[
{"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1712, "culture": " English\n", "content": "Produced by Chuck Greif, Greg Weeks, Kim and the Online\nfile was produced from images generously made available\nby The Internet Archive)\n                        A CRUISING VOYAGE ROUND\n                [Illustration: CAPTAIN WILLIAM DAMPIER\n     _From the painting by Thomas Murray, in the National Portrait\n                       _THE SEAFARERS\u2019 LIBRARY_\n             _General Editor: G.E. MANWARING, F.R.Hist.S._\n                        Captain _WOODES ROGERS_\n                      With Introduction and Notes\n                     by G.E.MANWARING, F.R.Hist.S.\n                     _CASSELL AND COMPANY L^{TD.}_\n                 _LONDON, TORONTO, MELBOURNE & SYDNEY_\n              Reprinted in The Seafarers\u2019 Library, 1928_\nLIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS\nCaptain William Dampier                                 _Frontispiece_       1\nCrossing the Tropic; sailors being ducked at the yard-arm                    7\nThe track of the _Duke_ and _Dutchess_ round the world                      48\nThe Island of Juan Fernandez, where Alexander Selkirk was found             96\nCaptain Woodes Rogers, with his son and daughter, 1729                     160\nWoodes Rogers landing on the coast of California                           208\nCapture of the Acapulco Galleon off the coast of California                240\nINTRODUCTION\nThe sea has always been the cradle of the English race, and over six\nhundred years ago an old chronicler wrote of our great sea tradition\nthat \u201cEnglish ships visited every coast,\u201d and that \u201cEnglish sailors\nexcelled all others both in the arts of navigation and in fighting.\u201d In\nthis respect, the west of England has probably played a greater part in\nour maritime development than any other portion of the United Kingdom,\nand the names of her most famous seamen--Drake, Raleigh, and Hawkins\namong others--are now almost household words. There are, however, many\nother nautical celebrities among her sons, whose names deserve a more\nprominent place in our naval annals, and such an one is Captain Woodes\nRogers. Not only does he rank as a splendid navigator and magnificent\nseaman, but he also filled an important r\u00f4le as a colonial administrator\nand governor, and was one of the pioneers in the development of our\ncolonial empire. He is, indeed, one of the most picturesque and romantic\nfigures of the first half of the eighteenth century, and his rescue and\naccount of Alexander Selkirk\u2019s privations on the uninhabited island of\nJuan Fernandez undoubtedly provided Defoe with materials for \u201cRobinson\nCrusoe.\u201d It is not too much to assume that had there been no Woodes\nRogers, Defoe\u2019s charming and immortal romance, which has delighted\nmillions of readers, might never have been written.\nNevertheless, Rogers is rather an elusive personage, and the writer of\nthe appreciative article on him in the \u201cDictionary of National\nBiography\u201d was unable to glean any particulars of his birth, parentage,\nor marriage. Thanks to recent research it is now possible to supply some\nof these details. It is certain that his ancestors had been settled at\nthe old seaport of Poole, Dorset, since the beginning of the sixteenth\ncentury, and among the mayors of Poole the name is prominent during the\nreign of Elizabeth. His great-grandfather, John Rogers of Poole, married\nAnn Woods, and from this union the name of Woods (afterwards spelt\nWoodes) Rogers was perpetuated for at least three generations, until the\ndeath of Woodes Rogers\u2019s infant son in 1713. Woodes Rogers the second,\nthe father of the subject of this book, was a sea-captain, born at Poole\nin 1650. He eventually removed to Bristol, where his family consisted of\ntwo daughters and two sons, the eldest of whom, Captain Woodes Rogers,\nwas probably born there in 1679, but the precise date is uncertain.[1]\nAll that we know is that Rogers, like his father, followed a sea career,\nand in the records of Bristol he is described as a \u201cmariner,\u201d from which\nwe may assume that he was connected with the Merchant Venturers of that\nPort. He is probably to be identified with the Captain Rogers whom the\nfamous navigator Captain William Dampier mentions in his \u201cVoyages\u201d\npublished in 1699, as \u201cmy worthy friend,\u201d and from whom he included\nthree contributions in his book:[2] (i) A long letter on the African\nhippopotamus as he (Rogers) had seen them in the \u201cRiver Natal\u201d; (ii) A\ndescription of the trade winds from the Cape of Good Hope to the Red\nSea; (iii) An account of \u201cNatal in Africk as I received it from my\ningenious friend Captain Rogers, who is lately gone to that place, and\nhath been there several times before.