourth month.\nThe first bastion, of which two were under the command of the lord of Lestrade. The first bastion, where part of the siege lay, was at the side of a rock before Geron's castle by the sea, which bastion kept it itself. The second was between the water and the low castle before a porch, so that none could enter or exit there. The third bastion was on the other side of the castle. The fourth was in St. Leger's church, half a league from the castle. By these four bastions, they within Mortaine were severely besieged, due to the length of the siege, for it lasted a year and a half. So they had nothing to live on or show at their feet, nor comfort nor succor appeared to them from any quarter. Therefore, they were greatly disheartened. This siege endured before Mortaine, and from the realm of England and the marches of Wales issued a squire, a Welshman, named James Laube. He was but a small gentleman, and from Paris, where he had a temple, all his [followers/supporters] came.\nFriends had great displeasure. This squire James Laube, in the same season, arrived in Brittany and did much so that he came into Poitou. And wherever he went, he named himself a beservent to the earl of Wales, for he spoke good French, saying that he had come out of Wales to speak with him. And he was immediately believed, and was conducted by the country people to Mortagne, where the siege was. Then he went wisely to the earl, and she welcomed him in his own language how he had come out of his country to see him, and to do him service. The earl, who thought nothing ill of him lightly, gave him much thanks for his coming, and said: \"How gladly I would have your service.\" And then he demanded tidings of the country of Wales from him, and he showed him true tidings, and moreover, he made him believe how all the country of Wales would gladly have him as their lord. These words brought this James greatly in love with the earl, for every man naturally desires to go to their own.\nCourts / and to these lands, Yuan made him his chamberlain. And this James grew more and more acquainted with Yuan of Wales each day, to the point where he had no more trust in any man than in him. Yuan loved James Laugharne so much that it was his downfall. And the more pitiful, for he was a good and valiant man of arms. In his youth, he came into France and told all his troubles to King Philip, who was a generous king at the time and kept him with him as long as he lived, treating him like one of his chamber children with his new men of Alencon and others. And in the same way, King John did the same, and he first bore arms and was at the battle of Poitiers. However, he was not taken there: it would have been better for him if he had been slain. And when the peace was made.\nwas made bitwene the kynge of Englande and the frenche kynge / than this yuan wente in to Lombardy / & there contynued in warre. And whan the warre be\u2223gan agayne bytwene Englande and Fraunce / \nthan he returned agayne in to Fraunce / & bare him selfe so well y\u2022 he was greatly praysed / and welbeloued with the frenche kyng and with all the lordes. \u00b6 Nowe lette vs speke of his ende the whiche I am lothe to do / sauynge to shewe truely what fell in that tyme.\nTHis yuan of Wales hadde an vsage be\u2223yng before Mortayne at the siege / that gladly in the mornyng whan he was vp and re\u00a6dy / he wolde come before the castell / and sytte downe and kembe his heed a good long space / and syt and beholde the castell / and the coun\u2223trey about / beynge out of doute or feare af any thynge / and lyghtly there went none with him but this James Laube / & oftentymes he made him redy / and none but he / wherby at last came his endyng day. On a mornyng betymes wha\u0304 the wether was fayre and clere / and the nyght had been so hote that he\ncould not sleep / yet he rose / and donned only a single jacket and his shirt / and a mantle or cloak above / and so went there as he was accustomed / and sat him down / and this James Laube was with him / every man being in their lodgings asleep / for it was early in the morning / and there was made but little watch / for they thought themselves secure of the castle. And when Yuan was seated on an old wooden stool, he said to James / go to my lodging and fetch my comb / for I will rest here a while. Sir, he fell down dead. And when he had done, he left the dart still in his body / and so went his way / and drew under cover of the castle / and so came to the barriers / and was let in / for he made signs to enter / and so he was brought before the Soudyc of Lestrade. Sir, have you murdered him: know for yourself.\n\nThis was the end of Yuan or Owen of Wales, whether it be all one / slain by great misfortune and treason / with which they of the host, when they knew it, were.\nRight sorry and displeased was every man who heard of it, and particularly King Charles of France, who greatly complained his death, for he could not amend it. And so this man was buried in the church of St. Leger, where he had made a bastide, half a league from the castle of Mortaine. And all the gentlemen of the host were at his burial, which was done right honorably. Nevertheless, the siege held still before Mortaine, for there were good knights and squires, Breton poiteyns, and Frenchmen, who had greater desire to conquer the castle than they had before. And they thought never to depart thence until they had won it or else raised by power, they so willingly would have avenged the death of Yuan of Wales. And so they lay still without any respite, for they knew well they lacked victuals within the castle, and none could come to them.\n\nNow let us leave speaking of the siege of Mortaine and return to the siege before St. Malo.\nand first to speak of the siege of Eureux, and how they conducted themselves there. The siege being before Eureux, the lords of Coucy and the lord of La Ryuer, who were sovereigns of the host, heard often tidings from the French king, who lay at Rohan, as near to his men as he could, for he thought to have Eureux in his possession soon, either by force or by composition. For he perceived well how the English were growing strong in Brittany, so he wanted all his men of war to draw thither, to raise the siege before St. Malo, and to fight with the English. These two lords before Eureux conducted themselves valiantly: every day they made sorties, and also sent many treaties to the burghers of the town, showing them how they suffered themselves to be harmed without reason and minimizing their goodwill, and allowed their houses in the countryside to be destroyed and burned. For their natural lord was there, outside with them (Charles of Navarre) to whom the inheritance belonged.\nThe county of Eureux had fallen due to the death of its countess, the mother. They advised the heirs not to yield to the reckless and foolish nobles, such as Fernando, who cared not to lease them all. Besides their rightful quarrel, they declared they would never depart until they had the castle at their will. If they obtained it by force, they would show no mercy, and the town would be populated with strangers. Such offers, words, and threats were shown to them by Eureux, and every day they were besieged. Then, they began to doubt, for they saw no comfort appearing, and they said to one another, \"We see clearly that the French king desires not the county and castle of Eureux for himself, but for his nephew Charles of Navarre.\" They then entered into negotiations with the Lord Coucy. When Fernando learned that the townspeople were entering into negotiations, he kept himself within the castle and would not come out or be a part of their discussions.\nThe townsfolk and countryside finally surrendered their lives, and their goodies were saved. Charles of Navarre was received as their lord. They then besieged Fernando within the castle. Fernando began to negotiate, and if they allowed him and his men to leave unharmed, he would surrender the castle. The lords agreed. They then departed from the castle and were brought to Cherbourg. After the conquest of Eureux, all the captains of the host drew to Rohan, where the king lay in wait to hear tidings, for he well knew that the English were besieging St. Malo in Brittany. The king received them joyfully, especially the Lord of Coucy and the Lord of la Rivi\u00e8re because they had performed so well. These lords remained in Normandy and were still retained in wages.\n\nThe French king, who had remained at Rohan all season, had certain knowledge of how powerfully the English had besieged St. Malo and of the great distress within. Every day they were paid.\nThe king thought it unwilling to lose his men and the good town of Saint Malo, as it was once English, for he believed Brittany was severely weakened on that side. Therefore, to resist the English, the king had summoned a great assembly. None dared disobey his commandment to stay at home. Thus, the king sent his two brothers there: the duke of Berry and the duke of Burgundy, the earl of Alencon, the earl de la Marche, the Dolphin of Auvergne, the earl of Guise, Sir John of Bolain, and many other great barons and knights from various countries. The king also commanded his constable, Sir Bertrand of Clermont, not to lag behind. The constable refused to disobey but went forth with a great company of men-at-arms from Poitou, Anjou, and Touraine. Additionally, there were the two marshals of France and the marshal of Bourbonnais; also Sir Oliver of Clisson, the lord of Leon, and all the barons of Brittany. They numbered ten thousand men-at-arms, and in the fields there were more.\nA hundred thousand horses lodged as near to each other as they could, but between them and the English there was a river and an arm of the sea. And often times when the sea was ebbed, some knights and squires would go and do various feats of arms with their enemies in the plain river. There was never such an assembly made in Britain before, for if the French were powerful, so were the English, and each side thought to fight, for every day they showed themselves in the field with banners and pennons waving with the wind. It was great pleasure to behold them. The Frenchmen would come down to the river side and make a show of fighting, and would say, \"Behold yonder our enemies. Anon you shall see it ebb, if they will come over we will see them come to fight, but it seems they have no will to do so, they fear the fortunes of battle. We think their chief governors will not allow them to adventure, to fight with us in open battle.\"\n\nThis fascinating and\nThe earl of Cambridge frequently encountered the French. One day, the earl of Cambridge swore and said, \"If there are any more such assemblies, if they will not come and fight, I will go over and fight with them, whatever may result.\" On a day, the constable of France, with the ward, saw that the English were hot and hasty. The constable of France ordered all his battalions onto the sands as near to the river as they could, all on foot. The earl of Cambridge, when he saw their manner, said, \"Those who love me, follow me; for I will go and fight with them.\" He dashed into the water, which at that time was low but the tide was coming in, and came just to the riverbank with his banner. Then the English began to shoot against the French, and the constable of France drew back and all his people, thinking that the English would certainly come over the water. They would gladly have caused them to do so. The duke of Lancaster with a great army.\nThe English were ready to follow their brother if he had seen a need and told Gerarde of Heynault, a squire of Henault, who was with him. Gerarde: \"Keep my brother; see how he conducts himself. It seems he wants to fight with the French, but it seems they have little inclination to do so. Thus they continued, and no deaths by weapons occurred on either side. The flood began to rise. Then the English drew back from the river and went to their lodgings, and the French did the same.\n\nDuring such musters and assemblies, the siege continued. The French kept their frontier well, preventing the English from passing the river. And so it was that several times, certain knights and squires from Brittany, who knew the countryside well, rode broadly in certain companies and passed the river with guides, and often encountered the English foragers.\nand some\u00a6tyme they fought / and so\u0304e ouer throwen: some\u00a6tyme they wan / and sometyme lost / as aduen\u2223tures of warre often tymes falleth. The siege thus endurynge the lordes of Englande more dilygently to attayne to their purpose / they con\u00a6cluded to make a myne / and so therby to entre in to saynt Malos / for otherwyse they thought they coulde nat get the towne / it was so full of good men of warre / & so well furnysshed with all ordynance and artyllery: the whiche helped the\u0304 merueylusly well. Also thenglisshmen nigh euery day / were fayne to be armed and to asse\u0304\u2223ble to gyder to abyde batayle / if the frenchmen wolde haue come forwarde / wherfore they had no leyser to make any assawtes to y\u2022 towne / but with their gonnes / wherof they had great plen\u2223ty: which troubled them sore within the towne. So they aduysed the place to make their myne and set mynours a warke. \u00b6 Nowe lette vs a lytell space leaue spekyng of this siege / & speke of the siege of Mortayne in Poictou.\nVE haue harde before: of the bethe of\nThe yuan of Wales, and how he was slain, were the brethren and poiteuyns still at the siege before Mortaine. Sir James of Mountmore, Sir Percy Valles, William of Montcountour, and Sir James of Surgeres were captains and refused to leave the siege despite the death of their sovereign captain, the yuan of Wales. They desired to avenge his death on those of the fortress. Additionally, you have heard that Sir Thomas Trevet, Sir William Scrope, Sir Thomas Berton, Sir William Sandys, and a great number of men-at-arms and archers were ordered to go to the marches of Burdeaux for the relief of those at Mortaine. Sir Matthew Gornay, who was at Bayon, was occupied there in the marches against the Gascons and those holding fortresses there. These four knights and their companies had lain at Plomouth for seven months and could not find wind to serve them to go to Gascony, which greatly displeased them but they could not.\nThe lord Newell of England was ordered with a large number of men of arms and archers to go and support King of Navarre against the Spanish arms, as he was appointed seneschal of Bourdeaux. He found these other men of war still at Plymouth, and each was glad to join. After Lord Newell's arrival, they had favorable wind. They took ship and sailed towards Gascony. There were six score vessels and 40 barkes in their fleet, which could hold thousands of men of arms and two thousand archers. They encountered no obstacles on the sea due to good wind, and they entered the harbor of Bourdeaux, the Even of our Lady in September: the year of our Lord 1377.\n\nWhen the Bretons and Poitouins, who were besieging Mortagne, saw such a fleet of ships passing by, they made great feasts and burned their fortifications to depart for Bordeaux, thus saving their lives and possessions.\nThe Frenchmen refused, so they laid siege instead. Lord Neuville and his company arrived at Bourdeaux-Puyssance; it was decided they would abandon the world and keep the fortress of Saint Leger instead. They entered it and drew in all their artillery. The knights of England and Gascony, who were approaching with full sails in barges, rested before Mortagne and then disembarked nearby. As they landed, they prepared to assault the fortress of Saint Leger, where the Bretons were. The initial assault was fierce, and while they were engaged, Lord Neuville sent a herald to Mortain to the constable to inquire how he was faring. The herald carried out his command and returned with word that they were doing well: however, they had no gunpowder left. The assault before Saint Leger lasted for three hours without gaining anything, but many of their men were severely injured.\nAnd so they lodged that night. And it was not in their minds to part then until they had won that hold, and were sore displeased that the lord of Montmorency and the other French knights had not been there to support the Bretons.\n\nAnd in the next morning, Lord Neville and the English knights prepared to give assault to St. Leger, and so sounded their trumpets for the assault and approached the fortress, and there began a sore assault. The fortress stood so on a rock that none could easily approach it, and on one weaker side there were various great ditches, so that none could easily approach. The assailants tried hard and won little, but many of their men were sorely hurt, and some were slain. Then the assault ceased, and it was thought best to fill the ditches to have the advantage in the assault: so with great pain the ditches were filled. Then the Bretons, who were within and doubted more than before, fell to treating. The Englishmen, who had great numbers, however, were more confident than before.\nmynde of the king of Navarre's business: and also intended to deliver certain fortresses in Bordeaux, held by the French Bretons, as per their treaty. Thus, Saint Leger was given up, allowing them to depart wherever they pleased, saving their lives and goods. In this way, Saint Leger became English, and then the lords went to the castle of Mortaine and found the Soubise of Lestrade in the same condition as the harald had reported before. They were then refreshed with everything they needed, and the castle was newly furnished with me. And then they returned again to Bordeaux the same way they had come by water, via the river Garon.\n\nWhen they had returned to Bordeaux and been refreshed, in the meantime they learned that a siege was taking place there, led by a baron holding a fortress called Saint Maubert, in a region called Medoc, who caused much harm in the country. The English lords therefore ordered their entire provisioning on the river Garon and all their retinue.\nartillery and took their horses around three hundred spears, and so they came by land to Saint MaubeURN. And there were Gascons with the lord Neuville, Sir Axchambault of Grayle, the lord of Rousy, the lord of Duras, and the lord of TerNON. And when the barons and their companies were come before Saint MaubeURN, they took their lodging, and immediately gave assault, which was fierce and terrible, for the Bretons within were good men of war, and their captain was one called Huguelyn, by whom they were ruled. This first assault did the Bretons but little harm; then the English drew back to their lodging. The next morning they raised up their engines to cast stones and to break down the tops of the buildings in the tower. The third day they ordered to give assault, saying that those rascals should not long endure against them. There was a sore and fierce assault, and many a man slain and hurt: there were never men who better defended themselves than the Bretons.\nHowe finally saw no comfort coming from any quarter to them in the ward, so they entered into a treaty, for they saw well their enemies would not depart then until they had them at their pleasure. Though they should lie long there, therefore. The treaty took such effect that they gave up St. Maur-en-Bresche and departed with their goods without damage. And so they went into Poitou or wherever they pleased.\n\nWhen Lord Neuville was lord there, he newly repaired the fortress and furnished it with new men and artillery, and set Gascons to keep it. A squire of Gascony, called Peter of Brasias, was captain there. And then Lord Neuville returned to Bordeaux. Daily he heard how the siege endured before Pampilh\u00f3n in Naverre, which was besieged by the child of Castille, but they heard no certain tidings of the king of Naverre, nor also the king of Naverre heard any word from them, which greatly displeased him.\n\nNow let us return to the business in Brittany and in\nBefore the town of Saint Malo, I speak of its siege. Before the town of Saint Malo, there was a severe siege, and many sore casualties were given, for Englishmen had well over four hundred guns, who shot night and day into the fortress and against it. The captain within, named Morfon, a valiant man of arms, set his mind entirely to the defense of the fortress. With the good counsel of Sir Henry of Maletrait, of the Lord Cobourg, and of the vicomte of Bellere, they defended so valiantly that they took all the time but little harm. In the countryside, as you have heard before, were all about the flower of France, as well of great lords as others, numbering sixteen thousand men of arms, knights and squires, and well over a hundred thousand horses, and gladly they would have fought with the English. And likewise, the English would gladly have done the same, if any part could have found any advantage, but that thing which often broke their purpose was a river that was between them.\nthem so that whoever the studde came, none could pass over, so that none of them might come from the other side. And always the mines went forward, and they within were in great doubt. You may well know that in such assemblies it could be no other way but that the foragers of either side sometimes met in the field, for there were expert knights and squires from both parties: and many a feat of arms was done, and some were overthrown. These miners worked sore day and night beneath the earth, intending to come into the town that way and make a breach in the wall, so that their men might enter. Of this mine, Morfonace and they within doubted greatly, for they knew well by this that they might be lost, they cared for no other assault but for that. For their town was well fortified with provisions and artillery to keep it for two years if need be, but they had great concern about breaking this mine. They thought on it so long and traveled about it that at last they came to their agreements, and by great adventure\nThe earl of Arundell should have kept the watch one night with a certain number of his men. The earl neglected his duty, allowing the enemy to prepare unnoticed. The miners were near finishing their work when Morfonace and his company, unexpectedly and without defense, attacked the miners. Some miners did not escape, as they were overpowered. After completing their attack, Morfonace and his company entered the one side of the field, crying out and destroying tents and lodgings, killing men. The host began to stir in response. Morfonace and his company then drew them into the battle at Saint Malo without injury or danger. The host began to assemble, and the duke was astonished and demanded to know what had happened.\nIt was shown to him that in the absence of the watch, their mine was lost at the same time. Then the Duke of Lancaster sent for the Earl of Arundell, and he was severely reprimanded for this incident. But he defended himself as well as he could. Nevertheless, he was deeply ashamed and would have preferred to spend ten thousand francs than it had turned out this way.\n\nThis incident occurred, and their mine was broken. Then the lords of the host convened to determine what was best for them to do. They beheld each other and saw clearly that they had lost their season, which was unlikely to be recovered. To begin a new mine they thought they would never finish, as the time passed and winter approached. So they determined to delay and take land, and there they knew that Sir John Arundell, captain of Hastings, had gone to Cherbourg to reinforce the garrison. Thus the English army disbanded, and every man returned to his own home.\nSome returned to their own countries after passing the sea. Then, the Commons of England began to murmur against the nobles, saying they had done little good that season, especially because St. Malo had escaped. Therefore, the Earl of Arundell had little grace or love.\n\nAfter the Englishmen's departure from St. Malo and the Bretons had refreshed the town and castle anew, the constable of Fauconberg and the Bretons determined to go and lay siege to Cherbourg. Sir John Harmsworth might issue out and ride about the country when they pleased, for they had so heavily besieged both sides that when they were riding there, none could approach them. Cherbourg is one of the strongest castles in the world. Those in the garrison of Valognes were greatly displeased, as they could do no damage to the Englishmen, who so hated the country. Then Sir Oliver of Clissel, brother to Sir Bertram, came from.\nSir Catelyn and her party rode through the wood and approached Cherbourg to see if a siege was being laid there. She thought that if she could take the town, which stood higher than the castle, it would be a great enterprise. For she believed she could then fortify the town, preventing anyone from leaving the castle except at great cost. Sir Oliver persisted in this purpose and took with him fifteen spearmen and guides who could navigate through the woods. In the morning, he departed from Valognes and reached the outskirts of Cherbourg. At the same time, Sir John Arundell arrived in the town from the castle, accompanied by a squire named John Coq. Upon entering the tent, they heard news that the French were approaching to advise the place. Sir John Coq said, \"I have heard that Sir Oliver of Clesquy, your brother, has passed through the woods:\".\nSir, for God's sake, let us pursue him. I warrant to bring you such away that he shall not escape us, but will fall into our hands, and they shall be conquered little by little. By my faith, quoth Sir John Arundell. I am content. And so they armed themselves secretly and took with them two hundred spears, and entered into the woods where the Frenchmen rode that same day and knew nothing of each other. And when Sir Olivier had well surveyed the town, which he saw was very strong and in a place impossible to be besieged, he withdrew and took the way towards Valoges, the same way he came. He had not ridden the space of two leagues but that Sir John Arundell and John Coq came upon them, so well guided, and cried on the Lady of Arundell. When Sir Olivier heard that cry and saw them ready to meet him, he wished himself in Valoges. Then he mounted on a good courser, thinking to save himself by there.\nSir William of Bordes and his company took refuge in the woods and proceeded to Valognes when they could. There, they showed Sir William of Bordes and his companions how they had fared due to a bushment, and how Sir Oliver of Clesqui\u00e8res was taken. All those present were displeased, but they could not change it. Then Sir Oliver was led to the castle of Cherbourg, and he was shown how much he would have to pay for his ransom: 10,000 francs. These news were known in England and France immediately, and the matter remained in the same state.\n\nSir Oliver of Clesqui\u00e8res was a long-time prisoner in Cherbourg, in the keeping of Jean Coq of Naver, who had taken him. However, Sir John Arundell profited from this. Later, Sir Oliver made arrangements for himself and for all those taken with him, but it took a long time. And when the garrison of Cherbourg was well refreshed, then Sir John Arundell departed and returned to Hampton.\nThe captain. They remained in Cherbourg with Sir John Harlston, captain there,, along with Sir John Copland, Sir John Bulle, Sir Thomas Bygorne, and various other knights and squires. They took good care of the fortress, which suffered no damage.\n\nNow let us leave Chierbourg until we return to it, and let us speak of Sir John Neuill, seneschal of Bourdeaux, and his company, Sir Thomas Tryet and others, and how they pursued.\n\nThe lord Neuill, being at Bourdeaux, was well informed that the child of Castille had laid siege to the good town of Papillon with a great number of Spaniards, and the vicomte of Chastellon, the lord of Lescaut, Raymond of Rameses, and others were within. They could here receive no certain news of the king of Navarre, whom they marveled at, but they supposed they would soon hear from him. The men of Bourdeaux and the surrounding areas did not want the lord Neuill to depart from the country, nor\nTo suffer none of his men of war to depart as long as the French had any fortresses in the country. And specifically, they complained of the fortress of Bersat, which they said was taken at the same time the people of Bersat were there. There were various overthrows of both parties and many battles fought. Sir Bertram Raymond and Sir William Hemond were taken, and they rode to Bersat. And when the garrison saw that their men were taken and slain, they were greatly disheartened and surrendered the fortress, saving their lives. Thus, Bersat became English, and they returned to Bordeaux.\n\nThe same day was the night of All Saints, in the year of our Lord MCCCXXVIII. The English entered Bersat, and the same day the king of Navarre came to Bordeaux, or so it is said. He was received right honorably and well lodged at his ease, and all his men. And then he was demanded about the tidings in his country and about the Spaniards: and he answered plainly that the child of Castille had taken possession.\nbe\u00a6sieged Pa\u0304pylone with great puyssance / so that they yt were within the cyte were sore constray\u2223ned. Tha\u0304 he desyred the\u0304 acordyng to ye apoynt\u00a6ment made by the kyng of Englande / that they wolde helpe to confort his people / & to reyse the siege. The knightes of Englande offred them\u00a6selfe & said / how they were in good mynde so to do / so ye by their neglyge\u0304ce the siege shulde nat be vnreysed / and so ordayned therfore & said to the kyng. sir returne you into yor owne cou\u0304tre / and make a spiall asse\u0304bly of yor men / & we shall\u00a6be ther at a day apoynted & let vs assemble to\u2223gyder / and so we shabe the stronger. your men also knowe the countre better than ours do / He answered & said. ss ye say well: & thus it shalbe done. And so the thirde daye after he departed and toke the way by the see syde. For ther was about Bayon and Dare in Gascone / certayne fortresses holden by the bretons. So longe the kynge of Nauer rode yt he came to the towne of saynt Johans / and ther he abode. \u00b6 In the meane season whyle\nThe king of Navarre made a voyage to Bordeaux and stayed there before returning again. John of Castille, the son of the king of Spain, and the constable of the realm of Castille, who were the leaders of the war, were called Dom Peter of Mouric. They laid siege before Panpylone with a great number under them. Among them were the earls of Medina, Manos, Ribady, Peter Fernandez of Salez, and Peter Gousart of Modesto, and various other knights and squires of Castille. The Spaniards, as they approached Panpylone, had taken and burned the town of Lornich and the city of Uyen beside Girona. There was never a lord in Navarre who dared to appear before them, but every man kept his own hold. The king of Navarre knew this well, for messengers were always coming and going, but he could not remedy it without the help of the English. The lord Neville, who was at Bordeaux, was sent by the king of England and his council. He knew well the league and\nA treaty was made between the kings of England and Naver. He feigned and was lax in fulfilling it. All this he thought within himself, and so he called to him Sir Thomas Tryet, a right valiant knight, and said: Sir Thomas, you know well how we were sent here to look after the borders of this country and to put out our enemies. And also to comfort the king of Naver, who has been here with us, and has shown us his need; you were present when I promised him how we should serve him. Therefore, it is fitting that we do so, or else we shall be blamed. Therefore, dear friend and lover, I appoint you chief governor of that war, and that you take six hundred spearmen and a thousand archers and go into Naver. I will remain here in these marches because I am seneschal of Bordeaux, and the charge has been committed to me by the king of England. And therefore I will take care of such adventures as shall fall, for the country is not yet rid of them.\nWithin a little space after Sir Thomas Tryet departed from Bordeaux and took the way to Dar in Gascony, and with him there was Sir William Condon, Sir Thomas Berton, Sir John Asfull, Sir Henry Paule, Sir William Croquet, Sir Louis Malyn, Sir Thomas Fourque, and Sir Robert Hastings, all Gascons with a great number. When all these men of war were come to the city of Dar, they heard tidings that the king of Navarre was at St. John's du Pay de Port, and there made his summons of men of war, which they were right glad of. In the city of Dar there was a captain, an English knight, called Sir Matthew Gorges, uncle to Sir Thomas Tryet, who received his nephew and all his company right joyfully and helped to lodge them at their ease. Then the intent of Sir Thomas Tryet was not to have rested, but to have kept on his way to the king of Navarre. But then Sir Matthew said, \"Nephew Fire, since you are here with such a powerful company, it behooves you to deliver this country of a certain enemy.\"\nThe Bretons and French men who kept twelve fortresses between here and Bayonne will cause us much trouble if left behind. Sir, if you do this, the country will owe you much. I implore you to do it. Sir Thomas and I will do it. Then he set everything in order and came before a fortress called Montpyn, which the Bretons held. There was a captain, a squire from the county of Foix, named Tayllerdon within. As soon as these men of arms arrived, they launched a fierce assault, and the fortress was taken. All within were slain except the captain, who was taken prisoner. The castle was then refurnished with new supplies. They went on to another castle, called Careyllat, also held by French Gascons. These men of war attacked it but failed to win it in the assault and were forced to withdraw. The next morning they renewed their fierce assault and eventually took it by force.\nAnd they killed all within, except the captain, a Breton named Yvonet Aprisydie. He was delivered to the English as a prisoner, and the castle was taken. Then they moved on and came before another fortress called Besenghen, where the captain was a squire from Gascony named Roger of Morla. The English stayed two days there before they had it, due to a treaty, so that all who were inside were allowed to leave unharmed and went where they pleased.\n\nThen from there they went to Tassillon, a castle three leagues from Bayonne, and laid siege. And when the people of Bayonne heard that a siege had been laid there, they were very joyful, and they came with five hundred men from the town, armed with spears and pavises. The people of the fortress had caused so much trouble for the people of Bayonne that they desired nothing more than its destruction, but despite their strength, they were unable to prevent it.\ncould not have had it, and the advice and help of the Englishmen had not been. They lay there for fifteen days before they had it, and when they did, it was by treaty. So all who were within were unharmed, and were brought safely to Bregent, which held from the French side. Then they of Bayon bought the castle for three million francs, and after they beat it down and carried all the stones to Bayonne. There these men of war were well received, and had every thing that they desired, paying therefore.\n\nThe king of Navarre being at Saint John's town was very troubled and displeased in his mind that the English tarried so long, for his country was in great peril. Indeed, the city of Panpylone would have been won by the Spaniards if the wisdom and good keeping of the vicomte of Castillon had not been, who was captain there with two thousand spearmen. In the town of Teduala in Navarre was captain Sir Perducas Dalbrete and in the city of\nMyranda was captain of Pulloys and with him, Sir Roger his brother. In another strong town in Naver, called Arkes, was a knight of Cataloy's command. He marched towards Bayonne and encountered the English before a castle called Poula\u0304t. There he delivered his message. Then Sir Thomas Tryuet said, \"The castle that he laid siege to, once taken, he would do nothing until he reached Naver. He therefore asked the knight on that promise to return. And then he departed. The castle was surrendered within two days, and those within departed. The castle was then refortified with new men. The country was then at peace; however, there were still small fortresses kept in churches and monasteries, which caused some harm in the country but had no great power. The English therefore decided to tarry no longer but to go to Naver and raise the siege before Papylon or else fight with the Spaniards.\"\n\nSir Thomas Tryuet, Sir Matthew Gorney, and all their men.\nreturned to Dar and stayed there for four days, then departed and took the way to Naurer. But Sir Matthew Gorges returned to Bayonne with his own men to keep the country and conquer some small fortresses that the Bretons held. Sir Thomas Tryet journeyed so long that he reached Saint John's du Port, where he found the king of Naurer, who received them joyously. The knights lodged in the town and the men of war encamped in the countryside. Before that time, the king of Naurer had summoned all manner of men to assemble at the city of Myrda. No one was willing to resist against the king's commandment, but each man prepared himself to go to Panpylon to fight with the Spaniards. News reached the host that Englishmen, with great power, were with the king of Naurer at Saint John's town, numbering twenty thousand men of war. Then the captains convened to counsel, to see what was best for them to do: either to remain with the king of Naurer or to\nThis council withdrew. Some captains argued that the Englishmen should be detained, while others disagreed because they were not strong enough to withstand the freshmen, who had caused them great trouble due to the long siege. They eventually decided to dislodge and for every man to return to his own country. Those most insistent on departure were the valiant knights, who argued it was not dishonorable to depart since King Henry of Castile, being in his own country, had sent a fifteen-day notice to his son to lift the siege. Thus, the Spaniards disengaged and set fire to their lodgings, drawing toward Groinging and Saint Dominiques in Castile. When those within Panypylone saw them depart, they were overjoyed, as they had not been at ease the entire time.\n\nTidings reached King of Navarre and the Englishmen, who were at Saint John's Town, about the departure of the Spaniards.\nThey all went into their own countries. And finding the vicount of Chastillon, the lord Lescute, and others, they were received joyfully. After refreshing them there for two or three days, they determined to travel. They were a company of seven hundred spearmen and twelve hundred archers, along with as many other brigantes. They provisioned themselves sumptuously from Somers great plentiful supplies and lodged on Christmas Eve, in apparent meadow by a river, at the foot of the mountain called Mount Cane. On the other side of the mountain was a country called the Vale of Sorrow. It was a marvelously hot day for that time of the year.\n\nAfter dinner, they went to council to know if they should do anything that day or not, because they were entering the land of their enemies. It was determined that they would.\nThey should ride at night, so by the morning on Christmas day, they could be ready to scale the city of Valois. This counsel was kept, and every man made himself ready to the same intent. It was ordered that there should go three hundred spears, and the remainder with all the footmen should lie still there as they lay until the morning, when they had word how their company had fared. Therle Pulloys with a.C. spears, and Sir Thomas Tryet and his company were to guide them. They should do their enterprise more secretly and more easily come to their intent. About two hours within night they armed themselves and leapt on horseback, and had no trumpets, but the captains and guides knew well where they should meet again. And so they mounted the hill and were in a fair plain, and suddenly there fell such a hail and snow that it was marvelous, for all the ground was covered with snow. They rode until the morning or they came to the city.\nSir Thomas Tryet could not find each other. This unfortunate weather benefited the English in the city, as those who paid no heed to the disturbance were unaware of it. If the English appointment had kept to their scheduled time, they would not have failed to take the town.\n\nWhen Sir Thomas Tryet saw that he had failed in his purpose, he was greatly displeased in his mind. He then gathered his company as well as he could. They took new counsel and afterwards drank and ate a little. Sir Raymond of Balgette was chosen with forty spears to go and run before the town to draw out some of the genieces within. And so the knight rode before the city and called to the barriers. There was a great skirmish. The genieces, who were two hundred strong, issued out and began to shoot and throw things at the men at arms, who drew back little and lightly to bring them farther from the town. They had ill handled it.\nThose men of arms, if their formation had not drawn forward, but they charged fiercely with their spears and struck among them and brought them down: many were slain and driven into the town again, to their great dismay, where they found the rest of their men and lay there that night. And the next morning, which was Saint Stephen's day, they marched to a town called Quasquam in Normandy. There they found the king of Navarre, who had come with news. The Englishmen had burned the town of Val-de-Saire in making war for the king of Navarre, of which he was sore displeased, and swore it should be amended. Then he wrote letters to John of Castile, his son, commanding him to summon a summons throughout his realm and to assemble the noble men. Saying that he would soon be in Spain to avenge himself of the king of Navarre for the excesses he had done to him. The son of Castile would not disobey the commandment of the king, his father.\nSir Thomas Tryet issued his commandment, drawing all manner of men of war towards him. In the meantime, Sir Thomas Tryet intended to assemble a certain number of men of war and proceed to the town of Alpharo in Spain. He did so and departed from Quasquam and the king of Navarre, accompanied by only one hundred spears of chosen men of arms. By the next morning, they approached the town, and there they made their camp. Sir William Sendrine was sent to reconnoiter before the town, accompanied by Andrew Andrac and ten spears. They reached a small river or brook that ran directly to the town and passed it with great difficulty. Andrew Andrac made their horses leap over, and they reached the barriers. Then there was great commotion in the town, with the sounding of trumpets. The men of war within the town assembled and opened their gates and barriers, issuing out to engage in battle. From the said group,\nten spearmen there were, only two of them had crossed the river. They turned back when they saw people approaching them with weapons, and made their horses leap over the broken bridge. When the townsfolk saw that there were so few of their enemies and didn't know anything about their numbers, they followed closely behind. They passed the river a little above where they knew the ford, and chased the ten spearmen to their encampment. Then Sir Thomas Tryet and his company came charging, crying out, and captured many of them. To be truthful, the Spaniards could not last long and returned as best they could, but few were saved other than those who were either killed or taken. The battle was great in the town, and the townspeople believed that, at the first coming, they would have taken the town because their men were taken by surprise, but they failed in their purpose due to the women saving the town. For as soon as their men had been issued out and were past the river, they closed their ranks.\nbarriers and gates and mounted up to the walls / and made it seem they were defending them. And when Sir Thomas Triplet saw the order and manner of the women, he said: behold yonder, good wives of the town, what they have done. Let us return again / for we can do nothing there. And so they returned and passed again the little brook / and so went to Quessua and led with them their prisoners. Of whom Sir Thomas Triplet had great thanks, praise, and prayer from the king of Navarre.\n\nFifteen days after they had made this journey before Alpharo, the Spaniards came into the fields with twenty thousand horsemen and footmen / in great will to fight with the Englishmen. And when the king of Navarre heard of it, he came to Tudela / and Sir Thomas Triplet and his company with him. And then he sent for all those of the sons of the realm of Navarre to come to him, they would not disobey his commandment, / for they desired nothing else. And the Spaniards tarried for nothing / but for\nThe coming of King Henry, who was then detained elsewhere, rested and lay in the field. When John of Castile knew that the king his father had arrived, he went from Alfaro to San Domingo to the king his father. The intention of the Spaniards was to lay siege to Tudela and to capture or to fight with him. The king of Navarre was well informed of this and knew he was not of equal strength to engage in battle against King Henry, for he had only 20,000 men on horseback. Between King Henry and the king of Navarre there were certain noblemen from both realms, prelates and barons, who imagined the great harm and damage that might befall both parties if they went to war. They took great pains in going and coming between the parties, or they could bring about their intent: for the Englishmen were numbering two thousand and were fierce against the Spaniards.\nThe king of Navarre prepared for battle. On the other side, the Spaniards were of great number, so they set but little by the English or the Norwegians; therefore, it was hard to bring this treaty to a good effect. Those who had the business there took much pains and labor; at last, a truce was taken between them to endure six weeks, in the meantime to treat for a full peace. Their intent was to make, if they might, a marriage between the eldest son of Castile, to King Henry, and the daughter of the king of Navarre. Whereby the peace would surely continue, to which the king of Navarre was well agreed, because his daughter would be so highly married. And moreover, the prelates and barons of both parties thought also to marry the king of Navarre's son to King Henry's daughter. In so much that this treaty took effect: so that King Henry should send to the fresh king, desiring him to allow Charles of Navarre, who was in his keeping, to come into Navarre. And so.\nThe French king sent him (the English king) at his desire. The performance of this treaty would break the peace in any manner, according to the sentence of the pope. While these treaties were in progress, the king of Navarre, who was bound to the English, sent the vicomte of Chastelon to Aragon to borrow from him the sum of 20,000 francs to pay himself against them. In return, he pledged his good towns of Pamplona, Mirando, the queen's town, Corell, and St. John's town as security. The English were paid and delivered, and they departed from the king of Navarre. A marriage was made between Charles of Navarre and King Henry's daughter, called Jane, a very fair lady. In the same year, King Henry of Castile died, and his son John was crowned king by the accord of the prelates and barons of the realm of Spain, of Castile, of Ceccily, of Galicia, and Cardenas.\nand they all swore fealty and homage to him for eternity. Then a war began between the king of Portugal and King John of Castile. We have heard before how the lord of Mucydent was turned French, and stayed in Paris for a year or more, until at last he grew weary. He had thought to have then what he was, which made him angry in his mind, and so he repeated himself in being turned French. Saying it was out of fear rather than for any other reason. And so he planned to steal from Paris and go to his own country, to yield himself again to the English: for the service of the king of England pleased him more than that of the French king. And as he had planned, he did so, and gave knowledge to all whom he knew, except his own servants, how he was sick: and kept his lodging. And so in the evening he leapt on his horse unbeknownst, and took but three persons with him, and so departed from Paris, and rode toward his own country, and his men followed after him.\nAnd yet he rode on, traveling so far that he reached Bordeaux. There, he encountered Sir John, lord of Newhall, seneschal of Bordeaux, to whom he recounted his entire adventure. As a result, he returned to England and declared, \"I would rather betray my faith to the French king than to my natural lord, the king of England.\" Lord Mucydent resided in England as long as he lived, which greatly displeased the duke of Anjou. The duke vowed that if he could ever capture him, he would take his life. Aware of the danger, Lord Mucydent took great care to protect himself.\n\nDuring this period, the Lord of Langurante remained French. He was an accomplished knight who caused much harm and trouble to lands that allied with English lords. The lords of Rosen, Duras, and Mucydent, along with these three lords, were displeased with him and plotted to kill him, as he was their sworn enemy. This lord\nLord Laguarant rode out one day with twenty spears and approached an English fortress named Cadylhatte, belonging to the Captain of Beufz and his Gascon brothers. Lord Laguarant made camp there and said to his men, \"Stay here, and I will go alone to that fortress to see if anyone will come out against us.\" He rode on and reached the castle's barriers, where he spoke to the keepers and demanded to see Bernard Courant, their captain. \"Show him that I, Lord Laguarant, am here, and I wish to joust with him. If he is a good man and valiant in battle, as they say, he will not refuse it for his lady's sake. If he does, it will bring him great shame. I will consider anyone I meet on my journey who refuses to join me in a joust with a spear as a coward.\" A squire of Bernard's answered, \"Sir Laguarant, I have heard your words. Sir, and you will allow...\"\nI shall go and speak with my master. If you will wait, I warrant you there will be no reproach from him concerning cowardice. I will tarry at the lord of Langurant's. Then the squire went and found his master in a chamber, and showed him all the words: as you have heard before. And when Bernard heard that, his heart began to swell with anger, and he said, \"Get me my armor and saddle my horse. He shall not go unrefused.\" Then, without delay, he was armed and mounted on his horse, took his shield and his spear, and opened the gate and the barriers, and issued out into the field. And when the lord Langurant saw him coming, he was rejoiced, and couched his spear like a good knight, and so did Bernard. They were both well-mounted, and they charged at each other so evenly that their shields broke in pieces. In the passing by, Bernard shattered Sir Langurant's horse in such a way that the lord fell out of the saddle. And when Bernard saw him on the ground, he was rightly vanquished.\nIoyfull, turning his horse quickly to him, the lord Langurant was rising up. Bernarde, a big and valiant squire, took him by the basinet with both hands and pulled it so hard that he wrenched it from his head. Bernarde then cast his basinet under his horse's feet. The men of the lord of Languarante, hiding in the bushes, saw all this. And then they broke out and were coming to rescue their master and lord. Seeing them coming, Bernarde drew out his dagger and said to the lord Langurant, \"Sir, yield me your prisoner; rescue or no rescue, or else you are dead.\" The lord Langurant, trusting in the rescue of his men, spoke not a word in reply. When Bernarde saw this, he was enflamed with fury and doubted lest he should lose more for less, so he struck the lord Langurant on the head, which was bare, in such a way that he split the skull open to the brain. Bernarde then mounted his horse and entered the barriers.\nAnd when the men of Lord Langurant came to him and found him wounded and ready to defend himself, they were very sorry. And when they took him and carried him as well as they could to his own castle, he died the next day. This is what happened during the time of Lord Langurant.\n\nIn the same season, a deed of arms was done in Rochelois. Helyot of Plaisac, a gentle squire and a valiant man of arms, captain of Boutillier, an Englishman with six hundred spears and gascony men, plundered the country and ran nearly every day before the towns of Rochell or Saint-Jean-d'Ang\u00e9ly. They held these two towns in such fear and doubt that they dared not come out except by stealth. The knights and squires of the country were greatly displeased and thought one day to provide a remedy or else be slain or taken by their enemies in the field. And so on a certain day they assembled in the town of\nThe town of Rochell had approximately two hundred spearmen. This was the town most frequently attacked by Heliot of Playasac and his company. There were men from Poitou and Xainton, the lord of Thouars, the lord of Puissaye, Sir James of Surgeres, Percyuall of Coloygne, Sir Rainolde of Gomers, Sir Hugh of Uynon, and other knights and squires, who eagerly desired to engage with their enemies. These captains knew through their spies that Heliot of Playasac was abroad and was approaching Rochell to raid some prey. Then all these lords and knights left Rochell in the evening, well-armed and on horseback, and took to the fields. And at their departure, they ordered that the following morning they would put out all their artillery in the fields, and this was carried out as planned. The next morning, Heliot of Playasac and his company appeared before Rochell at the barriers, and some of their men gathered together all the cattle they could find: &\nThey had been driven by the people of the country before them. And they had not driven this cargo for the space of a league, but that the Frenchmen, a company of two hundred spearmen, suddenly appeared among them, of whom the Englishmen were not aware. At their first encounter, there were many cast to the earth. Then Helyot of Playsac said, \"Foot by foot, every man. Let us not panic. And let our horses go. If the day is ours, we shall have horses again. And if it is against us, we shall have only a small loss of our horses.\" Helyot and his company lit a torch and put themselves in good order. Likewise, the French did, for they feared the slaughter of their horses. There was a fierce battle that lasted a long time, for they fought hand to hand. Many feats of arms were done, many a one taken and rescued again. Finally, the Poitouvins and Gascons gained the victory, and their enemies were discovered and nearly all slain or taken, but a few who escaped. The prey of\ncatell Agatha was rescued, and Helyot of Plaisac was taken prisoner and led to Rochell. After this adventure, these French lords went to the castle of Boutyll, which was easily taken since there was no one within to make any defense. Thus, the castle of Boutyll was French, bringing great joy to the country. Helyot of Plaisac remained a prisoner for a long time after.\n\nIn the same season, Sir Thomas Tryet and Sir William Helman, along with various other knights and squires who had been in Spain to aid the king of Navarre, returned to England. They came to King Edward, who was then at Windsor, along with his uncles, the Duke of Lancaster and the Earl of Cambridge. These knights were joyfully received by the king and his lords, and they were asked to share tidings from those parties. They shared all that they knew, both from Spain and Navarre, and of the peace made between the two kings.\nThe king of Navarre had married Charles, his eldest son, to King Henry's daughter, and the treaty was being finalized between them. The Duke of Lancaster and the Earl of Cambridge were pleased with these words, as they believed they were heirs to Spain through their wives. They inquired about how long it had been since King Henry the Bastard died and whether the Spaniards had crowned John his son instead. The knights answered and said,\n\nA herald was summoned and the Duke of Lancaster asked him about the matter. He replied, \"At your request, I shall tell you. In the meantime, while these noble men were at Paphos awaiting the completion of the treaty, which was made through their good will and consent, I remained behind with the king of Navarre. I had good cheer from him and his men. And so I traveled with him from Paphos. The king of Navarre was greatly honored by him and all his men and gave him a grand reception that night.\"\nan honest supper. After supper, they were informed that a great wild boar was lodged in the lands nearby. It was arranged that the next morning they would go and hunt the boar, and they did. At this hunting, both kings and a great company were present, and the boar was taken. Against night, they returned again with great love to St. Dominic's. The next day, King Henry departed and went to Peter Fernando for a day against his men. There he fell sick and died. The king of Navarre was coming to ward him, to see him there. Along the way, he heard word of his death, for which he was deeply sorry, and so he returned again. Then I took leave of him and went into Castell to learn some tidings there. King Henry died on Whitsunday. And immediately after the 25th day of July, the feast day of St. James and St. Christopher, John of Castell, his eldest son, was crowned king in the cathedral church in the city of Burgos. At the\nThe coronation were attended by all the barons and prelates of Spain, of Galicia, of Cordoba, and heard Mass and dined. After dinner, there was great jousting, and the victor of Robert of Aragon had the prize. Then he returned to Burgos. This feast lasted fifteen days. The Duke of La Castre inquired if the King of Portugal was desired to be present. \"He is desired,\" said the herald, \"but he was not there, nor would he come.\" And as it was said, he answered the messenger who came to him, \"Why should I go to the coronation of the son of a bastard?\" By my faith, said the Duke of Lancaster, \"he was well advised to say those words. I believe the matter will not long remain in that state. My brother and I will demand that inheritance, which he calls himself king of, from us now.\" And so they left speaking of this matter and called for drink.\n\nNow let us leave speaking of this matter and return to the business.\nKing Charles of France, who had reigned, was right wise and subtle. He showed this as long as he lived. Although he kept himself private in his chamber, taking pleasure and sport, he conquered again what his predecessors had lost on the battlefield. Armed with swords in their hands, he was greatly commendable. Because he knew that King Robert of Scotland and all his realm had made war, and had mortal hate for the English, he intended to nurture more love between France and Scotland. The French king planned to send a knight and a secretary of his council to King Robert of Scotland and to the Scots to speak with them and advise the country. He wanted to know if he could make any good war against England through Scotland. For Yuan of Wales in his lifetime had informed him that Scotland was the place in the world where England could be most annoyed. And of\nThe fresh king had many imaginaires/pleasers and intended to have a treaty with them, so that we may send people there in the coming season, enabling us to enter England that way, similar to how our predecessors had in the past. In your journey there and return, I will ensure that you maintain a suitable wind. In the meantime, he held a great estate and was well supplied with ships laden with gold and silver throughout his hall as generously as if he had been a little duke or better. His minstrels played before his service daily, and they were garnished with gold and silver as were his men, who were well paid for every thing. The great estate this knight kept in his house and in the streets was well observed by dy- town, who was officer there under the earl of Flanders, and could keep it no longer secret, in which he did evil. For he sent word of it to the earl, who lay at Bruges, and the duke of Brittany, his cousin.\nWith him. And when the earl of Flanders had studied a little on the matter, and with the help of the duke of Brittany, ordered that the knight should be brought before him. I am a messenger and come in the king of France's commission. \"The bailiff I believe,\" said the knight. \"But you must nonetheless go and speak with the earl of Flanders, for he has commanded me to bring you to him.\" The knight could make no excuse but that he and his company had been brought to Bruges to the earl. And when he was in the earl's chamber, the earl and the duke stood together, leaning out of a window. \"You are my prisoner,\" said the earl, \"because I have sent for you.\" \"Your servant may right well come and speak with me,\" replied the knight. \"But you have not well acquitted yourself, since you have been so long at Sluse, and knowing me here so near, and yet not coming once to see or speak with me. You disdained to do so.\" \"The knight saved your displeasure,\" said the duke of Brittany, and took the words.\nAmong you borders and intrigues, in the plays of Paris and in the king's chamber, there is no price for the blood royal if one among you has brought him into any hate or displeasure with the king, which can be heard about. But I trust there will be so many of such people taken that the galleys will be full of them. The knight who said he lay at Sluse and that if he continued his voyage, he was likely to be taken and carried into England, and because of these doubts he broke his voyage and returned to Paris to the king. The lord of Burnesell told the French king no less than was done to him by the earl of Flanders. And it was necessary for him to tell all for his excuse, for the king marveled at his returning. The same season, there were diverse knights in the king's chamber, and especially Sir John of Guisnes of Heynalt. He could not keep his tongue no lighter but said, \"I cannot suffer these words thus to be.\"\nSpoken of my dear lord. And, sir knight, if you will say that he did as you say, to release you from your age in that quarrel, I appeal to the field. The lord of Bournesell was not ashamed to answer, but said, \"Sir John, I say thus: how I was thus taken by the bailiff of Sluse and brought before the earl of Flanders. And as you have heard, he said to me, and in like manner did the duke of Brittany. And if you will say contrary to this, I will relinquish your gage.\" I say so, the lord of Guisnes. With those words, the king was not content, and said, \"Let us go hence. I will hear no more of these words from this Sir John of Guisnes, who was chamberlain with the king. And he was so ill-beloved in the court that he thought not to abide the dangers. So he took leave of the king and departed from the court and went into Brabant to the duke, whom he had left in the king's displeasure. And so those who were about the king's person...\"\nThe king wrote sharply to his cousin, the earl of Falmouth, because he supported the duke of Brittany, whom the king considered his enemy. The earl wrote back to the king, apologizing as much as he could, but it availed nothing. The king sent him even sharper letters, making it clear that unless he expelled the duke of Brittany from his company, he would certainly displease him. The earl, seeing that the king pursued this matter with such determination, took advice within himself and decided to show the king these letters, where he had been his lord for a long time and had kept and governed him in good peace to the best of his power. Nor have you seen me in misfortune, and it ought to be to you, my men, that it is the French king who hates me and will hate me because I maintain around me and in my company the duke of Brittany, my cousin and heir, who is not well-received in France at present. Nor he [sic]\nThe king could not fully trust his men in his own country due to five or six barons who did not love him. The king wanted me to drive him out of my country, which would be a strong point for him. I said I would not do it, but if I supported my cousin, either with towns or castles against the realm of France, the king might have reason to complain to me. I do not intend to do that, nor am I willing to do so. I have therefore assembled you here to show you the potential problems. I therefore want to know your opinions: should he remain with me or not? They all answered with one voice, \"Sir, let him remain with you. Why should he not?\" And, sir, if any man living will make war against you, you will find ready in your land of Flanders 200 men of war to serve you. Those words greatly pleased the earl, and he said, \"Sir, I thank you,\" and so ended the parliament. The earl was content with his men and granted leave to each man to depart.\nThe earl returned to Bruges with the duke of Brittany after the truce. The earl was in great favor with his people, and the country enjoyed peace and prosperity, which did not last long. For it was in great turmoil, as you will hear later in this history.\n\nYou may well know how the French king became aware of this matter, and how the earl responded. The king did not love him any less because of it, for he could not have it otherwise at that time. And he said, \"The earl of Flanders is the proudest prince I know.\" A man could see well by the king's manner that the earl was the one he would most gladly have brought to reason. When he saw that he had answered him and was no longer displeased, the earl of Flanders, despite the king's writings and his great displeasure because of keeping the duke of Brittany with him, yet was not.\nwithstanding he kept him still as long as it pleased him to tarry, and made him keep a goodly estate. Finally, the duke of Brittany had mustered to draw into England, and so he took leave of his cousin the earl and went to Graveling. And there came to him the earl of Salisbury with five spears and a thousand archers, for doubt of the fresh gallants, and so brought him to Calais, where Sir Hugh Calveley was captain, who received him right joyously. And when the duke had tarried there five days, he had wind at will, and so took to sea, and the earl of Salisbury in his company. And so they arrived at Douai, and came to King Richard the Young, who received him with great joy. The same you have heard before: how Sir Valeran of Luzenburg, young earl of St. Pol, was taken prisoner between Ardres and Calais, and was in England at the king's pleasure, for King Edward in his life.\nThe young earl of Saint Pol bought an estate from the lord of Gomegines, as he was his first prisoner, having made the journey while in captivity. This earl of Saint Pol remained a long-term prisoner in England until he was released. In truth, the king offered him freedom numerous times in exchange, but the English captain had great disdain. The king, the earl of Flanders, the duke of Brabant, and their French cousins were also involved in the same year. An attempt was made against the earl of Saint Pol for it was alleged that he was to deliver the strong castle of Bohagne to the English. The French king caused him to be arrested and kept in custody. The king showed that the earl would have made a harmful treaty for himself and for the realm, and the earl could not be excused for this reason. Additionally, in the castle of Mons in Hainault, the lord Chanon was kept in prison.\nRobersarte, the lord of Uertaine, Sir James Dusarte, and Gerarde Daubies; but in the end, the matter came to nothing effect, as nothing could be proven against them. They were therefore released. The young earl returned again to England to fulfill his promise and wed the lady. He paid her a sum of thirty thousand francs and then returned across the sea. However, he did not enter Fraance because the king did not welcome him. And so he and his wife, the countess, went and stayed at the castle of Han on the river of Ewre. The lord of Morville now leaves us to speak of this matter and returns to the business in Fraance.\n\nMeanwhile, all of Brittany was kept under siege, both against the French king and against the duke. Some of the good towns of Brittany held themselves in the name of the duke, and many were amazed. They took him as their lord. And various knights and squires of Brittany were of the same mind.\nAnd also ther was alyed to them the cou\u0304tesse of Ponthyeute / mother to the chyl\u2223dren of Bretayne. But sir Bertram of Clesqui constable of Frau\u0304ce / ye lorde Clysson / the lorde de Lauall / the vycont of Rohan / and the lorde of Rochfort. They helde the countre in warre with the puyssance that came dayly to the\u0304 oute of Frau\u0304ce. for at Pontorson at saynt Malo the\u00a6yle and there about / lay a great nombre of men of armes of Fraunce / of Normandy / of Auuer\u00a6gne / and of Burgoyne: who dyde moche hurt in the cou\u0304tre. The duke of Bretayne who was in Englande had knowledge of euery thynge / and howe the duke of Aniou was at Angers & dayly distroyed his countre. Also he had know\u00a6lege howe ye good townes kept the\u0304 selfe close in his name / and certayne knyghtes and squyers of the same parte / wherof he conde them good thanke. yet nat that withsta\u0304dyng / he durst nat well trust in them / to ieoparde to retourne in to Bretayne on the trust of his men: for alwayes he douted of treason. Also the kyng of Englan\u2223de nor the\nThe duke of Lancaster refused to return. In Normandy and Burgundy, there were Sir William of Bourdes, the chief captain there, and in his company the little seneschal of Ewe, Sir William Marsell, Sir Braque of Braquemont, the lord of Torcy, Sir Percy Danville, the beguine of Dury, Sir Lancelot of Lorry, and various other knights and squires of the French party. They imagined day and night how they might do damage to those of Cherbourg, where Sir John Harling was captain. And those of the garrison of Cherbourg went out frequently when it pleased them, and no one dared to hinder their departure because of the great woods near them, in which they had made such a way that they could ride into Normandy at their pleasure without danger from any Frenchmen. It happened in the same season that the French rode out, and those of Cherbourg did the same, neither party knowing the other.\nSir Lawrence and another knight, by chance, encountered each other at a place called Pastoy. The latter demanded a course of jousting for his lady's sake. There were knights and squires from the English party present, as well as he. And, as I understood, Sir John Copland, a very hardy knight, went to him. They ran towards each other and rudely engaged in combat. But the French knight gave Sir Lawrence such a stroke on his shield that the spear pierced through his body, wounding him to death. This was a great loss, for he was a young, hardy, and amorous knight, and his death was deeply lamented both there and elsewhere. Then the English and French forces encountered each other and fought hand to hand. There were good knights on the French side, such as Sir William of Bourdes, the little seneschal of Ewe, Sir William Marsell, Sir Braque of Braquemont, and many others who fought valiantly.\nenglyshmen ther fought that day valiantly / sir Johan Harlston / sir Philypart Picourde / sir John\u0304 Burle / sir John\u0304 Coplande / and dyuers other. And so finally by good fightyng the en\u2223glisshmen had the vyctorie / & all their enemyes knightes and squyers taken and slayne / speci\u2223ally a squyer of Heynalt called Wylliam of Be\u00a6auleu & sir Wyllm\u0304 of Burdes were taken. So the prisouers were brought to Chierbourge / & there they founde sir Dlyuer of Clesquy who was taken prisoner. Thus it fell of this iorney as I was enformed. \u00b6 Also in Auuergne and Limosyn there fell dayly feates of armes / and marueylous enterprices. and specially of ye ca\u2223stell of mount Ue\u0304tadore in Auuergne / the whi\u2223che was one of the strongest castels in all ye cou\u0304\u2223tre / the whiche was betrayed and solde to a bre\u00a6ton / the moost oruell knight of all other / called Geffray Tetenoyre / I shall shewe you howe it was. The erle of Tentadore and of Mount\u2223peser was a right auncyent knyght and a good peasable man / who ocupyed nomore the warr / but\nA nobleman kept him [the earl of Ventadour] in his house. This earl had a squire with him, called Pouns de Boys, who had served him for a long time and had only a small living or profit from his service. The earl saw that he would have little profit from his master. Then an ungrateful plan occurred to him. He went and made a secret treaty with Geoffrey Tetenoyre, who was in Limousin, to deliver him the castle of Ventadour for 6,000 francs. In their agreement, they swore they would do no harm to his master, the earl of Ventadour, but only to evict him in a courteous manner and take his goods with him. And so it was done. The Bretons and Englishmen who entered did no harm to the earl or any of his men, nor did they take anything except provisions and artillery, of which there was great pleasure. And so the earl, his wife, and his children went to Montpesier beside Agde in Auvergne. Geoffrey Tetenoyre and his company kept Ventadour, causing much harm there.\nthe countre. and so toke dyuers stronge castels in Auuergne / in Rouergue / in Limosin in Quercy / in Gynalda / in Bygore / & in Age\u2223noise. and with this Tetnoyre ther were other capitayns / who dyde many other feates of ar\u2223mes. as Amergot Marcell / a squyer of Lymo\u00a6syn of thenglisshe parte / who toke the strong ca\u00a6stell of Casuryell in Auuergne / in the bysshop\u2223ryke of Cleremont / and they ouerrant the coun\u2223tre at their pleasure. And of the same company ther were other capitayns of diuers castels / as the Bourge Calart / the Bourge Angloys / the Bourge of Champayne / Raymonde de Fore gascoyne / and Peter of Bearne in Bearnoys.\nAMergot Marcell rode forthe on a sea\u2223son / and .xiii. with hym at aduenture / & toke ye way to Aloys to warde saynt Floure / the whiche was a fayre castell in the bysshoprike of Cleremont. They knewe well yt the place was nat kept / but by the porter all onely. and whan they ca\u0304e nere to ye castell / Amergot sawe where the porter sat on a blocke wtout the gate. than a breton who coude\n\"Shoot well with a crossbow, sir, said I. Will you have me kill the porter with the first shot? I require him, said Amergot. The Breton shot an arrow and struck the porter in the head. The porter, feeling himself struck, entered the gate intending to close it but could not; for in trying, he fell down dead. Then Amergot and his company made haste to enter and so entered through the gate, finding the porter dead and his wife severely frightened by him. They did her no harm but demanded from her where the captain was. She answered and said, he was at Clermont. They assured her safety, and she agreed to deliver to them the keys of the castle and of the master tower. She did so and was put out with as much belongings as she could carry away. She went to the city of Saint Flour, a league thence, and the people of the city were greatly alarmed when they learned that Alois was English. And immediately\"\nAfter Amergot Marcell took the strong castle of Balon by stealth, scaling its walls. And when they were within, the captain was asleep in the great tower, which tower was unlikely to be won by force, and through that tower the castle could be won again. Then Amergot suggested a subtlety. He had in his hands the father and mother of the captain, and so he brought them before the tower, making it seem as if he was about to strike off their heads, unless he would yield up the tower. These good people doubted death and begged their son, who was in the tower, saying, \"Sir, have mercy on us, and they wept pitifully.\" The squire thought his father and mother should never die for his sake, and so he yielded up the castle. They put him out of the castle. Thus Balon was English, the one who caused much trouble to the country. For all those who intended to do evil resorted there, or to Curzuryell, two leagues from Limoges, to Carlat, to Aloys, to Ventadore, or to such other places. And when\nthese garrisons assembled together; they numbered six hundred spears and ran over the whole countryside and into the county of Au\u2506ergue. In truth, the lord of Cu\u2506ypher was their great enemy, as was the lord of Forterell and his brother, the bastard of Forterell, and a squire of Burbo\u2223noyse named Gordones. By a fair feat of arms, on one day they took Amergot Marcell prisoner and ransomed him for 5,000 francs. Fortunes of war favored Ly\u2223mosyn and the surrounding country.\n\nIt has been a long time since I spoke of the holy church. Now I will return to it, for the matter requires it. You have heard before how, by the exhortations of the Romans, the cardinals, who then ruled, sought to appease the people of Rome, who were greatly agitated against them. They made a pope from the archbishopric of Bare, named before Bartylmewe de' Angles. Here the papacy was seen, and he was called Urban VIII and opened the church as was the custom.\nThe cardinals, dissatisfied with this pope, planned to elect another when they saw a better hour. They believed he was unprofitable for them and the church, as he favored few of their rights and old customs. Speaking together, they decided he was not worthy to govern the world. They resolved to choose a wise and discreet pope instead. The cardinals put great effort into this endeavor, and the one chosen became pope. All summer they were engaged in this purpose, as those intending to make a new pope dared not reveal their intentions due to the Romans. During the papal vacancy in the court, several cardinals departed from Rome and went about in various places at their pleasure. Pope Urban II went to a city called Toulouse, where there were:\nmany clerkes of su\u0304drie places of the worlde / abydinge for graces / the whiche was promysed to dyuers of them. Than the cardy\u2223nals all of one acorde assembled togyder: and their voyces rested on sir Robert of Genesue / somtyme sonne to the erle of Genesue. His first promocyon was / he was bysshoppe of Thero\u2223uene / and after bysshoppe of Cambrey: and he was called cardynall of Genesue. At this ele\u2223ction were the most parte of the cardynals / and was called Clement.\nTHe same season / there was in the mar\u2223chesse of Rome: a right valyant knight of Bretayne / called Syluester Bude. And he had vnder hym a two thousande bretons / and in the yere before / he had right well borne hym\u00a6selfe agaynst the florentynes / vnder pope Gre\u2223gorie / who had cursed them: bycause of the re\u2223bellyon. And by the meanes of this Syluester Bude / they were come to mercy. Than pope Clement and the cardynals of his parte / secret\u2223ly sent for him and his company. And so he ca\u0304ouer all the worlde. And whan the frenche kynge / who as than\nKing Raymond was informed: he was greatly marveled and summoned his brother and all the nobles and prelates of his realm. He also called for the rector and master of the University of Paris to know to whom the election, whether the first or the second, he should hold. This matter was not quickly determined, as various clerks disagreed. However, all the prelates of France favored Clement. The kings brothers and the majority of the University of Paris also agreed. And so the king was informed by all the great clerics of his realm that he obeyed Pope Clement and recognized him as the true pope. He issued a special command throughout his realm that every man should take and regard Clement as pope. And that every man should obey him as God on earth. The king of Spain and the earl of Savoy, the duke of Milan, and the queen of Naples also held this opinion.\n\nRaymond's belief in Clement greatly influenced this decision.\nThe realm of France was renowned as the primary source of belief in the Christian faith due to its noble churches and prelates. During this time, Charles of Bourbon, king of England and emperor of Rome, resided in Pavia in Behaine and was informed of these matters, causing him great surprise. Despite his empire of England, except for the bishopric of Trent, believing in faith, courage, and allegiance to Pope Urban, he feigned and disguised his true feelings throughout his life and answered politely when spoken to about the matter. However, all his barons and prelates of his realm were content. The churches of the empire obeyed Urban, but Scotland adhered to Clement. The earl of Flanders strongly opposed Clement in the territories of Brabant, Heynalt, and Lege, as he insisted on acknowledging Urban as pope, believing they had wronged him greatly. This earl was so determined.\nBut Belued and renowned in those parties where he was conversant, the churches and lords held the same opinion. However, those of Henault and the churches there, and the lord called Albert, remained neutral and obeyed neither one more than the other. Therefore, the bishop of Cambrai, who ruled at that time, named John, lost all the revenues of his temporalities in Henault. In the same season, an embassy was sent to France, Henault, Flanders, from Pope Clement. The cardinal of Poitiers, a wise, valiant, and sage clerk, was sent to sign and preach to the people, as he had been present at the first election. He showed how they had first driven the archbishop of Bare from the papacy by force. The French king and his brothers, and the prelates of France, meekly received him and gladly intended to his business and words, for it seemed to them that he spoke the truth and gave faith to him. After he had been in France for a while, he then went on.\nin Heynalt, where he was joyously received. He was likewise received in Brabant, by both the duke and duchess, but he did nothing more. Intending to return to Lege, he took other counsel and did not go there but returned to Tourney. He thought to go to Flauders to speak with the earl, but was told he had nothing to do there because the earl held and wanted Urbane, and so lived and died. The cardinal then departed from Tourney and went to Valencennes, and there he stayed a long time, always hoping for good news.\n\nThus, the Christian realms were in turmoil, and the churches in great discord, due to the pope. Urbane had the greater power, but as for the most profitable revenues and plain obedience, Clement had them. And so, by the consent of the cardinals, Clement sent to Auygnon to prepare the palaces there for him, as his intention was to go there as soon as possible.\nas he might. And so he went to the cyte of Fou\u0304des / and there opyned his graces. Thy\u2223der drewe all maner of clerkes / suche as wolde take grace: and he kept about in vyllages ma\u2223ny soudyers / who made great warre to Rome / and to the bourage of saynt Peter / and trauey\u2223led them day & night with dyuers assautes and scrimysshes. And also they that were in the ca\u2223stell Angle without Rome / dyd moche trouble to the romayns. But they of Rome enforsed the\u0304\u00a6selfe so with soudyers / almayns / and with the puyssance of Rome / so that they assembled to\u2223guyder on a day / and co\u0304quered the bourage of saynt Peter. Than the bretons drewe them in to the castell of Angle / howe be it they were so handled by force of armes / that they gaue it vp / their lyues saued. Tha\u0304 the bretons de{per}ted and drewe to Foundes / and there about in the coun\u00a6tre: and the romayns bete downe the castel An\u00a6gle / & brent the bourage of faynt Peter. Whan sir Syluestre Bude / who was in the countre: herde howe his men hadde lost the bourage of\nSaint Peter at Castel Angelo was greatly displeased and sought a way to be reconciled with the Romans. He was informed by his spies that on a certain day, the Romans and the most noble men of the city of Rome would assemble in council at the Capitol. As soon as he knew this, he assembled a certain number of Breton knights and rode secretly through covered ways to Rome, entering through the Gate of Naples. The Breton knights made their way straight to the Capitol and arrived just as the Roman council was exiting the chamber. Then the Breton knights drew their spears and charged into them, killing a great number of the most notable citizens. Six bannerets and two hundred other wealthy persons were slain, and many more were injured. Once the Breton knights had completed their mission, they withdrew again by night, and it was then becoming late, so they were not pursued.\nFor the sudden fracas, they were at a loss as to what to do, but could only tend to their wounded friends. They spent that night in great distress and sorrow of heart, and so buried the dead and dressed the wounds. And in the morning, the Romans advised themselves of great cruelty, for the poor clerks in Rome who were innocent: they slew and hurt more than three hundred, and especially Bretons fell into their hands; there was no mercy. Thus matters stood in Rome due to the state of the pope, and daily they bought it dearly, such as were without fault.\n\nMeanwhile, Clement and his cardinals lay thus at Fontanes. The queen of Naples came there to see him, for she had put herself under the obedience of Pope Clement. This queen had long intended to put the realm of Cecily (of whom she was lady, and the county of Provence, which depended on the same realm) into the hands of the pope, to do with them as he pleased.\nThe queen of Naples, in order to give some high prince of the realm of France her pleasures and keep them against those she hated mortally, who were descended from the realm of Hungary, went to Fondi. When she arrived, she humbled herself before Pope Clement and was confessed by him. She revealed to him all the secrets of her heart and said, \"Holy father, I hold diverse noble heritages: the realm of Naples, the realm of Cecily, Puyll, Calabre, and the county of Provence. And truly, King Louis of Cecily, duke of Puyll and Calabre, my father, while he lived, knew these lands to belong to the church. On his deathbed, he took me by the hand and said, 'Fair daughter, you are inheritor of many a fair heritage that you have.' Therefore, daughter, I would have you act accordingly by marrying a prince so powerful that he can keep and maintain you and your heritage in rest and peace.\" If it so happens, daughter, I would have you do this.\nforteasily, you have no heirs; deliver all your lands into the hands of the pope, while you are alive: my father, King Robert, gave me this charge at the hour of his death. Therefore, fair daughter, I charge you and discharge me. And then I promised him, on my faith, in the presence of all those in his chamber, that I would fulfill his last wish. And holy father, it was thus, after his decease, with the consent of all the nobles of Cyprus and Naples, that I was married to Andrew of Hungary, brother to King Louis of Hungary: by whom I had no issue, for he died young at Aix in Provence. And after his decease, I was married again to Charles of Taranto, who was called Prince, and by him I had a daughter. Then King Louis of Hungary, out of displeasure with Andrew, my first husband Charles of Taranto, waged war against him and took Puyll and Calabria from him, captured him in battle, and led him to prison in Hungary.\nHe died, but after the nobles of Cecil arranged it, I married King James of Scotland again. I sent for Sir Louis of Nuremberg to marry my daughter, but he died on the way. Then it happened that my husband the king went to conquer his heritage of Scotland, which the king of Aragon had taken from him by force and had disinherited him. He caused his father to die in prison. Before he left me, I said to him, \"Sir, I am a lady and have sufficient power and riches to maintain your estate according to your desire. He preached so much to me and showed me many fair reasons, desiring to recover his heritage, that I was willing to consent to him to take his pleasure. But at his departure, I desired him to go to King Charles of France and to show him his business and to take care of himself by his counsel.\" However, he did not do so, which was to his detriment, for he went to the Prince of Wales instead, who promised\nTo have helped him. So he had greater trust in the price of Wales than in the French king, to whom I was near in lineage. And in the meantime, while he was on his voyage, I wrote to the French king and sent great messengers to him, desiring him to send me a nobleman of his blood to marry my daughter, so that my heir should not be without one. The king sent his cousin, Sir Robert of Artois, who married my daughter; and in the voyage that my husband made, he died. And afterward, I married Sir Otthe of Brocswich. And because Sir Charles de la Paix saw that Sir Otthe should have my heritage as long as I lived, he made war on us. He took us in the castle of Locufe, when the sea was so high that we feared it would have overwhelmed us. At that time we were so afraid that we yielded ourselves all four to Sir Charles de la Paix, our lives saved. And so it happened that my son and\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in Early Modern English, but it is mostly legible and does not require extensive correction. Only minor corrections have been made for clarity.)\nDaughter died there, and after, by treaty, I and my husband were delivered, so that Puyll and Calabre could come to him. He intended to come to the heritage of Naples, of Cecyll and Provence, for he seeks an alliance everywhere. And so, holy father, I will acquit myself against God and you, and I commit to your hands all the heritages that I ought to have, from Cecyll, Naples, Puyll, Calabre, and Provence. I give them to you to do with as you please, to give them to whomsoever it pleases you, such as may obstruct them against our adversary, Sir Charles de la Paix. Pope Clement received her words joyfully and took her gift in great reverence, and said, \"A fair daughter of Naples, we shall arrange that your heritage will have such an heir of your own blood, noble and powerful, to resist against those who will do or offer harm to you.\"\nThe any wrong. Of all these words and gifts / there were public instruments and authentic ones / made to ensure that the matter should remain firm and stable / in time to come / and be of clearer knowledge to all who should hear of it afterwards.\n\nWhen the queen of Naples and Sir Otho of Brunswick had done all things / for which they had come to Fondi to the pope / they took their leave and departed, and went to Naples. It was not long after this that pope Clement imagined in himself that it was not profitable for him to remain long about the parties of Rome / and saw well how the Romans and Pope Urban trailed greatly to gain the love of the Neapolitans / and of Sir Charles de la Paix. Therefore he doubted lest the passages and ways should be closed against him / so that he should not get to Avignon when he wished. The principal and special reason / that incited him to go to Avignon / was to give to the duke of Anjou / the rights that the queen of Naples held.\nNaples had given him, of all the aforementioned lords, whom he had instructions from and sealed. He ordered his affairs secretly and wisely and took the fleet and his cardinals with him in galleys and vessels that had come out of Aragon. They had wind and weather at will and arrived without damage at Marseille, where all the country was very glad. And then he went to Avignon and sent word of his coming to the French king and to his brothers, who were very glad of his coming. The duke of Anjou, who lay at the city of Toulouse, went to see the pope. And upon his coming, the pope gave him all the gifts that the king of Naples had given him. The duke of Anjou, who always desired high lordships and great honors, received the gifts in great magnificence. And so he had them given to him and to his heirs forever. He said to the pope that as soon as he could, he would go into those marches so strongly that he would be able to resist those who would do any harm.\nThe Duke stayed with the queen of Naples for fifteen days, then returned to Toulouse to his wife, the duchess. Pope Clement delivered his men of war to Sir Bernard de la Sale and Flourmont to make war against his enemies.\n\nAt the same time, in the marches of Tuscany in Italy, there was a valiant English knight named Sir John Hawkwood. He left the realm of France when the peace was made between the two kings at Bretigny beside Charters. At that time, he was but a poor knight, and thought he could win nothing in his own country. Seeing that all men of war were avoiding the realm of France due to the ordinance and peace treaty, he made himself captain of a certain number of companions called the \"late comers,\" and went to Burgoyne. There he assembled a great number of such ruffians, English, Gascons, etc.\nThe Breton men and their companions of various nations. And this Haconde was one of the chief men with Briquet and Carnell, by whom the battle of Brumaux was made and helped to capture the Point le Spirite, with Bernard of Forges. When they had waged and harassed the country against the pope and the cardinals, they were then treated and went to the marquis of Montferrat, who at that time was at war with the lords of Millay. And so this Marquis brought them all beyond the mountains, after he had delivered to them 12,000 francs, of which Hacond had for his part 10,000 for him and his company. And when they had accomplished the war with the Marquis, some then returned to France. Sir Bertram of Clissay, the lord of Marche, and the lord Beaujeu, the marshal of France, and sir Andrew Dandaken brought them into Spain against King Dampier, on King Henry's part. Sir John Hacond and his company remained still in Italy. And Pope Urban V lasted as long.\nSir John Hacond lived or was with him (Millean) and similarly Pope Gregory, who ruled after him. Sir John Hacond had a journey against the earl of Vertues on behalf of Lord Coucy, as it was truly said that Lord Coucy had been overthrown by the earl of Vertues and the Lombards if Hacond had not been present. He came to his aid with five hundred men because Lord Coucy had married the daughter of the King of England, and for no other reason. Sir John Hacond was a knight of great courage and experience, renowned in the Italian marches, and he performed many great deeds of arms there. Then the Romans and Urban, who called himself pope, acted together when Clement had departed from the Roman marches. They sent for him (Hacond) and retained him and his entire company. He acquitted himself bravely, for on one day, with the help of the Romans, he:\nDiscontented Sylvester Bude and a great company of Bretons were all slain or taken. Sylvester Bude was brought prisoner to Rome and was in great danger of losing his head. In truth, it would have been better for him to have been beheaded the same day he was brought to Rome rather than later, for the honor of him and his friends. However, Pope Clement later caused him to lose his head in the city of Mascon, along with another squire of Brittany named William Boyleau. They were suspected of treason because they had been released from Roman prison and could not be identified by what treaty or means. They came to Auxonne and were taken there. The cardinal of Amboise was responsible for their taking, as he had hated them since they made war for the pope in the fields. On one day, they and their companies took the said cardinal's summers (possessions) where they had a great quantity of vessels and plate of gold and silver, and divided it among themselves.\nCompanies that couldn't be paid their wages were accused of treason by the cardinal in great displeasure. When they arrived in Avignon, treason was laid to them for allegedly falsely betraying the pope and were sent to Mascon, where they were both executed. Matters proceeded in this manner in those countries, and Sir Bertram of Clesqui was greatly displeased due to the death of his cousin Silvester Bude, who was with Pope Clement and the cardinals. If he had lived longer, they would have known that his death was avenged.\n\nNow let us leave these matters and speak of the wars of Flanders, which began in the same season. These were harsh and cruel wars, resulting in the deaths and exiles of many people, and the country was left in such a state that it was said it would not be recovered again for a hundred years. I will show you how these unfortunate wars began.\n\nWhen\nThe troubles began first in Flanders / The country was so wealthy and so rich / It was marvelous to hear. And the men of good towns kept such estate / That it was wonderful to tell of. But these wars began first due to pride and envy / That the good towns in Flanders had one against another / As Ghent against Bruges / And Bruges against Ghent / And other towns one against another. But there was such respect that no war could rise among them / Without the lord of Flanders, their lord, consented to it / For he was so feared and beloved / That none dared to displease him. The earl, who was right wise and subtle, kept war and evil will of his people under control / For he would in no way suffer any war to rise among them and him. He thought well in his imagination / That when any difference should arise between him and his people / He would be the weaker / And the less respected by his neighbors. He kept war for another reason /\nAt that time, he was driven to use it. And yet he considered the great destruction that would ensue, both of lives and goods. For he had always lived in great prosperity and peace, and had as much pleasure as any other Christian prince. But this war began for such a light cause and in such a place that it was hardly worth considering and speaking of.\n\nAt the same time: while Duke Louis of Flanders was in his greatest prosperity, there was in Ghent a burgher (called John Lion) - a wise, cruel, harsh, subtle, and great enterpriser, and cold and patient enough in all his works. This John Lion was favored by the earl, as it appeared, for the earl entrusted him with the task of killing a man in Ghent, with whom he was displeased. And at the earl's command, this John Lion contrived a matter against him and slew him. The burgher was greatly lamented, and therefore John Lion went and dwelt at Douai, and was there for three years, holding a great estate and power.\nIn the same season, there was another engagement in Gaunt called the Mahewes. Seven brothers were among them, they were the chief of all the mariners. Among these seven brothers, there was one named:\n\nThis Johan Lyon was so great with the earl that there was none like him. Additionally, in the same season, there was another engagement in Gaunt called the Mahewes. Seven brothers were among them, the chief of all the mariners. Among these seven brothers, one was named:\nGylbert Mahewe: a very wise man, more subtle than any of his brethren. This Gylbert Mahue harbored great envy towards Johan Lyon because he saw him favored by the earl and studied night and day to win the earl's favor away from him. He often contemplated killing him through his brothers but lacked the courage due to fear of the earl. For a long time, he pondered and devised a plan. The primary reason for his hatred was as follows: I will reveal this to you in order to provide a clearer understanding of this matter. Anciently, there was a bitter mortal enmity between two mariners and their lineages. One was named Peter Guillon, and the other John Barde. Gylbert Mahewe and his brothers were of the lineage of Peter Guillon, and Johan Lyon was of the other. Despite this long-standing enmity between these two parties, they spoke, ate, and drank together. The lineage of Gylbert Mahewe took a more active role in the matter than the others.\nJohan Lyon did die. In so much that Gilbert Mahewe, without any provocation, suggested a subtle deed. The earl of Fluders wished to stay at Gaunt, then this Gilbert Mahewe came and introduced himself to one of them near the earl, and on a day said to him, \"Sir: if your lord the earl would, he might every year have great profit from the ships and navy, which he now has nothing of, that profit the strangers and sailors should pay, so that Johan Lyon, who is chief ruler there, will truly account for himself.\" This man said he would tell this to the earl, and he did. The earl then, like many lords are easily inclined naturally to listen to their profit and not considering the end, responded and said, \"Let it be as Gilbert says.\" Then Johan Lyon was summoned, who knew nothing of this matter, and there, in the presence of Gilbert Mahewe, the earl showed him.\nJohn said: \"If we may have great profit in this matter, John Lyon, who was a true man, saw it was not a reasonable thing to do, although he dared not say otherwise. He said, 'Sir, that which you demand, and which Gilbert Mahewe has brought forth, I cannot do alone. It will be a hard matter for all the mariners.' The earl said, 'If you truly acquiesce in this matter, it will be done.' The earl said, 'I shall do my best in it,' and they departed. Gilbert Mahewe, who intended to reconcile John Lyon with the earl, had no other intention but to deprive him of his office. Then he came to his six brethren and said, 'Sirs, it is time now that you support and aid me, and maintain this matter as good brothers should help each other. I have driven this matter forward for your sake. I shall disgrace John Lyon without striking a stroke, and shall bring him in as great disgrace.'\"\nThe earl is displeased with Erle, as he is now powerful and in favor. Whatever I say in the net, John Lyon will truly acquit himself. This ordinance may be done. I know that my lord the earl, if the matter does not suit him, will lease his favor and office to me. And when I once have it, you shall agree to it. We are powerful enough in this town to rule the remainder, and there is none who will speak against us. I shall ensure that John Lyon is overthrown. Thus, we shall be avenged on him without any stroke given. All his brothers agreed to him. Therefore, the parliament came, and all the sailors were ready. There John Lyon and Gilbert Mahew showed them the earl's pleasure regarding the new statue he intended to raise on the navy of Lys and Lescalle. This thing seemed hard and contrary to their old custom to them all. The chief who spoke against it were Gilbert Mahew's brothers more than any other. Then John Lyon.\nLyon, the chief ruler, was joyous, for he wished to maintain their ancient French customs and freedoms. However, what they claimed had been for his benefit was actually harmful towards him. Johan Lyon reported the mariners' answer to the earl and said, \"Sir, it cannot be well done, for great harm may result. Sir, let the matter rest in its ancient state and make no new thing among them.\" This answer displeased the earl, for he saw that if the matter could be brought up and resolved, it would be worth seven thousand florins to him annually. So he kept quiet for the time being, but he thought more. And so, by fair words and treaties, the earl and his council pursued the mariners, but Johan Lyon always found them obstinate in this matter. Then Gilberte Mahewe came to the earl and his council and said, \"How slowly does Johan Lyon act on my behalf in this matter?\"\nThe earl gave Johan Lyon the office that John had, intending to handle the mariners in such a way that the Earl of Flanders would permanently benefit. The earl saw no clarity, as the good fortune blinded him. By his own counsel, he removed John Lyon from the office and gave it to Gilbert Mahewe. Once Gilbert Mahewe obtained the office, within a little while he turned all his six brothers to his purpose, making the earl have his intent and profit. Therefore, he was never well-loved by most of the mariners. However, they had to endure, for the seven brothers were great and powerful, with the earl's support. Thus, by these subtle means, Gilbert Mahewe gained the mariners, among whom there were many who were not well pleased, but dared not speak to the contrary.\n\nJohan Lyon, by these means and through the purchase of Gilbert Mahewe, was out of the earl's favor and love. He kept his house and lived off his own, and endured.\nAnd suffered patiently all that was done to him, for this Gilbert Mahewe, who at that time was chief ruler of all the ships, coveredly hated John Lyon and took away a third or fourth part of the profit that he should have had from his ships. All this John Lyon suffered in silence and spoke no word, but sagely disguised himself and took it in good part, all that was done to him, and said, \"There is a time to be still, and a time to speak.\" This Gilbert Mahewe had one brother called Stephen, a subtle man, who advised well the manner of John Lyon and said to his brothers in prophesying as it came to pass, \"Sirs, this John Lyon suffers now and hangs his head; he does it all for policy. But I fear me, he will at length make us lower than we are now high. But I counsel one thing: while we are in the earl's favor, let us sleep on him. I shall soon show you the course of the water.