\u201d This gives a lively account of\nthe manners and customs of the natives, and the natural history of the\ncountry.\nIt is evident that at this period the Rogers family occupied a prominent\nposition both in the industrial and social life of Bristol, and in\nJanuary, 1705, the marriage of Woodes Rogers to the daughter of Admiral\nSir William Whetstone, of Bristol, the Commander-in-Chief in the West\nIndies, took place at St. Mary Magdalen, Old Fish Street, London.[3]\nThis marriage proved a stepping stone to Rogers\u2019s future career, and in\nconsequence of the union between these two old families Rogers was made\na freeman of his native place, as the following entry from the city\nrecords, under the date of 16th March, 1704/5, shows:--\u201cWoodes Rogers\njunior, Mariner, is admitted to the liberties of this city for that he\nmarried Sarah, daughter of Sir William Whettstone, knight.\u201d[4]\nWe now come to the year 1708, in many respects the most eventful of\nWoodes Rogers\u2019s career. He had long been impressed by the way in which\nboth France and Spain monopolised the whole of the trade to the South\nSea, and he determined, if possible, to remedy the evil. In 1698 M. de\nBeauchesne Gouin, a captain in the French navy, went there with two\nships for the purpose of establishing trade, and an account of that\nvoyage, in the shape of the commander\u2019s \u201cJournal\u201d coming into the hands\nof Rogers, he eagerly perused and digested it. Elated by the success of\nBeauchesne Gouin, the French had carried on a vast trade ever since, and\nin one year, Rogers informs us, no less than seventeen warships and\nmerchantmen had been sent to the South Sea. In the first year it was\nestimated that their ships carried home above 100 millions of dollars,\nor nearly 25 millions sterling, besides which they convoyed the Spanish\ngalleons and treasure ships to and from the West Indies. By this means\nthey had become absolute masters of all the valuable trade in those\nparts, and the riches thus amassed had enabled them, according to\nRogers, \u201cto carry on the war against most of the Potentates of Europe.\u201d\nThis war, known as the War of the Spanish Succession, in which the\nforces of Great Britain, Austria, and Holland were allied against those\nof France and Spain, lasted from 1702 till 1713, and Rogers, as befitted\na seaman of sound knowledge and wisdom, realised the truth of the old\nsaying that he who commands the sea commands the trade. Not only did he\nwish to see the English take a share in this vast trade of the South\nSea, but he realised that it would be a fitting opportunity to attack\nthe enemies\u2019 commerce there, and so by cutting off her resources it\nwould help to shorten the war, and enrich his own country. To quote his\nown words \u201cnecessity has frequently put private men on noble takings.\u201d\nThis was indeed a noble undertaking, and in the belief that it was both\nnecessary and profitable to undertake such an expedition, he drew up a\nscheme which he presented to his friends, the merchants of his native\nBristol. The time was particularly opportune for such a venture, for an\nAct[5] had recently been passed by Parliament which marks a crucial and\nimportant point in the history of privateering. In this Act an effort\nwas made to restore to privateering all the old spirit of adventure\nwhich permeated our sea story in the reign of Elizabeth. Previously the\nCrown had reserved to itself one fifth of all prizes taken by\nprivateers; now the whole interest was transferred to the owner and\ncrew. This Act marks the close of the period of decline, and the opening\nof a period of great activity. The Crown now sanctioned privateering\nsolely for the benefit which it was hoped to derive from injury\ninflicted on the enemy.[6]\nUnder these circumstances it was only natural that the scheme which\nRogers propounded should have been looked on in a most favourable light,\nand the expedition was duly financed and fitted out. Rogers dedicates\nhis book to his \u201csurviving owners,\u201d and among them it is of particular\ninterest to note the following:\nSir John Hawkins, Mayor of Bristol in 1701; Christopher Shuter, Mayor in\n1711; James Hollidge, Mayor in 1709; Captain Freake and Thomas Clements,\nSheriffs of Bristol; John Romsey, Town Clerk of Bristol, and Thomas\nGoldney, a leading Quaker of Bristol.