\" The earl was well disposed towards them, and sent a great number of pioneers and men of arms to assist them. Before:\nIn the past, they would have acted similarly, but the people of Gaunt prevented their purpose through power. These news reached Gaunt, as the people of Bruges were planning to change the course of the river Lys, which would greatly harm Gaunt. Many people in the town began to grumble, and especially the mariners, as it affected them directly. They declared that the people of Bruges should not be allowed to dig there, to have the course of the river to their advantage, thereby destroying their town. Some spoke bluntly, \"God help now, John Lion.\" If he had still been our governor, it would not have been this way. The people of Bruges would not have been so bold to attempt such a thing against us. John Lion was well informed of all these matters. Then he began to stir and said to himself, \"I have slept long enough. It will soon appear that for a small reason I will wake up and set a tremble between this town and the earl, costing perhaps a hundred thousand. \"\nA woman arrived in the marketplace from her pilgrimage to Our Lady of Bolaye, looking weary. Some men asked her whence she had come, and she replied, \"From Bolaye.\" I have seen in the town the greatest disaster that has ever befallen Gaunte. There are over five hundred pilgrims working day and night by the River Lyss, and if they are not stopped, they will soon alter the river's course. The woman's words spread throughout the town, and its inhabitants began to discuss and say, \"This deed should not be allowed or consented to.\" Many went to Johan Lyon for counsel on how to proceed in this matter. When Johan Lyon saw himself sought after by those he desired to win over, he was greatly pleased, although he made no show of it.\nSirs: if you are willing to remedy this matter, it is necessary that in the town of Gaunt, you renew an old ancient custom. This was once used in this town, and it is that you bring up again the white hats, and they may have a chief ruler to whom they may draw and be ruled by. These words were gladly heard, and then they all said with one voice, \"We will have it so. Let us raise up these white hats.\" Then white hats were made and given to those who preferred war over peace, as they had nothing to lose. And there, Johan Lion was made chief governor of all the white hats. Which office he took on gladly, intending to be avenged on his enemies and to bring discord between the towns of Bruges and Gaunt.\nThe earls, their lord. It was ordained that they should go out against the diggers of Bruges, with John Lion their sovereign captain, and with him two hundred from their companies, of such as preferred war to peace. And when Gilbert Mahewe and his brothers saw the manner of these white hats, they were not very joyful about it. Then Stenuart said to his brothers, \"I told you before how this John Lion would discomfit us in the end. It would have been better if you had believed me before and let me have slain him, rather than he should be in this position.\"\n\nJohn Lion and his company with the White Hats departed from Gaunt, intending to slee all the pipers and such others who kept the lands. These tidings reached the pipers, who doubted they would lose all. So they left their work and went back to Bruges, and were never again so bold to dig there again. When John Lion and his company saw nothing to do:\nThey returned again to Gaunt. But despite this, John Lyon did not leave his office. The white hats went daily up and down the town, and John Lyon kept them in that state. To some he would say secretly, \"Hold yourself well content, eat and drink and make merry, and be not afraid of anything that you spend. Such will pay in time to come for your debt that will not give you a penny now.\"\n\nIn the same week that John Lyon had been in Donse to meet with the pilgrims of Bruges, various people came from the court of Gaunt to negotiate with them. Thus, little by little, your privileges will be broken, which in the past have been so noble and highly praised, and have been so well kept and maintained that none dared to break them. And the most noble knight of Flanders held himself in high esteem to be a burgher of Gaunt. Then they of the law answered and said,\nThey would write to the bailiff, requesting him to secure the release of the burghers. For truly, his office did not extend that far, as it could not keep our burghers in the earl's prison. So they wrote to the bailiff for the release of the burgher, who was in prison in Erclo. The bailiff answered and said, \"What need is there for all these words for a mariner? Speak, you who are named Roger Dauterne, to those of Gaunt. Though he may be a richer man ten times over, he shall never leave prison without my lord the earl's command. I have the power to arrest, but I have no power to release.\" The words of Roger Dauterne were reported to those of Gaunt, with whom they were greatly displeased and said, \"How proudly he answered.\" The jailers of Bruges, who wished to dig against Gaunt's heritage and profit, and for such other similar deeds, were the reason why the French of Gaunt would be harmed. These answers and incidents displeased them greatly.\nThrough the town and countryside, these unhappy rabbles, called the White Hats, roamed about, intending to be more feared and renowned. It is necessary in a lineage for there to be some foolish and outrageous individuals to maintain and sustain the peace.\n\nThe news of this seaman's burgher of Gaunt, being in the earl's prison at Ercle, whom the bailiff troubled the town of Gaunt against their lord. In such a way that he would not appease it again, but with much sorrow and great damage: therefore he was not displeased by these adventures, but he always wished that for one of them there had fallen thirty. He put forth his words and coveredly did so through the town. Saying how: whenever offices are bought in a town, the jurisdictions and privileges cannot be well kept. For the earl receives now annually three or four thousand francs beyond the old usage or customs, whereby the merchants and seamen greatly complain.\nThe men of Valencennes, Doway, Lyle, Bethaine, and Tourney resorted to the town of Gaunt. This may be a problem, as the freshes are being taken away little by little each day, along with ancient privileges. Yet no one dares speak against it.\n\nGilbert Mahewe and the ruler of the mean craft, who was of Gilbertes pertain, heard with their own ears daily such words and knew well how they rose through Joan Lyon. But they dared not remedy it, for Joan Lyon had sown throughout the town the white hats and given them to such companions hardy and outrageous in such a way that none dared assail them. And also, Joan Lyon never went alone; for whenever he went out of his house, he had two or three hundred white hats about him. Nor did he go abroad in the town without it being for a great cause, for he was greatly desired to have his counsel on it.\nInsidentes/ who fell within Gaunt and without: conserving the franchises of the town and its liberties. And when he was in custody, then he would show a general word to the people. He spoke in so fair rhetoric, and by such great craft, that those who heard him were greatly rejoiced with his language. He would say all with one voice, that all was true that he said. By great prudence, John Lyon said to the people. Sirs, I say not that we should harm or displease any part of my lord the earl's heir, for though we could, we ought always to be in love and favor with our prince and lord. And my lord the earl of Fluders is our good lord, and a right high prince, feared and renowned, and always has kept us in peace and prosperity. Which things we ought to know and to suffer the more readily. More bound are we to this than if he had trespassed against us or displeased us, or made war or hatred against us, and to have put himself in pain to have our forgiveness.\nBut at this present time, he is cruelly calumniated or formed against us, and against the franchises of the good town of Gaunt. The people of Bruges are more in his favor than we. It appears well from the emissaries of Bruges that he came to take away our heritage and to take away the river, by which our town of Gaunt would be destroyed. He also intended to build a castle at Donse against us, to bring us into danger, and to make us weaker. I know well: how they in Bruges had promised him in the past, ten or twelve thousand francs yearly, to have the easement of the river of Lys. Therefore I counsel, let this good town of Gaunt send some sad and discreet personages to him, to show him boldly all these matters, as well concerning the burgesses of Gaunt in prison in Erclo, whom his bailiff will not deliver; as all other matters, with which the good town of Gaunt is not content. And also these matters heard:\nLet it be shown to him as well, so that he and his council do not think we are dull or dead (but if necessary, we may resist if we wish). And after his answer had been heard, the good town of Gaunte may take action against those found culpable. When John Lyon had finished speaking these words to the people in the marketplace, every man said, \"He speaks the truth.\" And then they all went home to their own houses. At John Lyon's words, Gilbert Mahewe was not present; but his brother Steven was always there. He prophesied about the future and, upon his return to his brother, said, \"I have always said, and I say again: John Lyon will destroy us all. Cursed is the hour when you did not let me alone. For if I had killed him, he would never have overcome us or come so lightly upon us.\" And now it is not within our power, nor can we annoy or harm him.\nHe is now greater in the town than the earl. Gilbert answered and said, \"Hold your peace, fool, for when I will, with the earl's pomp, all the white hats shall be cast down. And such as wear them now, will later have no need for any hat.\"\n\nTherefore, certain burgesses were charged to go as ambassadors to the earl of the sad men in the town. And Gilberte Mahewe was one of those chosen to go. This caused John Lyon to intend that if they spoke anything contrary to the earl's pleasure, the earl would be displeased with him as well as with any other. So they departed and found the earl at Malle. They did so much that finally they accorded so well that the earl granted them all their requests concerning their prisoner at Erclo. And promising to keep and maintain the Frenchmen of Gaunt without breaking any of them. And defending them from Bruges, so that they would not be so bold to dig into the heritage of the Gaunts.\nAnd the better to please them of Gaunt, he commanded the men of Bruges to fill again the dykes they had made. And so they ablely departed from the whyte hats should be laid down. Every man held his peace. Then Johan Lyon spoke and said, \"All you good people who are here present, you know and have seen but late, how the whyte hats have better kept your freedoms than other red or black hats have done or of any other color. Be sure, and say that I said it, as soon as the whyte hats are laid down, by the ordinance that the earl would have it so, I will not give for all your freedoms after that three pence. The which words were blinded so that every man departed thence, and the most part went home to their houses, and said, \"Let them alone, John Lyon speak the truth. We have not seen in him but good and profitable for our town.\" So the matter stood still in the same case. And Johan Lyon was then in more fear of his life than he was before, and imagined anon as\nIt fell after him, for he believed that Gilbert Mahewe had worked against him and his company during the earl's last voyage. Because the earl made such an amicable response, he thought to find a remedy and secretly appointed captains, called White Hats, as Seneschals and Mauqueners. He said to them, \"Tell your company: be ready day and night, and as soon as you know or hear any movement, come to me. It is better we slay than be slain, since we have begun so far.\" And they did as he ordered.\n\nIt wasn't long after that the bailiff of Gaunt Roger Dauterne arrived with two hundred horses and planned to act as the earl and Gilbert Mahewe and his brothers had devised. The bailiff, with the two hundred men he brought, came down the streets carrying the earl's banner. When he reached the marketplace, he rested and set the banner before him. Then immediately, men drew to him.\nGilbert Mahewe and his brothers and the ruler of the mean craft were ordered to go to Johan Lyons house and take him as chief ruler of the White Hats, and five or six of his companions who were most culpable. They were to be brought to the castle of Gaunt and there to have their heads struck off. Johan Lyon, who thought no less and was well advised of this deed, for he had spies and watchers in every corner of the town, knew well of the journey being set for them. They all drew together by times and came to Johan Lyons house, who was ready in the street awaiting them. So there came ten or twenty and each as they came fell into array in the street, and when they were assembled to the number of four hundred. Then Johan Lyon departed first, as a lion, and said, \"Let us go after these traitors who will betray the good town of Gaunt.\"\nI thought all the sweet words that Gilbert Mahewe brought the last day from the earl were but deceit and destruction for us, but I will make them regret it. Then he and his company went on a great passage, and his following continually increased, for there were divers who joined his company that had no white hats but the earl's priest. And as soon as Gilbert Mahewe and his brethren saw John Lyon come to the place, they fled away as fast as they could, and so did all others except such as you brought with him. As soon as John Lyon was come to the place, the captain of the white hats, with a great company with him, came to you, and without any words spoken, they took and cast you to the earth and slew you there. And then the earl's banner was cast down to the ground and torn all to pieces, and they touched no man there but you. And then they all came about John Lyon. And when the earl's men saw the banner torn and you slain, they were filled with anger.\nThey were greatly ashamed and took their horses and left the town. You may know that Gilbert Mahewe and his brothers, who were enemies of John Lyon, were not assured of themselves in their own houses. Therefore, they departed as fast as they could, leaving wives, children, and inheritances behind, and went as soon as they could to the earl and showed him how his bailiff had been slain. The earl was sorely displeased and had good reason: for they had done him great displeasure, and said and swore that it should be greatly avenged or ever he returned again to Gaunt, and that they should never have peace with him, as an example to all other towns. So Gilbert Mahewe and his brothers remained with the earl. And John Lyon and the White Hats continued their outrage. Roger Dauterne was thus slain, and all others departed, and none appeared before the White Hats to be avenged. Then John Lyon\nLyon, who intended to overthrow the mariners because he didn't want to say so. Sirs, on a forewarning to these false traitors, the Mahewes, who intended to town the city that day, and when they had done, they returned to their own horses. And after that, there was no officer of the earl's within the town or without who dared to say they had done evil. And at that time they dared not, for the white hats were so multiplied that none dared to displease them. They went in the streets by great companies, but there were none who would meet with them. It was said in various places in the town and outside, how they had some support of some officers and rich men in Gaunt, which was likely to be so, for who would dare begin such a riot as to attempt to slay the earl's bailiff, holding the earl's banner in his hands, doing his office, without some bolsterer or supporter in their deed. And after that they greatly multiplied and were so strong in the town that they cared for no manner of person.\nayde / but of the\u0304 self Ther were none that durst displease them or withsay any thyng that they wolde do. This bayly Ro\u2223ger Dauterne was taken by ye freers and so bu\u00a6ryed in their churche.\nWHan this thynge was thus fortu\u2223ned / dyuers good men / sage and ryche of the towne of Gaunt were rightsory / and began to speke and murmure. And sayd ech to other: howe they had done a great outrage / in sleyng thus therles bayly / in doyng of his offyce. And how of right their lorde therle must nede be dis\u00a6pleased with the\u0304 / and by all likelyhode neuer to haue rest nor pease with him. & howe that these vngracyous people had brought all the towne in parell to be dystroyed / withoute god fynde\ns\nTHe gode men in Gau\u0304t and riche and notable mar\u2223chantes / who hadde within the towne their wyues / chyl\u00a6dren / and marchandyse / and their heritages bothe with\u2223in the towne and without / & had to lyue by / right honourably without dan\u2223gere. They were nat well at their ease in their hertes / to se the besynesse in Gaunt. they knewe\nThese twelve burgesses humbly requested that the earl somewhat restrain his anger, and by means of others, he agreed and ordered at John Lyon, who was at Gaunt. However, John Lyon, who was contrary to what he had said in the council, knew in certainty that he had greatly transgressed against the earl, and his peace was not yet restored.\nWhile the town council were in negotiations for peace with the earl, he summoned together all the White Hats and craftsmen who were in agreement with him. He spoke to them all, saying, \"Gentlemen, you are well aware of our displeasure with the earl of Flanders, and we do not yet know whether they will bring us peace or war. The earl is not easily appeased. He has advisors around him who would rather incite him to displeasure than to tranquility, such as Gilbert Maheu and his brothers. There are a hundred hindrances to peace rather than one advocate for it. Therefore, it would be wise for us to take care of ourselves.\"\nif we have war to know who will aid us and how we shall gain love among you rulers of such craft and such cunning. Let more men come to the fields as you can get, and there we shall see how able each man is and how they are furnished. It is better to be advised by time than to be late. This will cost us nothing, and yet we shall be the more feared and dreaded. They all answered and said: it is well devised; so let it be done. The next day they went out all at Bruges gate and so went into the fields in a fair plain without Gaunt, called Andreas Hen. Then John Lion beheld them gladly, for they were ten thousand, and all well armed. He then said: Sirs, I advise: let us go to the earl's place here, since we are so near, for it has been shown to me how he makes great provision there. It may turn out to be great prejudice to our town.\nThey all agreed and came to Andrehen, which was unguarded and had no significant defense. They entered and searched the house, and this unpleasant company pillaged and robbed it of all they found. There were riches within, as the earl had made it his wardrobe. John Lyon feigned displeasure, but this was not the case. Once they had departed from the castle and returned to the field, they looked back and saw the entire place on fire, with more than twenty fires in the castle. It was not within the people's power to extinguish it, nor did they have much inclination to do so. Then John Lyon, as if he had great concern, asked, \"How does this fire come in my lord's house?\" Some answered, \"We cannot tell; it is better that it be burned by accident than by us. Furthermore, considering all the circumstances, it was perilous.\"\nA neighbor threatened my lord, there might have been a son who could have caused us great harm if we went to war with him. They all answered and said: \"You speak the truth.\" And so they returned to the town of Gaunt and did no more that day, for they had caused enough damage. It cost more than two hundred thousand lives after that. One of the principal things that most displeased the earl was this. And John Lyon did it because he wanted no peace, for he knew that whatever treaty was made, he was likely to lose his life. This castle of Andrehen had cost the earl of Flanders two hundred thousand francs to build, and he loved it best of all the houses he had. The good men of Gaunt brought these tidings to the earl of Flanders, who was at Male. The man who brought the news said, \"Sir, know for the truth, your fair house of Andrehen, which has cost you so much and that you loved so well, is burned.\"\nBrent requests that you and your people have breached my house, which I loved among all others. Do not think that you have caused me sufficient displeasure by killing my bailiff for carrying out his duties, and by tearing down my banner and trading it under their feet. In truth, sparing my honor and that I have given you safe conduct, I would cause all your needs to be struck down. Depart from my presence and tell the unhappy people of Gaunt that they shall never have peace or treaty with me until I have from them him whom I will, to strike off their heads: and none shall have mercy, the burgesses, who were not culpable of that deed, began to excuse them. But there was no excuse that would serve, for the earl was so sore displeased that he would not hear them speak, and so made them avoid his presence, and they took their horses to return to Gaunt, and she shed how well they had spoken and had great peace and appointment.\nAnd this castle had not been burned. The people also showed how the earl greatly mocked them and sent word: how they would never have peace with him until he had as many of the town at his pleasure as he desired. The good people of the town saw well: how the matter went badly for them, and how the White Hats had caused all this, but there was none so bold that dared speak it. The earl of Flanders went from Malle to Lille and summoned all his lords and knights of Flanders, those who held from him, to give their counsel. How he might act in all his affairs, and how to avenge himself on those of Gaunt, who had caused him so much distress. All the gentlemen of Flanders swore to him to be good and true, as they ought to be to their lord, without any reservation. Therefore the earl was greatly rejoiced. Then he sent men to all his castles, to Termont, Ryepemont, Avesnes, Gaures, and everywhere he made great preparations. John Lyon was greatly distressed.\nThe earl of Flanders refused to make peace with those of Ghent, declaring he could not come to terms with them. He had therefore advanced the town of Ghent into a state of war, forcing them to continue the conflict whether they wished to or not. I advise you, gentlemen, that if we are to be more harmed or oppressed, we should know which towns in Flanders will support us. I can assure you that those of Gravelines and Courtrai will not be against us but will take our side. Be mindful, however, of those in Bruges, who are powerful and proud. It was through them that this matter was first instigated. It would be wise for us to approach them strongly, either through fairness or force, to bring them to our accord. They all agreed: it would be good if we did so.\nso. All those who were to go on this journey were made ready, and they departed from Gaunt about nine or ten borough masters and chief rulers of their town. The rulers answered, \"Go and show us how we will go to Couwsayle and take advice in this matter.\" They returned and showed their answer. When John Lyon heard this answer, he said, \"Advance forward to Bruges. If we wait till they take counsel, we shall not enter but with much pain. It is better that we attack them or they take counsel. This purpose was carried out, and so the Gaunt men came to the barriers and dykes of Bruges. John Lyon, with the foremost, mounted on a black courser, and inconveniently he alighted, and took an axe in his hand. When they kept the barriers, who were not strong enough to make a defense, saw the Gaunt men approaching, ready to give assault. They went into the streets of the town and into the market place.\nThe townspeople cried out as they went. Hold the gatekeepers ready. Go to your defense, for they are preparing for an assault. Those in the town who had gathered to go out to the countryside were greatly frightened and had no means to speak to each other to organize themselves and attend to their needs. The majority of the commoners wanted the gates to be opened, and it had to be so, or it would have been detrimental to the wealthy men. Then, the borough masters and rulers of the town, along with others, went to the gate where the gatekeepers were ready to attack. The borough masters and rulers of Bruges, who had control of the town for the day, opened the wicket to speak with John Lion, and so opened the barriers and the gate to negotiate. They spoke together for a long time and became friends, and they all entered together. John Lion rode by the side of the borough master, who received him well. He was brave and courageous, and all his men followed him.\nwas a fair sight to see them enter in good order and come to the market place, where he arranged his men in the streets. And John Lyon held in his hand a white wand.\n\nBetween them of Gaunt and of Bruges, an alliance was made and sworn to be good friends to each other. And the men of Gaunt were to summon and lead them wherever they wished. Immediately after this, the Gaunt soldiers were arrayed around the market place. John Lyon and certain captains with him went up into the hall and there made a proclamation for the town of Gaunt: commanding that every man should draw to his lodging fairly and easily, and arm themselves without noise or disturbance, on pain of their lives and that no man dislodge another or make any noise in their lodging, thereby any strife should arise, on the same pain. And also that no man take anything from another without paying for it immediately, on the same pain. This proclamation was made once; then another proclamation was made for the town of Bruges.\nevery man should quietly and agreeably receive the gifts into their houses and pay for them according to the common price of the town, and the price should not be raised in any way, nor should there be any noise or debate: this was to be enforced at the risk of their heads. Then every man went to his house, and in this way the people of Gaunt and those of Bruges lived in harmony for two days. And there they swore an oath to each other. These obligations were written and sealed. On the third day, the people of Gaunt departed and went to the town of Dan, where the gates were opened in their honor. They were courteously received there and stayed for two days. Suddenly, John Lyon fell ill with a seizure; that night he supped with the town's dignitaries. Some say he was poisoned there, but I know nothing about that and will say no more on the subject.\nBut the next day, he fell sick. The night brought him to Ardenburg, where he could go no farther; there he died. The people of Gaunte were truly sorry and dismayed.\n\nOf the death of John Lyon, all his enemies were glad, and his friends were sorrowful. He was brought to Gaunt, and because of his death, all the host returned. When news of his death reached Gaunt, all the people were truly sorry, for he was well-loved, except for those on the earl's side. The clergy came to him, and with great solemnity, they brought him into the town as if it were the Earl of Flanders. He was buried honorably in the church of St. Nicholas, and his obsequies were performed there. Despite John Lyon's death, the alliances and promises made between Gaunt and Bruges did not break, for there were good hostages in the town, and it held.\n\nThe earl was glad for the death of John Lyon.\nwas Gylbert Mahewe and his bretherne / and the rulers of the meane craftes in Gaunt / and all suche as were of the erles parte. Than the erle made sorer prouysion than he dyde be\u2223fore in all his castelles and townes / and he sent to the towne of Ipre / a great nombre of knigh\u00a6tes and squiers / out of ye lyberties of Lysle and Doway / and sayd. howe he wolde haue reason of Gaunt. And anone after the dethe of Johan Lyon / all they of Gaunte aduysed / howe they coulde nat be longe without capitayns. Than they ordayned of the aldarmen of the craftes / and of the Synkquateners of the portes: four of them / acordyng to their aduyse / moost har\u2223dy and cruell persons / of all other. Fyrst they chase Johan Drunaur / Johan Boulle / Rase de Harsell / & Peter du Boys. And all the other people sware to mayntayne and obey them / as their capitayns / on payne of their heedes / that dyde the contrary. and the capitayns sware a\u2223gayne to kepe and maynteyne the honour and fraunchesses of the towne. These foure capy\u2223tayns styrred\nThe captains and their people went from Gaunt to Ypres and Franke. They were to have obeisance from them or else sleep there all. So these captains and their people departed from Gaunt in good array. They were a twelve thousand well-armed men and came to Courtray. The people of Courtray allowed them to enter their town without danger, as it was to their advantage, and they stayed two days. On the third day, they departed and went to Ipre, taking with them two hundred armed men from Courtray, along with their crossbows. They rested and took counsel at Touront and decided to send three or four thousand of their men there and the captain of the White Hats with them to negotiate with Ipre. The great battle was to follow after to support them if necessary. As it was planned, it was done, and they came to Ypres. When the people of Ypres, and especially the common craftsmen, learned of the approaching forces of Gaunt, they armed themselves and took up positions.\nThe market place was filled with five thousand people. The rich men of the town had no power. The knights present, stationed by the earl, went regularly to the gates of Touront. The gauntlet-bearers were outside, desiring free entry. The knights and squires were ready, arrayed before the gate, and showed good defense. In truth, the gauntlet-bearers had never entered without great damage, but the ancient craftsmen of the town, against the knights' will, wanted the gauntlet-bearers to enter. The men of the town left the market place and went to the gate, which the knights kept. They said, \"Sirs, open the gate: let our friends and neighbors from Gaunt enter; we will treat them well.\" The knights answered, \"They shall not enter,\" and said, \"We are stationed here by the earl of Flanders to keep the town, which we will do to the best of our abilities. It lies not in Gaunt's power to enter here.\"\nThe problems in the text are minimal, so I will output the text as-is with a few minor corrections for readability:\n\nThe problems multiplied so greatly between the gentlemEN and the townspeople that they eventually cried out, \"Sell and beat down thee! You shall not be masters of our town.\" A fierce and prolonged struggle ensued in the streets. The knights were unable to resist the townspeople, and five knights were killed. Among the dead were Sir Robert and Sir Thomas Hundrey. This was a significant loss. Sir Henry Dautoynge was in grave danger, but some of the town's wealthy men managed to save him with great effort. However, the gate was opened, and the Gauntois entered and became the lords and masters of the town without any harm. They remained for two days and took pledges from the townspeople, who swore in the same manner and form as those from Bruges, Courtray, Grantmont, and Danne had done, and delivered hostages for the same purpose. Then they departed courteously and returned to Gaunt.\nLord Flaunders, who was stationed at Lyle, understood how the people of Ipre had switched sides to the French. He was greatly displeased for the death of his knights who were killed in the town, as well as other reasons. However, he said, \"If we have lost Ipre at this time, we shall recover it again another time to their disadvantage. For I shall strike off so many of their heads that the rest will be warned by this and be ashamed.\" The earl specifically intended to provide for the town of Andwarpe, both with provisions and good men-at-arms. He supposed that the French would come there and lay siege to it, for he thought it would be a great damage to him if they were lords of that town. Therefore, the earl stationed a large number of knights and squires from Flaunders, Heynalt, and Artois there. And so they were in control there.\nThe captains of Gaunt, who had returned from Ipre to their town, heard that the earl was making great preparations for war against Andwarpe. They determined to lay siege to the town and refused to depart until they had taken it and slaughtered all its inhabitants. They issued a command in Gaunt that every man should be ready to follow them, and provisions such as tents and pavilions were charged. No one disobeyed this call, and they departed from Gaunt, encamping three days' journey before Andwarpe in the meadows by the River Lescalte. Three days later, the men of Bruges arrived and camped on the opposite side of their own town, bringing with them great provisions. The men of Ipre, Propringe, Messanes, and Grantmont also arrived in great array. The forces before Andwarpe numbered over a hundred.\nThousands had made bridges of ships nailed together on the river of Lescalle, connecting one to another. The Earl of Flanders being at Lille was intending to go to Teremont, as he had sent to Almain, to Gerles, and in Brabant, for a great number of knights and squires, and specifically to the Duke of Mons, his cousin, who came to serve him with a great number of knights and squires, and went to Teremont, where he found the Earl of Flanders, who had come there by the frontiers of Hainault and Brabant, and they were both very joyful of his coming. Thus, the siege continued before Andwarpe with many great assaults made by the Flemings, and skirmishes nearly every day, and manly deeds of arms done at the barriers, and men slain and hurt. For the Flemings often adventured themselves foolishly. So that often times by their pride, they were slain and hurt. Within the town there were eight hundred valiant men, knights and squires. And also seven.\nbaro\u0304s as the lorde of Guystels / the lorde Uillers / the lorde Hullut / the lorde Scornayse. flemynges and heno wayes / the lorde Danghen / the lorde Dantoing / the lorde Bosnell / ye lorde of Taux / the lorde of Gomegines / and the thre bretherne sir Johan / sir Dannyell / and sir Josse / the lord of Stanburge / the lorde Carue / sir Gerrarde of Marquelles / the lorde of Cohen / sir Rafe Monteney / sir Henry of Hamede / sir Johan of Gres. And so many knightes that they were a hundred & fyue / and they made good watche / and hadde no trust on them of the towne / and caused them to haue their wyfes and chyldren in to the mynsters and churches / and the bur\u2223gesses to kepe their owne houses / for feare of the gonnes and fyre / the which the flemynges cast often tymes in to ye towne / to haue set the towne a fyre / wherfore they within caused the howses to be couered with erthe / to the entent that the fyre shulde do no hurte.\nTHis siege thus beynge before Ande\u2223warpe the flemynges and capitayns that were there /\nThe Gaunties knew their lord, the earl, was at Teremonde, and the duke of Mons, his cousin, was with him. The Gaunties then sent six thousand men to go there and launch an assault on Teremonde. Rase of Harscell was their captain. They arrived at a small village a league from Teremonde by the River Ture on a Tuesday night, and there they lodged. The Flemings had arranged a certain number of ships to come down the river to attack by water as well as by land. As soon as midnight approached, they armed and prepared to fight, intending to take the lords by surprise and catch them in their beds. However, some men from the countryside were warned and went to alert the watchmen of Teremonde, saying, \"Sirs, take heed. Certain Gaunties lie this night not far from here. We cannot tell what they intend to do.\" The keepers of the watch then took action.\nThe gate went and showed this to Sir Terrey of Bredero, a Holland knight of the watch. When he learned of it, he took a better stance and made the watch more secure, giving warning of it to those in the castle and every house in the town where knights were lodged. And at the point of daylight, the flying enemies approached by land and water, rejoicing to assault. When those in the town and castle saw them approaching, they began to sound their trumpets to rouse all their company, and most of the knights and squires were ready armed. The earl, who was sleeping in the castle, upon learning that the enemies had come to give him assault, rose and armed himself and issued out of the castle with his banner before him. At this time, there was with him Sir Gossuin of Urlai, a great bailiff of Flanders, and the lord of Gau, Sir Gerard of Rashegh, Sir Philip of Mammes, and various others, including Sir Philip of Rungis, Burgundian.\nlords drew under the exiles banner and went to the assault, which was then begotten right fierce and cruel. The Flemish had brought with them in their ships guns and crossbows, with which they shot great quarrels that killed whoever they hit with the stroke. But against the shots of quarrels, they within had a great number of peasants. And the earl also had within many good crossbows which caused much harm among the Flemish. The duke of Mons was there with his banner before him, and in his company were the lord of Bredero, Sir Josse, Sir Ter\u00e9 de la Ware, Sir Wyuant of Chuperoyse, and various others, each doing right well their duty. And at another gate within, there was Sir Robert Dalle, Sir Johan Willayne, and the lord of Wyndscot with Sir Robert marshall. This was a sore assault, both by land and by water. The Flemish had many hurt, and so there were casualties on both sides, but most of the Flemish. For they had sometimes adventured themselves.\nThe assault continued relentlessly from early morning until it was none, and a knight from the earl's party was killed, named Sir Hugh de Reny, a Burgundian, who was a great loss and deeply lamented due to his bravery. He encouraged the gauntlet's men with his words as well as his actions.\n\nThen, in the afternoon, the assault ceased. Rase of Harshill saw that their efforts were in vain and that there were many good and valiant men within Teremond, making it difficult to gain entry. His men also began to tire. He sounded the retreat and withdrew along the river easily, taking back their navy, and the next day they returned to Andwarpe. The siege lasted long there, and the Flemish lords who were there controlled the fields and the river. Therefore, no provisions could enter the town without great difficulty.\nof the side towards Haynald. Sometimes, merchants dared to adventure themselves: when the host was asleep, they would enter the bailiwick of Andwarpe and make their way into the town. Among the assaults that were made, there was one that lasted all day, and new knights were made within the town of Haynald, of Floders, and of Artois. And the new knights came and fought with the Gauntlet-men at the barriers. There was a fierce skirmish and many deeds of arms done, and many fleeing men slain and wounded, but they made little headway, for they feared death little, which only emboldened them further. For when those before them were slain and wounded, those who followed would pull them back and take their place, showing a bold face. Thus continued the assault, which lasted until it was nearly night. Then those of Andwarpe returned to their town, closed their gates and barriers, and then buried those who had fallen.\nThe wounded were dressed and tended to those who were hurt. The Flemish forces, besieging Andwarpe, trusted in their siege to conquer the town and its inhabitants through famine or assault. They knew well that their siege encircled the town so completely that nothing could enter it, neither by land nor water. The long siege caused them little harm because they were in their own country and near their own homes, where they lacked nothing necessary as they had ample provisions and everything in abundance, and at a better price than they could have had in Bruges or in Gaunt. The Earl of Flanders, seeing that there was a great number of knights and squires within the town, doubted greatly about one point, and that was, lest by the long siege they should be famished within. Therefore, he would gladly have welcomed some honorable treaty for himself, for in truth, the war thus waged with his men caused him great distress, it never having been to his advantage.\nThe countess of Artois and her mother, Margaret, countess of Artois, were sorrowful when they learned that the earl of Flanders, their son, was having problems. The countess resided in the city of Arras. She wrote about the matter to the duke of Burgundy, to whom the heritage of Flanders would pass after the earl's death, due to the earl's wife, Lady Margaret. The duke, well-informed about the situation, went to Arras with his council, including Sir Guy de la Tremoille, Sir John of Uylenadam, admiral of France, Sir Guy of Pountiers, and others. The countess of Artois was pleased to see them and showed the duke the war between the earl of Flanders, her son, and his country. She explained how it greatly displeased her and should displease any reasonable man. She also mentioned that a great number of honorable men were in danger within the town of Awnharp and therefore requested the duke to find a solution.\nThe duke answered and said: I am bound to do so, and I will use the best of my power. After the duke departed from Arras, he went to Tournay, where he was received with great joy. The people of Tournay desired peace greatly because of their merchandise to and fro on the river Lescalt, which was then closed for them. The duke of Burgundy sent the abbot of St. Martin to the host before Andwarpe to know if the captains of Guelders would agree to a treaty. The abbot brought good news to the duke of Burgundy; they were willing. So the duke gave them safe conduct to the bridge of Roone, and the same to him. This treaty lasted from morning till night, for the duke went to the bridge of Roone to speak with the Flemings. Then the duke returned to Tournay, and the earl was in his company. This treaty lasted fifteen days, as it was difficult to find means of agreement.\nThe duke and his council would not consent to having Andwarpe beaten down due to the flemings' desire for war. The flemings, who were great, fierce, and arrogant, valued nothing for peace, regarding Andwarpe and all within as yielded. They could not leave without danger. Duke Burgoyne, observing the flemings' pride and unwillingness to negotiate, was uncertain of their intentions. One day, he arranged a safe-conduct for his marshal to enter the town and speak with the knights. The marshal of Burgoyne arrived at Andwarpe and found the company in good condition. Despite their great need for something, they spoke bravely and said, \"Speak to Duke Burgoyne on our behalf, preventing him from making any unfavorable agreements out of fear of us. We are in good condition and have no fear of our enemies.\" This answer pleased Duke Burgoyne greatly.\nThe duke of Burgundy was still at the bridge of Ronne. However, he did not abandon his pursuit for peace. The people of Bruges and Ipswich, along with those from Flanders, were very worried and annoyed, as they saw winter approaching. In council, they said, \"The duke of Burgundy has taken great effort and has come here to us. He has offered that all things be pardoned. The earl, our lord, is to return to Gaunt and stay with us, never to make any pretense of anything past. These things should incline us to peace, and truly we ought to know our lord and not take his heritage from him.\" These words appeased the people of Gaunt, and they agreed to their proposal. On that day, the duke of Burgundy gave a truce to the people of Gaunt, Bruges, Ipswich, and Courtray. And on that same day, it was concluded that the siege should be lifted, and good peace be in Flanders between the earl and his men. The earl was to pardon everything.\nThe earl reserves without exception, and disguises himself in Gaunt. Within a year, they of Gaunt are to rebuild the castle of Dandrehen, which the Gauntois had burned down. For the firm confirmation of these matters, John Prunaux should go to Courtray with the duke, and charters of the peas should be made and sealed on this condition. The duke then returned to Tournay. John Prunaux and John Boulle remained in the host. The next day, the peace was proclaimed between both parties, and the siege was lifted. Every man returned to his own house, and the earl granted permission for all his soldiers to depart. He thanked the strangers for their good service. Afterward, he went to Lysle to finish the alliances that his brother of Burgoyne had made. Some in the surrounding countryside said that this was a peace with two faces, indicating that they would rebel again soon and that the earl would be betrayed.\nOf his part was agreed the peace, but to ensure the safety of the noble knights and squires in war, John Prunaux, after departing from the siege of Andwarpe, went to Tournay. There, the duke of Burgundy received him well and completed the arrangement of the peace. The duke of Burgundy and the earl of Flanders sealed it there. Afterward, John Prunaux returned to Gaunt and reported his success. The duke of Burgundy had earnestly desired peace from Gaunt and spoke sweetly to them, causing them to agree to keep the peace firm and stable between them and Andwarpe. At the beginning of the siege, the Gaunt forces intended to knock down two gates of the town and breach the walls, as they should always be open for them to enter at their pleasure. However, when the earl of Flanders had been away for a certain period at Lysle, and the duke of Burgundy had gone into France, he then went to the town of Bruges.\nand there he stayed a long time after, showing courteously great displeasure to certain burgesses of the town, but he made no other promises among them. His displeasure was because they had so soon forsaken him and turned to the service of the Duke of Lancaster. The burgesses excused themselves, as truth was, that it was not their fault but the fault was in those of the mean craftsmen who needed to be allied to Lancaster when John Lyon arrived. So the earl overcame his displeasure as well as he could, although he thought none the less.\n\nNow let us leave speaking of him and of those from Flanders, and let us return to the business of Brittany.\n\nYou have heard here before: how the Duke of Brittany was in England with King Richard and his uncles, who made him right good cheer, and his land was in war and in great trouble. For the French king had sent there his constable, with a great number of men-at-arms, who were about Pontefract and Mount St. Michael. And\nmade warre to the countre / cyties / & good townes in Bretayne. Wherfore all the countre greatlye desyred the presence of the duke their lorde / and they had sent to hym dyuers messan\u00a6gers and letters / but he durst nat trust all that: tyll the prelates and barones of Bretayne / and all good townes murmured therat / and sayde. We haue sent for our duke by letters dyuers ty\u2223mes / and alwayes he excuseth him selfe. In the name of god quod some / he hath good cause so to do: for we sende for hym to simply. It were well sytting / that we sent to hym a knight or .ii. dyscrete and sage / in whome he myght truste: and they to shewe him playnly / the state of this countre. This purpose was well alowed & hol\u2223den. and so two valyant knightes were chosen to go in to Englande / as sir Geffray of Qua\u2223resmell and sir Eustace Housey. And at the de\u2223syre and request of the prelat{is} and barons / they aparelled them selfe to go in to Englande. & so toke shippyng at Cone / and had wynde at wyll and arryued at Hampton. And fro\nthen they rode until they reached London, where they found the duke of Brittany and the duchess, and Sir Robert Canoll. They were received with great cheer and joy. The knights showed the duke his lord, presenting the entire state and disposition of his country, and how his people desired his return. They delivered him letters of credence from the barons, prelates, and good towns of Brittany. The duke believed the knights and the letters, and was filled with joy. He said he would present the matter to the king and his uncles, and he did so. When the king of England and his uncles were informed of all these matters, and how the prelates, barons, and good towns of Brittany, except Claquy, Clisson, Rohen, La Vall, and Rochefort, had sent for their lord, the duke, desiring him to return to his own country, then the king and his uncles said, \"Sir, it is best that you go into your own country, since you are thus desired, and maintain yourself among your people.\"\nAnd the duke was greatly rejoiced by these words and made himself ready. Shortly after, it was ordered for his departing at Hampton. He took leave of the king and of his uncles, of my lady the princess, and of the duchess his wife. At his departing, he made a great alliance with the king of England and swore to him by his faith that if he were shortly comforted by the English, he would always abide with them and do the best of his power to turn his country English. The king promised him that he would always find the English ready to help him in whatever manner he desired. And so he departed from England with Sir Robert Canoll and the two knights who had come.\nThe earl and one hundred men-at-arms and two hundred archers took shipping at Hampton. They sailed to the port of Guerrande, where they disembarked, and rode to Uennes. The duke received him with great joy, and the entire country rejoiced when they learned of his return. The duke refreshed him there for five days, and then he went to Nantes. There the barons, prelates, knights, squires, ladies, and damsels came to see him, offering him their service and placing themselves under his obedience. They complained greatly about the French and the French court, who were causing much harm in the region. The duke reassured them, saying, \"My friends, I will soon have reinforcements from England, for without English aid, I cannot effectively defend my country against the French, as they are building fortifications against us, seeing that we are not united in our own territory. And when the aid that the king of England sends us arrives, if they have...\"\ndone vs wronge / we shall quyte them agayne. Of these wordes were right ioyfull / all tho that were of the duke of Bretayns parte.\n\u00b6 The same season about saynt Andrues tyde ther dyed sir Charles of Boesme / kyng of Al\u2223mayne and emperour of Rome. And whyle he was lyueng / he dyde so moche: what for golde and syluer / and great alyances that he hadde. That the electours of the emperour / sware and sealed to hym / that after his disceasse / to make his sonne emperour. And to ayde hym / to kepe the siege before Ays / and to abyde with him a\u2223gaynst all men / that wolde deny hym. So that whan he was deed / than Charles his sonne as emperoure: wrote hym selfe kyng of Almayne / of Boesme / and kynge of the romayns.\nTHe same season ther was great cou\u0304saile in Englande / amonge the kynges vn\u2223cles / and the prelates and barons of the realme for to mary their yonge kyng Richarde of En\u2223gland. And thenglysshmen wolde gladly haue had hym to ben maryed in Heynalt / for loue of the good lady quene Philyp / wyfe to kyng\nEdward the third chose a lady, from Heynault, who was renowned for her goodness and grace throughout the realm. However, the duke of Aubert had no daughters to marry. The duke of Lancaster wished for the king to have his eldest daughter, Blanche of Lancaster, as his wife. But the realm would not consent to this for two reasons. The first reason was that the lady was a first cousin, which was too close in blood to marry together. The second reason was that the king should not marry without the realm's consent to gain more influence. Then, there was talk of the king of Bohemia and Rome's daughter for marriage. Every man agreed to this advice. Then, a wise and valiant knight was chosen to go to Bohemia to negotiate this marriage. He had been the king's master and was always near the prince of Wales, the king's father. He was called Sir Simon Burle. The arrangements were made for him.\nAll things necessary for his journey, and then he departed and arrived at Calais. And so to Graveling and then to Bruges: there he found Duke Philip of Brabant and Duke Aubert, the earl of Blois and the earl of St. Pol, Sir William Malyne, and a great number of knights of Heynalt of Brabant and of other places. For there was a great feast and justicing kept: therefore all these lords were assembled. The duke of Brabant and the duchess, for the king of England's sake, received the knight honorably. And when they knew the cause why he went to Almain, they were right glad of it: and said that it should be a good marriage between the king of England and their nephew. And at the knights' departure, they sent letters by him to the king of Almain, showing him how great was their desire and affection that this marriage should take effect. Then the knight departed from Bruges and went to Louvain.\nIn the same season, it was ordained in England that two hundred men-at-arms and four hundred archers should go to Brittany. The chief captain of this journey was Sir John Arundell, and with him went Sir Hugh Carell, Sir Thomas Bany Gaston, Sir Thomas Tryet, Sir Water Pole, Sir John Bourchier, Lord Ferres, and Lord Basset. All these knights assembled at Hampton, and when they had wind, they entered their ships and departed. The first day, the wind was reasonable for them, but against night, it turned contrary to them, and whether they wanted to or not, they were driven along the coast of Cornwall. The wind was so sore and violent that they could not cast anchor, nor did they dare. In the morning, the wind brought them into the rough sea, and by the fury of the tempest, three of their ships broke and went to wreck, where were Sir John Arundell, Sir Thomas Bany Gaston, and Sir Hugh Carell.\nSir Hugh Caurell and a hundred men were on board. Of these, eighty were drowned, and Sir John Arundell, their captain, perished. Sir Hugh Caurell himself, except for him and seven sailors, were all drowned. They held on to tables and masts, and the strength of the wind brought them to shore. However, they had drunk enough water, making them severely sick and uncomfortable. Sir Thomas Tryuet, Sir John Bourchier, the Lord Ferres, the Lord Basset, and others escaped from this danger, but they were greatly troubled. After the tempest had subsided, they returned to Hampton and went back to the king and his uncles, recounting all their adventures, believing that Sir Hugh Caurell had also drowned with the others. However, this was not the case, as he was still alive.\nThe duke of Brittany fell ill in London. This interrupted a journey that would have brought him comfort from the English, which was detrimental to him. For the entire season and following winter, the French waged war on him: the Bretons, led by Sir Oliver Clysson and his company, took the town of Dinan in Brittany due to their control of vessels and barges. The town was plundered and kept against the duke for a long time after. Now, let us return to the business in Flanders.\n\nWhen peace was agreed between the earl of Flanders and those of Gaunt, brokered by the duke of Burgundy, the earl gained much favor in the country. The intention and pleasure of those of Gaunt was to have their lord, the earl of Flanders, dwell with them in Gaunt and keep his household there. The earl was also advised by the provost of Hardebec and those close to him to do so, which would foster great love between him and those of Gaunt.\nThe earl remained at Bruges and did not come to Gaunt, causing great marvel among the good and wealthy of Gaunt, as well as the wise. They desired nothing but peace. However, the players and white hats, and those who desired strife and debate, paid no heed to the earl's coming. They knew well that if he came, they would be corrected for their wicked deeds at last. Nevertheless, those in charge of the law and good men of the town wished for nothing more than for him to come there. They believed they could not have firm peace without the earl's presence. Therefore, twenty-four men were ordered to go to Bruges to show the earl the great affection they had for him. They departed honorably, as befitted them, and it was said to them by the townspeople.\nSirs, do not return to Gaunt without bringing the earl with you. If you do, you will find the gates closed against you. The burgesses of Gaunt rode towards Bruges and between Bruges and Donsey, they heard that the earl was coming to Gauute's ward, which made them very joyful. They had not ridden much further when they met the earl in the fields. Then the burgesses stood still on both sides of the way, and so the earl and his company passed through them. As he passed by, the burgesses bowed low and humbly to the earl, making great reverence. The earl rode through them without paying much attention, just touching his hat slightly, nor did he make any gesture towards them all the way. The earl rode on one side, and the gauntoys on the other, until they came to Donsey, and there they rested, for the earl dined there. The gauntoys went to other lodgings and dined as well.\n\nAfter dinner.\nThe gauntlet-bearers in good array came to the earl and knelt down before him. And there they presented right humbly the affection and service of the town of Gaunt. They showed him how by great love they of Gaunt, who desired so much to have him with them, had sent them to him. And, sir, at our departing they said to us: it was folly for us to return again to Gaunt without bringing you with us. The earl, who right well heard these words, held his peace for a certain space. And at last, when he spoke, he said fairly and softly: Sirs, I believe it is as you say, and that divers of Gaunt desire to have me among them. But I marvel that they remember not, nor will remember of times past, what they have shown me. And I have enforced my towns and brought them to their ententes, and slain my knights in the town of Ipswich. And have done so many treacherous acts.\nAgainst me and my lordship, it is not pleasant for me to record it. I would I could never think about it, but I shall and will, whether I want to or not. A right dear lord, they of Gaunt said, for God's sake, never regard it: you have all things pardoned. It is true, said the earl. For all my words, in due time I will make you never the worse. But I show it to you, sirs, for the great cruelties and felonies I have found in those of Gaunt. Then the earl appeased himself and rose up on his feet and caused them to rise, and said to the lord of Ryselyers, who was by him: go get some wine. So they of Gaunt drank and departed to their lodgings, and tarried there all that night, for so did the earl. And the next day, all together, they rode to warrants Gaunt.\n\nWhen they of Gaunt understood that the earl was coming, they were right joyful, and came and met him, some on foot and some on horseback. And they humbly encouraged themselves low and did him reverence: and he passed by.\nThe earl, without speaking to any of them, slightly inclined his head. And so he came to the Posterne, called it, and dined there. Many presents were given to him by the townspeople. And those of the law of the town came to see him, and humbly inclined themselves to him as reason required. The earl said, \"Sirs, good peace requires nothing but peace. Wherefore I would that these white hats were laid down, and amends be made for the death of my bailiff, for I am greatly required in this matter. Sir, we require your grace with all humility that it may please you to come tomorrow to an open place and there to show your intent to the people. And whatever they see you, they will be so rejoiced that they will do every thing that you desire them, than the earl agreed to their request. Many people in the town knew how the earl should be.\nThe men preached to the people in the market place by 8 o'clock the next morning. The good men were joyful about it, but the fools and outrageous people showed no fear and said they had heard enough and knew what to do. The capitans of the White Hats, Johan Prunaux Rase de Harsell, Peter Boyse, and Johan Boule, doubted that all the matter would be laid at their charge. They spoke together and summoned some of their most outrageous companions. Sirs, they said, take heed tonight and tomorrow, and have your armor ready. Whatever is said to you, do not remove your white hats, and be in the market place tomorrow by 8 o'clock. Do not make any stirring or strife unless it is begun on you, and show this to your companies or else send word. They agreed and it was done. In the morning at 8 o'clock, they came into the market place.\nThe earl gathered all together at the marketplace, but in various plumes. The earl came to the marketplace on horseback, accompanied by his knights and squires, and the men of the town's law. The earl, as he passed through the marketplace, cast his eyes on the white hats, and was greatly displeased with them and so he lit a reed staff and leaned out of a window. There he began to speak wisely, persuading them point by point: the love and affection he had for them or their displeasure of him. He showed how a prince and lord ought to be loved, feared, served, and honored by his men, and how they had acted contrary. He also showed how he had kept and defended them against all men, and how he had kept them in peace, profit, and prosperity in the passages of the sea, which were closed to them. At his first entering into his.\nlande showed them various reasonable points, which wise men understood and grasped clearly, that all he ever said was true. Some gave him good care, and others never white. When he had been there for the space of one hour and had shown them all this and more, he finally said: \"I will be your good lord, in the same manner as I have been in times past. I pardon you all for the injuries, hatreds, and evil wills that I had against you: and I will not hear of such things again. I will keep you in your rights and signories, as was used in times past. However, I desire that you should begin no new things nor customs, and that the white hats should be laid down.\" At all these words that he spoke before, every man held his peace, but when he spoke of the white hats, there was such murmuring and whispering that it could well be perceived.\nfor that reason. Then the earl desired them gently / every man to draw to their own houses. And so every man departed from the place / but the white hats were the first to arrive and the last to leave. And when the earl passed by them, they smiled / and foolishly beheld him / and they made no reverence to him / whereof the earl was sore displeased in his mind / and said to his knights / when he came to his lodging: \"I believe I shall never come easily to my intent / against these white hats / they are unhappy people. My heart gives me / that the matter will not rest long in the case that it is now in. For as far as I can perceive / they are likely to do many evil deeds: for though I should lose all / I cannot suffer them in their pride and evil doings.\"\n\nThus the earl of Flauders stayed there for four or five days / and then departed / so that he returned no more there again. And so he went to Lisle / and there ordered to lie all winter. At his departing from Gaunt / he\nToke leave of no man, but departed in displeasure, wherewith divers of the town were right evil content, and said, \"They should never have any good of him, nor he of them. Nor love each other. And how he was detached from them at that time, as he had been in times past. And that Gilbert Mahewe and his brothers had advised him to do so. Seeing he was detached so suddenly from Gaunt, Johan Prunaur, Rase Harsell, Peter de Boyse, Johan Boule, and the evil captains were right joyous of his departing, and sowed lewd words about in the town. Saying, \"That some lord and his men will break the peace.\" Wherefore they said, \"It was good that every man took heed of himself, and that they provided for the town, corn and other victuals: as neither for John Lyon nor for Gilbert Mahewe, nor for their wars or enmities, they would never depart separately. For whatever war there was between one or other, they would be ever all one, and ever ready to defend the town.\"\nThe French inhabitants of their town, which was well seen after: for they waged war for seven years. During this time, there was never a dispute among them in the town. This was the thing that sustained and kept most things, both within and without. They were in such unity that there was no distance among them, as you will later learn in this history.\n\nIt was not long after the earl of Flanders had departed from Gaunt and returned to Lille, that Sir Oliver Dauterne, cousin of Roger Dauterne, who had been slain in Gaunt, sent his defiance to the town of Gaunt for his cousin's death, and in the same way did Sir Philip of Maymes and others. After their defiances were made, they found a forty-ship fleet and the sailors joining them from the burgesses of Gaunt, who were coming up the river of Lescalle, laden with corn. And there they avenged them for the death of their cousin on these ships and sailors. For they all hewed down the sailors.\nThe men of Gaunt closed their eyes and were sent away, maimed as they were. This was a great insult to Gaunt's people, who took it as a grave injury. The learned men of Gaunt, to whom the complainants came, were greatly displeased and did not know what to say. Much murmuring was in the town, and most of Gaunt's people said that the Earl of Flanders was to blame. So, without speaking a word to the law, Johan Prunax, the captain of the White Hats, took the largest part of his followers and departed from Gaunt and came directly to Warpe. When he entered first, there was no watch or keepers, for they feared no man. And so he and his company entered through the gate, numbering over five thousand. The next day, they attacked and took the town.\nThe earl was displeased when he learned that John Prunaur had stolen in to Andwarpe and destroyed two gates with the walls and towers between them. The earl sent some of his counsel to Gaunt, expressing the great outrage they had caused and stating that they were untrustworthy for making any peace. He pointed out that the peace, which the Duke of Burgoyne had labored and paid dearly to create, had now been broken.\nThe men of Gaunt spoke up and excused themselves, stating that they had not intended to breach the peace, nor had they ever wished to do so. Although John Prunaur had committed the offense against the earl, the town of Gaunt would not condone or support it in any way. They spoke plainly and truthfully, adding that the earl had given his consent for their actions, as they had been issued from his house. Those who had carried out this great outrage had killed and maimed our burgesses, which was a great inconvenience to the entire town. As to John Prunaur's actions at Andwarpe, we do not believe it was done for revenge. We do not claim this, for according to the terms of the peace treaty, we can prove and show this if we wish. We also take note of the duke of Burgoyne's actions, as we could have brought Andwarpe to the same state it is now in. However, at the duke of Burgoyne's request, we allowed and endured it to be undone as it was.\nThe earl's commissioners spoke. It appears, according to your words, that you have caused this to be done, and you cannot excuse yourself in this matter. Since you knew that John Purnar had gone to Andwarpe with an army of men-at-arms, and by stealth under the pretense of peace, had broken down the gates and walls there, you should have gone beforehand and defended them from such outrages. The duke of Burgundy, who made the peace, was shown all your complaints. They of Lancaster had made preparations for themselves.\n\nThe hearing of the proceedings of this process is worthy of marvel, for the marvelous matter contained therein. Some give the right of the war, which was at that time great and cruel in Flanders, to the earl of Lancaster. They say that they had a good and just cause to make war. But I cannot see or understand, as yet, that this was the case. For I have never seen or heard that the earl loved war rather than peace. He always reserved his highness and honor. Did he not?\nat their desire/deliver their burgher out of his prison of Erclo? And yet, for all that they slew his bailiff: and then he again pardoned them for that great outrage/to intend to keep them in peace. And over that again, on a day/they mobilized the entire country of Flanders against him/and slew in the town of Ipre/five of his knights. And went and assaulted and besieged/and warped and did their pain/to have destroyed it. And yet again they had peace from the earl; but for all that/they would make no amends/for the death of Roger Dauterne/whose lineage often requested it. Therefore they somewhat avenged the death of their cousin/by whom all this war and mischief was begun. Was this yet any reasonable cause/why they should destroy the walls of Andwarpe? I think and so did many others/it was no occasion so to do. They said the earl was rather in their debt than they in his/and that he should make amends for that/which had been.\nJohn Prunaur was banished from Ghent and all Flanders because, through his advice, the commons had taken and warped the town of Ghent without the earl's knowledge. And on the other hand, the earl banished from all Flanders: Sir Philip of Mamines, Sir Oliver Dauteren, the Galoys of Manes, the bastard of Wydrymines, and all those who were causing disturbances among the mariners, burgesses of Ghent, without the earl's knowledge. As a result of these banishings, both parties were appeased. So John Prunaux abandoned the country of Flanders and went to Athens in Brabant, and Sir Philip of Mamines went to Valencennes in the county of Hainault. But when they of Ghent learned of this, they did something to the provost of Valencennes, John Patryse, who, in a fair manner, caused the said knight to depart thence. And so he departed with good will and went to Warlam beside Dowaai, and there he stayed until he heard other news.\nand the other knights and squires evacuated Floders and entered Brabant. As soon as the earl had regained possession, he set workers to work and repaired the town better than it had been before, improving both the walls, gates, and ditches. The inhabitants knew well how the earl had fortified and repaired, but they showed no sign of it, for they would not make any faults, as in breaking the peace. But the fools and outlawed people said among themselves, \"Let the earl be alone in his work, for though he may fortify and prepare, it cannot withstand us if we wish.\" For all this peace in Flanders, the earl and those of Gaunt were always in suspicion of each other, and vice versa, as there were constant reports brought to the earl about them. Johan de Faucyll went and lived at Nazareth in a fair house that he had, a league from Gaunt; and there he remained, dissociating himself as much as he could.\n& wolde nat be in counsayle with the\u0304 of Gaunt / bycause he wolde nat be noted by the erle. And also he kept him fro the erle as moche as he myght / to kepe him still in loue with the\u0304 of Gaunt. Thus he swamme bitwene two waues / makyng him selfe newter / as nere as coulde. In the meane tyme whyle the erle repayred the towne of And warpe he procured soo moche by his letters / to his cosyn the duke of Burgoyne / to sende hym Johan Prunaur beyng at Athe / that so he dyd / and sent hym to the erle / and so he was sent to Lysle and there beheeded / and than sette one a whele lyke a traytour. Thus dyed John\u0304 Pru\u00a6naur. Than ye erle went to Ipre / and dyd there great Justyce / and beheeded many yuell ruled people / suche as had before been at the dethe of hys fyue knyghtes / there slayne / and had ope\u2223ned ye gates to them of Gaunt / and this he dyd to thentent that other shulde take ensample by them.\nOF all these maters ye gauntoyse were well enfourmed / wherfore they douted more than they dyde before / and specyally\nThe captains who had been out on journeys and beforehand warned each other, saying among themselves, \"Certainly, if the earl can: he will destroy us all, for he will have nothing but our lives. Has he not put to death John Prunar? To tell the truth, we did John Prunar great wrong when we banished him from us. Therefore, we are culpable for his death, and to the same end we shall all come, if he can get us at his will. Therefore, let us take good care of ourselves.\" Then Peter de Boyse said, \"Sirs, if you will believe me: not a house will stand upright of any gentleman in the country around Gaunt. For by reason of the gentlemen's houses that are now standing, we may all be destroyed if we do not take heed to it in time and provide for some remedy. That is the truth,\" said all the others, \"let us go forth and bring them all down.\" Then the captains Hetter du Boyse, Johan Boule, Rase de Harssell, Johan de Launoy, and various others with their companies departed on a day.\nThe men from Ghent burned and destroyed all the gentlemen's houses around there and took all that was in them. They distributed it among themselves. When they had finished, they returned to the town and caused great displeasure to the men of Ghent. With them was a knight from Heynalt named Sir James of Urchen.\n\nWhen the Ghentish saw themselves mocked and warred against by the gentlemen of Flanders, they were very angry about it. They considered sending a message to Earl Aubert, Earl of Heynault, asking him to find a way to make these gentlemen stop their war against them. But after careful consideration, they decided it would be better for them to endure their pain. They were certain Earl Aubert would do nothing for them, nor would they displease him or do anything that would displease him. They believed they could live well without the favor of his country. If Holland, Zeeland, and Heynault had been closed off from them, they thought they could manage on their own.\nThey abandoned their purpose and consulted another plan: to summon the knights and squires of Hainault who held heritages, rents, or revenues in Gaunt or its vicinity, requiring them to serve or face loss of their rights and revenues. They dispatched this message but received little response, as they placed little weight on their commands. In turn, the people of Gaunt sent word to Lord Dautoyng and Sir Herne, an heretical resident in Gaunt and constable of the town, commanding them to serve or face loss of their rights there. Since they failed to come or refused, the people of Gaunt destroyed their houses. Lord Dautoyng informed them that he would serve them at their expense and destruction, and warned them not to trust him but to regard him as their enemy, holding allegiance only to the lord of Flanders, to whom he owed service and obedience.\nLord Dauntless kept his promise; for he waged mortal war against them and caused them great damage, making great provision in his castle, which Daighan, the young squire of Daunheim, did much to their disadvantage. Additionally, the lord of Daunheim, who was called Gaultier, also did great displeasure to Gauntsmen. The war continued in this manner, and the Gauntsmen dared not leave their town without being in large companies. When they found any of their enemies, they showed no mercy, but slaughtered all before them. The war became increasingly cruel between the Earl of Flanders and the Gauntsmen, costing the lives of over a hundred thousand men.\n\nTwice it was reported. It was a great effort to find an end or peace; for the captains of Gaunt knew well that they had trespassed against their lord, the Earl of Flanders, and against the Duke of Burgundy. Yet they thought they would never have peace.\nBut if it meant costing them their lives, they believed they should maintain the war against the earl and the gentlemen of Flanders. This doubt and fear led them to this opinion and kept the war going against the earl of Flanders. Furthermore, this fear gave them courage, as their adventures will be detailed in the story.\n\nThe earl of Flanders, being at the council, argued that it would be a great folly for them not to offer counsel or aid to their earl of Flanders, to their own detriment or harm. They wanted only peace, love, obedience, and service to their lord. Therefore, they believed their lord had done great wrong, and all that they did was to endure the tyranny and liberties that their lord imposed upon them in his cruelty. The king inclined towards them, without any apparent coercion. Similarly, the duke of Anjou, his brother, did so, despite the earl of Flanders being their cousin. However, he was not greatly in their favor because of the duke.\nThe earl of Breton, whom he kept with him in his country against their wills for a long time: Therefore, they paid little heed to his business. Pope Clement took no further action, as he said that God had sent the earl of Flanders as punishment because he was his enemy and allied with Pope Urban against him.\n\nAt the same time, the good knight and the French court, Sir Bertrand of Clermont, were in Auvergne with a great number of armed men. They laid siege before the new castle of Roudon, three leagues from the city of Puy in Auvergne, and had besieged within it nine Englishmen and Gascons, enemies of the realm of France. These had issued out of Limousin, where there were many fortresses. The constable gave many fierce assaults to the castle and swore that he would never depart until he had it at his pleasure. But then a great sickness took him, and he lay in bed; nevertheless, the siege did not break up, for his men were angrier than before.\n\nOf this siege.\nSir Bertram died, causing great harm to his friends and to the realm of France. He was born in Pied, and there, one night, the office of the constable of France was vacant. It was then ordained and decided who should be constable. Various great barons of France were named, including the lord of Clisson and the lord of Coucy. The king wanted the lord of Coucy to have the office and to be regent of all Picardy. The king gave him all the land of Mortain, which was a fair heritage lying between Tours and Valenciennes. Sir James Verchyne was put out of it, who was constable of Heynalt. He held it by the succession of his father, who had been lord there for a long time before. The lord of Coucy was in great favor with the French king, and the king wanted him to be constable of France, but the noble knight excused himself by various reasons and would not take it upon himself.\nAnd he said, \"Sir Oliver Clysson was more worthy than he to have it, for he was a worthy knight, hardy and beloved and known among the Bretons. So the matter remained a long time. Then Sir Bertram's men returned to France, and the castle yielded up the same day that he died, and they of the garrison went to Limousin to the gascon of Ventadour. When the free king saw the constable's men, he gave them great gifts.\n\nNow let us leave them and show how Sir Thomas Earl of Buckingham, youngest son of King Edward the Third, raised a great army of men-at-arms and archers and passed through the realm of France and went to Brittany.\n\nWe have heard before: how the duke of Brittany departed from England, and King Richard and his uncles had promised him to send men of arms and archers to aid him. The king kept his promise, but ill fortune came of it: for Sir John Arundell was sent there with two hundred men.\nThey had such misfortune with arms that they were nearly all perished in the sea due to tempest. Sir Hugh Carell and Sir Thomas Tryet were saved with great pain. There were perished forty archers and as many men of arms or more. This army was broken for a time. The duke of Brittany was greatly astonished and all those on his side that they could hear no word from them. They could not consider or imagine what prevented them. Desiring to have some comfort, they were sore pressed by Sir Oliver of Clisson, Sir Guy de la Val, Sir Oliver of Clesqui, earl of Langueuil, and the lord Rochforte, and the Frenchmen who lay about the borders of Brittany. Then the duke was advised to send sufficient messengers to England to know the reason why they did not come and to hasten them, for they needed their help. The lord of Beaumont and Sir Eustace Housay were desired by the duke and by them.\nThe knights took on their voyage to England. They answered they were content to go. They had letters from the duke of Brittany and from the court, and so they departed and took shipping. They had wind and weather at their pleasure and arrived at Hampton. This was about Whitsontide, the year of our Lord God, 1384.\n\nThe king of England was immediately informed of their coming. So the king went to Windsor to keep the feast of Pentecost there, and with him his uncles and a great number of barons and knights of England. And there came these two aforementioned knights of Brittany and were honorably received by the king and his uncles, and by all others. They delivered their letters there, and the king and his uncles read them and knew thereby that the duke of Brittany and his court earnestly desired their aid and comfort. There these two knights\nA knight knew of the death of Sir Johan Arundell and the others perished in the sea, going towards Brittany. The duke of Lancaster excused the matter and said, \"The king nor his council was in no fault, but the fortune of the sea, against which no man can resist when God wills it so. So the knights held the king excused, and greatly lamented the death of those knights, so perished in the sea. The feast of Petham passed, and then they held a parliament at Westminster, and there was the king's entire council. And in the same meanwhile, at London, Sir Richard Danvers, earl of Huntingdon, died and was buried in the friars Augustine's. The king caused his obsequies to be done right honorably, with a great number of prelates and barons of England, and the bishop of London sang the mass. Then immediately after began the parliament, and there it was ordained that Sir Thomas Woodstock, youngest son of King Edward III, was made heir to the throne. And various other matters were dealt with.\nbarons, knights, and squires with him should pass the sea and land at Calais and then, by God's grace, travel through France with three thousand men-at-arms and an equal number of archers, coming into Brittany like the son of a king. He took on a great enterprise to pass through the realm of France, which is so great and noble, and in which there is such noble chivalry and valiant men of arms. When these matters were thus determined and the voyage agreed upon, King England and his uncles sent letters to the duke of Brittany and to the country, giving them knowledge of their intentions and of the council and parliament they had concluded at London. Sir Thomas Woodstock, earl of Buckingham, youngest son of King Edward III, would soon pass the sea to come and aid them. The king of England honored these knights of Brittany greatly and gave them generous gifts, and so did the king in turn.\nhis uncles and they departed and returned to Britain, delivering their letters to the duke. He opened and read them, and showed them to the lords and knights of his country, who were well pleased with his answer. The king of England and his uncles did not forget the voyage that was planned, but sent for all those who were chosen and appointed to go with the earl of Buckingham. They were both barons, knights, squires, and others. And they were paid for their wages at Dover for three months, their wages beginning as soon as they should arrive at Calais. Their passage was given to them freely and frankly, and so they passed little by little and arrived at Calais within fifteen days. Those of Boulogne saw well how men-at-arms and archers were issued from England and landed at Calais, and gave knowledge of this throughout the country and to all the French garrisons.\nThe entente was that they should take heed every man to his part. So that when these tidings were known in Bolonoyse, Thoronyse, and in the county of Guyenes, knights and squires of the countryside drew into the fortresses and put therein all that they had for fear of losing it. The captains of Bolonoyse, Arde, Monteire, Spirlo que, Tornehen, and of other castles on the borders there, intended greatly to provide for their places, for they thought, seeing the Englishmen were come over in such a number, that they should have some assaults given to some of them. The tidings of this passage of the Englishmen were brought to King Charles being at Paris. Then in Flanders he sent to the Lord Coucy to Saint Quintin that he should provide forces and go into Picardy to comfort his cities, towns, castles, and fortresses there. The Lord Coucy obeyed the king's commandment, as it was reasonable, and he made a summons of knights.\nThe squires of Picardy, Arthoyse, and UerTERmandoyse met at Peron in Uermandoyse. At the same time, the lord of saint Piere was captain of Arde and of Boloyne, and Sir John Bouillers was present. This Sir Thomas of Wodstocke, youngest son of Earl Edward the third, arrived at Calais three days before Maudlyn tide, in the year of our Lord God 1388.\n\nWhen Earl Buckingham arrived at Calais, the company was filled with great joy, as they did not expect to stay long but to set out on their voyage. Earl Buckingham remained two days at Calais and departed on the third day, taking the road to Marquegnes. I would be reasonable to list the names of the banners and pensons that were there with the earl. First, Earl Buckingham himself; Lord Stafford, who had married his niece, the daughter of Lord Couey and Lord of Dymeste; these lords rode with displayed baners. Lord Spenser, constable of the host, and Lord Fitzwater were also present.\nThe Lords Bassette, Bourgthyer, Ferres, Morlay, Parsy, Sir William Wynsore, Sir Hugh Hastyngs, and Hughes, all by one consent rode with their standards and pennons: Sir Thomas Percy, Sir Thomas Tryet, Sir William Clynton, and Yon. When the chosen barons, knights, squires, and their company had rested at Marquegnes for three days, and every man of their company had come to them from Calais, and the captains had determined what way to take, they departed and went as far as they came before Arde. There they rested before the bastion of Arde, to then intend to show themselves before the men-at-arms within the fortress. And there were made new knights by the Earl of Buckingham: the Earl of Dymestre, and also the Lord Morlay. And then these two knights put forth their banners, and furthermore the Earl made knights: all such as follow. First, the Lord Fitzwaters' son, Sir [Name].\nRoger Strange, sir John, sir John Coll, sir James Tytiell, sir Thomas Ramston, sir Johan Neuell, and sir Thomas Roste, and all the host went and lodged at Hosque. These newly made knights were caused by the vowarde, who went the same day to a strong house standing on the river side, called Folant. Within was a squire: owner of the house, named Robert. He was a good man of arms and had well fortified his house with good men of arms, whom he had obtained in the area, to the number of forty. And they made a good show of defeating themselves and their house. These barons and knights, in their new knighthood, encircled the tower of Folant, and began fiercely to assault them within. And they within defended themselves valiantly. There were many feats of arms done, and they within, holy and quickly together, hurt various assaultants who had come too close, for they had within various good crossbows sent.\nThe captain of St. Omer, at the squire's request, kept his house defensively due to his fear that the English would pass by. He acted valiantly. Then the Earl of Dymestre spoke a high word as he stood on the dikes, his banner before him. His words greatly encouraged his people. \"Sirs,\" he said, \"how is it that this pitiful dwelling holds against us for so long? The strong places and fortresses in the realm of France will hold out against us, since this small house endures so long. Sirs, let us show our new chivalry. Those who heard these words took them to heart and entered the dikes, coming hard upon the walls. And there, the English archers shot so fiercely together that scarcely any dared to appear at their defense. There were many slain and wounded.\nThe base court was won and burned. First, they defended themselves valiantly and no man within was wounded to death. Thus, the house of Folant was taken, and Robert Folant was taken prisoner by the earl of Dymeste, and all the tenants were taken prisoners by his men. They lodged on the river Houske, awaiting Sir William Windsor, who led the rearguard and was not yet come, but he arrived the same night. The next day they dislodged and rode to Esperleque, where they lodged. The captain of Saint Omers, seeing the Englishmen so near, increased the watch of the town for that night they watched.\n\nThe next morning, about sir of the clock, the Englishmen dislodged and rode before Saint Omers. And when they of the town saw the Englishmen coming, they armed themselves and ordered themselves in the market place to go to the gates and walls. Young knights and squires thought to prove themselves.\nThemselves and rode to the town's barriers. They waited to justify themselves with some knighted or squires in the town but received no answer. They returned again to the half. The same day that the earl came before St. Omer, he made new knights. First, Sir Rale Neuell, Sir Bartylme Bourgechter, Sir Thomas Camoyse, Sir Fouke Corbette, Sir Thomas Danglure, Sir Raf\u00e9 Perypas, Sir Ayles of St. Albine, and Sir John Paul. These new knights, in their first chivalry to prove themselves, rode to the town's barriers.\n\nWhen the Gascons in the county of Bordeaux, Artois, and Guines saw the Englishmen's deaths and their unyielding advance, they expressed their intentions to each other and decided to pursue the English host, thinking they could gain something from it. They gathered together and assembled under the standard of the Lord of Fresnes and of the Lord of St. Pi. They were two hundred spearmen.\nThe French pursued the English but could not get an advantage as they kept close to Guyder without causing disorder. At times, the French encountered English foragers and overthrew them. The host lodged at Bethwyn and stayed for a day. I will explain why.\n\nYou have heard before how King Richard of England, through the advice of his uncles and counselors, sent an embassy to the king of Romans to arrange his sister's marriage. The king of Romans agreed, with the counsel of his great barons, and sent Sir Simon Burle, the duke of Cassano, to advise the realm of England and assess its suitability for his sister. However, the cardinal of Ravensburg was already in England, who sided with Pope Urban and converted the English to Urban's opinion. Harried by the arrival of the envoys.\nThe duke, at the king of England's desire and the duke of Brahantes's, along with his entire company, had a truce. The next day they took leave of each other. The Almain army came to Aire and Saint Omer, and the earl and his host went to Liques. The lord of Saint Piers and the lord of Fresnes pursued the host. In the morning, the host disengaged and went towards Bethwyn. In the town, there was a great gathering of knights and squires, including the lord of Couty, Lord Hagest's Sir John and Sir Trystram of Roye, and Sir Giles, lord of Fresnes. They demanded nothing but battle, which they would have if the king our lord grants it or they have completed their pilgrimage. The earl of Buckingham passed by Arras in good order of battle and lodged at Anette. The next day at Myramount, and then to Clery on the river Somme. When the lord of Coucy was at Arras,\nThe same night that the Englishmen lodged at Clarie, certain knights among them, including Sir Thomas Trieuet, Sir William Clynton, and Sir John of Fitzwaren, following the instructions of their lord Uarchyne, who knew the countryside well, and who knew that the Lord of Coucy was with a great number at Arras, thinking surely that he would ride the next morning to see if they could meet any of their English foragers, for they knew well his desire was to do deeds of arms. So the Englishmen with a thirty-spear retinue rode out and followed far from their foragers on an adventure. The same day, the Lord Coucy departed from the city of Arras with a great company, and took his way towards Saint Quintines. And when he was in the fields, the Lord of Brimewe and his children departed from the Lord Coucy's company.\nThree spheres: like men who desired to find adventures. And suddenly, the French men and Englishmen met each other, so that there was no remedy but to fight. They cried their cries, and at their first meeting, many were overwhelmed, slain, and injured on both sides. Many deeds of arms were done, and then a foot was planted and fought valiantly, so that for the space of one hour, none could tell which side had the better. However, finally, the Englishmen had the victory, and Sir Thomas Tryet took the Lord of Brimewe and his.\n\nHopkin Haye mounted on good horses. And so they rode to the barriers of the town, and within the seneschal of Heynault were fifty spearmen. He caused the barriers to be opened, and he had thought to have trapped those riders, and so fell to chasing them. They fled towards their bushment. And when they of the bushment saw the Frenchmen chase their company, they issued out of their bushment.\nFor when the seneschal and his company saw that great number against them, they returned and fled. The English followed after as fast as their spurs would drive their horses. The French found the barriers open, as it happened for them. However, they were so near followed that several of them were taken prisoners, including Sir Richard of Marquilles, Sir Loyes of Verchy, Honarde of Honardery, and Vital of St. Hilary, and ten other men of arms. The others saved themselves. And when the English knew that the seneschal, the lord of Haurate, and the lord of Clery, and twenty other knights had escaped, they were sorry and said, \"If we had taken them, they would have paid forty thousand francs.\" And so they returned to the host and there was no more done that day. The host stayed three days at Cley and thereabouts, and on the fourth day, they departed and went to the abbey of Vancyll, three leagues from Cambray.\nAnd the next day towards Saint Quintines. The same day, a company of the duke of Burgundy rode broad a thirty spears and came from Arras to Saint Quintines. Sir Thomas Tryvet, Sir Yon FytzWaren, and the lord of Vervain, and various other Englishmen, encamped beforehand with their tents, as they would have taken lodging, they encountered the Burgundians and fought together. But it lasted not long, for anon the Burgundians were discovered and fled away, saving as many as might. However, Sir John Moray still stood in the place and his banner before him, and fought valiantly. But finally he was taken, and ten men-at-arms with him. Then the Englishmen went to Fouzon, two leagues from Amiens, and there the warden lodged.\n\nThe next morning, the earl of Buckingham had mass. He took his way towards Saint Quintines, in which town there was a great number of men-at-arms, but they issued not out. There were certain scouts that ran to them.\nThe barriers were soon passed, but the host continued without delaying. He went to Origny, Saint Benet, and lodged there. In the town of Origny was a fair abbey of nuns, and at that time the abbess there was an aunt to the lord of Vertayne, who was in command. Therefore, at his request, the abbey and town were saved from burning, and the earl lodged in the abbey. However, the same evening and the following morning, there was great fighting at Ryllemont, not far from the host. Many were killed and wounded on both sides. The host then departed from Origny and went to Cressy. He passed by Uaux, beside Laon, and lodged at Sissonne. The next day they crossed the river of Aigne at the bridge of Ware, and went on to Hermouville and Hormisy, four leagues from Reines. They found nothing in their path, as everything was taken into the good towns and fortresses. The French king had abandoned all that his men could get to his mercy of arms.\nIn the countryside, the Englishmen had great need, particularly for flesh. They decided to send envoys to Reims to negotiate the sending of provisions to their host - a certain quantity of beasts, bread, and wine. The people of Reims replied that they would do nothing at their request; the Englishmen were greatly displeased with this answer. Within a week, their cavalry burned over sixty villages in the marches of Reims. The Englishmen also had reliable information that the people of Reims had a large number of beasts in their possession. The English advanced and ordered their men to enter the ditches, chasing out all the beasts. None dared to issue from the town or make a sally, for the archers were on the ditches and shot at them. The English showed them how they would burn all their corn unless they sent out bread and wine to their host. The people of Reims doubted this and sent Sir [NAME].\nChares were laden with as much bread and wine as they could carry, and in this way, their corn was saved from burning. Thus, the English passed by Reines in good battle order, and went to Beaumont, having passed the river beside Reines. And when they disengaged from Beaumont on the river, they found the bridge broken. However, stays and posts stood still, and there they found planks and timber, and so they made the bridge again and passed over, lodging in the villages about Maren. The next day they came to the town of Vertues, and there was a great skirmish before the castle, and many were sorely hurt. They lodged in the town of Vertues, and in the night the town was burned, all save the abbey where the earl was lodged; otherwise, it would have been burned as well. For the people of the town had withdrawn into the castle and would give nothing to save it. The next morning the host disengaged and passed by the castle of Moymer, which belonged to the heritage of the lord of Chastellon.\nThe scrimshawers came to the smiths and passed through, lodging near Playing, approaching the city of Troyes. The next day they were at Plancy on the river of Aube. Then they rode on, the lord of Newcastle and John his brother, Raymond of St. Marsin, Gascony men, and other Englishmen, about twenty spears of one and other. But they found none in sight for a long while, which greatly displeased them. At last they saw a large company of armed men approaching from the fields, which was the lord of Hangest and his men. Then the Englishmen and Gasconys urged their horses with their spurs and followed after them. The lord of Hangest had taken notice of them and feared they might be a larger company than they actually were and said to his men, \"Sirs, let us ride towards Plancy and save ourselves, for the English have discovered us, and they are near to us. Let us save ourselves in the castle of Plancy.\" So they withdrew there.\nEnglishmen fled quickly after him. A man-at-arms of the lord of Uertagnes, an expert in arms named Peter Berton, well-mounted, laid his spear aside and chased after the Lord of Hastings, who fled before him. Peter's spear point touched the Lord of Hastings' back, intending to strike him from his saddle. However, the Lord of Hastings lost neither saddle nor stirrup, and yet the other man-at-arms continued to pursue him with the spear point at his back. Thus, he reached Plancy. And upon entering the castle, the Lord of Hastings dismounted so suddenly and entered a foot into the ditch. The castle's inhabitants intended to save him, and so they came to the barrier, and there was a great scuffle. They of the castle shot fiercely, for they had many good crossbows. Many valiant deeds of arms were done by both sides. With great pain, the Lord of Hastings was saved, who fought valiantly.\nThe lord of Vauwardes, Sir Thomas Tryet, Sir Hugh Cavell, and various others came there, resulting in a battle, as about thirty and the base court of the castle were burned and the castle assaulted on all sides. This was well defended, and the mills around Plancy were burned and destroyed. Therefore, the host drew together and passed the river Aube at the bridge at Angle and rode towards Valant on the river Saine. Thus, that day, the lord of Hangest was in great danger.\n\nThe same day, the lord of Vauwardes, Sir Thomas Tryet, Sir Hugh Cavell, the lord of Vertaine, his bastard brother Peter Berton, and various others rode out and encountered Sir John of Roye and a twenty-spear retinue riding to Troyes with the duke of Burgundy. The English spotted them and followed as fast as they could drive their horses. The Frenchmen thought to save themselves, for they were not men of note.\nAnd yet most part saved themselves by staying put. Sir John of Roy and others put themselves within the barriers of Troyes, as they were open. In turning against the English, they took four prisoners who were coming to save themselves. Among them was a squire of the duke of Burgundy (called Gyon), an expert in arms. His horse was right sore chafed. So he rested in the field and had a miry pool behind him, where he fought valiantly against two Englishmen who spoke to him in English and demanded that he yield. But he didn't understand what they said. The bastard of Verneuil, as he returned from the chase, came to them and said to the squire in French, \"Yield to me.\" And when he understood him, he replied, \"What are you?\" The bastard answered truthfully, \"I am a gentleman.\" The squire said, \"Then I yield to you.\" And so he gave him his gauntlet and sword. The Englishmen then wanted to kill him in the bastard's presence.\nIn Had\u00e8s, he refused to take their prisoner from him, despite the bastard being stronger than they. That night, a quarrel arose over this before the marshals, and all matters were considered. The bastard kept the prisoner, who was ransomed by him the same night, and trusted him on his faith, sending him the next day to Troyes. The host lodged at Balade on the river Sa\u00f4ne and came to a village a league from Troyes called Bernare-saint-Symphorien, where the great lords held a great council together.\n\nIn the city of Troyes, the duke of Burgundy had made his summons there, as he had intentions and was willing to see an encounter between the English and himself between the river Sa\u00f4ne and the Yonne. The barons, knights, and squires of France desired nothing else. But Charles, the French king, would not agree in any way due to doubts about fortune. He recalled much the great losses and damages: the nobles of his realm had suffered.\nThe Duke of Burgundy, along with the Dukes of Bourbon, Bar, and Bare, the Earl of Euse, Lord Coucy, Sir John of Uyen admiral of the sea, Lord of Uyenne and of St. Croy, Sir James of Uyenne, Sir Water of Uyen, Lord of Tremoille, Lord of Vergy, Lord of Rengemont, Lord of Hambey, Seneschal of Heynal, Lord of St. Pi, Baron of Habers, Lord of Roy, Vicomte Dassey, Sir William bastard of Langers, and more than two thousand knights and squires, were present. It was shown to me how Lord Tremoille was sent by the Duke to King Charles in Paris to obtain permission to fight against the English: he had not yet returned on the day the English arrived before Troyes. The French within Troyes thought for certain that the English would not pass by without looking at the town.\nThey built outside the town a large battering ram, capable of holding a thousand men. In the evening, within the host, in the same season that these heralds should have completed their message, the Duke of Burgoyne and the lord with him were preparing their men for battle. The English believed truly that they would have battle, so new knights were made. First, Sir Thomas Tryet rolled up his banner and brought it to the Earl of Buckingham, saying, \"Sir, if it pleases you, I shall display my banner today. Thanked be God, I have sufficient revenues to maintain it. The Earl replied, \"It pleases me right well, Sir Thomas.\" Then the Earl took the banner and gave it to Sir Thomas, and Sir Thomas said, \"I pray God give you grace to do nobly this day and always after.\" Sir Thomas then took the banner and displayed it, and gave it to a squire whom he trusted. Then he went to the ward.\nfor he was ordained to do so / by the captain the lord Latymer / and by the marshal the lord Fitzwater. And there were made new knights: as Sir Peter Berton / Sir John and Sir Thomas Paulet / Sir John Singleton / Sir Thomas Dortingnes / Sir John Wassecoq / Sir Thomas Brasey / Sir Johan Braune / Sir Henry Vernyer / Sir Johan Coleuill / Sir William Eurart / Sir Nicholas Stingule / and Sir Hugh Lunyt. And all these went to the first battle / because to be at the first skirmish. Then the earl called for a gentle squire of the county of Savoy / who had been desired before to have been made a knight / both before Ardres and Saint Omers. This squire was called Rafe of Gremers / son to the earl of Gremers. The earl of Buckingham said to him, \"Sir, / if it please God, / I think we shall have this day battle / therefore I will that you be a knight.\" The squire excused himself / and said, \"Sir, I thank you for your nobleness that you would put me unto. But, sir: I will never be a knight / without I am made by the proper ceremony.