[7] It will be seen from this that\nduring the voyage (1708-11) the whole of the Corporation at one time or\nanother were interested in the venture.\nThe money being forthcoming, two merchant ships, or \u201cprivate Men of War\u201d\nwere fitted out. These were the _Duke_ of 320 tons, with a crew of 117\nmen and mounting 30 guns, and the _Dutchess_, a slightly smaller ship of\n260 tons, with a crew of 108 men, and 26 guns. How these two small ships\n(the equivalent of a 6th-rate ship of the Royal Navy of the day, with a\nkeel length of about 80 ft. and a breadth of about 25 ft.) helped to\nmake history, the readers of Woodes Rogers\u2019s \u201cCruising Voyage\u201d will be\nable to judge. Each ship had a commission from the Lord High Admiral to\nwage war against the French and the Spaniards, and in order that those\nwho sailed with him should not be forgotten Rogers has left us the names\nof all the officers in the two ships, and among them may be noted the\nfollowing:--Captain Stephen Courtney, Commander of the _Dutchess_, \u201ca\nman of birth, fortune, and of very amiable qualities,\u201d who contributed\nto the expense of the voyage; Thomas Dover, second Captain of the\n_Duke_, President of the Council, and Captain of the Marines, whose\nappointment appears to have been due to his financial interest in the\nvoyage. By profession \u201ca Doctor of Physick,\u201d he is remembered to\nposterity as the inventor of \u201cDover\u2019s Powder\u201d[8]; Captain Edward\nCooke,[9] who was second to Captain Courtney, had been twice taken\nprisoner by the French.\nThe most noteworthy was undoubtedly Captain William Dampier,[10] then in\nhis fifty-sixth year, who sailed under Rogers as \u201cPilot for the South\nSeas.\u201d The choice was a wise one, for probably no man living had a wider\nexperience in those waters, having been there three times before, and\ntwice round the world. To the Spaniards his name was second only to that\nof Drake, a formidable asset in a voyage of this kind. That he should\nhave consented to serve under a much younger man is sufficient\ntestimony of the regard and esteem in which he held Woodes Rogers.\nAmong the officers of the _Duke_ were three lieutenants and three mates.\nOf the latter, John Ballet, third mate, was designated surgeon if\noccasion arose, he having been \u201cCaptain Dampier\u2019s Doctor in his last\nunfortunate voyage round the world.\u201d This department was further\nstrengthened by the inclusion of Dover\u2019s kinsman, Samuel Hopkins, an\nApothecary, who was to act as Dover\u2019s lieutenant \u201cif we landed a party.\u201d\nIn addition two young lawyers, George Underhill and John Parker, were\nborne upon the ship\u2019s books, \u201cdesigned to act as midshipmen.\u201d Among the\nofficers of the _Dutchess_ under Captain Courtney, was Rogers\u2019s young\nbrother, John, who sailed as second-lieutenant.\nThe instructions given by the owners were embodied in a document, which\nRogers solemnly calls the \u201cConstitution,\u201d which was signed and sealed at\nBristol on the 14th of July, 1708. This document not only stipulated the\nexact powers of the various officers, but laid down a definite rule that\n\u201call attempts, attacks, and designs upon the enemy\u201d should at first be\ndebated by a general council of the officers, and the same applied to\nall \u201cdiscontents, differences, or misbehaviour.\u201d The wisdom of this\nprocedure was apparent from the first, and Rogers states that without\nthis method \u201cwe could never have performed the voyage.\u201d\nAnd so, within three weeks of the signing of the Constitution, Rogers\nand his merry men sailed from the King Road, near Bristol, on August the\n2nd, on what proved to be one of the most successful voyages that ever\nleft the shores of Great Britain. His crew consisted for the most part\nof \u201cTinkers, Taylors, Hay-makers, Pedlers, Fiddlers, etc.,\u201d not\nforgetting John Finch \u201clate wholesale oilman of London,\u201d as ship\u2019s\nsteward, and the ship\u2019s mascot, a fine specimen of an English bull-dog.\nThough the composition of the crew was Gilbertian in the extreme, its\nspirit, as we shall see, was in the main, Elizabethan.\n\u201cMost of us, the chief officers,\u201d says Rogers, \u201cembraced this trip of\nprivateering round the world, to retrieve the losses we had sustained by\nthe enemy,\u201d and the opportunity soon offered itself. Proceeding down the\nBristol Channel with a fair wind and bound for Cork, they saw a large\nship, but after three hours\u2019 chase lost sight of her. This was probably\nfortunate for Rogers, for he records that his ships were \u201cout of trim,\u201d\nand that in his own ship there were \u201cnot twenty sailors.