\"\nthe earl of Sauoy's hands were examined in battle, and he was examined no further. It was a great pleasure for the Englishmen to keep the French in the field, and the French prepared in their bastion, for they thought at least to have some skirmish. Thinking that such men as the English would never pass by without some manner of face or skirmish. The duke of Burgundy was there, unarmed, outside the town, and so all knights and squires passed by him to the bastion, causing such a press that no man could go forward, nor the heralds could go forward or backward, preventing them from coming to the duke to deliver their messages as they were commanded.\nBeside the earl of Buckingham's command to the two heralds, there were various others who said to them, \"Sirs, go forth and deliver your messages, and besides that, tell the duke of Burgundy that the duke of Brittany, \"\nThe country there has sent representatives to the King of England to request support and aid against certain rebellious barons and knights of Brittany, who refuse to obey their lord, as most of the country does. The King of England has responded by sending one of his uncles, the Earl of Buckingham, with a contingent of soldiers, to support the duke and the country. They have arrived at Calais and are making their way through the realm of France towards Troyes, where they know there is a large assembly of lords, and particularly the Duke of Burgundy, the sick son of the French King and brother to the current king. Therefore, you can inform him that Sir Thomas, Earl of Buckingham, the King of England's sick son and uncle, is en route.\nA knight is desired by him in battle. The heralds or they demanded to have letters of credence concerning that matter. And they were answered: how they should have had letters the next day, but in the morning they had taken other counsel and said: they would send no letters but demanded repayment and said, \"Go your ways & say as you have been informed, you are credible enough if they wish to believe you.\" So the heralds departed (as you have heard before), and the new English knights had begun the skirmish, so that all was in turmoil. And certain knights and others of France said to the heralds, \"Sirrs, what do you here? Get you hence, you are here in great danger, for there are evil people in this town.\" This doubt caused the heralds to return again, without doing anything about their message.\n\nNow let us show what was done in this skirmish.\nFirst, there was an English squire born in the bishopric of Lincoln, an expert man of arms, I cannot see.\nwhyder he could see or not: but he spurred his horse, his spear in hand and his shield about his neck. His horse came rushing down the way and leapt clean over the bars of the barriers and so galloped to the gate where the duke of Burgundy and the other lords of France were, who repelled that deed as a great enterprise. The squire thought to have returned, but he could not, for his horse was struck with spears and heated down & the squire slain. Wherewith the duke of Burgundy was right sore displeased that he had not been taken alive as a prisoner. Therewith the great battle of the earl of Buckingham's men at arms came on foot towards these men in the bastion, which was made only of doors, windows, and tables. And to say the truth, it was nothing to hold against such men of war as the English were, wherefore it could not last long. When the duke of Burgundy saw them coming so thick and so great a number, considering how his numbers were not sufficient.\nAgainst them, every man was commanded to enter into the town: except crossbowmen. And so they entered in at the gate, little and large. While they entered, the ways of crossbowmen shot continually, and hurt many Englishmen. There was a fierce battle, but soon the bastion was conquered; it could not withstand the English. So the Frenchmen entered again through the same gate, and as they entered, they set themselves in order in the streets. There was the Duke of Lorraine and Lord Coucy, the Duke of Bourbon, and others between the gate and the barriers. Many feats of arms were done. Some were slain, injured, and taken. When the Englishmen saw the Frenchmen withdraw, they retreated in the same way and stood still in battle formation for two hours. And then they returned to their lodgings. The next day they went to Mallerois, the count of, near Sens in Burgundy, and there the host tarried for two days to refresh them and to get provisions in the country.\nfor they had no great abundance. Thus you have heard well: how the Englishmen rode through the realm of France to go to Brittany, and it was said, and they also maintained, how the duke of Brittany and the country had summoned them, and made no war in the name of their lord the king of England, but named themselves soldiers of the duke of Brittany's. King Charles of France was well informed of all these matters and sagely and wisely he bought up the pearls and intrigues that might arise from this war, and saw well how the country of Brittany, with the aid of the English, were hostile to him, and thereby he feared lest the fortune of the war be harder for him. And especially because of the duke of Brittany, for by him the good towns of Brittany would be his enemies, and opened to his enemies, whereby he would have great prejudice. Therefore he sent sweet letters and gracious ones to them of Nantes, which was the key and chief town of all Brittany.\nshowing how knights as they rode through the realm declare and affirm that they are soldiers and summoned by the king and other commoners of Britain. And also she warns them that if this is so, they will face and run in the malediction and sentence of the holy father the pope. In the forfeiture of two hundred thousand florins, which he may lawfully take from them, and which they are bound by their writing, sealed. And by the treaties made here before, of which they have a copy, therefore they ought not to forget it. And also he showed them how he has always been their friend and lover, and has comforted and aided them always in their business, and counseling them not to go so far that they might take wrong. Saying: how they had no such title to complain of him or to enter into such a war as to receive his enemies. Therefore he counseled them to be well advised.\nThey have been urged and sailed by feeble counsel, yet he would pardon it, provided they did not open their town to the English, his enemies. And in doing so, he promised them to maintain and keep up their franchises and liberties, and to renew it if necessary. These offers made by the French king were presented to those of Nantes, and were well debated among them. The most notable of the town said, \"How can the king make such a claim, for truly we had sworn and writings sealed that we should never do any annoyance to the realm of France nor aid nor assist any enemy to the king or to the realm. Therefore, we attended to this matter and sent secretly to the king, requesting him to take no thought for this matter. For Englishmen should not be sustained by us nor enter into our town to ravage or make any war to the realm of France. However, we desired the king that if necessary, \"if required\" should be added to the promise.\n/ to be ayded and co\u0304forted by some of his men / to who\u0304\nthey sayde / they wolde open their towne / and to none other. Whan the frenche kynge herde this treatie he was right gladde therof / and be\u00a6leued well their wordes / for Nauntes had ben alwayes good frenche. And of all this knewe no thynge the duke of Bretayne / who was at Uennes / he beleued surely that they of Naun\u2223tes wolde haue ben trewe and stedfast to hym / and to haue opened their towne to the englyssh\u00a6men whan they came thyder. \u00b6 Nowe let vs retourne to the englysshmen / who were lodged nere to Sence in Burgoyne / in the whiche cy\u2223tie was the duke of Bare / the lorde Coucy / the lorde of saynt Puye / the lorde of Fresures and their companyes.\nWHan the erle of Buckyng\u00a6ham and his hoost had well rested them at Maylleroyes the vicount. Than they toke counsayle to drawe in to Ga\u00a6stenoyes. Than they passed the ryuer of Dyone / & theyr ther the hoost taryed thre dayes bycause of the good ple\u0304tyfull countre that they founde there. Than they toke\nThe council/why should they hold and keep the plain way of Beaus\u00e9 or else by the river of Loire. Then they determined to take the way of Beaus\u00e9/and go towards Tou\u0440\u0435\u0439 in Beaus\u00e9. In the castle of Tou\u0440\u0435\u0439 was the lord of St. Pi\u00e9, Sir Oliver of Manny, Sir Guy of Baugeux, and a great number of men-at-arms. And at Yeville in Beaus\u00e9 was the lord of Uylames, the Baron of Barr\u00e8s and various others, about 3,000 spearmen. So thus in all the castles and fortresses war was set/to resist against the English. The English vanguard came and skirmished with those of Tourey/and many were hurt on both sides. There the Earl of Buckingham and all his host was lodged about/and found great plenty. Other was a squire of Beaus\u00e9 unsaddled himself without any setting on by any other person/& came to the barriers skirmishing/and said to the Englishmen. Sirs/is there any gentleman among you/that for the love of his lady will do any deed of arms. If there be any/here I am ready to issue.\nA squire named Gawen Michael dismounted at all pieces, preparing to run three courses with a spear and strike three strokes with an axe, as well as three strokes with a dagger. Let us see if there are any amorous among you. This squire was called Gawen Michael. This word and request spread among the Englishmen. Then an English squire named Joachim Cathore stepped forward and said, \"I am here, ready to deliver his request: let him come out of the castle.\" Then the lord Fitzwater Marshall of the host came to the barriers and said to Sir Guy le Baumaux, \"Cause your squire to come forth; he will find one willing to deliver him, and we shall assure him in all things.\" Gawen Michael was joyous at these words and armed himself without delay. The lords helped him to arm himself and set him back on his horse. He issued out of the castle, accompanied by them and the pages bearing: three spears, three axes, and three daggers. He was greatly respected by the Englishmen, for they believed beforehand that there was\nA French man issued this challenge: he would fight body to body, and in the same challenge, they should have three strokes with the sword. He also bore three swords after him. The Earl of Buckingham learned of this challenge and said he would go and see it for himself. He mounted his horse, accompanied by the Earls of Stafford and Dymoke. The assault was halted at Tourney-the English drew their men there to witness this justice. Then the Englishman called for arms and mounted a good horse. When they arrived at the place, spears were delivered to them, and each ran at the other and missed due to the horses' struggling. In the second course, they met and engaged. Then the Earl of Buckingham called out, \"Halt: cease, it is late.\" He then told the constable to cease, as they had done enough for the day. They would resume their enterprise another season at a later time. And take heed, the French squire lacks.\nThe squier should be kept as well as our own squire. Show or have shown to the castle's people that they take no care for their squire, for he will go with us to perform his enterprise, not as a prisoner. The earl's words were accomplished, and it was shown to the squire by the marshal how he should ride with them without any danger, and when the earl is content, you shall be delivered. The squire said, \"As God will, so be it.\" A herald was sent to the castle to show them all the matter within.\n\nThe next day they rode to Beauvais, always hoping to fight with their enemies, for they well knew they were pursued and surrounded on all sides by the Frenchmen, who were as numerous as they were or greater. And to tell the truth, the French lords, knights, and squires had great will and desire to fight with the Englishmen and said among themselves, \"Howe\"\nIt was a great shame that they were long unfought with. And when they spoke to the king thereof, he said to them, \"Sirs, let them alone to keep on their way; they shall at length lose themselves.\" So the English kept for their way, intending to enter into Brittany. And as you have heard, in Yeville in Beauce, there were more than three hundred spears, and all the host passed by before the barriers. There was a little skirmish, and so they passed forther, for they had lost their pain, and without Yeville there was a fair windmill, which was beaten down. So the Earl of Buckingham came, and none dared appear at any defense. So the tower was taken, and all they within were slain or taken. Then the English set fire in the tower and passed forther, for they could find no good water, which was a great misfortune for them. Then they came to Ermoine and lodged there. Within the forest of Marcheaunoy.\nAn abbey of monks was located at Steeves, which contained noble houses and buildings of old time. It was founded and built by a valuable and noble man, the earl of Blois, and he granted revenue and rents to it. However, the wars had severely damaged their livelihood. The earl of Buckingham lodged there and heard mass on our lady day in September. It was ordained there that Gawen Michael should issue his challenge against Joachim Cathol against the next day. On the same day, men from England approached Marcheau noy, and within the town was a captain at that time, a knight from that country, called Sir William of St. Martin, a right wise knight and valiant in arms. When the Englishmen saw the manner of that castle, they withdrew to their lodgings. The lord Fitzwater came before the castle of Ureby not to give any assault to it but to speak with the lord of it at the barriers because they knew each other. They had been together before that time in Prussia. So the lord Fitzwater recognized.\nThe lord of Ureby requested I visit him for old acquaintance and offered to send some of his wine as a courtesy. He promised to protect all of his lands from burning and wastage. The lord of Ureby sent a large quantity of wine with three messengers for this reason, and Lord Fitzwater showed great appreciation. The following day after Lady Day, Gawen Michael and Joachime Cathore armed themselves and mounted their horses to carry out their plan. They met at the spear points rudely, the French squire charged pleasantly, the Englishman rushed to attack, and he struck the Frenchman deeply in the thigh. The Earl of Buckingham was greatly displeased, as were all the other lords, and they said it was shamefully done. Each of them struck three strokes with their swords, and the Earl said they had done enough. The French lords and Englishmen departed from Marcheaunoy and took the way towards Wandoue.\nbut they came there and lodged in the forest of Coulonbers. You have heard before: how the French king had sent various treaties and envoys to certain towns in Brittany, intending that they should not open their towns to the English. Showing that if they did otherwise, they would sorely transgress against him, and it would be inexcusable. They of Naunces had sent secretly to the king, assuring him that they would make no treaty against their lord, the king of France. If the English approached their town, the king was to send them some support, to which the French king was well agreed and had charged his council to attend. Of all these treaties, Sir John de Bulle was responsible for managing them under the duke of Anjou, who lay at Angers. The duke of Burgundy was in the city of Mans and the surrounding castles and fortresses. There were these lords. The duke of\nIt was truly the common belief that King John of Navarre, when the French king was but a duke of Normandy and lay there, intended to poison him. The king received the poison and was in such a state that all the hair on his body fell out and all the nails of his hands and feet. His entire body became as dry as a staff, leaving him without remedy. When the emperor of Rome, his uncle, heard of his illness, he sent him a renowned physician, the greatest master in that art at the time. When this master arrived in France to the ailing king, who was then a duke of Normandy and had learned of his disease, he acknowledged that he had been poisoned and was near death. The duke died there, one of the greatest cures ever heard of, as the physician managed to extract the venom from him or the largest part of it.\nHe and nails to grow again, and made him whole, and brought him back to his strength. This venom ever is sucked out of him little by little at his arm by a little pipe. And when this master departed from France, he gave the king a recipe to use as long as he lived, and he said to the king and those about him: Look when this issue by this pipe dries up, then surely you shall die. But you shall have a fifteen-day respite after you fall sick or ever you die, to remember your soul. So the king remembered well his words and bore this pipe for twenty-two days, which thing often times abashed him. And such physicians as he had most trust in, they oftentimes rejoiced him, and said: Sir, by the good medicines that you have, we shall make you live long in great joy, in which he had great trust. Besides this, the king had other diseases very grievous, and especially in his teeth, whereof he had marvelous pain. And the king knew well by these maladies, that he should not.\nAt his later days, the thing that most comforted him was that God had sent him three fair children: two sons, Charles and Lewes, and a daughter, Katheryne. When this matter in his arms began to dry up, the doubts of his death began to approach. Then he therefore, as a noble, prudent, and sage prince, proceeded: he sent for his three brothers, the duke of Berry, the duke of Burgundy, and the duke of Bourbon. He let his second brother, the duke of Anjou, alone and did not call for him because he knew well he was too given to cowardice. He said to the other three, \"My fair brothers, by the ordinance of nature I feel well and know how I shall not live long. Wherefore I recommend to your keeping my son Charles, and look that you use yourselves to him as good uncles should to their nephew, and than acquit yourselves to him truly and crown him king as soon as you can after my death. Counsel him always well and faithfully.\"\nFor in you lies all my trust. The child is young and light of spirit; therefore, it is great need that he be well advised and governed. Teach him or cause him to be taught all the points and states royal, which he ought to keep and marry him in such a high place that the realm may fare the better thereby. I have heard a master of astronomy say and affirm that in his youth he should have much to do and should escape from many dangerous parallels. Wherefore I have had various imaginations how it might be, without it grow by reason of Flauders. Thanked be God, as for the busyness of this our realm of France, it stands in right good point. The duke of Breton is a crafty and subtle man, and has always had his heart rather English than French. Wherefore it will be requisite that you keep the noble men and good towns of Brittany in love and amity, whereby you shall break part of his entente. I greatly praise the Bretons, for they have always been.\nserued me and helpte to kepe my realme fro myne ennemyes. And I wyll ye make the lorde Clysson co\u0304stable / for all thynges consydred / I se no man so mete as he for that offyce. Seke for some maryage for my sonne Charles in Almaygne / to the entent that our alyaunce might be the stronger. ye well vn\u00a6derstande / how our aduersary the kyng of En\u2223glande wyll mary there / to haue the more aly\u2223aunce. The poore people of our realme / ar sore oppressed and tourmented by him & his. Ther\u00a6fore putte them away as shortely as ye can / for they are thynges though I haue sustayned the\u0304 / that greueth me ryght sore / and lyeth heuy in my courage. But the great alyance that we ha\u2223ue in ye good townes of Bretayne / hath caused me to forbere fightynge with them / so longe as we haue done.\nTHe kynge spake dyuers other wordes / the whiche I canne nat resyte. At this rehersall was the duke of Aniowe absent. The kyng douted hym / bycause he was so couytous but thoughe the kynge dyde absent hym at the houre of his dethe / and putte\nThe duke of Anjou, far from the busynesses of the realm of France, still thought to meddle less than ever in spite of his absence. He always had messengers coming and going between Paris and Angers, who reported to him the certainties of the king his brother. The duke also had secret persons always about the king, by whom he knew everything. The same day that the king died, he was in Paris, near to the king's chamber, preparing for himself (as you shall hear later). But now we will pursue our matter concerning the Englishmen going to Brittany.\n\nWhen the Earl of Buckingham's youngest son departed from King Edward III in the forest of Marcheaunoy, they rode towards Uandon and the forest of Colombiers. Sir Thomas Triplet and Sir William Clynton rode with them, along with 40 spearmen. By chance, they encountered on the way the lord of Hangest coming from Uandon, with 30 spearmen. The Englishmen knew him.\nThe incontenance found that they were freshmen, and so ran fiercely at them. The Frenchmen saw they were overmatched and therefore thought not to abide there as well. They were not far from Windesor. So they rode thitherward as fast as they might, and the Englishmen followed. There was one thrown with a spear; Sir Robert of Hangest, cousin to the lord of Hangest; and John of Moideries, and seven others were taken prisoners. The lord of Hangest came to the barriers, which were open as his luck would have it, and so entered therein. And then took his spear and turned to defense right valiantly, but the Englishmen had twelve prisoners. The lord of Mauuyson defended himself right valiantly. However, Sir Robert Canoll took them and rested two days, and then went to Pount Volaine. Thus, the Englishmen rode forth and found no man who spoke against them, so all the countryside was full of men-at-arms. There was a great number in the city of Mans, and the duke of Aruer was there.\nThe French king was carried through the city of Paris with an open face, his brothers and two sons following behind him, to the abbey of St. Denis. There he was buried with great honor, just as he had arranged in his lifetime, and Sir Bertram of Clissau his constable attended the funeral. Although Charles in his lifetime had well arranged for the governance of the realm, how it should have been arranged. Yet the duke of Anjou followed nothing of this ordinance. He took on the governance himself and ruled above all his brothers. He wanted Charles his nephew to be king, but he wanted the governance of the realm above all others because he was the eldest. And there was none in France who dared to speak against him. Thus the king died around Michaelmas. After his decease, the lords of France advised that they would crown the young king Charles after All Saints' Day.\nat Reynes, the coronation of the young king was agreed upon among the three uncles: the duke of Anjou, the duke of Berry, and the duke of Burgundy. This arrangement allowed them to govern the realm until the king reached the age of one and two years. All the nobles and prelates of France swore to this. Knowledge of the coronation was given to external parts, including the duke of Brabant, Duke Aubert of Bouillon, the earl of Savoy, the earl of Blois, the duke of Guelders, the duke of Juliers, the earl of Armagnac, and the earl of Foix. The duke of Bar, the duke of Lorraine, the lord of Coucy, and the earl Dolphin of Auvergne were still in pursuit of the English and therefore not summoned to the coronation. The earl of Flanders was desired to come, and the day was assigned for Allhallowtide, which fell on a Sunday that year. Of the death of the French king they were informed.\nAll this season, the English knew nothing of Loire and were lodged at Nogent. And then they departed and went to Porle, two leagues from Sable. At that time, all the power of France was in the city of Mas and the surrounding area, but they did nothing but continually harass the English. Some said they would fight with them, but when the tide turned against them and the French king was dead, their purpose was broken. For various lords returned to France to hear news. And so the English men lay still for three or four days, then they departed and went to Saint Peter of Auren, and from there to Argens. The next day, the host passed the River Mayenne, with great difficulty, for they could not pass more than two or three abreast for a distance of two leagues.\nFrenchmen had known of it and had assaulted the warder. We shall all convene and take advice on how to continue. I find my country not in the same condition as it was when I sent for you to England; I am greatly displeased, and specifically with those from Nauntes, who rebel more than any other. So these knights departed with their message and rode towards Nauntes, accompanied by forty spearmen. The Englishmen departed from Cosse and entered the forest of Grauell, passing through and coming to Utter in Brittany \u2013 for there they were better assured than before, as they knew they would no longer be pursued by the Frenchmen \u2013 and then went to Chateau Briant and rested due to the arrival of the duke's knights there.\n\nThe earl of Buckingham and the other lords of England received the said knights' messengers honorably, and there they held a meeting.\nThe Englishmen expressed great marvel to the counsellors that the Duke of Brittany and the country appeared otherwise. Receiving them, they acknowledged that the Duke and his men had come at their request and endured the trouble of passing through the realm of France. The Lord Montboucier spoke on behalf of the remainder, excusing the Duke and stating, \"My lords, you have good cause and reason to say as you do. And as for the Duke, he is willing and intends to keep and fulfill the ordinances and conventions that he made with you, according to his power. However, he cannot rule the people of Nantes, who are currently rebels, as they have determined to receive men-at-arms of the French party into their town. The Duke is greatly marveled by this, as they were the first to align themselves with the other good towns of Brittany to take his side.\"\nThe earl of Buckingham and the Englishmen were greatly pleased with your lordship's words. Your lordship's desire to see them and the new young French king's impending coronation at Halowmas next coming had excused your absence. The duke's messengers returned to Hanbury and then to Anjou, and the Englishmen remained at Chateau Bruant for four days before departing to the suburbs of Reims. However, the gates of the city would not allow any armed men to enter. The earl of Buckingham, Lord Latymer, Sir Robert Canoille, and six others were lodged within the city, along with the duke's council. They waited fifteen days for the duke of Brittany.\nWithin the city of Reims, there was Lord Montferrat of Montford in Brittany, Sir Geoffrey of Quarmell, Sir Aylay de la Houssey, captain of Reims, and Sir Eustace, his brother. They daily excused the duke of Brittany. I cannot say why they had good cause to do so or not, except that the Englishmen were not well content because the duke did not come. The people of Nauntes kept their city closed, for they were not well assured of the Englishmen lodged at Reims. Therefore, they sent to the duke of Anjou, who had made all the treaties with them. Showing him how they were not strong enough to keep and defend their city if they should have any assault without his help, they begged him to send them some men of arms. The four dukes who had the realm in governance agreed to their request: Anjou, Berry, Burgundy, and Bourbon. And so they sent there more than six hundred good men of arms.\nThe men of Nauntes were well comforted, and these armed men intended to restore the town in all points and bring it into a state able to resist any assault given to it. The Englishmen at Reynes and around began to murmur and grudge against the duke because he did not come. And they determined to send to him Sir Thomas Percy and Sir Thomas Tryet, and with them a five hundred spearmen to conduct and discover them, and as many archers. They departed on a Thursday, and the host on the Saturday after. The earl of Buckingham then went and lodged at Saint Sulpices in Brittany and stayed three days. And then he went to Cabore and stayed four days. The duke of Brittany was then departed from Hanibout and had come to Uzes. Every day he knew the dealings of the English through his own men, such as were with them. Then he determined all things considered.\nTo speak with them for accord with his honor, and to such alliances as he had made with them, he could no longer drive them away. And he understood that Sir Robert Carew, Sir Thomas Percy, and Sir Thomas Trevet were coming towards him. Then he took the way to go to Reins, and the same day that he departed from Uannes, he met with these English knights. Then they made great rejoicing each of other in the field, and the duke demanded tidings of the Earl of Buckingham.\n\nThe knights answered and said how they had left him at Reins most marvelously displeased because they had heard no word from him. The duke excused himself and said: \"By my faith, I was no less troubled than they were.\" Then they rode together, and were welcome to Uannes, and then they had knowledge that the English host was dislodged from Cambre and coming towards Haide and Mausere they held that way. The next day the Earl of Buckingham and the duke met, there was shown great love between them. And there\nThe duke, honestly excusing himself to the earl and the Scots, explained that he had stayed too long because he had not found his country as disposed as he had trusted they would be. Therefore, he could not keep his promise to the Englishmen at the beginning of summer. The earl responded, \"Fair brother of Breton, despite that, and we will not delay, but we shall correct your rebels. With the aid and power that you have, and ours combined, the day may come for us to emerge from England. We shall bring your subjects under your dominion in such a way that they will be happy when they come to ask for your mercy, with such words and other things they were long discussing. And each of them withdrew to their lodgings. The next day, they rode towards Inverness. It was determined that the earl's council should go with the duke to Rennes and there conclude all their matters. That night, the duke of Brittany\nand the earl's council stayed at Maussay / and the earl returned to Hade. The next day, the duke went to Reines, and Lord Latimer, Sir Robert Canol, Sir Thomas Percy, Sir Thomas Tryvet, and the earl's council accompanied him. They spent three days in council.\n\nAt the last council, it was agreed and sworn on the holy evangelists that Duke Brittany would come and lay siege to Nantes, in the earl of Buckingham's company, within fifteen days after the arrival of the Englishmen there. Duke Brittany should bring and cause to be brought by the Loire River plenty of barges and barkes to make it harder for the people of Nantes. And Duke Brittany and his men were not to depart from the siege until the town was taken. All things to be concluded and determined, the earl of Buckingham was sent for to Hade to be present at the confirmation of this treaty. So he came and lodged in the suburbs of Reines (as he had done before).\nThe earl and the lords entered into Reines, and they dined with the duke. There, the duke solemnly swore by his faith and by the holy evangelists that he would come with all his power before Nauntes, and then departed and went to Hanibout. The Englishmen remained at Reines and stayed there for fifteen days, organizing their affairs. The people of Nauntes were well informed about these matters and how they would be besieged. Therefore, they prepared themselves to receive them. One of the greatest captains within Nauntes was Sir John of Baroyes of Barres, a right valiant and expert knight, and with him was Captain Clesson, Johan of Castell Moraunte, Morfonace, Sir John of Maletray, the lord of Tournemyn, and various others, the flower of armed men. They provisioned wisely for things they needed, both for the river as for the gates and towers, on such parts as they thought the siege would be on.\n\nNow let us leave speaking of this matter and return.\nAt the coronation of young King Charles of France, who was also crowned at Reims, nothing pertaining to nobility was spared. The coronation took place on a Sunday, the twelfth year of his age, in the year 1380. At the solemnity of his coronation, there were great numbers of great lords in attendance. His four uncles were present: the Duke of Lorraine, the Earl of Savoy, the Earl of Marche, the Earl of Ewe, Sir William de Namur, but the Earl of Flanders and Earl Johan of Blois excused themselves. There were many other great lords whom I cannot name. The young king entered Reims on the Saturday at evening time, well accompanied by nobles and minstrels. He had more than thirty trumpets preceding him, and the king alighted before the church of Our Lady of Reims. His uncles and brothers were in his company, as were his cousins, the young ones.\ngentlemen of Naure, of Labreth, of Bare, and of Harcourt, and a great number of young squires/children, two great lords of the realm of France. Whom the young king, on the day of his coronation, made all knights. The Saturday, the king heard evensong in the church of Our Lady, and, as was the custom, he was there most of the night, and all the new knights with him. And then, on the Sunday, Ash Wednesday, the church was richly adorned, and there, at the high mass, solemnly he was consecrated and anointed, by the archbishop of Reims, with the holy ampoule, where St. Remy consecrated Clovis, the first Christian king that ever was in France. This ointment was sent down from heaven by an holy angel. And every king of France has been consecrated with it, and yet it appears as if nothing has touched it, which is a right worthy and noble thing. Before that, the king made all his young new knights, and then they went to the office of the mass right after.\nThe archbishop of Reines sang the mass. The young king was in rich attire, seated on a high chair, dressed in gold cloth. Young knights were on lower scaffolds at his feet, also dressed in gold. The new constable of France, Sir Oliver of Clisson, who had been recently appointed to this position, performed his duties well.\n\nThe great lords of France were richly dressed. The king sat on his throne, and all the evils that had harmed and impoverished the realm were laid bare and set aside. This greatly pleased the people. After mass, they went to the palace. Since the hall was too small to accommodate such a large number of people, a high and great stage was set up in the court of the palace for the dinner. The young king and his five uncles, Brabant, Anjou, Berry, Burgoyne, and Burgh, sat at the same table.\nThe king and the archbishop of Reims and other prelates sat on his right hand, and great lords such as the Lord Coucy, the Lord Clisson, Guy de la Tremoille, admiral of the sea, and others, on great horses, dressed in gold, honored the day. The king continued this honor on the following day, and many great lords took leave of the king and his uncles and returned to their own countries. The same day, the king went and dined at the abbey of St. Therrey, two leagues from Reims, as they of the abbey were to give him that dinner, and they of Reims the day when he was to be anointed. Thus ended the feast of the coronation of King Charles of France.\n\nAfter the king went to Paris, where he was greatly feasted at his entrance. And after all this feast and solemnity, there was a great council on the governing of the realm. It was ordained there that the duke of Berry should have the governing of Languedoc, the duke of Burgundy of Flanders.\nall of Picardy and Normandy, and the duke of Anjou were to remain near the king and govern the realm's principal government and ministry. The earl of Saint-Pol was reinstated again, who had been out of favor and grace of King Charles the deceased. The duke of Anjou and the duke of Brabant made peace at Reyns; in the latter's favor was the earl of Saint-Pol. He departed from Hanne on the river of Heuse in the bishopric of Le Mans, where he had stayed for a long time. Then he returned to France and brought his wife with him, and took back all those occupying his lands for his own profit.\n\nNow let us leave speaking of these aforementioned matters and return to the intrigues of Brittany and the earl of Buckingham. You know how the alliances and treaties were made between the duke of Brittany and the earl of Buckingham, as for besieging Nantes. When the duke of Brittany was\nThe party of Sir Stephen Guyon, lord of Mounbrousyer, and Lord Houssey rode from Reynes to Uannes and Hanyboute. The Earl of Buckingham and his company prepared to go to the siege at Nauntes and departed from Reynes, lodging at Castell Briant the same day, then at Bayne the next day, and Tyeull the third day. They arrived at the gates of Nauntes on the fourth day, with the Earl lodging at Saluetout's gate, and Lords Latymer, Fitzwater, and Basset at Saint Nicholas' gate on the riverside. Sir William Wynsore and Sir Hugh Carell were lodged among their people honorably near the Earl. Within the town were a great number of knights and squires from Brittany, Beause, Anjou, and Maine, intending to defend it. They took charge of the town's defense, with the inhabitants handling their own areas as well.\nTwo hadn't any business with that. And it was so on St. Martin's night, Sir John of Barros of Barres stirred and moved some of his company within the town and said, \"Sirs, we see well our enemies are near us, and yet we have not awakened them. Therefore, I suggest that this night, we go and scrimmage with them.\" Certainly, they replied, \"you speak nobly: show us what you will have us do, and we shall do it.\" So they gathered together that same evening to the number of sixscore of choice men. Then they opened the gate of St. Peter, where the constable, Lord Bassette and Lord Fytwater were lodged. So the Frenchmen set good order at the gate because the retreat captains of that company were the Barros of Barres, Johan of the castle Morant, and the captain of Clysson. And they came on the host as they were at supper and had to their cry the bars. So they entered into their lodgings and beat down and hurt many Englishmen right away.\nAnd before they left, the Frenchmen saw that they had returned and kept them together wisely, and so they returned to their town. Then the Englishmen came there and scrimmaged, with entrying and putting back and beating on both sides. The Frenchmen entered into their barriers. There were various slain and hurt on both sides, but the Barrows of bars entered again the town with little damage. And so this skirmish was reputed to be well done on both parties.\n\nAnd on St. Martin's day night, the Barrows of Barres spoke to their company and said, \"Sirs, I think it would be well done tomorrow early, we took six or seven great barges and two hundred men and two hundred crossbows, and let us go by the river and visit our enemies. They take but little heed on that side.\" They all agreed, and the same night they gathered their company together, and by day they were entered their vessels, and so they rowed down the river and took land beside the\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in Early Modern English, and there are a few errors in the OCR output. I have corrected the errors while being as faithful as possible to the original content.)\nSir Johan Harleston was lodged there and had a great lodging. The Frenchmen were around his lodging at breakfast, and assaulted it. Immediately, Sir Johan Harleston and his company were armed and ready for defense, and archers shot against the crossbows. There was a fierce struggle and many were hurt. The lodging would have been taken and conquered had Sir Robert Canoll not been there, who was lodged not far away. And so he and all his company with his banner displayed came quietly to that place. Sir William Windsor also had knowledge of it, and so he and all his company came there. Englishmen drew towards them from all directions. Then the Frenchmen drew back to the river ward to reach their vessels, so at their return in their barges, there was a fierce struggle. The captains performed great feats of arms, although some of the Frenchmen were taken, killed, and drowned.\nThe English returned to Nauntes. Their enterprise was greatly admired by all who heard of it. When the Englishmen discovered that the people of Nates were waking them so frequently, they took counsel to keep better watch. On the seventh night after the barrages of Barres had made his scrimmage, he issued again in the night at the gate where the Earl of Buckingham was lodged, along with two hundred men-at-arms and a hundred crossbowmen. That night, the Almain soldiers kept the watch, and their captains were Sir Algar and Sir Thomas of Rodes. The Barras dashed into the watch and joined the fight himself, one of the first. There was a fierce scrimmage and heavy beating. When the Frenchmen perceived that the battle was beginning to increase and multiply, they withdrew towards the gate and fought as they went. There were numerous casualties on both sides, and especially Sir Thomas of Rodes.\nA knight of Almayne was shot through the bassinet into the head with a stroke, and he died within three days. This was great damage, as he was a valiant knight. The Frenchmen and Bretons entered again into Nauntes with little damage, and took six prisoners. Thus the matter stood, and the English continually made good watches, for every night they looked for nothing but to be awakened and roused from their rest.\nThus the Earl of Buckingham lay before Nauntes, waiting daily for the Duke of Brittany, who came not, and had promised and sworn nothing, keeping neither: the Earl marveled at what he meant, that he could here no tidings from him. The Earl had sent him various messengers and letters, urging him to do well by his duty, in that he would not keep his promise that he had made and sworn to fulfill in the city of Reines. But for all the letters that the Earl sent, he had never received any answer. The English supposed that the messengers were intercepted.\nMen were killed along the way because none returned, and truly they were in great danger, and all others were as well. If they had been of the same country or well accompanied, they would not have been in such trouble. The ways between Nauntes and Hanybout were so closely watched that none could escape without being taken. Therefore, it should be known from where they came and where they were going, to prevent any letters or words from reaching the duke and the earl. If any such were taken, they were killed. The foragers of the host dared not ride out in small groups, for the knights and squires of the same country had assembled together and would in no way allow their land to be harmed or overrun. So, sometimes when they found 20 or 30 Englishmen together foraging, they would set upon them and take all that they had from them, beating and hurting them severely, without any remedy. The men of the host were greatly displeased by this, but they did not know who was responsible.\nThe duke of Brittany tried to persuade the men of his court to join him in laying siege to Nantes, in accordance with the promise he had made to the Earl of Buckingham. However, he could not make it happen. It was openly stated to him that neither knight nor squire from the country would go with him to help destroy their own country for the war of the English. Nor would they do so as long as the English remained in Brittany. Then the duke demanded to know why they consented to summon the English. They replied that it was to give fear to the Frenchmen, lest they should not make war with them if the French king offered nothing but goodwill. The duke could not elicit any other answer from them. On the other hand, the Lord Clisson, constable of France, the Lord of Dinant,\nThe Lord of Laul, the Viscount of Rohan, the Lord of Rochford, and all the great lords of Britain had closed and fortified their towns. They informed the duke of how he should be advised regarding his actions. They told him that he was merely counseled to summon the English to wage war and destroy his own country. They promised him that if he went to Nauntes to lay siege, as he had promised the English to do, which he should not have done, they would destroy his lands in all directions and cause him such trouble that he would not know what to do. However, if he was willing to submit to the French king, as he ought to do, they said they would do their best to help him make peace with the young king. They also mentioned that some had turned against King Charles now, who...\nOn Our Lady Day in Advent at night, the Frenchmen convened to rouse the host that same night, as they had remained idle for a long time. Two hundred spearmen were dispatched from the town. Sir Almery of Clysson, cousin to Lord Clysson, and the Lord of Amboise served as captains and governors. They entered the host, finding Sir William Wynsore lodged within. Sir Hugh Caurell kept watch that night. Simultaneously, the Lord of Amboise was knighted, and Sir Almery of Clysson granted him knighthood. Frenchmen and Bretons charged in with great ferocity upon their arrival, and they seized the host's gates.\nThe watch kept by Sir Wyliam of Gynton. There was a fierce scrimmage and many men overthrown. Sir William Wyn and Sir Hugh Carell, hearing the noise, armed themselves and came as the chief noise was heard. Both parties fought valiantly. The Frenchmen and Bretons entered again through the posterior of Richelbourg, where they issued out without much damage. They had taken a knight prisoner and ten other men of arms. And of their men, there were but three taken.\n\nThe Monday before the builders then, the Frenchmen, having been driven back into their barracks and in at the gate by force. And there were slain and taken from them about sixteen. An English knight was killed, called Sir Hugh Tytell. He was struck through his basinet, from which he died. Then every man retired to their lodgings, and no more was done that night. Then all the Frenchmen determined to make a scrimmage on Christmas night with all their power and kept their intention.\nNautes and foragers in the fields had great difficulty in finding provisions and forage for their horses. They dared not ride out unless in large companies. Theret and his company had great trouble with the duke of Brittany, who neither saw nor heard any riding from him. They were not content with this, as they continually found things getting worse. His weak cousin kept him company and did not know to whom to complain or who would do them right. They therefore decided to send Sir Thomas Tryet, Sir Robert Canoll, and Sir Thomas Percy to Annes or Hanibout around Christmas, to show the duke from Theret that he was ill-serving his duty, that he had not behaved otherwise than against them. However, this appointment was broken, and they thought among themselves that they could not go to the duke without all being together, for if they went with five or six hundred spears.\ntogether and happened to meet a thousand / it should be a foolish match and for that doubt they would not depart from the host / but kept themselves together.\nAnd on Christmas evening at night, the men of Barres, Sir Almary of Clysson,\nlord Fitzwater who kept the watch that night, and Sir William Renton. And at their first coming, they seized the watchmen's keys / and drove them back with great force to the constable's lodging, where Lord Latimer was. And there was a great skirmish and a great assault / for the Frenchmen had determined to take him, and so he was in great danger of being taken. So those on watch had much to do, and any help came to them. Sir John FitzWaren, the lord of Uertayne, and Sir Nicholas Trayton, did many great deeds of arms there. Then the constable and marshal, before the noise of trumpets, and knowing that the enemy had a sorrow, sounded trumpets and made great banners and lights / and so they prepared for battle.\nThe men displayed their banners and arrived with a hundred armed men and an equal number of archers. Sir Thomas Triuet, Sir Thomas Percy, and the Lord Basset, each under his own standard, joined the scrimmage. At the same time, the warders were in dire need of aid, as they were on the verge of losing their lodgings. But when these lords and knights arrived, the Frenchmen retreated orderly and drew back towards the town, skirmishing. Many noble deeds of arms were done, and some French knights dared to challenge their renown and for their ladies' sake. Sir Tristram de la Hus continued the skirmish, and most of the Frenchmen entered Nauntes. However, in such acts of arms, some were slain, injured, or taken prisoner. They returned with no great loss, as they had an equal number of prisoners as the English did of theirs, and went to their lodgings. Once the gate was closed, they...\ncaused the hurt men to be dressed similarly to those of the host, drawing them to their lodgings. Yet they broke not their watch but rather made stronger watch than before. On Christmas day and all the feasts after, nothing was done, although the Englishmen every night were looked to be woken with cries. However, the thing that most touched them was that they could hear no tidings of the duke of Brittany, and their victuals and forages were so scant that it was much pain to get any. Within the town, however, they had enough, for it came to them by the tiler of Loire, from the good countries of Poitou, Xaintonge, and Rochell.\n\nWhen the earl of Buckingham and the Englishmen had been long at siege before Nauntes, for about the space of two months and four days, they perceived well that the duke of Brittany had not kept his promise, as in coming to them, so they determined to dislodge from thence and go to Annes and there to speak with him and to know all his intent. Then\nTheir dislodging was known in the host, and so they disengaged the next day after New Year's day. They rode forth in order of battle in the same manner as they did when they passed through France. And the first night after their departure, they lodged at Niorch and stayed there for three days to rest. And because the bridge was broken, they had much trouble making it again to get their carriages over. Yet they managed it, and the host crossed the river of Woevre. On a Saturday, they went and lodged at Loheac and stayed there for two days. And from thence to Grosny, they stayed there for two days. The next day they passed the river of the Aust at the bridge of Br\u00e9hain and stayed in the fair plain country. The same day that they departed and passed the river, the people of the city of Annes were informed by the country folk that the Earl of Buchanham and the English were coming to lodge in their town: they did not know what to do \u2013 whether to allow them to enter their town or not.\nthey went to Hanby to the duke, but the same day they met the duke in the fields within two leagues of Wans, coming thither. And when the duke saw the men of Wans approaching him, he demanded of them, \"What tidings? Where were they going?\" Sir, they replied, \"As for tidings, we can show you now. Sir, the Earl of Buckingham and the English are coming yonder. It is their intention, as we have learned, to lodge in your good town of Wans. Sir, look what pleases you to do; for without your command, we will do nothing. Sir, they have rebuilt the bridge at Brehaine, which was broken on the river of Aust.\n\nWhen the duke heard of this, he paused a little and said, \"Sir, be not afraid, have no doubt, every thing shall be well enough. They are such men as will do you harm. I am somewhat bound to them by certain treaties, which I must needs uphold and acquit myself truly therein. I will go to Wans and to\"\nmorowe I thynke they wyll come thyder / and I will go and mete with ye erle my brother / and do to him as moche honoure as I canne do / for I am bounde so to do / moreouer ye shall do as I cou\u0304sayle you. ye shall offre and present to hym the keyes of the towne / and say vnto him howe that you and all the towne are redy to receyue him / howe beit de\u00a6syre him to be sworne / yt within .xv. dayes that he be required to departe / that he wyll departe / and to yelde agayn to you ye keyes of the towne this is the counsayle that I wyll gyue you. the burgesses answered and sayd / sir: we shall do as ye haue ordayned. and soo they rode forthe with the duke to Uannes / and there the duke lodged that nyght / and y\u2022 englisshmen the same nyght lodged at saynt Johans / a lytell village two leages fro Uannes. The same nyght the erle of Buckynghame receyued letters fro the duke / who wrote to hym as his kynde brother / welcomyng him into the marches of Uannes. the next mornynge whan the erle hadde harde masse / he toke his\nThe earl and his company rode in good order towards Annes. The earl went first, followed by his battle, and the rearguard followed the earl's battle. They met with the duke of Brittany, who had come out of Annes to meet them at a great distance. When they met, they made great honors and reverences to each other. After this honorable meeting, the earl rode on the right hand, and the duke on the left. Then the earl began to say: \"Fair brother of Brittany, Saint Mary, what a long time it has been since we have tarried before Annes at the siege, according to the treaty and covenant made between you and me. And yet you did not come. By my faith, said the duke, I could do no otherwise. I assure you, I was greatly displeased, but I could not change it. My men of this country would not allow it, nor could I grant them any favors at their request.\"\nhad made their promise to you. Yet despite this, they would never join you at the siege before Nantes, but instead kept themselves strong on the borders. The lords Clisson, Dynant, Dorset, Rohan, and Rochford were tasked with guarding the entrances and exits of Brittany, along with all those who joined me, both knights and prelates as well as burghers of the good towns. Now, all these are in rebellion against me, which greatly displeases me. Sir, I will show you what you should do; it is now in the heart of winter, cold and harsh, an unfavorable season to gather a host. You shall come to Uantes and remain there until April or May, and I will arrange other places for your company, and we will pass the time as well as we can. In summer, we will avenge ourselves for all matters. The earl answered and said, \"So be it, as God wills, for I see it will be no other way.\" The duke brought him to Uantes, and at the entrance.\nPeople came into the town and spoke to the earl, saying, \"Sir, due to the reverence of your great signory and noble honor, we will not oppose your entry into this town. But, sir, to appease the townspeople and ensure your security, you and all yours must swear to us on the holy evangelist that within fifteen days, you will depart from this town. You shall not allow harm or injury to be done to us. I, the earl of Buckingham, am willing to swear this to you. The other lords also swore the same oath, willing to do so or face lying in the fields. The earl of Buckingham was lodged in the eyrie of Uanne, with Uanne himself residing in the duke's castle, a pleasant and fair one within the town named the Motte. His company was lodged in the town and suburbs, and the duke of Brittany and his company went to Asnotte and stayed there.\nOnce upon a time, he visited Uanes to see the earl and to join him. The lords Latimer and Fitzwater, Sir Thomas Percy, Sir Thomas Trevet, and the steward were lodged near the town of Hambout. However, they never entered the gates but stayed in the suburbs and fields. Sir Robert Canoll and the lord Fitz, along with others, were to have lodged in the town called Ouyn percorentyn. But they refused to open their gates, so they were forced to stay in the suburbs and fields instead. They endured and suffered great sickness and poverty that season, as it wasn't worth three pence sold to them. In fact, at times they could not get anything for money. Their horses died from poverty and cold, as they didn't know where to go foraging. And when they went, they were in great danger because their neighbors were their enemies. The earl of Rohan had two strong castles in the marches of Uanes at that time: one called Cayre and the other unnamed.\nIn these two castles, the viscount laid great garrisons, causing trouble for English foragers with the help of other garrisons belonging to the lord of Clisson. These included the castles of Josselyn, Montagu, and Montcountour. The duke of Brittany lamented that he could not remedy the situation. At the same time, the constable of France and the lord Clisson waged war for the French king and were in the country with a large number of men-at-arms. Therefore, the Englishmen dared not depart from one another. Considering all circumstances, they were lodged in the fields without defense, and it was remarkable that they suffered no more harm than they did, as those from Annes could scarcely have rescued them who were encamped at Campernell, Hanybout, or Numpercorentyne. However, the truth is that the duke intervened between them and defended them to his power so they would not be destroyed. He told his council, \"I have but feebly acknowledged you.\"\ntowarde the earle of Buckingham, signifying such promise as he had made to him. In the same season, there were at Paris with the king four great lords sent by the duke of Brittany to purchase his peace. That is to say, the vicomte of Rohan, Sir Charles, lord of Dinant, Sir Guy, lord de Lawall, and Sir Guy, lord of Rochefort. These four lords of Brittany had on various occasions addressed the duke, saying, \"Sir, show yourself to the world and prove that your courage is English. You have brought into this country the Englishmen, who will take your heritage from you if they can get the upper hand. What profit or pleasure have you in them, to love them as you do? Behold how the king of Navarre, who trusted so much in them, suffered them to enter into the town and castle of Cherbourg, and never since have they departed from it but keep it as their own heritage. In like manner, if you put them in any of your closed towns, they will never depart again, for daily.\"\nthey will be refreshed with new men? Be assured they keep hold of Brest, and are not in mind to deliver it again to you, which is your right heritage. Sir, let it suffice you to be beloved with your own men of this same country, who will never renounce the French king to serve the king of England. Sir, if your wife is English: will you for that reason leave your own heritage, which has cost you so much pain to obtain, and always remain in war? You can do no more than one man can do. If your country closes itself against you. Sir, leave your counsel with them. For the French king, who did not love you is dead. And there is now a young king, fair and good and of bold spirit, and such has hated his father that now serves him. Sir, we shall make your peace with him, and set you at accord, and so you shall abide, Lord and Duke of Brittany, and be of great power. And let the Englishmen return home into their own country. These words and such other.\nfor the barons showed to the duke numerous times, to the point that they had nearly conquered him to their will. However, he feigned and disguised his intentions with the French king and his council, as well as with the English men, until he could determine the outcome of the war. And of all these secret treaties that the four barons of Brittany had made at Paris with the king and his uncles, the earl of Buckingham and the barons of England knew nothing until the conclusion was reached, unless they witnessed it or departed from Brittany.\n\nThere was a duel performed in Nantes, involving the earl of Buckingham. I will mention this, as it is not to be forgotten.\n\nIt was the same season that Gawain Michael and Jacques Cathore performed their duel before the earl of Buckingham. Various lords, knights, and squires attended. Some from France arrived from Marche and Blois. Sir Rainold of Thouars, lord of, was also present.\nPausances, a knight from Poitouw, spoke to the lord of Uertagne and said that he was willing to perform three courses with a spear and three strokes with an axe. The lord of Uertagne was not reluctant to agree, but was eager to deliver whatever profit or damage may ensue. However, the Earl of Buckinghamham would not allow it. He commanded the knight to do nothing and say nothing more about it. Similar words were spoken that day between a squire of Savoy, called the Bastard Clarence, and Edward Beauchamp, the son of Sir Roger. The same occurred between Galoys Daunoy and Sir William Clynton, and between Sir Haylan Dareyns and Sir William Franke. While the Earl of Buckinghamam was lodged in the suburbs of Nauntes, the knights and squires of France were within.\nThe lord of Uertayne and his allies who had appealed to them in arms requested that they come and surrender before the lord of Nauntes. The captains in Nauntes were unwilling to comply, but excused their men and explained that they were within Nauntes as soldiers, stationed and prepared to defend the town. These words were exchanged until the earl of Buckingham arrived at the town of Hanbury, Campden, and Quinpercoretyne. However, when he reached Artes, Sir Rainolde of Thowars, lord of Barreyes of Barres, Sir Hoyan Darreynes, and a large number of knights and squires came to Castle Josselyn, about seven miles from Uanes, where the constable of France was. The constable was informed of their words regarding the actions against the Englishmen. The constable heard their words and said, \"Sirs, send word back, how I shall grant them safe-conduct.\"\nSir Galahad and Sir Lionel Darreynes inform that they are ready for their military enterprise, prepared to ride three courses on horseback with a spear. Upon learning this, Sir William Clynton and Sir William Fraunce are joyful and take leave of the Earl of Buckingham and the English lords to join them. They arrive and both parties engage in combat as planned. Sir Rainolde of Thouars, Sir John of Castel Morant, and the Bastard of Clarens challenge the Lord of Verteyne, Sir John Dambury, and Edward Beauchamp. The English knights willingly agree to fight them at the castle of Joselyn under safe conduct.\n\nWhen the Earl of Buckingham was preparing... (truncated)\ncome to Uaines and understood the Frenchmen's request, he answered and said to the haralds, \"Sirs, you shall tell the constable that the Earl of Buckingham sends word that he is as powerful and able to give safe-conduct to the French as to the English. Therefore, let those who wish to do deeds of arms come to Uaines, and I shall give them safe-conduct to come and return, and bring with them such as please them. When the constable heard this answer, he imagined in himself how the Earl of Buckingham spoke like a noble valiant knight and son of a king. And I will it be as he says. And for those who will go thither, I shall send for his safe-conduct for them.\" Then knights and others.\nsquyers made them ready, numbering .xxx. A harle came to Uannes on their behalf, which was given and sealed by the Earl of Buckingham. Then, from the castle Joselyne, the three knights who were to perform the feats of arms departed, and came to Uannes, lodging in the suburbs. The Englishmen made them welcome. The next day they appointed to fight and came to a fair plain place outside the town. There came thither the Earl of Buckingham, the Earl of Suffolk, and the Earl of Deuonshire, and other barons of their company, bringing forth those who were to perform the feats of arms. Firstly, the Lord of Vertagne fought against Sir Rainolde of Thouars, Lord of Pousances. And Sir John Dambrety court against Trystram de La Vall. And Edward Beauchamp against the Bastard of Clarens. The Englishmen took one side, and the Frenchmen the other. And those who were to judge were a foot, armed at all pieces.\nTwo lords, one from Poitou (Pousances) and the other from Heynalte (Uertaynge), both of great price and hardiness, faced each other, ready to fight. The lord of Uertaynge was struck but not hurt, and he struck the lord of Pousances so forcefully that it appeared to split the mail on his chest and all that was beneath it, causing blood to flow. It was remarkable that he had not been more severely injured. They exchanged three strokes and finished their combat without further harm. Then they rested and observed each other. Sir Johan Dambreticourt of Heynalt and Sir Trystram de Laualle of Poitou engaged in a valiant exchange of arms, without injury, and departed. Edward Beauchamp and Clarens of Sauoy, a hardy and strong squire, followed.\nAnd they built in all their members more than the Englishman. So each one came against the other and met with great will. And each one struck the other on the breast in such a way that Edward Beauchamp was overwhelmed. Whereof the Englishmen were greatly displeased. And when he was back up, he took his spear and came against Clarens again. And there Edward Beauchamp was overwhelmed to the earth once more, which further displeased the Frenchmen and they said that Edward was too weak to measure himself against the French squire, that the devil was urging him to fight against him. So they were parted and showed how they would do no more. And when Clarens saw the eagerness to perform his arms, he said, \"Lords, you do me wrong. And since you will that Edward shall do no more than set someone else in his place, so that I may perform my enterprise.\" The Earl of Buckingham demanded what he said, and it was shown to him. Then he said the Frenchman, \"You lords are wronging me. And since you will that Edward shall do no more than set someone else in his place, so that I may perform my enterprise.\"\nA valiant man spoke next. Then stepped forward an English squire, who was after a knight, and was called Jenequyn Fetaceilles. He came before the earl and knelt down, requesting that he might perform the battle. The earl agreed. Then this Jenken Fetaceilles came forward, armed himself at all pieces, took his spear, and the bastard Claren's his. And so they met each other and feigned and thrust so fiercely at each other that the spears shattered over their heads. And at the second encounter, they both died in the same manner, and at the third as well. So all their spears were broken, and all the lords on both sides regarded this deed as a noble feat of arms. Then they took their swords, which were quite large. And in six strokes, they broke four swords. Then they wished to fight with axes, but the earl would not allow it, saying he would not see them fight in such a reckless manner. Saying they had done enough. Then they drew back, and another came forward. Among them was Jeneken Clynton.\nEnglish, against Johan de Castell Morant, a Frenchman, who made them ready for war. This Jenken Clynton was a squire of honor with the earl of Buccleuch. And right near him. However, he was but slender and small of body. Therefore, the earl was not content that he should have to do in war with such a big man as Johan of the Castell Morant. However, they were put together to try, and so they came right roughly together. But the Englishman could not endure against the Frenchman, but with feigning, the Englishman was overthrown to the earth. Then the earl said, \"How are you not evenly matched? Then certain men of the earl's company came and said to Jenequyn Clynton, \"Jenequyn, you are not fit to accomplish this feat of arms.\" And the earl of Buccleuch is not content with your enterprise, and commands you to go and rest.\" And Johan of the Castell Morant, seeing this, said, \"Sir, if you think that\"\nThe squire was too small to deal with me. Send another to me at your convenience, so I may perform my enterprise, or else it would be to my detriment. I would also wrong him if I departed without doing any deeds of arms. Then the constable and marshal of the host said, \"You speak truly.\" And it was done. Then it was said to all the knights present, \"Sirs, is there any of you who will deliver this knight to the one to whom he answered. Sir William of Fermyton answered, \"Show the knight how he shall not depart without doing deeds of arms. If it pleases him a little to rest, he will be delivered at once, for I will arm myself against him again.\" This was pleasing to John of Castell Morant, and he sat down to rest. The English knight was ready then and came to the place.\n\nThe two knights came a foot against each other roughly, with their spears low-couched, to strike each other within the four quarters. John of Castell Morant.\nof Castell Moraunt struck the English knight on the breast in such a way that William Fermyton stumbled and bowed, for his foot slightly failed him. He held his spear low with both hands and could not adjust it. Sir Johan of the Castell Moraunt struck him in the thigh, and the spear went clean through, revealing the head on the other side. Sir Johan reeled but did not fall. Then the English knights and squires were greatly displeased and said, \"How is this a foul stroke? Sir William Fermyton excused himself and said, \"I am sorry for this affair, and if I had known it would turn out this way, I would never have begun it. I could not adjust it because of the glazing of my foot, by the constraint of the great stroke that Sir John of the Castell Moraunt gave me.\" So the Frenchmen departed and took leave of the earl and of the other lord. They took with them in a litter Sir John of\nCa\u2223stell Moraunt / and brought him to the Castell Josselyne / and he was after in great paryll of dethe / by reason of his hurt. Thus ended these dedes of armes / and euery man drewe to their owne parte. The englisshmen to Uannes / and the frenchmen to castell Josselyn.\nAFter these dedes of ar\u00a6mes done / whyle the erle of Buckyngham lay at Uan\u2223nes / ther was nothyng don that ought to be remembred and as it hath ben sayd here before / the englisshmen laye at Uannes / at Hanyboute / at Camperle / and at Quynpercorentyne. And so they passed the wynter / as well as they might. Dyuers of the\u0304\nhad great dommage / and were in ryght great daungers / and lacked vitayle / for theym selfe and for their horses / for they coude fynde no fo\u2223rage in the countre. And in that tyme of ye yere / the graunges and barnes were all voyde / and the warr. And they hadde sende worde of their state and condycion to the kyng of Englande / and to the duke of Lancastre. And the kyng of Englande and his counsayle / thought the erle of\nBuckinghams entered on the right and told him that they would do so. They sent him word that the same season they would send over another army of men of war to land at Cherbourg to join forces with them. This led people to believe they would do a great feat of war in France. The French king, his uncles, and their council were well aware of these plans. It was also said in secret council that if the duke of Brittany and some of his towns joined the English, the realm of France would have much to do. The four barons of Brittany, representing the duke, understood all this business and laid out all these details, and specifically showed it to the duke of Anjou. Who had the sovereign governing of the realm of France at that time. And also the duke of Anjou was intending to make a voyage within two years or less.\ntime/ In to Poitou and Calabre. He was reluctant that his age should have been broken or hindered. Therefore he lightly inclined towards the duke of Brittany's peace, so that he would become faithful and true, and do homage to the French king. And so it was agreed and his peace made. It was also agreed that he should help the English with ships, to return to their countries. Also, it was agreed that all those of the garrison of Cherbourg who had been on this voyage to serve the earl of Buckingham, if they wished to return by land to their garrison, would have good safe conduct from the king to do so. And to pass through the realm of France without armor, and certain knights and squires of England in their company, if they pleased. And after the departure of the English from Brittany, then the duke was to come into France, to the king and to his uncles, and to do faith and homage to the King, as the duke of Brittany ought to do, to his natural lord the.\nThe French king. All these matters were written and sealed, and sufficiently brought to the duke of Brittany, who at that time was in the marches of Anjou. He agreed, with a wicked will, to what his men had done, for he knew well he could not do it without the wicked will of the English.\n\nWhen the knowledge of this treaty reached the Earl of Buckingham and the English men, they were greatly displeased and were wickedly content with the duke. They said that he had summoned them to come to Brittany, but never since then had he truly acquitted himself against them as he ought to have done. Wherefore they said, \"There is no point of truth in him.\"\n\nImmediately after the duke of Brittany came to Anjou to the Earl of Buckingham, and there he showed them secretly how his men had made peace with the French king. To this he was willing to agree, or else to have lost his country.\nThere were great words between them, but the duke humbled himself and excused himself as much as he could, for he knew well in a manner that he was in the wrong. However, he was willing to do it to the intent that the Englishmen should depart from Brittany. Then the earl had it proclaimed through the city of Annes that if any of his men did anything in the town, they should come forward and they would be paid. And then the earl returned the keys of the town to its burgesses and thanked them for the pleasure they had done him. And they delivered to the earl for his money: ships at Annes, at Hanibout, at Camparel, and where they were lodged. And so the earl of Bucchingham departed from Annes on the 11th day of April, with all his banners displayed in order of battle, and came to the haven. And there he encountered the duke of Brittany, Sir Alan Housay, the lord of Monbroiser, Sir Stephen Gyron, Sir William of Tribeidy, and Sir Geoffrey of.\nQuaresmell and other dukes' councils sent messengers to the earl, requesting him to speak with the duke. But the earl refused to return to land, instead sending Lord Latymer and Sir Thomas Percy in his place. These two men conferred with the duke of Brittany for three hours. The Englishmen promised the earl that they would return the following day for further discussions. After midnight, the tide came in, and the sailors had control of the wind. They demanded to know the earl's intentions, and the earl, who no longer wished to speak with the duke, ordered, \"Sirs, haul up your anchors and furl your sails, and let us depart.\" The Englishmen complied and sailed away from the harbor of Douarnenez towards England. The same occurred for all other English ships.\nThe Constable of France was then in the castle of Josselyn, seventeen miles from Uzes. He had given safe-conduct to various English and Norwegian knights and squires: those who had served the Earl of Bucchiangham in his voyage. Among them were Sir Yves of Fitz Warren, Sir William Clynton, and Sir John Burle. They departed from Uzes and took their way by the castle of Josselyn, and there lodged in the town outside the castle, thinking only of dining there and then departing. And when they were alighted at their lodging, certain companions of the castle, knights and squires, came to see them. As men of war often do, and especially Englishmen and Frenchmen. Among the Frenchmen was a squire, a good one.\nA man named Johan Boucmell, who was a man-at-arms and favored by the Earl of Marche, Lord of Burbon, had previously served with Sir William Bourdes against the garrison of Cherbourg. At that time, there had been discussions about acts of war between him and an English squire named Nicholas Clyfforde. The latter was present as well. When the Frenchmen arrived at the Englishmen's lodgings and held a conference, Johan Boucmell initiated the conversation and said to Nicholas Clyfforde: \"Nicholas, we have often wished and planned to engage in acts of war together, and now we have found each other in the right place and time to carry it out. We are before the Constable of France and other lords who are present here. Therefore, I request that we have three courses with a spear, each of us against the other.\"\nNicholas answered and said, \"You know right well that we are now going on our way, under the safeconduct of my lord, your Constable. Therefore, what you require cannot be done now, for I am not the chief of this safeconduct; I am merely among these other knights who are here. Though I would stay, they will not allow it. Then the French squire answered, 'Nicholas, do not excuse yourself in this way. Let your company depart if they wish, for I promise you by covenant, the arms will be settled between you and me. I shall bring you to the vales of Cherbourg without damage or harm. Have no doubt of that.' Then Nicholas answered and said, 'I think well that you will bring me there, and I believe it in truth. But you see well, how we go through the country without any armor; we have none with us. So it is that even if I wanted to arm myself, I have no wherewithal.' Then John answered, 'Do not excuse yourself by that. I will show you what you shall do. I have harness of various sorts at my disposal.'\"\ncommandment / they shall be brought to the place where we shall do deeds of arms. Then observe them well and choose which you will, and I shall arm myself with the other. When Nicholas Clifforde saw himself so opposed, he was speechless: because of those present and her matter. He saw well how John offered him so much reason that he could not refuse him with his honesty. And furthermore John said to him, \"sir, take whatever part and whatever covenant you will, and I shall not refuse it rather than we should not do deeds of arms.\" Then Nicholas said, \"how I will take advice, and show you my mind or depart.\" And if it is so that I may not do it now, and the lords under whom James will not agree to it, I promise you, as soon as I come to Cherbourg and you to Boloyne, let me know of your coming there, and I shall initiate coming to you and deliver your challenge. Nay, nay (said John), seek no respite, I have offered and yet offer.\nyou are involved in many honorable things that in no way can you depart from. He laid heavily upon his charge, and with the Frenchmen went to their castle. The Englishmen remained still at their lodging and dined there. And when the Frenchmen were in their castle, there was little speaking of the words that had been between John Bourmell and Nicholas Clyfford. In fact, the words of their conversation reached the ears of the constable, who pondered it a little. The knights and squires of the country desired him to put it to the test, that these deeds of arms might be done. The constable said he was content with that. And when they had dined, the English knights who were there and wished to depart went to the castle to see the constable because he should send at least seven knights to conduct them through Brittany and Normandy to Cherbourg. And when they arrived at the castle, the constable received them warmly, and then said to them.\nSirs, you are all to remain here today. Tomorrow after mass, you shall witness battles between our squire and yours. After dinner, you shall dine with me, and afterwards, you shall depart with such guides that will bring you to Cherbourg. They agreed to him and drank of his wine, and then returned to their lodgings.\n\nThen these two squires, John and Nicholas, advised each other about the battle. They were to prepare the next day, and in the morning, they both attended mass and confessed. And so, all the lords of France were on one side, and the Englishmen on the other side, and they all gathered at a fair, open place outside the castle of Joselyn. John Boucicault had prepared two fine and good harnesses, as he had promised the English squire, and then (he said to him) Nicholas chose which one he would have, but he would not make a choice in any way, and gave the first choice to the English squire.\nA French squire, and he took one and armed him with it, and Nicholas helped to arm him likewise. When they were both armed, they took good spears of equal length and each took his place, coming a fair pace against the other. When they were to approach, they crouched down their spears. And at the first stroke, Nicholas Clifford struck John Boucmell on the breast. The stroke slid up to the gorget of his mail, and the spearhead entered his throat and cut through the windpipe. The spear broke and the butt end remained lodged in the squire's neck, who was mortally wounded by that stroke. The English squire passed by and sat down in his chair. When the lords saw that stroke and saw how the butt end remained, they came to him and took off his basinet, drew out the spear, and as soon as it was out, he turned about without speaking a word and fell down.\nThe English squire could not reach him in time; he had certain words to halt him. But when he saw that he was dead, he was greatly displeased because he had to kill such a valiant man-at-arms. The man who had seen the Earl of March would have pitied what sorrow he caused for his squire, as he loved him entirely. The constable comforted him and said, \"In such desperate circumstances of war, let no one look for anything else. Though this unfortunate event has befallen our squire, the Englishman is not to blame, for he cannot change it.\" Then the constable said to the Englishmen, \"Sir, let us go and it is time. Against their will, he took them with him to the castle to dine, for he would not break his promise for the death of the squire. The Earl of March wept pitifully for his squire, and Nicholas Clifford went to his lodgings and would not dine in the castle, out of sorrow.\nAnd yet, due to doubts about the French squires' friendship, but the constable sent for him, requiring him to go to the castle. Upon arrival, the constable said: \"Indeed, Nicholas, I truly believe and see how sorry you are for the death of Jean Bourmell. But console yourself, for you cannot change it. For, by God's help, if I had been in your place, I would have done nothing different or more if I could. It is better for a man to grieve his enemy than for his enemy to grieve him; such are the adventures of war. So they sat down at the table and dined at their leisure. After dinner and the wine was drunk, the constable called for Lord Barres de Bares and said to him, \"Sir, prepare yourself. I will have you conduct these Englishmen to Cherbourg and open the way to the towns and castles for them, and minister to their needs.\" The knight answered and said, \"Sir, it shall be done willingly.\" Then they took their leave.\nThe earl of Buckingham's army departed from Josselyn's castle, riding to Pontorson and Mount St. Michaels under the conduct of the noble knight, Barrois of Barres. They never left them until they reached Cherbourg. As you have heard, the earl of Buckingham's army faced problems both by sea and land.\n\nNow let us return to the business in Flanders during that season. How did Gaunt maintain themselves, and how did their lord, the earl of Flanders, counteract them?\n\nIt is true that at the beginning, the earl of Flanders did not fear the English or the gauche as much as others did, for he believed he could bring them under control through wisdom and arms. Little by little. Particularly since John Lyon and John Prunaux were dead. But the English, like other great captains, had great affinity with them and did all this.\nby their counsel. And Rase de Harsell was captain of the castle of Gaunt, and Johan of Bannoy captain of Courtrey. There were other captains, such as Johan Bulle, Peter Boyse, Arnolde the Clerk, and Peter of Nuyte. In the same season, there was a strife between the great men and the commons within the town of Bruges, as the mean craftsmen desired to have everything at their pleasure, and the great men would not allow it. The mean weavers and fullers were slain, and the others were appeased. Then the great men of Bruges sent to the earl of Lysle, urging him, for God's sake, to come to them as their chief lord and help subdue the commons. The earl was glad to hear this news and so departed from Lysle. Sir William of Namur came in his company, along with a great number of knights and squires of Flanders. They came to Bruges, where they took all the principals of those who had sworn allegiance, and those who were suspected.\nover five hundred were imprisoned, and scarcely a few of their heads were struck off. When the Franks understood that the earl was peacefully in Bruges, they feared and put themselves into his mercy. He received them and took great joy, for his power was continually increasing. The Franks had always taken his side more than all the rest.\n\nFirst, he ordered and said: he would go and see the people of Ypres, for he hated them greatly because they had opened their gates so lightly to the Gaunt men, and said that those who had made the treaty and let in his enemies to kill his knights would repent it if he could get the upper hand against them. Then he made summons through France and Bruges, saying that he would go to Ypres. News reached Ypres that the earl had ordered himself to come and attack them. They took counsel and determined to send word to the Gaunt men to send them some men to assist them.\nThe town of Ipswich / for they were not large enough to defend it without aid from the gauntlet men / who had promised and sworn to help them whenever they had need. So they sent secret letters to Gaunt and to the captains / and informed them of the earl's threat to come and attack them. Then those of Gaunt remembered / how they were bound by their faith and promise / to aid and support them. Then they appointed the two captains, John Bull and Arnold Clerk / and they said to them, \"Sirs, you shall take with you three thousand of our men and go quickly to Ipswich / to comfort them as our good friends.\" Incontinently they departed from Gaunt / and so these three thousand men came to Ipswich / where the people of the town took great joy. Then the earl of Flanders issued out of Bruges with a great number of men / and came to Tournai / and the next day to Perpignan / where he stayed for three days / until all his men had arrived. And then he was preparing a force of twenty thousand.\nmen of war. They of Gaunt, who knew right well all this matter and how the earl would go powerfully to Ypres, determined to assemble their forces and go by Courtrai to Ypres, and so all together to fight with the earl. They said that if they might once overcome him, he would never be relieved after. Then all the captains departed from Gascony: Rase de Harscell, Peter du Bouse, Peter le Nuyte, Joan de Launoy, and various others: centeniers and cinquanteniers. And when they were in the field, they were a nine thousand strong, and so long they returned that they came to Courtrai, where they were received with great joy, for John de Launoy was captain there. The earl of Flanders being at Poupequelles and thereabouts, stood under guard that they of Gaunt were coming to Ypres, and that they were at Coe which they of Ypres must pass, two great battles with the earl of Flanders' son, the Bastard of Flanders, and the lord Daighien, with various other knights and squires of Flanders and of.\nHeynalt and his companions from Bruges and Franke numbered ten thousand men. When Ipre and the Gauntois, with Johan Bulle, were in the fields and had not yet journeyed beyond a mile, they encountered two paths. One led to Rolers, the other to Tourande. They paused and consulted on which way to go. Arnolde le Clerke advised, \"I suggest we go and join our comrades at Rolers.\" Johan de Bul replied, \"And I think it would be better for us to be lodged on Mont Dor.\" Be assured, I know Peter de Boyse and Rase de Harstell well, for they have summoned us. Certainly, they will fight with the earl. Therefore, I am certain they will approach as close to him as they can. Thus, I suggest we take that way.\" They decided to take that path and, after traveling two miles, grew weary on foot. Unaware, they found themselves between the two bushes. And when they saw them, they cried out.\nWe were betrayed. There were fewer men who made less defense than they did then. Every man did what he could to save himself. Some returned to Ypres and some took the fields & fled as best they could without array or order. The earl's men took and slew them without mercy. However, John Bulle and Arnold Clerke saved themselves. Those who fled toward Courtray met the Gauntois, who were departed from Rolers, and were on their way to Rosbeque. When Peter de Boyse and the others saw those who fled, they demanded of them what ailed them. They answered and said they could not tell, for they said they had not the leisure to know the matter, but they said they fled like men who had been betrayed. Then Peter de Boyse had various imaginings: to go forward, to return again to the fleers, & to fight with their enemies who chased them: orrelles to draw to Courtray. Considering all things, they determined to draw back for that time. They thought it was for them (at that time).\nThey drew back in battle in good order and returned to Courtrai the same day, drawing in many who had fled. They lodged all within Courtrai and made the gates well kept, so as not to be suddenly taken. When John Bull and Arnold Clerke returned and had reckoned their people, they knew well that among those from Gaunt, such as had been sent to Ypres before, they had lost twelve thousand and as many from Ypres. And if they had chased those who had fled to Ypres and to Courtrai, few would have escaped, but all would have been killed or taken, but they did not pursue far. They took heed of nothing but killing those within their jurisdiction, which saved all the remainder. The people of Ypres were greatly disheartened when they saw their people return beaten and disgraced on the same day that they had been issued out. And diverse answered and asked how it might be.\nThese common people had been betrayed by Bulle and brought to shameful deaths. I mention this because of the people of Gaunte. When they returned to Courtray on the same day, those who were disarmed knew that John Bulle was in the town. Then more than a thousand gathered together and said, \"Let us go after the false traitor John Bulle, who has betrayed us. By him and by no other did we take the way that led us into the hands of our enemies. For if we had believed Arnold the Clerk, we would have been safe, as he would have brought us to our own company, and Bulle would not have been there, who sold and betrayed us, leading us where we were betrayed and discomfited. Look, you can see how these commoners accused him of treason, yet I think very likely they had no cause to do so. For if it had been as they said, and he had sold and betrayed them to the earl, he would never have returned.\nThe earl had not left them, but rather I had stayed with him. Although I cannot excuse him, it cost him his life, and I will tell you how. The gauntlet men took him in his lodging and brought him into the street, where he was struck into pieces, so that every man carried away a piece of him. Thus ended John Bulle. The next day the gauntlet men departed from Courtray and returned to Gaunt, and John de Lanoy was sent to the castle of Gaures, a castle of the earl's, standing by the river of Lescalle, and there this John made a son.\n\nNow let us speak of the earl of Flanders and his company. After they had thus overthrown the gauntlet men and killed about three hundred of them, what of those from Gaunt and Ypres, the earl determined to draw towards the town of Ypres and lay siege to it. And this was done, and he drew thither with all his people, a great number of knights and squires from Flanders.\nHeynault and Artoys, who had come to serve the earl, were alarmed when they learned that he was approaching them so forcefully. The wealthy men of the town consulted among themselves and decided to open the gates and go out to meet the earl, intending to place themselves under his obedience and beg for mercy. They planned to show him that they had been compelled to act against their will, as fullers, weavers, and other unfortunate townspeople. They believed that the earl would be merciful and grant them clemency. As they had planned, more than three hundred people came out of the town of Ypres with the keys to the gates and fell on their knees before the earl, imploring mercy. The earl took pity on them and granted them mercy, and he entered the town of Ypres with his entire army and stayed for three weeks.\nThe lord sent home those from Fraake and Bruges. While he lay in Ypres, he had more than 700 fullers and weavers, and such people who had first brought John Leon and the Gaunties into that town, executed. He also killed valiant men whom the earl had set aside. The earl was greatly displeased by this and, to prevent further rebellion, he sent three hundred of the most notable ones to prison in Bruges. He then proceeded to Courtrai to bring that town under his obedience. When the people of Courtrai understood that their lord had come to them so strongly and that Ipswich was under his obedience, they greatly doubted, for they saw no comfort from those in Grenade. Therefore, they were advised lightly to yield to their lord, thinking it was better for them to hold with him to whom they owed their faith and homage, rather than to the Gaunties. Then they organized a three hundred-man foot militia from the best of the town.\ngo into the fields to the earl and the keys of the town with them. And when the earl came by, they all knelt down and cried for mercy. The earl had pity on them and received them to mercy. He entered the town joyously, and they all made to him reverence and honor. Then he took two thousand gold coins from the best of the town of Courtrai and sent them to Lisle and Daway as hostages to ensure that the town would no longer rebel. After staying there for six days, he went to Bruges and remained there for fifteen days. Then he summoned a great army to assemble and lay siege to Ghent. For all the remainder of Flanders was then under his command. Then the earl departed from Bruges and came and laid siege before Ghent, lodging at a place called the Briet. There came to the earl Ser Robert of Namur to serve the earl with a certain number of men of war, according to what the earl had written to him. But Sir William of Namur was not there; he was in France with the king.\nThe king and the duke of Burgundy initiated a siege around the town of Ghent. This siege began approximately during the feast of St. John the Baptist's beheading. Danhien of Dendermonde was the marshal of the eastern part of Flanders. He was young and courageous, fearing neither pain nor danger. Despite the earl's position before the town of Ghent, he could not completely subdue its inhabitants, who kept three or four gates open to allow supplies in. The people of Brussels and Brabant were favorable towards them, and the people of Liege sent a message to encourage them, stating, \"Good people of Ghent, we of Liege know well how troubled you are with your lord the earl, which displeases us. But if we marched near you, within three or five leagues, we would give you such support as neighbors and friends ought to do. But you are far from us.\"\nThe country of Brabant lies between you and us, therefore we must refrain. Yet, even if you are now besieged, do not be disheartened. God knows this, and so do all other good towns, that you are on the right side of this war. Therefore, all your endeavors will succeed the better. Thus, the people of Liege sent messages of comfort to those of Ghent.\n\nThe Earl of Flanders, who had thus besieged the town of Ghent on the side towards Bruges and Courtrai, but, as towards Brussels, the earl could not come or lay siege because of the great rivers, that is, the river of Lys and the river of Scheldt. And I tell you, considering all things, Ghent is one of the strongest towns in the world. It requires more than 2,000 men to besiege it completely and to block all the rivers and passages. Also, the gates lie near each other, for otherwise they could not support each other because of the rivers. Furthermore, there are many people in the town of Ghent.\nIn those days, there were about four thousand men capable of bearing armor between the ages of sixteen and twenty-five, during a siege that lasted for a month. The earl had remained at this siege for a month, and his son, the Haze, and his marshal had engaged in skirmishes with the Gauntois some days and lost others, as the fortunes of war dictate. The earl was then counseled on one day to send men from Bruges, Ieper, and Pursuivre to skirmish with the Gauntois at a place called the Long Bridge. It was thought that if they could win that place, it would be a great advantage and profit for them, as they would then enter the four crafts and approach Ghent more closely. Sir Josse Valois was appointed chief commander of this enterprise. When they arrived at this passage, they found it not disorganized but well provisioned, with a large number of men from Ghent. Among them were Peter du Voise, Peter de Nuyts, and Rase de Harzelles. They began:\nThere was shooting of guns and crossbows on both parties, resulting in many being slain and wounded. The gauntlet-men acquitted themselves well, as they repelled their enemies and seized the banner of Bruges, which was then cast down into the water. Many from the goldsmiths and others were killed and injured, with Ser Josse Ualuin being slain, a great loss. The other side returned without doing any more. The gauntlet-men bore themselves valiantly.\n\nBefore the siege of Ghent, there were many skirmishes before the town. The lord of Dangehaut and the seneschal of Heynault, along with the bishop of Flanders, would only attack when they saw any advantage. At times, they were forced to retreat and had no choice but to look behind them. When they could muster a force of about 6,000 and Rase of Harzelles, Arnolde Clerke, and John Launoy as captains, they attacked.\ndeparted out of Gau\u0304te without any daun\u2223ger of the oste / and went to Alour a good closed towne / and the erle had lyenge there in garison dyuerse knyghtes. But incontynent as they knewe of the comynge of the gau\u0304toyse they fled out of the towne at the gate towarde Brussels / for els they had ben deed / for the towne inconti\u2223nent was brent and spoyled by the gauntoyse / wherin they conquered great pyllage. And fro thence they went to Teremo\u0304d a stronge towne yet by assaute they conquered it. And ther was slayne {ser} Philip of Namure. And so the gaun\u2223toyse were lordes of the towne / but nat of the ca\u00a6stell: for the lord of Wyndscot kept it valiantly. Than the Gauntoyse went to Granmout / the whiche was newly turned to the erles parte by the treatie of the lorde Da\u0304ghien. and I can nat tell whether it were by treason or nat but ye gau\u0304\u00a6toyse entred by force / and many of them within slayne. And whan they had made this voyage / they retourned agayne to Gaunte with great praye and pyllage.\n\u00b6 Whan the erle of\nFlaude saw that he was wasting his time lying before Gaut\u00e9's siege and that it cost him and his people greatly in terms of effort and pain. He knew that those within did not leave to issue out and burn the countryside, having conquered Teremode and Granmont during the siege. Therefore, the earl was counseled to depart, as winter approached. He did so and sent his people home to their own houses to rest. He sent the Lords Danghten and Montigny to Warp and left men in garrison there, in addition to the 2,000 good English archers, whom he utilized extensively. The earl then went to Bruges. Those in Warp made various skirmishes with the Gauntois, as they frequently ventured out into the fields, making it impossible for anyone to bring supplies to Gaunte without being killed or captured. When it came to the month of April and\nthat winter was past, the earl gathered again his people from Iper, Cortray, Porpyrge, Dan, Sluse, and Franke. He departed from Bruges and went to Nieule, where he stayed for a certain period. Of all his men-at-arms, he made captain the lord Danghien. Then the earl numbered about twenty thousand and determined to go to Gawres, where John Launoy was. When he learned of the earl's coming, John Launoy sent word to Gautier de Harcourt for some aid and comfort. Then Gautier assembled six thousand and marched out of Gaunte, heading towards Gawres. But they found not John Launoy, for he was at Douze on the other side of the river and was pillaging the country there. They drew together and rode all day, meeting with those of And warpe and Douze going towards the earl. And there the Gascons attacked them and killed six thousand, but Lord Dangheia was not in that company, for he had gone to meet the earl.\nIn the fields between Bruges and Douze, these tidings reached the earl and Lord Danghien. They were greatly displeased to learn of the damage And warpe had inflicted upon them. It was then decided that Lord Danghien, with 400 men, should go to Gaures to find John Launoy, but he was not there. Instead, he had been drawn back to Ghent with all his plunder and prisoners, of which there was not a great quantity. The next day, Rase de Harselles departed from Ghent with 600 men and John Launoy with him. Peter du Boyse also left Ghent with 600 men and Arnolde Clerke in his company. They burned the suburbs of Courtrai and then returned towards Dous, intending to meet with their own company. However, they arrived too late. When Johan Launoy and Rase of Harselles reached Nyeule, they found the earl and his entire company assembled in the field, waiting only for battle to commence. Host and the Gaunt men encountered them there.\nEach other, without any knowledge in the morning. And when Rase of Harscelles and John Launoy saw that they must needs fight, they set their men in three battalions, and in every battalion two thousand men, of the most hardiest from Gaunt. Peter du Boyse and Arnold Clerke had as many with them, and they were abroad in the field and knew nothing that their company and the earl were so near together, nor that they should fight as they did. For it was ordained among them when they departed from Gaunt that if they found the earl with his whole power, they should not fight with him without they were all together. For they thought themselves not big enough to encounter the earl without they were all together in one battalion. And to this they were sworn to uphold. And to say the truth, Rase of Harscelles could have let the battalion go by if he had wished. For if he had kept himself still in the town and had tarried till Peter du Boyse had come to him, the earl would not have.\nAssailed them in the town so shortly. But one, Rase de Harsels, knowing that the earl was there, issued out into the field and said, \"I will fight with my enemies and have honor myself, and not wait for Peter du Boyse and his company.\" He had such great trust in his own company and such good hope in the men of Gaunt's forces that he thought he could lose nothing. And it showed the same day the great will he had to fight, as you shall hear after.\n\nReally, the earl of Flanders rejoiced when he saw that Rase of Harsels was issued out of Nieule and was abroad in the field ready to fight. Then the earl ordered his men, and he was about the number of twenty thousand, and he had a hundred and fifteen knights and squires from Flanders, Heynalt, Brabant, and Artois. Of Heynalt, there was Lord Danguyen, marshal of the host, and with him, Lord Mottingy, and my lord Bastard Danguyen, Giles Ryston, and Johan Burlemont.\nAnd there were various others. Among the Flandrians were the lord of Guystels, Sir Guy of Guystels, the lord Cornettes, the lord Hulluc, the lord of Halwin, Sir Daniel of Halwin, Sir Tirrey Disquetan, Sir Johan Discoubourcke, the lord of Gentus, Sir Johan Willayne, and Sir Gerarde of Mortigiliet, and there were made a certain number of new knights. Before the young seneschal of Heynalt died on his bed at Aubyes, beside Mortain, Thierry made five battles. In every battle there were four thousand men, each man eager to run at their enemies. And that day the lord of Lieurghien bore Thierry's banner. When all the battles were well ordered, the five battles approached against the three battles of the Gaunties. At the first engagement, only three of the earl's battles appeared, for the other two were still in the wings, to comfort the battles if necessary. There the earl himself prayed all his company to do their duty and take vengeance on these outrageous Gaunties.\nWho had put him to so much pain. And he said to the good townsmen, \"Sirs, be ye all sure, for if any of you flee away, ye were better here to be slain, for without mercy it shall cost you all your heads.\" And so the men of Bruges were set in the first battle, the men of Flanders in the second, and the men of Ypres and Courtrai in the third, and the men of Propinge, of Bergues, of Cassell, and of Bourge in the fourth battle. He retained with himself the men of Lille, of Doaway, and of Andwarpe. Thus they assembled their battalions and called each against the other. And of the gentry, Rase of Harselles led the first battle, for he was the most hardy, therefore he would be with the foremost. To gain honor if he could, and so he encountered against the battle of the men of Bruges, led by the lord of Guystell and his brother. And there was a sore encounter, and so all the battalions assembled together. There were many overcome on one side and the other, and the.\nThe text reads: \"gau\u0304teryse did many valiant deeds of arms, but the earl had a much greater number, for they were three against one. There was a good assault and it lasted a long time or it could be known or seen who would have the better. And when all the battles were joined together, they of Flanders cried lion, encouraging each other. And the other cried with a loud voice, Gau\u0304t gaunt.\n\nThere was one time that the earl's company was in danger of having the worse. And if they had lost the field and their men fled, Peter de boyse and his six hundred men would have met with them, so that none would have escaped, earl nor other. But all would have been slain or taken, which would have been great damage to Flanders, & by likelihood never\"\nTo have it recovered again.\nRase of Harsel and John of Launoy had no advantage in assailing the earl's men. The earl had there many a noble knight and many a goodman from Bruges, Ipswich, Courtray, Arras, Danne, Sluse, and Franke. Also, the earl was four men against one, so that when all the earl's battles were assembled together, there were so many that the gauntlets could not endure them but opened and retreated towards the town of Nieul. As soon as they broke their array, the earl's men entered among them and slew them in heaps. Then the gauntlets retreated towards the monastery of Nieul, which was a strong hold. And there was a great slaughter at the entry of the gauntlets into the monastery. John de Launoy, all abashed and disconcerted, entered into the monastery to save himself, and went into the steeple, and such of his company as he could get in with him. And Rase de Harsel remained behind him and retreated his company, and did great deeds of arms at the door.\nFinally, he was struck down with a long pine through his body and thus slain. Thus ended the reign of Harsel, who had been a great captain in Gaunt against the earl. The people loved him greatly because of his wisdom and prowess, but for his valiance this was his end and reward. When the earl of Falcon came to the monastery and saw how the people fled into the church, he commanded to set fire to the monastery. His command was quickly carried out; fire, fagots, and straw were gathered around the church. The fire immediately mounted up to the covering of the monastery. The people in the monastery died in great pain, for they were burned quickly, and those who issued out were slain and thrown back into the fire. Johan Launoy, who was in the steeple, seeing himself at the point of being burned, cried out to them outside, \"Mercy, mercy!\" and offered his coat, which was full of florins, to save his life. But they outside only laughed and scorned him and said to him, \"Johan, come out!\"\nat some window and speak with us. Make a leap in like manner as you have made some of us to leap within this year. It is up to you to make this leap. Who was John Launoy seeing himself in that position, and that he was without remedy, and that the fire took him so near that he saw well he should be burned. He thought it were better for him to be slain than to be burned. And so he leapt out at a window among his enemies, and there he was received on speeches and swords and cut all to pieces, and cast himself into the fire. Thus ended John Launoy.\n\nOf the six thousand men that Rase de Harscels and Johan de Launoy had raised from Gaule and about Gaule, and such as served the gauleys for their wages, there escaped alive about three hundred. All the remainder were slain in the ditches, in the field, and in the town: and burned in the minster. And Peter de Boys, who had a great battle in the field, could not help them, for between his battle and Rase de Harscels there was a great marsh and much.\nwater, where he could not reach them. Then he departed from that place and all his men were in good order of battle. Let us go fairly and easily towards Gaunt. Rase of Harselles and Johan of Launoy with their company have fared but poorly; I cannot say what will happen to us. If we are followed and assailed by the Earl's men. Let us keep together and fight valiantly, like those who fight for our right. And all who heard him said so. And so he departed and took the way towards Gaunt in a fair battle well ordered. Some who had fled from the battle returned to Gaunt and showed all the adventure. How Rase of Harselles and Johan of Launoy and their company were discomfited and slain in the battle of Nieule. When they of Gaunt heard these tidings, they were sore afraid and sorrowful for the death of Rase, for he was well-loved. And they had great trust in him.\nThey found him a good captain and trustworthy. Since Rase was a gentleman born, the son of a lord and a lady, and had served them faithfully for their money, they loved and honored him more. The townspeople demanded of those who had come fleeing from the battlefield where was Peter de Boyse? Those who had not seen him or knew not where he was answered, \"We cannot tell you where he was, for we did not see him.\" Some of the townspeople of Gaunt began to murmur against Peter de Boyse, saying that he had poorly conducted himself by not being at the battlefield: they had six men of war with him. The townspeople were determined that as soon as Peter de Boyse returned, they would kill him and then make peace with their lord, the earl, and put all under his mercy. I believe if they had done this, they would have acted wisely, and I think sort of have come to peace. But they did not act thus, which they had planned.\nThe Earl, like all of Flanders, had bought peace after this battle at Nieul. Yet, to this day, nothing is as it should be in Flanders. When this battle was over, the Earl understood that Peter du Bois and a great battle of Gaunties were still in the fields, heading towards Gaunt. The Earl then asked for counsel as to whether he should go and fight them or not. His lords and knights answered him that he had done enough for that day, and that his men were weary and in need of rest. They advised sending five or six hundred men to pursue them and see what they were doing. They said that perhaps they might find their enemies lodged that night in such a place that they would look on them at their dislodging in the morning. The Earl was content with this counsel, and it was carried out. They appointed out those who were to go in this company, and the Lord Daughien was the chief captain. They departed from Nieul.\nand rode under cover to see the behavior of the gauntlets. And at last they saw the gauntlets as they descended a hill, keeping themselves close and in good order. Lord Dangien and his company pursued them from one side. Peter de Boyse and the gauntlets saw them well, but they made no sign. Then Peter de Boyse said to his company, \"Sirs, let us keep on our way and maintain order. If they come upon us, let us receive them, but I think they will not meddle with us.\" Thus they rode until they reached Gaunt. Then Lord Dangien returned to the earl, and Peter de Boyse and his company entered Gaunt. Then Peter de Boyse was so received that he was on the point of being slain because he had not helped Rase de Harsel at the battle of Nieul. Peter de Boyse excused himself and said, \"How I sent to Rase, in no way did I intend to fight with the earl without being in his company, because the earl had such great power, but Rase...\"\nAnd yet I cannot change the course. Therefore, though I may seem unyielding to him, I am as sorrowful and displeased by his death as any man. The town of Gaunte has lost a right valiant man and a sage captain. Therefore, it is necessary to seek out another discrete, sage, and well-renowned man, or else submit ourselves to the earl. He will destroy us all and make us die a villain's death. Behold now, choose what you will do: either persevere and continue as we have, or else put ourselves in the earl's mercy? And at that time there were none who answered him, but as for the battle of Nieul and the death of Rase de Harselles, he was excused. Because they gave him no answer regarding that, he was greatly displeased in his mind. And specifically, he was not content with some of the burghers who were present, the best and most notable of your town. Among them were Sir Guysbert Grut and Sir [name missing].\nSymond Brett. He made no semblance but showed well his displeasure to them the previous year. When Lord Daghien and Lord Montigny, the Duke of Flanders, and their retinue returned from Nieul to the earl and showed him all they had seen, then the earl departed and went to Bruges, sending his people from the good towns home with the lord of Franke and Lord Daghien to Warwic. And when they of Gaunt understood that the Earl was returned to Bruges and that his people had departed from him, then, by the instigation and urging of Peter de Boys, they of Gaunt drew together. He said to them, \"Sirs, let us go to war, let us not let this be a cold thing to make war. Let us show ourselves, like people to undertake an enterprise.\" And so they departed from Gaunt with more than fifteen. M. [and so they came strongly before Courtrai], laid siege to the town, while the feast and procession was at Bruges. The which was the year of our Lord\nIn the year 1031, they stayed there for ten days and harvested the substances and the surrounding country. When the earl heard of this, he summoned all his gentlemen and garrisons, as well as the common people of Ypres and Flanders. Departing from Bruges, he numbered around 20,000 men and headed towards Courtrai to fight against the Gauntois and lift the siege. Upon learning that the earl was approaching their camp with such a large force, Peter de Bois and the Gauntois decided not to prolong the siege but instead retreated to Dous and Nieul. They announced their intention to await the earl there and sent word to Gaunt, summoning the rear guard to strengthen their ranks and increase their numbers. Departing once more from Gaunt, they numbered around 15,000 men and rejoined their company at Nieul and Dous, where they all camped together in the fields, awaiting the earl. When the earl arrived,\nThe earl came to Harlbecke near Courtrey, only then understanding that the Gaunties had departed towards Wardes Gaunte and were lodged around Nieule and Douse. The earl was advised not to pursue them, and so he allowed his men to depart. He sent Lord Daghien and his followers, as well as his bastard son, the Hase of Flauders, to And warpe. When the Gaunties saw that the earl did not follow, they departed from Nieule and Douse and took the high way to Gaunt. On the same day that they passed, they sent a certain number of their men, among whom Arnold Clerke was captain, to the town's barricades to parley within the town. The knights and squires within could not withstand them and came out to parley. There were injuries and deaths on both sides, and they eventually departed and entered Gaunt, each to his own house. Three days later, Arnold Clerke was ordained.\nTo go to Gaures with 120 white hobels / to lie in the castle and thereabout / in manner as a country gentleman against and warpe. And so thither went Arnold Clerke with his company / and he had not been there long but he understood that certain knights and squires were issued out of Andwarpe to seek adventures. Then Arnold Clerke departed from Gaures / and with him 150 men-at-arms / and laid himself in ambush / to meet those who were issued that morning out of Andwarpe. Among them were various gentlemen: as the Lord of Cornaye, the Lord of Remeseles, Sir John of Uyllains, the Lord Danghien, the Galoys of Mamines, the bastard of Cornaye, and the Blancharde of Calemey. And as these knights and squires were returning to Andwarpe / the ambush broke out on them. And there were many slain, hurt, and overthrown / for the Gauges showed no mercy. Their horses served them well for they spurred them on / and so\nArnold returned to Andwarpe and, at the town's barriers, lit torches and prepared for defense, waiting for their company and various letters. However, they could not enter cleanly without killing more than three scores. Arnold the Clerk then returned and lodged that night at an abbey nearby, called Chester. There, in the abbey, they found Peter Destonhoyr and the Galois of Mamines, along with A.C. and his companions. Arnold the Clerk attacked the abbey, and with great effort, the Galois of Mamines saved themselves and departed through a hidden back entrance, entering a boat, and by nighttime reached Andwarpe. They showed Lord Danghien, Lord Montigny, Sir Daniel of Halwn, and other knights present. That same night, Arnold the Clerk and the White Hoods were in the abbey of Chester and had killed several of their company. Arnold the Clerk believed Peter Destonhoyr was there and was indeed dead. Arnold the Clerk and his company had forced him to jump out.\nat a window, and there were received wounds and slain, which was great damage.\nWhen the knights and squires within Andwarpe understood that Arnolde Clerke and the white hoods, to the number of twelve hundred, were at the abbey of Chem and had taken divers of their companions, they were greatly displeased and determined to send their spies that night to find their enemies in the morning. And as they ordered, they did so, and in the morning the spies brought report that the white hoods were determined to stay there all that day, with which these lords and knights were right joyful. Then they armed themselves: Lord Daghien, Lord of Motgingy, Lord of Bresuell, Sir Michaell de la Hamarde, and more than six hundred knights and squires from Heyternal and as many from Flaunders. And they took out of Andwarpe three hundred spears and more than a thousand crossbows and other varlets. And when they approached near to them, they sent before:\nSir Oliver of Chem and a hundred spearmen began the assault to draw Arnolde Clerke out of the abbey and occupy their time until footmen and crossbowmen arrived. Sir Daniel and Sir Peter of Disquemake, along with the Hase of Flauders, approached the abbey of Chem and cried \"Flauders\" with the bastard lion. The gauntlet men, unaware due to the early hour and not fully ready, were unable to assemble in good order. Lord Danghein, Lord of Lens, Lord of Bresuell, Lord of Cornayes, and their battalions entered the tower, crying \"Danghein.\" They set upon the gauntlet men and white hoods so valiantly that they could not endure and broke their ranks. There were 1,100 men in total killed, both within the abbey and in the fields. Arnolde Clerke was among those killed by two pikes as he stood.\nflyings. He was laid up leaning against a hedge. After this defeat, Lord Dangien and the other knights returned to their camp. This deed was reputed a great prowess. When the earl of Flanders learned of these tidings, he was greatly rejoiced and said to Lord Dangien, \"How is my fair goodson? He will prove a noble valiant man. The truth is, in Lord Dangien was all the honor of the county of Flanders. And so while the earl lay at Bruges, he called him not only his cousin but also his fair son.\"\n\nWhen it was known at Ghent that Arnold Clerk was dead and his men discovered there, many were greatly dismayed and said among themselves, \"Our business brings us but ill. Little and little, our captains and men are slain. We think we have done ill to stir up this war against our own lord, for he mistrusts us thus little and little. The evil will and hatred that was between Gilbert Mahu and Johan Lyon, \"\nTurns to our great damage. I think we have long sustained the opinions of John Lyon and Peter de Bois. They have brought us so deep into this war and into the hatred of the earl our lord that now we cannot nor know how to find any remedy, to have mercy and peace. It were better that 20 or 30 had repented than all the whole town. Thus there were divers who said each to other privately, they durst not speak it generally for fear of those who were evil. For they were all of one sect and daily increased in power. And in the beginning they were but poor companions without any substance, but then they had enough of gold and silver. For when they needed and compelled their captains, they were well heard and comforted. Then some of the rich men of the town should be sent for to them, and when they were come, for fear they durst not refuse so to do. Then the captains would say to them, Sirs, it behooves that the good town of Gaut make some shift to\npay our soldiers, who aid and help to defend and keep our jurisdictions and franchises. It is necessary that our companions must live. And so they would ask of every man as they please, and none dared say no. For if they had been inconvenient, they would have been slain and taken prisoner. How they had been traitors to the good town of Gaunt, and loved not its wealth, honor, nor profit. Thus, the knaves and wickedly disposed people were masters in the good town of Gaunt. And so continued, as long as the war was between them and the earl of Flanders their lord. And to tell the truth, though the rich and noble men of the good town of Gaunt were thus beaten with such rods, there was none so ripe with laughter. Nor could they excuse themselves, but that by their own faults, they were the cause of their own trouble. For when the earl of Flanders sent to them his bailiff, to have justice done on certain rebels & evil doers,\nDisposed people might have obeyed him and given him comfort in doing justice, which they did not. But it seemed that they preferred the matter to have gone badly rather than well. They would have rather had war with their own lord than peace. For they knew well that if there was war, the wicked people would be lords of the town and would be their masters, not to be put down again when they pleased. This was proven by John Faucon. To attempt to deceive the matter, he departed from the town of Gaunt and dwelt in Heynault, thinking to be purged of blame for the war between the earl and the town, bearing no blame from either party. However, the matter was laid to his charge, and he died because of it, which was great damage. For John Faucon was in his time a right wise and noble man, but it is hard to stand before lords and their demands, for they see clearly.\nThis man could help and counsel others, but regarding himself, he could not choose the best way. I cannot say whether he was culpable or not in the articles that he was examined on at Lyle by Sir Simon Rayn. But the knights and ill fortune turned against him, so that he died. And in the same way, all the captains of Gaunt who sustained the rebellion against their lord have met the same fate. Since Peter du Boyse saw that the town of Gaunt daily weakened and faltered, both in its captains and in its men. And saw well how the rich men began to grow weary and were intending to leave the war. He doubted greatly and imagined, and it seemed to him that by no means of the world, there could be any peace made with the earl so that he could be assured of his life. Then he remembered himself of John Lyon, who was his master, and pondered by what means he had acted.\nHe realized he couldn't do everything alone in Gau\u0304te or govern the entire town with his limited wisdom. Therefore, he decided not to take the principal charge but instead planned to covertly participate in frivolous enterprises. He recalled a man, Philip Dartuell, who was not greatly acknowledged in Gau\u0304te. He was wise but his wisdom was not recognized, nor was he taken seriously until that day. Philip Dartuell was the son of Jacques Dartuell, who had governed the county of Flauders together for seven years. Peter du Boyse and John Lion, his master, as well as other ancient men of Gau\u0304te, often spoke of this time fondly. They claimed that the county of Flaunders had never been more loved, honored, and feared than during Jacques Dartuell's rule, which lasted for seven years. The Gau\u0304 toyse frequently mentioned how their businesses thrived during Jacques Dartuell's tenure.\nPeter de Boyse recalled these words: they had said that they could have peace at their will, and the earl was glad when he could pardon them all. Peter de Boyse remembered this well and saw that Jacques Dartuel had a son named Philip, a right noble and gracious man. The queen of England was at Ghent during the siege before Turnhout, and so, out of her love for her, he was named Philip. Then Peter de Boyse came to this Philip, who was staying in his mother's house and lived honestly on their rents. Peter de Boyse began to reason with him and opened the matter, explaining why he had come to him.\n\n\"Philip,\" he said, \"if you heed my words and trust my counsel, I will make you the greatest man in all the county of Flanders. How can that be, sir?\" Philip asked.\n\n\"I will show you,\" Peter replied. \"You shall have the governing and administration of all those in the town of Ghent. For we are now in great need to have a...\"\nsovereign captain of good name and reputation. By this means, your father Jacques Dartuell will rise again in this town, as every man says that since his days, the country of Flanders has not been loved, honored, nor feared as it was while he lived. I shall easily place you in his stead if you wish. And when you are in that authority, you shall govern yourself by my counsel until you have a full understanding of every case, which you will soon learn. This Philip, who was at the height of manhood and naturally desired to be accommodated, honored, and to have more than he had, answered and said:\n\nPeter du Bois, you offer me a great thing, and I believe you. And if I were in the state that you speak of, I swear to you by my faith, that I would do nothing without your consent.\n\nThen Peter answered and said, How can you bear yourself proudly and be cruel among the commons, and especially in such things as these?\nA man is worth nothing unless he is feared or doubted and sometimes renowned with cruelty. Thus must the feelings be governed. A man should set no more value by human life nor have more pity for it than for the lives of swallows or larks, which are taken in season to eat. Philip said, \"I can do all this, and I will make you sovereign above all others.\" Peter replied, \"That is well said.\" And with that, he took his leave and departed. The night passed, and the next day Peter de Boys came to a place where more than 400 of his sect were assembled, along with others, to hear some news and determine who would be the chief captain of Gaunte. The lord of Harzelles was present, and many of the business within Gaunte was ordered by him. However, he would not involve himself in going outward. Among them, various people from the town of Gaunte were named, including Peter de Boys.\n\"Sirsw I believe all this that you say, you speak of good affection, and by great deliberation of heart, that you have to the keeping of the honor and profit of the town of Gaunte. And also such persons as you have named are right able, and have well deserved to have part in the governing of the town of Gaunte. But I know one who, if he will meddle with it, therefore, nor of a better name. Then Peter was asked to show his name, & so he named him and said, Sirs, it is Philip Dartuell, who was christened at St. Peter's in this town of Gaunte, by the noble queen of England called Philip. The same season that Jacques Dartuell was before Tournai with the king of England and the duke of Brabant, the duke of Guelders, and the earl of Hainault, whom Jacques Dartuell, this Philip's father, governed the town of Gaunte and the country of Flanders so well, that it was never so well ruled since.\"\n\"Who said daily that the town was never so well kept as it was in his time. Flaunders was in great danger of losing it, but through his wisdom, he recovered it. We ought to love the branches and members that come from such a valiant man as he was more than any other. And as soon as Peter du Boyse had spoken these words, Philip Dartuell entered into everyone's courage so much that they all said with one voice, \"Let us have him; we will have none other. Go send for him.\" But Peter du Boyse replied, \"Let him not be sent for; it would be better for us to go to him. We do not yet know how he will maintain himself. Let him first be examined.\"\n\nAnd so with Peter du Boyse's words, all those who were there and diverse others who followed them came to the house where Philip Dartuell was, who knew before their coming that his mother was there. There was the Lord of Harzell, Peter du Boyse, Peter le Mite, and a [person]\"\nThe twelve or chief aldermen of the crafts showed Philip Dartuell that the town of Gaunte was in great danger without a captain and a sovereign, who could order all manner of people living in Gaunte both within and without. Therefore, they said they gave all their voices to him and chose him as their sovereign captain for the good reputation of his name and for the love of his good father. They earnestly desired him to take on the charge, and they swore to him faith and truth, as to their lord, promising that every body within the town would be under his obedience. Philip understood their words and requests well and then replied sagely, \"Sirs, you ask a great thing of me, and I think you do not remember well how the case stands, when you would have me govern the town of Gaunte, you say how the love of yours, the aldermen, is towards me.\"\npredecessors drew you to this purpose, but my father did this solely for your sake. Yet, at the last, he was slain among you. If I were to take on the governance as you speak of and then be slain in turn, I would have but a small reward. Philip spoke to Peter du Bois, saying, \"It is too late, it cannot be recovered. Work by council, and you shall always be so well counseled that every man will praise you.\" Philip replied, \"I would be loath to do otherwise.\" There he was taken up among them and brought to the marketplace. And they made assurances to him from mayors, aldermen, and masters of every craft in Ghent. Thus, Philip was made chief captain in all Ghent, and thus, at the beginning, he was in great grace. For part of the revenues that pertained to the earl of Flanders in Ghent as his heritage, he caused them to be distributed to the lord of Harzels.\nAfter he had lost all that he had in Flanders, outside the town of Ghent, a little should be said about the affairs of Flanders, and something about England and Portugal. You have heard before how, after King Henry of Castile fell ill and his eldest son John was crowned king, and his wife crowned queen, who was the daughter of Peter of Aragon. Then the war began between King Fernando of Portugal and King Henry of Castile for certain reasons between them, and particularly for the dealing of the matter concerning King John of Castile, who was crowned king of Spain, Galicia, Castile, and Leon. And so, thus, King Fernando of Portugal declared war on these aforementioned articles. King John defended himself valiantly against him and sent a great number of armed men to resist against his enemies, so that at the beginning, he lost nothing. He had\nThe right and good knights of France, including the Begue of William, Peter his son, Sir John of Bergettes, Sir William of Lignac, Water Puissac, Lord of Taride, Sir John and Sir Tristram of Roy, and many others who had gone there after the Earl of Buckingham had been in Britain, consorted with him greatly in his wars and gave him good counsel. The King of Portugal advised sending certain messengers into England to the king and his uncles, intending to aid him in such a way that he might be able to maintain his war against the Spaniards. He then called to him a wise and valiant knight and great lord named John Ferrande. To him he showed all his entreaties and said, \"John, you shall bear these letters of credence into England. I cannot send a better messenger than you, nor one who knows the affairs of France better.\"\nYou shall recommend me to the king with these letters and inform him of my support for my cousins in their rights to Spain, Galice, and Cyuill. Therefore, tell him that I require him to send my uncle, the duke of Lancaster, and his wife, along with a certain number of armed men and archers. Upon their arrival, we trust that we will make good war with them and our own power. Sir, I will fulfill your message at your pleasure. And after he entered into ship to begin his voyage, he departed from Havyn and the city of Lisbon. He sailed for such a length of time that he arrived at Plymouth on the same day, at the same hour, and at the same tide as the earl of Buckingham and certain of his vessels, as they returned from Britain. The English had such misfortune at sea that they lost three of their ships laden with men and provisions, and all their fleet was scattered abroad by a great storm of wind. They arrived in great distress.\nThe knight, coming from Portugal, was warmly received by the Earl of Buckingham upon his arrival in England. Buckingham inquired about news from Portugal and Spain, and the knight shared various information with him. They rode together until they reached the city of London, where the King of England resided, along with his uncles, the Duke of Lancaster and the Earl of Cambridge. The knight was welcomed by the city, and he then went to the king, who was at Westminster, accompanied by the knight from Portugal. When the king and lords learned of his arrival, they expressed great joy and honored him. The knight presented his letters to the king, who read them in the presence of his uncles. The king took no action but acted upon the advice of his uncles, as he was young. The knight was then examined because he brought letters of credence and was asked about the reason for his visit.\nA knight coming from Portugal into England answered and explained the matter to the lords as you have heard before. When the lords had well understood him, they replied in the king's name. We thank our consul, the king of Portugal, for putting himself forward in our affairs, as he makes war against our adversary, and for his reasonable request. Therefore, he shall have aid promptly, and the king will consider how it shall be arranged. There were no more words. This stranger knight, pleased by the tidings he had brought, was entertained and dined with the king, and stayed for the duration of fifteen days until the Feast of St. George, where the king and his uncles were. Robert Comyn of Namur came to see the king and to make his relief in England. Then the parliament and council were assigned to be at Westminster.\nThe reasons for Portingale's affairs were new, as the truce expired on the first of June. A great council of English prelates and barons convened to order these matters. They considered sending the Duke of Lancaster to Portingale, but some thought it a long and far voyage. If he went, they might regret it, as they understood the Scots were preparing to invade England. The council determined to send the Duke of Lancaster, who knew the Scottish marches and dealings. They believed the Scots would prefer a treaty with him over any other English lord. The Earl of Cambridge with 5,000 spearmen and an equal number of archers was to accompany him. If the Duke of:\nLancastre coulde do so\u2223moche with the scottes with the honour of the realme that a truce might be had to endure .iii. yere than he myght well go into Portingale a\u2223bout the moneth of Auguste or Septembre / if the kynge and his cou\u0304sayle thought it best / and so therby to enforce the Army of hys brother. Also there was a nother poynt / Wherfore the duke of Lancastre went nat out of Englande / Bicause the kynge of Englande had sente cer\u2223tayne messa\u0304gers with the duke of Tasson and the Arche bysshopp\u0304 of Rauenne to the kynge of Almayne / to haue his syster to wyfe / orelles to knowe howe the mater shulde stande. For ther had be longe treatye therof more than the space of a yere. Of Englande there was the bysshop of saynt Dauys / & syr Symond Burle to haue a conclusion of this matier if they myght. And so to this counsayle accorded the kynge and all the lordes. And so the parliament brake vp on this poynt / and there were named and wrytten the barones and knyghtes that shulde go in to Portyngale with the erle of\nThe duke of Lancaster ordered his business and departed from the king and his brothers. He swore to the earl of Cambridge that upon his return from Scotland, he would quickly follow him to Portugal if there was no major cause to prevent it. Thus, the duke of Lancaster departed for Scotland, but only with his own men. At the same Parliament held at London, it was decreed that Henry Percy, earl of Northumberland, would be warden of all the land of Northumberland and of the bishopric of Durham, and from thence into Wales to the river Severn. He departed from London to go to his charge fifteen days after the duke of Lancaster. Additionally, the king and the earl of Buckingham, his brother, departed to go toward their voyage to Portugal. They made provisions at Plymouth and stayed their ships, and took with them his wife, the lady.\nIsabell / & his sone John\u0304. his entent was to bryng them into Por\u00a6tingale / the whiche he acco\u0304plisshed. And wt the erle of Cambrydge were these lordes. First the lord Mathue Gornay constable of the host / the lorde Chanon Robsard / the lorde John\u0304 of new castell / the lord Wyllm\u0304 Beaucha\u0304pe marshall of thost / ye Souldic of Lestrade the lord of Bar\u2223rere / the lorde Chalebore / sir Willm\u0304 Helmon / {ser} Thomassymon / Mylles wyndesore / sir John\u0304 of Ca\u0304derut and diuers other / to the nombre of v. C. men of armes / and as many archers. So these lordes and theyr men came to Ploumoth and lodged there about / abyding for wynde. & lytle and lytell shypped all their stuffe. but they toke with them no horses, bicause the way was farre a sondre / bytwene Englande & Lucebone in Portingale. and ye Portingale knyght was alwayes styll in their co\u0304panye. And so they ta\u2223ried ther .iii. wekes abydynge for wynde / the which was contrary to them. Ja the meane ty\u2223me the duke of Lancastre went toward Scot\u2223lande / & so came to the\nThe city of Berwick, the next town to Scotland of all England. When he was there, he rested and sent an herald of arms into Scotland towards the barons there. Showing them how I had come thither to speak with them, as the custom had been before. And if they would come and treat with me to send word, or else I knew right well what to do. The herald departed and rode to Edinburgh, where King Robert of Scotland, Earl Douglas, the Earl of March, and the other lords of Scotland were assembled together. For they had knowledge that the duke of Lancaster was coming thither to treat with them. Therefore they were assembled in the chief town of Scotland, joining to the borders of England. And there the herald did his message, and it was well heard at length, and he had an answer that they were well content to hear the duke speak. And so the herald brought a safe-conduct for the duke and his company, to endure as long as he was in the marches, and communed.\nThe Harald returned to Berwick and showed his hostility. The duke departed from Berwick, leaving all his provisions behind, and went to Rochester, where he lodged. The next day, he went and lodged at the abbey of Mamos on the river. It was an abbey that had separated England and Scotland. The duke and his company stayed there until the Scots were three miles away at Monkton. When they arrived there, they sent word to the duke. Thus began the treaty between the Scots and Englishmen, which lasted for fifteen days. In the meantime, while this treaty was ongoing, great misfortune and rebellion broke out in England among the common people. England was on the brink of being lost without recovery. There was never a realm or country in such adventure as it was in that time. And all because of the ease and riches that the common people enjoyed, which moved them to this rebellion, as sometimes happened in France.\nIt was a marvelous thing and of poor foundation that this misfortune began in England. I will speak of it as it was done, and of the incidents thereof, as I was informed. In England, and in various countries, there was a custom that the nobles had great privileges over the common people, and they kept them in servitude. That is to say, their tenants were supposed to labor on the lords' lands to gather and bring home their corn, and some to thresh and fan it. And by custom, they were to make their hay and to hew their wood and bring it home. All these things they were supposed to do by servitude. And there are more of these people in England than in any other realm. Thus, the nobles and prelates are served by them, and especially in the counties of Bedford, Sussex, and Brecon. These unhappy people of these said counties began to stir because they said they were kept in servitude against their will.\nIn the beginning of the world, they said there were no bond men. Therefore, they maintained that no man ought to be bound without his doing treason to his lord, as Lucifer did to God. But they said they could not engage in such battle, for they were neither angels nor spirits but men formed to the similitude of their lords. They asked, why should they then be kept under like beasts? This which they said they would no longer suffer, for they would all be one. And if they labored or did anything for their lords, they would have wages as well as others. From this imagination came a foolish priest in the court of Rent, called John Wall. For this priest often used Sundays after mass, when the people were going out of the minster to go to the cloister and preach, to assemble the people and would say, \"Aye, good people, the matters go not well.\"\nIn England, we shall not pass, nor will everything be common. There should be no villagers or gentlemen, but we should all be united. Lords should not be greater masters than we are. What have we deserved, or why should we be kept in servitude? We have all come from one father and one mother, Adam and Eve. Where can they say or show that they are greater lords than we are, except by causing us to win and labor, while they dispend? They are clothed in wool and chamlet, furred with gray. We are dressed in poor clothing. They have their wines, spices, and good breeding. And we have the drawing out of the chaff and drink water. They dwell in fair houses, and we have the pain and toil, rain and wind in the fields. And from our labors, they keep and maintain their estates. We are called their bondmen, and without our ready service, we are beaten. We have no security to whom we may complain, nor will anyone hear us.\nNor do we submit to him. Let us go to the king; he is young, and we shall show him our servitude and how we will have it otherwise, or else we will provide ourselves with some remedy. And if we go together, all manner of people who are now in any bondage will follow us, intending to be made free. When the king says we shall have some remedy, we shall have it either by fairness or otherwise. Thus John Wall spoke on Sundays, when the people issued out of the churches in the villages. Therefore, many of the common people loved him, and those who intended to no goodness said, \"He spoke the truth.\" And they murmured one with another in the fields and on the ways as they went together. Affirming, \"John Wall spoke the truth.\" The Archbishop of Canterbury, who was informed of John Wall's saying, caused him to be taken and put in prison for two or three months to chastise him. However, it would have been much better at the beginning to have condemned him to perpetual prison or else to have executed him.\nThe bishop allowed Johan Wall to die rather than releasing him from prison. Upon his release, Wall returned to his error, as he had done before. Many people in London were informed of his words and actions, including those who envied the rich and noble. They began to speak among themselves, criticizing the poor governance of England and lamenting the taking of gold and silver by those named noblemen. These unhappy men of London began to rebel and assembled together. They sent word to the aforementioned countries, promising them that London would receive them openly and that the commoners of the city would be in agreement. They pledged that they would do so much to the king that there would be no bondman in all England.\n\nThis promise moved those from Kent, as well.\nEssex / of Sussex / of Bedforde / and of of the countreis about / that they rose and came towardes London / to the nombre of. le shepherdes dyde of olde tyme. Sayeng / howe they wolde go con\u2223quere the holy lande / and at last all came to no\u2223thynge. In lykewise these villayns and poore people came to London a hundred myle of .lx. myle .l. myle .xl. myle / and .xx. myle of / and fro all cou\u0304treis about London. but the moost part ca\u0304e fro the countreis beforenamed / and as they\ncame / they demaunded euer for the kyng. The gentylmen of the countreis knightes and squy\u00a6ers began to doute / whan they sawe the people began to rebell / and though they were in dout / it was good reason. For a lesse occasyon / they might haue bene afrayed. So the gentylmen drewe toguyder aswell as they might. \u00b6 The same daye that these vnhappy people of Kent were comynge to London / there retourned fro Canterbury the kynges mother princes of Wa\u00a6les / comynge from her pylgrimage. She was in great ieopardy to haue ben lost / for these\npeople came to her chair and dealt rudely with her. Whereof the good lady was in great doubt, lest they would have done some villainy to her or to her damsels. However, God kept her, and she came one day from Canterbury to London, for she never dared to tarry by the way. At that time, King Richard her son was at the Tower of London. There his mother found him, and with him were the Earl of Salisbury, the Archbishop of Canterbury, Sir Robert of Namur, the Lord of Gomes, and various others. Who were in doubt of these people that had gathered together and knew not what they demanded. This rebellion was well known in the king's court, or any of these people began to stir out of their houses. But the king nor his council did provide any remedy therefor, which was great marvel. And to prevent that all lords and good people, and such as would nothing but good, should take example to correct them that were evil and rebellious. I shall show you plainly, all the matter as it was.\nThe Monday before the feast of Corpus Christi, in the year of our Lord God, thousand three hundred and eighty-seven, these people issued from their houses to come to London to speak with the king to be made free, as they would have no bondman in England. And first they went to St. Thomas of Canterbury. John Ball had thought to find the bishop there, but he was in London with the king. When Wat Tyler and Jack Straw entered into Canterbury, all the common people made great feast, for the whole town was of their consent. And there they took counsel to go to London to the king and to send some of their company over the River Thames into Essex, Sussex, and the counties of Stafford and Bedford, to speak to the people, that they should all come to the farther side of London, and thereby close London around, so that the king should not stop their passages, and that they should all meet together on Corpus Christi day. They that\nThey entered Saint Thomas' church at Canterbury and caused great harm there, robbed, and broke open the bishop's chamber. In robbing and carrying out their loot, they said, \"This English chamberlain has had a fine market to gather all this wealth together. He shall now give us an account of the revenues of England and the great profits he has amassed since the king's coronation.\" After they had broken the abbey of Saint Wincent on this Monday, they departed in the morning, taking with them all the people of Canterbury. They went to Rochester and sent their people to the villages around. In their journey, they destroyed and robbed the houses of the king's advocates and procurers, sparing none. Upon arriving at Rochester, they were welcomed warmly, for the townspeople remained for them, being of the same sect, and took the knight in charge, who was called Sir John.\nMoton they said to him, \"Sir, it is your duty to go with us, and you shall be our sovereign captain. And this we will have you do. The knight excused himself honestly and showed them various considerations and excuses, but none availed him. For they said to him, \"Sir John, if you do not do as we will have you, you are dead.\" The knight, seeing these people in such a fury and ready to kill him, doubted death and agreed to them. And in like manner did they in other counties in England, such as Essex, Sussex, Stafford, Bedford, and Warwick, even to Lincoln. For they brought the knight and gentlemen into such obedience that they compelled them to go with them whether they would or not, as Lord Moline, Sir Stephen of Hales, and Sir Thomas of Guildenmere and others.\n\nNow behold the great fortune. If they had achieved their intentions, they would have destroyed all the noble men of England. And\nAfter all other nations had followed the same course and taken foot and example from them, and from Gaunte and Flanders, who rebelled against their lord. In the same year, the Parisians rebelled in the same way, and found more than twenty thousand mallets among them, as you will later read in this history. But first, we will speak of those in England.\n\nWhen these people, having lodged at Rochester, departed and passed the river and came to Gravesend, they always kept their opinions before them and beat down before them and all around the places and houses of advocates and procurers, and struck the heads of various persons. They continued this until they came within four miles of London and lodged on a hill called Blackheath. And as they went, they said that they were the king's men and the noble commons of England. And when those of London knew that they had come so near to them, the mayor (as you have heard before) closed the gates and kept them shut.\nstraight all the passages. This order caused Nicholas Walworth and various other rich burgesses of the city, who were not of their sect, to be lodged on Blackheath. Determined to send their knight to speak with the king, they intended to show him how all that they had done or would do was for him and his honor, and how the realm of England had not been well governed for a long time for the honor of the realm nor for the common profit, by his uncles and the clergy. Specifically, they wanted to account for the actions of the archbishop of Canterbury's chancellor. This knight dared do nothing but come by the River Thames to the tower. The king and those with him in the tower, desiring to hear tidings, seeing this knight coming, made way and brought him before the king into a chamber. The king was there with the princess, his mother, and his [other companions].\nTwo brothers, the Earl of Kent and Lord John Holand, the Earl of Salisbury, the Earl of Warwick, the Earl of Oxford, the Archbishop of Canterbury, Lord of Saint John, Ser Robert of Namur, Lord of Uertaigne, Lord of Gomegynes, Sir Henry of Sauselles, the Mayor of London, and various other notable burgesses were present. Sir John Moteon, who was well known for being one of the king's officers, knelt before the king and said, \"My right revered lord, let it not displease your grace, the message that I must necessarily show you. For, sir, it is by force and against my will.\" The king said, \"Say what you will. I hold you excused, Sir. The commons of this realm have sent me to you to ask that you come and speak with them at Blacheth. For, sir, you need not have any doubt about your person, for they will do you no harm. For they hold and will hold you as their king.\" But, sir,\nThey say they will show you various things necessary for you to take heed of when they speak with you. I have no charge to show you these things, but I ask that you give me an answer that will please them, so they will know for certain that I have spoken with you. They have my children as hostages until I return to them. If I do not return, they will kill my children without mercy. The king gave them this answer: Sir, you will have an answer shortly. The king then took counsel on what was best for him to do. It was quickly determined that the next morning the king should go down the river by water and without fail speak with them. When Sir John Mooton heard this answer, he desired nothing else. He took his leave of the king and the lords and returned again into his vessel and crossed the Thames, going to Blackheath, where he had left more than three thousand men.\nThey answered that the next morning they would send some of their council to the Thames, and there the king would come and speak with them. This answer greatly pleased them, and so passed that night as well as they could. And four-fifths of them fasted for lack of provisions, for they had none. With this they were sore displeased, which was good reason.\nDuring this season Earl of Buckingham was in Wales, for there he had fair inheritances because of his wife, who was daughter to the earl of Northumberland and Hereford. But the rumor was all through London that he was among these people. And some said certainly that they had seen him there among them. And all was because there was one Thomas in their company, a man of the county of Cambridge, who was very like the earl. Also, the lords who lay at Plymouth to go into Portugal were well informed of this rebellion and of the people who thus began to rise. Therefore they doubted lest their voyage had been endangered.\nThe rebels or else feared that thecommons at Hampton, Wynchester, and Aru\u010fdell would attack them. Therefore, they weighed anchor and set sail with great difficulty, as the wind was strongly against them. They took in their anchor and waited for the wind. The duke of Lancaster, who was in the marches of Scotland between Morlane and Roseburg, was engaging with the Scots. He was informed of the rebellion, and being in doubt, he acted wisely regarding the treaty with the Scots. The Earl of Douglas, the Earl of Moray, the Earl of Surrey, and Thomas Ver, along with the Scots present for the treaty, knew well that rebellion was spreading in England in every part. Therefore, the Scots thought that England was in great danger of being lost.\nTherefore, in their treaties, they were more stiff against the duke of Lancaster and his council. Now let us speak of the commons of England and how they perceived it.\n\nIn the morning on Corpus Christi day, King Richard heard Mass in the Tower of London, and all his lords. And then he took his barge, with the Earl of Salisbury, the Earl of Warwick, the Earl of Suffolk, and certain knights. They rowed down the long Thames to Reading, where it was decided that ten thousand men would go up the hill to see the king and speak with him. And when they saw the king's barge approaching, they began to shout and made such a cry, as if all the devils of hell were among them. They had brought with them Sir John Morden, intending that if the king had not come, they would have struck him to pieces, and they had promised him this. And when the king and his lords saw the people's behavior, the most assured of them were in fear. And so the king was counseled by his barons not to take risks.\nAnd they replied with one voice, \"We would that you come ashore, and then we shall show you what we lack.\" The Earl of Salisbury answered for the king and said, \"Sirs, you are not in such order or array that the king should speak with you.\" With these words, the king was advised to return to the Tower of London, and he did so. When these people saw this, they were enraged and returned to the hill where the great band was. There they showed them the answer they had received and how the king had returned to the Tower of London. They cried out with one voice, \"Let us go to London,\" and they took their way there. In their going, they destroyed abbeys and houses of advocates and men of the court, and came to the suburbs of London, which were great.\nAnd they broke down various fair houses. Specifically, they shattered the king's prisons, as the Marshal and others did, and released all the prisoners within. They caused much harm there. At the bridge foot, they threatened the people of London because the gates of the bridge were closed. They warned that they would burn all the suburbs and thus conquer London by force, and to slaughter and burn all the commons of the city.\n\nThere were many within the city who were of their accord, and so they drew together and said, \"Why don't we let these good people enter the city? They are our fellows. What they do is for us.\" With this, the gates were opened, and these people entered the city and went into houses, sitting down to eat and drink. They desired nothing but what was inconveniently brought to them, for every man was ready to make a good feast and give them food and drink to appease them. Then the captains: John Ball, Jack Straw, and Wat Tyler.\nTyler and twenty thousand men marched through London and came to the Savoy, a magnificent house belonging to the Duke of Lancaster. Upon entering, they killed the keepers and robbed and plundered the house. Afterward, they set fire to it and completely destroyed and burned it. Having committed this outrage, they did not stay long but went directly to the fair hospice of St. John at the Rodes, called St. John's Hospital, and there they burned down the hospital, monastery, and all. Then they went from street to street, killing all the Flemings they could find, in churches or any other place, none were spared from death. They broke into various houses of the Lombards and robbed them, taking their possessions at will: For there was none who dared to refuse them. They also killed in the city a wealthy merchant named Richard Lyon, to whom Tyler had previously served before that time.\nAnd once, Richard Lyon had beaten him while he was his servant. Watt Tyler then remembered this and went to his house, striking off his head. He had it placed on a spear and paraded it around the city. These ungracious people behaved like enraged and mad individuals that day, causing much sorrow in London.\n\nAgainst night, they lodged at St. Catherine's, near the Tower of London. They declared they would not depart until they had the king at their mercy. They demanded from the Chancellor of England an accounting of where all the good had gone that he had collected throughout the realm. Unless he made a good accounting to them, it would not be to his benefit. After they had wreaked havoc on the strangers all day, they lodged before the tower at night.\n\nYou may well know and believe that it was a great pity, for the danger that ensued.\nThe king and those with him were inside. For some time, these unhappy people showed and cried so loudly that it seemed all the demons of hell were among them. In this event, the king was advised by his brothers and lords, and by Sir Nicholas Walworth, the mayor of London, and various other noble and rich burgesses. They counseled that at night they should leave the tower and enter the city to kill all these unhappy people while they were at rest and asleep. It was believed that many of them were drunk, making them easy targets. Additionally, of the twenty, scarcely one was armed. And indeed, the good men of London could have easily done this, as they had friends and servants ready in armor in their houses. Sir Robert Canole was also in his lodgings, guarding his treasure with sixty men at his command. Similarly, Sir Perducas Dalbret was in London at the time. Therefore, there was a strong possibility\nwell assembled toguyder / an eyght thousande men redy in harnesse. Howe beit ther was nothyng done / for the resydue of the commons of the cy\u2223tie were sore douted / leest they shulde ryse also. and the commons before were a threscore thou\u2223sande or mo. Than the erle of Salisbury and the wyse men about the kynge sayd. Sir / if ye can apese them with fayrnesse / it were best and moost profytable / and to graunt theym euery thynge that they desyre. For if we shulde begyn a thynge / the whiche we coulde nat atcheue / we shulde neuer recouer it agayne. But we & oure heyres euer to be disheyrited. So this cou\u0304saile was taken / & the mayre countermaunded. And so commaunded that he shulde nat styrre. And he dyde as he was co\u0304maunded / as reason was. And in the cytie with the mayre there were .xii. aldermen / wherof nyne of them helde with the kynge / and the other thre toke parte with these vngracyous people / as it was after well kno\u2223wen / the whiche they full derely bought.\nANd on the friday in the mornynge / the\npeople near St. Katherine's, near the tower, began to prepare themselves and cried and shouted, saying that the king would come out and speak with them. They threatened to assault the tower and take it by force, killing all those within. The king doubted their words and was advised to go out and speak with them. The king then sent word that they should all assemble at a fair open place called Myleende, where the city people entertained them in the summertime. And there, in the king's name, it was proclaimed that anyone who wished to speak with the king should go to that place and would not fail to find him. Then the people began to disperse, especially the common folk from the villages. However, not all went there, for they were not all of one condition. Some desired nothing but riches and the utter destruction of the king.\nThe noble men entered London with the intention of robbing and plundering. This was the primary reason for their beginning, which they clearly demonstrated. As soon as the tower gate opened and the king was escorted out with his two brothers and the earl of Salisbury, the earl of Warwick, the earl of Oxford, Sir Robert of Namur, the lord of Bretagne, the lord Gomegynes, and various others, then Wat Tyler, Jack Straw, and John Ball, and more than four hundred entered the tower. They broke into room after room and eventually found the archbishop of Canterbury, named Simon, a valiant and wise man and the chief chancellor of England. He had recently said mass before the king. These fools seized him and struck off his head. They also beheaded the lord of St. John and a friar ministering to the duke of Lancaster. They slew him in contempt of his master. They also killed a sergeant-at-arms named John Layge. And these four heads were set on.\nFour long spears were carried before them through the streets of London. They were eventually set high on London Bridge, making it appear as if they had betrayed the king and the realm. The glottons entered the prince's chamber and broke the head, causing the queen great fear. She was taken up and carried to the waterfront and put in a barge, covered, and conveyed to a place called the queen's Wardrobe. She remained there all day and night, like a woman half dead, until she was comforted by the king, her son, as you will hear later.\n\nWhen the king came to the aforementioned place of Mile End outside London, he dismissed his two brothers, the Earl of Kent and Sir John Holland, and the Lord of Gomeynes, for they dared not appear before the people. The king and his other lords were there. Then these people departed and went into London. The king ordered more than thirty clerks to write on the same Friday.\ndilyge\u0304ce / letter patentes / and sayled with the kyng{is} seale and delyuered them to these people. And whan they had receyued the writynge / they departed and retourned in to their owne countreis / but the great venym remayned styll behynde. For Watte Tyler / Jacke Strawe / and John\u0304 ball sayd / for all that these people were thus apesed. yet they wolde nat departe so / and they had of their acorde / mo than .xxx. thousande. So they abode styll / and made no prese to haue the kyn\u2223ges writyng nor seale / for all their ente\u0304tes was to putte the cytie to trouble / in suche wyse: as to \nYEt I shall shewe you of an aduenture that fell by these vngracyous people / before the cyte of Norwiche / by a capi\u00a6tayne among them: called Guillyam Lystre of Stufforde.\nTHe same daye of Corpus Christy / that these people entred in to Lon\u2223don and brent the duke of Lanca\u2223sters house / called the Sauoye: & the Hospytall of saynt Johannes / and brake vp the kynges prisons. And dyd all this hurte (as ye haue herde before) The same\ntyme there assembled toguyder: they of Staf\u2223forde / of Lynne / of Cambridge / of Bedforde / and of Germeney. And as they were comynge towardes London / they hadde a capitayne a\u2223monge them / called Lystre. And as they came they rested them before Norwiche. and in their comynge / they caused euerye man to ryse with them / so that they left no villayns behynde the\u0304. The cause why they rested before Norwyche / I shall shewe you. There was a knight capi\u2223tayne of the towne / called sir Robert Sale. He was no gentylman borne / but he had the grace to be reputed sage / and valyant in armes. And for his valyauntnesse / kynge Edwarde made hym knight. He was of his body / one of ye big\u2223gest knightes in all Englande.\nLyster and his company thought to ha\u2223ue had this knyght with them / and to make hym their chife capitayne / to the entente to be the more feared and beloued. So they sende to hym / that he shulde co\u0304e and speke with the\u0304 in the felde / or els they wolde brenne y\u2022 towne. The knight consydered / that it was\nbetter for him to go and speak with them, rather than they should do that outrage to the town. Instead, he mounted his horse and rode out of the town alone, and came to speak with them. And when they saw him, they made him great cheer and honored him much. Desiring him to dismount and speak with them, and so he did. But he did great folly in doing so. For when he was dismounted, they came around him and began to speak fair to him, saying, \"Sir Robert, you are a knight and a man greatly beloved in this country, and renowned as a valiant man. And though you be this, yet we know you well: you are not a gentleman born, but the son of a villain such as we are. Therefore come with us and be our master, and we shall make you so great a lord that one quarter of England shall be under your obedience.\"\n\nWhen the knight heard them speak thus, it was greatly contrary to his mind, for he thought never to make such a bargain. And he answered them with a felonous reply.\nRegarde. Fly away, you ungracious people, false and treacherous that you are. Would you have me forsake my natural lord for such a company of knaves as you are, to my dishonor forever? I had rather you were all hanged, as you shall be: for that shall be your end. With these words, he had intended to leap back onto his horse, but he missed the stirrup, and the horse started away. Then they all cried out to him and said, \"Slew him without mercy.\" When he heard those words, he let his horse go and drew out a good sword, and began to fight with them, making a great commotion around him that was pleasurable to behold. There was none who dared approach him. Some approached him, but at every stroke he gave, he cut off an arm or a leg. There was none so bold that they did not fear him. He did such deeds of arms there that it was marvelous to behold, but there were more than forty thousand of these unhappy people. They shot and cast at him.\nand he was named. If he had been of iron or stone, yet he must have been slain. But before he died, he slew twelve with his own hand, besides those he injured. Finally, he was struck to the earth, and they cut off his arms and legs, and then struck his body into pieces.\n\nThis was the end of Sir Robert Salle, who brought great harm. For this deed afterward, all the knights and squires of England were angry and greatly displeased when they heard of it. \u00b6 Now let us return to the king.\n\nThe Saturday, the king departed from the Wardrobe in the Royal [and went to Westminster and heard mass in the church there, and all his lords with him. And beside the church there was a little chapel with an image of our lady, which did great miracles, and in whom the kings of England had ever great trust and confidence. The king made his prayers before this Image, and did there his offering. And then he mounted his horse and all his lords, and so the king rode towards\nAnd when he had ridden a little way to the north of London, there was a way to pass around it. The same morning, Wat Tyler, Jack Straw, and John Ball had assembled their company to meet together in a place called Smithfield, where every Friday there was a market for horses. And there were more than 20,000 people there, and yet many were still in the town, drinking and making merry in the taverns, and paid nothing. For they were happy that made them the best cheer. And these people in Smithfield had with them the king's banners, which had been delivered to them the day before. And all these fools were intending to overthrow and rob London that same day, for their captains said they had done nothing yet. These liberties that the king has given us are but a small profit. Therefore, let us all be of one accord, and let us overthrow this rich and powerful city, or they of Essex, of Sussex, of Cambridge,\nBedford of Arundell, of Warwick, of Reedinge, of Oxenford, of Guylford, of Linne, of Stafford, of Germeney, of Lyncolne, of York, and of Durham come here, as they all will come here. Wallyor and Lyster will bring them here. And if we are the first lords of London and have the possession of the riches that are there, we shall not regret it. For if we leave it, those who come after us will have it from us. They all agreed to this council. And with this, the king came the same way unexpectedly. For he had thought to pass that way without London and with him was a party of forty horse. And when he came before the abbey of St. Bartholomew, and beheld all these people, then the king rested and said, \"I will go no farther until I know what these people intend.\" Saying, \"If they are in any trouble, I will relieve them again.\" The lords who were with him tarried also, as was reasonable since they saw the king tarry. And when Wat Tyler saw the king tarry, he said to\nHis people. There, the king is. I will go and speak with him. Stay here, do not leave without I give you a sign. And when I give you that sign, come on. Slee all of them except the king. But do no harm to him. He is young. We shall deal with him as we please. And we shall lead him with us all around England. And so we shall be lords of all the realm without doubt.\n\nAnd there was a doublet maker of London, called John Tycle. He had brought to these Lords a dozen doublets. Then he demanded of these captains who should pay him for his doublets. He demanded thirty marks. Wat Tyler answered him and said, \"Friend, appease yourself. You shall be well paid or this day will end. Keep near me. I shall be your creditors.\"\n\nAnd there, he spurred his horse and departed from his company. He came to the king so near that his horse's heel touched the king's horse's crop. And the first word he said was this, \"Sir king, see...\"\nthou all others? you truly said the king / Why do you say so? Because, said he, they are all under my command / and have sworn to me faith and truth to do all that I will have them. In a good time said the king / I will well let it be so. Then Wat Tyler said / as he who demanded nothing but riot. What do you believe, king, that these people, and as many more as are in London at my command, will depart from this, without having your letters? No, said the king / you shall have them / they are ordered for you / and shall be delivered each one after other. Why, good fellows, withdraw fairly and easily to your people and cause them to depart out of London / for it is our intent that each of you, by villages and townships, shall have letters patents / as I have promised you. With these words, Wat Tyler cast his eyes on a squire / who was there with the king / bearing the king's sword. And Wat Tyler hated greatly the same squire. For the same squire had\nDispleased was Hym before words between them. What said Tyler, art thou here? Give me thy dagger. Nay said the squire, I will not. Why should I give it to him? The king beheld the squire and said, give it to him; let him have it. And so the squire took it reluctantly. And when this Wat Tyler had it, he began to play with it and turned it in his hand, saying again to the squire, give me also that sword. Nay said the squire, it is the king's sword; thou art not worthy to have it; for thou art but a knave. And if there were no more here but thou and I, thou wouldst not speak those words, for as much gold in quantity as all that abbey. By my faith said Wat Tyler, I shall never eat meat till I have thy head. And with those words, the mayor of London came to the king with twelve horses well armed under their coats, and he broke the press. He saw and heard how Wat Tyler behaved himself, and said to him, thou knave, how art thou?\nthou so bold in the king's presence to speak such words. It is too much for thee to do. Then the king began to grow angry and said to the mayor, \"Seize him.\" And while the king said so, Tyler said to the mayor, \"A God's name, what have I said to displease you? Truly, quoth the mayor, thou false stinking knave, shalt thou speak thus in the presence of the king, my natural lord? I commit never to live without thee shall thou therefore utterly abandon it. And with those words, the mayor drew out his sword and struck Tyler so great a blow on the head that he fell down at the feet of his horse. And as soon as he was fallen, they surrounded him all about, whereby he was not seen of his company. Then a squire of the king's alighted, called John Standish, and he drew out his sword and put it into Wat Tyler's belly, and so he died. Then the ungracious people there assembled, perceiving their captain slain, began to mourn among themselves and said, \"A, our captain is slain.\"\nLet them go and slay them all. And therewith they arranged themselves on the place in manner of battle, and their bows before them. Thus the king began a great outrage. However, it all turned to the best. As soon as Tyler was on the earth, the king departed from all his company, and alone he rode to these ungracious people. Then the king said to them, \"Sirrs, none of you follow me, let me alone. And so when he came before these vengeful people, who put themselves in order to avenge their captain, the king said to them, \"Sirrs, what ails you? You shall have no captain but me. I am your king. Be all in rest and peace.\" And so the most part of the people, who heard the king speak and saw him among them, were shamefaced and began to grow peaceful and to depart. But some, such as were malicious and evil, would not depart but made threatening gestures. Then the king returned to his own company and demanded of them what was best to be done.\nThen he was escorted to draw into the field / for flying away was no use. Then the mayor said / it is good that we do so. For I think surely we shall soon have comfort from the men of London and of such good men as are provisioned and have their friends and men ready armed in their houses. And in the meantime, voice and clamor ran through London / how these unfortunate people were likely to kill the king and the mayor in Smithfield. Through this noise, all manner of good men of the king's party issued out of their houses and lodgings, well armed, and so came all to Smithfield and to the field where the king was. And they were immediately there to the number of 7 or 8 thousand men, well armed. And first among them came Sir Robert Canoll and Sir Percival Dalbret, well accompanied, and various aldermen of London, and with them a hundred men in harness. And a common man of the city, who was the king's draper, called Nicholas Mere.\nThe king arrived with a great company. As they approached, they arranged their men in battle formation. On the other side, the unhappy people were ready, making a show of preparing for battle, and they had various banners of the kings among them. The king then chose three knights: Sir Nicholas Walworth, Sir John Standish, and Sir Nicholas Brayle. The lords then consulted among themselves, \"What should we do? We see our enemies here, who would gladly kill us if they could have the upper hand. Sir Robert Canoll suggested that we go and fight them, but the king would not consent. Instead, he commanded that we send messengers to them, demanding that they return our banners. The new knights were then dispatched to them. These knights made a gesture of peace to them, not to attack.\nThey shot at them. And when they came so near that their speech could be heard, they said, \"As the king commands you to send his banners back, and we think he will have mercy on you. Immediately they delivered the banners back and sent them to the king. They were commanded on pain of their heads to bring forth all letters from the king and send them back to the king. Many of them delivered their letters, but not all. Then the king made them all tear them in his presence. As soon as the king's banners were returned, these unfortunate people kept no formation but the most part of them threw down their bows and broke their formation, and returned to London. Sir Robert Cannes was displeased that he could not kill them all. But the king would not consent to that, but said he would take revenge on them sufficiently, and he did so afterwards.\n\nThus these foolish people departed, some one way and some another.\nThe king and his lords and entire company entered London right ordinately with great joy. The first journey the king made was to the lady princess, his mother, who was in a castle called the queen's wardrobe. She had stayed there for two days and two nights, sorely distressed (as she had good reason). When she saw the king her son, she was greatly rejoiced and said, \"A fair son, what pain and great sorrow, that I have suffered for you today.\" Then the king answered and said, \"Certainly, madame, I know it well: but now rejoice yourself and give thanks to God, for now it is time. I have today recovered my heritage and the realm of England, which I had nearly lost.\" Thus the king stayed that day with his mother, and every lord went peaceably to their own lodgings. Then there was a cry made in every street in the king's name, that all manner of men, not being of the city of London and having not dwelt there the whole time, come forth.\nAnd within one year to depart. And if any such were found there the Sunday by the sun rising, they should be taken as traitors to the king and lose their heads. This cry thus made, there was none that dared break it. And so all manner of people departed and scattered abroad every man to his own places. John Ball and Jacques Straw were found in an old house hidden, thinking to have stolen away, but they could not. For they were accused by their own men. Of the taking of them, the king and his lords were glad: and then beheaded Wat Tyler and Wattes Tyler's men's heads, which they had set on London bridge, were taken down. These tidings spread abroad immediately, so that the people of the strange countries, which were coming to wardes London, returned back again to their own houses and dared come no farther.\n\nNow let us speak, how the duke of Lancaster in the meantime of this rebellion, was in the:\n\n(Assuming the last sentence is incomplete and should be continued, I will leave it as is)\nThe marches of Scotland / treaty with the Earl of Douglas and other Scottish lords. The Scots were aware of the rebellion in England, as was the Duke of Lancaster. However, he never showed any signs of this to the Scots, despite England being in turmoil because of it. The treaty was debated for a long time between them, and eventually, a truce was agreed upon to last for three years between England and Scotland. When this truce was arranged, the lords of each side made merry with each other. Then, the Earl of Douglas spoke to the Duke of Lancaster, saying, \"Sir, we are well aware of the rebellion of the common people in England, and we know that the realm of England is in a state of unrest because of it. Sir, we consider you to be a wise and valiant man since you have continued your treaty so freely, as you have done. Sir, we offer ourselves to you if you need us to be ready to aid.\"\nyou are with .v. or .vi. C. [speres], and I will serve you, said the duke. Fair lords, I accept your offer, I will not refuse. I think truly that the king, my lord, has such good counsel that the matter shall pass well. I desire you to grant me a safe-conduct to return to your country, if necessary, until the matter is appeased. The earl of Douglas and the earl of Moret, who had the king's authority, granted him his desire, and so they departed. The Scots returned to Edinburgh, and the duke and his went to Berwick. Intending to enter the town, the duke found that he had left all his provisions there. But the captain of the town, called Ser Mathue Redmayne, refused him entry and closed the gates against him and his, saying that he was so commanded by the earl of Northumberland, who at that time was principal and sovereign of all the marches and frontiers of Northumberland. When the duke heard this,\nthose words he was sore displeased and said, \"How so, Master Redmayn? Is there a greater sovereign than I in Northumberland who will allow me to pass this way and left all my provisions with you? What means these tidings? By my faith, sir, said the knight. This is true that I say, and by the king's commandment. Sir, what I do to you is very much against my will: how be it, I must needs do it. Therefore, sir, for God's sake hold me excused, for I am thus commanded on pain of my life that you shall not enter this town, nor any of yours.\"\n\nThe duke of Lancaster was greatly surprised and displeased with these words, but not only with the knight, but with those who had arranged this matter. He marveled that he, who had traveled for the business of England, should be treated with such suspicion. To prevent him from passing first between England and Scotland, he imagined greatly in himself and did not discover all that he thought in his mind.\nThe knight made no further pressures, and the earl thought he would not act without explicit commands. So he changed the subject and said, \"News from England. I know of none other than the country is in great distress. The king our sovereign lord has written to all the lords, knights, and good towns of this land, ordering them to be ready to come to him whenever he summons them. The constables and keepers of cities, towns, and castles in Northumberland have received strict commands on pain of death to allow no one entry into any place under their jurisdiction, and to take care of their duties. As for the common people rebelling around London, I have no definite information, but the officers of the bishoprics of Lincoln, Cambridge, Stafford, Bedford, and Norwich have reported that the common people under them strongly desire the matter to go badly and that there will be trouble.\nThe duke asked the knight about matters in Lancaster, Derby, and Lincolshire in England. The knight reported that he had heard nothing about rebellion passing through Lincolne. The duke paused and then departed from the knight, heading to Rosedale where he was received by the constable. Because the duke did not know for certain how matters stood in England or who loved or hated him, he was advised to request a large number of Scottish soldiers from the Earl of Douglas. The earl, who was then at Alnwick, was pleased with the message and sent word to the Earls Moret and his brother, urging them to meet him at Morpeth on the third day without delay with a certain number of well-equipped men.\nhorses and apparently did. As soon as these lords knew this, they sent for their men and friends and came to Morlan, where they found Earl Douglas. And they rode all together, numbering about 5,000 spears, and came to the abbey of Mauros, which is a little over nine miles from Rosedale. On the way, they met the duke, and there they made great cheer with each other. They rode together for a long time until they came to the city of Edinburgh, where the king of Scots was. For the most part, the king stayed there because there was a good castle, a large town, and a fair haven. However, at that time, the king was not there. He was in the wilds of Scotland. There, Duke Lancaster was greatly honored by Earl Douglas and the barons of Scotland. The castle was delivered to the duke to reside in. And so he stayed a while there until other tidings came to him from England, but that was not soon enough as he desired. It was marvelous to behold the miseries of these unhappy people.\nMalice and hatred they spoke of this duke, without cause. The voice and rumor ran about in England during this rebellion. They spoke of how the duke of Lancaster was a traitor to the king and had become Scottish. But soon after, it was found to be false and contrary. Yet these ungracious people, to bring the realm into trouble, spread abroad these words. And they confessed at the hour of their execution to death. That is to say: Listener, Wat Tyler, Jack Straw, Uaquyre, and John Ball. These five were throughout the realm chief and sovereign captains, for in five parts of the realm they were masters and governors. And specifically, they had detested the duke of Lancaster, and this they showed. For at their first entering into London, they burned his house of Savoy, clean to the earth. And besides this, they had spread abroad in England with their false words, how the duke was of the Scottish party. And in various places they turned his arms upside down.\nThe traitor, who was bought down like a traitor after being severely punished for those who carried it out, lost their heads for their labor. Now I will show you the vengeance that King of England took against these ungracious people. While Duke of Lancaster was in Scotland, these people were pardoned, and Uaquyre was executed to death; Lister of Stafford, Wat Tyler, Jack Straw, John Ball, and many others were hanged in London. Then the king was urged to visit his realm, traveling through every shire and village to purge and punish the aforementioned evildoers and retrieve all the letters he had given in various places. He intended to bring his realm back in order. Then the king secretly summoned a certain number of armed men to join him at a designated day. They arrived, numbering about five hundred spearmen and as many archers. When they had all gathered as the king had planned, the king departed from London with his household.\nThe only men followed the king into Kent, where these unsettled people first began to stir. These soldiers continued after the king and escorted him, but they did not ride in his company. The king entered Kent and came to a village called Comprimbre. He summoned the mayor and all the townspeople before him. When they had all assembled in a fair place, the king had one of his counselors explain to them how they had acted against the king and had nearly brought all England to tribulation and loss. Since the king knew that this disturbance had been instigated by some and not all, it was better that some bore the blame rather than all. Therefore, he commanded those assembled to confess their wrongdoings, on pain of being in the king's disfavor and being labeled traitors against him. When those present heard this request and saw that those who were culpable could excuse themselves,\nall other. Then they beheld each other, and at last said, \"Sir, behold him here, by whom this town was first moved. In the continent, he was taken and hanged, and so were there hanged a total of seven. And the letters that the king had given them were demanded again. And so they were delivered again and torn and broken before all the people. And it was said to them all, \"Sir, you who are here assembled: We command you in the king's name on pain of death, every man to go home to his own house peaceably, and never to grudge or rise against the king or any of his officers. And this truce that you have done, the king pardons you for it. Then they cried all with one voice, \"God thank the king's grace and all his council.\n\nIn like manner as the king did at Compromise: he did at Canterbury, at Sandwich, at Dover, at Conquest, and in other places in Kent. In like manner he did in all other places in his realm, where any rebellion had been. And there were hanged and executed.\nThe king was attended by more than fifteen hundred. Then the king was determined to summon his uncle, the duke of Lancaster, from Scotland. So the king sent for him through a knight of his house, named Sir Nicholas Carew. The knight rode for a long time and reached Edinburgh, where he found the duke and his company, and delivered the king's letters of credence. The duke obeyed as was reasonable, and he was also glad to return to his own heritage in England. He took his way to come to Rochester, and at his departure he thanked the lords of Scotland for the comfort they had given him, as in sustaining him in their realm, as long as it pleased him. The Earl of Douglas, Earl Morton, and others of Scotland escorted him to the abbey of Melrose. Thus the duke came to Rochester and to Newcastle upon Tyne and to Durham and York. And in every place he found cities and towns prepared, as was fitting.\n\nMeanwhile, in London, a knight died.\nSir Richard Dangle, Earl of Huntingdon and the king's master, was reverently buried in the Friars Preachers in London. On the day of his obsequy, the king, his two brothers, the princess his mother, and a great number of prelates, barons, and ladies of England were present: they paid him great honors. In truth, this jolly knight was well worthy of our honor, for in his time he possessed all the noble virtues a knight should have. He was merry, true, wise, secretive, generous, quick-tempered, adventurous, and chivalrous. Thus ended the noble knight Sir Richard Dangle.\n\nWhen the Duke of Lancaster returned from Scotland and showed the council how he had fared with the truce he had taken from the Scots, he did not forget how Sir Matthew Reedman, captain of Berwick, had closed the gates against him by the strict command of the Earl of Northumberland. Then the duke inquired if the king, his nephew, had taken any action.\nThe duke wished that deed or not, and it seemed to him that the king did not agree but faintly. So the duke kept peace and waited until the feast of our lady in the middle of the month of August. At which time the king held a solemn court at Westminster, and there was a great number of nobles and lords of England present. There was the earl of Northumberland and the earl of Nottingham, and various other lords from the north. And the king made knights that same day: the young earl of Penbroke and Sir Robert Maubre, Sir Nicholas Twyford, and Sir Adam Francoys. And after the feast, the king was intending to ride to Reading, Oxfordford, and Couentre: to punish the evil doers of the said rebellion. And so he did, in the same manner as he had done in Kent, Sussex, Essex, Bedford, and Cambridge. At this feast of our lady at Westminster after dinner, there were great words between the duke of Lancaster and the earl of Northumberland. The duke said to him, \"Henry Percy,\"\nI cannot in good faith remove the entire text as it is a coherent piece of historical text, albeit in Old English orthography. However, I can make some minor corrections to improve readability:\n\n\"I did not believe that you had been so great in England, as to close the gates of any city, town, or castle against the duke of Lancaster. The earl humbled himself in his speaking and said, \"Sir, I deny not that the knight did [act], for I cannot. By the strict commandment of the king's grace present here, he strictly enjoined and commanded me, on my honor and on my life, that I should not allow any manner of person, lord or other, to enter into any city, town, or castle in Northumberland, without he were heir to the place. Sir, the king and the lords of his council can well excuse me. For they knew well enough how you were in Scotland, wherefore they should have reserved you. What say you, the duke, that there ought to have been a reservation made for me, who am uncle to the king and have kept my heritage as well or better than any other, next to the king. And seeing how I went for the business of the realm into Scotland.\" This excuse can\"\nI cannot output the entire cleaned text as the input only contains a fragment of it. However, based on the given requirements, here's the cleaned part of the text:\n\n\"you have done wickedly and greatly against my honor. And have given example to suspect that I have done or should do some treason in Scotland. When on my returning, the king's towns were closed against me: and especially there where my provision was. Wherefore I say, you have acquitted yourself poorly. And for the blame and slander that you have brought me in, to purge me. In the presence of the king here present, I cast against you my gauntlet. Receive it and yield. Then the king stepped forward and said, \"Fair uncle of La\u00e7aris, all that was done I acknowledge it. I must excuse the Earl of Northumberland, and speak for him. For on pain of his life, we commanded him to keep all the towns on the marches closed. And you know well, how our Realm was in great trouble and in peril. The fault was in the clerk that wrote the letters, and the negligence of our council. For truly, we should have reserved you. Therefore, I will,\"\"\nAnd I request that you lay aside your quarrel with the Earl. I take upon myself the responsibility and discharge the Earl in this matter. The Earl of Arundel, the Earl of Salisbury, the Earl of Suffolk, the Earl of Stafford, and the Earl of Dumas knelt before the Duke, and I said to him, \"Sir, the King speaks most amicably and truly. Therefore, sir, you ought to accede to his pleasure.\" The Duke, who was enflamed with anger, replied, \"I shall hold my peace.\" He mused a little and made the lords rise, thanking them and saying, \"Fair lords, there is none among you, if you were in my position, but I am sure you would be greatly displeased. But as it pleases the King to have it, it is reasonable that I be content with it. Thus, peace was made between the Duke and the Earl through the King's intervention and with the assistance of the other lords. The second day, the King began his journey (as was said before), accompanied by five hundred spears and an equal number of archers.\nThe king spent a great deal of money on this voyage. The king administered justice to those who had rebelled against him.\nLet us leave speaking of the king of England and speak of the earl of Cambridge, and show how he acted in Portugal. We have often heard before how the earl of Cambridge lay in the haven of Plymouth with five hundred spears and an equal number of archers, waiting for the wind to sail to Portugal. He remained there for so long that at last the wind and weather came, and they set sail towards Lisbon, where they thought to arrive. On the first day, they cost England and Cornwall. On the second day as well. On the third day, they entered the high sea of Spain, and there they had hard fortune. For a tempest rose, and they and all their ships were in great peril and close to death. The ships, in particular, where the Gascons were, suffered the most. Among them were Sir John of Newcastle, the Soules of Lestrade, and the lord de la Barde, and forty others.\nknights and squires. They lost sight of the earl of Cambridge's fleet. The earl, Sir Oliver Beauchamp, marshal of the host, Sir Matthew Gourney, constable, and the Chamberlain Robert Roversart, and the others, passed through this tempest in great danger. And so long they sailed by wind and stars that they arrived at the city of Lisbon. These news reached the king of Portugal immediately, who had been waiting and looking out for the coming of these Englishmen. Then the king sent some knights to meet them, and they were honorably received. And King Dampier came out of his castle, and met with the earl of Cambridge, and received him and all his men with great honor. And he brought them into his castle and called for wine and spices. And there was young John of Cambridge, son of the earl: Of whom the king of Portugal made great joy and said, \"Behold here my son, for he shall have my daughter: they were both proper and good-looking, and of the same age.\" These children were of great joy to the king.\nI. They all held each other by the hand. In the meantime, while the king of Portugal made cheer to the earl and to the other strangers, their company was well lodged as they came out of their ships. For the City of Lisbon was great and well furnished with every thing, for it was well provided against the coming of the Englishmen. So these lords were merry and well at their ease. However, they were right sorry for their company, which they thought were lost at sea in the tempest or driven into the danger of the moors in Granada. If it were so, they thought them as good as lost, and for them they made great complaints. And to tell the truth, they were well worthy of compassion. For they were so tossed by the tempest that there were never men in greater danger of death, and they escaped. They passed the straits and the bounds of the realm of Taramasco and Belem. And they were often in great danger of being taken.\nThe Saracens, who all counted themselves as lost and dead, had not trusted themselves to come to land after being at sea for twenty days. And when they had such a wind that it brought them whether they wanted it or not back into the Spanish sea, they anchored. When the wind failed, they encountered two great ships coming, as they said, from Flanders, laden with merchandise and bound for Lisbon. The English ship approached them, and its standard was hoisted. When the men of Lisbon, who were merely merchants, saw the arms of St. George and soldiers in the ship, they were initially afraid. But when they approached and saw who they were, they made them a great welcome. After these merchants had put the knights back on board, the knights demanded news from them. They answered that the king of Portugal and the English were in Spain.\nThe knights rejoiced when they heard the king of Castile was besieged in Ciuyll. Delighted, they decided to go there since they were near the city's border. They departed, and the merchants provided them with wine and other provisions to refresh them. The Gascons then instructed the sailors, \"Sirs, bring us directly to Ciuyll; our company is under siege there.\" The sailors replied, \"In God's name, we will take you there.\" They sailed for a long time until they approached the city. Wise and cautious, the sailors raised a lad to the top of the ship to check if he could see any siege engines around Ciuyll, either by water or land. The lad reported back, \"There is no siege engine in sight.\" The sailors informed the lords, \"Sir, you are not accurately informed. There is no siege.\"\nThe problems in the text are minimal, so I will output the text as is, with minor corrections for readability:\n\n\"Norther by land nor by water around Cyull. For if there were any, it should appear in the harbor. Therefore, sirs, it is no going there without you will lose all. For the king of Castile is there, as in any other city (where he would be) in all his realm. So with great pain, these mariners were believed, and at last were sworn in. And they sailed a long side of Cyull: and entered into the sea of Portingale and at last arrived in the harbor of Lisbone. These hours and days, there was done in the church of St. Catherine a solemn obsequy for them and all the English men: mourning for them in black. But then you may well know, there was joy enough when they arrived at the gate: and there was great feast made. And these Gascons forgot the pain and fear, that they had endured in the sea.\n\nNow let us leave to speak of the business of Portingale, for there was yet no deed of arms done there. And let us now speak of the business that was in\"\nFlaunders the same season.\nIN this season while all this busynesse was in England / the warres of Fla\u0304ders was nat in rest / bytwene the erle and the gauntoyse (ye haue herde here before) how Phi\u00a6lyppe Dartuell was chosen as souerayne capitayne of Gaunt / by the oppy\u2223nyon of Peter de Boyse / who counsayled hym to take on hym the offyce / and to be cruell. To the entent to be the more feared. Philyppe folo\u00a6wed after his scole and doctryne / for he had nat bene long in offyce / whan he caused .xii. heedes to be strykenne of before hym. And some sayde / they were those / that principally were causers of the dethe of his father. and so than he reuen\u2223ged his cause. \u00b6 This Philyppe Dartuell be\u00a6gan\u0304e to raygne in great puyssaunce / and was greatly feared and beloued / & specially of suche as folowed warre. And to wynne their fauoure and loue / he spared nothynge: but abandoned euery thynge to them. It might be demaunded howe they of Gaunt made their warre? I wyll aunswere therto / acordynge as I haue herde. Of very\nNecessities, in accordance with their quantities, supported the poor and, as a result, they endured great power. Gaunt is one of the strongest towers in the world. Therefore, Brabant, Holland, and Zeeland did not wage war against them. However, if these three countries waged war with Flanders, they would be encircled and likely to be lost and famished. These three countries did not wage war with them, which is why they endured the longer siege. In this season, while Philip de Artois was made a new officer, the alderman of the waters was accused of treason and imprisoned. To prove the truth in his accusation, they went to his house and found there certain saltpeter powder, with which he had provided no help to the town during the siege nor in any other way throughout the entire year. Therefore, he was beheaded and drawn through the town like a traitor: to give an example to all others. Then, the earl of Flanders determined to lay siege.\nTo Gaunt, and he summoned a great assembly of lords, knights, and squires, and men from good towns. He sent to Malines from where he had many people. Also, he sent for his cousins, Sir Robert of Namur and Sir Wyliam. And from Artois came many people to him. And the countess of Artois, his mother, had recently departed from this life.\n\nTo this assembly came Lord D'Apernath with a great company of knights and squires from the county of Hainault. And they went and laid siege to Gaunt on the side towards Bruges and towards Hainault. During this siege, there were many skirmishes, and sometimes a sortie of white company would issue out of Gaunt. Sometimes they were driven back home to their loss, and sometimes they won. And in this season, the one who did most deeds of arms and was most renowned was the young lord of Dangeau. And most commonly all lusty companions, those who sought for deeds of arms, would be ever in his company. And in this season,\nThe lord of Danghien with four thousand horsemen and foot soldiers laid siege before the town of Granmont, which at that time was insignificant. Before this time, the said lord had been there and tried and harassed the inhabitants severely, but had conquered nothing. But at this time, he came powerfully and in good order, and on a certain day he assaulted the town in more than twenty places. The lord of Danghien was himself at the assault and set up his own banner first. This great assault was so well sustained on every side that by noon it was taken and conquered. The lord of Danghien and his company entered through the gates. When the people of the town saw that their town was lost without hope of recovery, they fled out through the gates, where none of their enemies were. Every man saved himself who could. There was great slaughter of men, women, and children; for none were taken to mercy. More than five thousand men of the town were killed, and a great number of old people.\nmen and women brent / lyeng in their beddes / whiche was great pytie. For they sette fyre in the towne / in mo than thre hundred places / wherby the hole towne was brent chur\u2223ches and all: nothynge left hole. Thus Grau\u0304t\u2223mont was prosecuted and put to fyre and flame than the lorde Danghien retourned in to thost to the Erle of Flaunders / who gaue hym great thanke for his dede / and sayde. Fayre sonne / ye are a valyant man / and shall be if god be plea\u2223sed a good knight / for yehaue a gode begining.\nAFter the distructyon thus of the towne of Grauntmont / on a sonday / in the mo\u00a6nethe of June / whyle the siege lay stylle before Gaunt. This lorde of Da\u0304ghien / called Water: wolde neuer lye in rest in his lodgyng / but eue\u2223ry day sought for adue\u0304tures. Some day with a great no\u0304bre and some daye with so fewe / that he durst nat parceyuer in his enterprise. So yt nere euery day / there was by hym or by ye Hase of Flaunders / done some aduenture. And so it fortuned / that on a tuesday in the mornyng / the lorde\nDanghien and the lord of Montigny, along with Michel of Hamsede, the bastard of Danghien's brother, Julien of Toyson, Hutyn Donay, and others, went to parley with Gaunt as they often did. They advanced so far that they achieved nothing. Gaunt's forces had laid a heavy siege before their town, with over a hundred pikes. Some claimed that some who had fled from Graventem were in this siege when it was won. Their intention was set on nothing but how to trap Lord Danghien to avenge the damage he had caused them. They believed he was free and bold, and would adventure himself greatly. And as they thought so, it came to pass, which was more pitiful. Lord Danghien and his men paid no heed until they were surrounded by Gaunt's forces, who cried out for their surrender. Then Lord Danghien asked for counsel from the lord of Montigny, who was with him.\nby him. Sir Eustace de Montigny replied, \"It is now too late to take counsel. Let us defend ourselves and sell our lives dearly or we die. These knights made the sign of the cross before them and recommended themselves to God and St. George. And so they entered among their enemies, for they could not flee, being so forward in the engagement. And there they died valiantly as they could: but they could not last long, for their enemies outnumbered them a hundred to one. And a great number of long pikes, with which the gauntlet gave great and perilous strokes, as it clearly appeared. The lord D'Angien was slain, and by him his bastard brother, and Giles of Tison, and various other valiant knights of Hainault. And the lord of Montigny, St. Christophe, and Sir Michel Hammet were severely hurt. And he, St. Christophe, would have been slain without a doubt, had Hutyn Donay not saved him by force of arms. And yet he had much pain to save himself.\nIn the meantime, the Gauntois were intending to disarm the knights they had slain, with the intention of taking them into the town of Gaunt. They knew well that they had slain Lord Danghien, of whom they took great joy. In the meantime, Hutyn Donay brought out Sir Michell Hamsede from the press. This journey turned out against Lord Danghien. It is not to be doubted that the Earl of Flanders grieved deeply for his death, which he showed by breaking up his siege before Gaunt. Night and day he mourned for him and said, \"Oh, Water of the Water, what adventure is this? To fall upon you in your youth. I will ensure that every man knows that Gaunt and I shall never have peace until I have avenged this great wrong.\" Then the earl sent to Gaunt to have Lord Danghien's body returned, which the Gauntois refused to deliver. Then the earl sent them...\na thousand francs to have his body. The gauntlet boys divided it among themselves. And so the body of the lord of Daghien was brought into the host, and was sent to Anghien, the town of which he was lord. Thus, for the love of the young lord of Daghien, thesega broke up before Gaunt. And then the earl departed and went to Bruges, and gave leave to all his people to depart, and sent a certain person to his fortresses in Flanders: Gaures, Andewarpe, Teremonde, and Curtray, and all around in the fortresses near Gaunt. The earl sent to the legions, showing them that he had been comforted by Gaunt with victuals and other provisions; therefore, he had broken up his siege. Desiring them, no more to comfort them with any victuals. They of Liege answered proudly: that they would be advised what they would do. Of the people of the town of Gaunt, there is still error, by the occasion of the great comfort, that Gaunt has, from their people and country. Bringing daily to them\nThe earl requested fresh provisions, so he ordered him to provide them and commanded him to deal peacefully in the county of Henalt, forbidding any tidings of displeasure towards the earl of Flanders, his cousin. The bailiff obeyed, issuing orders throughout Henalt to deliver no provisions or anything else to Gascony. Disobedience would result in the duke's displeasure. A similar cry and defense arose in Brabant, preventing anyone from going to Gascony without stealth. The Gascony provisioning began to fail, and they were in great famine, with the Hollanders failing to provide aid. No one was willing to leave to help them, despite any command from Duke Aubert. In the same season, the wise counselors of Henalt, Brabant, and Liege set a day for a meeting.