\u201d After several\nminor adventures Cork was reached on the 6th, where the provisioning of\nthe ships was completed by Mr. Noblett Rogers, brother of one of the\nowners. Here Rogers succeeded in shipping some good sailors, and\nclearing out the useless ones, \u201cbeing ordinary fellows, and not fit for\nour employment.\u201d The defects in the rigging of the ships were now made\ngood, and they were also careened and cleaned. During this enforced stay\nin Cork Harbour, we get a glimpse of the lighter side of a sailor\u2019s\nlife. Though they expected to sail immediately, the crew we are informed\n\u201cwere continually marrying.\u201d Among others, Rogers tells an amusing story\nof a Danish seaman who married an Irish woman, \u201cwithout understanding a\nword of each other\u2019s language, so that they were forced to use an\ninterpreter.\u201d While the rest \u201cdrank their Cans of flip till the last\nminute\u201d and \u201cparted unconcerned,\u201d the Dane \u201ccontinued melancholy for\nseveral days\u201d after the ships sailed. Sweethearts and wives were finally\nleft behind on September 1st, when the _Duke_ and _Dutchess_ in company\nwith about 20 merchant ships, and escorted by the _Hastings_ man-of-war,\nunder the command of Captain Paul,[11] shaped their course for the\nCanary Islands.\nAnd now having left British waters, with a \u201cmixed gang,\u201d as Rogers\ndubbed his crew, \u201cwe hope to be well manned, as soon as they have learnt\nthe use of arms, and got their sea legs, which we doubted not soon to\nteach them, and bring them to discipline.\u201d The holds of both the _Duke_\nand _Dutchess_ were full of provisions; the between decks were crowded\nwith cables, bread, and water-casks, and whereas on leaving Bristol they\nhad only a crew of 225 all told, they now had a total of 334, so we can\nquite agree with Rogers when he says they were \u201cvery much crowded and\npestered ships.\u201d Under such circumstances Rogers was no doubt glad to\nsail under the protection of a man-of-war.\nStrange as it may seem things were not so bad as Rogers thought, and\nafter chasing a small vessel he records with evident satisfaction, that\nthe _Duke_ and _Dutchess_ \u201csailed as well as any in the fleet, not\nexcepting the man-of-war.\u201d Prior to parting company with Captain Paul\nthe crews were mustered in order to acquaint them with the design of the\nexpedition, and to give an opportunity of sending home any \u201cmalcontents\u201d\nin the _Hastings_. All professed themselves satisfied, excepting one\npoor fellow on the _Duke_, who expected to have been \u201cthe Tything-man\nthat year in his parish,\u201d and whose lament was that his wife \u201cwould be\nobliged to pay forty shillings in his absence.\u201d However, when he saw all\nthe rest willing, and knew the prospect of plunder, he became \u201ceasily\nquieted,\u201d and in common with the others drank heartily to the success of\nthe voyage.\nSix days after leaving Cork the ships parted company with the\n_Hastings_, and as a farewell gift Captain Paul gave them \u201cScrubbers,\nIron Scrapers for our ship\u2019s bottom, a speaking trumpet, and other\nthings that we wanted.\u201d By this time Rogers was beginning to get his\nships into trim and all provisions, etc., properly stowed, they hitherto\n\u201chaving been in some confusion, as is usual in Privateers at first\nsetting out.\u201d Taking into consideration the length of the voyage, the\ndifferent climates they would pass, and the excessive cold \u201cgoing about\nCape Horne,\u201d it was resolved to stop at Madeira to replenish their\nslender stock of \u201cliquor.\u201d It was Pepys who wrote that \u201cseamen love\ntheir bellies above anything else,\u201d and Rogers was of the opinion that\n\u201cgood liquor to sailors is preferable to clothing.\u201d\nIn spite of the assurances of his crew a few days earlier, a mutiny now\noccurred on board his ship. He and his consort had chased and overhauled\na vessel flying Swedish colours, believed to be carrying contraband\ngoods. Nothing however was found to prove her a prize, and Rogers let\nher go \u201cwithout the least embezzlement,\u201d for which courtesy the master\ngave him \u201ctwo hams, and some ruff-dryed beef,\u201d and the compliment was\nreturned with \u201ca dozen bottles of red-streak Cyder.\u201d This much incensed\nthe crews of the _Duke_ and _Dutchess_ who had no idea of the perils of\nprivateering without the sweets of plunder, and under the leadership of\nthe boatswain of the _Duke_ several of them mutinied. The situation\nlooked ugly, but Rogers, who was a born commander, quickly quelled it,\nputting ten of the mutineers in irons, while the boatswain, \u201cthe most\ndangerous fellow,\u201d was shipped in the _Crown_ galley, then in company,\nto be carried to Madeira in irons. Five days later the prisoners were\n\u201cdischarged from their irons,\u201d upon their humble submission and strict\npromises for their future good behaviour.\nContrary to arrangements it was decided to pass by Madeira, there being\n\u201clittle wind,\u201d and to \u201ccruise a little among the Canary Islands for\nliquor.\u201d On the 18th of September they chased and captured a small\nSpanish bark with forty-five passengers on board, who were relieved when\nthey found that their captors were English and not Turks. Among them\nwere four friars, one of whom, \u201ca good honest fellow,\u201d Rogers and his\nofficers made \u201cheartily merry, drinking King Charles III\u2019s health\u201d: the\nrest he tersely records \u201cwere of the wrong sort.\u201d\nThe prize was carried into Oratava, where after some delay, and a\nthreatened bombardment of the town, the Spaniards eventually ransomed\nher. The transaction, however, seemed to have ended to Rogers\u2019s\nsatisfaction, and his ships sailed away \u201cwell stocked with liquor, the\nbetter able to endure the cold when we get the length of Cape Horn.\u201d On\nthe 25th of September the ships passed the \u201ctropick,\u201d when according to\nthe ritual of the sea, the fresh-water sailors were ducked from the\nyard-arm, or forced to pay a fine of half a crown.\nThe next place of call was the Cape Verde Islands and on the last day of\nSeptember the two ships dropped anchor in the harbour of St. Vincent.\nHere they wooded and watered, and their casks, which had been oil casks,\nwere hauled ashore, burnt and cleaned--the water in them having \u201cstunk\ninsufferably.\u201d By bartering with the inhabitants they were also able to\nobtain fresh provisions in the shape of \u201cCattel, Goats, Hogs, Fowls,\nMelons, Potatoes, Limes, Brandy, Tobacco, Indian Corn, etc.\u201d Here Rogers\nhad the misfortune to lose one of his crew, Joseph Alexander \u201ca good\nlinguist,\u201d who had been sent ashore with a respectful letter to the\nGovernor. This man seems to have found life more attractive on the\nisland than the uncertainties and hardships of life aboard a privateer.\nAfter waiting a week for him Rogers reluctantly came to the conclusion\nthat he had deserted, and \u201cit was unanimously agreed, that we had better\nleave him behind, than to wait with two ships for one man that had not\nfollowed his orders.\u201d\nRogers was extremely scrupulous in all his undertakings; everything\nrelating to the proceedings of his squadron and the affairs of both\nofficers and men was carefully recorded in his journal. On the eve of\nsailing from the Bay of St. Vincent a council was held on board the\n_Dutchess_ \u201cto prevent embezzlement in prizes, and to hinder feuds and\ndisorders amongst our officers and men for the future.\u201d An agreement was\narrived at whereby each man was to have the following shares in the\nplunder. A sailor or landsman, \u00a310; any officer below the Carpenter,\n\u00a320; a Mate, Gunner, Boatswain, and Carpenter, \u00a340; a Lieutenant or\nMaster, \u00a380; And the Captains \u00a3100 over and above the gratuity promised\nby the owners to such as shall signalise themselves.\u201d It was also agreed\nthat both Rogers and Courtney should have 5 per cent. over and above\ntheir respective shares, and that a reward of twenty pieces-of-eight\nwould be given \u201cto him that first sees a prize of good value, or\nexceeding 50 tons in burden.\u201d This was signed by the officers and men of\nboth ships on the 8th of October.\nOn the same day the ships weighed and steered for the coast of Brazil.\nBy this time the men had found their sea legs and were more amenable to\ndiscipline, and only one act of insubordination is recorded on the\nvoyage to Brazil.\nThe spiritual needs of the men were not neglected, and it is pleasing to\nnote that from the 28th of October, when the ships crossed the line,\n\u201cprayers were read in both ships, morning or evening, as opportunity\nwould permit, according to the Church of England.[12] On the 19th of\nNovember they made the coast of Brazil, anchoring off the Island of\nGrande. The opportunity was now taken to replenish the water casks, and\ncareen the ships. The depredations of the French corsairs had made the\nBrazilians suspicious of strangers, and Rogers states that his boat was\nfired on several times when trying to land \u201cwith a present for the\nGovernor of Angre de Reys.