\nA council was to be held at Harlequebec beside Courtrey. And so they met: the men of Gaunt sent there twelve of the most notable men from the town. There they showed how generally the most part of the town felt, except for rabbleous and unthrifty people who desired nothing but evil and noise. All the others (they said) would have wanted peace and rest: whatever came from it. At this council were all the wise counselors from all the good towns in Flanders. There was the Earl's council, and those from Liege, Brabant, and Heynalte. The matters were debated there so well that the Gaunt men returned to their town. And all those from Gaunt who desired peace drew to the houses of two rich men of Gaunt: Sir Gilbert Gente and Sir Simon Bette. They demanded news from them. The matter was discovered to them quickly by some of their friends. Saying, good neighbors, we shall:\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in Early Modern English, and there are a few minor errors in the transcription. I have corrected them in the cleaning process.)\nhave such good peace (and it please God) that those who love peace and rest shall have it. And some of them who are wickedly disposed in the town of Gaunt will be corrected and punished.\n\nIt is said most likely. If it is as he does, it is as he says. Peter de Boys, who thought himself not well assured of his life and had spies about to hear every new tidings, reported in the town what had been said about this treaty. How this treaty was brought about by Gilbert Gent and Simon Bette. And when Peter de Boys understood it, he was made angry in his mind therefore, and took the matter to himself and said, \"If any are corrected for this war, yet I shall not be the first. Shall those who have been at this treaty rule everything as they please? May it not happen. I do not yet propose to die. I think the war has not endured so long as it will.\" As yet, those who were my good masters, John Lyon and Willyam Craford, are dead.\nPeter de Boyse came the same evening to our camp. He revealed that in the council hall the next day, the treaty taken at Harlequebecque was to be reported. Peter de Boyse, who lay on the precipice of our heads, spoke of this. For if peace were taken between the Earl and this town, you and I, and the lord of Harshals, and all such captains who had aided us in the war, would be the first to die. The rich men would go free. They would bring us into danger and go themselves free. This was always the opinion of my master, Jean Lyon. The Earl always had these marauders about him, such as Gilbert Mahewe and his brothers, and the provost of Harlequebecque. He was of the lineage of the alderman of the common crafts, who had fled with them. We ought to look wisely upon this matter and consider what was best to do. Philippe answered and said, \"Peter, I shall show you.\"\nyou my mynde. Let vs gyue knowledge of this / to all oure aldermen and capitayns. That they be to morowe / all redy aparelled in the market place And than lette vs two entre in to the Hall / with a hundred with vs: to here the content of y\u2022 trea\u00a6tie. And than let me alone / so ye wyll auowe my dede / and abyde puissantly by me. For without we be feared among the co\u0304mons / it is nothyng and so they agreed. Than Peter de Boyse de\u2223parted / And sende to all rulers and capitaynes vnder hym / commaundyng them and all their men / to be redy in the mornynge in the market place to here tidynges. They all obeyed / they durste do none otherwyse. And also / they were euer redy to do yuell.\nTHe next mornyng about the hour of .ix. the mayre and aldermen / and riche men of the towne / came into the market place and en\u00a6tred in to the Hall. And thyder came they that had ben at the treatie at Harlequebecke. Than thyder came Peter de boyse and Philyp Dart\nwell / and suche of their secte well acompanyed. And whan\u0304e they were all\nThe lord of Harlez was missing as he was not present. He was summoned but excused himself due to illness. Speak now, Peter du Boyse, for I am in his stead. Here are those present: let us hear what they have to say who have been at Harlequebec. Then two of the most notable men of the company rose up - Gilbert Gente and Symone Bette. One of them said, \"Lords of Gaunt, we have been at the parliament at Harlequebec and have endured much pain and trouble. And so did the good men of Brabant, of Liege, and of Heynalte, to make an accord and agreement between our lord the earl of Flanders and us. Finally, at their request and with the help of my lady of Brabant, who sent her counselor, and the duke Aubert his, an agreement was reached between the good town of Gaunt and our lord the earl. In this way, two hundred men of ours,\nsuche as he shall send us their names in writing. Within fifteen days we must send them into the earl's prison at Lysle, to put them clearly to his mercy and pleasure. He is so free and so noble, that it is no doubt, but that he will have mercy on them. With those words, Peter de Boyse stepped forward and said, \"Gilbert Gente, how dare you be so bold to make such an agreement as to send two hundred of our men from Gaunte into the town of our enemy, in great rebuke and shame, to all the town of Gaunte. It were better Gaunte were turned up so down, than they of Gaunte should have such reproach: as to make war and end it so shamefully. We that have heard you, may well know, that you shall be none of the two hundred prisoners, nor also Simon Bet. You have chosen for yourselves, now, rather than we will choose for ourselves. As for Philip Dartuell and his companions, who would betray and dishonor the town of Gaunte, there with Peter de Boyse drew out his dagger.\nGilbert Gent came to him and struck him in the belly, causing him to fall dead. Philippe Dartuell drew his dagger and struck Simon Bet, killing him as well. They cried out \"treason, treason.\" The men slain were above and beneath them: they were men of great lineage and the wealthiest in the town, but they managed to escape to save themselves, leaving only the two men dead. To appease the people and bring them back to their belief, they sent out their men crying and proclaiming, \"These false traitors, Gilberte Gent and Symon Bette, would have betrayed the town of Gaunte.\" Thus, the master passed, and these two notable men were slain, with no one to avenge them. When the earl of Flanders (being at Bruges) heard of these tidings, he was greatly displeased and said, \"At the request of my cousins of Brabant, I lightly agreed to make peace with them of Gaunt. And now, before this time, they have worked against me.\"\nBut I will let them know that they shall never have peace with me again, but I will have them at my pleasure. Thus, in the town of Gaunte, these two bold men, rich and wise, were slain. Each of them could spend two thousand francs yearly from their own estates. They were privately urged but none dared speak of them openly. The war became more fearsome than before, for the Gascon men around Gaunte were constantly busy trying to prevent all provisions coming to Gaunt. As a result, neither the men from Brabant nor Hainault dared to venture to bring anything to Gaunt. For if the earl's men met any merchants, they would kill their horses and bring the prisoners to Anderwerp or Terameron. Thus, all merchants feared the repercussions. In the same season, the Parisian commons rebelled against the king and his court because the king and his court intended to pass through all of France: besides, they wanted to levy taxes, collect tolls, and other things.\nSubsidies: such as had been in the days of Charles, father to the king then. The Parisians rebelled and said that the king last dismissed had quit them in his lifetime. And how the king his son at his coronation at Reims had accorded to the same. Then the king and his council avoided Paris and went and lay at Meaux in Bric. As soon as the king was departed from Paris, the commons rose in armor and slew all those who had ceased the aides. And broke up the prisons and various houses in the town, and robbed and plundered them, and took all they found. And so they came to the bishop of Paris' house and broke up his prisons and delivered Hugh Aubert, who had been provost of Paris in the days of King Charles. He was in his days condemned to prison by a just sentence for various evil deeds that he had done and consented to do. At that time, some would have had him burned; but these Parisians delivered him. This happened to him by the rebellion of the commons, and so he was freed.\nThe man left the town as soon as he could, out of fear of being captured. He went to his own country of Burgundy and showed his friends his adventures. The people of Paris, during their rebellion, caused much harm. But there were many good men who were fortunate not to join their rebellion and its company, for the situation would have been much worse if they had. The king was at Meaux, and his three uncles were with him: the duke of Anjou, the duke of Berry, and the duke of Burgundy. They were greatly displeased with this rebellion. Then they decided to send the lord of Coucy, who was a wise knight, to treat with the commons and appease them, as he could do it better than anyone else.\n\nThe lord of Coucy's emissary, Enguerrand, came to Paris not with an army but in a peaceful manner, accompanied by his own servants. He lodged there and then sent for some of the chief instigators of the rebellion. When they had arrived, he summoned them to:\nHe showed them in a fair manner. They had done very badly by killing the king's officers and breaking the king's prisons, freeing the king's prisoners. They said that if the king and his council were harsh and rigorous, they would deeply regret it. The king would not do this because he loved Paris so well, as it is the chief city of his realm. Therefore, he would not destroy the people who were there. Showing them how he had come there, he promised them that he would desire the king and his uncles to forgive all that they had done. They answered and said that they would do no harm to the king or his uncles. But they wanted these impositions, subsidies, and gables to be laid down in Paris. They said they would aid the king in some other manner.\nIn what manner did the lord of Coucy respond? They answered and said, \"We will be content to pay a certain amount of gold and silver every week to a certain man appointed to receive it, to help pay the soldiers and men of war in France. What sum will you pay, lord of Coucy? Such sum as we shall agree upon. And so the lord of Coucy handled the matter with them in such a way that they ceased paying weekly a ten thousand florins to a certain man admitted to receive it on their behalf. And so thus the lord of Coucy departed from them and went to Meulx in Brie to the King and his uncles, and showed them what he had done. Then the king was advised for the best to receive this freely from the Parisians. Saying, \"It is good to enter into small agreements with them little by little. For in the same way, they will do with other good towns in France. Paris began in this way.\" Then the lord of Coucy returned to Paris and brought peace.\nThe king ordered the Parisians to keep their promise and receive the Florence weekly. A receiver was appointed to receive the Florence to ensure the money did not leave Paris for any other reason than to pay soldiers as needed. The money should not be used for the king's personal use or for his uncles. The situation continued in peace for a certain period, but the king refused to enter Paris, causing great displeasure among the Parisians.\n\nSimilarly, the Rohan rebelled, and the common people killed the Catholics and those who had imposed taxes on them. When the king and his uncles heard this, they were greatly displeased, fearing other cities and towns would do the same. The king was then advised to go to Rohan, which he did, and he pacified the commoners there and granted pardons.\nThe duke of Anjou had a great and ambitious intention to go to the realm of Naples. He wrote to King Peter of Aragon, of Calabria, and of Sicily. The pope had given him that heritage by virtue of the patented letters that the queen of Naples had given him. The duke of Anjou, who was wise and imaginative, and of high courage and enterprise, saw that, according to the state that he had begun, the which he intended in due time, would require it.\nwas lothe to make lesse. He thought therby / to be no lytell lorde in Fraunce. Whan so noble and highe herytages were fallen to hym / as .ii. kyngdoms / Napoles and Cicyle: and thre du\u2223cheris. as Puyle / Calabre / and Prouence. for by reason of these cou\u0304treis / wherof he reputed hym selfe lorde and kyng. He thought he shuld attayne to great rychesse / and so therfore he set all his entent night and day / howe he might {per}\u2223fourme that viage. And he knewe it wolde nat be / without great conforte of golde and syluer / and great company of men of warre / to resyst agaynst all those / that wolde let his viage. So the duke of Aniowe for this occasyon / gadered toguyder as moche rychesse as he coulde / and kept hym in loue with them of Parys / asmoche as he might. for he knewe well that within Pa\u00a6rys / there was rychesse great habu\u0304daunce. and also he sende to the Erle of Sauoye / in whome he had great affyaunce. Desyringe hym nat to fayle hym at this busynesse / promysynge: that as soone as he ca\u0304e in to Sauoy /\nThe earl would give wages for a year, for a thousand spears from that country. The earl of Salisbury rejoiced at this news, as he greatly loved the desire for arms. He answered the messengers that he would gladly serve the duke through the said countess. The duke of Anjou was pleased, as he greatly loved the company of the earl of Salisbury. Besides this, the duke of Anjou retained men of arms to the number of nine thousand. Then he made preparations for himself and his company at Paris, of all manner of things. As tents, pavilions, and all other ordinance, as it should pertain for a king to do: when he is in purpose to go to a far country.\n\nNow let us leave him for a while and return to the earl of Cambridge and his company, being then in Portugal with the king there. The earl of Cambridge and his company remained a long time at Lisbon, with the king of Portugal. The Englishmen and Gascons advised well.\nthe countrey / by cause they had neuer bene there before. And as I vn\u2223derstode / there was a maryage accorded / by\u2223twene the doughter of the kyng of Portyngale who was of the age of tenne yeres / and the erle of Cambridge sonne of the same age. He was called Johan / and the Lady named Beatryce. At the weddynge of these two chyldrene / there was made great feaste amonge the lordes and prelates of the realme / and as younge as they were / they were layde toguyder in one bedde. So this maryage thus ended / the whiche en\u2223dured the space of eight dayes. Than y\u2022 kynge of Portyngale and his counsayle / ordayned y\u2022 the men of warr / that were as than at Lysbon shulde de{per}te in to other places / and kepe the fro\u0304\u00a6ters. So therle of Cambridge and his co\u0304pany were ordayned to go lye in another towne / cal\u2223led\nEstremour. And the englysshmen and gas\u2223cons shulde lye in another countre / called Besy ouse / and yonge Johan of Cambridge shulde abyde with the kynge and his wyfe. Whan the Chanone Robersarde / and the other\nEnglish knights and Gascons took their leave of the king to depart for their garrisons. The king said to them, \"Sirswait not ride out against our enemies without my leave and knowledge. If you do, I will not be content. They answered, \"We will not ride until we have your license.\" And so they departed and rode to the town of Besoyes, a two-day journey from Lisbon and as much from Cuidad Real where the king of Spain lay. Who knew right well of the coming of the earl of Cambridgeshire and his company. And he sent word of it to France to such as he thought would serve him. And when they knew of it and saw that war was likely in Spain, they were glad. And divers such as desired to be availed by the war made themselves ready and took their way to Spain.\n\nThe Chauncy Rosamund, who lay in garrison at Besoyes with his company, English and Gascons. On a time he said to his company, \"Sirswait we lie here thus long still?\"\nWe have done nothing to our honor. We have done nothing against our enemies, so they hold us in low esteem. Therefore, and you will understand, I propose that we send a message to the king of Portugal, requesting him to grant us leave to ride out and do some harm to his enemies. They all answered and said, \"We are content.\" Then Sir John Chandos was sent on this message. He came to the king at Lisbon and delivered his message as charged. But the king said, \"I will in no way grant you permission to ride out.\" The knight could get nothing more from the king and so returned to his lords, reporting, \"The king will in no way allow you to ride out.\" They were more displeased than before and said among themselves, \"It is not the way of men at war to tolerate such a long stay in a garrison without doing some deed of arms.\" And so they made a pact to ride out on an adventure. On a certain day, they rode out into the fields, numbering a force of four.\nHundreds of men-at-arms and an equal number of archers set out to besiege a large town belonging to the master of Saint John. As they went there, they took another route and went to the castle of Sigyre, where there were thirty men-at-arms, Spanish soldiers, under the command of Peter Gousses and his brother. The chamberlain Robertard, who led this expedition, rode in front, accompanied by Sir Oliver of Beauchamp, Sir Matthew Gourney, Miles Windsor, the Lord Talbot, Sir Adam Simon, and Sir John Foulles, the bastard brother of the King of England, the Soldier of Lestrade, the Lord of Newcastle, the Lord de la Barde, Raymond of Marson, and others. They continued riding until they reached the castle of Sigyre, and prepared to assault it. When the defenders learned they were to be attacked, they called for reinforcements. The next day, the battle began fiercely and cruelly. The Englishmen.\nentred into the dykes where there was no water, and so they came just to the walls well prepared for the cast of stones. & there they hewed with pikes to enter the walls. And they within cast down on them bars of iron and stones, and hurt many of them. That day, the Chamberlain Roberarde did marvels in arms, and so did Eperus, a varlet of his. And the archers stood a long time along the dyke, and shot so steadily together that there was none above them daring to appear at their defense. The one half of them within were sore hurt, & there was slain with the arrows, the brother of Peter Gosse's captain of the castle, called Bartylmewe, a proper man of arms. And so by his hardiness & too much adventurism he was slain.\n\nThus this assault continued from the morning till it was none. The knights and squires, both English and Gascons, spared not to assail the castle, with great will and courage, because they did that enterprise without the knowledge of the king of Portingale. Therefore they were determined to take it by force.\nThey all endured great pain to conquer the castle, intending that its renown would come to Lysbone. Then Chanoyne Robersarde said, \"Sir, we thought yesterday that this castle would not hold out so long against us. But since we have been so long in conquering towns and castles in Spain and Galicia, we shall never be lords of these lands if knights and squires take more courage from it. With these words, Chanoyne Robersarde, despite his weakness, received a great blow, whereby he was severely hurt and broken. He had with him a young squire from Heynalt, named Frome, whom he urged to negotiate for peace. Then they agreed to speak with the Englishmen, and the assault ceased. The assailants emerged from the ditches, as they needed to, for many of them were sore troubled and injured. Sir Matthew Gourney, constable of that host, and Sir Miles Wynsore, marshal, went to them and demanded\nThe captain, Sir Peter Gousses, said, \"Sirs, we see you will not depart until you have this fortress. You harm our people, and we yours. Let us take counsel together. I, as captain of this company, declare that we will return the fortress, along with our lives, saved. Sirs, take this seriously. This is a true agreement of arms. You are currently stronger than we are. Therefore, it behooves us to act thus. The English knights said, they would take counsel, and they did. And when they were determined, they answered and said, \"We within shall depart when we please, but our goods shall remain in the castle: for we shall have nothing but our lives. And when Peter Gosses saw there was no other remedy, he agreed to it, reluctantly. Thus, this castle was given up and put into the hands of the English. And so the Spaniards departed without any save-conduct and went to Estreves.\"\nmasters of St. Jacques lay. They did not find him there: for he understood that the English men were abroad, so he entered the fields with four hundred men of arms, Spaniards and Castilians, intending to meet the English at an advantage to fight with them.\n\nWhen these knights of England had conquered the castle of Sigheir, they were very joyful and repaired it, leaving there forty of their company and furnishing it with artillery and other provisions, and appointing a good captain to keep it. They then consulted together and determined to return to their first lodgings. The English and Gascons departed in three routes. And behind all to keep the field remained the Chamberlain Robert de Rosas, and with him certain Englishmen, Gascons, and Almain soldiers. He had about sixty spearmen and as many archers, and they rode all day and the second morning in full strength.\nThe Englishmen entered a great town in Portygalia, called Huence, and the castle of Concrelet was nearby, with a wood to its west. In the wood closer to Concrelet than to Huence was the master of Saint James with four hundred armed men. As soon as the Englishmen perceived them, they drew together and showed no sign of fear, but rode on at a good pace. The Spaniards, despite their great numbers, made no attempt to break their formation, believing that the English had not yet prepared their great battle, so they dared not assault them. Thus they parted from each other without further incident. The Spaniards returned to Estreves that night, and Chaundos Robertes to Usous. And there he showed his company how they had seen the Spaniards between Concrelet and Huence, and said, \"If we had all been together, we would have fought with them.\"\nThe Englishmen and Gascons were sorry they had not been guided. When these news reached the king of Portugal, he feigned displeasure because they had ridden forth without his command or ordinance. The Englishmen and Gascons therefore remained in their quarters all winter, accomplishing nothing worthy of note, which greatly annoyed them. They remained there against their will. In the meantime, John, king of Castile, sent messages to the French king and his uncles for support. He informed them that the earl of Cambridge had arrived in Portugal. He also reported how the rumor ran through the realms of Castile and Portugal. He mentioned that the king of England, the duke of Lancaster and his brother, would come to Portugal in the next summer to aid the earl of Cambridge. Therefore, he requested the French king's accord for such alliances and confederations as the realms of France and Spain had.\nA tower defender named [name redacted] and his men, out of good love and friendship, agreed to send military reinforcements to him the following summer to help resist his enemies. The French king and his council approved of this plan, recognizing the king of Spain's desire for peace. In France, it was arranged for all manner of soldiers to be granted permission to go there. The king released their first payment. Sir Oliver of Clissamy, brother to Sir Bertram of Clissamy, a constable of France, was appointed to embark on this mission at the beginning of springtime. Knights and squires from Brittany, France, Beauce, Picardy, Anjou, Berry, Blois, and Maine also joined this expedition. They traveled in companies to make the journey easier, and their passage was open through the realm of Aragon. They found everything prepared and their wages paid. However, they were not paid for every item they took while in the country, which caused great hardship for the poor.\nKing Richard of England had been in treaty with King Charles of Aragon for a year. King Charles wrote the title for the king of Rome to have his sister, Lady Anne, in marriage. Sir Simon Burle had greatly troubled himself in this matter. The duke of Tasson in Aragon had been in England to confirm the marriage. The matter was so concluded that King Charles sent his sister and the duke of Tasson with her. A great company of knights, ladies, and damsels accompanied her in royal state. She first came to Brabant, to the town of Brussels. There, the duchess of Brabant received her and all her company in a goodly manner. The duke of Brabant was her uncle, for she was daughter to Charles. Thus, Lady Anne of Behain stayed with her uncle and aunt in Brussels for more than a month. She dared not go thence.\nIt was shown to her that there were twelve vessels of Norsemen between Calais and Holland on the sea, robbing and pillaging indiscriminately. They kept to the bounds of the sea around Flanders and Zeeland, awaiting the arrival of this young lady. The French king would have gladly prevented the marriage for he greatly doubted the alliance between England and Austria. However, it is always said that it is not honorable to take ladies in war. In the war between lords, they make their wars fairer. The Prince of Wales, father of King Richard of England, was said to have consented to the taking of the Lady of Bourbon, mother of the French queen. She was taken by the prince's servants in the castle of Belperch and brought to Guyenne, where she was ransomed. Therefore, the French thought that if they could take the king's wife of England in revenge, they would not be doing anything wrong. So, out of fear and doubt, this lady remained at Brussels.\nThe duke of Brabant's counsellors were sent into France, accompanied by the lords of Roussels and Bousquher. They were the duke's nephews, sons of his sister. These lords of Brabant succeeded in gaining the favor of the French king and his counsellors, securing a safe conduct for the lady to travel through France, either by land or by sea. The Normans on the sea were ordered to stand down. The French king and his uncles wrote to the Duke of Brabant that they acted on his behalf alone. This pleased the Duke of Brabant and the Duchess, as well as those planning to cross the sea. They then departed from Brussels. The lady took her leave of her uncle, the duke, and her aunt, the duchess, as well as the ladies and damsels of the country who had accompanied her. The duke then departed.\nThis young lady sent with her a hundred spears to convey her to Gaunt and rested there for a day. The Gascony people did her great honor there, and then she went to Bruges. The earl of Flanders received her right honorably there and she rested for three days. Then she rode forth and came to Graveling, where the earl of Salisbury and the earl of Dumaster were ready with five hundred spears, as many archers, and they brought her to Calais. The Brabantians returned as soon as they had delivered her to the English barons.\n\nThis young lady did not stay long at Calais but wished for wind. And then she entered into her ship on a Friday morning and all her company and horses in other ships. And the same day she arrived at Dover and rested there for two days. The third day she rode to St. Thomas of Canterbury. And there she found the earl of Buckingham, who received her honorably. And so this lady rode forth for so long that she\nThe queen came to London, where she was honorably received by the burgesses, ladies, and damsels of the country and city. And so King England wedded her in the chapel of his palaces of Westminster on the 20th day of Christmas. There was great feasting and triumph held. And ever since she first departed from Almayne, the gentle and noble knight Sir Robert of Namur did not leave her until she was married to the king of England. For which he received great thanks, both from the king of England and from the king of Almayne. And so the king of England, after his marriage, brought his queen to Windsor Castle and kept a great house there. And they were joyously together. And my lady, the king's mother, remained with the queen. And at the same time, there was in the court with the queen, the duchess of Brittany, sister to King Richard, because her husband, the duke of Brittany, could not have her delivered out of England for the king of England or his council.\nThe duke of Breton would not consent to sending her to Brittany because her husband, the duke, had become French. At the same time, the lords and knights in England stated that the duke of Brittany had dishonorably acquitted himself towards the earl of Buckingham and our men during their recent voyage in France. Despite having requested his wife's return, they would not send her to him but instead planned to send his two enemies, John and Guy of Brittany, instead. These two lords, John and Guy, children of Saint Charles of Blois, were prisoners in England and held in a strong castle under the keeping of Sir Peter Dambretcourt. They were desired in a courteous manner by the king.\nof England and his council decided that they should hold Brittany by faith and homage to the king of England. And if they were to do so, the king of England promised to recover their right in Brittany. John would also have his wife, Lady Philippa of Lancaster, a widow. But they answered: in no way would they do so, nor would they forgo the freedom to die in prison. Thus, the matter ended. I have heard before how the Parisians were in agreement with the king to pay a certain sum of florins every week. This sum of florins was paid to a certain receiver appointed by them, but the king did not have it, nor did it leave Paris. And so it happened that the king had need of money to pay his men of war, such as those he had sent to Calais. To which he was bound by the alliances that had been made before. And so the king sent to Paris to his receiver, instructing him to prepare for him a hundred\nthousande frankes / for he sayd he wold comforte and ayde kyng John\u0304 of Ca\u2223stell. The receyuour answered ye kyng{is} letters and message right graciously / and sayd: howe he had money mough. howe beit he myght de\u2223lyuer none without the hole consent of ye towne of Parys. These wordes pleased nothyng the kyng / but he sayde he wolde puruey right well for remedy: whanne he myght / and so he dyd.\nAnd so for his entente (as at that tyme) he pur\u2223ueyed hym of other money / by the helpe of his good townes in Pycardy. Thus there was a great disce\u0304cion / bytwene the kyng and them of Parys. and so the kyng wolde nat come to Pa\u00a6rys / but he abode at Mieulx / at Senles / or at Compayne / & there a bout: wherof they of Pa\u00a6rys were sore displeased. And the greatest sure tie and meane that they hadde / was the duke of Aniou / who wrote hym selfe kynge of Cecyll / and of Hyerusalem: and had taken on hym the armes therof. This duke most comonly lay at Parys / and there he gate moche good to helpe hym to his viage. He gate\nThe duke of Anjou, who had a considerable sum of money at Roquemore besides Avignon - two million florins - requested one hundred thousand francs from Parisians using his fair language. He held sovereignty above his brothers due to being the eldest. However, the king could not obtain it from them, nor could his uncles of Berry or Burgoyne. Once the duke of Anjou had made provisions in the springtime of the year, he embarked on his journey and reached Avignon. There, he was warmly welcomed by the pope and cardinals. The barons and rulers of the good towns of Provence came to him and pledged allegiance and fealty. They put themselves under his obedience. The earl of Savoy, his cousin, arrived with certain lords and knights, who were also received warmly by the pope and cardinals. At Avignon, the duke of Anjou delivered something to the earl of Savoy.\nA great sum of money for the people of Savoy, who were a great number. So then the duke and earl took leave of the pope and departed, taking the way to the dolphin of Uien. And so in every good town they had good cheer. And so their men of war went on before, and at last they entered into Lombardy, the passage of which was ready. And so the duke entered into Lombardy, and in every town had great feasts and cheer, especially at Milanie. There they were honored beyond measure by Sir Galeas and Sir Barnabo. And they had from them great riches and jewels, which was marvelous to recount. And in every place, the duke of Anjou held himself like a king, and wherever he went, he made flowers of gold and white money to pay his men of war. And when they came into Costanza and approached Rome, then they kept themselves nearer together than they did before. For the Romans, who knew right well of their coming, were greatly fortified against them. And the Romans had a captain, an unnamed one.\nAn Englishman, called Sir John Hastings, protected us. Christ help us. This was all the fracas he had, and all the answer he would make.\n\nThus, the men-at-arms and the duke of Anjou, calling himself king of Naples, of Cecilia, and of Jerusalem, Duke of Puyll, and of Calabria. The Earl of Sauoy and his company conquered Italy, Costanza, and the marches of Denny, and entered not Rome, for the duke of Anjou would make no war with Rome or the Romans. For he thought to complete the journey he had undertaken or departed from France. And in every place where he went, he kept the state of a king, and every man prayed for him. All men of war liked well his payment.\n\nAt the same time in the city of Naples, there was his enemy, Sir Charles de la Palice, who, in like manner, wrote himself king of Naples, of Cecilia, and of Jerusalem, Duke of Puyll, and of Calabria. He claimed to be king by rightful inheritance, without any heir in a lawful manner.\nAfter the king of Naples' marriage, Charles received the gift that the queen had made to the pope, but in vain, as she showed according to his opinion, for two reasons. The first was that he sustained and maintained, along with the Neapolitans, the same position. The Cesilians also claimed that the queen of Naples could not give away another man's heritage. Though her gift was good and allowed in the Roman court, she did not act wisely, as she allied with Pope Urban instead of Clement. These were the questions and debates that Sir Charles de la Payne presented for himself, and at the beginning, he acted wisely. He fortified and furnished the castle of Leufe, the strongest castle in the world, which is set by enchantment in the sea and cannot be won except by necromancy or the art of the devil. He provisioned it for three or four years and had with him a certain number of soldiers, keeping that place.\nThe duke of Naples knew well that they would not abandon him even if he lost Puyll and Calabria for two or three years. He planned to recover it again lightly, as he imagined in his mind: that the duke of Anjou would entertain such a large number of men of war that he had brought with him. These men would not long lie in his possession for want of supplies or money. Therefore, he imagined that when they were weary and out of good rule, he would fight with them at his advantage. These thoughts and imaginations had an effect on Charles de la Payx, as the term passed that he desired. For truly, there was no prince christened except the French king or the king of England who could keep four years to gather such a large number of men of war from their own countries as the duke of Anjou had with him. He brought over the mountains thirty thousand fighting men.\nIn the beginning, wisely consider and imagine the following enterprise. When the duke of Anjou and his company entered into Puglia in Calabria, the country, inconveniently turned towards them. The people showed how they desired nothing more and had no other lord but the duke of Anjou. In a short time, all the lords, cities, and towns in that country were under his obedience. Those who had been in those countries, who were one of the greatest marches of the world, said and affirmed that it was because of the great plenty and wealth that abounded in those parts that the people were idle and would do no labor. And when these men of war were in this country, which they found so replenished with all wealth, of which they were right glad, the duke of Anjou, the earl of Savoy, the earl of Valence, and all the chivalry of France, of Brittany, and of Savoy passed on and came to the marches of Naples. They of\nNapoles: Fear not that these men of war would never close the gate of their town, but kept it open, for they believed that the Duke of Anjou would never approach, and our people could surely go on to the castle to assault it. The enchanter said, \"I cannot assure you that.\" For if anyone passing over the bridge makes the sign of the cross on himself, all shall come to naught, and those on the bridge will fall into the sea. The duke began to laugh, and one of the young knights present said, \"Sir, for God's sake, let the master try his conjuring; we shall cease making any sign of the cross for the time being, and a more effective way we cannot find to get our enemies.\" The duke replied, \"I will consider this matter.\" The Earl of Savoy was not present then, but he came to the duke's tent soon after.\n\nWhen the Earl of Savoy had entered the Duke of Anjou's tent, the master enchanter had already departed.\nThe duke showed him all the master's words and what he offered. The earl thought a moment and then said, \"Sir, send him to my lodging, and I shall examine him, sir. I know well, it is the same enchanter, by whom the queen of Naples and Sir Otho of Brasuych were taken. He caused the sea to seem so high that those within the castle feared the sea would overflow it. Whereof they were so abashed that they all intended to die. Sir, a man ought not to have any great trust in such people. Sir, this enchanter would now betray them to whom he once delivered the queen of Naples and her husband, which was to Sir Charles de la Payx. Then the duke said, \"Sir, I shall send him to you,\" and then the lords fell to other matters. And then the earl of Sauoy returned to his lodging.\nand the next day the enchantor came to the duke. He saluted him. As soon as the duke saw him, he said to one of his servants. Go and bring this master to the earl of Savoy. The squire went to the master and said, \"Sir, my lord the duke wills that you go and speak with the earl of Savoy.\" The master replied, \"Sir, I am content.\" Then the squire brought him to the earl's tent and said, \"Sir: here is the master that my lord the duke has sent to you.\" When the earl saw him, he was filled with joy and said, \"Master, is it truly that you will give us the castle of Leufe so cheaply as you say? Master Quasimodo, the earl of Savoy replied, \"That I will do. For, sir, by the same means, I caused Sir Charles de la Payx to win it. And the queen of Naples and her daughter, and Sir Robert of Arthouse her husband, and Sir Othes of Brasuich, are all under my control. And, sir, I am the most respected man in the world, the one Sir Charles de la Payx fears most.\" The earl of Savoy said, \"By my faith.\"\nSauoy / ye say well. and I wyll that sir Charles de la Payx / shall knowe that he hath great wronge to feare you. But I shall assure him of you / for ye shall neuer do en\u00a6chauntme\u0304t to disceyue him / nor yet none other. I wolde nat that in tyme to come / we shulde be reproched / that in so highe an enterprise / as we be in / wherin there be so many noble knightes and squyers assembled. that we shulde do any\u00a6thyng by enchau\u0304tment / nor that we shuld wyn our enemyes by suche craft. Than he called to him a seruau\u0304t / and sayd. go & get a hangman / and let hym stryke of this maisters heed / with\u2223out delay. and as sone as the erle had co\u0304maun\u2223ded it / inco\u0304tinent it was done. for his heed was stryken of before ye erles tent. Thus ended this maister enchau\u0304tour / and so was payed his wa\u2223ges / acordyng to his desertes. \u00b6 Nowe wyll we leue to speke of the duke of Aniou / and of his vyage. and speke of the besynes of Por\u2223tyngale / and shewe howe the englisshmen and gascoyns parceueryd.\nWhan it came to the beginnyng of\nIn the month of April, the knights who were in garrison in the town of Usious had remained there for a long time without riding out. They consulted among themselves to ride forth, and they faced great marvel from the king of Portugal and the earl of Cambridge. They had been in the country of Portugal for ten months and had ridden out only once, which was a great shame. They determined to send word to the earl of Cambridge to show him their minds. The Soldier of Lestrad was sent to him, and he went to Estremoz where the earl lay. The earl said to him, \"Sir: all our company has sent me to you to know your pleasure. What will you do? They are greatly marveling at why you have brought them into this country and kept them so long, which is a great displeasure to them. Sir, they desire to know your pleasure, for they would willingly do something.\" Sir replied the earl.\nYou know well that when I departed from England, my lord, my brother, the duke of Lancaster, promised me by his faith that as soon as he returned from Scotland, he would come here with a certain number of men-at-arms, about three thousand, and as many archers. For I was sent here in this state I am in. For none other intent, but to advise the country, and I am sure, shortly we shall hear some tidings. I have great marvel that he tarries so long. Recommend me to all your company, and show them as I have shown you. However, I may not, nor will I not let them ride forth, if they have sore affection for it. But you know well, the king of Portugal pays all our wages, therefore it must be ordered by him.\n\n\"By my faith, sir [said] the soldier, [he pays] but poorly and that the whole company complains of it. He owes us wages for six months. He will pay you right well [said] the earl [said] the money will come right well at point. Thus departed the soldiers from here.\nSir Erle returned to his company and showed them, as you have heard. Sir Chanone Robertsard spoke up, \"Sirs, I will not continue to deceive you. He intends to dissemble with us. He did not want us to ride forth so that we would have no reason to demand our money. But I am of the opinion to ride forth, and we all made the same decision. We prepared everything and appointed the time for our departure the next morning. Then, Sir John Ferand, a knight of the king of Portugal, arrived. He had been informed of our plans to ride forth and brought letters to Sir Chanone Robertsard. In these letters, the king of Portugal defended himself in any way he could, stating that he knew well that the instigation for any riding forth to undertake an enterprise was by his instigation. Sir Chanone Robertsard was greatly displeased by these tidings and said to the knight, \"Sir: I see well, the king will in no way allow\"\nI should ride forth. You think those other knights, who are better and more valiant than I am, will leave their enterprise? I assure you, no. And you shall see this tomorrow, for they are all determined to ride. \"Sir,\" said the knight, \"command them in the king's name to stay: and not to stir.\" But, by my faith, said the Chaplain, \"I will not do that.\" But, Sir, command them when you return from the king. Thus the matter rested all that night, and in the morning they sounded their trumpets. Then knights and squires armed and mounted on their horses, and came to the Chaplain Robersard's lodging, who did not arm himself. And there the knights and squires rested. The Chaplain Robersard came to a window and spoke to them, and showed them how the king would not have me ride forth nor any with me. \"By my faith,\" they said, \"then we, seeing we are forewarned, and so we counsel.\"\nyou to do. it shalbe no reproche to vs / and we ryde forth: though ye abyde behynde. So the Chanone Robersard sawe well there was none other boote for hym / but to arme him / and to ryde forthe with them / and so he dyd / and so dyd y\u2022 knyght of Portyn\u2223gale / sir John\u0304 Ferande. wherfore after he was in sore displeasure with the kynge / and lyke to haue dyed there fore. So thus at the desyre of these companyons they armed the\u0304 / and issued out of the towne of Uesyouse / and entred in to the feldes. They were to ye nombre of four .C. speares / & as many archeres. & toke the way to Geuyll / and came to a towne called the Bane.\nSo longe they rode forthe that they came to the towne of Bane / and ther lyghted a fote. on that parte / that they thought moost prignable. and ther they set the\u0304 selfe in array redy to gyue assaute / and so entred in to ye dykes which were drie / without any water / and so came to the wal\u00a6les / and mad a ferse assaut / and myned & vnder hewed the walles. The same tyme in the towne of Bane\nThere were no men of war but the townspeople, armed. However, they were at their defense and threw darts and stones as well as they could. But in the end, they could not endure and began to treat, finally yielding up the town, their goods and lives saved. They said from then on they would be under the obedience of the king of Portugal. And so they were received, and all the men of war entered the town, refreshing themselves. The men in the castle included a captain, a gentleman of the country. However, he was no good man of war, as it clearly appeared. He was called Peter Jagouse. As soon as he saw himself assailed by so many good men of war, he was afraid and entered into negotiations. And so he yielded himself and the castle, his life saved. Those within the castle included:\n\n(In the morning they attacked, and those within defended themselves. Inside the castle there was a captain, a gentleman of the country. However, he was no good man of war, as it clearly appeared. He was called Peter Jagouse. As soon as he saw himself assailed by so many good men of war, he was afraid and entered into negotiations. And so he yielded himself and the castle, his life saved, and those within.)\nWith him. And so it was taken and newrefreshed with men of arms and archers. Then they departed and came to another castle, a seven mile thence, called Courtese. There they set themselves in order to give assault, and so they did right fiercely. Those within defended themselves right valiantly to their powers. And so at this assault, the captain was slain within the castle, called Radulph, a right subtle and an expert man of arms. He was slain with an arrow, for he had advanced himself too far at the defense. After that he was dead, the others could not endure long. And so the castle was taken, and they within were most part slain. Thus Chauon Robersarde and his company had the castle of Courtese, which was newly fortified and repopulated again. And they departed.\n\nSo much did these men of war, Englishmen and Gascons, do that they came to Ja[place]. There it was won. Wherein there was great pillage for those who entered first, and there were many men slain. And then they [advanced further].\nMary and they had hastily departed, and what great prayers they had brought to Usys. Wynning advised that the king would be content if they were so bold to disobey the commandment I gave, none of them contrary, and were yourself in their company. By the holy Saint James, I will cause you to be hanged. Then the knight fell on his knees and said, \"sir,\" their captain had acquitted him well and truly in obeying your commandment. But the remainder forced him to go against his will and made me also go with them to show them the ways in the country. And, sir, since the journey has taken good effect, you ought to pardon it. However, for all those words, the king had him put in prison. And so he remained until the Earl of Cambridge caused him to be delivered, when he came to Lis.\n\nAfter that, the Englishmen and Gascon men tarried for a great space. Then they detested that they were sore displeased. The same week, the Earl of Cambridge removed from Estremuse and came and lodged at Usys.\nin an abbey of freres, without the town. The knights and squires of England and Gascony were right glad thereof. Among these company, there were some who couldn't forget their wages so long, and among them, they said, \"We are marvelously ill dealt with all. For we have been here in this country, near the space of a year, and yet we have had no wages. It cannot be, but that our captain has received the money in the morning, when they were all assembled, except the Chanon Roberters: for he was not there then. There was Sir William Beauchamp, Sir Matthew Goring his uncle, the Lord Talbot, Sir William Helm, and the Gascons, such as the Lord de la Barre, the Lord of Newcastle, the Soldier of Le Strade, and divers others. Then they began to speak and make their complaints each to other. Among them was a knight, a bastard brother of the king of England, called Sir John Soldier, who was right bold in speaking and said, \"The earl of Cambridge has brought us here always.\"\nWe are ready to adventure our lives for him. And yet he withholds our wages. I counsel that we all be of one alliance and of one accord. And let us among ourselves raise up the banner of St. George: and let us be friends to God / and enemies to all the world. For without we make ourselves feared, we get nothing. By my faith, quoth Sir Wyllyam Helmond; you speak rightly; and so let us do. They all agreed with one voice / and so regulated among themselves / who should be their captain. Then they advised in this case / how they could not have a better captain than Sir John Solier. For he should then have good lies to do evil / and they thought he was more mettle for it than any other. Then they raised up the pennon of St. George / and cried \"Soldier, soldier\" / the valiant bastard. friends to God and enemies to all the world. And so they were determined / first to overrun the town of Usys / and to make war against the king of Portugal. Sir Matthew Gurney and Sir William\nBeauchamp gave counsel not to overrun the town of Wessex, but their counsel could not be heard. And as they had raised the pennon of St. George and were departing from the minster, the Chancellor Robertes came to them and entered their presence. He said loudly, \"Fair lords, what will you do? Have good order and temperance in yourselves. You see well that you are dismayed. Then he called to him Sir John Soldier and Sir William Helmond and others. And showed him what they had done and what they were intending to do. The Chancellor, with fair language, restrained them and said, \"Sirs, remember and imagine well your deed, which I think is but a folly and an outrage. We cannot better be destroyed than by ourselves. If we make war on this country, our enemies will hear tidings of it. They will thereby be encouraged, when they see that we do not go forward. Thus we shall lose two ways. We shall rejoice and assure our enemies, in that they are as now in...\"\nAnd doubtlessly, we shall betray our truth to the earl of Cambridge. Why, Soltier, what would you have us do? We have received more than our wages. And we have had no money since we came into Portugal. Though you have been paid and we have not, you have had a fair suffering. By my faith, quoth the Chancellor, I have received no more payment than you have. Nor, without your knowledge, I assure you, I will receive nothing. Then some of the knights who were present said, Sir, we believe you well. But, sir, every thing must have its course. Sir, show us how we may honorably extricate ourselves from this matter and have hasty delivery, for if we are not shortly well paid, the matter will go badly. Then the Chancellor Robertson began to speak and saw well how the English company were displeased with the king of Portugal. & saw well that money would appease them. Then he said to them thus, Fair lords, I counsel that in the same state that we are,\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in Middle English. No significant OCR errors were detected.)\nNow we go and speak with the Earl of Cambridge and show him all our needs, that shall be soldier, so it you will allow my saying. They were all content to do so. And so, in the same manner as they were, they went forth with the pennon of St. George before them, and came to the friars, where the Earl lay. And he was then going to dinner. The companions were more than seven in number, and so they entered into the court, and demanded for the Earl. He came out of his chamber into the hall to speak with them. Then all the knights who were there summoned for him, and Solier before them, who with a bold spirit spoke and said, \"Sir, we have come here into your presence, and divers others are here without. Sir, you have brought us out of England, our own nation. And sir, you are our chief captain, and what have we none. And we can ask none of any man but of you. For as for the King of Portugal, we had never come to do him service if you had not paid us.\"\nThe warrant is not yours, but the king of Portugal's. We shall pay for it ourselves, if necessary. First, we will overrun this country, and then catch whoever comes after. Soldier spoke, \"I say not that but that you shall be paid.\" But to overrun this country, you will cause me great blame with the king of Portugal and the king of England. Why, Sir Soldier, would we do that? Sir replied, \"I would you should take three of our knights - one from England, another from Almain, and the third from Gascony. Let these three go to Lisbon to the king and show him your need for payment and your complaint. If you have no remedy, you have more cause to follow your enterprise,\" said the Chanon Robert de Ros. My lord, here, the Earl of Cambridge speaks wisely and bravely. And so, they all determined to that purpose. However, they still kept with the Penon of St. George. Saying, \"How pleasant it would be,\" they kept with it.\nThese knights raised it by one accord in the realm of Portugal. They would not lay it down again as long as they were there. Then they ordered those who were to go to the king with this message. Sir William Helman was named to go for the Englishmen, and Sir Thomas Simon for the Almaines; and the lord of Newcastle for the Gascons. These three knights did so much that they reached Lisbon and found the king there, who made them good cheer and demanded of them how their company fared. Sir they replied, they were all in good point and would ride forth with right good will to employ their time otherwise than they did or had done. For this lying still is to them nothing agreeable. Well, said the king, they shall ride forth shortly, and I in their company, and that I show them from me. Sir William Helman said, we are sent hither from them to inform you of this. Since they came into this country, they have had neither priest nor wages from you.\nThey generally desire to have my love and service in war, sir, but only if they are paid besides what they have been or are currently owed. Sir, they have been in great doubt for a long time because they could not tell to whom they should remain loyal. And, sir, they have laid the charge of this upon our captains, which is likely to cause much harm. Sir, the captains are excused; it is known that they have received nothing, and you know they speak truly. Sir, they will be paid their wages if you wish to have their service. And if you do not pay them, they certify you through us that they will pay themselves from your funds. Sir, take advice and make an answer so that we may convey your pleasure to them; they await nothing else. The king, upon hearing this, thought a little and said, \"Sir William, it is reasonable that they be paid, but they have greatly displeased me by riding contrary to my command. Had they not done so, they would have been...\"\nSir William spoke up, \"If they have ridden, it has been to your honor and profit. They have taken towns and castles, and nearly overrun the countryside of your enemies, almost reaching Ceuyll, which was an honorable enterprise. They should not lose their time, nor would they lose it of their own accord. The sergeant said, \"Within fifteen days at the latest, they will be paid every penny. But tell the Earl of Cambridge that I will see him and speak with him. The knight replied, \"You command well. I will do so.\" And so the king went to dinner and made them dine with him at his own table. The day passed, and the next day they returned to their company. As soon as it was known they had returned home, their company came to greet them to learn of their tidings. They showed them all the king's bounty.\nwords so that they were content. Lord Soltier/ you may see well/ sometimes a riot both good. We have well advanced for their payment with a little wildness/ he does well who is feared. \u00b6 Then these three knights he was received from his son and his daughter right amicably. And there the king and he made a certain agreement to ride forth. Then the king summoned his sheriffs through his realm/ every man to be in the field/ between Verious and Clemsens/ the seventh day of June. And so every man made himself ready to be at the said place/ the day before limited. At the coming of the earl to Lisbone/ Sir John Ferand was delivered out of prison. Then the earl took his leave & returned to his company/ and showed them of the agreement/ whereof every man was glad. And immediately after came money to pay their wages & so they were all paid & content/ captains & others: but always they kept up still the penon of St. George.\n\nKing John of Castile all this season gathered together his men of war from France/ and\nother places. He had 2000 spearmen knights and squires, and 4000 others besides them, from his own country. Of these, he had well 10,000 horseback and an equal number on foot. When he learned that the king of Portugal intended to ride, he prepared more honorably for war. Seeing that he was already there, he sent a message. The king then responded to the herald and said how he would proceed in this matter, which way he would take. When he was asked: then he promised to send word to the king of Spain. The herald departed again to Ceuvill and there found the king and those of France, Aragon, and Galicia, who had all come to the king. He showed them his answer, and every man was well pleased. It was not long after that the king of Portugal, by the advice of the English, agreed to cede a certain place for battle in his own country. And there the preparations were made.\nSir Thomas Simon and the soldiers of the king of Castile's foresters went to scout a convenient place. They encountered problems on both sides, resulting in injuries and deaths. Eventually, they returned to the king of Portugal and showed him where the place was, satisfying everyone. The king then dispatched a knight from Almain named Sir John Custodore, along with a herald, to the king of Castile with this message. Sir John was to be given lodging between Clues and Uale delore within five days of his departure.\n\nIt wasn't long before the king of Portugal lodged himself and his host near the scouted location, between Clues and Uale delore, in a fair plain among the olives. He was accompanied by about fifteen thousand men. The fourth day after,\nThe earl of Cambridge arrived with six hundred men of arms and an equal number of archers. They joined the king's company. When the king of Spain learned that the king of Portugal was encamped in the field where the battle was to be fought, he feigned joy and said, \"Let us go forth; our enemies are before us; it is time that we ride.\" We desired the battle from them, and they agreed, keeping their promise as they had made it. It could be none other way; but we shall have battle; let us draw nearer. Then it was commanded that every man should go forward. And so they departed from their lodgings, all knights, squires, genoese, and genetours, following the king's banner. He went and lodged within two miles of the appointed place. The king of Castile was accompanied by thirty thousand men of the genetours.\nThe two hosts faced each other with the hill and the town of Val de Loire between them, one party belonging to the king of Spain and the other to the king of Portugal. His men resorted there when they wished to refresh themselves. The city of Clues was on the other side of the hill, belonging to the king of Portugal. Between these two hosts and the mountain, there were daily battles between young knights and bachelors, desiring to enhance themselves. This continued for the space of fifteen days or more. The fault was not in the king of Castile that there was no battle, but rather in the king of Portugal. He saw well that he was not strong enough to fight against the Spaniards, and so doubted the parallel that might fall. He saw well that if he were discovered, his realm would be lost forever from him. Furthermore, during that time, he kept looking for the coming of the duke of Lancaster and his company from England. He had promised to bring with him a four thousand men of arms.\nThe earl of Cambridge had certified the king of Portugal that he would come. The earl of Cambridge thought not that he would come contrary, but believed he would keep his promise. The duke of La Salle, at the beginning, when he departed from England, promised him that as soon as he returned from Scotland, he would come to Portugal with such a number of archers that he would be able to fight with the king of Spain. And it was true; the duke of Lancaster did all he could to keep his promise. However, due to the troubles that had occurred in England that year and certain other incidents that had fallen in Flanders, the king of England and his council would not allow him to depart from England. They would not consent to the voyage to Portugal at that time, nor that any men of war should go out of England. When the king of Portugal saw that he could have no other support from the English, he sought another way.\nThe master of Castrane and Da\\_peter of Modesque, the bishops of Bruges and Lisbon, petitioned for peace between Portugal and Spain. Their efforts resulted in a peace treaty. However, the English were not involved. The Earl of Cambridge was displeased and wished to wage war against the King of Portugal if he thought himself strong enough in the country, but he was not. Therefore, he was forced to accept this peace, whether he wanted to or not. The English complained that the King of Portugal had treated them unfairly. From the beginning to the end, he had feigned friendship with the Spaniards and had never been willing to fight against them. The King of Portugal defended himself, stating that the fault was with the English and Duke of Lancaster, who should have come and intervened. Therefore, he could do no other than make peace.\n\nIn the King of Castile's court, there was a young knight.\nSir Trystram de Roy, also known as Frauce, desired greatly to enhance his honor once the peace was made between the two kings, and stipulated that there should be no battle. Determined not to leave Spain until he had accomplished some deed of arms, he sent Harold into the English host, requesting all knights and squires since the battle had failed between the two kings. He requested that some knight or squire would answer him with three courses using a spear before the city of Val de Loire.\n\nWhen these tidings reached the English host, the knights and squires spoke amongst themselves and declared that his offer ought not to be refused. A young squire from England named Miles Windsor, who wished to gain honor in this venture, said to Harold, \"Friend, return to your master, and tell Sir Trystram de Roy that Miles Windsor sends word that tomorrow, next to the city of Val de Loire, he will there deliver himself to him in fulfillment of his desire.\"\n\nHarold returned.\nMyles Windsor rode towards the city of Val do Loire, which was not far, passing only the mountain. He was well accompanied: with him were Sir Mathieu Courney, Sir William Beauchamp, Sir Thomas Simon, the Soldier of Lestrate, the lord of Newcastle, the lord de la Barde, and many other knights and squires. There were over a hundred knights at the place where the battle was to take place. And there came Sir Trystram de Roy, accompanied by Frenchmen and Bretons. Myles Windsor was made a knight by the hands of the Soldier of Lestrate, who was reputed to be the best knight in the company. Thus, these two knights were armed and mounted, with their spears ready. They charged at each other and broke their spears against each other roughly, without any other harm.\nAnd they ran their second course. At the third course, they struck each other so roughly in the midst of their shields that spear heads entered through the plates of their armor to the bare flesh, but they suffered no harm. Their spears broke, and the trumpet sounded for there was peace between both realms. Thus this army dispersed. At the same time, tidings reached the king of Spain's host. The king of Granada had made great war against the kings of Barbary and Tangiers. Therefore, all such knights who wished to go there should be received into wages. The king of Granada would send safe conduct for them, and as soon as they arrived in Granada, they would receive wages for a quarter of a year in advance. Whereby certain knights of France, such as Sir Tristram de Roy, Sir Geoffrey Carney, Sir Peter Clermont, and others, took leave of the king of Castile and went there to seek.\nAbout a year after this peace was made between Spain and Portugal, and the Earl of Cambridge returned to England, the queen of Castile died, who was the daughter of the king of Aragon. Afterward, it was debated among the prelates and lords of both countries, Spain and Portugal, that Lady Beatrice of Portugal could not be married to anyone of higher rank.\nThen to the king of Spain. And to bring these two realms in full accord and peace, the king of Portugal agreed to the marriage. He divorced his daughter from the earl of Cambridge's son by the pope's dispensation, who confirmed this new marriage. Thus, the king of Portugal's daughter became queen of Spain, of Castile, and of Galicia. And in the first year of the king of Spain's marriage, he had by his wife a fair son, whom they greatly rejoiced over. Then, after the death of Ferdinand, king of Portugal, the people of Portugal would not allow the realm to come under the king of Spain, as was rightfully his wife's inheritance. But they made a bastard brother of the deceased king, named Master Dennis, bastard of Portugal, king. This Dennis was a valiant man in arms and always bore the arms of Portugal. So, he was crowned king, leading to much war between Spain and Portugal, as you will hear after in this book. Where is the earl of...\nCambridge and his company were returned into the realm of England. The king and the Duke of Lancaster made them great cheer, as was reasonable, and demanded news from them. There they showed all the manner of the war. The Duke of Lancaster, to whom the matter most touched because of the challenge he had made to the realm of Castile, claimed himself (as heir thereto) by the right and title of his wife: the Lady Constance, who was once daughter to Peter, king of Castile. Therefore he demanded of his brother the Earl of Cambridge how they had conducted themselves in Portugal. The Earl showed him how the two kings had lain in host for more than fifteen days, one before the other. And, fair brother, because the king of Portugal could hear no word from you, he lightly accorded to peace. And we could never see you ever willing to consent to battle. Whereof we that were on his side were sore displeased, for we would gladly have put it to the test. And, sir,\nbycause I canne se no sure a state nor trust in them / ther\u00a6fore I haue brought agayne with me my sonne for all that he hath maryed the kyng{is} doughter. Sir \n\u00b6 Nowe lette vs leaue to speke of them and of the warres of Spayne and Portyngale. And retourne to the warres of Gaunte / and of the Erle and countrey of Flaunders / whiche were right feirse and cruell.\nALl the season / after the distruction and brinnyng of the towne of Grauntmont / and of ye reysyng of the siege of Gaunt. by cause of the dis\u2223pleasure ye the erle of Flaun\u2223ders had / for the dethe of his cosyn / the yonge lorde of Dangheyn. slayne by the enbusshment of the gauntoyse (as ye haue herde here before) The knyghtes and squiers / nor good townes / made no warre to the\u0304 Gau\u0304t: but by garisons. so ye all the countre helde with the erle / agaynst Gaunt: except the four mesti\u2223ers / and so by theym / some vytayle came in to Gaunte. And some vitayle ca\u0304e in to Gaunt out of the countie of Alos / but the erle of Flau\u0304ders / as sone as he knewe that /\nThe earl found a remedy. For inconveniently, he sent to the garison of Teremot's son, commanding them to overrun and burn all the plain country of the county of Alos, which was done at his command. Thus, the poor folk with their beasts were forced to flee into Brabant and Haynalte. And the greatest part went begging. However, there was a party in the country that supported the four masters, from whom some aid or provisions came into Ghent. Thus, all winter, the earl and those of Flanders so constrained the people of Ghent that they could not get anything from them, neither by land nor by water. The earl had won over his cousins, the duke of Brabant and Duke Aubert, whose countries were kept closed against the people of Ghent. Thus, nothing came to them from thence without it being by stealth. And by great adventure and parallel, those who did it. The wise men said: how long could it not last but they must die of famine. For all their granaries were empty, and the people\ncould not get any bread for no money. And when any bread was baked in the town, they were determined to keep it by strong hand or else the common people who died for hunger would have taken it by force. It was a great pity to see and hear the poor people, both men, women, and children, who were in this danger. And every day the number of complainants increased, weeping and crying, made to Philip of Dartuel, their sovereign captain. He had great pity and compassion and made many good orders, for which he was greatly praised. He caused the granaries of the abbeys to be opened, and set a reasonable price for the corn, which greatly comforted the town. Some corn came to them by theft from Holland and Zeeland, and tons full of flour and biscuit bread, which greatly comforted them. They had been long discomfited before if they had not been comforted by these said countries. It was reported in all Brabant by the.\nduke/ You shall on pain of death carry anything to Gaunt, but if those of Gaunt dare risk fetching anything themselves. They might give or sell it to them at their pleasure. And when the time for repayment came, they were in great distress, for they had no loaned goods. Then, a thousand two hundred soldiers and those who had nothing to live on but were overcome by famine departed from the town. They came to the town of Brussels, and the town closed its gates against them, for they feared them, not knowing their intentions. When they were near Brussels, they sent a certain company unarmed to the town gate, and there they begged the townspeople, for God's sake, to have pity on them and allow them to buy provisions with their money. Saying, \"We are dying of hunger.\" And they swore, \"We mean no harm to them or the country around.\" The good men of Brussels had pity on them and brought them provisions for their money. So they passed through.\nIn the country, they encountered difficulties for about three weeks and were unable to enter any good town. They came to Louayn, who took pity on them and did them much good and refreshment. Their captain and leader was Fauces Atreman; he made treaties with the good towns. During this time, while the men of Gaunt lay in the marches of Louayn, their captain spoke with the masters of the city of Liege, and they showed compassion on them. The bishop of Liege, Sir Arnolde Darcle, also promised to send to the earl of Flanders and do as much as possible to make peace, saying to them, \"Good men of Gaunt, if the country of Liege were as near you as Brabant or Haynalte, you would be otherways comforted by us than by them, to maintain your franchises. However, we shall aid you as much as we can. We will that you, who are merchants and engage in merchandise, may go and come through the country as it is reasonable: to some of five or six.\"\nThe Franche-Comtese and the Gaunt burgesses, in the city of Liege, took leave of the masters of Liege who arranged for men to accompany them into the countryside to secure carts. In two days, they had charged six hundred carts with corn.\nThey had the most need. And so they went forth with their carriage, passing between Louvain and Brussels. When Francis Atreman joined them, he showed them the love and courtesy the people of Liege had offered them. He also offered more and mentioned that he was going to Brussels to speak with the duchess of Brabant and ask her to find a way for the good town of Gaunt to have peace with the earl of Flanders. He sent word to her to know her pleasure, and she was content for him to come and speak with her. At that time, the duke of Brabant was at Louvain. Therefore, Francis Atreman and three others entered Brussels and came to the duchess at her lodging at Coleberg. The duchess had some of her council present. Then Francis Atreman knelt down before her and said, \"Right honorable and dear lady, through your benevolent grace, may it please you to have pity and compassion for the people of Gaunt, who cannot come to mercy.\"\nThe lady replied humbly: \"The discord between my cousin, the earl, and the men of Gaunt greatly displeases me. I would gladly have brought about peace between them if I could. Madam, the people of Liege are willing to help to the best of their abilities. However, the lady answered: The discord between your men of Gaunt and my cousin greatly displeases me. I would gladly have brought about peace between them if I could. But you, sirs of Gaunt, have often displeased him and held marauding opinions against him, which has caused him to sustain his displeasure against you. Nevertheless, for God's sake, and for pity's sake, I shall employ myself in this matter and send word to him, requesting that he come to the tournament. You, too, do the same, so that we may have peace there.\"\nThe council of Haynalte and Liege (as they say they will), truly madam, have promised us well, the duchess and you shall see that I will do my best. Madam replied, \"May God reward you, both bodily and spiritually.\" And they took their leave and departed from Bruges. Upon their arrival at their company and chariots, who were waiting, they did so much that they reached their town of Gaunt.\n\nWhen the news reached Gaunt that their men had returned and had brought with them more than six hundred chariots laden with provisions, the people were greatly joyful. However, all they brought would not suffice the town of Gaunt for the next fifteen days, and they were still discomforted. Nevertheless, many people went out in procession against this carriage and knelt and held up their hands to the marchants who brought it, saying, \"Good people, you have done great alms, thus to comfort the mean people of Gaunt who had nothing to live by.\"\nif you had not come. First, praise and thanks be to God, and then to you. And so these charities were conveyed into the market place and there discharged. And so this corn was weighed and delivered by weight to those who had the most need. And so, five thousand of them of Gaunt conveyed these charities again into Bruges from danger. All this was known well by the earl of Flanders, being at Bruges. And they of Gaunt were well aware that they could not endure much longer. He felt nothing for their poverty. Nor did his counsel, who would have gladly seen the destruction of the town, as Gilbert Mahewe and his brothers, and others. All this occurred during Lent, in the month of March and April, in the year\nof our Lord God, 1345. The earl of Flanders was intending to come more powerfully than ever before to lay siege to Gaunt. And he was determined to enter on the four most important places and burn them all before him because they had aided Gaunt.\nThe earl sent his mind and intent to all the good towns of Flanders, commanding them to be ready. He said that he would depart to go and lay siege before Gaunt one day past at Bruges. He also wrote to all knights and squires who held of him in Henault that they should be with him at Bruges within eight days.\n\nDespite all the summonses that the earl of Flanders made, the duchess of Brabant, Duke Albert, and the bishop of Liege persuaded him so much that a day was allowed for their council to meet to treat for peace in the city of Tournai. Though the earl was reluctant to this, yet at the desire of these lords, he agreed to have a council for this matter in the city of Tournai the week after Easter. The year of our Lord one thousand three hundred and two. CLXXXII. And he was to be there himself. At this day assigned, the bishop of Liege and the good towns came to the number of twelve, and Sir Lambert of Perne came as well.\nThe duchess of Brabant sent the most notable persons from her court and certain representatives from every good town. Duke Albert sent representatives from the county of Hainault, including Sir Simon de la Lyn and various others. All these came to the tournament in Easter week, and Gaunt sent twelve notable persons, with Philippe Dartuell as their chief. Gaunt and the court of Flanders were eager to make peace with each other. Philippe Dartuell felt so much pity for the common people that despite his disagreements with the earl, he was willing to submit to his mercy. As he departed from Gaunt to go to the tournament, men, women, and children fell on their knees before him, holding out their hands, begging him for peace. He was deeply moved by their pleas.\nWhen they of Liege, Heynalt, and Brabant had been in tournament for three days after the appointed day had passed, and saw that the earl was not present or coming, they were greatly surprised and took counsel together. They determined to send to Brussels to him, and so they did. They sent to him Ser Lambert of Perne, the lord of Compelant, and Sir William of Herman, and six burghers of the three countries. When the earl saw these three knights, he made great cheer: as was fitting. And when he knew their message, he answered them: it was not easy for him to come to the tournament at that time, he said, because they had come and begged him to come to Tournai, and for the honor of those who had come there, and at the instance of my lady of Brabant, his sister, and Duke Albert his cousin, and the bishop of Liege. He said he was content to send:\nThe three knights quickly went to Tourney to give the earl a final answer on his behalf. They could not get any other response from him at that time, so they returned to Tourney and reported how the earl had answered them. Six days later, the lord of Rasels, the lord of Gountris, Sir John William, and the provost of Harlebeq came to Tourney instead of the earl. They excused his absence and then declared the earl's full intent regarding the peace, stating that they of Gault could have no peace with the earl unless all men in Gault between the ages of 15 and 60 came out of the town of Gault in their shirts with halters around their necks and met the earl between Bruges and Gaunt. The earl would then do with them as he pleased, either letting them live or putting them all to death at his pleasure. When this answer was made known to those of Gaunt by the counsel of these three knights.\n\"Courtesies. Then they were more abashed than ever before. Then the bailiff of Heynal said to them, \"Sirs: you are in great peril, every man take heed to himself. I think if you take this way and put yourselves at his will, he will not put all to death that he sees in his presence. Perhaps some he will, as those who have displeased him more than others. I think he will have such means of pity that perhaps those who think themselves most in peril may happen to come to pardon and mercy. Therefore, sirs, I would counsel you to accept this offer; and do not refuse it. For if you do, I think it will be long before you recover another such offer.\" Sir Philip Dartwell said, \"We have no such charge to go so far as to bring the good people of Gaunt to the point. For truth, they will not do it. When we come again to Gaunt and have shown them there pleasures, know for certain they will not do it. If they will, I assure you, they shall not be let for us.\"\"\nsir, we thank you for your trouble and diligence in this matter. And so, Gaunt's men took the counsels of these three courts and made it seem that they would in no way agree to this purpose. And so they departed and returned to Gaunt, through Brabant.\n\nThus, this council broke up at Tournai, and every man went home. The earl of Flanders demanded to know what answer Gaunt had given, and it was shown to him. The earl, then, set little value on them, for he knew well they had endured and suffered so much that they could not endure any longer. Therefore, he thought he should soon have an honorable end to the war, and to bring Gaunt to that point, he believed all other towns would take example by it. \u00b6\n\nAt the same time, the commons of Paris began to murmur again because the king had not come there. They feared that the king would suddenly arrive with a certain number of men of war and overrun the city, putting to death whom he pleased.\nfor the thought of that parcel, they made great watch every night in the streets and market places, and raised up their chains: no man should ride nor enter among them. And if any person were found abroad after 9 of the clock, without he were well known among them, he was dead. So they were Paris's rich men and other armed men, to the number of thirty thousand. And also they had servants well armed, bearing great maces of iron and steel, to confound helmets. And when they were named and viewed, they thought themselves able to fight with the greatest prince in all the world. These people were called the routs and maces of Paris.\n\nWhen Philip de Artois and his company entered Gaunt, a great number of the common people, desiring nothing but peace, were right joyful of their coming, trusting to hear some good tidings from them. They came against him and could not restrain: but demanded\nSir Philip Dartuell rejoiced us with some good words, asking us how we had fared. Philip gave no answer to any of them but passed by, keeping his head down. The more he held his peace, the more the people followed him, praying to hear some tidings. And as he rode towards his lodging ward, he said to those who followed him, \"Sir, return to your houses. God aid you today, and tomorrow at the ninth hour come into the market place, and then you shall hear the tidings that I can show you.\" They could get no other answer from him, and every man was greatly dismayed.\n\nWhen Philip Dartuell had alighted at his lodging, and those who had been at the tournament with him had gone to their own lodgings, then Peter de Boys came in the evening to Philip's house. And so they two went together into a chamber. Then Peter demanded of him how he had fared, and Philip, who wished to hide it, replied:\nNothing from him said. By my faith Peter, by the earl of Flanders, has answered by his council sent to Tourney. He will take no manner of person within the town of Gaunt to mercy, no more one than another. By my faith quoted Peter, to tell the truth, he does but right to do so. He is well counseled to be of that opinion, for they are all persecutors, as well one as another. Now the matter has come even according to my intent. And also it was the intent of my good master, John Lyon, who is dead. For now the town will be so troubled that it will be hard ever to appease it again. Now it is time to take the bridle in hand. Now it shall be seen, who is wise and who is brave, in the town of Gaunt. Otherwise, the town of Gaunt, shall be the most honored town in Christendom, or else the most desolate. At least, if we die in this quarrel, we shall not die alone. Therefore Philip, remember yourself well this night, how you may make relation tomorrow to the people.\nYou are a helpful assistant. I understand that you want me to clean the given text while preserving the original content as much as possible. Here is the cleaned version of the text:\n\nYou have the determination of your council now at Tourney. Show it to the people in such a way that they may be content with you. For you have the grace of the people for two reasons. One is because of your name, as your father, Jacob Dart, was marvelously well-loved. The other cause is that you entreat the people gently and wisely, as the common saying goes throughout the town. Therefore, the people will believe you to live or die. At the end, show them your council and say how you will do this and that, and they will all say the same. Therefore, it behooves you to take good advice in showing words, where your honor lies. Truly, said Philip, you speak truth, and I trust so to speak and show the business of Gault. That we, who are now governors and captains, shall either live or die with honor. So they departed for that night, each from other. Peter de Boys went home to his house, and Philip Dartuell remained still in his.\n\nYou may well know and believe it.\nWhen the day desired came for Philip Dartuell to report generally on the council held at Tourney, all the people of the town of Ghent drew together in the marketplace on a Wednesday morning. Around 9 o'clock, Philip Dartuell, Peter de Boys, and Peter at the day assigned waited and remained, looking and waiting for the Earl of Flanders, who did not come nor showed any signs of coming. Then they sent three knights from the three countries and burghers from the good towns to him in Bruges. They pleaded so much on our behalf that they went to him in Bruges and found him there. He made them a great reception (as they said) and listened attentively to their message. But he answered them and said that for the honor of their lords and for the love of his sister, the Lady of Brabant, he would send his council to Tourney within five or six days. After being thus instructed by him, they should openly display the full extent of his decision.\nententyon and mind. Other answer they could not have, and so they returned to us to the Tourney. And then the day as signed by the earl, there came from him to the Tourney the lord of Ranessels, the lord of Goutris, sir Johan Uillayns, and the provost of Harlebeq. And there they showed graciously their lords will, and certain terms of this war. Firstly, they said, the earl will allow every man in the town of Gaunt, except prelates of churches and religions, all who are above the age of 15 and under the age of 60, to go bareheaded and barefooted, with halters about their necks, leave the town of Gaunt. And so they shall go thence 12 miles, into the plain of Burlesquans. And there they shall meet the Earl of Flanders, accompanied by such as it pleases him. And so when he sees us in that case, holding up our hands and crying for mercy, then he shall have pity and\n\"Compassion on us, if it please you, Sirs. But I cannot know, Sirs, by the relation of any of his counsellors, but that by shameful punishment of justice, the most part of the people who shall appear there that day shall suffer death. Now, Sirs, consider well if you will come to peace by these means or not. When Philip Dartuell had spoken these words, it was a great pity to see: men, women, and children weep and wring their hands for love of their fathers, brothers, husbands, and neighbors. And after this torment and noise, Philip Dartuell began again to speak and said, \"Peace, Sirs, peace. And in continuance, every man was still. Then he began to speak and said, \"Aye, good people of Gaunt, you are here now assembled the most part, and you have heard what I have said. Sirs, I see no other remedy but short counsel. For you know well what necessity we are in for lack of victuals. I am sure there are thirty thousand in this town who did eat no bread this world shall say, \"\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in Early Modern English and does not contain any meaningless or completely unreadable content. No OCR errors were detected. Therefore, no cleaning was necessary.)\nvaliantly and truly, we have kept and maintained our quarrel. And in this battle, if God will have mercy on us, as anciently He put His power in the hands of Nebuchadnezzar, duke and master of his army, by whom the Assyrians were defeated. Then we shall be reputed the most honorable people who have ruled since the days of the Romans. Now, sirs, take heed which of these three ways you will take, for one of them you must necessarily take. Then such as were next to him and had heard him best said: A ser, all we have our trust in you to counsel us. And, sir, look as you counsel us, so shall we follow. By my faith, Philip said, then I counsel you: let us go with an army against the earl; we shall find him at Bruges. And as soon as he knows of our coming, he will issue out to fight with us, by the pride of those of Bruges and of such as are about him, who night and day incite and stir him to fight with us. And if God, by His grace, grants us victory, we shall.\nHave the victory and disconcert our enemies. Then we shall be received forever, and the most honored people of the world. And if we are disconcerted, we shall die honorably, and God have mercy on us. And thereby, all the other people in Gaunt shall escape. The earl will have mercy on them. And they all answered with one voice, \"We will do this; we will do this; we will make no other end.\" Then Philip answered and said, \"Sir, if it is your will to do this, then return home to your houses and make ready your armor. For tomorrow some time of the day, I will that we depart from Gaunt and go towards Bruges, for staying here is nothing profitable for us. And within five days, we shall know if we shall die or live with honor. I will send the constables of every parish, from house to house, to choose out the most able and best appointed men.\"\n\nIn this state, every man departed from the marketplace, and they made ready. And this Wednesday, they kept it.\nThe town was so close that no man or woman entered or issued out until Thursday morning, when every man was ready, numbering over 5,000. They had with them 200 charges of ordnance and artillery, and only seven carts of provisions: five biscuit barrels and two tons of wine, leaving no more behind in the town. This was a hard departure, and those left behind were scarcely provided for. It was pitiful to behold those setting out. Those who remained behind said to them, \"Sir, at your departure, you know what you leave behind, but never think to return without honor, for if it is otherwise, you shall find nothing here. For as soon as we hear tidings that you are either slain or disgraced, we shall set the town afire and destroy ourselves like desperate people.\" Then those who were departing.\nAnd they said to comfort each other. Sirs: pray to God for us, for we trust He shall help us and you also, or we return again. Thus these five thousand defeated from Gaunt, with their small provision. And on that Thursday they went and lay a mile outside Gaunt, and broke not up their provisions, but passed the night with such things as they found in the country. And on the Friday they went forth, not touching their victuals yet. For the foresters found something in the country with which they passed that day. And so they lodged seven miles from Bruges and rested, taking a place of ground at their disposal, awaiting their enemies. And before them there was a great expanse of standing water, which they fortified themselves on one side, and on the other side with their baggage. And so they passed that night.\n\nAnd when it came to Saturday morning, the weather was fair and clear, and a holiday was called in Bruges for that day of custom they made processions. Then tidings came to them,\nAnd so you came thither. And then you would have seen great murmuring in Bruges, so much so that word of it reached the earl and his company. The earl was greatly astonished and said, \"Behold the ungracious people of Gaunt. I believe the devil has brought them to their destruction. Now is the time come to end this war. And so then his knights and squires came to him, and he received them graciously, and said to them, \"We shall go and fight against those unhappy people of Gaunt.\" Yet the earl said, \"They would rather die by the sword than by famine.\" Then the earl was advised to send three men-at-arms into the field to see the behavior of his enemies. And so the marshal of Flanders appointed out three squires, valiant men of arms, to go and see the behavior of the Gascons. Among them were Lambert of Lambres, Damas of Buffey, and Johan of Beart. And so they three departed from Bruges and rode towards their enemies. In the meantime, while these three were on their way,...\nThis Saturday morning, Philippa D'Artulles ordered and commanded that every man should prepare himself for battle against the Gaunties. I shall tell you about their order.\n\nPhilippa D'Artulles ordered and commanded that every man should make himself ready for God in the morning. She caused masses to be sung in various places by certain friars who were with her. And so every man confessed and prayed to God for grace and mercy. And there were certain sermons given, lasting an hour and a half. And it was shown to the people by these friars and clerks, figuring them to the people as the Israelites, whom King Pharaoh kept in servitude. And after this, by the grace of God, they were delivered and led into the land of Promise by Moses and Aaron. And King Pharaoh and the Egyptians were slain and taken. In the same way, these friars told the people, you are kept in servitude by your lord, the earl of Flanders, and by your neighbors of Bruges. Before whom now you will be fought with.\nBy all likelihood, your enemies have great willingness to fight with you, as they fear little your persuasiveness. But sirs, take no heed of that. For God, who knows and sees all things, shall have mercy on you. Nor think anything of that you have left behind you. For you may well know it is without recourse if you are defeated. Therefore sell your lives valiantly: and die if there be no other remedy honorably. And be not dismayed though great power of people issues out of Bruges against you. For victory lies not in the power of people: but it is all only in God. And by His grace, it has been often seen, as well by the Maccabees as by the Romans, that a small people of good will, trusting in the grace of God, have defeated a great number of people. And sirs, in this quarrel you have good right and a just cause. And therefore, by many reasons, you ought to be hardy and of good courage. Thus, with such words and other similar ones, these freedmen preached to the people.\nthat morning: with which they were well content. And the three parts of the host were housed / they winged themselves to have great trust in God. And after these masses sung, then they assembled together on a little hill. And there Philip Dartuell, by great sentence, showed them point by point, the right that they thought:\n\ntown of Gaunt: and to the enticements thereof. Also saying, how they were then come so far that to recule again they could not. And also, then to return (all things considered), they could win nothing thereby. For they had left nothing behind them but poverty and heaviness. And moreover he said, sirs, think not of your wives nor children, but think of your honor. Thus such fair words Philip Dartuell showed among them / for he was well eloquent, and could speak rightly, and it became him well. And finally he said, now, fair lords. Let us truly and equally divide our victuals each to other like brethren, without any manner of outrage.\nfor when this is spent, we must seek new, if we think to live. And so then, right humbly, the chairs were discharged, and the bread was divided by the constables. And the two tonnes of wine, the butts were set upwards. And so they dined with the bread and with the wine, and were content with their small repast, for that time. And when this dinner was past, they set themselves in order and drew themselves within their rhibaudeus. The which were high stakes, bound with iron and sharp pointed, which they used ever to bear with them in their war. And so they set them before their battle and closed themselves within them. In this state, the three squires that were sent from their lord found them. For they approached so near, that they might well observe them, for they came justly to their stakes. But the gauntlets never appeared.\nstyled for all of them, but let them alone. And made a show of being joyful for their coming.\nThen these pursuers rode to Bruges to the earl, and found him in his lodging with a great number of knights and squires with him. So they came through the peace to the earl, and they spoke out loudly because the earl wanted to hear them. And there they showed how they had ridden so near to the gateway that they could have shot at them if they had wished. But they allowed them to pass peacefully. And also they showed how they had seen their banners. Then the earl demanded to know how many people they were, by estimation. They answered that, as far as they could discern, they passed not five or six thousand. Then the earl said, \"Let every man prepare himself; I will go out to fight with them. They shall not depart without battle.\" And with that, the trumpets sounded through Bruges, and then every man armed himself. And they assembled in the marketplace.\nThe lord set himself in order with his banners, as was the custom. Before the earl's lodging assembled lords, knights, and squires. When everything was ready, then the earl went to the marketplace and saw there a great number of people well ordered and arranged. Of which he rejoiced. And so, at his command, every man drew in order into the fields. It was a great pleasure to behold them. They were twenty thousand armed men. And so, what a horse hack and a foot, they came near to the place where the Gascons were, and there they rested. And by that time that the earl was come thither, it was past noon and the sun began to decline. Then he said to the earl, \"Sir, behold your enemies, they are but a handful of men, as regards your company. And, sir, they cannot flee. We would advise you not to fight with them this night. Let them alone till tomorrow. And, sir, by doing so, you shall see what they will do. They will be weaker than they are now, for they have nothing to eat or drink.\"\nThe earl agreed with that counsel, and wanted it to be done accordingly. But those of Bruges were so eager and hasty to fight that they would not wait. They said: set upon them; they shall not last long. And so, those of Bruges began to shoot arrows at them. And those of Ghent discharged three at once. Three arrows from one shot: and so they turned about the place of water. They caused the son to be in the midst of those of Bruges, which grieved them sore: and so they entered among them and cried, \"Ghent.\" As soon as those of Bruges heard them cry \"Ghent\" and saw so many arrows coming in among them, and saw how they came straight towards them, the cowardly and ill-hearted people gave way to the Ghentish to enter among them. And so, without any defense, they cast down their weapons and turned their backs. Then, seeing that their enemies were disheartened, the Ghentish kept close together and beat them down on both sides and before them. And ever afterwards.\nThe earl of Flanders and his company, seeing the discomfited and ruleless state of the people of Bruges, and hearing that they were in full pursuit, entered the city with us. God had shown us favor in this affair through His pity. And as they had said, so it was: they pursued us relentlessly. As they overtook us, they killed us mercilessly and did not tarry, but pressed on, while the people of Bruges fled before us. There were many slain and beaten down, for among them there was no defense. I believe there was never a more wretched people, nor more pitiful in their maintenance. For all their great pride and stubbornness before this, some might think and suppose, through mere imagination, that there had been treason involved, which was not the case. It was simply their poor defense and unfortunate fate that befallen them.\n\nWhen the earl of Flanders and his company saw the wretched and disorganized condition of the people of Bruges, and heard that we were in full pursuit, they entered the city with us. God had favored us in this affair through His pity. And as they had said, so it was: they pursued us relentlessly. As they overtook us, they killed us mercilessly and did not tarry, but pressed on, while the people of Bruges fled before us. There were many slain and beaten down, for among them there was no defense. I believe there was never a more wretched people, nor more pitiful in their maintenance. For all their great pride and stubbornness before this, some might think and suppose, through mere imagination, that there had been treason involved, which was not the case. It was simply their poor defense and unfortunate fate that befallen them.\nFled away before the gauntlet-fighters. There, the man was dismayed, and all those around him. And so they fled, every man to save himself. In truth, if the men of Bruges had returned and attacked the gauntlet-fighters with their help, they would likely have recovered all. But they saw no remedy; they fled towards Bruges as fast as they could. The father tarried not for the son, nor the son for the father. Then, the men-at-arms and all broke their ranks, but they had no desire to take the way to Bruges. The press was so great on the way to Bruges that it was marvelous to see and hear the clamor and cry of those who were slain and wounded. And the gauntlet-fighters, following those of Bruges, crying \"Gaunt, Gaunt, still going forward,\" and beating down the people. The most part of the men-at-arms would not put themselves in that peril. However, it was counseled to draw to Bruges and to be one of the first to enter.\nThe earl rode to close the gates, intending that the Gaunties should not be lords of Bruges. He saw that no other remedy or recovery existed by engaging in the field. For he saw that every man had fled, and it was a dark night. Therefore, he believed the counsel given to him and took the way towards Bruges with his banner before him. He came to the gate and entered with the first and forty. Then he set men to keep the gate and to close it if the Gaunties approached. The earl rode to his own lodging and sent messengers throughout the town, commanding every man to draw to the market place to recover the town. In the meantime, the Gaunties pursued their enemies softly and entered the town.\nwith them of Brugges, upon entering the town, the first thing they did was go straight to the market place and take up position. The earl had sent a knight, Sir Robert Marshall, to the gate to see what the Gaunt men were doing. When he arrived at the gate, he found it broken down and the Gaunt men in charge. Some of the men from Bruges met him and said, \"Sir Robert, return and save yourself if you can; the town is won by those of Gaunt.\" The knight then returned to the earl as quickly as possible, who was coming out of his lodgings with a large number of crossbowmen and torches. The knight reported to the earl all that he knew. Despite the earl's desire to retake the town, upon entering the market place and seeing it filled with Gaunt men, he said to the earl, \"Sir, return again; if you go any farther, you are but...\"\nThe enemy is lying in wait at the market place. They showed him truth. When the gauntlet-men saw the clarity of the lights coming down the street, they said, \"Here comes the earl. He will come among us. No man should do him any bodily harm, but take him alive. Then have him brought to the gauntlet and make peace as you please. The earl, trusting to have recovered all, came right near to where the gauntlet-men were. Then some of his men said, \"Sir, do not go any further, for the gauntlet-men are lords of the market place and of the town. If you enter the market place, you are in danger of being slain or taken. A great number of the gauntlet-men are going from street to street, seeking for their enemies. They have certain men of the town with them to bring them from house to house.\nAnd he would not be able to leave at any of the gates, for the gauntlets were in charge there. Nor could he return to his lodging, for a great number of the gauntlets were going there. And when the earl heard those tidings, which were very hard for him, as it was reasonable, he was greatly ashamed. And he imagined what peril he was in. Then he believed the council and would go no farther but to save himself if he could: and so he took his own counsel. He commanded to put out all the lights and said to those about him, \"I see there is no recovery. Let every man depart and save himself as well as he may.\" And as he commanded, it was done. The lights were quenched and cast into the streets, and so every man departed. The earl then went into a back lane and made a disturbance to arm himself and cast away his armor & put on an old cloak of his servants. And then said to him, \"Go thy way from me and save thyself if thou canst,\" and have a good.\nThe earl of Flauders was captured and fell into the hands of his enemies. If they asked anything of me and did not know that I was in the town, he answered and said, \"I will speak no word of you. Thus the earl of Flauders remained alone. He could just as well have said that he was in great danger and under harsh adventure, for at that time, if he had fallen into the hands of his enemies, he would have been in danger of death. The gauntlet went from house to house, searching for the earl's friends. And whenever they found any, they brought them to the market place, and there, without remedy, before Philip the Dart and the captains, they were put to death. So God was kind to the earl to save him from that peril. He had never been in such danger before in his life, nor ever after. As you will hear later in this history.\n\nAt around midnight, the earl went from street to street and by back lanes. He was eventually forced to take a house or else he would have been found.\nthe lord of Gaunt entered a poor woman's house. The house was not grand, with no hall, plays, or chambers. It was just a poor, smoky house. There was nothing but a poor, blackened hall filled with smoke, and above a small platform, and a ladder of seven steps to climb. On the platform, there was a poor couch where the poor woman's children lay. The earl, ashamed and trying to hide, said upon entering, \"Good woman, save me. I am your lord, the earl of Flouders. But now I must hide from my enemies. If you help me now, I will reward you later.\" The poor woman knew him well, as she had often been to his gate to fetch alms and had often seen him come and go. Inconveniently, she replied. For if she had delayed, he would have been caught talking with her by the fire. She then said, \"Sir, climb up this ladder and hide yourself under the bed.\"\nFind there, as my children sleep. And so, in the meantime, the woman sat down by the fire with another child in her arms. So the earl mounted up the plank bed and crept in between the bed and the straw and lay as flat as he could. And even there, some of the ruffians of Gaunt entered the same house. They said, how they had seen a man enter before us into this house. And so they found the woman sitting by the fire with her child. Then they said, Good woman, where is the man who entered before us into this house and shut the door after him? Sirs, she replied, I saw no man enter into this house this night. I went out right away and cast out a little water and did close my door again. If anyone were here, I could not tell how to hide him. You see all the ease I have in this house. Here you may see my bed and above this plank lies my poor children. Then one of them took a candle and mounted up the ladder and put it up.\nHeed the placard. And saw there none other thing but the poor couch where her children lay and slept. And so he looked all about and then said to his company, \"Go we hence, we lose the less for the less.\" The poor woman says truth, \"There is no creature but she and her children.\" And then they departed from the house. Afterwards, there was none entered to do any harm. All these words the earl heard right well, where he lay under the poor couch. You may well imagine that he was in great fear for his life. He might well say, \"I am now one of the poorest princes of the world.\" And might well say, \"The fortunes of the world are nothing stable.\" Yet it was a good happenstance that he escaped with his life. Howbeit, this hard and perilous adventure might well be to him a spectacle all his life after: and an example to all others.\n\nNow let us leave the earl of Flanders in this harsh state, and speak of those of Bruges, and how the gauntlet was parceled out.\n\nFrances Atreyman,\nOne of the chief captains of these routters. He was sent by Philip Dartuell and Peter de Boyse to Bruges to seek out their enemies and to keep the marker place all night until the next day, so they might be lords of the town. They were strictly commanded not to harm any stranger merchant in Bruges, saying it was no reason for them to do so for their war. This commandment was well kept. The chief occasion fell upon the Four Masters, for they had always been favorable to the earl before and in other places. The Gaunties went about searching for them and, as they were found, they were slain without mercy. The same night, each one who did not reach knowledge was also slain. Houses were robbed and plundered, women defiled and destroyed, and coffers were opened up. So that the poorest of Gaunt were then became rich.\n\nOn Sunday in the morning, the joyful tidings came to them.\nThe town of Ghent. The company of Howe had disconcerted the earl and all his chivalry, and were lords and masters of Bruges. You may well believe and know that these tidings greatly rejoiced the people, being before in tribulation. And so, for joy, they made various processions, lauding God: in that He had so regarded them with His eye of pity, and so comforted them by giving them victory over their enemies. And so, always, there came fresh tidings to them of their victory, whereby they were so rejoiced that they knew not what to do. The Lord of Harshull, who was then residing in Ghent, had he taken the same Sunday or the Monday after, a three or four thousand men-at-arms, and gone to Andwarpe, he could have taken the town at his pleasure. For they of the town were so abashed when they heard the tidings that nearly for fear, they had fled out of the town into Heynault or into other places, to save themselves. They were ready appareled, but when they heard that the earl's forces were approaching, they abandoned their plans and prepared to defend the town instead.\nThe people of Gaunte did not come to harm them, but courage and knights such as Sir John Bernage, Sir Trey du Ban, and Sir Flureant of Hurle came to comfort them in Andwarpe, until the time when Dame de Hallone came from the earl, as you will hear later. There were never people who behaved towards their enemies as the people of Gaunte did towards those of Bruges. They hurt no man of the town's small crafts unless he was severely accused. When Philip of Darvel and the captains of Gaunte saw that they were lords of Bruges and all under their command and obedience, they made a proclamation that every man should go to their lodgings and not rob, pillage, or make any disturbance without their command. It was then inquired if anyone knew where the earl had gone. Some said he had fled on Saturday, and others said he was still in the area.\nThe town of Hyd could not be found. The captains of Gault took little heed of this, for they were elated with their victory, caring nothing for earl, baron, knight, or any other in all Flauders. They considered themselves so great that they believed they had all under their obedience. However, Philip Dartell and Peter de Boys reminded them that when they departed from Gault, they had left no provisions or other pursuits in the town. Therefore, they sent a certain number of men to Dan and to Sluse: to the lords there and of the provisions in the town. And when such men arrived at Dan, they opened the gates to them. All that was in the town was put into their hands, and every thing was at their command. Then, fine wines from Poyctou in Gascony and from other far-off countries were taken out of the fair cellars, amounting to five or six thousand tonnes. They were loaded onto ships and carts and conveyed to Gault.\nand they went further and reached Sluse. The town opened itself to them and came under their obedience. There they found a great quantity of corn and meal in ships and merchants' cellars of strangers. All was bought and paid for, and sent to Gaunt by water and by land. Thus the town of Gaunt was refreshed and delivered from misery, by the grace of God. The gaolers should remember that God had clearly helped them. For five thousand men were on the verge of famine, and they had defeated twenty thousand men at home at their own doors. The captains and they had no reason to be proud of this, but they were so proud of it that God was displeased with them. And this was well seen that year, as you will hear later in the story: to give an example to all people.\n\nI was informed, and I believe it to be true, that on the Sunday night, the earl of Flanders issued out of the town of Bruges, by what means I do not know.\nI cannot say for certain. If anyone helped him on his way, I don't know. But I believe yes. He stepped out alone, wearing an old simple cloak. In the fields, he was joyful, for he could now say how he had escaped a dangerous passage. And so he went on, adventuring, and went to a thick bush to determine which way to take. For he didn't know the ways, nor was he accustomed to walking on foot. And as he stood under a thick bush in the night, he heard by chance a man speak. It was a knight, his own knight, who had married his bastard daughter. The knight recognized him by his speech and, as he passed by, said, \"Robert, are you there?\" The knight, who recognized him by his speech, replied, \"A sir: you have made me search for you in many places around Bruges today. How have you managed to escape?\" Let us go, the earl said. It is not the time to recount our adventures. I pray you, let us do so much that I may have a horse.\nI am weary of walking on foot. Please let us go to Lysle, for I know it well, said the knight. So they continued on their journey all night until they could get a horse the next morning. But the first horse they found was a mare, which they took from a poor man in a village. The earl mounted her without stirrups or saddle. And that night they arrived at Lysle, where most of his knights who had fled from the battlefield had gathered: some on foot, some on horseback, and some had gone to Holland and Zeeland. Sir Guy of Guystels arrived at a good port in Zeeland in a town there. There, Lord Guy of Blois welcomed him warmly and gave him a generous send-off, urging him to stay with him as long as it pleased him. Those who were desolate were comforted by the lords they had sought refuge with, who had pity on them, as was reasonable for nobles.\ngentleness should be aided by nobles and gentlemen.\nThe news spread a broad in various countries of the disconfiture of the people of Bruges and their lord, done by the Gascons. With which there were diverse people rejoiced, and particularly communes. All the good towns around Gascony and in the bishopric of Liege were as joyful as though the matter had been their own. In likewise, so were they of Rohan and Paris in Flanders, if they dared to speak of it. And when pope Clement heard of it, he thought a little and said, \"Surely, this disconfiture was a stroke of God, to give an example to the earl. And that God had sent him this tribulation because he was rebellious against His opinions.\" Also, other great lords in Flanders and other places said, \"The earl's adversity was not greatly to be complained of, for he had well deserved to bear it. For he had been so presumptuous that he loved no lord, neighbor, French king, or other: therefore they complained.\"\nless his persecutions. However, it is an old saying that he who has any evil fortune, men will speak the worst of it. And the people of Louvain were greatly rejoicing with the victory of the Gaunt soldiers and the earl's troupe. For they were in hard case with the duke of Brabant, their lord, who was intending to make war against them and beat down their gates to keep them thereby the more under. It was also said in the town of Louvain that if Gaunt had been as near them as Brussels was, they would have joined together and been one. Of all their words and devices, the duke and duchess of Brabant were informed. But it behooved them, at that time, to close their eyes and hold down their heads, for it was not a time for them to speak.\n\nThus, being in Bruges, they of Gaunt devised many new things. And among other things, they devised to beat down two gates that were towards Gaunt and to fill the dykes to prevent the people of Bruges from rebelling again.\nagainst Gaunt. They departed to take with them five hundred men from Bruges, intending to keep them in greater fear and subjection. In the meantime, while these captains were at Bruges, they tore down gates and walls, filled dykes. They sent to Ipswich, Courtrai, Berges, Cassell, Propringne, Bourbourc, and to all the towns and castles along the Flanders coast. They were to be under their obedience, and to send them the keys of their towns and castles. They submitted themselves to their obedience and service. And so they all obeyed, none dared to object, but all came to Bruges, putting themselves under the obedience of Philippa Dartuell and Peter de Boise. For these two named individuals wrote themselves as sovereign captains over all others, and specifically Philippa Dartuell, who most eagerly took on the charge of Flanders. As long as she remained in Bruges, she maintained the state of a prince. For every day,\nAnd the day he had entertained minstrels at his lodging door, dinner and supper, and was served in vessels of silver, as though he had been the earl of Flanders. He could well maintain that estate, for he had all the earl's vessels, gold and silver, and all his jewels found in his house at Bruges, there was nothing saved. Also, a certain number of gauntlets were sent to Marel, a fair house of the earl, standing half a mile from Bruges. Those who went there suffered much harm, for they broke down the entire house and the font where the earl was christened, and laid him in chariots. All the gold, silver jewels, and other things they found there and sent to Gaunt. The journey took fifteen days, with comings and goings and caravans from Bruges to Gaunt, with their plunder they had acquired that journey. It was hard to estimate the profit they made there.\n\nAnd when those of Gaunt had done all their will and pleasure in the town of Bruges, they sent five hundred men.\nThe notables of the town surrendered to Gaunt, bringing with them the mayor, Frances Atreman and Peter de Myter, along with a thousand men. Peter de Boyse remained as captain of Bruges until the gates and walls were breached and the dikes filled. Philippe Dartuell departed with four thousand men and went to Ypres. There, the people came out to receive him as if he were their natural lord, and they all submitted themselves to his obedience. He made new mayors and aldermen and new laws. The people of Cassel, Bergues, Bourbourg, and Propringne also submitted to him, swearing fealty and truth to him as to their lord, the earl of Flanders. After taking their allegiance and staying at Ypres for eight days, he left.\nHe departed and came to Courtray, where he was also received with great joy, and there he stayed for three days. Then he sent messengers and letters to And warpe, commanding them to come to him and be under his obedience. He informed them that the entire countryside was turning to those of Gaunt, and they were falling behind, and therefore he sent them word that the Gaunt army should lay siege to them, and not depart until they had taken the town and killed them all within.\n\nWhen these tidings and messages reached And warpe, Philip Dartuell sent word back. The three knights answered him hotly, saying they set little store by the man's persuasions, nor should their lord's heritage be given to him or anyone such. They declared they would defend themselves.\n\nWhen Philip Dartuell heard his messenger speak and report how little regard the grays of And warpe held for him, he swore whatever it cost him or the country, he would take revenge.\nFlanders would not listen to him until he had taken the town and destroyed it. He was very displeased and believed that this action would have pleased him, seeing that all of Flanders leaned towards him. After he had stayed for six days at Courtrai and renewed their law, and had taken their fealty and homage from them as if he were the earl of Flanders, he returned to Ghent. There he was met with a procession, with such great joy that the earl, their natural lord, was never so honorably received. The people worshipped him like their god because he gave them the council that allowed their town to recover its estate and power. For it could not be estimated, the great riches and wealth that came to them daily by water and land, from Bruges, Dan, and Sluice, and the grain that in three weeks together was worth an old groat, was then worth only four mites. And the wine that was worth twenty-four groats, was then valued at only two groats.\nEvery thing in Gaunt was cheaper than at Tourney or Valencennes. Philip Dartuell kept a great stable of good horses, like a great prince, and he was as well provided in all things in his house as if he had been earl of Flanders, and better than the earl was appointed at Lille. Moreover, he had officers throughout Flanders - bailiffs, constables, receivers, and others - who daily brought him subsidies, by which he maintained his estate. He wore scarlet gowns, furred with miniver, like the duke of Brabant or the earl of Haynault did. He also had a chamber of account to pay and reckon for every thing, as an earl did. He gave various suppers and banquets to ladies and damsels in the same manner as the earl had done before, and spared neither gold nor silver for his pleasure. He regarded and oversaw Flanders, calling himself Philip Dartwell.\n\nThe earl of Flanders, being at Lille, had much to think about when he saw his country so.\nThe earl rebelled against him and could not see that he was powerful enough to recover it again, for all the towns were united and of one accord against him, which he could only do by great force and power. For the country spoke no more of him, nor did they do him any more honor, nor would they acknowledge him as their lord any longer than he had never been before. The alliance he had with the duke of Burgundy, who had married his daughter Lady Margaret, by whom the duke had two fair sons, stood the earl in good stead at that time. It was also fortunate for him then, as King Charles was dead, and the young king was at that time under the governance of his uncle, the duke of Burgundy, who could lead the king as he pleased. And the king was young and had a good will for war, so it was less difficult to stir him up to it. The earl hoped that the duke of Burgundy would soon set him on it if he would show him how he was disposed.\nThe earl of Flanders, when his men were set to rebel against him, was advised to help them. But some believed that if King Charles had lived until that time, he would have done nothing. And if he had: men supposed that he would have annexed the county of Flanders to the crown of France, for the earl of Flanders was not well in his grace, and he would have done nothing for him without knowing why.\n\nNow let us leave speaking of these deceits until the time comes for us to return to them. But let us show how the earl of Flanders, being at Lille, after the great loss at Bruges, understood that Sir Terrey Damayn and Sir Fiurant de Heulle kept the town of Ypres. They had kept it ever since the besieging before Bruges. And he knew well that these knights were not able to resist against the power of Flanders if he came to lay siege to it, as it was thought they would do shortly. Then to refresh the town, the earl called to him Sir Daniel of Halwin.\nSir: I will go to Andwarpe and be its sovereign capitain. Take with you a hundred and fifty spears, a hundred crossbows, and two hundred other men with spears and pavises. Attend to that garrison. I give you charge of it. Procure new victuals there with corn, wheat, and oats, and salt flesh, and wine from our friends and neighbors of Tourney. They will not fail us at this need. Sir said the knight. All this shall be done, and I shall take as good care of the town as I can, since it pleases you that I should. No evil-doer will come there, by my faith. Daniel said the earl. Of that I am sure. And so the knight took leave of the earl and went to Andwarpe. There he refreshed the town with new men of war, victuals, and other necessities.\n\nWhen Philip Dartuell, being in Gaul, understood the news that Andwarpe was being refreshed with new men, he said he would provide a remedy, saying, \"How it was...\"\nIn the country of Flanders, it was a matter of disgrace and dishonor that this town resisted them. Therefore, he declared that he would go and lay siege to it and would not depart until he had conquered it and put to death all those within, knights and others. Then he issued his command throughout the country of Flanders that every man should be ready on the 9th day of June to be with him before Andwarpe. No one dared disobey his command. The men of all the good towns in Flanders, and those of the French of Bruges, made their preparations and came and laid siege before Andwarpe. They encamped in the fields, in meadows and in marshes, and thereabout. And there was Philip Dartuell their captain, by whom they were all ordered. Then he levied a tax in Flanders, a tariff of four groats every fire, the rich to support the weak, by which he gathered a great deal of money for himself.\nwas none excused but all paid. He had servants for the nones throughout the country, who made every man pay, poor and rich, whether they wanted to or not. It was said that he had over a hundred thousand men at the siege, and the Flemings had piled timber in the river of Lescalt, so that no ship could come from Tourney to Andrews. They had ample supplies in their host, with markets for cloth, furs, and other merchandise. And every Saturday they had a market. And all the villages around brought there fruits, butter, milk, cheese, poultry, and other things. They had taverns as plentiful as though they had been in Bruges, with wines from Reims, Poitou, and France, Malmsey and other wines from foreign countries, and good cheap ones. Every man might go and come, pass and repass, without any parallel. Those from Heynalt, Brabant, Almain, and Liege were allowed, but none from France.\n\nWhen Sir Daniel of Haulwyne,\ncapytayne of Andwarpe / entred first in to the towne. he deuyded ye vi\u2223tayle ther egally euery man his porcyon / and sent away all the horses\u25aa & beate downe all the howses ioyninge to the walles. And co\u2223uered them with erthe for feare of fyre & gonne shotte / wherof they of the hoost had great plen\u2223ty. Also they made all the women and chyldren to lodge in the churches and mynsters / and dy\u2223uers to auoyde the towne / and all dogges were clene auoyded or slayne / and cast in to ye ryuer. The companyons that were within / made dy\u2223uers issues / and dyd moche domage to them of the hoost without. There were within two bre\u2223therne squyers of Arthoyse / Lambert of Lam\u2223bres and Trystram. these two dyd dyuers ty\u2223mes great feates of armes / and toke away dy\u2223uers tymes vitayle fro the hoost / and prisoners also. Thus this siege contynued all the somer / and it was the entensyon of Philyp Dartuell / and of his cou\u0304sayle to abyde ther / tyll they had famysshed the towne. for they sawe well / by as\u2223sautyng they shulde lese\nThe people of Gaunt constructed a massive engine on Andwarpe hill, twenty feet high and forty feet long. They named this engine a moton; it was designed to hurl great stones into the town to destroy houses and instill fear. They also created a massive bombard, one foot long, capable of launching stones of immense weight. When this bombard fired, it could be heard five miles away during daytime and ten miles at night, producing a noise akin to all the demons of hell passing by. They had various other engines, causing great distress to the townspeople. However, the town captains comforted them and made as effective a resistance as possible. They would sally out three or four times a week, earning more honor than blame and more profit than damage.\n\nDuring this siege of Andwarpe, a hundred and twenty men detached themselves from the host, intending to engage and defeat knights and gentlemen.\nhouses where they found the cradle, in which the earl was kept in his youth, and broke it all to pieces. And a fair baine, where he was wont to be bayned. They also destroyed the chapel and carried away the bell. Then they went to Bruges, where they found Peter de Boyse and Peter de Myrt, who rewarded them greatly and gave them great thanks for what they had done. After they had well refreshed themselves at Bruges, the ruthless men took their way to the bridge of Wareston and crossed the river of Lys. They then came before the town of Lysle and destroyed certain windmills and set fire to several villages in Flanders. Then, from Lysle, a foot and horse force of more than four thousand issued forth. And there were various Flemings slain and taken, and beheaded afterwards at Lysle. Had they been well pursued, they would have lost but a few. However, these ruthless men of Gaunt entered into Tournai and caused much harm. They burned the town of Helehyer.\nother villages around/near the realm of Flanders were reporting issues to the king. After they returned, they went with great joy and haste back to the siege of Andwarp. News reached Duke Burgundy, who was at Bapaume in Artois, that the Gaunties had plundered and overrun the countryside and burned certain villages in the realm of Flanders. Inconveniently, Duke Burgundy wrote to the king, who was at Campagne, and to Duke Berry his brother, and to Duke Bourbon, and to the king's council, with the intention that they should find a remedy. Duke Burgundy would not allow this, unless the Flemings had acted as they did, for he believed that the earl of Flanders would be willing to request help and aid from the fresh king or else he would never be likely to enter his inheritance of Flanders. Furthermore, considering all things, this war displeased Duke Burgundy. For he was, due to his wife, next in line to Flanders after the death of the earl of Flanders.\nThe Earl of Flanders was at Hede when he was informed that the Routers of Gaunt had been at Merlles and destroyed his house in their dispute with him, damaging the chamber where he was born. They also broke the font where he was christened, shattered his armor and barn, leaving him greatly displeased and with many imaginings. For he saw his country lost, except for Teremount and Andewarpe. He could see no recovery unless it was through the power of France. Then, considering all matters, he decided to speak with his son-in-law, the Duke of Burgundy, who was then at Bapaumes. After departing from Hede, he went to Arras and stayed there for two days. The next day, he went to Bapaumes and alighted at the earl's place, which was then his own, as the good lady his mother was deceased. The Duke of Burgundy had great influence.\nThe earl's father-in-law, in law and rightfully, came to him and said, \"Sir, by the faith that I owe to the king, I shall enter into nothing but to help you, or else we shall lose all the remainder. For it is not convenient that such rascals as are now in Flanders should be suffered to rule a country. For by them, chivalry and gentility might be destroyed, and consequently all Christendom. The earl was comforted by this, and the duke said he would help aid him. And so then he departed and went to the city of Aras. All this season the earl had in prison two hundred men from various good towns in Flanders, who were barely kept alive; they had nothing but bread and water. And when the earl was returned and came to Aras, in the honor of God and of our lady, he caused all to be delivered. For he saw well that all that had happened in Flanders was not by their means, nor were they anything.\nThe earl was found guilty. And so he made them swear loyalty and faithfulness to him, and gave each of them gold and silver, to go to Lysle or Doaway as they pleased. Thus, the earl gained great love. Then he went to Heden.\n\nThe duke of Burgundy did not keep the treaty, which he had made with his father in law, the earl of Flanders. And so he departed from the town of Beaune, accompanied by Sir Guy of Tremoille and Sir John of Uyeh, who was admiral of France, and both were chief counselors with the duke. And the duke and his company came to Saint Lys, where the king was, along with his two uncles, the dukes of Berry and Bourbon. The duke of Burgundy was received with great joy, and they demanded news of Flanders and the siege of Andwerp. The duke answered them wisely and showed them all the facts. When he saw his opportunity, he took the duke of Berry aside.\nand showed him how the arrogant nobles had carried out their duty and pain to destroy all nobility. He also showed how they had burned and pillaged the realm of France, which was a prejudicial thing and to the confusion and shame of the realm of France. Saying it ought not to be allowed. Fair brother said the Duke of Berry, we will speak with the king in this matter, we two are chief of his council. So it if we inform the king, there is none who will speak against our intentions. However, to declare war between France and Flanders, which has been long in peace, it behooves that we have some reasonable pretext, and that the other barons and lords of France are joined and agreed to it. Or else, perhaps we might be blamed and bear all the fault if it did not go well. For the king is young, and every man knows that he will soon agree to what we counsel him. If the matter goes well, then well will come of it. And if any harm comes from it,\nwe shall than beare ye charge / and be more blamed than any other: and good cause why. For eue\u2223ry man shall say / beholde yonder the kyng{is} vn\u2223cles / the duke of Berry and of Burgoyn / howe yuell they haue counsayle the kynge. they haue brought ye realme of Frau\u0304ce in to warr / where as it neded nat. wherfore dete brother I say / let vs call togyder / the moost parte of the prelates and nobles of the realme of Fraunce. and than let vs shewe them all the mater / in the presence of the kyng. to whom the matter personally tou\u00a6cheth / bycause of the herytage of Flau\u0304ders. and so therby we shall here generally euery mannes wyll / and opinyon. ye say ryght well quod the duke of Burgoyne / and as ye haue deuysed / so shall it be done. And with those same wordes / the kynge entred in to the same chambre / with an hauke on his hande / and so he spake merely to his vncles / & sayd. Amy fayre vncles / what mater is that ye speke of: in so great counsayle / I wolde gladly knowe it / if I myght. Sir {quod} the duke of\nSir, behold your uncle, the duke of Burgundy, who is causing great trouble for the people of Flanders. The false villains of Flanders have driven out their natural lord, the earl, and all noble men. Currently, they are besieging Andwarpe with over a hundred thousand men, where they have besieged a great number of gentlemen. And this English captain, Philip Dartuel, leads these men. He has sworn never to leave until he has his way with the town and those within it. However, if your power of France raises him from the siege, he has reserved in his oath. Therefore, sir, what do you say? Will you aid your cousin of Flanders and conquer back his heritage, which these proud villains have taken from him? \"By my faith, my fair uncles,\" said the king, \"I have great will for that. And for God's sake, let us do it.\" I desire it as well.\nThe duke of Berry spoke again and said, \"Sir, you have spoken wisely. And so, sir, you are bound for various reasons. The county of Flanders is part of France. You have sworn, and we have for you, to keep and maintain in their rights all your liege men. And, sir, the earl of Flanders is your cousin. Therefore, sir, since you are in this good mood, keep yourself steady and answer afterward to every person who speaks to you about it. And, sir, we shall summon the prelates and barons of your realm hastily and will show them all the matter in your presence. And, sir, if you will speak as heartily to us as you do now, then every man will say, 'We have a king of high enterprise and of noble heart.'\"\nThe king and I, by my faith, the fair uncles, should be ready tomorrow to embark on this journey. For from here forth, the greatest pleasure I desire is to go to Flanders, to abate the pride of the Flemings. Of which words, the two dukes took great joy. Then came to them the duke of Bourbon, and they showed him all the matter: as you have heard before. And of the great desire the king had to go to Flanders, of which the duke of Bourbon took great joy. Thus the matter remained in this state. And the king and his uncles wrote letters to the lords of the council of France. Requesting them to come on a day assigned to Campagne, to a parliament that should be held there for certain business of the realm of France. And so every man obeyed as it was reasonable, and the king was right glad of this news. His mind was so set on it that no one could divert him. The king often said that there were unnecessary delays in the matter. He said, \"There are too many delays in this matter.\"\nThe young king often discussed enterprise with the knights and squires of his chamber. If one should undertake a great matter, it should not be delayed, he thought, for enemies take advantage in the delay. And when the pearls of war were laid before him, he would answer and say, \"He who never enters a little or nothing achieves nothing.\" Thus the young king often conferred with the knights and squires of his chamber.\n\nIt happened that while the king lay at Saint Lys: on a night as he lay in his bed, asleep, he had a vision. It seemed to him that he was in the city of Aras, where he had never been before, and with him were all the chivalry of the realm of France. And he thought that the lord of Flanders came to him, setting on his fist a fair falcon pelerin, saying to him, \"Sir, I give you this falcon, for it is the best that I ever saw: the best flying and beater down of birds.\" Of this gift, the king thought he took great joy and said, \"Fair cousin, I accept you.\" And with that, he thought he regarded the constable of.\nSir Oliver Clysson spoke to him, \"Sir Oliver, let us go into the fields to test this gentle falcon that my cousin of Flauders has given me.\" The constable replied, \"Sir, let us go when it pleases you.\" They took their horses and went into the fields, finding plenty of herons to fly at. The king said, \"Constable, let the falcon fly; we shall see how she chases her game.\" The constable threw the falcon, and it soared so high into the air that they could scarcely see it. The king thought it was flying towards Flauders. \"Let us ride after my bird,\" the king said, \"I would not lose her.\" They rode after until they came to a large marsh and a thick wood. \"Let us dismount,\" the king said, \"for we cannot pass this wood with horses in reverse.\" They dismounted, and then, he thought, varlets came and took their horses.\nThe king and the constable entered the wood with great difficulty and stayed for a long time until they reached a fair, large clearing. The king thought he saw his hawk chasing herons and fighting with them, and it seemed to the king that his hawk chased them so relentlessly that eventually he lost sight of it. Displeased, the king said to the constable, \"Alas, I fear I may lose my hawk, which I am sorry for. I have no lure or anything else to call it back. And at this point, a great stag with wings suddenly appeared before the king, bringing him great joy. The king thought to himself, \"Sir, wait here, and I will mount this flying stag and follow my hawk.\" So the king believed he mounted on this flying stag, and it carried him over all the great woods.\nAnd there the king saw trees. His hawk beat down a great multitude of birds so that it was marvelous to behold. Then it seemed to the king that when his hawk had flown for a long time and beaten down many herons, he called it, and the hawk came and sat down on his fist. And then the Hart flew again over the woods and brought the king to the same clearing where the castle dweller tarried for him: he was filled with joy at his coming. And as soon as he had dismounted, he thought the Hart had departed, and he never saw him again. And there the king thought he had shown the castle dweller how easily the Hart had borne him: he had never ridden so easily before. And also he thought his servant called them and brought them their horses. And so they mounted and took the high way and returned to Arras. And there the king awoke and had great marvel at that vision. And he remembered every.\nThis thing pleased him greatly and he showed it to those in his chamber. The image of this Hart delighted him so much that all his imagination was set upon it. This was one of the first incidents, when he went into Flanders to fight against the Flemings, that he took the flying Hart as his emblem.\n\nPhilippe de Artois, despite his good upbringing at the beginning of his battle against those of Bruges and the good fortune he had in the discord of the earl and those of Bruges, was not a subtle man of war, neither in siege craft nor in strategy. For he had not been raised in these things in his youth, but he had been accustomed to fish with a rod in the river of Lescalle. This was apparent when he laid siege before Andres, for he could not take the town. He thought presumptuously that the sight of him would make those of Andres yield to him, but they were not disposed to do so. They bore themselves steadfastly.\nLike valiant men and made frequent skirmishes at the barriers, and slew and hurt many of the fleeing inhabitants. And drew them back into their town without any damage. And such incidents brought the greatest renown to Lambert of Lambres and Trystram his brother, and the lord of Lunelhyen. The fleeing men saw well how the town's dykes were large and full of water, so that they could not approach to assault it, but with more pain and danger. Then they determined among themselves to get faggots and straw and fill the dykes to reach the walls to fight hand to hand. And as they planned, it was done. However, they within made no count of the enemy, and said that if there was no treason among them or in the town, they would set nothing by the siege that they saw laid against them. And so, Sir Daniel of Halwyn, who was captain there, kept himself day and night above the town to remove all doubts. And he ordered that there was a constant vigil.\nNone of them from the town should come on the walls of the town without company of some men-at-arms: if they did, they lost their heads for their labors. This situation persisted, as the Flemings had great supplies coming to them both by land and by water, for they were lords of all the country of Flanders. For winning money, the countries of Flanders, Holland, Zeeland, and Brabant, and also part of Hainault, always brought provisions to their host. This Philip Daruell had ever more English courage than French, and gladly would have allied himself with the king of England. By doing so, he thought that if the French king or duke of Burgundy came against him with an army, he would be aided by the Englishmen. He had ready in his host a hundred and fifty English archers, who were stolen from the garrison of Calais and took wages from him, and were weekly paid.\n\nPhilip Daruell, in order to color his deeds and to know what was happening,\nHe determined to write in the name of the whole country of Flanders to the fresh king. Submitting himself and requesting the king to take notice. So he wrote certain letters to the queen and to his council, and delivered them to a messenger. Commanding him to go to the king with the letters, and he did so. He rode for a long time and came to St. Lys, where he found the king and his uncles. To whom he delivered his letters. The king took and read his letter in the presence of his uncles and of his council. As soon as they were read and well understood, they did nothing but laugh at it. Then it was ordered to take the messenger and to put him in prison because he had come to the presence of the king without safe conduct. And so he remained more than three weeks. When Philip of Artois knew it, he had great indignation and called before him all the captains of the host. Then he said to them, \"Sirs: you see what...\"\nhonor the French king does towards us, for we have written to him so amicably, and on that account he has received our messenger and keeps him in prison. This situation is a great hardship for us, as we are allied with the English. Do not think the contrary, but that the Duke of Burgundy, who is in France and leads the king there as he pleases, for the king is but a child. Think you it likely that he will leave this matter as it is: no, surely - an example by our messenger, whom he keeps in prison. Therefore we have good cause to send to England, not only for the common weal of Flanders, but for our security, and to give doubt and fear to our enemies. Therefore I would that we should send ten or twelve of the most notable men of ours, by whom the knowledge of this might come to France, so that the king and his council there would consider how we will align ourselves with the king of England, their adversary. However, I will not that this alliance be made without our having greater need.\nThen we have not yet entered into a communication with the king of England, but I would have our men do so, and we have just cause. And to demand of the king of England the sum of two hundred thousand crowns, which my father, Jacques Dartuell, and the country of Flanders once lent to the king of England while he was before Tours at the siege, to pay with it his soldiers. And so I would have our men say to the king of England and to his uncles and to his council: that generally, all the country of Flanders and the good towns thereof, such as lent the said sum, desire to have it back. And once that is done, then to offer the king of England entry into Flanders, and so into France if he pleases. For I truly believe it would be better for us to help ourselves with our own, than to have help from strangers. And I believe we shall never achieve this, sooner than now. For the king and realm of England, I believe, will not abandon the alliance of such a country as\nPhilip is now the solution. For as the Burgundians have not yet incurred costs between Bordeaux and Sluse, except Calais, Chierburge, and Brest: where they can land and enter France. Therefore, the country of Flanders would serve them well at this point. For Brittany, except Brest, is closed against them. And the duke of Brittany has sworn to be good French. If he is not, he will come to this, because of the love of his cousin Germany, the earl of Flanders. Then all those who heard Philip speak answered and said, \"Philip, you have spoken well; and we all wish it to be done so.\" For whoever wishes the contrary loves not the common profit of Flanders.\n\nPhilip D'Artuell did not tarry long but wrote to Peter de Bois and Peter de Myrt, who were captains of Bruges, and also to those of Ipswich and Courtrai, showing them his purpose. And they all thought it good to do so. So, one or two burgesses were chosen from each good town in Flanders.\nThe town of Gauxton. The following men were chosen: Fraucis Atreman, Rase de Uerdell, Loys de Vaux, Sir John Stotler, Martin Bondrell, water Jacob Berner, and a clerk who was chosen to be bishop of Gauxton by Pope Urban. Master John Dalbrest, who had been dean of Our Lady Church in Turney during his time, arranged for a bishop to be appointed in Gauxton, with the profits going to the bishop of Turney instead. Once these twelve burgesses were ready, they took their leave and departed from the siege before Andwarpe around the beginning of July. They accomplished so much that they reached Calais, and the captain there, Sir Johan Dalbrenes, received them. When he learned they were heading to England, he pursued them for ships. They stayed there for only three days and then took passage and arrived at Dover, and went to London. At this time, the king and his council, including Sir Johan Mowbray, Sir Simon Burle, and Sir William, were:\nbeauchamp were at Westmore. To encourage Perducas Dalbreton, of all the barony of Chaumont in Gascony, which was then in the king's hand, I shall show you how. King Edward of old time had given it to Sir John Chandos, and he held it as long as he lived. Thomas Felton was then newly dead, and so the lands fell again into the king's hands. This land could not long be without a governor to keep it. For it joined to the lands of the lord Dalbreton, who then was a good Frenchman. Then it was proposed by the king of England's council that Sir Perducas Dalbreton, who had well served the kings of England, both Edward, Richard, and the prince, for more than thirty years, be granted that land. And he was well able to defend and keep it from all men. Sir Perducas Dalbreton, when he received these lands, said unto the king in the presence of his council and other nobles.\nmen. sir / I take and receyue this herytage / to me and to myne heyres / on the con\u00a6dycion to serue you agaynst all men: except the house of Dalbret / fro whens I am come. For a\u00a6gaynst them shall I neuer make warre / if they suffre myne heritage to be in rest and peace. the kyng answered and sayd: he was content. And so put hym in possessyon of the lande.\nNowe shall I shewe you / what fell of this Parducas Dalbret. Whan he was come in to Gascoyne / and had taken possessyon of the lan\u2223des / and the seneshall of Burdeloyse / had gy\u2223uen hym possessyon. Than the lorde Dalbret had great ioy therof / for he thought well than / that his cosyn wolde make hym no warr. And so y\u2022 landes of Dalbret and Chaumont / abode in good loue & rest. And the lorde Dalbret held in great loue his cosyn / for he hoped euer / after his dyssease / he wolde put hym in possessyon of the sayde landes of Chaumounte. But this sir Parducas / was nat so mynded. for at last whan he lay on his deth bed / and that he sawe he must nedes dye. he\ncalled before him all his men and said for a young squire of his, named Parduche, and said to him, \"I give you in the presence of all my men all the land of Chaumot, so you be ever good engagements and true and faithful to the king of England. But I will it that the house of Dalbert, from which we have become separated, that you make war against them only if they do some outrage to us.\" The squire answered and said, \"sir, your command shall be done.\" This Perduche of Albert was lord of Chaumot in Gascony. And thus died Sir Perduas.\n\nWhen these Gascon men were come to London, the king and his council were certified of it. And so he sent to them to know what they wanted. And so they came all in a company to the palaces of Westminster, and there they found the duke of Lancaster, the earl of Buckingham, the earl of Salisbury, and most of the king's council ready. However, the king was not present at their first audience.\nMen from Flanders and Gascony have come. They urged the English lords, and the bishop of Ghent spoke for them all, saying, \"My lords, we have come from the town of Gascony and from the entire country of Flanders to seek counsel, comfort, and aid from the king of England. We desire now to renew the ancient alliances between England and Flanders, which are necessary for the country of Flanders, which currently lacks a lord. The good towns and the country have but a governor, a man named Philip de Artois, who recommends himself primarily to the king and to you all. He requests that you accept this offer: whenever it pleases the king of England to arrive in Flanders, he will find the country open to receive him and provide rest and refreshment.\nlong as it pleases him. He shall have at his commandment, from the country of Flanders, a hundred thousand men ready to serve him. Furthermore, my lords of Flanders make one request, and that is this: to have again two hundred thousand crowns that once Jacques Dartuell and the good towns of Flanders lent to King Edward of good memory. At the siege of Turenne, and at the siege of Calais. For it is the intention of the good towns of Flanders that this alliance shall not pass any farther, until this sum is first repaid. And when the lords of England hear these words and this request, they began each to consider other matters. Some smiled. Then the Duke of La Salle said, \"Fair lords of Flanders, your words and demands require that\"\nThe council. Go to London for your loggings, and the king will consider your requests, answering you in such a way that you should be content. The Gasconyans responded and said, \"God grant it.\" And they departed from the council, while the lords remained and began to laugh among themselves, saying, \"Have you not seen these Flemings and heard their requests? They demand comfort and say, how they need it. Yet they still demand our money. It is an unreasonable request for us to both aid and pay. So they considered the Flemings to be proud and presumptuous for demanding to have again two hundred thousand crowns: an old debt, as they claimed, from twenty years ago. There was never a better opportunity for the French king if he will, than to come to Flanders. For if the Flemings had not then demanded the aforementioned sum of crowns, but had asked for the king's comfort and aid instead. The king\nwolde haue gone or sent into Flau\u0304\u2223ders / so puissauntlye: to haue bydden batayle (with the ayde of the flemynges) to any prince of the worlde. But it wente otherwyse: as ye shall herafter in the storie.\nUIdynges came into Fraunce to the cou\u0304\u00a6sayle there. Nowe that Philyp Dart\u2223well (whose courage was all englysshe) and y\u2022 countre of Flaunders / had sent in to Englande certayne of their men / to make aly au\u0304ces with thenglysshmen. And the voyce ran / and the co\u2223mon renome: that the kyng of Englande with a great puissau\u0304ce / shulde come in that season & aryue in Flau\u0304ders \u25aa and to lye in Gaunt. these tidinges were lightly to be beleued / howe that the flemynges wolde fortify them selfe \u25aa in some maner awyse. Than it was deuysed / y\u2022 the mes\u00a6sanger that was come fro Philyppe Dartuell / who\u0304e they helde in prison \u25aa shulde be delyuered. And to say the trouthe / ther was no cause why to retayne hym. so he was delyuered / & sent to thost before And warpe. The same season they of Bruge\u25aa had taken certayn burgesses of\nThe Turneys kept the Flemings in prison. The Flemings lived well with them, but they had as much war as peace. When the Turneys saw that they did so much more than they had anticipated and took certain burgesses of Courtrai and kept them in prison in Turin. Thus, hatred was daily engendered between the Flemings and the Flaunders. However, the lords of Turin did not want their deed to be a signal for war to the Flemings, their neighbors, without it being by the command of the French king. They did not have this command at that time. Therefore, they devised sending two of their burgesses to the Flemings as exchange for prisoners for prisoners. So, Johan Bone and John Pycart were chosen to go on this mission. And they went to host Philip the Good. Who, for the honor of the city of Turin and not for love of the French king (as he said), welcomed them amicably. For Philip said: \"How the king had commanded this.\"\nThe two burgesses said to Philip: \"Your messenger, who is to be our emissary of goodwill, should be put in prison. Philip replied, \"That is true, but he was more motivated by fear than love. But sirs, why have you come to us? The burgesses replied, \"It is to have our men of the city of Tourney, who are imprisoned in Bruges, released. Philip said, \"If you keep them, so shall we keep yours. But sirs, you shall not lose your coming. Render ours to us, and we shall render yours. They replied, \"You speak well, and it shall be done. So they were agreed to make this exchange. And Philip Dartuell then said to them, \"Sirss, take heed what I say, I will not betray you. You are from the town of Tourney.\"\nwhich is under the French king, with whom we will have no treaty until the season of Teremonde and Andwarpe is open to us. Therefore, sirs, come no more to us, for those who do will not go home again. Therefore, constrain your people and merchants not to come or go into Flanders. And they do remain there. We look for nothing but that the French king will come and make war with us. The burgesses of Tourney understood these words and returned to Turner. Then a commandment was made that no one should go merchandising in Flanders on pain of being in the indignation of the French king. And so the prisoners were delivered, but those of Tourney dared not merchandise with those of Flanders. But when they would have any merchandise from Flanders: then they would go to Valencennes. For those of Hainault, Holland, Zeeland, Brabant, and Liege might go and come and make their merchandise through all.\nThe siege continued before Andwarpe. Philip Dartuell and those of Gaunt were stationed on Ande|warpe's mount, on the side towards Heynalte. Their engines and great bombards and guns were there. The noise from these weapons when discharged could be heard six leagues away. The men of Bruges were next, beyond the Lescalt river. Then came those of Ipswich, Courtrey, Proringe, Cassell, and the French of Bruges, encircling the town. The town was thus surrounded. The enemy thought to starve the town's inhabitants with this siege. At times, they would attempt to sally out, and at times they would win or lose, as often happens in such cases. However, no assault was made. Philip Dartuell would not recklessly endanger his men, for he said they had no support from any quarter. A bird could scarcely fly into the town without some of them being hit.\nThe host should have seen her. It was set round about. Now let us return to the French king. His uncles and the council of France determined to send certain prelates and knights of the realm to treat with the Flemings and to know more plainly their intentions. So there were appointed to go to Tourney: Sir Miles of Ormains, bishop of Beauvais; the bishop of Anxere; the bishop of Lan; Sir Guy of Honcourt; and Sir Trystram de Bois. And all these came to Tourney as commissaries from the French king. And there were Johan Bonefant and John Pycart, who had recently come thither from the siege before Andwarpe. They showed these commissaries and lords of France how Philippe de Artois, when they took their leave of him, said to them: \"sirs, we will never listen to any treaty until Andres and Teronde are open to us.\" \"Philipe de Artois is of great pride,\" these lords replied. \"But he is not master of all the good towns in Flanders.\"\nLet us send and write to Ghent, Bruges, and Ipswich, and let us send a letter and a messenger to every town. We must have some means of communication if we intend to begin. Then they wrote three letters to the three principal towns of Flanders, and in every one they began as follows, according to the content of the said letters that follows:\n\nTo Philip Dartuell and his companies, and to the good people of the three towns of Flanders, and to the Franks of Bruges. Please know that the French king has sent us into these parts. In hope that good peace and concord may be made between the noble prince, the earl of Flanders, and the commons of the country of Flanders. For the reason and brutal rejection, how do you go about seeking alliance with the king of England? Which thing is against reason and to the prejudice of the realm of Flanders and of the royal crown, which the king in no way can suffer. Therefore, we desire you, in the name of the French king,\nThat you will give us safe-conduct. So that we may go and come, and send in and out, to make the peace. And bring the matter to such a conclusion that the king may be content. Praying you to write to us an answer of your intentions in this behalf. And thus our lord keep you. Written at Tourney, the 16th day of October.\n\nWhen these three letters containing one thing were written and sealed, they were delivered to three men. And it was said to them: \"You shall go to Ghent, you to Bruges, and you to Ypres. And bring us an answer.\" They answered it should be done, and so they departed each man his way. And when one of them arrived at Ghent, Philip de Artois was there at the same time, or else they of Ghent would not have opened the letter without him. And he opened the letter and read it, and when he had done, he laughed at it. And so he departed from Ghent and returned to the siege before Andrew and bore the standard with him, but the messenger remained in prison in Ghent. And when he was come to\nthe lord of Harsel and other companions called to him, and he read to them the letter sent from the French king's commissioners. He said, \"Sirs, I think the French are only trying with me and the country of Flanders. I told the same to the burghers of Tournai when they were here before me. I will hear no news from France or enter into any treaty without And warpe and Teremonde. They were given to us, and with them came tidings from Bruges and from Iprua, how they had received similar letters and the messengers were retained and imprisoned. Right noble and powerful lords, I request you to know that we have received the letters sent to us from the most excellent Charles of France. Mentioning that you, right noble lords, have come to Tournai to negotiate peace and accord in his name between us and the high prince, the earl of Flanders and his said country.\nAnd yet, by the king and his council, you have sufficient power and authority to conclude and comply, as the people of Tourney, our right dear and good friends, bear witness by their patent letters we have seen and read. The king writes that it is displeasing to him that the discord has lasted so long. We are greatly surprised, for in the past, when Gaunt was assessed, and Warpe was of little value, and also when we, by the common counsel of the three good towns of Flanders, wrote to him as our sovereign lord to make peace and accord. And at that time, it pleased him not to do so, which now seems to us he would do. Furthermore, we have received patent letters containing how you have written to us twice and have come twice for the same intentions. But according to your answer we have sent you, we have no will or intention to listen to any treaty of peace without.\ntowns and fortresses which are closed against the country of Flanders, specifically against the town of Ghent. We consider it necessary to be opened at our will and at the command of the good town of Ghent. And this must be done before we can make a treaty as you desire. For we believe that the king intends and may assemble a great power for the aid of his cousin in the name of this treaty. For we see well that false heads may be wrought in the meantime, as has been done before this. Therefore, our intention is to be sure and ready for our defense. Our host shall be ready to defend our enemies: for we hope, by the aid of God, to have victory, as we have had before this time. Furthermore, we inform you that the truce is in effect. How you think, that we of Flanders treat with the king of England to have alliance and support from him? Wherein you say that we act against right, because we are subjects to the crown of France. And how the king there is our liege lord.\n\"sovereign lord. Therefore you say / we ought to make amends truly against him. And so we have done this, for in the past / we have sent him our letters / as to our sovereign lord / requesting him to make peace with us: to which he has given us no answer / but our messenger taken and imprisoned. Which we think a great blame in such a lord. And furthermore / we hold him in greater blame / in that we wrote to him / as to our sovereign lord: and he unwilling to send us an answer. And because it pleases him not to do so, we thought and still think / to seek the profit of the country of Flanders / by some other means / and to those who will help us. However, as yet there is nothing: but that the king may help us with all matters / so that the fortresses be opened to us. And therefore / we defended the fortresses of Tournai / when they were last with us in our host / that they should no longer come to us / in such a manner / with any kind of letters or credence by mouth / without\"\nPhilip Dartuell wrote a letter to be taken to Bruges and Gaunt, as messengers had come to him with similar letters. We have imitated this practice to bring any such letters. We suspect you are planning treason, specifically against me, Philip Dartuell. Therefore, you should know that your efforts are in vain without the fortresses being opened to us; which we trust, with God's help, will happen soon. And thus God keep you. Written before Andewarp, the 20th day of October. The year of our Lord God, 1362. By Philip Dartuell, Regent of Flanders.\n\nWhen Philip Dartuell had finished writing his letter, with the advice of his council, and had carefully examined it, he then considered who should deliver it. He was told that there was a varlet of Arthouse taken the day before in a skirmish. Then he commanded that he be brought to him.\nPhilip should be brought before him, and so he was. Then Philip said, \"You are my prisoner. I may have you put to death, and I will.\" However, since you are here, you shall be delivered, upon condition that you deliver such letters as I shall take from you, to the French king's council, now at Tours. And when the varlet heard speaking of his delivery, he was never so joyous, for he had truly been meant to die, and he said, \"Sir, I swear by my faith, that I shall bear your letter, wherever it pleases you, and if it be to hell.\" Then Philip began to laugh and said, \"You speak well. And so Philip gave him two crowns and delivered him the letter, and caused him to be conveyed out of the host, and set in the way to Tours. And when he came to Tours, he went to the lodging of the bishop of Laon, and so he came before the bishop and did his message, and there were demanded of him tidings of the host before Andwarpe, and he showed them.\nThe bishop knew this and dined there. After dinner, the bishop departed to his company and refused to open the letter until they were all present. When the three bishops were together, they opened the letter and read it aloud and made a thorough examination of it. They spoke together and said, \"Philip Daruell, as shown by his actions, is full of pride and presumption. He shows little regard for the royal majesty of France. Therefore, it would be appropriate for us to hear the answer he has made. So we sent for the provost and sounded the common bell, and all the council gathered. The letter was read aloud two or three times before all. The wise men were greatly astonished by the presumptuous words written in it.\nTo the right honorable and wise, our dear friends, the provost and citizens of Tourney,\n\nRight dear and good friends, please know that we have received your letters, mentioning two of your burgesses and messengers to Gaunt and Bruges from the commissioners of France, who are being detained by us and at your request to be released from prison. By this, the good news\n\nSo Philip Dartuell, still in the host before Andwarpe, did not repeat anything of what he had roughly written to the commissioners of France. But he repented of having written so amiably to the provost and the town of Tourney. She won them honor by way of dissimulation. But he did it because he would not bear all the blame nor nurse all the hate that might fall upon him. Thus Philip wrote to them as follows:\n\nTo the right honorable and wise, our dear friends, the provost and citizens of Tourney,\n\nRight dear and good friends, please know that we have received your letters, mentioning two of your burgesses and the messengers to Gaunt and Bruges from the commissioners of France, who are being detained by us at your request to be released from prison. By this, the good news is brought to you.\nThe love and affection between you and the commons of Flanders should be evident in your writing. Our friends' love seems scant to us. It has come to our knowledge that the French king and the dukes of Burgundy and Britain are assembling together to come and aid the earl of Flanders, to recover his country, and to fight against us. Therefore, we think this is not a way to make peace. However, we will be vigilant and ready to defend ourselves day and night. Regarding your burgesses as prisoners, we will keep them with us until we know the certainty of the assembly of these lords and until it pleases us to deliver them. For when your burgesses were last in Flanders to make peace, you know well that it was decreed and commanded that no person from there should go or come with letters or otherwise without safe-conduct. These said persons\ncommodities have acted contrary to their intent to encourage debate and discord. Therefore, we request that you send no person, burghers, or others into Flanders from you or from any of the lords. But if there is anything concerning your own causes that we can do for you, we shall do so: in the same manner as we would expect you to do for us. For we have particular trust and affiance in you, as we ought to have in our good neighbors. For it is the general intention of all Flanders that all merchants and their merchandise should pass safely and freely from one country into the other, without any interruption or let. And thus God keep you. Written in our host before the 22nd day of the month of October. The year of our Lord God, 1342. By Philip Dartuell, receiver of Flanders.\n\nAbout three days after the first letters were sent to the commissioners of France, as the lords were in the hall in council,\nThe varlet from Douay brought them other letters and showed how the host before Andes had sent them. The letters were received and read at leisure. Then the lords of France advised the men of Tourney, \"Sirs, we counsel you for the best not to make an alliance or a truce with the Flanders people. If you do, you will not be welcomed in France, nor will you receive their letters sent to you. If the kings' counsel learns of this, you will receive blame and damage. The matter cannot continue as it is, and the men of Tourney answered, \"We will perceive in our council how this will be.\" They said that by God's grace, they would do nothing that would bring reproach. Three days later, the commissioners departed from Tourney and went to King Peter with his three uncles, the dukes of Berry, Burgoyne, and Bourbon. The day before the earl.\nof Flaunders was come to the kyng / to shewe him the greues yt he had / and to do feaulte for the coun\u2223tye of Arthoyse / the whiche was fallen to hym the same yere / by the dethe of his mother. And whan ye sayd comyssaries were co\u0304e to the kyng / before him and all his counsayle / there was red the two letters / that Philyp Dartuell and they of Flaunders had sent to them of Tourney. the which they toke in great dispyte / and sayd: that in the begynninge of the kynges raygne / suche pride / as was than vsed in Flaunders / Ought nat to be suffred. With the whiche wordes / the erle of Flaunders was no thynge dyscontent. And so there the Erle before the kynge and his counsayle / made his complayntes / which were well harde. And the kynge answerde hym / and sayd. Cosyn / retourne you in to Arthoyse / and breuely we shalbe at Aras. for we can nat shew better that the quarell shulde be ours / but to a proche our enemyes. the erle was well content with that aunswere / and so departed and went to Hedyn. And the kynge\nThe king summoned all his clerks and dispatched letters and messengers to every part of his realm, commanding each man without delay to prepare himself in his best attire for war and join him at Arras on a designated day. He informed them of his intention to go and fight the Flemish in Flanders with God's pleasure. No man dared disobey; instead, they readied themselves near and far. The men of Auvergne, Rouergue, Toulouse, Limousin, Poyctou, Xainton, Bretagne, and Borbonne, as well as those from Forests, Burgoyne, Doulphin, Savoy, Barroyse, Lorain, and all the cities and countries of France, all responded to the call. The great assembly of men-at-arms was a marvel to behold. The Earl of Flanders, being at Hesdin, received daily news from the king and from the duke of Burgundy and the great...\nThe earl assembled in Frauce. Then the earl commanded throughout the country of Artois that no man, on pain of death, should expel anyone from the country or their loggings. No manner of thing was to be brought into any fortresses or closed towns. The earl wanted the men-at-arms to be saved and used with every thing in the country. And so the king came to Artois, where they found everything in great abundance; every grange full of corn. And so the earl of Flanders came to Arras and did homage to the king for the county of Artois. And there the king received him as his liege man and said to him, \"Fair cousin, if it pleases God and Saint Nicete, we shall settle you peacefully in your heritage of Flanders, and shall reduce the pride of Philip of Artois and of the Flemings, in such a way that they shall never again be able to rebel.\"\n\n\"Sir,\" said the earl, \"of this I have great trust, and thereby you shall attain to such honor that the whole world shall bear witness.\"\nPhilippa Dartuell, being besieged and aware that the French king was approaching, said to his men, \"Sirs, what does this young, rash king mean to enter Flanders? He is not yet old enough to engage us in battle. I will ensure that the passages and entrances are secured so that it will not be within his power to cross the River Lys this year. I am sending for the Lord of Harsel. When he arrives, I will say to him, 'Sir of Harsel, you know well and daily see how the French king comes to destroy us all. It is necessary for us to consider carefully and take counsel in this matter. You will remain here at the siege, and I will go to Bruges to learn more definite information and to encourage the people of the good towns. I will reward those who guard the passages, so that the French will not be able to cross.'\" The Lord of Harsel agreed.\nPhilip de Partas departed from the siege and rode to Bruges like a great lord, with his pennon displayed before him bearing his arms: a shield sable with three hat tes silver. When he arrived in Bruges, he found Peter de Boys and Peter de Myrt, who were captains of Bruges. He showed them how the French king with all his pomp intended to come to Flanders. Therefore, I command you, Peter de Boys, to go to the passage of Comines and keep the river. And you, Peter de Myrt, shall go to the bridge of Warneton and keep that passage, and cause all the bridges to be broken above on the river, until you reach Gerge, Hasels, Meureuylle, and Courtrai, and so the Frenchmen cannot pass. I shall go to Ypres to refresh and comfort them. I exhort you to keep firmly the posts: what word have you brought out of England? Truly, said Philip, we have not yet heard any, but since the parliament is now at London, I think soon we shall.\nThe French king cannot be so hasty / but I trust we shall have some aid from England. I hope the king of England makes some assembly / so that the Englishmen will arrive here in a night / with such a number / that we shall not need to fear the Frenchmen, with the aid of Flanders, for all is under our obedience, except Teremonde and And warpe. In the meantime, all these matters were underway, and the king was at Arras, and these men of war assembled in Artois and Tournai, and around Lille. Certain knights and squires being about Lille, by the instigation of the Hault of Flanders: thought to do some enterprise / whereby to be renowned. And so on a day they gathered together sixty men of arms, knights and squires, and rode and passed the river of Lille at Ponte, which bridge was not broken. And so they rode to the town of Harle, and so they chased nearly all the people out of the town, so that the townspeople rose up and the towns were alarmed.\nall about the Bellasalum area. And when the Hasse of Flanders and Sir John of Jumote, the Chatelain of Willoughby, and Sir Henry Dusshalt were not present, these knights found a large number of country villains ready to give battle. Then the knights couched their spears and charged with all their force, and the French forces opened and gave them way. It was said for the nones, and they fled, saying among themselves, \"Let us fly and give them way; for we are sure the bridge will not bear them; we shall soon see good game.\" And so Hasse of Flanders and the other knights charged all at once onto the bridge, which could not bear the weight of so many men. However, Hasse and thirty with him passed over, and as the others were about to pass, the bridge collapsed beneath them, and horse and men fell down. And when those behind saw this, they were greatly disheartened and did not know which way to flee to save themselves. Some entered into the woods.\nRying to swim over, but they could not, for the water was too deep and the banks were high. The horses could not get up, which was a great disadvantage for them. For the Flemings came upon them and slew them without mercy, and made some fall again into the water and were drowned. Sir John Jumont was in a great adventure to be lost, for the bridge gave way beneath him. Yet through the valiance of his body, he saved himself. However, he was sorely hurt on the head and body, so that it was several weeks before he could help himself. In this retreat, the Chatelain of Willon of Boucharas, and of St. Hilary, and various others were slain and drowned, and also Sir Henry Dufle. More than three score were slain and drowned, for he was fortunate that he could save himself, and many were hurt and sore wounded who escaped. News came to the lords of France being at Arras, that their men had lost the journey, and how the Halle of Flaunders had foolishly taken on him y-them.\nSome entered complaints and some, expert men of war, said they did great folly in passing a river without a guide and entering a great town, and returning the same way without keeping to the right bank. This matter passed over and was forgotten. Philip Dartuell departed from Bruges and went to Ypres, where he was received with great joy. Peter de Bois went to Comines, where all the country men had assembled. They made the bridge ready to be dismantled if necessary, but they would not pull it down then. For the convenience of the people of the country to pass and repass with their beasts over the waters of the Lys. The same hour that Philip Dartuell arrived at Ypres, news came that at the bridge of Amiens, the French were in disorder, and the Hainault hare was near being taken. Of these tidings, Philip Dartuell was greatly rejoiced and laughing.\nSirs: By the grace of God and the good right that we have in this matter, if the king with his young council passes the river of Lys, he shall not return to France. Thus Philip Dartuell was at Ipswich for five days and preached openly in the market place to encourage his people and to cause them to keep their promise. He also showed them how the French king, without any title of reason, was coming to destroy them. Therefore he said, \"Good people be not disheartened though he comes upon us, for he shall not be of power to pass the river of Lys. I shall cause the passages to be well kept, and I have ordered Peter de Boyse with a great number of men to be at Commynes. He is good and true and loves the honor of Flanders. Peter de Myrt is at Warneston, and all the other passages on the water of Lys are broken, so that they can come over at no place but one of those two.\" I have also heard tidings.\nof our men who went to England, we shall soon have great comfort from the English, as we have good alliance with them. Therefore let us live in hope, for honor will be with us. Therefore, good friends of Ypres, be true and keep faithfully the promise that you have made.\n\nFrom the scaffold, where he had preached, and went to his lodging and stayed there all that day, and the next day departed and went to war and approached the siege. Now let us leave speaking of Philip Darrell and return to young Charles of Flanders, who was at Arras, having great will and desire to enter Flanders to abate the pride of the Flemings. And daily men of war came to him from all parts. And when the king had sojourned there for eight days, then he went to Lens in Artois and stayed two days, and on the third day of November he departed and waited at Seclin, and there the chief constable of\nThe marshals of France, Burgoyne, and Flauders, were in council on how they should be ordered. It was commonly said in the host that entering into Flanders was impossible due to the strongly guarded passages and the heavy rain that made the ways impassable, making it a great outrage to undertake such a voyage and bring the king so far forward into that country in that season of the year. They also pointed out that the river of Lys was treacherous and offered no escape but at certain places. The marshals demanded to know when the river came, and it was said that it came from Ayer and Saint Omers. The constable replied, \"Well.\"\nThe text begins: let us pass it well, we shall order our people, and let us take the way to St. Omers, and there shall we cross the river at our ease, and so enter into Flanders. And let us go along the country, and the Flemings are so proud that otherwise before Ipswich or in some other place, they will come and fight with us. And so all the marshals agreed to this purpose, and therefore rested all that night. The next morning, the Lord Dalbret, the Lord of Coucy, Sir Ayme Terry of Pompers, Sir John of Uyen admiral of France, Sir William of Poyctres, the banneret of Langres, the Begue of Uyllanes, Sir Raoll of Coucy, the earl of Conversant, the viscount Dacy, Sir Raoll of Rayneuall, the Lord of St. Just, Sir Arture of Hedyn, Sir Anton y Darchyes, the Lord of St. Pye, Sir William of Bordes, the Lord Logeuple, the Lord of Sully, Sir Trystram of Lestouet, Sir Oliver Clesquyn, Sir Morice of Treguidy, Sir Guy of Bayeux, Sir Lucas of Lestrughen.\nNicholas de Pommell, the marshals of France - Sir Louis of Saurere and Sir Louis of Blanuell, the marshal of Burgoyne, and the marshal of Flanders, along with Sir Anguerant of Helwyn - came to the constable of France to seek advice on which route they should take to go to Comynes or Arualueston, where the passages were kept, or higher up towards the Gorge of Uenoy and to Saint Uenant, and then cross the River Lyse. Among these lords, there were various opinions. Those who knew the country warned that it was not advisable to go into that country or the lands of Cassel, Surmes, or Verthes. What way then shall we proceed, they asked? The lord of Coucy replied: \"Let us sail and go to Tournai. There let us cross the River Lescalle and take the way to Andewarp. That way is easy enough, and there we shall fight with our enemies. We shall have no let and once we have crossed the river, we will be past them.\"\n\"Tourney and then let us go straight to Andewarp and judge Philip Dartuell rightfully. And so we shall be daily refreshed with victuals and every river. These words were well heard and received with approval by many, but the constable and marshals leaned rather towards going the right way, neither to the right hand nor to the left. And to sustain their opinion, they presented various reasons. They said: if we should go and seek any other passage but the right way, it might be said that we do not act like good men at war, at least unless we attempt to pass by Comynes, which is guarded. And also, if we withdraw ourselves from our enemies' ward, they will be rejoiced by it and have new refreshment and take new counsel, and say that we have fled away. Furthermore, there is one point that should be doubted: we do not know in what state they are with the English, for if aid should come to them from that quarter, it would be a great hindrance for us. Therefore, we think it best to deliver the matter as\"\nshortly as possible, let us take the way to Comynes. God shall help us. We have passed and repassed great rivers, more greater than the river of Lyse, which cannot be kept long from us. At least, when we are at the river side, let us take advice. Such as have been in our company for twenty or thirty years have often seen this. A more dangerous river than this is, and if we cross once, our enemies shall be a hundred times more abashed than if we went at our ease. On the right hand or left, out of our right way, being once over, we may reckon ourselves lords of all Flanders. And so every man agreed to this last appointment, which was kept and not broken. Because all the lords were present, they said it was necessary to advise and regulate the order of our battles. They appointed those who would go with the constable in the vanguard and to know who would make the ways before the battle.\nThe footmen and their command to discover our enemies. Who shall be in the king's battle and what service they shall perform. Who shall bear the Oriflamme of France and appoint those who shall assist it. And to determine who shall be in the wings and who in the rearguard. Of all these things they took advice and counsel, and it was determined by the said lords and officers that Ser Joys of Halwyn and the lord of Rambures should govern the footmen, those who should go before the host and make the ways. And to cut down hedges, woods, and bushes. To fill valleys and pull down hills. And to do all other necessary things. And among them there were a hundred and seventeen and sixty. In the vanguard were the marshals of France, Flanders, and Burgundy. And they had under their rule a hundred and seventeen men-at-arms and seven hundred crossbowmen, besides four thousand men-at-foot that the earl of Flanders had delivered to them.\nAnd it was ordered that the earl of Flanders and his battle, in which he had men-at-arms, knights, squires, and footmen to the number of 16,000, should be the wing to the vanguard, to reinforce it if necessary. It was also ordered that between the battle and the earl's ward, the king's battle should follow. And in it were the kings three uncles: Berry, Burgundy, and Bourbon; the earl of March; Sir James of Bourbon, his brother; the earl of Clermont and Dolphin of Auvergne; the earl of Damville; the earl of Sanserre; Sir John of Beaumont; and to the number of six thousand men-at-arms and two thousand crossbowmen, Genoese and others. And then it was ordered for the rearguard, 2,000 men-at-arms and 200 archers. The chief governor of them was Sir John Dartois, earl of Estrees; Guy, earl of Blois; Sir Warin, earl of St. Pol; Sir William, earl of Harcourt; the lord of Chastillon; and the lord of Sere.\nThe Oriflamme was appointed Sir Peter Villers, and other knights: Robert of Bayeux, Morris of Sanctour, Guy of Trigidy, Bandon de la Heuse, to keep the banners of Rue and Mout Dowset. These lords entered surely never to return to France until they had fought with Philip Dartuell and his puissances. Therefore, they made all things ready to fight the next day if necessary. The lord of La Bret, the lord of Coucy, and Sir Hugh of Hautillon were appointed to set and order the battles in armor. The marshals of the lodgings were appointed to lodge the king and the battle: Sir William of Bannes and the lord of Champreny. It was ordered that the day the battle should be on, the king was to be on horseback, and none other but he, except eight valiant men, to be on horseback about him. The lord of Raynalle, the Beau of Villaines, Sir Aymon of Pomiers, Sir Anguerant of Halwin.\nThe following knights are to be in the front line before the king: Lord Rayneville, Sir Anguerant of Helwyn, the Beguine of Uyllayues, and Vincent de Dacy, who is also known as Vycount Dacy. Lord Rayneville and Sir Anguerant are to be on either side of the king. The other four knights named earlier, as well as Oliver Clyssone, Constable of France, and Sir William Poycters, bastard of Langres, should ride beforehand and discover and advise on the enemy's tactics on the day of the battle. Once all these matters were arranged and determined, the council dispersed, and each man departed to his lodgings. Those who had not attended the council were informed of their duties, and it was decreed that the king would depart and pass through the town of Lisle, not resting there but lodging at the abbey of Marquettes and the ward.\nThey were to proceed farther towards Comynes and Warneston as soon as they could. Every arrangement was made, and the next day they set out and found the ways prepared for the lord of Fransures and Sir Joyse of Helwyn. Great labor had been taken to make the ways ready. This was on a Monday. When the constable, marshals, and the men-at-arms reached the bridge of Comynes, they were forced to stop. They found the bridge so broken that it was not possible to repair it if any defense were made to the contrary. The enemy forces were beyond the river, strong enough to prevent passage. To let them pass and keep the passage against any who might skirmish or assault them, as they were there with their enemies, we had to fight with them. They were so proud that they would have demanded that we come to their siege. Then Sir Loyes of Saxe-say said, \"I advise that we lodge here for this day and have our people do the same.\"\nThey can come and let us send messages to Lyle by the river, and get some ships and nails. And with them, let us build a bridge to Morowe, as there is a great gap between this and Lysle. Sir, the river is called Menyn. And by this river, the ships or barkes must pass if they should come here. And sir, the Flemings have broken the bridge, and have placed large timbers and stakes between the abutments, making it impossible for any vessel to pass. I cannot tell the constable what we shall do. It would be good for us to take the way to Ayre and cross the river of Lysle, since we cannot pass here. In the meantime, the constable and the marshals of France and Burgundy were occupied with Comynes in this affair and did not know what to do. There were certain knights and squires who bravely attempted to pass this river by some means and to fight with the Flemings and win the town and passage of Comines, as you shall hear.\nAfter the warder came from Lyle to Comynes, the lord of Sait Pye, and various other knights - of Heynalt from Flanders, of Arthoyse, and also from France - without the knowledge of the constable or marshals. They determined together and said, \"We will get two or three small boats and launch them into the river of Lyse beneath Comynes, in some concealed place. And we will set great stakes on both sides of the river to tie ropes to, for the river is not very wide. By this means, we shall get a great number of men across in a short time. And then we may go and assault our enemies behind them or they beware, and win the passage.\" According to this counsel, the lord of Sait Pye had a bark and ropes with other necessities brought out from Lysle. Also, Sir Herbert of Belperche and Sir Johan of Roy, who were companions in this voyage, brought another bark. Sir Henry of Manny, Sir Johan of Malestrayt, and Sir John Chaudronne also came.\nThe Bretons brought another. The lord of St. Piere was the first to enter with his bark (boat) ropes and stakes. He pitched a large plank and stake on one side and tied a rope to it. Then three men passed over to the farther side with the boat and carried the other end of the rope with them. They set another large stake and tied the end of the rope to it there. Once that was done, the men returned with the boat to their masters. The constable of France and the two marshals who were at the bridge foot of Comynes were immediately informed of these actions. The constable then said to Sir Louis of Saxe, one of the marshals, \"Go your way and see if it is possible to cross the river by this means, as you have heard devised. If it is possible, find a way to get more boats. These knights prepared themselves to cross when they saw the boats ready. And there came to them the said marshal.\nof Frauce with a great rout, and he beheld the manner. Then the lord of St. Pi said to him, \"Sir, may it please you that we shall pass? It pleases me right well, the marshall replied. However, you put yourself in a great adventure; for if your enemies at Comynes know of you, they may do you great harm. Sir, the lord of St. Pi said, \"That nothing adventures nothing harms. In the name of God and St. Denis, we trust to pass; so you are to morrow at night, we trust to fight with our enemies. Then the lord of St. Pi set his pennon on the bark and entered himself first, and with him the nobles of the nine and a nonne. They were launched from the other side of the river by the cord that was tied there. And then they issued out and waited in a little wood there beside, because they would not be seen. And they on the rearward drew again to the bark. Then Thierry of Couersant, sir Dagien and his banner, and the lord of Verteyne, his brother, entered, and so the nine of them.\npassed & no mo / and agayne the thirde tyme ther passed as many. And therwith there ca\u0304e two other bark{is} with sir Herbert of Belperch & sir John\u0304 of roy and with the bretons. & anone they were la\u0304ged in to the ryuer / and ordred as the other were. & so knighther was none that pas\u2223sed but good men of armes / & they passed with so good wyll / that it was great marueyle to be holde them. And there was suche prese to passe that and the marshall had nat bene there / they wolde haue ouer charged the barkes.\nTidynges came to the co\u0304stable and to the lor\u00a6des of Fra\u0304ce beyng at Comynes / how their pe\u00a6ple passed as ye haue herde. than the constable sayd to the seneshall of Reur. go I requyre you and se yonder passage / & whider our people do passe as it is sayd or nat. This knight was ne\u2223uer so ioyouse of nothyng that euer he herde. & so strake his horse with the spurres / & in his co\u0304\u2223pany .xl. men of armes. and whan he ca\u0304e to the passage and sawe the maner therof / & how that ther were passed all redy / to the\nThe full name of a certain lord named Than spoke and said he would cross in the same manner. The marshal of France could not allow him. News reached the castle that Than's cousin, the lord of Rieux, had crossed the river. The castle official began to ponder and said, Cause the crossbowmen to come forth and skirmish with these flying men beyond the bridge to keep them busy. If they knew it, they would rush to them and destroy our passage. I'd rather die than that happen. Then the crossbowmen and men-at-arms/archers/foot soldiers shot arrows over the bridge into the town. And so a fierce skirmish began, and they made a show of passing the bridge. The flying men, who were well prepared, made ready to defend the passage. And thus they endured all that Monday, and as soon as it was night, for the days were very short, men of arms continued to pass.\nThe said barkes drew together in a little group beside them in cover. Now observe all things concerning the parallel and hard adventure that they were in. For if the Comyns had perceived them, they would have been destroyed, or the most part of them, and had lost both their barkes and ropes. But God did for them, to the intent to abate the pride of the fleeing.\n\nI repudiate, and every man ought to reckon this enterprise to be of great valiance, for those who passed. For the knights and squires of the ward, when it was late, stayed from them and went to the passage to pass with their companies. So there passed the lord de La Vall\u00e9e, the viscount of Rohan, the lord de La Beli\u00e8re, the lord of Cambort, sir Oliver, the lord of Cl\u00e9quyn, the barons of Barres, the lord of Colet, sir Raynald of Thouars, the lord of Poussans, sir William of Lignacke, Ruyer, and the same night they were to the number of four hundred men of arms, chosen men of\nThere was not a varlet that passed over, and when Sir Loyes of Sanxere saw so many pass over - six banners and XXX penons - he thought it would have been a great shame for him not to do the same. So he and his knights and squires entered the barkes, and with him passed the lord of Haygest, Sir Perciuall of Raynall, and others. And when they were all together, they said, \"Now it is time that we go toward Comynes and look on our enemies, and see if we may lodge in the town.\" They then prepared their bascules and made themselves ready. And so they went forth through the marshlands, a long way by the riverside in good order, with their banners and penons waving before them, ready to fight. The lord of St. Pi was in the foremost front and chief governor and leader of that company because he knew the country better than any other who was there. As they were coming in good order toward the town, Peter de Boyse and the Flemings, who were ready ranging on the banks, faced them.\ncausey looked along the river side and saw men approaching with weapons, marveling at this. Then Peter de Boyse said, \"What is unknown to us? For there is no bridge or passage between here and Curtrey that they could cross. What shall we do? Should we go and fight with them? No, not that, said Peter. Let them come and let us remain in our strength. They are below us and we are high above them, so we have a great advantage over them. And if we were to descend to fight with them, we would not do well. Let us wait until it is dark night, and then let us consider what is to be done further. They are not such a great number that they can long endure against us in battle. We know all the tricks in the country, and they do not. His plan was believed, for the fleeing never moved from their place but held themselves still at the foot of the bridge. And ranging all along the causeway in good order of battle, he saw well that there were a large number of them.\ngreat no\u0304\u2223bre of flemynges raynged in good order of ba\u2223tayle agayust them. Than he said in great dis\u2223pleasur. O saynt Jues. O saynt George. O la\u00a6dy of heuen / what is this that I se yonder? I se in parte the chefe flour of all our army / the whi\u00a6che are nowe in an harde aduenture. Wolde to good I were deed / syth I se them do so great an outrage. O sir Loyes of sanxere / I wolde haue thoughtye had ben more atem{per}ate and wyser than I se ye be nowe. Howe is it / that ye durst put in aduenture / so many noble knightes and squiers as be nowe in your company? & so fewe in nombre / agaynst ten or .xii. thousande fierse and proude people / who wyll take none to mer\u00a6cy. And if ye nede we can nat helpe you. O Ro\u2223hen. O Lauall. O Rieux. O Beaumanoyr. O longuyle. O rochfort. O mauuy. O malestroit O co\u0304uersant. O suche and suche I co\u0304playne of you all. that without my counsayle / ye wyll put yourselfe in this adue\u0304ture. Wherfore am I co\u0304\u2223stable of Frau\u0304ce? if ye lese / the faut shalbe layd to me. and it shalbe sayd /\nThat I sent you there, he had given a commandment before no one should depart from the host to pass to every man who would attempt to pass by any means. And with those words, knights and squires announced themselves to find a way and devise how to cross the bridge. But it was an inopportune night, so that of necessity they had to leave their labors, as in casting borings and planks on the piles, and some laid their passages to cross over. So the Frenchmen had much to contend with, for they were wise.\n\nThus, as you have heard before, the Frenchmen passed by the barges that night and came privately through the marshes and mire to their ankles. Now observe and consider the pain they endured and the valor of them. Seeing how in so long a night and winter, as in December, they had endured all the long cold night in their armor on their feet in the mire, their basinettes on their heads without meat or drink. Certainly I say, this ought to be.\nReputed for great valor, they were but a handful of men regarding the Flemings within Comynes and around in the country. So they stood and neither dared to advance nor assault, but determined to remain still until it was fair day. Each one said to the other, \"We shall see when it is day; the Flemings will come out of their stronghold and assault us. And when they come, let us cry out our cries all with one voice, each man his own cry or that of his lord. Though it be that the lords are not present: for by such cries we shall intimidate them, and then let us strike among them with good courage and will. It is in God's hands to give us victory, for they are poorly armed. And we have good spears and good swords. The harquebusiers they bear will not defend them. In this good encouragement they remained all that night. And the constable, who was on the other side of the river toward Lisle, had great fear in his heart for them.\nand wished him and all his power within the town of Comynes farewell. Then the marshals of Burgoyne and of Flanders spoke to comfort him. Sir, do not be disheartened. Those who have passed over are chosen men of war, valiant and of great wisdom. They will do nothing but by good order and discretion. Sir, they will not fight this day; the night is approaching. And sir, you have abandoned the passage to pass if you will. Tomorrow, as soon as it is day, we shall do our best to cross the bridge. We have provided this day for wood and timber more than we will need. I trust we shall be soon over, and will reassure them if they have any need. And yonder unhappy people: shall not endure against us. Thus the constable was comforted by the words of such valiant persons as were in his company.\n\nPeter de Bois: who knew well that these men of arms in the marsh were near joining Comynes. thought himself in no certainty, because he did not know what they would do. Howbeit he\nsaw well that he had in his company six or seven thousand men. Then he said to them, \"Sirs, the men of arms who have crossed the river are not made of steel. They have all last day traveled, and all this night waded in the mud. I think now at the breaking up of this new morning, it would be best that we set upon them. We are enough to close them in. And if we beat them once, there will be none who will join with us afterwards. Let us make no noise until the time comes to do our deed. On the other side, the French knights who were in the marshlands were not at ease. They stood there up to their ankles, some to the mid-leg. However, the great pleasure and desire they had to conquer the passage with honor made them forget their pain and travel. If it had been in summer as it was in winter, it would have been a pleasure for them. But as the earth was cold and wet, and the nights long. And sometimes it rained on them.\nThe men, who retreated below their battlements, were ready to fight. Their memories of past victories helped them forget their pains. There was Lord Saint Pierre, who conducted himself nobly. He was the first and always went quietly: to spy, see, and listen to the deaths of his enemies. Upon his return, he showed his company how there was no noise among them. \"Perhaps they do it,\" he said, \"because they are ready to do as their purpose requires.\" Thus, he went in and out to spy on what his enemies did until, at last, around dawn, the enemy forces, quietly and without any noise, approached the marsh. When Lord Saint Pierre, who was watching for them, saw them coming, he came to his company and said, \"Sirs, let us set upon them. Our enemies are approaching.\" They come fairly and softly without noise, unwilling to set upon us or take us by surprise.\nAnd so, now let us all show ourselves as men of war, for incontinence we shall have battle. With these words, every man prepared himself and arranged himself in good order as could be devised. Approaching, they made their cries as appointed before, receiving the enemy with spear points, causing the mail in their coats to give way, unable to withstand more than two or three folds of cloth. The constable of France heard the cry and noise and said, \"Sirs, truly our company is fighting; God aid them: for we cannot, at this time.\" Thus, the French received the enemy's charges with the good spearheads of Bordeaux. These went through hauberks, shoulders, bellies, and heads, causing the enemy to give ground. Peter de Boyse was in the foremost front and was hurt by a spear through the shoulder and also in the head. He had, furthermore,\nIf he had not been saved by his men. For he had thirty great varlets appointed to wait upon him. And so they took him in their arms and carried him out of the press. The mire was so great that every man waded to the mid-leg. The men-at-arms, who had been accustomed to great feats of arms, they beat down the fleeing men and showed no mercy. Some cried out \"Saint Pied de Laulx,\" \"Sanxet,\" \"Rieux,\" \"Angien,\" and other cries. The fleeing men began to be abashed and discomfited, and began to recoil and fall upon one another. And the French men entered among the thickest of them and spared no more to slay them than they would have been dogs. And surely they had good cause to do so. For if the Flemish had taken the prize over them, they would have been served the same sauce.\n\nWhen the Flemish saw how valiantly they were assailed and that the men-at-arms had conquered the causeway and the bridge, they determined to:\nSet fire in their own town for two reasons. The first was to make the Frenchmen retreat. And secondly, to make their own company retreat to the town. They carried out their plan, setting fire to various houses in the town, expecting to intimidate their enemies, who were not deterred. The Frenchmen pursued them just as valiantly as before, beating and killing them. Then the killers abandoned the town and entered the fields, drawing together, and sent messengers throughout the country to stir up and raise the people. To Verdun, Propringes, Vergues, Rolers, Messeins, Warneston, and all other towns around, to come to Comynes. Disputes began to arise, indicating that there was a need for action. Some went to the commotion, and some went to save themselves and their goods, to Ipre and to Courtrey. Women and children abandoned their houses.\nand left their best corn and other movables behind them. Some went towards Comynes to aid their company, where they were fighting. In the meantime, the Frenchmen, who had crossed the River Lys by the little barkes, were engaged with their enemies. The constable with the great band of the ward led the way to pass the bridge, and there was great pressure because the constable had abandoned the passage to every man who dared. So these lords passed the bridge the same day, with much parallels, for they were eager to lay taxes and tolls on the joists of the bridge to cross over. The same night they had two loads of nails brought, which greatly helped them to mend the bridge. And so within a short time, the bridge was made good and strong again. And all the company passed over the same Tuesday in the morning, and so fought at the passage. The Earl of Flanders.\nThe Constable understood how they fought at the passage of Comynes. He sent six thousand men on foot there to aid their company, but by the time they arrived, it was all over and the new bridge had been made. Then the Constable sent them to the bridge of Warneston to rebuild it, so that all their cargo could easily pass over.\n\nNews reached the king that day, who was at the abbey of Marquetes, along with his uncles, that the passage of Comynes had been conquered and his vanguard had crossed over. They were greatly rejoiced by this news. It was ordered that the king should pass, and so he attended mass and the lords did as well. They drank and mounted their horses, and took the way to Comynes. The men of the vanguard delivered the town clean from the fleeing enemy, and there were killed in the streets and in the fields about four thousand, in addition to those killed in the chase. And in miles and churches, where they had hidden themselves for fear. As soon as the Bretons were over, they leapt on their horses.\nhorses and entered the chase to find out the Flemings. They rode through the country, which was then fat and rich. The lords of Ryeux, de Lauall, Malestroyt, the viscount of Bellyer, the lord of Comborne, and their company rode so long that they reached Uzerne, a great town. The town was taken and burned, and all within were put to death. There the Bretons had great pillage and profit. And similarly, others had the same, as they spread far in the country. For they found the houses full of cloth, furs, gold, and silver. The Flemings, trusting in the strength of Comynes, had not yet taken their goods out of the country. The Bretons who entered first paid no heed to the cloth or other riches but to the gold and silver they found. But those who came later took all and left nothing behind, for all was fish that came to the net.\n\nYou may well know, tidings will not spread abroad. The same.\nTuesday word reached Philip Dartuell, where he lay besieging Andrewarp. The Frenchmen had passed the River Lys on Monday in barkes. They had conquered the passage at Comynes. Six thousand of his men were slain, and it was thought Peter de Boyse was also slain. Philip was greatly dismayed by these tidings and began to marvel. The lord of Harsholde advised him on what to do. He answered and said, \"Go you to gather and assemble all the men you can in the town, and then come here again. With all your strength, draw towards Courtrai. When the king understands that you come so strongly, he will be advised or come much farther into the country. Also, I trust we shall soon have tidings from our company in England. It may be that the king of England and his uncles will cross the sea with great strength or some of them.\"\nPhilippa Marquess of Dunbar greatly marveled that the English men tarried so long, seeing that the French men had entered our country. I did not know what they meant by this? And especially I marveled at our own men, for we were not present. But however it may be, I will go to Gaunt to fetch the reinforcements and then return and fight with the French king, whatever may come of it. I am informed that the king has twenty thousand men at arms, which amounts to sixty thousand men of war. I shall bring as many against him in battle. And if it pleases God of His grace, I may discomfit him with the good right that we have. I shall be the most honored lord of the world if I may discomfit him. And if I am discomfited, such a great fortune has fallen on a greater lord than I am.\n\nAs Philippa Marquess of Dunbar and the Lord of Harshill were conferring, certain persons came to them - those who had been in the battle before, as you have heard before.\nPhilip Dartuell spoke up. \"Is Peter de Boyse dead or alive?\" They replied, \"Sir, he is not dead. But he was severely wounded in the battle and has gone to Bruges.\" And so Philip mounted his horse and set out with thirty men, heading for Ghent. He deviated slightly from the route to visit certain men of the Andwarpe family, who had gone out that same night to lay a trap in the hostel and had killed twelve men. As he stood there and watched, he saw a harrier named Ireland approaching from the direction of Gaunt, belonging to the king of England. Of the arrival of this harrier, Philip was delighted because he had come from England, and he demanded news from him. \"Sir,\" the harrier said, \"five of your men, along with a knight of England named Sir William Fermeton, have come to Ghent. They have come by the agreement of the king of England and his uncles, and with the consent of the entire realm of England.\"\nYou brought me letters, as I have been informed, which come to you as Regent of Flanders. Upon learning what the letters contain and the great alliances you will have with the English and your men have returned, we can discuss the French king and how he reacted. When he learned that the passage of Comines was won and a new bridge was made, he departed from the Abbey of Marquettes and rode towards Comines in good order, every man in his rank. The king arrived there on the same Tuesday and he and his entourage lodged in the town. The ward was displaced and went and lodged on the mount of Ieper. And so all his people and baggage passed by Comines and Warneton. On the Wednesday, the king came and lodged on the same mount of Ieper. On the same Wednesday, the rearguard passed by the bridge of Comines, where were two thousand men-at-arms and two thousand crossbowmen. The earl of Ewe and the earl were also present.\nThe earl of Bloyse, the earl of Saint Pol, the earl of Harcourt, the lord of Chatelon, and the lord of Ser were governors. When it was night and they had thought to rest after their journey, there suddenly sounded an alarm and a cry. The lords believed surely that the forces of Ypres, Cassel, and Bergues had gathered together and were coming to give them battle. Then these lords armed themselves again and set out their nets and banners, and ordered their men, each under his own ensigns. They stood nearly all night in the marshy midleg. These lords endured much pain, as the earl of Bloyse and others who had not been accustomed to suffering such cold in long nights as in November. But they endured it for their honor, for they were surely about to have an unwelcome battle, but all was in vain, for the cry arose from certain scoundrels among them.\nself. These lords endured this pain and bore it as well as they could. And on the Thursday in the morning, the reward dislodged from Comynes and drew towards their company, who were on the mount of Ipswich. And there the king and the lords took counsel on what was best to do - whether they should go before Ipswich, Courtrai, or Bruges. In the meantime, the French forces ran through the country and found cattle and other things that was marvelous to consider. For after they were once over the passage at Comynes, they lacked nothing. When those of Ipswich saw the king with all his power so near them, and the passage at Comynes conquered, they were not well assured of themselves, and so they drew together to consult. The rich and notable men of the town urged that they should have sent to cry mercy and send him the keys of the town. But the captain, who was of Gaunt and set there by Philip de Artois, would in no way that they do this.\nThe town is strong enough and well provisioned. We can endure a siege long enough if necessary. In the meantime, Philip Dartuell, our regent, will gather his forces and come to fight the king. Do not think otherwise. They replied and said, we are not certain of this, for we believe it cannot lie within Philip Dartuell's power to withstand the king without English help, which is unlikely. Therefore, we think it best to yield to the French king and none other. Such words passed between them that they rose against the captain, who was called Peter Uanelayre. And when they of Ipre had done this deed, they caused two friars to go to the king and his uncles, asking the king to take an amicable treaty with them of Ipre. The king then, by the advice of his council, granted safe conduct to twelve of them of Ipre and an abbot to come and go, to know what.\nAnd twelve were chosen out of the town and an abbot to go to the king at Ipswich. When they came before the king, they knelt down and offered him their desire to be forever under his obedience, without any reservation. The king, with the consent of his council, received their offer, intending, as he thought, to pacify the country if he could. The condition was that the people of Ipswich should pay the king 20,000 francs towards his expenses coming there. They of Ipswich made no refusal but were right joyful about it. Thus, they of Ipswich were taken to mercy. They desired the king and his uncles to come into their town to refresh them, and they said that the whole town would be very glad. The king agreed to this, considering how he might go to Flanders next, to which part he intended to go. So, thus, they of Ipswich returned to their town, and the people there were.\nRight, they were joyful when they knew they were received to mercy. And so, immediately, this 1,000 francs was gathered among them and paid to the king as he entered Ipre. All this time, the king remained on the mount of Ipre. And then, tidings came to him that the Parisians had rebelled and had determined, as it was said among themselves, to beat down the castle of Beauty standing in the wood of Unicenes, and also the castle of Lowre, and all the strong houses around Paris, to prevent any of them from troubling them. There was one among them who spoke well, but he spoke evil: as it appeared afterwards. For he said, \"Sirs, let us not do this in ill season, since our lord the king does, in his journey in Flanders, if those of Gaunt come to their intent, as we trust they will, it will be a good time to do it. Let us not begin a thing and afterwards repent.\" He who said this was called Nicholas the Fleming. And so, by this means, the rebellion was averted.\nThe Parisians ceased their outrage with these words, but they remained in Paris and prepared all things: harnesses and other equipment as richly as if they were great lords. There were over thirty thousand harnessed men, and as many with mallets, and daily they caused harnesses to be made and sold to every man who would buy. Behold and see what mischief would have ensued if the king and the noble chivalry who were with him had been discomfited in Flanders. It may be well thought that all nobility would have been done away with and lost in all France, and perhaps even in other places. The rebellion called the Jaquerie was never so great or horrible as this was likely to have been. In the same way, at Reims, at Chalons in Champagne, and on the river Marne, the villagers rebelled and threatened gentlemen, ladies, and children, those who were behind the king. Also at Orl\u00e9ans, at Blois, and Rohan.\nNormandy and at Beauvaisen, the devil was entered into their heads to have slain all noblemen, if God had not provided a remedy. When they of Cassel, of Bergues, of Bourbourg, of Graelyns, of Furnes, of Dunkirk, of Propringe, of Tourront, of Wailant, and of Messine stood under the siege of Ypres, they saw how the men of Ypres had become French and had surrendered their town under the obedience of the French king, and graciously he had received them into his mercy. They were greatly rejoiced and comforted. And when they had well imagined all these said towns to have submitted, they took their captains and bound them fast, intending that they should not escape. And so they brought them to the mount of Ipre to please the king, and cried him mercy on their knees, saying: \"Noble king, we put our bodies, goods, and towns under your obedience. And, sir, to show more plainly that you are our right lord, we have brought you here our chief captains whom Philip Dartuell had set.\"\nThey were to rule over us against our wills and obey them. Sir, do as you please with them, as it pleases you best. For sir, they have ruled us at their pleasure. Then the king was advised to show mercy to them, so among them they were to give the king 10,000 francs towards his charges, and thereby all their captals and other things they had in the fields would be saved and not burned or destroyed. Of this arrangement they were right glad and thanked the king and his council. But all the captains that had been set by Philip Darrell in the said towns were all beheaded on the mount of Ipswich. Of all these appointments and treaties, the earl of Flanders was not informed of them nor called to council. This somewhat annoyed him, for the entire voyage he and his men lay ever on the wing because they were fugitives. It was ordered and commanded in the king's name on pain of death that no man in the army should know of it.\nThe host should speak to no one. When the French king with his entire army, wardrobe, and reward had lain on the mount of Ipswich for as long as it pleased him, and his men had sold much merchandise there of such goods as they had won in the country, to those of Lysle, Douai, and Tournai, they sold a Frank for four deniers. And there were some Bretons who thought they could gain more than others; they loaded their wagons and horses with goods - with linen and wool, gold and silver, plate and vessels - and sent some across the River Lys into Savagarde, and some into France through their servants. Then the king went to Ipswich and lodged in the town as many as could. And they of Bruges were well informed that the country up to Gravelines was yielded to him, so they did not know what to do - either to yield or not. The most.\nThe price that moved the nation to yield was because they had a great number of their men of the town with Philippa Dartuell at the siege of Andwarpe, to the number of seven thousand. And also in the town of Gaunt, they had lying in hostage the most notable merchants of Bruges, intending that Peter de Boyse should be the more secure to rule them. Peter de Boyse and Peter de Myrt were among them, showing and saying to them: \"Fair sirs and good men of Bruges, do not be dismayed, though the king has come to Ipswich. You know well how anciently all the power that was sent by King Philip to Courtrai, by our ancestors, they were all discomfited and slain. Likewise, they shall all be slain and discomfited, for Philip Dartuell has a great power. He will not leave the matter thus; he will fight with the king. He may well do it, for the right is ours, and fortune favors them of Gaunt. So now, if he may discomfit the king, there...\"\nis not one shall escape nor pass again the river of Lys. And so, in an hour, our country is won back. And so, you of this town shall be reputed good and true, maintaining your allegiance and in the grace of Philip de Artois and of us of Gaunt. These words and suchlike were daily shown by Peter de Boys and by Peter de Myrt to the people of Bruges, preventing them from entering into any treaty with the French king. In the meantime, the burgesses of Gaunt, who had been in England, arrived at Calais. And with them was Sir William Fermor, an English knight, sent into the country of Flanders by the king of England, to conclude a peace between them and their councils. Then the captain of Calais, Sir John Deluerays, said to them, \"Sir, you are welcome, but as at this present time, you may not pass further, for the French king is at Ypres, and all the country between here and there is turned to him. Soon you shall hear other tidings, for it is\"\nPhilip Dartuell had announced that he was assembling his power to fight against the king, and it would be known then who would have the better of it. If the fleet was defeated, there was nothing for them to do in Flanders, and if the king lost the field, all was theirs. The men of Gaunt and Sir William Fermeton remained still at Calais.\n\nNow let us speak of Philip Dartuell's preparations. He had a great desire to fight with the king, which he showed, for he went to Ghent and there he ordered that every man who was able to bear arms and the town kept should follow him. Every man obeyed him, for he made them believe that by the grace of God, they would discomfit the French men and would still be lords of Flanders and of various other countries. And so he had with him from the town a ten thousand men in armor for the rearguard. And so he came before Courtrai, and he had sent to Bruges, to Auden, to Ardaburc, to Sluse, and to the four merchants, and to the chatelaine.\nAmong Gratomont, Teremonde, and Aloys. The joining came to the king and the lords of France. Philippe Darteuil and his power approached them swiftly, and it was reported he had over three thousand men in his company. The vanguard departed from Jore and the rearguard, along with the entire host. While the lords were thus in the fields, they endured much pain, for it was in the heart of winter, in the beginning of December, and it rained nearly every day. The lords were willing to lie every night in the highways, for every hour they looked for battle. It was daily said in the host how their enemies were coming the next day, and this was reported by the foragers who went daily forth to forage. The king was lodged in the midst of his field with many of his men. And in that Philippe Darteuil and his company tarried so long or came, the lords of France were greatly displeased, for the weather was so harsh that they wished the matter had been decided. With the king.\nPhilip D'Artiller and his followers were the flower of chivalry in Flanders. They were too proud when they were so bold to fight against the king. Had they remained at the siege before Ardres and fortified themselves there, and if the French had not had the advantage of the rain and foul weather that fell, they would never have dared to engage with them there, and if they had, they could not have fought them easily, but to their great pain and peril. But Philip gloried so in his fair fortune and victory that he had before Bruges, that it seemed to him that nothing could oppose him, for he hoped well to be lord of the whole world. This was all his imagination, for he did not consider the French king or all his power, for if he had, he would not have acted as he did, as will be heard later.\n\nThe Wednesday night that the battle was to take place, Philip D'Artiller with all his power came and lodged in a fair ground, right strong between a dike and a little grove of trees.\nWood the area strongly with a hedge, so that no man could easily approach them. This was between the hill and Rosebeck, where the king lay. The same night Philip Darrell held a supper in his lodging for all his captains, providing them amply as they had sufficient provisions following them. After supper, he said to them, \"Fair sirs, you see we are here in arms. I hope well tomorrow we shall have business, for the king, who has great desire to find us to fight, is lodged at Rosebeck. Now I require you all to keep faith and truth, and be not disheartened by anything you see or hear. For this that we do is in the upholding of our right, and let us freely fight to maintain the jurisdictions of Flanders. Admonish your people to do their duty, and order them so well and wisely that by our good order and array we may have the victory on the morrow. By the grace of God we shall find no lord who dares fight against us in the field, and it shall be more honor for us.\"\nvs/ Though we lacked the comfort of the Englishmen, for if they were with us, they would have the renown, not we. Inform your company that no one is alive and thus we shall live in peace, for here is the king with the flower of France, none are left but hindered. Therefore, I command on pain of death that no man takes any prisoner without it being the king himself, for I would save him, for he is but a child who will return to France, and no more I trust they shall. All those who were with Philip at this supper agreed to his opinion and answered with one voice, saying, \"Sir, you speak well, and thus it shall be done.\" They then took their leave of him and returned to their lodgings to show their companies as you have heard before. Thus passed the night with Philip D'Artillus, but about midnight, as I was informed, a marvelous thing occurred in their host.\nwhen the Flemings were at rest in their lodgings, they knew well that their enemies were on the hill, not far from them. As I have been informed, Philip Dartuell had brought a damsel with him from Gaunt. And as Philip lay and slept on a couch beside a little fire of coals in a pavilion, this said damsel, about the hour of midnight, issued out of the pavilion to look out on the air and see what time of the night it was, for she could not sleep. She looked toward Roses-beque and saw in the sky various forms and fire flying; it was of the fires that the Frenchmen made under hedges and bushes. This damsel listened and, as she thought, heard great cries; between their host and the French host, she thought she heard the French cries, crying \"Montjoie Saint Denis\" and other cries, which she believed was on Mont Dorre between them and Roses-beque. Of this thing she was sore afraid, and so entered into the pavilion and suddenly awakened Philip, and said, \"Sir:\".\nRise up quickly and arm yourself, for I have heard a great noise on Mount Dorre. I believe it is the Frenchmen who are coming to assault you. With those words, he rose and put on a gown, took his axe in hand, and went out of the pavilion to see what it was. And as the damsel had shown him, he heard the same noise himself, and it seemed to him that there was a great tournament on the said hill. Then he entered his pavilion and ordered his trumpet to be blown. As soon as the trumpet had been blown, every man arose and armed themselves. The men on watch sent word to Philip Dartuell to know why they had come. They heard and saw nothing there, and since we found nothing, we made no noise about it, for stirring up your host. If we had stirred them without cause, we would have been blamed for our labor. And when they of the watch had shown Philip these words, he calmed himself and all the host. However, he marveled in his mind.\nSome said it was fiends of hell that played and toured there, as the battle should be the next day for their joy. After this sudden alarm, Philippa Dartuell and the Flemings were in doubt of betrayal. And so, at good leisure, they armed themselves and made great fires, and ate meat and drank, having sufficient. An hour before day, Philippa said, \"Sirs, it would be good that we draw into the field and order our people. Though the French men come upon us at the breaking of the day, we may be ready to receive them.\" They all agreed to his saying, and so they issued out of their lodgings and came to a heath without the wood. Before them there was a great large ditch newly made, and behind them full of genepar and other small bushes. There they ordered their battle formation in one company, and by the report of their constables, they were to the number of 1,000 chosen men.\nThere were seven but few Englishmen living there. Additionally, a hundred and thirty English archers were stolen away from Calais, intending to profit from Philippa Dartuell. Thus, everything was ordered: their baggage, women, and servants. Philippa Dartuell had a page by her on a good courser, worth five hundred florins. She did not have him with her for the purpose of fleeing or stealing from her company, but rather to display her estate and to mount him if necessary to follow the Frenchmen. She had about nine thousand men from Gauxt well-armed, whom she kept around her person at all times, for she trusted them more than any others. She and they, with their banners, were in the foremost front, and those of Aloyes and Grantmot were next to them. The others, of Courtrai, Bruges, Danne, Scluse, and Franke, who were mostly armed with mallets, crossbows, hocquetons, and gisarms of steel and balances, each of them.\nThe towns bore stakes tipped with iron. These towns had differences in arms and livings to know one company from another. Some had coats of yellow and blue, some with black bands on red coats, some bordered with white on blue coats, some plated with green and blue. Some were quartered white and red, some all blue and one quarter red, some red. They carried banners according to their crafts, with great holmesses holding at their belts. Thus they waited for the daylight, which was near approaching. Now I shall show you the order of the Frenchmen.\n\nThe French king and his lords knew well how the Flemish approached near to them. And saw that there was no remedy but battle, for there was no motion made for treaty of peace. The Wednesday there was a cry made in the town of Ypres that all manner of people, as men of war, should draw to the field to the king and do as they ought. Every man obeyed the king's command.\ncommandment was the reason. And they drew to the field, except such barred from keeping their masters' horses. However, in the wardrobe they had many horses for the advertisers and to discover the fields. Thus, this Wednesday, the French men kept the fields near Rosbeque. And at night, the king made a supper for his four uncles and that they should have battle, and that the lord of Coucy should occupy the office for that reason, with the consent of the constable. So, he took leave of the king and returned to his lodging. And on Thursday morning, every man equipped himself, ready armed, save their heads, for they knew well by all likelihood that they would have battle that same day. The French king heard mass in the morning, and all the great lords with great devotion, praying to God to grant them honor that day. The same morning, a great mist arose, so that one could not see an acre of bread before him, which greatly displeased the lords.\nBut they could not amend it. After mass, the king and the constable, and other great lords went to council to determine what they should do. It was ordained there that Sir Oliver of Clisson, constable of France, Sir Mathieu of Uz\u00e8s, admiral of France, and Sir William of Poitiers' bastard of Langres should go and determine the behavior of the fleeing forces as near as possible and return and make a report to the king and to his uncles about the truth of every thing. In the meantime, the lord de Labreth and Sir Hugue of Ch\u00e2telon should order the main army to assemble the fleeing forces in the same strong place that they had fortified, and they stood together in one battle until it was eight of the clock, and could not do anything against the Frenchmen. And then, by great pride, the captains said to each other, \"What do we here, standing still on our feet and taking cold? Why do we not go forth with great courage, since we have such great numbers?\"\nWe will fight with our enemies? We tarry here for no reason. The French men will never seek us here. Let us go at least to Mount Dorrell / and take advantage of the hill. These words multiplied, and they all agreed to announce for this / to take the hill that was between them and the Frenchmen. And so, then, to escape from the ditch that was before them, they went about the little wood that was behind them / and took the open fields. As they came about this wood, the three knights advised them, by three knights who had passed / \"Whom Philipe Darcel had thus ordered his men and set his battle in array, and showed them what they should do. Then he made out a wing of part of his men, such as he best trusted, and with him was his page and his courser. To whom he said, 'Go your way with my horse behind that bush, and when you say the Frenchmen flee, bring me my horse and cry my cry.' Then men will give way / to the intent that I may follow in.\"\nThe three knights returned to the king and the battles, which were ready, were numerous, noble, wise men, and well experienced in arms. I was then informed by the Lord of Desternort, who was there and saw it, and so did various others.\nWhen the Oriflamme was displayed and the mist had cleared, a dove appeared and made various flights over the king's battle. Just before they fought, she sat down on one of the kings' banners, which every man took as a good omen. Thus approached the fleets and began to shoot arrows and goose-feathered arrows tipped with steel. The battle began, which was very sharp and fierce at the first encounter. For the fleets came on proudly thrusting with their spears and shoulders like wild beasts, and they held themselves so close together that they could not be opened. Among the first casualties from the French side was Lord Delehaye, who charged forward and surrounded the fleets, holding them in place.\n\nOn these two wings, the men-at-arms fiercely assaulted with their strong spears, well headed with fine steel, which they used to pierce the fleets' mail coats into the hard bones.\nThe fleemen were glad to avoid our strokes. Thus, these men of arms kept the fleemen so short that they could not help themselves nor put down their arms to give any strokes. Many fell, among them Philip Dartuell of Gaunt, who was wounded and beaten down among his men. When his page, on horseback, saw the disorder of his master, he departed and left him. For he could not help him, and so he rode to Courtray towards Gaunt.\n\nThus, these battles assembled. The English king's battle came forth again, which had been slightly drawn back. The men of arms beat down the fleemen on every side. No man could be heard speaking above the noise. It was reported that if all the armorers of Bruges and Brussels had been working together, they could not have made such a noise. Some pressed so hard into the press that they were Breton and Frenchmen who were chased through.\nThe battles were fought against dykes, groves, and bushes, and they were defeated and killed right there. Many of them fled between Courtrey and the battlefield to go to Gaunt. This battle took place on the mount Dorre, between Courtrey and Rosebeque. In the year of our Lord God, 1364, on the Thursday before All Saints' Day in November, the 27th day, King Charles of France, who was 14 years old.\n\nThus, as you have heard, the Flemish were disconcerted on Mount Dorre. Their pride was abated, and Philip Dartuell was slain, along with nine thousand of Gaunt's men and their allies. Additionally, twenty-five thousand were killed in the chase. The battle lasted no more than half an hour before it was disconcerted. And after this disconcerture, which was an honor for all of Christendom and for all nobility. For if these said villains had achieved their intentions, there would have been never such great cruelty.\nBefore Benjamin's time, in all the world. The counties in various regions had rebelled to destroy all nobility. What do you think those in Paris would say when they learned of this defeat? I think they were not joyful about it. When this battle was concluded, they finally left the chase. Trumpets sounded the retreat. And so every man drew to his lodging, and the wardrobe lodged forward, there where the fleeing forces had lain the night before. And there they took their ease and were well refreshed, for new pursuit came to them from Ypres. And that night they made great fires, with such pauses and statues as the fleeing forces had brought to the field. When the king was in his lodging, a pavilion of Christmas entertainment was pitched, rich and noble. And there the king's uncles were searched for so intensely that he was found and recognized by a varlet who had served him for a long time and knew him well by various tokens. He was then drawn and brought.\nBefore the king's pavilion. The king beheld him for a long time, and so did all the other lords. He was turned and returned to see what wounds or wounds he had, but they could see no wound where he should die. It was judged that he had fallen into a small ditch and a great many of the gauntlets had weighed him down to death. And so, when they had well regarded him, he was taken from there and hanged on a tree. This was the end of Philip Dartuell.\n\nSir Daniel of Helwyn, who was within Andrewarp with other knights and squires who had kept the groom honorably, on the Wednesday before the battle, because he knew well that the king was in Flanders and would have battle with the Flemish. Late in the night, he caused four fagots to be set on fire and cast a high one out of the town, signaling to those lying at the siege how their siege would be raised. The Thursday, tidings came to the Lord of Harselles that their company.\nThe news reached them that the battle had been lost and Philip Dartuell was slain. Upon learning this, they quickly departed towards Ghent, leaving most of their provisions behind. However, they were unaware of this until the following morning. When they discovered the news, they went out and brought in great plunder they found hidden there. On the same Thursday night, news arrived in Bruges about the defeat of the battle, causing great dismay among them. They exclaimed, \"We can now see our own destruction. If the Bretons come here and enter our town, we will all be plundered and slain, for they will show us no mercy.\" In response, the burgesses and their wives took all their valuable jewels and riches and put them into ships to save them and send them to Holland and Zeeland. This took four days, during which they left no dish nor silver cup in all of Bruges but put it all into ships out of fear of the Bretons. When Peter de arrived.\nBoy who lay there sore wounded, having received hurt at the passage of Comynes, understood the disconcerture of his company and how Philip Dartuell was dead and slain, and how the people of Bruges were so abashed. Then he was in no security for himself. And so he determined to depart and go to Ghent, for he thought that those of Ghent would also be sore abashed. He made a litter to be dressed for him, for he could not ride. You may know well, when these tidings came to Ghent of the loss of their men and of the death of Philip Dartuell, they were so sore disconcerted that if the Frenchmen had come there the day of the battle or the next day after, or on Saturday after, or ever that Peter de Boy came there, they would have suffered them to enter into the town without any resistance, to do what they pleased: but the Frenchmen took no heed of that. They thought right well to be lords thereof at their pleasure, seeing that Philip Dartuell was dead.\nThey thought the people of Gaunte would yield to the kings mercy. However, they did not. Instead, they waged greater war than ever before, as you will read in this history.\n\nOn a Friday, the king departed from Rosbeque due to the disturbance caused by the deed's body. He was advised to go to Courtray to find relief. The Hase and other knights and squires, those who knew the country, mounted their horses and rode swiftly to Courtray. They entered the town without resistance. The burghers and their wives, along with all other men, women, and children, entered cellars and churches to escape the destruction. Those who entered first gained great profit from plunder. After them, the Frenchmen and Bretons arrived, and each took up their lodgings as they came. The king entered on the first day of December. Then, a new situation arose.\npersecution was made in the town against those hidden about. For as they were discovered, they were killed; no mercy was shown. The French men and those of the town hated each other mortally because of a battle that had once been fought before Courtray. Sir Robert Arthur and a great part of the English were in Courtray, in the church of Our Lady, where five hundred gilt spurs, parties of old time, were lying in wait for the lords and knights of France, those who had been slain at the battle of Courtray. This was in the year of our Lord, 1302. And they of Courtray made a great triumph and solemnity of it once a year. Therefore the king said it should be bought dearly, and so it was after. For at his departure, he set the town on fire, intending that it should be known forever after how the French king had been there. And none after that came king to Courtray except\nThey rode out with fifty spears from the retinue of Lord Andrew and joined Sir Daniel of Helwyn to see the king. The king welcomed them warmly, and so did all the lords. After staying there for a day, they returned to Lord Andrew to rejoin their company.\n\nThe Bretons and those from the vanguard displayed their desire to go to Bruges to plunder and rob the town through their behavior. The Earl of Flanders, who loved the town of Bruges dearly and did not wish for it to be destroyed, was informed that the people of Bruges were disheartened and demoralized. He felt pity for them and said to his son, the Duke of Burgundy, \"Sir, if the people of Bruges come to ask for mercy, for God's sake, let them not be refused. If the town is overrun by these Bretons, it will never be recovered again but lost forever.\" The duke agreed to this. While the king was at Courtrai, the people of Bruges lived in great fear, unsure of what to do.\nThe brothers decided to avoid the town or face an adventure. They eventually determined to send two brothers to King Courtrey to obtain a safe-conduct for twelve of their town's best men to come and speak with the king and his council. These two brothers went to Courtrey and spoke with the king and his council, as well as the earl of Flanders, who did what he could to help the matter. The king granted these twelve burgesses this safe-conduct to go and come to speak with him. So, these brothers returned to Bruges. And so, twelve of their burgesses departed and went to Courtrey to the king and to his uncles. They knelt down before him and said, \"Sir, we request your grace to take and accept us as your own, and to do with all the men of the town as you please. But, sir, for God's sake, have pity on us. Do not let the town be destroyed or lost. For, sir, if it is destroyed, many good men will be utterly undone for eternity. And, sir, in that we have been contrary to\"\nOur natural lord / it was by the pleasure of Philippa of Hainault and of the gentry. For had not this been / the town of Bruges had been beneficial to their lord. The king intended well to their words / by the means of the earl of Flanders, who was present there. He knelt down before the king / and asked for mercy for them. Then it was shown to them / that to appease the Bretons and the men at war lying in the fields between Courtrai and Bruges / it was necessary that they pay some certain sum. And so there was discussion on this matter / and it was demanded of them to pay two hundred thousand francs. At last it was determined that they should pay six thousand francs in hand / three thousand francs at Candlemas next. And so they were to live in peace / and clearly to become liegemen to the French king / and to owe him faith, homage, and obedience. Thus the good town of Bruges lived in peace / and did not rob or plunder.\n\"The Bretons were displeased when this war in Flanders was ended, as they had expected great profit from it. Some of them said that when they saw the peace was being made and war seemed unlikely, \"This war in Flanders is of no benefit to us. Let us return to our country, but let us go through Hainault.\" Duke Aubert, who governs there, did not come to aid or help his cousin, the lord of Flanders, but feigned friendship with him instead. Therefore, it is good that we go and confront him, for he has a prosperous country and wealth. We will encounter no one who will let us pass, and so let us recover our damages and wages paid in ill. There were all in agreement, numbering about 120 spearmen, some Bretons, Burgundians, Savoys, and others. Oh, what danger the good county of Hainault was in. But the news of this reached the noble earl of Brittany and the Burgundians desired nothing but plunder.\"\nThe lady was as angry in Flanders as a knight, called the lord of Esquymyn, who for the love of a kinsman of his, Sir Daniel Buse, who through his own fault was slain in the town of Valencennes. And so, to avenge his quarrel, the said lord declared he would wage war and harass the town of Valencennes. He had gathered such enemies to aid him as numbered\n\nAll this season, the lords and men-at-arms remained still at Courtrai, and thereabout. For they did not know what the king would do, whether he would go to Ghent or not. The French believed that when they of Bruges had surrendered, the men of Ghent would do the same. Seeing they had lost their captain and had suffered great damage and loss of their men at the battle of the Golden Spurs. And indeed, they marveled\n\nwhat it meant that they kept no better their town. And those who came to see him answered and said, \"Sir, what should we do? You know well we have no power.\"\n\"We lost our good captain and men of our town, along with nine thousand strangers. This damage affects us severely, leaving us with no recovery. Peter de Boyse's foolish people quoted, \"You are abashed and don't know why, for the war is not yet ended.\" The town of Gaunt was never so renowned as it will be in the future. If Philip de Dartell is dead, it was by his own outrage. Close up your gates and attend to your defenses; the king will not come here during this winter time. In the meantime, or with the new season, we shall be relieved with our men from Holland, Zeeland, Guerles, Brabant, and other places. We shall have men now for our money. Francisco Atreman, who is in England, will return, and he and I will be your captains. The war has never been so severe as we will make it. We are better now alone than when we had all the help of Flaunders, and we are now more expert than before. Therefore let us now intend\"\nProvided for the war and we shall do more than ever we did before. Thus, with such words, Peter de Bois comforted those who were disheartened by his return to Gaunt. For had he not been there, they would have surrendered themselves to the French king. Lo, thus you may see what counsel and comfort there is in one man in time of need. And when they of Gaunt saw that five or six days had passed and that no one approached their town nor any likelihood of a siege, they were greatly comforted and more proud than ever before.\n\nYou have heard before: how Sir William Fermor was at Calais, sent there by the king of England and by his counsel, and brought letters with him to be sealed by the good towns of Flanders. In the same season that the French king lay at Courtrai, he had various counsels to know how he should proceed in his war and whether he should go and lay siege to Gaunt or not. The king was willing to go there in person.\nDuring winter and it rained frequently. Therefore, they deemed it inadvisable to host until summer season. Moreover, they observed that their horses were weak due to the cold season, and the rivers around Gaunt were large and flooded. Consequently, they believed it was a wasted effort to lay siege there. Additionally, the lords were weary and disheartened from prolonged camping in the cold. Thus, it was decided that the king should attend a tournament and celebrate Christmas there. Lords from distant regions such as Auvergne, Dolphin, Savoy, and Burgundy were to return to their own countries peacefully. The Bretons, Normans, and Frenchmen were to remain with the constable to deal with the Parisians, who had recently amassed a large number of mallets. Therefore, they intended to establish new rules and order among them. When the king was ready to depart,\nThe king and his council departed from Courtray, not forgetting the spurs of guilt they had found in a church there in Courtray. These spurs were reminders of the noblemen of Flanders, who had been killed with Earl Robert of Artois at the battle of Courtray. The king then ordered that upon his departure, the town should be set on fire and destroyed.\n\nWhen this news reached the Earl of Flanders, he sought to find a remedy. Therefore, he came before the king and knelt down, requesting him not to do harm to the town of Courtray. The king replied that he would not heed his request. The earl then dared not speak further of the matter, but departed and went to his lodging.\n\nBefore the fire began, the Duke of Burgundy had an horalogue taken down, the most beautiful and goodly one that could be found on that side of the sea. This horalogue was taken down in pieces and placed in carts, and the bell was also taken. Afterward, it was carried to Dijon in Burgundy.\nAnd there it was set up, and the twenty-four hours of the day and night were marked. At the king's departure from Courtrey, the town was completely destroyed and burned. The knights, squires, and men-at-arms took some men, women, and children as captives. And so the king rode and came to Turney, and was lodged in the abbey of St. Martin. The people of the town did great reverence to the king, as required. And all the people of the town were dressed in white, with three bars of green on one side. The city was divided to lodge the lords. The king lay at St. Martin's, and his company had one quarter of the town. The duke of Berry was lodged in the bishop's lodging, the duke of Burgundy at the crown, the duke of Bourbon at the golden head, and the constable at St. James' head. A cry was made in the king's name on pain of death, no man to do any harm to the people of the city. And that no man take anything without paying truly, and that none enter in.\nThe earl of Henault went to the county of Henault to do harm or damage there. All these things were well kept and maintained there. The lords refreshed themselves well. Those from the far countries departed and returned homeward, some by Lysle, some by Douay, and some by Valencees. The earl of Blois took leave of the king and his uncles, and of his companions, the earl of Ewe, and so returned to his heritage in Henault. He stayed a day and a night at Valencees, where he was well refreshed. For he had entirely gained the love of the townspeople for the service he did to the country, when the Bretons, Burgundians, and Savoyards wanted to overrun it, which was prevented by his means. He also gained their favor for Sir Tyrrell of Disqueney, who held them of Valencees in great fear. This matter was put into the earl's hands and into the lord of Couces' hands, and thus they were at peace. Then the earl departed from Valencees and went to Leederies, and there he stayed for a while.\nThe lady Mary, his wife, and Lewes remained in Heyntal, primarily at Beaumont, while he went to Blois. Similarly, the Earl of March and Sir James of Burbon departed from Tourney and went to refresh at Sluse in Heyntal, on their own estates. Sir Guy de la Taille, the Breton, went to Cheure in Heyntal, where they were lords. The Lord of Coucy went to Mortain on the River of Le Scalt and refreshed there, but for the most part, he himself was with the king at Turney. The Earl of St. Pol had commission to chastise the Urbanists, of whom there were many in that town. He found and captured them, often in the church of Our Lady or elsewhere. By this means, the Earl of St. Pol gathered them together in a short time, amassing more than\n\"six thousand francs. For there was none who escaped him/but those who paid or found good surety to pay. And while the king lay at Tourney, they of Gaunt had safe-conduct to go and come, and to negotiate for peace. But in all their treaties they were as hard and as proud as though they had won the victory of the battle of Rosesbeque. They said they would gladly place themselves under the obedience of the French king, to hold of him and to have their resort to the court of Paris. But they said they would never have nor take Lord Loyes as their lord. For they said they could never love him because of the great damages they had received by him and through his means. All that the king and his council could do could never turn them from that opinion: They would never make other answer but said, 'Though they had lived these two or three years in pain, trouble, and danger, yet they trusted at last to recover it and to bring up their town again, into'\"\nThe great prosperity and wealth exceeded their expectations. They were free to depart whenever they pleased. And so they departed from Tourney and returned to Gaunt. The matter hung in war. The French king and his lords took great pains to make the county of Flanders good Clementines and obey Pope Clement. But the good towns and churches were so firmly attached and bound to the opinion of Pope Urban that they could not be turned. The earl of Flanders himself was of the same opinion, and so they answered by the earl's counsel to take advice and answer demurrally by the feast of Esther: and so the matter hung. The king kept his Christmas at Tourney, and when the king departed, he ordered the lord of Guystell to be captain of Bruges, the lord of Saint Pi at Ypres, and the great lord of Guystell to be in charge of Flanders, and Sir John of Jumont to be captain at Courtrai. He sent two C. spares Bretons and others as garrison to Andeburge and to Andwarpe.\nSir William of Langhien and about a.C. spearbearers were ordered to keep Garyson's war going all winter, and none otherwise until the next summer. The king departed from Tourney and went to Arras, and his uncles with him, along with the Earl of Flanders in their company.\n\nThe king stayed at Arras, and the city was in great danger of being overrun and robbed by the Bretons. There were great wages owing to them. They had also endured great hardship in that voyage, and they were not well pleased with the king. It was a great struggle to prevent them from doing evil. The constable and marshals of France appeased them, promising that they would be clearly paid their wages when they came to Paris. Thus the king departed and went to Peron. The Earl of Flanders took leave of the king and went to Lille. The king tarried there for a long time, passing Peron, Noyon, and Compiegne, and came to Saint-Denis and rested.\nThe men of war were lodged in the villages between Sait Lyse and Meaulx in Brittany, and on the river Marne, around Saint Denice. The entire countryside was filled with soldiers. After leaving Sait Lyse, the king proceeded towards Paris, and he sent his officers ahead to prepare his lodging at the castle of Louvre. His three uncles also sent their servants to prepare their lodgings, and other lords did the same. This was done as a precaution and strategy, as the king and these lords were not yet determined to enter Paris suddenly, as they suspected the Parisians. However, they did this to test the Parisians' response beforehand. The servants who went ahead were instructed to tell anyone who asked if the king was coming that they would be unable to answer. This prompted the Parisians to arm themselves and prepare to show resistance to the king.\nThey were of what power and what soldiers could they provide for the king when he required it. But they would have been better off staying in their houses. The show they put on was turned against them, as you will see later. They claimed they did it for good, but it was taken to ill effect. When the king was to lodge at Lour, he had his lodgings prepared at Bourgell. And word spread through Paris that the king was near at hand to enter the city. More than twenty thousand Parisians armed themselves and issued out into the fields, ordering themselves into a fine battle formation between Saints Ladre and Paris, towards Mount Martyr. They had crossbows, pavises, and malls ready, as if they were about to fight incontently in battle. The king was then at Bourgell, and all the lords were brought there, along with all the news of the Parisians' behavior. The lords then said, \"A, you can see the pride.\"\nThese heraudes departed and rode at a great pace, coming to these people. When the Parisians saw them approaching, they thought little that they had come to speak with them; they thought they had merely ridden to Paris like others. The heraudes wore armor on their coats, and when they approached the Parisians, they cried out, \"Where are the masters? Where are the rulers? Which of you is a captain? We have come to you; we are sent by the lords.\" Some of the Parisians were well-pleased by these words, realizing they had not acted wisely. They cast down their heads and said, \"Here we are.\"\nSirs, we are all in agreement, and at the king's commandment and the lords'. Therefore, sirs, say in God's name what you will to us. Sirs replied the heralds, the lords who sent us here, and they do not know what you think or intend. They require you to let them peacefully come and speak with you, and then return to the king and show him your answer. By our faith, sirs, they said, they ought to speak no such words to us, but out of their goodness, we think you mock us. Sirs replied the Parisians, go your way and tell them they may come at their pleasure to us, without danger or parley, for they shall have no harm from any of us, for we are all ready to fulfill their commands. Then the heralds returned to the lords and reported as you have heard. Thereafter, the four lords rode for you and your company.\nThe Parisians, whom they found in good array and order of battle, numbered more than twenty thousand men. As the lords passed by them and beheld them within themselves, they praised much their manner, and the Parisians inclined themselves to them. When these lords were in the midst among them, they rested and stood still. The Constable spoke aloud and said, \"People of Paris, what has moved you to issue out of the city in this order of battle? It seems you will fight against our sovereign lord, whose subjects you are or should be.\" \"Sir,\" they replied, \"we were never willing to do anything against the king. But, sir, we have issued out for no other cause but to show the king what power the Parisians possess. The king is but young; he has never seen it before, and without seeing it, he cannot know it, nor how he may be served if need be.\" The Constable said, \"You speak well. But we say to you,\" (here the text breaks off).\nyou are from the king / who will not see you in this manner due to what you have done. Therefore, we advise you to return peaceably to Paris / each man to his own lodging and do as you wish with your armor if you intend that the king shall come here. They said, \"we shall with right good will fulfill your commandment.\" And so they all returned to Paris / each man to his own house to arm himself. The four lords returned to the king / and reported to him all the words that you have heard before. Then it was determined that the king, his uncles, and lords, and certain men-at-arms with them, should enter Paris. And the great company, to please the people of Paris, should enter and ride in and out at their pleasure. And as it was ordered, so it was done. And so the king entered Paris and lodged at Louvre, and his uncles and others were with him.\nLords in various logginges. So, the gates were taken out of the grooves and laid down on the ground, and the pavement of every street taken down and brought to the palaces. Then the Parisians were in great doubt, and feared that they would be overrun, so that none of them dared to look out into the street or open door or window. And thus they were in great parley and fear for three days, receiving greater damage as they did. For they were called into the chamber of council one after another, such as the lords wanted. And so there they were ransomed, some for six thousand francs, some for three, and some for one. Thus, there was levied in Paris for the kings profit, for his uncles, and for his ministers, the sum of four hundred thousand francs. Nothing was demanded of the poor people but of the great masters and such as could afford it. They were very happy who could escape with paying ransom. And every man by him.\nI was willing to bring the Parisians' armor in sacks to the castle of Beauty, also known as the castle of Uz\u00e8s. There, they were imprisoned in a great tower, and their malefactors were also confined. The Parisians suffered the same fate. There were also many taken and imprisoned, and many drowned. To appease the remaining Parisians, a cry was made in the city that no one should harm any Parisian on pain of death. Nor was any ransom offered to save his life, but it would not be taken. He died there. When they came to Master Johan Marret, they said to him, \"Master Johan, cry out for mercy to the king to forgive your misdeeds.\" Then he turned to him and said, \"I have served King Philip his great grant father, King John, and King Charles, my father, well and truly. These three never laid anything to my charge, nor does the king now wish to do so. I believe, in my judgment, he is nothing.\"\nIn like manner died Master Johan Marettes in the town of Rohan. There were various put to death and ransomed in the town. Also at Reims, at Chaalons, at Troyes, at Sens, and at Orlyance. These towns were taxed at great sums of florins because at the beginning they disobeyed the king. Such a sum of florins was gathered in the realm of France that it was marvelous to speak of. And all went to the profit of the duke of Berry and of the duke of Burgundy, for the young king was in their governance. And to tell the truth, the Constable of France and the marshals had a great part to pay the men of arms who had served the king in his venture in Flanders. The earl of Blois, the earl of Marche, the earl of Ewe, and the earl of Saint Pol.\nPoule, the Earl of Harcourt, the Earl Dolphin of Auvergne, the Lord of Coucy, and the great barons of France were assigned to be paid for such tariffs as should be paid in their territories for the service they had done to the king in Flanders. They were to pay their companies. Of these assignments, I cannot tell how the lords were paid afterwards; new tariffs were ceased in their territories for the king. And so before all other, the king's tax should be paid and executed, and the lords' duties put aside.\n\nYou have heard before: how whenever the king departed from Courtrai, the town of Gaunt remained at war, as it was before. And captains of Gaunt at that time were Peter de Bois, Peter de Myrt, and Frances Atreman. And they renewed the town with new soldiers that came to them from various countries, and they were not ashamed to make war as fresh and as quick as ever they were. The captains of Gaunt understood that there were:\ncertayne bretons and burgonyo\u0304s in the towne of Dar\u2223denbourge: They determyned to go thyder to loke on them. And so Fraunces. Atreman de{per}\u2223ted fro Gaunt with thre thousande men / and so came to Darde\u0304bourge / and ther made a great scrimysshe. And finally the gauntoyse wan the towne / but ye cost many of their lyues / for there were a two hundred of his men slayne / and the towne was robbed and pylled / and the moost parte therof brent. And so than they retourned to Gaunt with their boty and conquest / & were receyued with great ioye. And anon after they went to the cytie of Dabes and to Teremonde iuste to And warpe / and pylled and robbed all the countrey.\nTHe erle of Flaunders who lay at Lile: vnderstode howe the gauntoyse auaun\u2223sed them selfe to ryde and to ouer ron the countre / and to distroy that they might. He was ryght sore displeased. He thought they had nat had the wytte nor pu\u2223yssaunce so to do / sythe that Philyppe dartuell was deed: Howbeit his counsayle sayd to him Sir / ye knowe well and ye\nThe Gauntois people are always reported to be very clever. They have demonstrated this and will continue to do so. Furthermore, they have been in England and have returned. Specifically, Francois Atreman, who was a companion to Philippa de Carteret in all her exploits as long as he lives, will bring war with them. Additionally, Francois Atreman has made great alliances with the king of England for the town of Gaunt. He has a certain pension from England secretly, through John Sapleman, who is purely English and lives under you in the town of Bruges, and has served for the past 24 years. To verify this, Rase of Uyert, Loyes de Vos, and Johan Sercolacke of Gaunt, as well as the clerk who is to become bishop of Gaunt, are all still in England to carry out this alliance. Furthermore, you will receive more reliable news than we can tell you or the middle of May be past. The Earl of Flanders believed all these reports to be true.\nAnd so they were indeed. Then he began to imagine against this John Saplemon and the Englishmen dwelling in Bruges. Then he caused them to be summoned to a certain day assigned before the earl at Lysle. And so the earl's servants came and summoned John Saplemon and various other rich Englishmen, or they were aware of it: commanding them fifteen days after to be with the earl at his castle of Lysle. When the Englishmen heard this, they were greatly alarmed and took counsel together, having great marvel, why the earl should summon them. Considering all things, they doubted greatly, for they knew well the earl was fierce and fell in his haste. Then they said among themselves, \"He who keeps not watch over his body keeps nothing. We doubt less the earl is informed against us. For with France's Atreman, who has a pension from the king of England, when he was in England, there were two burgesses of this town of Bruges with him. And it appears they have made some inquiry.\"\nAgainst the earl, for they are now on his side. The English men, for this reason, did not dare to endure the earl's judgment nor go to Lyle on the day specified. Therefore, they departed from Bruges and went to Sluse. They did so much that they found a ship ready prepared. And they bought it with their money and departed, sailing until they arrived at London. When the earl of Flanders learned of this matter and saw that the English did not appear at their day, he was greatly displeased and sent incontestable orders to Bruges. He caused to be seized all who could be found, supporting the English, and their heritages were given and sold. Johan Saplemon was publicly baptized out of Flanders for a hundred years and one day, and his companions, and those taken were put in prison; some died, and some recovered all that they had lost.\n\nThere is a common proverb, which is true: and that is, envy never dies. I say it.\nBecause Englishmen are rightly envious of your wealth and have always been. It was so that the king of England and his uncles and the nobles of England were greatly displeased by the wealth and honor that had fallen to the French king and the nobles of France at the battle of Roses. And the knights of England spoke and said to each other, \"Ah Saint Mary, how the Frenchmen are now mounted in pride, by the overthrow of a sort of rude villains. Would that Philip of Dartmouth had had among our men two million spears and six million archers? There would not have been a Frenchman left, but either killed or taken, but may this glory not long endure.\" Now we have a fair advantage to enter into Flanders, for the country is now conquered for the French king, and we trust to conquer it again for the king of England. It shows well at this time that the earl of Flanders is greatly subject to the French king, and that he will please him in all points.\nWhen our merchants living in Bruges have dwelt there beyond thirty years are now banned and chased out of Flanders. The time has seen they dared not do it before: but now they dare do nothing else out of fear of the French. We trust it will not last long in this state. This was the language among the English in the realm of England, therefore it was to be supposed this was done out of envy.\n\nIn this season, he who wrote himself pope Urban the Sixth came by sea from Rome to Genoa, where he was well received and reverently treated by the Genoese. You know well how all England was obedient to him, both the church and the people, because the French king was Clement and all France. This Urban, on whom the English and various other countries believed: He being at Genoa, advised how he might annoy the French king, and so he thought to send help to England. I shall show you how. He sent his bulls to the:\narchbishops and bishops of England: making mention: how he allayed from pain and sin, all such as would aid to destroy the Clementines. For he knew well, how Clement his adversary, had done likewise in the realm of France, and does daily. And they called the urbanists in their faith and believe, to be but dogs. So this Urban saw well, that the Clementines would condemn and destroy him if they could. And he saw well, he could not harm the French more than by the English. But first he saw well, he must find the means to gather great riches together. For he knew well, the nobles of England, for all his absolutions, would not ride forth in war without money. For men of war live not by parchments, nor they set not much by it, but in the article of death.\n\nThen he determined besides these Bulls, to send into England to the prelates, that they should ordain a full Dispensation on the churches. The noble men and men of war thereof to be paid.\nThe barons and knights of England were promised wages without any contribution from the king's treasury or the realm. The pope believed the English barons and knights would willingly accept this. He then had bulls written and engrossed, for both the king and his uncles, as well as for the prelates of England, granting them plenary absolution from pain and sin. Additionally, he granted the king and his uncles a tenth to be collected and levied throughout England. Sir Henry Spensar, Bishop of Norwich, was to be the chief captain of all the men at arms because the funds came from the church. Therefore, the pope wanted one of the church to be the chief governor. To make the churches and commoners of the realm believe the matter more easily, and because he knew the realm of Spain opposed his opinion and was allied with the king, he suggested that part of the same gold and silver that would be gathered in the realm be used for this purpose.\nThe duke of Lancaster, who considered himself king of Castile through his wife, intended to raise another army for Castile. If the duke of Lancaster assumed this role, the pope declared he would grant an alliance to the king of Portugal, who had initiated a new war with King John of Castile following the death of King Ferdinand. Pope Urban issued thirty bulls into England, which were received with great joy. The prelates in their jurisdictions preached this crusade in a crooked manner, leading the English people, who were easily swayed, to give great faith. They believed they could not enter paradise that year without contributing something in pure alms towards this war. At London and in the dioceses, a ton of gold and silver was collected according to the pope's bulls. The one who gave the most received the most indulgence.\nObtained. Anyone who died during that season and gave his goods to the pardoned/was absolved from pain and sin. According to the tenor of the Bulls, he who died in that season was happy, for he was to have such a noble absolution. They gathered money all winter and lending season. What was said drew to the sum of 250,000 francs.\n\nWhen the king of England, his uncles, and council learned what money had been gathered: they were very joyful and said, \"We have enough money to make war against two realms, that is, against France and Spain. To go into Spain in the name of the pope and the prelates of England, with the duke of Lancaster, was ordered by the Bishop of London, Thomas, brother of the Earl of Devonshire, to be the chief captain. He, along with two M. Spears and four thousand archers, were to have half of the money thus gathered. However, it was ordered that they should not have all of it.\nThe army was about to leave England as the bishop of Norwich was setting out, because the army was to assemble at Calais and enter France. They did not know what would happen there or whether the French king would raise any army to fight against them or not. There was another reason why the duke of Lancaster was pleased with this journey. In general, the community of England leaned more towards the bishop of Norwich than towards the duke of Lancaster, as the duke had been out of favor with the people for a long time. Moreover, they believed that the realm of France was closer to their journey than to Spain. Some also said that the duke of Lancaster, because of his desire for silver and gold gathered from the church and pardons, of which he was to receive a share, inclined rather towards this for profit than for any devotion. But they said that the bishop of Norwich represented the pope and was appointed by him. Therefore, the greatest part of England gave their support to\nAnd there was ordered a procession at the church with this bishop Henry Spenser. And so there went with him diverse good knights and squires of England and of Gascony. Among them were the Lord Beaumont, Sir Hugh Calverley, Sir Thomas Tryvet, Sir William Helmond, Sir John Ferres, Sir Hugh Spenser, cousin to the bishop, and his son, Sir William Fermeton, Sir Matthew Reedman, captain of Berwick: all these were of England. And of Gascony, there were the Lord of Newcastle and Sir John his brother, Raymond Marsen, Guyonnet de Paux, Garyot Uighier, Johan de Cachy, and divers others. All counted they were five hundred spearmen and fifteen hundred other men. And a great number of priests, because the matter concerned the church and was moved by the pope.\n\nThese men of war provided themselves for the matter. And passage was delivered to them at Douai and at Sandwich. And this was about Easter, and so they passed over little by little as they pleased. This voyage was\nIn the manner of a Croyseys. They passed the sea or the bishop and other captains were ready. For the bishop and Sir Hugh Calrell, Sir Thomas Tryet, and Sir William Helm were with the king and his council. And there they swore solemnly in the king's presence to bring truly to an end their voyage. Nor to fight against any man or country that belonged to Pope Urban, but to fight and make war against those of the opinion of Clement. They swore this, and then the king, by the advice of his council, said to them, \"Sir bishop and all of you, when you come to Calais, I will lodge you there for a month in that frontier. And in that term, I shall refresh you with new men of war, arms, and archers. I shall send you a good marshal, a valiant man, Sir William Beauchamp. I have sent for him; he is in the March of Scotland, where he keeps the frontier against the Scots. The true truce between us and the Scots is now falling apart at St. John's time.\"\nand after his return, you shall have him in your company without fail. Therefore, I would have you tarry for him, for he will be necessary to you, both for his wisdom and good counsel. The bishop and his company promised the king to do so. And thus they departed from the king and took the sea at Douer and arrived at Calais on the 23rd day of April, in the year of our Lord God, 1383.\n\nThe same season, there was a captain at Calais, Sir John Deluarnes, who received the bishop and his company with great joy. And so they landed little by little, and all their horses and baggage. And they lodged in Calais and its surroundings in bastions that they made daily. And they tarried there until the fourth day of May, waiting for their marshall, Sir William Beauchamp, who came not at all during that time.\n\nWhen the Bishop of Norwich, who was young and courageous and eager to be in arms (for he had never borne armor before, except in Lombardy with his)\nbrother. Thus, as he was at Calais and saw how he was captain of so many men of arms, he said one day to his company, \"Sirs, why do we sojourn here so long and tarry for Sir William Beauchaump, who comes not? The king nor his uncles, I believe, think little of us. Let us do some deeds of arms, since we are ordered to do so. Let us use the church's money truly while we live, and let us conquer something of our enemies. That is well said, sir,\" quoted all those who heard him speak. \"Let us warn all our company that we will ride forth within these three days. And let us take advice which way we shall draw, for we cannot issue out of the gates but we enter into the lands of our enemies, for it is French all around on every side. We are as good to go towards Flanders as to Boulogne. For Flanders is a land of conquest, conquered by the power of the French king. We cannot spend our time more honorably in every respect: than to conquer it again.\"\nThe earl of Flanders has recently caused great distress to men of our country. Without any just reason, he has banished and chased out the men from Bruges and all of Flanders. It has not been two years since he would have been reluctant to do so, but now he is willing to obey the whims of the fresh king. Therefore, the bishop asked, if I may be believed, our first journey will be to Flanders. Sir Thomas Tryet and Sir William Helmone agreed and gave each other warning to set out within three days, for it is enemy territory. At this agreement, Sir Hugh Carell was not present. He had gone to see a cousin of his, the captain of Guines, named Sir John Droithton, and was there all day and returned the next day. Then the bishop summoned him to the castle, for the knights had told him they wanted Sir Hugh's advice.\nSir Hugh Carew or they did anything / because he had most sense and experience in war than the bishop said to him (as you have heard before) and commanded him to give his advice. Then, Sir Hugh answered him and said, \"Sir, you know well on what condition we departed from England. Our enterprise touches nothing the war between the kings / but only against the Cl\u00e9mentines / for we are soldiers of Pope Urban. Who has cleansed us as associates from all sin and pain / if we do our power to destroy the Cl\u00e9mentines. If we go into Flanders / though the country has been conquered by the French king and the duke of Burgundy / yet for all that we should do amiss. For, as I understand, the Earl of Flanders and all the Flemish / are as good Urbanists as we are. Also, sir, we have not men now to enter into Flanders / for they are all ready and experienced in war / and they are a great number of people. They have done nothing else / but lived in war these three or four years. And also, it is a stronghold.\"\n\"The country is strong to enter. The fleets have done us no trespass. But sir, if we shall ride, let us ride into France; there are our enemies in two ways. The king's war is now open. And the French are good Clemencies, contrary to our belief and against our pope. Sir, we should await our marshall, Sir William Beauchamp, who should hastily come to us with a good number of men. The last word that our king said was that he would send him to us. But sir, my counsel is, if we need to ride, let us draw toward Air or Moustier. There is none I think as yet who will come against us. And always men will come to us from Flanders, who have lost all that they have. They will be glad to go with us, in hope to win something again. They bear evil will in their hearts to the Frenchmen, who have slain in the wars: their fathers, brethren, kinsmen and friends.\" Sir Hugh could scarcely speak these words, but the bishop took them.\"\nMaster Hot and hasty spoke. A Sir Hugh, you have learned to ride in France so well that you cannot ride into any other place. We cannot ride to our profit more than to enter the border of Flanders by the sea coast: as to the town of Bourbourg, of Dunkirk, of Mesport, of Bergues, of Cassel, of Ieper, & of Ypres. In these said countries, as I am informed by the burghers of Gaunt, they had never had a war that troubled them. Let us go there and refresh ourselves and stay there, for our marshal, if he will come. However, it is not yet clear yet whether he will come. When Sir Hugh Carew saw that the bishop took him up so quickly. And he considered well, how he was their chief captain, and that he was a great man and of great lineage, he held his peace. For he saw well also, how his open defiance would not be sustained, neither by Ser Thomas Tryet nor by Sir William Helmond. Then he departed and said, \"Sir, if you ride forth, Sir Hugh Carew.\"\nI shall ride with you. You shall not go that way unless he dares. I believe the bishop has good will to ride forth, therefore make yourselves ready. We will ride tomorrow.\n\nOn this purpose they were all agreed, and their riding forth was published throughout the town. And in the morning the trumpets sounded, and every man departed into the fields and took the way to Gravelyng. And they were in number about a thousand men armed, and so they came to the gate of Gravelyng. The town was then low, and so they passed through and assaulted the monastery, which the men of the town had fortified. The town was closed only with palisades, which could not last long. Nor were the men of the town anything but common men. If there had been gentlemen, it would have held longer than it did. Nor were they prepared for this, for they feared nothing from the monks. Thus the monks conquered the town of Gravelyng and entered it, and then drew to the [missing text]\nThe people of the town were drawn into the minster, putting in all their goods on trust of the strength of the place and leaving their wives and children there. They built great ditches around it, preventing the Englishmen from taking it easily for two days. However, the Englishmen eventually won and slew all those defending it. The townspeople then became lords and masters of Gravelines, lodging together within the town and finding ample provision. Fear then spread throughout the countryside, and people put their goods in fortresses and sent their wives and children to Bergues, to Bourbourg, and to Saint Omers. When the earl of Flanders, who was at Lille, learned of these tidings and understood that the Englishmen had declared war on him and taken Gravelines, he began to doubt the people of France and Bruges. He called his council to him and said, \"I am greatly astonished by the Englishmen.\"\nThey ran this on my land. They demanded nothing of me, and thus entered my land without any defiance. Some of his counsel answered him and said, \"Sir, it is a thing to marvel at. But it is to be supposed that they consider you earl of Flodden to be French because the French king has ridden through this country, and all is yielded to him. Why, my lord, what is best to be done? Sir replied they, \"It would be good if you sent Sir John Willoughby and Sir John Mowbray, who are present here (and also have a pension from the king of England), to England to speak with the king on your behalf and to wisely show him this business. And to demand of him why he makes war. We think when he hears your messengers speak, he will not be content with those who wage war against your country, but will call them back to their great blame. Yes, said the Earl, but in the meantime, while they go to England, those who are now at Gravelines will...\"\ngo further: and do great damage to those of Franke. Sir quoted they / than let the first go to Grauelynge / and request of them a safe conduct to go to Calais / and so into England. And to know of them / what it is that they demand of you. We think these two knights are so well advised / and will handle them so wisely that they shall set the country in rest and peace. I am content it be thus (quod) the earl. Then these two knights were informed by the earl and his council / what they should say to the bishop of Norwich / and to show him what charge they had to go to England / to show the matter to the king there / and to his uncles.\n\nIn the meantime, these knights prepared to go to Grauelynge / to speak with the bishop of Norwich. All the country arose / around Bourbourg, Bergues, Cassel, Poperinge, Furnes, Newport, and other towns. And they came to Dover / and there abode in the town. Saying / that they would shortly issue out and defend their frontiers.\nfight with the englysshmen. And these men of Flaunders had a capitayne / cal\u2223led sir Johan Sporequyn / gouernoure of all the landes of the lady of Bare / the which lande lyeth in the marchesse about Ipre. And this sir Johan Sporequyn / knewe nothynge that the erle of Flaunders wolde sende in to Englande For the Hase of Flaunders was newly come to hym with .xxx. speares. And shewed hym howe that the erle was at Lysle about a maryage to be had / bytwene his suster and the\u0304 lorde Del\u2223baryn. So these two knightes dyde as moche as they coulde / to styrre the countrey to ryse / so that they were to the no\u0304bre of twelfe thousande pykes / with pauesses and cootes of steele: hoc\u2223tons / shapeause / and bassenettes. And in a ma\u2223ner / they were all of the lande of y\u2022 lady of Bar\u2223res / bytwene Grauelynge and Donkyrke / as I was enfourmed. And a thre leages in y\u2022 way there stode the towne of Mardyke / a great vyl\u2223lage on the see syde vnclosed. And thyder came some of the englysshmen and scrimysshed. And so thus came to\nSir Johan Ulfaine and Sir Johan de Moulyne, on behalf of the Earl of Flanders, arrived at the bishop's residence, having received safe conduct from him upon their departure from Bourbourg. They then proceeded to the bishop of Norwich's residence, who welcomed them warmly. The other lords of the host were present at dinner on the same day, as the bishop knew that the earl's knights would arrive at the same time. These two knights then began to speak, and said, \"Sir, we have been sent here by your lord, the Earl of Flanders.\" The bishop asked, \"Which lord do you mean?\" They replied, \"There is no other lord of Flanders but the French king or the Duke of Burgundy, our enemies. For by force, they have recently conquered the entire country.\" The knights replied, \"Saving your displeasure. The land is now clearly rendered at Tournai.\"\nand put it in the hands and governance of the earl of Flanders, who has sent us to you. We, who have pensions from the king of England, request that we may have a safe-conduct to go to England to speak with the king and learn the reason why, without any defiance, he is making war against the earl and his country of Flanders. The bishop said, \"We will take advice and answer you tomorrow.\" So they went to their lodgings and left the Englishmen in council, and all that day they took council together and concluded as follows.\n\nConsidering all things, they said they would grant no safe-conduct to us to go to England because it was too far. For if we could return, the country would be greatly stirred up, and they would have sent word to the French king and the duke of Burgundy, by which they might come with such great numbers against them that they would not be able to resist.\nSir, you have determined to fight against them. Therefore, we rested on this decision. Then it was demanded among us what answer we should make to the knights of Flanders the next day. Then Sir Hugh Curewell was commanded to speak and give his advice. Then he said thus to the bishop: Sir, you are our chief captain. Sir, you may tell them that we are in the land of the duchess of Bar, who is Clementine. And how, for Urban's sake, we make war and for no other body. Offer them that if this land with the churches and abbeys will become good Urbanists, and ride with you and bring you through the country, you will then cause all your company to pass through the country peaceably and pay for all that they shall take. But concerning granting them safe-conduct to go to England, you will not grant it in any way. For you may say that your war touches nothing the war of England or France, but that we are soldiers of Pope Urban. Sir, I think this answer should suffice. Every man agreed.\nThe knights of the earl, who had only minds for fighting and war, kept the matter in suspense all night. In the morning after mass, the two knights of the earl called upon the bishop at his lodgings and waited for him to leave for mass. When he came out, they approached him and made amicable gestures towards him. They discussed trivial matters to delay the time until his knights had assembled. When they were all gathered together, the bishop spoke to them. \"Gentlemen, you tarry for an answer, and you shall have it, on the condition that you make a request on behalf of the earl of Flanders. I tell you, you may return to your master, the earl, whenever you please, or go to Calais or England: but as for ransom, you shall get none from me. I am not the king of England, nor do I have the authority to grant such a thing. I and all my company are but soldiers.\"\nIn the land of the Duchess of Bar, who is a Clementine, we are now, and if the people hold this opinion, we will make war against them. If they will join us and take our side, they shall have a share of our pardons and absolutions. Pope Urban VII, for whom we are on a voyage, has absolved us from pain and sin, and all those who aid in the destruction of the Clementines. When the knights heard these words, Sir John Willkins said, \"Sir, regarding the pope, I think you have not heard the country right. My lord, the earl of Flanders, has always been a good supporter of Urban VII. Therefore, sir, it is wrong to make war against him or his country. The king of England will not allow it.\"\n\nOn the same day that the knights departed, news arrived at the bishop's place that there were approximately 12,000 men in harness at Donkirke and around it, and the Bastard of Flanders was in their company.\ntheir chief captain: and various other knights and squires with them. It was shown to him that on the Thursday before, they had scrimmaged with his company and slain a hundred of them. Lo, said the bishop, you may see whether the earl does meddle in this matter or not; it is he that does all. He entreats for peace with the sword in his hand. Let us ride forth tomorrow and go to Doncaster, and see what people they are that are gathered there. Every man agreed to this. And the same day, two knights came to the bishop: one from Calais, the other from Guisnes, and with them threescore spears and a hundred archers. The knights were called Sir Nicholas Clynderwen and Sir John Draxon, captain of Guisnes. The next morning they made ready to ride forth, and so drew into the field: They were more than six hundred spears and fifteen hundred archers. And so they rode towards Mardyke and Doncaster. The bishop had the church's arms borne before him.\nof St. Peter: he carried two keys, silver, like those of Pope Urban. And in his pennon, he bore his own arms, silver and azure, quarterly, a fret gold on the azure, a bend of gules on the silver. And because he was youngest of the Spears, he bore a border of gules for a difference. There was also Sir Hugh Spear his nephew with his pennon and banner. And with pennon and banner, there was the Lord Beaumont, Sir Hugh Carell, Sir Thomas Tryet, and Sir William Helm. And with pennon without banner, there was Sir William Dracontio, Sir John his brother, Sir Matthew Reedman, Sir John Ferres, Sir William Fermeton, and Sir John of New castle Gascony. These men of arms rode towards Mardyke, and there they refreshed themselves and drank, and so passed on and took the way to Doncaster. And the Flemish, who were assembled there, were warned that the English would come that way, prepared to fight with them. So they determined among themselves to draw into the field and to be ready.\nThe men were ready to fight if required. They believed it would be unprofitable to remain in the town and be enclosed within its walls. And so it transpired: every man armed himself in the town and issued out into the field. They set themselves in good array on a little hill outside the town, numbering around 120 men.\n\nThe English approached Donkirk, and they beheld the mountain on their right hand, guarding Burbourcke, towards the sea side. There they saw the Flemish in a great battle well ordered. They paused, as it seemed to them that the Flemish would give battle. The lords consulted, and there were various opinions. The bishop of Norwich advocated that they should go incontinently and fight with them. Others, such as Lord Beaumont and Sir Hugh Carell, argued to the contrary, presenting different reasons. Sir, you know well the Flemish forces that\nAnd yet we are here in the Earl of Flanders' country. We have sent no defiance to him, and this is not courteous war we make. We do nothing but catch them and we can do so without any reasonable cause. Furthermore, this whole country that we are in holds the same opinion as we do. Behold, therefore, and see what just cause we have to run thus against them? Then the bishop said, \"How do we know that they are Urbanists or not? In the name of God, Sir Hugh Curell, I think it would be good if we sent an herald to them to know what they demand, thus raging against us in battle, and let it be demanded of what pope they hold. And if they answer and say they are good Urbanists, then require them, by the virtue of the pope's bull that we have, that they will go with us to Saint Omer, Arras, or there as we will bring them. And who they are thus required,\nThis purpose was held, and an herald named Moutford was commanded by all the lords to go to the Flemish party representing the duke of Brittany. The herald obeyed their command as was reasonable, and so went to speak with them.\n\nTherefore, the herald departed from the lords, and had on his coat of arms, and so went to the Flemish forces. He thought nothing amiss, for they were all together in a great battle. The herald intended to go to some knights who were there, but he could not. For as soon as he approached near to the Flemish forces, they took and killed him without any demanding from whom he came or whether he wished to come. Thus they killed him like people of small knowledge. The gentlemen who were there could not save him when the Englishmen saw their dealings; they were sore displeased. So were the burghers of Ghent, who were also present.\nI am assuming the text is in Early Modern English, as indicated by the use of \"thou\" and \"thee\" pronouns. Here is the cleaned text:\n\nRight glad to move for the matter, so that there might be a new brewing in Flanders. Then the Englishmen said. There were many Englishmen slain, to the number of four hundred or more. They were found here and there by tens, twenties, and forty. For as they did chase the Flemish minges in the streets, they were fought with all. However, finally, the Flemish minges were not all slain or taken. Thus fell in this reckoning at Donkerk, where there were slain of the Flemish minges a nine thousand.\n\nThe same day of the battle, Sir John Uylains and Sir Johan de Molayne returned to Lille to the earl of Flanders. They showed him all the report that they had seen and heard of the Englishmen. The earl was right pensive to think how he should deal with the matter. And also he was more pensive, and so he had cause: when he heard the tidings that his men were slain and discovered at Donkerk. So he bore it patiently and did comfort him.\nAfter their defeat at Doncaster and the town taken, the English men grew proud, for it seemed to them that all Flanders had been theirs. And truly, if they had gone to Bruges (as they claimed, knowing the town's dealings), the town would have been given to them. The Englishmen entered Flanders with great pride after their defeat at Doncaster and the taking of the town. They believed that all of Flanders was now theirs. If they had gone to Bruges, knowing the town's allegiances, it would have been given to them.\n\nself and said. Well, if we have lost at one time, we shall win again at another time, and it please God. So he wrote of this to the duke of Burgundy, intending that some resistance might be made. For he imagined well that the English, having entered into Flanders, would do more harm in the country than they departed again. And when Burgundy understood this, he sent knights and squires to the garrisons on the borders of Flanders: to Saint Omer, to Aire, to Saint-Vaast, to Bailleul, to Bergues, to Cassel, and to all the bailiwicks, to keep the town of Artois.\n\nNow let us speak of the English and how they perceived things.\nThe Englishmen marched towards them, but they took contrary action. To leave nothing behind that would be opposing to them and proceed to Ypres, the Englishmen believed that the town of Ypres would soon surrender if they saw the entire countryside submit. Thus, the Englishmen departed from Donkirk and went to Burgh. When the townsfolk saw them approaching, they surrendered, saving their lives and possessions. They were received with great joy, and the Englishmen declared their intention to make a good ward against the men of Saint Omer and the neighboring frontiers. After capturing the castle of Dricham within three days, they conquered it by force, and there were slain two hundred men who were garrisoned there. The Englishmen then returned to the castle and declared that they would keep it to the best of their abilities.\nAnd they set new men in it. Then they went forth and came to Cassel and took the town, having great plunder there. Afterward, they departed and said they would go and see the town of Aire. However, many of them knew well that the town was not easily won without great loss of men. Nevertheless, the bishop of Norwich said he would go near it and look on.\n\nAt the same time, the captain of Aire was Sir Robert of Bethune, earl of Meath, and with him were Sir John Roy, lord of Clary; Sir John Beaumont's brother, lord of Montigny; Sir Perducas of Pount Saint; Sir John of Chauny; and Sir Floreyn's son, and divers other knights and squires. So they were a hundred and sixty good men of arms.\n\nWhen the bishop of Norwich and Sir Hugh Carew, Sir Henry Beaumont, Sir Thomas Tryet, Sir William Helmond, Sir Matthew Reedman, and the other Englishmen approached near to Aire, at a place called the Place.\nThe new fortifications were in order for battle and passed on with banners and pennons sailing with the wind, not knowing what the vicomte of Meaulx intended. The vicomte and his company were arrayed in good order on the causeway before the town's barriers. They could clearly see the English passing by, taking the way to Saint-Uenaunt, but they did not dare to stop them. Thus, they remained standing, keeping watch and ready for defense. The English passed by and spent the same night two miles from Saint-Uenaunt, where a knight of Picardy was captain, called Sir William de Melle. He had fortified the monastery for himself and his company to retreat into if necessary, and he did so. The town was only defended by small palisades and ditches, so it could not last long against the English. The French men withdrew, some into the castle and some into the monastery.\nThe church, which was very strong, was not approached by the castle dwellers due to its remarkable strength. The dykes surrounding it were large and deep, preventing anyone from getting near. However, the church was inconveniently assaulted by the Englishmen once they had entered the town, as they knew that the armed men had retreated into it. Sir William of Melle was a good and valiant knight who bravely defended the Church of St. Venant. The English archers surrounded it, and they shot arrows so thickly and roughly that those within dared not appear at any window. Despite having an abundance of stones and artillery above, they hurled them down and injured many below. The assault was so relentless by the Englishmen that the church was won by force. Sir William de Melle, who valiantly fought for its defense, and his entire company perished. Had they received any relief, they would have been saved.\nSir William of Melle continued, but there was no comfort they could perceive, making it easier for the English to be taken prisoner. Thus, Sir William of Melle was a prisoner among the English and subjected to his fine. He then went to France according to his obligation, as was the custom for gentlemen English and French. However, the Almain did not act similarly; for when an Almain took a prisoner, he put him in irons and into harsh prison without pity to demand a larger fine and ransom.\n\nAfter the bishop of Norwich and the English departed from Saint Uvenant, they lodged in the wood of Mepce, which was not far from there, near Bavay in Flanders. They entered the bailiwicks of Proprigne and Messines and took all the close towns, finding great plunder there. They conveyed all their plunder and booty to Bergues and Burborke. Once they had the country under their control, and were lords of the sea side, as of Graveling.\nTo Sluse of Donkyrke of Newport of Furnes and of Bla\u0107que Berque. Then they went and laid siege to Ipre and there they rested, and then sent for Gaunte. As I understood, they sent Frances Atreman, who had been at the battle and at all their conquests, for he was their guide from town to town.\n\nWhen Peter de Boyse and Peter de Mirt, and the captains of Gaunt, understood that the English were sending for them to come to the siege of Ipre, they were greatly rejoiced and eagerly prepared to go there. And so they departed from Gaunt on a Saturday in the morning, next after the feasts of St. Peter and St. Paul, with a force of twenty thousand, and with great baggage and ordinance; and so they went through the country beside Courtrey to Ipre. And of their coming, the English were greatly joyful and made them good cheer and said, \"Sirs, surely we shall now shortly conquer Ipre, and then we will win Bruges, Dan, and Sluse.\" Thus they made no doubt that by the end of September, they would\nshulde co\u0304quere all Flau\u0304ders. Thus they glorifyed in their for tunes. The same season there was a capitayne in Ipre / a right sage and a valyant knight / cal\u2223led Peter de la Syeple. He ordered all the bu\u2223synesse of the towne. Ther were men of armes with hym / sette there by the duke of Burgoyne and therle of Flaunders: As sir Johan of Bou\u00a6grayne chatelayne of Ipre / sir Baudwyn Del beden his sonne / the lorde Dyssegien / the lorde of Stades / sir Johan Blancharde / sir Johan Meselede sir Hamell / sir Nycholas Belle / the lorde of Harleq\u0304becke / the lorde of Rollechen / sir John\u0304 Ahoutre / John\u0304 la Sieple squier nephue to the capitayne / Frau\u0304ces Bell / sir George bell and dyuers other expert menne of armes / who had dayly great payne and wo to defend their towne. And also they were in great feare / leest the comons of the towne shulde make any trea\u2223tie with them of Gaunt / wherby they shulde be in daunger and be betrayed by them of Ipre.\nTHe same season there was in the towne of Courtrey a valyant knyght of\nHeynalte, also known as Sir John of Jumont, was appointed to govern Flaunders at the request of the duke of Burgundy and the earl of Flanders. When he assumed the position, no knight in Flanders dared to maintain it; it was so perilous due to the French king's departure, leaving it unrepaid. Few people remained, as the town was burned and devastated, making it painful to house horses. Sir John Jumont took on the responsibility and worked diligently to repair it. God rewarded him with neither harm nor loss, but honor and praise instead. The duke of Burgundy, whose affairs in Flanders were directly affected, took great care to rectify the situation. He dispatched three score Breton spearmen to Courtrai to revive the town. Upon leaving Lisle, they departed on a Friday and headed towards Comines. The lords of Saint Leger and Cateau-Cambresis were the commanders of the said spearmen.\nTwo hundred English spearmen arrived at the town of Comynes at dawn that day to gather forage in the countryside and bring it back to their host before Ipre. The Bretons, who were unaware, were ambushed and endured a hard and bloody encounter at the foot of the bridge of Comynes. If they had been rescued with similar numbers, they likely would have escaped unharmed. However, they were outnumbered and were forced to retreat. Most of them were killed or captured in the field, with the lord of Saint Leger being severely wounded and left behind. The chase continued within half a mile of Lysle, to which town the wounded lord of Saint Leger was taken. He died five days later, along with five of his squires. This was the outcome of this adventure.\nThe siege was at Ipswich. The Englishmen and Gaussians made many sorties, and the townspeople tried to hold out in fear. The Earl of Flanders, being at Lille, was greatly afraid of the taking of Ipswich, for he knew well that the English were very cunning. And comfort could daily come to them from Calais, due to the Gascony territories they had won on their way. In fact, they could have had great support from England if they had desired, but at the beginning they set nothing by the Earl, nor by all the power of France. There were various great lords of England ready to cross the sea to Calais to aid their company if required. There were ready 1,000 men-at-arms and two thousand archers. Sir William Beauchamp and Sir William Windsor, marshals of England, were in supreme command, appointed by the king and his council. Because of this, the Duke of La Salle lost his voyage that season into Portugal. For all the realm of England\nThe earl of Flanders was more inclined towards the bishop of Norwich's army than to the duke of La Salle. The earl of Flanders knew well all the business and intricacies that transpired in England, and every thing that was done at the siege of Ypres, intending to find a remedy for his power. He thought it likely that the duke of Burgundy would move the French king and the lords of the realm to raise and assemble to drive the English out of Flanders, which they had won that same year. And because he knew that the assembly of the lords of France would belong, and especially those who would serve the king from far countries. Many things might happen when they came together. Therefore he advised sending Sir Arnolde Desorge, a good urbanist, to the bishop of Liege, with the intent that he should come to Ypres to treat with the English to depart from there, and to draw them to some other place, because he had great marital concerns that they would make war on him. Seeing that he was good.\nThe bishop of Liege went to Hennault, passing through Valencennes, Doway, and Lysle, where he spoke with the earl of Flanders. They determined what the bishop should say to the English. The bishop of Liege then went to the siege before Ypres to speak with the bishop of Norwich and the English. They received him warmly and were glad to hear him speak. I was informed at that time that the earl of Flanders, through the words of the bishop of Liege, offered the bishop of Norwich and the English: if they would abandon their siege of Ypres and go to fight against the Cl\u00e9mentines instead, he would provide them with five hundred spears to serve them for three months at his cost. The bishop of Norwich and his company considered this offer in council.\nThe people of Gauntt expressed many opinions. They said that the earl's promise was not trustworthy. For they believed he would deceive them if he could. Considering all things, the Englishmen responded to the bishop of Liege that he might depart whenever it pleased him. They would never leave the siege until they had the town of Ypres under their command. When the bishop of Liege saw that he could do no more in the matter, he took his leave and returned to Lille. The earl, upon seeing that there was no other way, was more perturbed than before. It was clear that without the power of France raised, he was likely to lose the good town of Ypres. Then he wrote down the entire matter and the answers to his son, the duke of Burgundy, who lay at Compiegne. The bishop of Liege departed from the earl and went to Douai, Valenciennes, and then to his own place.\nThe duke of Burgoyne saw that it had been agreed by the king's council: the duke of Berry, the duke of Bourbon, and the duke of Burgoyne. The king should go again into Flanders as powerfully as when he went to Rouen, with the intent to raise the siege, to be ready in their best apparel for war, and to be on the fifteenth day of August at Arras and its surroundings. The king also sent to those from far-off countries, such as the earl of Armagnac and of Savoy, and to the duke Frederic of Bavaria. This duke was of high Alamagne and was the son of one of his brothers; he greatly desired to bear arms. This siege was enduring, and the earl of Flanders, being at Lille, was urged to send and repair it. Then the earl was counseled to send and repair it. Therefore, the earl\nSir Johan de Moulyne was called upon and said, \"Sir Johan, take men from this town and cross bows. Go to Emenyn and repair the minster. Keep and defend it from the English, for if they should have it, they would cause great trouble in the country. The knight answered that he was content, and so prepared himself. The next day, he departed with a young knight, a bastard son of an earl named Sir Johan Santerre, and they were accompanied by about sixty spearmen and sixty archers. They departed from the town of Lysle and rode towards the town of Emenyn, where they found no one present but those who were there for pleasure. They caused the minster to be newly repaired and set men to work on it. The same day, a two-hundred-strong English and Gascon force rode out from the siege of Ipswich. They knew by the foreigners they encountered that there were men-at-arms and crossbowmen in the town of Emenyn, and they were repairing and fortifying it.\nThe Englishmen rode thither and as soon as they came before the monk, they lit a foot and began to cry their cries. When Sir John of Molyn and the bastard of Flanders saw their manner and that it was necessary for them to fight, they put themselves in order and caused their crossbows to shoot, with which several Englishmen were hurt, although it was inconvenient for the Englishmen to enter among them. There was a fierce scuffle among so few men, and many were slain and hurt. However, the Englishmen were so numerous that the Flemings could not endure them; they were therefore defeated, and the two knights were taken, yet they defended themselves very valiantly. There were only a few who returned to Lille; for nearly all were taken and slain. Thus it happened in the adventure of Emeny, with which the earl of Flanders was greatly displeased, but he could not correct it. The Englishmen brought their prisoners to the siege of Ypres and within a while after they put them in custody.\nThis continued the siege before Ipre, and it was known to the bishop of Norwich, the Englishmen, Peter de Boyse, and the Gaunties, to win Ipre by assault or other means. According to their intentions, they frequently assaulted and skirmished with those of the town. Among all their assaults, there was one particularly great assault, which lasted all day until it was nearly night. Many a deed of arms was done there, both outside and inside the town. Four knights were made within the town that day: Sir John de la Siple, consul to the captain; Sir Frances Bell; Sir George Bell; and Sir John Bell was the fourth. They were good knights and acquitted themselves well that day. A proper squire was killed with a gun.\nThis was a severe assault on Lewes Lynne, called Englade. Many were hurt on both sides as those who dared to venture out looked out over the walls or stood at their defense. English archers, stationed on one side of the dyke, shot arrows so thickly that scarcely anyone in the town dared to look out or even stand at their defense. The men of Ipswich gathered on the same day two tons of artillery, and especially arrows, for they fell so thickly in the streets that none dared to go out unless they were well armed or had protection. This assault continued until nightfall. The Englishmen and Flemishmen, who had assaulted the town of Ipswich all day in two battles, returned to their lodgings weary and sorely travelled, and the townspeople of Ipswich were likewise.\n\nWhen the Englishmen and Flemishmen, who were laying siege before Ipswich, saw that they could not win the town and had lost much of their artillery, they advised making a large number of fagots and casting them into the dykes, with\nStraw and earth to fill up the dykes, so that they might come to the walls to fight hand to hand with the townspeople and undermine the walls, thinking thereby to conquer it. Men were set to work to fell down wood and make fagots, and bring them to the dyke. This was not soon accomplished nor their work completed, but the French king, who had great desire to raise the siege and fight with the Englishmen, unexpectedly departed from Coupagne. And then the constable of France with a great number of lords proceeded to Arras. The duke of Brittany came with two thousand spearmen, who had great desire to comfort the earl of Flanders, his cousin. He was greatly bound to do so, for he had found him ever ready equipped in times past in all his busyness. Lords approached both far and near. Then came the Earl of Savoy and the Earl of Geneva with seven hundred spearmen.\nThe Duke Frederick of Bouillon advanced into Hainault and stayed with Duke Aubert and Duchess Margaret, as well as his cousins, the Duke of Lorraine and the Duke of Bar. Afterward, he proceeded to Artois. Sir William of Namur, who had not participated in the previous wars, came to serve the king and the Duke of Burgundy with 200 good men-at-arms. Lords arrived from all directions, eager to serve the king's army. He was then transported in a litter to Beaumont in Hainault, where he found greater ease. Despite being sick and weak, he urged his company, along with the Lord of Montigny, the Lord of Usines, Sir Ullyanes of St. Martin, and Sir Valleraunce of Ostines, captain of Remortherny, to serve the king.\nand other knights and squires advanced towards the king. Messengers arrived before Jasper at the bishop of Norwich, to Sir Hugh Cavendish, and to the Englishmen. The French king was coming to them with more than twenty thousand men-at-arms, knights and squires, and more than three score thousand other people. These words multiplied in the host until they found it true. In the beginning, they would scarcely believe it. But then it was said plainly how the king intended to come and fight them as they lay at their siege. They marveled when they knew that the duke of Brittany was coming against them. Then they took counsel together to determine what they should do. Considering all things, they saw well that they were no match for the king. Then they said that Peter de Bois, Peter de Myrt, and the Gauntlets should return to the town of Gaunt, and the Englishmen to Bergues and Burborough. And so they decided to await events in their respective positions.\nThis event occurred because some Puisanne did not leave England: either King Richard himself to cross the sea, or some of his uncles, resulting in their taking better advice. This council was held, and every man was dislodged; those of Gaunt retreated to their town, and the Englishmen went towards Bergues and Burbourke, and entered into such garrisons as they had previously conquered. On the same day that the English departed from the siege, Sir Thomas Percy, the earl of Northumberland's son, came to them. He came from Spruce, and when he was a little way from there, it was reported to him that the fresh king and the king of England would fight together in the marches of Flanders or Artois, Puisanne against Puisanne. The knight took great joy in this news and had a great desire to be part of this journey. He was then about forty days' journey from there, but he made such haste that he completed it in fourteen days, leaving all his people and baggage behind. He rode so fast.\nwithout changing his horse and only his page accompanied him as he came to the town of Gaunt in the same time span, which turned him a great valor. News reached the French king while he lay at Arras that the English had departed from the siege and the Gascony men were doing the same. The king was counseled to make haste and follow them to prevent their escape. And so he departed from Arras and went to the fair abbey of Mont Saint-Eloi, where he stayed for four days, waiting until the duke of Berry arrived. Still, people gathered there from all parties, and it was reported by the constable and marshals, and by Sir Guy de Dolphin, master of the crossbowmen, that the king had more than a hundred thousand men. Then the king departed from Mont Saint-Eloi and took his way to Saint-Omer and came to Air, where the viscount of Meaux was in command. And there the king stayed two days, always approaching.\nmen of warre. and the constable and they of the vowarde were on before / and lo\u00a6ged at the towne of mount Cassell. And so the kynge came to saynt Omers / and there abode and taryed for his people that came from all {per}\u2223ties. And whan\u0304e duke Frederyke of Bauyers came to the hoost / the great barownes of Frau\u0304\u00a6ce went and mette with hym to do hym honour bycause he came fro so farre a countrey to serue the kynge. The kyng made hym great chere / & gaue hym great thankes for his comynge: and lodged hym all the voiage after / as nere to his person as myght be. In the kynges hoost there were to the no\u0304bre of thre thousand horses / wher\u00a6fore it was greatly to be marueyled / howe pro\u2223uisyon myght be had to suffyce suche an hoost. Howe be it somtyme they lacked and somtyme they had great habundaunce.\ntHe erle Guy of Bloyse beynge at Be\u2223aumont in Heynault / though it were so that he was nat in good helthe / for the longe malady that he was in / ymagyned in him self / that it shulde nat be honorable for him to lye styll\nAnd so many great lords being in the field, and he was sent for. He was one of the chief appointed to the rearguard. Therefore, he thought it better for him to go forth and put himself at the pleasure of God than to abide behind, and that men should suppose in him any cowardice. This gallant knight went forth, but he could in no way endure to ride. Therefore, he was carried in a litter. And he took leave of the lady his wife and of Louis his son. Divers of his counsel were against his voyage because the season was very hot for a sick man. But every man who heard speaking of it reputed in him a great valiance. And with him departed from Heynault: the lord of Sanzest, the lord of Hauselles, Sir Gerard of Warryers, Sir Thomas of Dystre, the lord of Doustrenent, Sir Johan of Guysenell, who was made a knight on this journey, and divers others. Thus this earl passed by Chambrey and came to Arras. And the more he rode and traveled, the better his health became.\nNow let us speak of the king. The French king traveled so quickly in his journey that he reached Saint Omer and stayed there to rest and refresh himself and his men. The constable and marshals went towards Mont Cassel, which the English held. They assaulted the town and captured it. All those within were slain. Those who escaped went to Bergues, where Sir Hugh Caurell was, along with three thousand Englishmen. However, the bishop of Norwich had gone to Gravelines to be closer to Calais if needed. The entire countryside around Mont Cassel was burned and pillaged by the English. And the French king departed from Saint Omer and stayed at an abbey called Raynombergues, where he rested that Friday. The following Saturday morning, the vassals, the constable and marshals, the lord of Coucy, and a great number of good men-at-arms went to the castle of Trith-Jouarre, where there were three hundred men-at-arms guarding it that season. And there, the French made a great and sharp attack.\nThe English defenders within the castle fought marvelously during the assault. The castle was conquered through deeds of arms, and all within were slain. In the base court, the fairest white horse was found, which was presented to the constable. He sent it inconveniently to the king. The king was pleased by the horse in such a way that he rode on it all day on the following Sunday. The Earl of Blois arrived at the host, who was part of the rearguard, as he had been the previous year at the Battle of Rosesbeque. The Earl of Ewe, the Earl of Harcourt, the Lord of Chatillon, and the Lord Fere were also present, all approaching with men-at-arms on all sides. The weather was clear and fair, or there would have been much destruction due to the large number of men and horses.\n\nIn the town of Bergues, which was enclosed only with palisades and small ditches. The English, except for the bishop of Norwich, had gone there.\nThe abashed Graueling repeated that he had made the voyage, for he saw well he was likely to forsake his quests with great blame. He had before said and boasted how the king came to raise the siege before Ipre, intending to fight with him and all his power. This news spread throughout the realm of France. But when he saw that his power was not able to resist the French king's power, which he thought would turn to his great blame, the Calaisians complained that the pope's money had been used poorly. And truly, the Duke of La Castre, being in England and having lost his voyage to Portugal, was not sorry that the matter went as it did. When Sir William Wynsore sent to them as they lay at the siege and offered new aid and comfort, the bishop, Sir Thomas Trutt, and Sir William Helmond.\nanswered and said. They had men now and would have no more to fight with the fresh king of France and all the might of France. But Sir Hugh Calverley, who had seen more of such matters than all others, spoke always to the contrary. For he said to the bishop and to the others when the truce was made outside of England for more aid. What will you do? sirs, you will trust too much in your own prowess. Why should we refuse the comfort of our company, when it is offered to us? And the realm of England would have it: perhaps a day may come that we shall regret it. But his words could not be heard but ever they said they had men now. So the matter went on that at length they lost more than they gained.\n\nWhen Sir Hugh Calverley was withdrawn to Bergues, he found there with the English archers more than four thousand. Then Sir Hugh said. Let us keep this town, it is strong enough, and we are people enough to keep it. I think within five or six days, we shall have comfort from England.\nThe English know by this time what condition we are in, and every man said they were content. They ordered the town and their company, setting each man to defend the walls and gates. They commanded all women and children to draw into a church and not to depart thence. The French king, being at Raesberg, understood that the English were withdrawing into the town of Bergues. He took counsel, and it was determined to go there. The constable and marshal were to go first and lie in a wing on the farther side of the town. Then the king, the duke of Bar, the duke of Burgundy, and their companies were to follow. The earl of Blois and the earl of Eu and the rearguard were to go on another wing of the town and close the English in. This plan was carried out. The king departed from Raesberg, and all his people were ordered in the field. It was a great sight to behold facing against the English.\nI have seen the most beautiful sight of men in arms and the greatest number that ever I saw. I believe no king can assemble such a multitude to wage a war. These good men in arms asked Sir Hugh, what name do you give them? \"Twenty-six thousand,\" he replied. \"The most beautiful and best-armed men that can be imagined.\" Sir Hugh Cavalier, who was displeased with these words, retorted, \"You are well made to forge a great lie. I have often seen the assemblies of France, but they were never yet found together twenty-six thousand, nor even close to that number.\" With that, the watchman of the town blew his trumpet, for the king's vanguard was approaching the town walls. Then Sir Hugh said to the knights and squires around him, \"Let us go and see these twenty-six thousand men in arms. They are coming, I hear from our watchman.\" So they went to the walls and leaned out and beheld the kings.\nIn the ward outside the town, there were fifteen companies of spearmen. The constable, the marshals, the master of the crossbowmen, Lord Coucy, and the Duke of Brittany, followed by the Earl of Flaunders and others, ordered us to leave the town. This herald threatened us, saying we would be shamed if we stayed. The herald was ashamed but still said, \"Sir, you have seen nothing but the ward. The king and his uncles are still behind and all their forces. And behind them is the rear guard, where there are more than two thousand spearmen. And, sir, all this you will see within the next four hours if you choose to tarry and see it.\" Sir Hugh Calverley made no show of force at his words but went to his lodgings and sat down to dinner. There, he saw the king and his uncles, Duke Ferdinand of Ferrara, the Duke of Loraine, the Earl of Sauoy, the Dolphin of Auvergne, and their companies arriving for the great battle. In this battle, there were well over sixteen thousand spearmen.\nHugh thought himself deceived and said, \"The herald spoke truly. Let us mount our horses. Let us save our bodies and goods. It is not good here to stay. I have never seen so much of France before. I have never seen so many men gathered together before, I am sure, as I see here in the vanguard and middle guard. And yet, I am certain there is a rearguard behind. Then he withdrew from the walls and went to his lodgings. And they secured all their baggage and mounted on their horses without making any noise. They opened the gate towards Burborough and withdrew, leading with all their plunder. But if the French had taken heed, they could have been before us, but they knew it not for a long time. They were first near Burborough. Sir Hugh Caurell, greatly displeased, turned his horse and waited until his company had gathered. Then he said to Sir Thomas Tryet and to others who were present.\"\n\nSir knights, by my faith, we have made this season a... (truncated)\nThe shameful journey from England never produced a more unfortunate army. You have acted at your pleasure and believed the bishop of Norwich, who thought he could fly if he had wings. Now we can see the honorable end we must endure. My words could not be believed at that time, whatever I said. There, we can now see Burgh.\n\nThe French king was immediately informed that the English had departed from Bergues and gone to Burgh. The gates of the town were then opened, and the king entered, along with all who wished. The first to enter found great plunder, which the English could not carry away. The ladies of the town were saved and sent to Saint Omer, but the men were nearly all killed. And so the town of Bergues was set on fire, and the king departed due to the fire and went and lodged in a nearby village. This was on a Friday, and the lords lodged abroad in the fields as best they could: they were fortunate with the season.\nIt was so fair and dry, for if it had been cold and were, they would have gone no farther to get any forage. It was marvelous how the forage was obtained for so many horses, for there were more than three hundred thousand. It was a great wonder how such a host could be supplied: but on the Saturday when they came before Bourborke, they determined to enclose all the Englishmen and to assault the town, trusting to win it. Especially the Bretons had great desire to assault the town, for the great plunder they hoped to find there.\n\nOn the Saturday in the morning, it was right fair and clear, the host prepared themselves to come before Bourbourcke. The ward of the duke of Brittany, the earl of Flanders, the earl of Saint Pol, the constable of France, and three thousand spearmen, passed by the walls of the town and tarried on the other side directly against the king's host, where were the most gallant men of arms that could be imagined. Then the tent of the lords was to assault the town.\nThere were banners and pennons waving in the wind, and every lord with his men under his own banner. The lords of Flanders showed great honor and riches. The lord of Coucy was in great estate; he had coursers trapped and barded with the ancient arms of Coucy, and with others like them. And himself on a goodly courser, riding in and out, setting his men in array: every man who saw him prayed to him for his goodly behavior. So there were every knight who were there, a total of 24 men-at-arms, knights and squires. The Englishmen who were in the town of Bourbourg and saw the French king's power hoped well to have an assault, but in seeing themselves enclosed in the town, which was closed only with palisades, they were not well assured. However, like men of good courage and great heart, they ordered their people around the town. The Earl of Beaumont, who was an earl in England, called\nHery and 300 men of arms and 300 archers kept one ward. Sir Wyllam Helmon kept another with an equal number. Sir John of Newcastle kept another with the Gascons. The lord Ferres of England kept another with 40 men of arms and an equal number of archers. Sir Mathue Reedman, Ser William Fermton, and Sir Nicholas Tracton kept the place before the minster with 200 men of arms and an equal number of archers. A certain number of men were ordered to take care of the fire and to quench it if necessary, without disturbing any of their wards. The Englishmen doubted the fire because most of the houses were then covered with thatch. Now I will show you of a high enterprise that Franches Atreman, Peter de Boys, Peter de Myrt, and the captains of Guines undertook when they returned from the siege of Ypres and came to Guines. They studied night and day how they might do any damage.\nDamage to their enemies. Then Frances Atreman understood that the captain of Andeware was not within the town, nor any men-at-arms, but they were all with the king in his army. For the earl of Floders had sent for them. Therefore, Frances thought well that the town of Andeware was easily kept, and the dikes to ward the meadows against them were then dry. For the water had been let out for the fish that were therein, so that one might easily go with dry feet to the walls of the town, and by ladders enter into the town. The spies of Gaunt had brought this word to Frances Atreman. They of Andeware were then in no fear of Gaunt's men, but in a manner had forgotten them. When Frances Atreman was just informed of this, he came to Peter de Boys and said, \"Peter, in this case, the town of Andeware is at this time in my opinion worth attempting to get and scaling by night. There has never been a better time than now.\"\nThe men of war are now with the French king at the frontiers of Saint Omer. They are fearless. Peter spoke, agreeing to his purpose, \"If you can reach your intent, there has never been a man who has done such a deed to gain praise. I cannot tell what Frances will do; my courage is good. For my heart tells me that we shall have this same night and wage war.\" Then Frances chased out four hundred men, whom he trusted the most, and departed from Ghent in the evening. This was in the month of September, when nights are of reasonable length, and the weather fair and clear. Around midnight, they arrived at the meadows of Andewarp, and had scaling ladders ready. As they passed by the marsh, a woman of the town was gathering grass for her cattle. She hid herself when she heard the noise of men approaching. She heard them well speak, and knew well how they were coming.\nA woman approached the town to scale it. She saw well the ladders. This woman was frightened and eventually said to herself, \"I will go to warn the watchmen of the town. I'll lay down all my baggage and take a sneaky route to the town or the gatekeepers call and then I'll call out. I heard one who was on the walls from gate to gate and said to him, \"What are you?\" I am,\" she replied, \"a poor woman. Here is a certain number of gatecrashers. I have seen them; they bring ladders to steal this town if they can. Now I have given you warning. I will return again. If they meet me, I am but dead.\" The poor woman departed, and the man was frightened and decided to stay still to see if the woman spoke the truth or not. The gatecrashers, who carried out their enterprise very quietly, made no noise nor had a trumpet, but the noise of their language. Then Frances Atreman sent four of his men forward,\nAnd they said, \"Go away quietly without speaking to the town walls, and listen above and below if you can discern anything. And they did so, and Frances and his company remained in the marsh and stood near where the woman was. She saw them well and heard what they said, but they did not see her. The four men went to the dykes and looked at the walls, and saw and heard nothing. Lo and behold, what wicked adventure befell them: for if they had happened to have had but a call signally visible, the guards might have seen it and they would not have dared to come there. For then they would have thought that good watch had been made. These four men returned to Frances Atreman and said, \"Sir, we cannot hear any sound. I think she saw and heard, and advised him to go to the gate to see if it was guarded. For surely,\nyou all who have seen and heard: do now as you please, for I will come no more this night.\" And so the good poor man.\nA woman approached and spoke to him, and the man remembered her words and went to the gate, where he found the watchmen playing dice. He said to them, \"Sirs, have you surely closed your gates and barriers? A woman has just come to me and showed me signs as you have heard before. They answered, \"All is safe enough. In an evil time of the night, that woman has come here to trouble us. The gates and chains are broken loose, and she thinks the noise is a joke: I warrant you they have no desire to come here. In the meantime, while they were thus speaking, Frances Atreman and his company came and entered the ditches, where there was no water. And there they broke down a certain part of the palisades before the wall and raised their ladders and entered the town, proceeding straight to the marketplace. There they found a knight named Sir John Florence of Hulle, who was lieutenant under the captain of the town.\nThe knight kept a watch of thirty men with him. As soon as the gauntlets entered the place, they cried \"Gaunt, Gaunt,\" and struck at the watch. The said knight was slain, and all his company. Thus the town of And warpe was taken.\n\nThose who were asleep in And warpe were greatly alarmed when they heard the cry and saw their town taken, and could not prevent it. For the gauntlets broke open their houses by force and slew them without defense, taking them by surprise. Therefore, there was no recovery. Every man saved himself as best he could. The men fled from their houses naked and leaped over the walls, leaving all behind them. They waded through the dykes and waters around the town. The rich men took nothing with them, for they were glad they could save themselves. There was a great number of people killed in the town that night, and many were drowned in the dykes and waters. Thus it turned out in this adventure.\nAnd in the morning, when the gauntlet-men saw that they were lords of the town, they put all women and children out of the town naked, in their shirts and smocks, or in the worst clothing they had, and went to the tournament. Some who had escaped went to Mont-Achard, Valencennes, and Tourney. Tidings came to many places how war was taken, and the gauntlet-men were greatly rejoiced and said that Francis Atreman had undertaken a great and high enterprise, which ought to turn to his great valor and praise. Thus Francis Atreman remained captain and warlord, and won great riches and great favor, which came well to a point for the town of Gaunt: as well, wines and other things which the town had gathered together from France, Flanders, and Tourney. But all that was of Hainault was saved; they took nothing of it but what they paid for.\n\nIn the same season, there fell near such like adventures in Auvergne, where Englishmen held:\ndivers castles marching in the land of the earl Dolphin and of the bishop of Saint Flour and of Clermont. Since those there in garrison knew well how all the country was void of men-at-arms and how the lords and knights thereof, or at least most of them, were with the king in his campaign in Flanders, they thought they would attempt to steal and scale some town or fortress. It happened that Amargot Marsell, captain of Aloys, a right strong castle within a mile of Saint Flour, took thirty of his company and rode covertly towards the land of Earl Dolphin. His intent was to attempt to steal the castle of Marquell, where Earl Dolphin bears his arms. So he came there through the woods and tarried in a little wood near the castle until the sun went down, and all the beasts and men of the castle were entered in. In the meantime, the captain Grandon Buysell sat at supper.\nEnglishmen prepared to attack their enemy while Amogote was occupied with other matters. When they saw that the captain had escaped into the tower, which was too strong to be taken by them, they said they had done nothing and regretted entering, as they were trapped within the castle and could not get out again through the gate. Then Amogote went to the tower to speak with the captain and said to him, \"Grandon, give me the keys to the castle gate, and I promise we will depart without causing any more harm.\" \"No,\" said Grandon, \"but you will take away my castle, in which I have great trust. Give me your hand, Amogote,\" he said, \"and I will swear to you by my faith that you will suffer no damage.\" Then the foolish captain put out his hand through a small window to swear to him. As soon as Amogote had his hand, he pulled him in and severely strained him. He then drew out his dagger and swore that unless he was given the castle, he would not let go.\nThe man refused to hand over all the keys to him; he clung tightly to the gate instead. When Granond saw himself in this predicament, he was greatly alarmed, for he saw that Amergot intended to cling to the gate without receiving the keys. So, Granond handed them over with his other hand, as they were nearby. \"I hadn't well understood this fool,\" Amergot said to his companions. \"I shall learn such actions.\" Then they opened the tower and became its masters, expelling the captain and all those inside, causing them no further harm.\n\nNews reached the wife of Earl Dolphin, who lay in a castle in a good town called Zades, not far from there. She was distressed because her lord was not in the country. She sent messages to the knights and squires of the region to come to her aid in retaking the castle. Knights and squires arrived promptly at the lady's side.\nand laid siege to the castle, but the Englishmen made no response. They held it for fifteen days. Then the lady entered into negotiations with them, and a composition was reached. Amergot departed and received five thousand francs and returned to his own Gascony again. Similarly, those of Caluylcell, with Peter de Brenoise as captain, did much damage around Auvergne and Limousin. The English held castles along the borders and limits of Auvergne, Quercy, and Limousin, more than thirty strong ones: so that they could travel from fortress to fortress until they reached Bordeaux. The fortress that caused the most damage was Vatanoure, one of the strongest castles in the world, and its chief captain was a Bretone named Geoffray Testenoyre. This was a cruel man and had pity for no one; as soon as he would put a knight or squire to death for being a villain, he showed no mercy. He was so feared by his men that none dared displease him. He had with him:\nhym a foure hundred companyons in his wages / and well and truely he payed them fro moneth to moneth. He helde the countre about hym in peace & in subiectyon / none durst ryde in his countre he was so feared and douted. he had all maner of purueyaunce about hym. No man of the worlde coude haue better: as clothe of Brusels and of Normandy / of peltre ware and of mercery / and of all other thynges neces\u2223sarie: he solde it to his people and abated it on their wages. also he had to sell all prouisyon as yron / steele: leddar / spyce / and of all other thyn\u00a6ges / as plentyfull: as thoughe it hadde bene at Parys. And somtyme he moued warre as well to the Englysshmen as to the frenchmen / to the entent to be the more redouted. The Castell of Uantatour was euer purueyed of all thynges to abyde a Siege / and it shulde endure seuyn yere. \u00b6 Nowe lette vs retourne to the bu\u2223synesse of Flaunders.\nTHe saturday as is said before / the frenche kyng ca\u0304e before Burbourke. There was neuer sene a goodlyer army / and euery man\nready armed to assault the town with great courage and will. They said the town would not long endure against them, yet it cost them many men. Some marveled why they did not go in unarmed to the assault. Some countered that the Duke of Brittany and the Earl of Flanders, who were on the farther side of the town, were in league with them. They did not take direct routes to the assault. Some scrimmaged at the barriers without any command or ordinance of the constable or marshals. The matter multiplied in such a way that the French shot fire into the town, so that there was fire in more than 40 places, enabling them to see the flame and smoke in every part of the host. Then began the cry and assault, and in the foremost front was Sir William of Namur and his company, who valiantly engaged in the assault. Many a feat of arms was done. The assailants, with great courage and will, entered into the ditches, some up to their knees in water and mud.\nAnd they came and shot and fought at the palisades with the men within, who defended themselves as well as any men could. They had much to do within, and they knew not well what to do. They were assaulted on every side, and still they burned the houses of the town, which disheartened the Englishmen most of all. But for all that, they did not withdraw from their defenses, but remained steadfast at them. Sir Matthew Reedman and Sir Nicholas Tracton, and those stationed in the town, did as much as they could to quench the fire, but the weather was so fair and the season so dry that the houses continued to flame. And indeed, if the assault had begun earlier that same Saturday, and the night had not come so soon, they would have won the town by assault, but they were forced to cease the assault because of the night. Of Sir William Nimmes' company, there were thirty-six sorely hurt and slain, and of those in the host, as the heralds reported.\nAnd they slew and wounded more than five hundred. Then the assault ceased because of the night, and the French drew to their lodgings and intended to tend to their wounded and bury the dead. It was said in the host that the next day in the morning they would renew the assault on the town. They were certain they would win it and that it would not withstand against them. The Englishmen all that night intended to repair their palisades, which were broken, and to quench the fire in the town. They saw that they were in a hard case, for they saw that they were surrounded and could in no way escape.\n\nAnd on the Sunday in the morning after the king had heard mass, there was a cry made in the host that whoever brought a fagot before the king's tent would receive a blanket of fabric, and as many fagots as many blankets. To cast into the ditches for men to pass to the palisades, and on Monday to give assault. Then there was:\ngood making of fagottes and bringing them before the kings tent, so that within a while there was a great stack of them. Thus they drew from the Sunday without any assault. And some said that the same Sunday, the duke of Brittany, who was on the farther side of the town, fell into treaty with the Welshmen. He advised them to yield up the town, promising their bodies and goods to whom it may concern. And they were glad to follow this counsel. They desired the duke for God's sake and gentleness to help make a treaty for them. And for this cause, on the Sunday, the duke sent to the king and to his uncles, to his council, to the constable, and to the earl of St. Pol, that they should help make this treaty. And to counsel the king to take the fortress as they were offered. For as to assault them, it would cost the king much of his people, and as for Bourbourke, it would be hard to win. For therein were a few poor men.\nThe king and his uncles, because the duke of Brittany spoke for them, said he would hear their treaty with goodwill. Thus, the Sunday passed in peace, and as it was said, in the evening on assurance. Johan of Nevers, Gascony, and Raymondet of Saint-Marie came to Sir Guy de la Tremoille's lodging to spend the night and remained there until morning. They returned to Bourbourg on Monday and, at their departure, Sir Guy said to them, \"Sirs, or it be night, you shall be my prisoners.\" They replied, \"We had rather be yours than poorer knights.\" The same events transpired at the hostel, and Warp was taken by stealth, with which the captain thereof was greatly displeased because he was there, causing the loss of the town. However, he was excused because the Earl of Flanders had summoned him. The same Sunday night, the Earl of Blois kept watch, intending to assault the town in the morning.\nmorningly, a cry was made that no man should be so bold to make an assault on the town until they were commanded. When this cry was published throughout the host, every man ceased. And some imagined that the Englishmen would depart by some treaty, since they were commanded not to assault the town. At noon, such as were to commune for the treaty issued out of the town. Sir William Helman, Sir Thomas Tryvet, Sir Nicholas Tracton, and to the number of fourteen knights and squires. The duke of Brittany, the constable of France, and the earl of Saint Pol brought them into the king's tent. The king was glad to see them, for at that time he had seen but few Englishmen except Sir Peter Courtenay, who had been before at Paris to do deeds of arms with Sir Guy de la Tourette. The duke of Berry, the duke of Burgundy, the duke of Bourbon, the duke of Brittany, the earl of Flanders, and the constable of France attended.\nBretagne suffered greatly in this treaty. In the end, they decided to leave Burburke and abandon the town of Gravelines, taking as much of their own possessions as they could carry. Many Bretons, Frenchmen, Normans, and Burgundians were displeased with this, as they had hoped to receive part of their goods. However, they were unable to secure an entente, as the king insisted on the terms previously stated. After this treaty, these knights took their leave of the king and his uncles, of the duke of Brittany, of the earl of Flanders, and of the constable. The earl of Saint Pol then took them in and entertained them at supper in his lodgings and, after supper, conveyed them to the gates of the town, for which they thanked him greatly.\n\nOn Tuesday, they spent the entire day organizing their affairs and shod their horses and packed their belongings, of which they had an abundant supply. On Wednesday morning, they prepared and set out, passing by\nThe English departed through the king's host, much to the displeasure of the Bretons who saw them leave with such baggage and those who remained causing harm. The English then departed and rested in Gravelines, and on Thursday morning they set fire to the town and burned it completely. They then came to Calais and stayed there until the wind had passed to return to England. On Thursday morning, the French king entered Burgh and all his lords and their companies. The Bretons began to plunder and rob the town, leaving nothing in the town or in the church of St. John. In the church, a vagabond, among others, attempted to take a stone from the crown of an image of our Lady: but the image turned away from him. This was a true event; and the vagabond fell from the altar and died a shameful death. Many men witnessed this miracle; and afterwards, another occurred.\nthat would have done the same: but then all the bells in the church rang without any help from men or horses. For these miracles, the church was much visited by all the people. And the king gave a great gift to the same image of our lady. And so did all the lords. The same day, three thousand franks were offered and given to the valuables. The next day they dislodged. The king gave leave to every man to depart. And the king thanked those from far countries, and especially the duke of Burgundy, because he had come to serve him so far. And also the earl of Savoy. So every lord drew to their own, and then the king returned. But the duke of Burgundy tarried a little behind with the earl of Flanders to set his affairs in order and tarried at St. Omer. The lord of Coucy, and many other knights and squires of Poitou, of Anjou, and of Picardy, entered.\nWhen the English had left, the country was repaired and made a stronghold against Calais. Slightly populated areas of Furness, Dover, Disqueme, and Newporte were regained, which had all been lost before. However, they conquered it anew.\n\nYou may know well that the Duke of La Rochelle was not pleased that the bishop of Norwich's army progressed so poorly. For this reason, he lost his voyage into Spain and Portugal. When these English knights returned to England, they were severely criticized. They were told that they had quit poorly on their journey, having made such a fair beginning in Flanders and not conquering the entire country. Sir Thomas Tryet and Sir William Helman were most blamed. As for Sir Hugh Calverley, no fault was laid to his charge, neither by the king nor his council nor by the commons. It was well known that, if his.\nThe counsellors could have been believed; they would have fared better if they had honored Burgh and Greyng more than they did, resulting in widespread discontent against them, threatening their lives. They were committed to the Tower of London by the king and while imprisoned, the commons appeased, and upon their release, they were summoned to the king's will. A treaty was proposed between the English and French, with Gault included in the agreement, much to the displeasure of the Earl of Flanders, who could not prevent it.\n\nDuring the negotiations for Burgh's release, the Duke of Brittany remained at Saint Omer with the Earl of Flanders, his cousin. He wished for a good peace or a long truce between the natural lord, the French king, and the king.\nAnd on Monday, when the English were with the king in his tent, he raised the matter with some of them. They promised him that as soon as they returned to England, they would speak to him, to his uncles and to his council about the matter. They would then show that he was willing to bring the matter to a good end. He sent two knights of his own assurance to England: the Lord of Housey and the Lord of Malley. They accomplished so much that the Duke of Lancaster and the Earl of Buckingham, his brother, the Bishop of Suffolk, Sir John Holland, brother to the king, Sir Thomas Percy, and other members of the king's council were to come to Calais. They were to have full authority and the king's mandate to make peace or to arrange a truce at their discretion. On the other side, the Duke of Berry, the Duke of Burgundy, the Bishop of Laon, and the Chancellor of France were to come to Boulogne, also having full authority.\nThe French king's council and realm were authorized to make peace with the English or to take an oath on terms they could agree upon. When all the parties had assembled at Calais and Boulogne, they waited a little while they met for the Spanish council that was to come. The French would not make a treaty without the Spanish being included. Eventually, a bishop, a deacon, and two knights arrived from the king of Spain. It was then proposed by all parties, as they believed it would not be safe for the French to come to Calais or the English to come to Boulogne. Therefore, it was decided that their communing should be in the middle between the said towns, in a little village where there was a church called Abolyng. All these parties came there, and for several days they met. The duke of Brittany and the earl of Flanders were present. In the field was pitched the great tent of Bruges. The earl of Flanders held a dinner in the same tent.\nTo the Duke of Lancaster, to the Earl of Buckingham, and to other lords of England, a great estate was held on both sides, but things concerning them could find no means to have peace. The French wanted to retake Guines, Calais, and all the fortresses that the English held on that side of the sea, from the River Garon to Normandy, Brittany, Poitou, and Xaintonge, as well as Rochell. The English would not agree to this and specifically not Guines, Calais, Cherbourg, nor Brest in Brittany. They were communicating about this treaty for more than three weeks, every day the lords or some of their counsel.\n\nAt the same time, in the duchy of Lusignan and in the town of Lusignan, the noble and joyful Duke Vincent of Bohemia, Duke of Lusignan and Brabant, died. He had been in his time: fresh, wise, amorous, and hardy. And when he died, it was said: it is the most high prince and greatest lineage and most noble of blood that is dead. God have his soul.\nAnd he was buried in the abbey of Waverley beside Rothesay. And my lady Jane, duchess of Brabant, was a widow at that time and never remarried. The death of this noble duke caused great sorrow among those who knew him.\n\nNow let us return to their assembly, between the English lords and the French, between Calais and Boulogne. This treaty could never lead to any effect of peace or profit for either party. Some said that the earl of Flanders was at fault for this, as he would not in any way have Gaunt included in any treaty, which the English were displeased with, and for this reason the treaty worsened. For there was great promise made that no peace should be made without the Flemish being included, which they had sworn at Calais, and this broke the treaty. Therefore, no peace could be made that seemed good to any of the parties. Then they fell to treating for a truce, and their treaty proceeded. The earl of Flanders was gladly willing to do so.\nThese treaties that were made between Calais and Boulogne: Gaunt should not have been excluded from the truce, but the English would not consent to this. Gaunt should remain in the truce, and no party was to raise any fortress against the other. Despite this treaty being between Calais and Boulogne, the Gascony forces of Andres de Warpe came and burned the suburbs of Tournai, and returned safely to Andres de Warpe. During the feast of Christmas, the Gascony forces collected rents from the lord of Tournai, which greatly angered him. He swore a great oath that whatever treaty was made between Flanders and the Gascony forces, he would never enter into peace but would always make the greatest war he could. He said they had taken his heritage from him. Therefore, he did not know how to live without the support of his friends from Brabant. The Gascony forces had so destroyed his heritage.\nBetween Boloyne and Calais, the lords of England and France came to an agreement on many matters. This included a true between the French king and the king of England, as well as their allies. On the French king's side, this included Spain, Galicia, and Castile, and all territories under their control, both by water and land. Scotland was also included. The French king was to inform the king of Scotland and the barons of Scotland of this true, and ensure safe conduct for those carrying this message through England. On the English side, all allies were included, with those from Gaunt specifically named and enclosed in this true. The lord of Flanders was displeased with this. This true was to last until the feast of St. Michael, in the year of our Lord 1484. The parties were to return to the same place after this, or to other designated locations.\nThe following is the cleaned text:\n\nThe earl of Flanders, having full power to appease the said realms, had letters authenticated and instruments sent into his own country, as well as the earl of Flanders to St. Omer, and there he took sickness from which he died. It was ordained that he should be entered into the church of Our Lady in Lysle. The earl of Flanders died in the year of our Lord MCCCXXXIII, on the 20th day of January. He was brought to an abbey beside Lysle, and likewise his wife, the countess, who died five years before in the county of Reches, was brought there as well. Both were buried together in the church of St. Peter in Lysle.\n\nHere follows the ordinance of the earl of Flanders' burial and of the countess his wife, whose bodies were brought to an abbey beside Lysle. When he entered Lysle, a great number of lords of France, Flanders, Hainault, and Brabant were ready.\nIn the evening of the obsequy at the gate of the sick people. And so they brought the bodies through the town to the church of St. Peter. And they were armed for war. The first was Sir John of Helwyn, most next to the body, led by Angurant of Uelomy and Roger of Lespyre. The lord of Markdeuant was led by Marquemene and Johan Espyre. The lord of Sausse led by Fretynand, Sir John of Molyn before. The lord of Mauvesledde was led by Geoffray Denoyle and Henry of Uaquery.\n\nItem followed such as were ordained for the conoy. Sir Peter of Baylleule next to the body before, Sir John of Molyn ledde [sic] Johan of Quynhen and Haubeken the marshal. Sir Sohyre of Gaunt before, Sir Peter of Baylleule ledde [sic] Guyot of Loper and Johan Loys. The lord Bretecourt ledde [sic] Hyart of Quynhen and Mychell de la Quare.\n\nAfter followed the banners of the bear. And first, Sir Faucon of Hasurquene, Sir Goussayn le Sauvage before, Sir Lancelot the [per]son.\nBefore Sir Gouternay, Sir John de la Hell preceded Sir Lancelot.\n\nThen followed those who bore the banners of the bear and of the convoy. Sir Mathias, next, is listed among those who carried the body from the gate of the sick folk through the town of Lysle to the church of St. Peter. On the right hand were Sir John de Uyen, admiral of France, and the Lord of Guystell. On the left hand were Sir Valeran of Ranul, and the chamberlain of Disqnyue. The Lord Distenoy was on the right side, and Sir Ansel of Salins on the left.\n\nFollowing are the barons who carried the body of the Countess of Flanders from the gate of St. Leder to the church of St. Peter. On the right side was the Lord of Sully, and on the left, the Lord of Chatillon. On the right side was Sir Guy of Potayle, marshall of Burgoyne, and on the left, Sir Guy of Guystel. Then came Sir Henry on the right corner, and the Chamberlain of Furnes at the left.\nThe ordinations of the day of the obsequy in the church of St. Peter of Lisle:\n\nThe duke of Burgoyne was first alone, and the first pallbearer's staff was carried before him. It was sustained by the Lord of Renee, the Lord de la Gonese, Labeque de la Cour, and Joan de Poutals, the marshal of Burgoyne's brother. Then the second pallbearer's staff was before Lord John of Artois, earl of Euse, and Sir Philip de Bar. The staff was held by Valeran de la Sale and Lesquans Denekin. Then the earl of March and Sir Philip Dartois, and the staff was held by Gillon delabret and Robyn of Florigny. Afterward, Sir Robert de Namur and Sir William de Namur his nephew carried the staff. It was borne by Chaux Bernarde and Gerarde Destrenayle.\n\nItem, for the pallbearers of the convoy.\n\nThe Lord of Dangeau and by him, Sir John of Namur, held the staff. It was held by Ayllert of Pouthees.\nand Henry of Moucy. Than next was sir Ewe of Chastellon and the lorde of Fere: the shelde holden by John\u0304 of Hel\u00a6wyn and Edwarde of Castren. And after was the lorde Dautoyne and the lorde of Guystels: the shelde sustayned by Trystram of Landres\nand Johan du Beart. And than was the lorde of Morilord of Sully: the shelde holden by Fresinguy and Dames of Bucy.\n\u00b6 Item the names of the\u0304 that offred the cour\u2223sers of warre. First the lorde of Chatellon & sir Symon de la Layne bayly of Heynalt. the lor\u00a6des a fote / and the horse armed and couered. for the seco\u0304de sir Ualerant of Raneuall and ye Ca\u2223thelayne of Disq\u0304made. for the thyrde sir Hewe of Meuleun and the lorde Daucy. The fourth the lorde of Brunell and the lorde of Brumen.\n\u00b6 Here foloweth those that offred the coursers of Conuoy. First sir Henry Datoygne and sir Gerarde of Guystels. The seconde the lorde of Montigny and the lorde of Rasenghien. The thyrde the lorde de la Haurade and the Chate\u2223layne of Furnes. The fourthe / the lorde of Fa\u2223gumelles and sir\nThe names of those who offered the war gloves: The lord admiral of France and the lord of Rary. The second, the marshal of Burgoyne. The third, the lord of St. Pi.\nThe names of those who offered the swords of convey: Sir William of Pontheu, the second, Sir William de Tremoile, the third, the Chatelain of Ipre, the fourth, Sir Guy de Hancourt.\nItem, the names of those who offered helmets of war: The lord of Mayly. The second, Sir William de Hornes and Sir Ansel de Salins. The third, Sir John Doppeyn and the Chatelain of St. Omers. The fourth, Sir Guy de Guystels and Galoys Daunoy.\nFor the helmets of the couoy: Sir Joise de Hallain and Sir Oliver de Guffey. The second, the lord of Disobeque. The third, the lord de Lalaine. The fourth, Sir Trystram de Boys and Sir John of Jumont.\nThe names of those who offered the banners of war: The lord of Lystrenayle. The second, Sir Leoncel Dareynes.\nThe third, Sir Giles de la Goneufe. The fourth, Sir John de Lysolom.\n\nItem for the banners of Conoy. First, Sir Oranges of Rely. The second, Sir Rafael Alayne. The third, Sir John Disqueney. The fourth, the four Sir Uyllains de la Clycque.\n\nThe names of those who laid the earl's body in the earth: Sir John Uyen, admiral of France, the lord of Guystell, Sir Ualrant of Raneull, the Chatelaine of Disqueney, the lord of Ray, and Sir Ansel of Salins.\n\nThe names of those who laid the countess's body in the earth: Sir Guy de la Tremoille, the lord of Chatillon, the seneschal of Burgoyne, Lord Gerarde of Guystles, Sir Henry Datoigne, and the Chatelain of Furnes. And all those who entered the church of St. Peter in the evening were at the office in the day at mass, both the knights armed as those who bore the banners and the squires who led the horses.\n\nItem, those who went with the earl's and countess's bodies through the town of Lysle.\nTo the church of St. Peter, four hundred men in black, each bearing a torch, held them the next day throughout the mass time. They were all merchants of good towns or officers of his house. The archbishop of Rheims sang the mass, accompanied by the bishop of Paris, the bishop of Tours, the bishop of Cambrai, and the bishop of Arras. Five abbots were also present. There were seven C. candles or about that number in the church during the obsequy. Five banners were in the midst: in the middle, the banner of Flanders; on the right side, the banner of Artois; on the left side, the banner of Burgundy; the fourth, the banner of Nevers; the fifth, of Rethel. The trail on one side was powdered with the scallions of the arms of Flanders, and on the left side of the lady, the scallions of Flanders and Brabant, and down a long way in the minster, there were 200 and 26 candles, similar to those on the hearse.\nThe governor's wife of Lysle was not a lady or damsel, but rather the duke of Burgundy's wife. There was a great dinner, and the costs of all the knights and squires were covered entirely for the night and day of the obsequy. They all wore black gowns once this was completed. Every man then returned to their own, and the duke of Burgundy left his knights and squires of the lands of Flanders as a guarantee of the true taken between England and France. Despite this, every man attended to their duties. The lady's wife remained in Arthouse for a while.\n\nI have often heard it told before: how the lords of France failed to fulfill their obligations regarding the truce with the English. They were instructed to convey the truce to Scotland, with the intention that no harm should come between England and Scotland. However, the French lords did not comply with this. I believe the reason for their delay was due to the great...\nThe duke of Burgundy was occupied with his father's obsequies, as mentioned before. The English, led by the earl of Northumberland, the earl of Nottingham, and barons of the northern counties, raised an army of 2,000 spearmen and 6,000 archers. They passed by Rochester and entered Scotland, burning the lands of the earl of Douglas and the lord of Lindsey. The Scots were taken by surprise and responded in great indignation, declaring they would respond according to their abilities. They claimed they had been promised trust from the English, unaware of the impending war. News spread quickly, reaching Flanders and particularly Brussels.\nSluses were formed by marchants who came out of the realm of Scotland. How the English were allowed into Scotland and how King Robert of Scotland and the lords of the realm treated their people to assemble and fight with the English is also recorded. It was known in France that the English were in the field, and so were the Scots. The dukes of Berry and Burgundy and their council of France understood this news and regretted that they had foolishly not sent a truce message to Scotland as they had promised. Then it was decided that Sir Hamert de Mars should go to Scotland. He was a wise and discreet knight. Sir Peter Framell, a sergeant of arms, who was of Scottish nationality and called Janequin Chapenoyse, went because he knew the language and the country.\n\nMeanwhile, these ambassadors made preparations to go to Scotland. However, the English unexpectedly overran them.\nThe countryside of Scotland. At Sluse, men of war from Flanders lay still and slept, unaware of what to do; the true peace between England and Flanders still held. They heard how the Scots and English made war against each other, and it was said at Sluse that a battle was imminent between them. There was Sir Geoffrey of Charney, Sir John of Plasy, Sir Hugh of Boloyne, Sir Saining of Uyllers, Sir Garnier of leborne, Sir Garnier of Gussaaguyn, Sir Oden of Metyn, Sir Robert of Caphen, Jakes of mountfort, John of Heluyn, John of Melles, Michell dela Bare, & Gyllam Gobert. They were thirty men of arms, knights and squires. They made a promise to each other to go and seek adventure. They did not know where better to employ their time than in the realm of Scotland. And so they departed from Sluse and took a ship, leaving their horses behind for fear of the sea and the long journey. The sailors knew well they could.\nThe army arrived not at Edinburgh, Dobhar, or any nearby havens, as the English army was present both by sea and land. The Englishmen were lords and masters of the first ports of Scotland because their provisions could follow them by sea. In this season, the fresh ambassadors arrived in England to go to Scotland. The king and his uncles welcomed them and feasted them the first day, somewhat dissembling with them to delay the time because their men were making war in Scotland. And when they understood that their men had completed their enterprise and had returned to England, they allowed the French ambassadors to depart and granted them safe conduct to pass through the realm into Scotland. They then departed and went towards Scotland.\n\nFor some time, these men of war that sailed from Sluse avoided the perils of Holland and England, where the king was, and went towards Scotland, with the earl of Douglas.\nCalled James, for his father William was newly deceased. The earl of Moret, the earl of Orkney, the lord of Uersay, the lord of Lindsey, the lord of Surland, and six brothers of the earl of Orkney, all knights, were among the Scottish lords who showed kindness to the knights of France. Sir Garnier presented to the king and to the barons of Scotland the intentions of his companions and the reason for their coming into the realm. Then the ambassadors of France arrived - Sir Hermart de Percy, Peter Framell, and Janequin Chaponois - and they brought the treaty that had been devised between France and England, but the Scots opposed it and said they had come too late. They refused the treaty because Englishmen in that season had caused them much harm. And while the king and the knights were at odds, the earl of Douglas and the earl of Moray, the children of Lindsey and various other knights and squires of Scotland, were secretly arming themselves.\nThe council gathered in the church of Edenborowe. The knights of France were summoned, including Sir Michael de la Barre and Sir Garnier. They were instructed to join their companions and reveal their intentions, keeping them secret. The two knights returned to Saint John's town and shared the news with their company.\n\nSir Geoffrey de Charney and the other knights and squires were greatly rejoiced by these tidings and departed for Edenborowe, making no mention of their plans. They had not been there for two days when Earl Douglas sent for them to come to his castle of Alnwick. He provided them with horses, and they arrived the following day. Inconsiderately, Douglas brought them to a certain place where the Scots had assembled. Within three days, there were more than 15,000 horsemen assembled in Scottish fashion. They declared their intention to journey into England to avenge their injuries and damages.\nThey had done this to the Scots. So they went forth and passed through forests and woods of their country and entered into Northumberland, into the land of Lord Percy, and there they began to burn, rob, and steal. And then they returned by the land of the Earl of Nottingham and Lord Mowbray and did much harm and passed by Roseborough. But they tarried not there, because they had great plunder with the Scots as well of prisoners as of cattle. And so they returned without danger to their country again, for the Englishmen were all withdrawn and could not soon assemble together to fight with the Scots. Therefore it behooved them to bear the brunt, for they had given battle to them before this.\n\nOf this journey, the king of Scots could right well excuse himself, for he knew nothing of their assembly or of their departing. And though he had known of it, he could not have prevented it, when they were once onward. For all these injuries were thus made, both in Scotland and in:\nSir Hamarde de Marse and Sir Pe remained in England with King Robert. The king of Scots and the French ambassadors sent an herald of arms into England. When he arrived before King England and his uncles, he found the country badly prepared to ride back into Scotland. The Duke of Lancaster and the Earl of Cambridge desired to go to Portugal and Castile that year, as they held those territories by right of their wives' children. They aimed to renew the war between the king of Portugal and the king of Castile, as King Ferdinand was deceased. Portugal had crowned Duke John, a valiant bastard brother, who desired nothing but war with the Spaniards so he could align with the English and receive their support and aid. Therefore, the Duke of Lancaster and his friends did as much as they could to facilitate this.\nThere should be none absolutely going into Scotland. It was plainly said that the king of Scotes denied the knights of Scotland and of France to make any road into England. And in that they did the contrary was against his will or knowledge.\n\nWhen the Scottish herald was come to the king of England and to his uncles, he was well instructed on what he should say and do. He knelt down before the king and requested that he might be heard as an herald of the king of Scotes to deliver his message. The king was content: there he showed wherefore he was sent, singularly from the king and from the ambassadors of France, in excusing them. Saying, how the king of Scotes meekly received the messengers of the fresh kingdoms, and always intended to keep the true peace, both he and all his. However, some of the marches of his realm: as the elder Douglas, the earl of Lennox his uncle, Sir Archibald, Sir Ramsay, Sir Peter, Sir William, and Sir Thomas Douglas and all the brethren of Lindsey, & they of.\nRasay and Sir William Ashweton. They would not agree to the truce, stating that Englishmen had caused great harm and damage in their land, which was very displeasing to them and their friends. They said they would be avenged when they could. And when these lords assembled together to go to England as they did, they never made the king or his council privy to their intentions. For they knew well if they had, they would never have consented to it. However, they plainly admit in Scotland that the first incident and occasion of this war was instigated by you. They say that your grace and council knew well of the truce that was taken both by land and by water. Also, they say that French ambassadors, when they passed this way, were allowed by you to come into Scotland. You drew them forth with pleasure and solace, causing them to tarry longer, which led to this major dispute between England and Scotland. Under the shadow of\nThe dissymula are as follows: but my revered sovereign lord, the king of Scotland and his council, and the French ambassadors who are with him, excuse themselves and will do so at all times. The last journey that your lords and knights of Scotland made into England was unknown to them, and they were ignorant of it. To address and rectify these matters and bring them to a good state, I am instructed to tell you: they request your grace to enter into keeping and observing the true taken beyond the sea, as agreed upon by the high and noble council of both the French king and yours. And to confirm the same true to last for the said term, with my sovereign lord the king of Scotland, and he and his noble council to confirm it on their part, to be upheld and kept. Please give your grace an answer regarding this. The king of England and his uncles understood the herald's words: then the duke of Lawister said, how he should be answered.\nThen they kept him detained at London for his answer. After two days, the herald was answered by Sir Simon Bulle, chamberlain with the king. The matter was set at a good point. The truth is, the lords of England who had been beyond the sea and took the truce did not honorably send their men to overrun Scotland, claiming they knew the truce had been taken. The best excuse they could make was that they were not bound to send word of it to the Scots but that the French were. So, it was said to the herald that in the name of God he was welcome. And it was the intention of the king of England, his uncles, and their council that they would in no way break or abandon what they had sworn and promised. For those who had most done so had most to lose. Of all this, the herald desired to have writing.\nSir Thomas may have been believed. He was given great gifts, making him content, and he thanked the king and lords. And so he departed from London and returned to Scotland, where the messengers of France were still waiting for his answer, desiring to know how the English would respond. When it was known what answer the king of England and his uncles had made through their sealed letters, they were greatly contented and rejoiced. The true peace endured between England and Scotland for a year, and was published through both realms for greater security. The ambassadors of France returned to their country and passed safely through England without parallel. They showed the French king and his uncles upon their return the letters they had found on their journey. And so they showed the entire case, as you have heard before.\n\nWhen Sir Geoffrey de Charney and the knights and squires of the realm of France, those who had been in Scotland, saw this,\nThat there was peace between England and Scotland. Then they took leave of the lords of Scotland, and specifically of Earl Douglas and Earl Mar, who had kept them right well company. And they of Scotland said to them at their departure, \"Sirs, you have seen the manner and condition of our country. Howbeit, you have not seen all our power. Know for certain that Scotland is the land in all the world that the Englishmen would show this to such knights and squires as would advance themselves to gain honor and come into this country to seek deeds of arms. We think they should do a great deed. For if we had but a thousand spears of knights and squires from France with our people that we have in this country, we would do such a deed in England that it would be spoken of for forty years after. Sirs, we desire you to remember this when you come into France. They answered and said, they would not fail to do it, for it was a matter not to be forgotten.\" Thus they parted.\nThe party departed and set sail for Sluse. However, the wind was contrary when they were at sea, forcing them to land in Zeeland in a town called Uorell. They believed they were safe, but this was not the case: The Normans had recently ravaged the surrounding countryside, causing great damage to the Zelander residents. As a result, these French knights and squires were in grave danger. While they were in the town, their ship was entered, their chests broken open, and their armor taken. That very day, in the town, there was a squire of the Earl of Blois named Jacob Grasyns. He helped the French men as much as he could. He spoke to the town masters and, through his intercession, some of their goods were restored to them. He also worked to get them out of the danger he saw they were in, as he knew well the townspeople were hostile.\nsore-mouthed against them and intended to lie in wait for them at sea to carry out their purpose, which they had warned other towns about. The squire showed them the danger they were in and the country was sore-mouthed against them. But he said, for the love of the king and for the honor of the realm of France, he would arrange some remedy for them. Then he went to a sailor and hired a ship to go where he pleased with his company, saying he would sail to Dondrest. So the sailor made an agreement with him, and he entered the ship, and all the said Frenchmen with him. And first, the sailor set his course to Dondrest. When Jacob saw his opportunity, he said to the sailors, \"Sirs, take heed what I say. I have hired this ship for this voyage to sail wherever I please, therefore turn the helm and sail.\" They dared not resist any longer. So they turned the helm and sailed toward\nThe town of Strengthen/and they came there without parallel. The town belonged to the earl of Blois and there they refreshed themselves/and so departed at their pleasure/and returned into their country via Brabant and Heynault. Jacob did this service as a squire for Guy, the earl of Blois.\n\nWhen Sir Geoffrey of Charney and Sir John of Blassey/and the knights and squires who had been in Scotland returned into Flanders/, they were inquired about the news of Scotland. There they showed all that they had heard and seen/and shewed the minds of the barons and knights of Scotland. Sir John of Uyn, admiral of Flanders, spoke with Sir Geoffrey of Charney/and he showed him all as you have heard before. Then the admiral advised/and so did other barons of Flanders/how they might have a fair entry into England via Scotland/also they knew well that naturally the Scots hated the English. Sir Amyas of Marse confirmed the same/saying how he was desired by the king of\nScotland's representatives, led by Scottes, went to show the same to the French king and his council. The French had the impression that the true Scots had expired, so they planned to send a large force into Scotland to devastate part of England. This plan was concluded by the Duke of Berry and the Duke of Burgundy, who at that time held the reigns of the realm but kept it secret.\n\nWe have heard before how France's Artois, in the meantime while the French king was on his journey in Flanders, stole the town of Awdryne (Andewarpe) by surprise. The people of Tournai and other towns around were greatly alarmed, for Artois caused much damage in the countryside of Turnhamshire before the true Scots were taken, and specifically all the lands of the Lord of Destroisnes were in their obedience. At Christmastide, they gathered up the rents as capons and other things in his towns, which greatly displeased him, and his servants and friends. He said that whatever true or false, they were to be dealt with accordingly.\nThe reply of war was taken between England and Flanders; this lord of Destornay would in no way keep trust with the Gauges. For they had caused him so much harm that he was not able to endure it, being virtually undone by them. Thus, this lord of Destornay sought to avenge himself against Andwarpe, and achieved his intent with the help of some knights and squires from France, Flanders, and Henault. However, when he sent for them, there were many who knew nothing of his plans. This happened on the 17th of May. The lord of Destornay knew through his spies that Francon's Atreman was then in Gaunt and not in Andwarpe. Trusting so fully in the truce between them and France, he had no fear, which was a great folly. He did not take sufficient heed of Andwarpe, as will be heard later.\n\nThe lord of Destornay gathered an assembly of four hundred knights and squires, good men of arms. And so he came into the wood of Lart against the gate.\nTowards Grantmount near Andwarpe's gate. Sir John of Molyn, Sir Jake de la Tremoyle, Sir Gilbert, Sir John Cacqlon, Sir Roland Despyre, Sir Blanchard de Calonne, and the lord of Destripouylle were present, the latter of whom was made a knight there. I will now describe how the people of Andwarpe were deceived. They took two carts loaded with provisions and four carters in gray coats harnessed beneath. These hardy and adventurous fellows approached Andwarpe and showed the watchmen how they had brought provisions from Heynault to visit the town. The watchmen thought nothing of it and so lowered the portcullis. Then, the carters secretly lost the horses from the cart. The watchmen asked, \"Sir, why don't you drive your carts forward? And the watchmen took hold of the forehorses by the heads and drove them forward.\" Thus, they passed in, and the carts remained at the gate and on the bridge. Then the watchmen saw clearly that they had been betrayed.\nAnd they began to fight with the cart drivers, who defended themselves well, for they were well armed beneath their coats. And so they slew two of the watchmen, but they were inconveniently rescued, for the lord of Destornay and his company pursued fast and entered the town. The watchmen fled into the town and cried, \"Treason, treason!\" But before the town was raised, the means of arms were entered and slew all they encountered who made any defense, and so cried, \"The town is won!\" Thus Andwarpe was taken again, and there were of the garrison slain and drowned a thousand. And there was found great riches, partying to the French Atreman. It was said, it amounted to a fifteen thousand francs.\n\nThis they might have restored again, or else trust was broken. So they sent to him, but the duke excused him and said: \"That he meddled not with that matter, and so prayed God to help them. For he said, he knew nothing of the lord Destornay's enmity and in peace time.\"\nand he has taken my heritage from me. And as for me, I never agreed to be at peace with them. Thus I have taken Andwarpe by good feat of war, and I propose to keep it as my proper heritage until Flathers and Gaunt are one, for I have nothing else, since all is lost due to the war. So the matter remained, the gentry could get nothing else. Of the evil keeping of Andwarpe, Frances Atreman was severely blamed, and especially by the lord of Harsels. There were great and heinous words between them. Frances said: \"How I had done better service to Gaunt than ever I did.\" Their quarrels multiplied so far that each one accused the other with foul words. And immediately after the lord of Harsels was slain: some said it was by the means of Frances Atreman and Peter de Boyse, out of envy. At the same time, the gentry made a request to the king of England to have some nobleman of his blood to govern Gaunt. So the king and his council sent to Gaunt a valiant knight and a right wise man.\nSir John Bourchier, called Governor of Gaunt, held the governance of Gaunt for more than a year and a half. We have heard before how the Duke of Anjou declared himself king of Cyprus and Jerusalem. He went to Pyle and Calabria, conquering all the land up to Naples. However, the Neapolitans would never turn to his side but continued to resist with Sir Charles de la Payx. The Duke of Anjou remained on this expedition for three years, which was a great cost and charge. No matter how rich a man may be, men of arms and war are a constant drain. He who wishes to have my service in war must be paid truly, or else they will do nothing worthy. Certainly, this said journey cost the Duke of Anjou so much that it cannot be well estimated. The Earl of Savoy and a great part of his company died in this expedition, which was a great pity.\nThe duke of Anjou grew feeble, both in health and finances. For these reasons, he sent for his brothers, the duke of Berry and the duke of Burgundy, in France, asking them not to fail him in his time of need but to send men and money. They agreed and discussed which men should be sent on this voyage. They believed they could not send anyone better or more knowledgeable in war than the noble lord of Coucy and the earl of Conversans, whose earldom is in Puylles. These two lords were desired by the king and his uncles for this journey, which they willingly agreed to, considering it an honorable endeavor. They prepared and departed as soon as they could with their troops. However, when they arrived at Avignon and intended to begin their tasks and have their men pass through, news reached them that the duke of\nAniou was founded beside Naples. When the lord of Coucy received the news, he did not advance further, for he saw well that his voyage was broken. But the lord Conversant continued on, for he had much to do in his countryside, in Puylles, and in Conversano. News reached France immediately of the duke of Aniou's death. Thus, the death of the king of Sicily was carried out as smoothly as possible.\n\nWhen the duchess of Anjou, being at Angers, heard of her lord and husband's death, you may well believe she was greatly distressed. And as soon as the earl of Blois, who was her cousin, learned of the duke's death: he departed from Blois with his entire retinue and came to his cousin at Angers. He comforted and counseled her to the best of his ability. Then she went to France (writing herself as queen of Naples, of Sicily, of Puylles, of Calabria, & of Jerusalem) to speak with the king, the duke of Berry, & the duke of Burgundy.\nA lady, having counsel and comfort from them, brought with her her two sons, Louis and Charles. The lady was advised by the nobles of Forcalquier and her bloodline that she should go to Avignon to the pope and promise him the possession of the earldom of Provence, which land was partitioned between the king of Cycle. The lady agreed to their counsel and prepared herself to go to Avignon, leading with her: her eldest son Louis, who was then called king by the succession of his father. However, these matters were not yet fully accomplished.\n\nAll winter, the French were planning to send an army into Scotland to make England great war on all sides. The admiral of France was to go to Scotland with two thousand spearmen, knights, and squires, and the duke of Bourbon and the earl of La Marche with another two thousand to conquer certain castles held by the English, which greatly troubled the country. The French king caused a great number of\naxes were to be made in Picardy and Haynalt for the voyage into Scotland. There was much bisquet made and other provisions along the sea side for Harlew at Sluse, which was the principal haven where they intended to take shipping. The duchess of Brabant, being a widow (for Duke Wyncelas of Bohemia was dead, for whose death she had great sorrow in her heart), lay at Brussels. This greatly displeased her. She saw the trouble in Flanders and gladly she would have made peace if she could, for she understood that the Gaunties were daily fortifying themselves because of the English, who promised them great comfort. She also saw that her nephew, the duke of Burgundy, who should be by right the heir of Flanders and one of the greatest heirs of the world, was sore troubled by the Gaunties. She also saw that Duke Aubert, chief of Haynault, and the duchess his wife, had\nA fair-sized family: two sons and daughters, unmarried. The Duke of Lacastre was in negotiations for marriage for his daughter Philippa, born of his first wife, Lady Blanche. The eldest son of Duke Albert was heir to the earldom of Hainault, Holland, and Zeeland.\n\nLady Doubted that an alliance between England and Hainault would be met with indifference from the French. In the joyous country of Hainault, either covertly or openly, those passing from France into Flanders would be troubled and grieved. This was further aggravated by Duke Albert, who, through the intermediaries and zealots, frequently comforted Gaunt in various ways. The Duke of Burgundy and his council were well informed of this, which is why he disliked Duke Albert, although he was not to blame for it. For, as for:\nHolanders and Zeelanders were unaffected by the War of Floders; they refused to defend their merchants in response. Considering these circumstances, the lady devised a plan to bring together the Dukes of Burgundy and Aubert. She also aimed to negotiate with the Duke of Burgundy to grant clemency to the gauntlet-throwers. This lady, with her persuasion and imagination, would not let this matter rest. She set clerks and messengers to work, and between these two dukes, a day was assigned to meet at Cambrai. However, both dukes were unaware of the full intent behind the lady's summons. According to their promise in January, about the 12th day, the Duke of Burgundy, the Duke Aubert, and their councils arrived in the city of Cambrai, where the lady presented the entire matter to them.\nThe duchess first showed the duke of Burgundy that he was a great lord, likely to be, and that he had fair children. She urged him to bestow his wealth and nobly, to the greatest advantage for him and his country. She opined that there was no place more suitable than the country of Hainault, Holland, and Zeeland, to bring their lands to perfect peace and give fear and doubt to their enemies. She declared truthfully that the duke of Lancaster was powerful in England and could ensure that his daughter would be married to William of Hainault, your heir. The duchess added that she would prefer the profit for you and your children over that of the Englishmen. The duchess said, \"The duke I thank you; I believe you well. I am content, and you can bring it about to let my daughter Margaret be married to the heir of Hainault.\" Then the lady went from one side to the other to negotiate.\nThe duke Aubert, to whom this news was new, answered courteously and said: \"I have no counsel here that I want. What counsel would you have, or what do you lack to do well and bring your country in peace?\" I lack my wife replied the duke. \"And without her, I will do nothing in this matter, for she has as much part of my children as I. Fair aunt, it is meet that the nobles of the country be informed of this. I pray God all be for the best,\" the duchess replied. She thought, at their departing, to request them to meet again in the same place during Lent time and to bring their wives and counselors with them. This lady did all this so secretly that few people knew why the council was being summoned. Thus, the two dukes departed from Cambray. The duke of Burgundy went to the city of Arras, where his wife was. And the duke Aubert returned to Holland, where his wife was.\nThe Duchess of Brabant returned to her country and secretly wrote and sent messages to both parties. She took great pains to bring the lords and their wives back to the city of Cambray, as she greatly desired this marriage to be confirmed in order to bring unity and concord among Flanders, Brabant, and Hainault.\n\nWhen the said dukes, their wives, and councils returned to Cambray, great honor was shown to each of them. The Duchess Margaret of Burgundy and the Duchess Margaret of Hainault were particularly involved in the negotiations. The Duchess Margaret of Burgundy said, \"If my son marries Margaret of Burgundy, I will also allow my daughter to marry John of Burgundy, and thus two children of Burgundy will be married into one household.\" The Duke of Burgundy thought it sufficient to marry his daughter and excused his son, saying, \"I only intend to marry my daughter.\"\nThe duchess of Burgundy prevented the treaty from failing due to her insistence that none of her children could marry without both parties being married first. She remained firm on this point, making it difficult for the treaty to come together. The duchess of Brabant faced significant challenges in bringing the parties together, but she presented compelling reasons, particularly to the duke and duchess of Burgundy. Eventually, they agreed that their son and daughter would marry the son and daughter of Duke Aubert of Burgundy. Five days before the agreement, the duke of Burgundy's council was concerned because they understood that Duke Aubert had not yet taken possession of Heynalt, but only held it in potentiality. At that time, Earl William of Haynault, his brother, lived at Ouesnoy and was seriously ill. If he recovered and outlived Duke Aubert, the situation could change.\nthey thought clere\u00a6ly and feared greatly / that his other bretherne shulde haue the gouernynge of Haynault / and the chyldren of duke Aubert to be put clene out. For this dought they made a delay in this ma\u2223ryage the space of fyue dayes / tyll at last it was clerely knowen / that duke Aubert hadde no mo bretherne but the Erle of Haynault / so that he coulde nat put the herytage fro duke Aubertes chyldren. Whan\u0304e these thynges were knowen / there was than\u0304e no lenger delay / but these ma\u2223ryages were sworne & couenaunted / that Wil\u2223lym\u0304 of Haynalt shulde haue in maryage Mar\u00a6garet of Burgoyne. And Johan of Burgoyne to haue to his wyfe Margarete of Haynault / and that all these shulde retourne to Cambray / \nTHus euery man depar\u00a6ted fro Cambray / & the duke of Burgoyne returned in to Fraunce to the king / and the duches his wyfe returned to Arras. the duke Aubert and the duches his wyfe retour\u2223ned to the towne of Ouesnoy in Haynalt. And the lady of Brabant in to her countrey. Than warkmen were sette awarke to make\nReady lodgings in the city of Cambray, and men were sent there to make provisions, so great and so costly that it was marvelous to consider. This feast was cried and published abroad to be held at Cambray the week after the utas of Easter. When the French king was informed of these preparations, he said he would be present at the marriages of his cousins. And so he set the stewards of his house to make provisions for him accordingly. The bishop's palace was taken up for the duke of Burgundy, and his provisions were made there, but they were willing to deliver it up for the king. Then carpenters and masons were set to work in the palaces to make it after a royal state, which work still appears, for before this feast it was not in remembrance of man, nor hard of two hundred years before, such a feast and solemnity as was then apparent. For the lords to make the feast fresh and gorgious, and to exalt their estates, spared no more money than it had fallen from the clouds, and every man.\nThe duke of Lancaster was pleased when tidings of these marriages reached England. He had always hoped that William of Hainault would have his daughter as his wife, at least William was born into his household. The duke was deeply concerned when he learned the truth, and he sent certain persons from his household to Ghent to inquire. They stayed there for two days and then went to Mons in Hainault and eventually to the duke. The duke, the duchess, and his children welcomed them warmly in the duke of Lancaster's honor. Likewise, the lord of Guines welcomed them. The master of the wardrobe of the English woolen industry spoke first, after delivering his letters of credence, and recommended the duke of Lancaster to Duke Aubert his cousin. He then spoke of other matters as he had been charged to do. Among other things, he asked Duke Aubert, as I was informed, for:\nIt was his intention to perceive in the marriage with the children of the duke of Burgundy. With these words, the duke suddenly changed color and said: \"Sir, truly by my faith, why do you demand this? I would have given you my lord William, your son. Then the duke said, Companion: tell my cousin that whenever he marries his children, I shall not marry them off, nor be dismayed by it. No more does he have to do to take care of the marriage of any of my children, nor whether I will marry them or not, nor when, nor to whom. This was the answer the Englishmen had from Duke Aubert. So they took their leave and departed, and the same night they went to Valenciennes, and the next day to Ghent. I can tell you no more about them, but I think they returned to England.\n\nWhen Easter came, as it was accounted, a thousand three hundred and forty-five years ago, the fresh king, the duke of Burgundy, the duke of Bourbon, Duke Aubert, the duchess his wife, the duchess of Brabant, and the duchess of Burgundy.\nSir William and Sir John of Namur came to Cambray. The king went to the palaces that was his lodging, and every man drew to their lodgings. You may well believe and know that where the French king was, and where there were many noble princes and great ladyes, there was great and noble chivalry. The king entered on Monday at noon, and all lords and ladyes met him outside the town. And so he was conveyed with trumpets and great plenty of minstrels. And so brought to the palaces. The same Monday, in the presence and before all the great lords: were renewed the marriage contracts. William Dorset should have the county of Ostrenant. The lady Margaret his wife was endowed with the land of Aque in Brabant. The duke of Burgoyne gave his daughter a hundred thousand francs. Thus they made their portions. The Tuesday, at the hour of Mass, they were wedded in the cathedral church of Our Lady of Cambray with great solemnity. The bishop of Cambray performed the observation.\nCalled Johan Borne of Brucels. At dinner, much nobility was displayed. The king caused the two lords and the two ladies, newly married, to sit at his table, and other lords served. At dinner sat the constable of France and the marshal of France, Sir Guy de la Tremouille, and Sir William de Namur, and so did various other great lords of France. Five hundred years before, such a solemnity had not been seen in Cambray. And after dinner, knights and squires were armed to joust. Twenty knights of one side jousted in the marketplace. The young King Charles jousted with a knight of Heynalt, called Sir Nicholas Espinot. So these jousts were nobly continued, and a young knight of Heynalt, named Sir John of Desternne, beside Beawmont in Heynalt, jousted greatly to the pleasure of the lords and ladies. He had for his prize a girdle set with precious stones, given him by the duchess of Burgundy: from her own wast the admiral of France and Sir Guy.\nThe same season, there were thirty marriages between Louis of Blois, son of Lord Guy, and Lady Mary's daughter. Thus, there was great feasting, rejoicing, and dancing. And so, the earl and the countess returned to their country, and their son with them. The lady remained still with the duchess her mother in Barrey, in a fair castle beside Bergues called Mehune on the river Yure. At the same time, the duke of Burgundy went into Auvergne and Languedoc, and then to Avignon to see Pope Clement. It was arranged that the duke of Bourbon and the earl would meet.\nA force of two thousand men should march into Limosyn to deliver the countryside from Englishmen and thieves who caused damage there. In Poitou and Xainton, they had certain fortresses that inflicted great harm on the countryside, prompting complaints to reach Duke Berry, who intended to remedy the situation. He had requested Duke Bourbon, his cousin, to conquer Bertuell's son's stronghold upon his arrival in Limosyn and Xainton, as it was the most damaging fortress in the region. Duke Bourbon promised to do so. He had summoned his soldiers to Molins in Bourbonnais to be there on the first day of June, and at that time, he gathered all manner of soldiers there. Duke Bourbon was accompanied by a noble squire named Jean Bonelauce. He was master and captain of Bourbon's men of war. The squire was indeed worthy of such a responsibility, and the Marquis of Marche, who was to join him, would also be present.\nA company with the duke of Burgh made summons at the city of Tours. The same season, all such men of war came to Sluse in Flanders \u2013 those appointed to pass the sea into Scotland \u2013 with Sir John of Uyein, admiral of France. He was to have with him a thousand spear-knights and squires. I believe they were all there, for they had great desire to go. In fact, some who were not desired joined them in this voyage with the admiral. All their shipping was ready at Sluse, and they carried with them harness for 1200 men of arms. They had taken this harness out of the castle of Beauty beside Paris. The harness was being held for the Parisians, who were caused to bring it to the said castle during their rebellion. In the admiral's company, there were a great number of good men of war. Their intention was to deliver the said harness to the knights and men of Scotland, because Sir Geoffrey de Charney had promised to do so.\nThe kings council was informed that the men in Scotland were easily harnessed. I shall name some of the Frenchmen who went to Scotland that same season: Sir John of Uyen, admiral of France, the earl of Granville, the lords of Verdun, St. Crouse, and Montbury, Sir Geoffrey of Charney, Sir William of Uyen, Sir Jacques of Uyen, the lord Despency, Sir Gerard of Burbon, the lord Hetz, Sir Floromond of Quissy, the lord of Marny, Sir Valerant of Raynalle, the lord of Beausaige, the lord of Wynbrayne, the lord of Rynoll, Baron Dury, the lord of Coucy, Sir Percy Valles, the lord Ferrers, the lord of Fountaines, Sir Braquet of Braquemont, the lord of Grancourt, the lord of Landon, Sir Guy la Perche, Sir William de Couroux, Sir John de Hangiers, Sir Henry de Wyncelin, and Cousin to the great master of Prussia, and various other good knights, numbering to the thousand spears.\nknights and squires, besides crossbowmen and other varlets. They had good wind and a fair season at sea. The weather was fair. It was in the month of May. The truce between England and France had expired, and between the Gascony and Flemings as well. It seemed then that every party desired war. Knights and squires greatly desired to go on the voyage to Scotland, for they thought with the aid of the Scots to have a fair journey against their enemies in England. The Scots, informed of their coming, looked for them every day.\n\nEnd of the first volume of Sir John Froissart: Chronicles of England, France, Spain, Portugal, Scotland, Flanders, and other places adjacent. Translated from French into our maternal English tongue: by John Bourchier, knight, Lord Berners. At the commandment of our most dreaded sovereign lord, King Henry VIII, king of England and of France, and high defender of the faith.\n[Christian faith &c. Printed in Fletestreet, London, by Richard Pynson, printer to the king's noble grace. Completed on the 28th day of January: the year of our Lord M.D. XXIII.\nWith the king's privilege.\nBlazon or coat of arms]", "creation_year": 1523, "creation_year_earliest": 1523, "creation_year_latest": 1523, "source_dataset": "EEBO", "source_dataset_detailed": "EEBO_Phase1"},
{"content": "A glorious meditation of Jesus Christ's passion\nwoodcut of a wounded Christ\nwoodcut of several men\nwoodcut of a woman with a book, child beside her\n\nA woman recluse and solitary, desiring to know the numbers of the wounds of our Lord Jesus Christ, prayed often to God for His special grace that He would grant her a vision of the same. And at last, our Lord Jesus Christ spoke to her and said, \"Say every day in the whole year fifteen Pater Nosters and fifteen Aves, and at their time the Pater Noster, and these prayers following every day in the year. And as often as he says these prayers, he shall have forty days of pardon. And he who reads these present prayers to any other person shall have joy and bliss that will never fail but everlasting. And wherever these present prayers are said or he who says them, I am present as when St. Paul prayed, and I shall keep him from all peril who prays them every day of my bitter passion.\"\nAn angel approached a good, holy man and instructed him to show these prayers to every man and woman who wished to learn and recite them devoutly each day. The holy man went to a monastery of sisters and showed the prayers to the abbess. She, in turn, showed them to her sisters. Some of them recited them with great devotion, while others hesitated, fearing they would not be able to avoid eternal poverty and hunger. The angel assured them that he would give them his blood so they would never thirst, and would put before them the sign of his victorious passion as a defense and support against all their enemies. Before his death, the angel promised to come with his dear mother and take and lead their souls to eternal bliss. Upon bringing their souls there, the angel would give them a draught from the chalice of his head. Even if a man had lain in sin for twenty years and sincerely recited these prayers, the angel would forgive him all his sins.\nSave him from all temptations and keep his five wits, defend him from sudden death and forever keep him and his soul from everlasting pain, and all the sins that he has done from his childhood up to this present day, I will forgive him, and by my grace he shall be better than he was before. And whatever he shall not be denied, I shall keep him perfect against all devils. It pleases God most mightily that it is granted to him who says these prayers, that our Lord Jesus Christ changes everlasting pain into the purgation of purgatory. And if he were in the most pain of purgatory, our Lord changes it into the pain of this present world, and brings his blessed soul into the glory of heaven that never has an ending, which the Creator and Redeemer of mankind brings us all. Amen.\n\nThe number of the drops I will rehearse in general.\nFive thousand for the five wounds.\nAnd 48,000 men, also five thousand great and small. Here is the number of them all.\nwoodcut of an image of Christ's face on a cloth\nThe Veronica I honor in worship of the\nThat made it through his pity\nThe cloth set over his face\nHis mouth / his nose / his eyes two\nShield me, Lord, for that in my life\nI have sinned with my wits five\nNamely with the mouth of slander\nOf false oaths and backbiting\nAnd making boasts with my tongue also\nOf great sins that I have done\nLord of heaven, forgive them me\nThrough the virtue of the figure that I see\nwoodcut of the pelican feeding its young with its blood\nThe pelican's blood does bleed\nWith its bird to feed\nIt figures that God with his blood\nFed us hanging on the cross\nWhen he brought us out of hell\nIn joy and bliss with him to dwell\nAnd be our father and our food\nAnd we his children meek and good\nwoodcut of the hosts\nThe pens also, that Judas told.\nFor the which our Lord was sold\nLord, keep me from treason and covetousness.\nTherein.\nThe lantern they bore in the light,\nwhen Cryst was taken in the night.\nLord keep me from night sin,\nThat I never die therein.\n\nThe swords and batons they wielded,\nWith Jesus Christ to fear.\nFrom fiends, Lord keep thee,\nAfraid never to be.\n\nWith a staff you had a stroke,\nWith which the Jews broke your head.\nWith good cheer and mild mood,\nAll this you suffered and still stood,\n\nWhen I misspell any word or me,\nIt be forgiven for your pity.\n\nThe hands, Lord, that rate this ear,\nAnd the hand that struck beneath your eyes,\nFor that pain, Lord, be my support there,\nThat I have sinned with pride here,\nAnd all other sins also,\nThat I have listened to with my ears.\n\nThe cloth before your eyes two,\nThey bobbed it, they knotted so.\nLord keep me from vengeance,\nFrom childhood and ignorance,\nAnd from many sins also,\nThat I see with my eyes two,\nAnd my nose in smells of.\nswetenesse by vanities and wantonness,\nThe Jews also cast lots on thy precious purple coat,\n\"A great disdain to thee always,\nWhen any with dice play,\nLord, be thou my helping hand,\nif I have used my own self in vanity and vainness,\nBy vanity and by idleness's allure,\nGracious Lord, pardon me,\nwoodcut of flails,\nwith rods great thou were to be dashed,\nAnd with knotted whips all to be lashed,\nSustain me, Lord, from my great sins,\nOf sloth and idleness's beginnings,\nwoodcut of crown of thorns,\n\u00b6 The crown of thorns on thy head fast.\nThy head to tear / thy skin all burst.\nLord, keep me from the pain of hell's pit,\nNever to deserve it by my wasted wit,\nwoodcut of pillar wrapped with rope,\nTo the pillar, Lord, also,\nwith a rope men bound thee,\nHerod drawn and stretched fast,\nThat sinews from the bones burst,\nLord, lose me from bands in distress,\nThough I am unkind against kindness.\nwoodcut of Christ carrying the cross,\nThou bearest the cross upon thy back,\nFrom Jerusalem it is no lack,\nThy feet sleep as thou goest forth,\nwere seen through shedding of thy tears.\nThou metst with women of Bethlehem and Jerusalem,\nAll wept for thy great torment. To them thou didst say,\n\"Do not weep for my pain, but for your children, weep in your hearts.\nFor they shall have torment and pain for a hundred years, certain.\nThe steps of grace to us you pardon,\nwhen we go with devotion,\nOn pilgrimage with good mind,\nFrom my sins, Lord, thou shalt unbind me.\n\nThe nails through foot and hand also,\nLord, keep me from sin and woe,\nThat I have in all my life done,\nWith hands handled and feet misstepped.\n\nThe hammers, both strong and great,\nThat pierced holes in hands and feet,\nLord, be my succor in all my life,\nAnd keep me harmless from sword or knife.\n\nThe vessel of the eye and gall,\nLord, keep me from all sin,\nThat to the soul be no venom,\nThat I never be poisoned therein.\n\nWhen thou hadst great thirst and need,\nThey gave the eye and gall on a red one.\nOf that I have wasted in gluttony,\nLord, forgive me when.\nI dye: woodcut of a sharp spear lord, that thou hast wounded my heart, quenching the sin I have wrought, with idle thoughts, pride, and unbridledness also.\n\nwoodcut of a ladder: raised from the cross to take thy body, when I am lord in deadly sin, give me repentance and forgiveness to win.\n\nwoodcut of tongs: that drew the nails out from feet and hands without doubt, and lost thy body from the tree, of my sins, lord, lose me.\n\nwoodcut of men spitting on Christ's face: they spat on thee, Lord, in thy face, all thou suffered and granted them grace, for I have offended any man, forgive it, Lord, for thy mercy's sake.\n\nwoodcut of Christ surrounded by items relevant to the passion: the cross behind thy back, upon which thou suffered passion, Lord, grant me grace in life, clean of my sins, and true repentance, with space to perform my penance.\n\nwoodcut of Christ's body in the tomb: the separate.\n\"wherein thou were laid\nThy blessed body all to brake\nLord grant me or that I die\nSorrow of heart with tears of eye\nAnd clean remission for to have\nOr I be buried and laid in grave\nAnd heaven to have at my last end\nIesu crist us thyder send\nAmen.\nAve vulnus lateris nostri salvoris.\nEx quo fluxit fluminis fosque cruoris.\nMedicina miseria esto nunc doloris.\nAve plaga lacetis la.\nLaua multitudinis forum et emunda.\nNe ledat inferius tuos mors secunda.\nSed in visu numinis fiat mensa.\nAmen. Pater noster. Ave Maria. Credo in deum. &c.\nwoodcut of the five wounds of Christ\nGracious lord for thy great passion\nObserve my prayers that I do repeat\nAnd on my soul take compassion\nAt my death for thy wounds great\n\u00b6 well of mercy passing all my sins.\nOf mercy I pray that I may speed.\nwoodcut of angel holding image of right hand\nThy right hand, lord of truth,\nThat was through pierced with a rugged nail.\nBe my succor in the extremity\nOf death when he shall assail me\n\u00b6 well of grace it be my guide\nNight and day on.\"\nThy lifted hand of right and Justice,\nFallen. Deliver me from every deadly vice,\nThat I may come unto thy presence.\n\n[Image of an angel holding a left hand]\n\nWell of life that ever shall last,\nMy heart in thee be steadfast. Mercy. Love. Charity. Well of life.\n\nThy heart that always had mind,\nBy careful love and charity,\nWith fervent favor to mankind,\nWas launched with great iniquity.\nThe tyrants fell without mercy.\nOpened thy side, blessed savior,\nBoth blood and water there poured out.\nThe virtue of that precious blood\nIn hunger and thirst of mortal sin,\nBe evermore my healthful food.\nThere by thy bliss to win,\nNo damning work let me begin,\nAnd that my heart may so incline,\nTo serve as one of thine.\n\nThe water that there began to issue,\nUpon the cross tree distressing,\nKeep my heart in meaning true,\nAnd cleanness of all thinking.\nThe vile works done in my living,\nBy virtue of that water clear,\nBe cleansed and never to appear.\n\n[Image of an angel holding an image]\nThe right foot:\nThe right foot with the wound so wide,\nwhich in this world was all bare,\nGrant me grace to guide,\nThat in thy service I may fare well,\nAnd comfort it never shall fail,\nKeep me from sins that assail,\n\nThe wound made in the left foot,\nwith a sturdy nail to the cross ere,\nGraciously be my refuge and cure,\nAnd comfort in adversity.\nAmen\n\nDei Memento Mei:\nBlessed Mary, virgin mother,\nKeep me in remembrance at the final day.\nOf thy poor servant now pray,\nMirror without spot, red rose of Jericho,\nClose garden of grace and hope in disparage,\nWhen my soul the body parts from,\nSustain it from my enemies' rage,\nOf Saint George, the noble knight. Of whom no torment could have might.\n\nO Blessed martyr of God, Saint George,\nBegin laud and glory above all other knights,\nBy whose virtue a king's daughter was saved.\nAnd I, a poor and miserable sinner, was graciously preserved and saved from being devoured by a horrible dragon, with a steadfast heart and a faithful mind. I humbly beseech you, O Saint, to be my defender in this life from all temptations and persuasions called diabolical, as of the world, the flesh, and the devil. And at the most dreadful hour of my death, I humbly beseech you by your blessed intercessions to be my advocate and mediator towards the sovereign Judge when the most tedious and damning dragons of hell are ready to take my poor soul and engulf it within their infernal beliefs. May I be numbered among the saved and chosen people of paradise through the merit of your glorious martyrdom. Amen.\n\nGlory to God, saint Sebastian. Who preferred to be graciously tortured and shot to death rather than to worship and sacrifice to idols and false gods.\ngoddess, I, a sinful creature, beseech you for the passion's sake to aid and succor me when my false and cursed enemies shoot and cast at me arrows of daunting temptations of sin to enforce me to do obligations and services to the voluptuous sensualities of my frail body, bringing me to the eternal death of hell from which keep us all. He who was born in an ox stall. Amen. Amen. For charity.\n\nPrinted by me, Richard Fakes Dwelling in Durham or else in Paul's Churchyard, at the sign of the [ABC]\n\nWoodcut of Christ risen from the tomb\n\nChrist rises from the dead\nno longer dies from these\n\nHere ends A glorious Meditation On Jesus Christ's Passion", "creation_year": 1523, "creation_year_earliest": 1523, "creation_year_latest": 1523, "source_dataset": "EEBO", "source_dataset_detailed": "EEBO_Phase2"},
{"content": "This is our prince, who causes us to feel sorrow and taxation. He is the one who stretches men on racks and causes all this war, marring all our wealth. He oppresses us with these charges, and whoever displeases him, he reduces to dust. He is the one who kills whom he desires. May all the devils of hell carry him away, so we no longer endure his tyranny. This is the honor and all the reverence we give to them when they are absent. But in such honor, he who has delight is false, insincere, and unworthy. I am not afraid to call him mad and blind. And he is a fool or else a simpleton.\n\nCoridon:\nCornix, my friend, you now speak plainly.\nI fear lest this gathering may turn us into pain.\nIf any man is near, stay a while and hear.\n\nCornix:\nI fear not at all, now that I am set on work.\nBesides Coridon, in court most part dwells\nFlatterers and liars, corrupters of evil.\nIugglers and disorderly folk, who for a dinner are unlaudable,\nBut men circumspect, discreet and wise, such vain, lawless ones utterly despise.\n\nCoridon.\nCornix.", "creation_year": 1523, "creation_year_earliest": 1523, "creation_year_latest": 1523, "source_dataset": "EEBO", "source_dataset_detailed": "EEBO_Phase2"}
]