\u201d On learning that they were English, Rogers\nand his men were welcomed by the Friars and the Governor, who treated\nthem \u201cvery handsomely.\u201d Rogers\u2019s account of a religious procession in\nwhich he and his men, assisted by the ships\u2019 band, took part, is one of\nthe most amusing episodes in his book. Another amusing incident was an\nattempt by two Irish sailors to desert, but they were so frightened by\nthe monkeys and baboons in the woods, that they were glad to return to\nthe ship. In the afternoon of December 3rd, the ships bade adieu to the\nhospitalities of the island of Grande, and commenced their long and\narduous voyage to Juan Fernandez, a distance of nearly 6,000 miles.\nA succession of gales now followed and on the 13th of December the\n_Dutchess_ was forced to reef her mainsail for the first time since\nleaving England. In spite of \u201cstrong gales, with squalls from the south\nto the west,\u201d when nearing Cape Horn, the new year was fitly ushered in.\nAccording to the custom of the sea there was \u201ca large tub of punch hot\nupon the Quarter Deck, where every man in the ship had above a pint to\nhis share, and drank our owners and our friends healths in Great\nBritain.\u201d After which, Rogers records, \u201cwe bore down to our Consort, and\ngave him three Huzza\u2019s, wishing them the like.\u201d In anticipation of the\nexcessive cold in \u201cgoing about Cape Horn\u201d six tailors were hard at work\nfor several weeks making warm clothing for the men, and every officer\nhanded over such items as he could spare from his own kit. The actual\npassage of the Horn is vividly described by Rogers, and although the\n_Dutchess_ was for some hours in considerable danger, good seamanship\nbrought her and her consort safely through. Having got as far south as\nlatitude 61\u00b053\u00b4, \u201cthe furthest for aught we know that anyone as yet has\nbeen to Southward, we now account ourselves in the South Sea,\u201d says\nRogers.\nIn fact Dampier as pilot had carried them so far south that many of the\nmen in both ships were nearly frozen to death, and some were down with\nthe scurvy. The pressing need was to find a harbour in order that the\nsick might be recruited ashore, and for this purpose the Island of Juan\nFernandez was decided upon. Unfortunately all the charts differed, and\nfor a time grave doubts were entertained of \u201cstriking it.\u201d Thanks to the\nskill of Dampier, who had been there before, the island was sighted on\nthe last day of January, but by that time they had slightly overshot it,\nfor it bore \u201cW.S.W. distant about 7 leagues.\u201d[13] With this famous\nlandfall lay not only the destinies of the crews of the _Duke_ and\n_Dutchess_, but also of the solitary inhabitant of the island who was\nanxiously scanning the horizon.\nThat same afternoon the pinnace was hoisted out and a boat\u2019s crew under\nthe command of Dover went in her to go ashore. When the pinnace was\nabout a league from the island, it being then nightfall, Rogers, from\nthe deck of the _Duke_, suddenly saw a light blaze up from the shore.\nThe pinnace immediately made haste to return, and believing that a\nFrench squadron was lying at anchor, Rogers ordered the decks to be\ncleared for action. At daybreak on the following day the ships stood in\nto engage, but not a single sail was to be seen. A yawl, with two\nofficers and six men all armed, was sent forward to reconnoitre, and as\nit neared the shore a man \u201cclothed in goat-skins\u201d was seen gesticulating\nwildly to them. This was Alexander Selkirk, late master of the _Cinque\nPorts_, who through some quarrel with his captain had been on the island\nfour years and four months. This was the first time that an English ship\nhad called at the island since, and his joy at seeing the English flag\nagain and hearing the voices of his own countryman can better be\nimagined than described. Though his actions reflected his gratitude, his\nspeech \u201cfor want of use\u201d failed him, \u201che seemed to speak his words by\nhalves.\u201d His adventures and privations are vividly described by Rogers,\nand it is not proposed to dwell on them here. Suffice it to say that\nSelkirk\u2019s story was first communicated to the world in the pages of\nWoodes Rogers\u2019s \u201cCruising Voyage,\u201d and that his adventures formed the\nbasis of the romance of Robinson Crusoe.[14]\nTwo days after their arrival at the island all was bustle and\nexcitement. A ship\u2019s forge was set up ashore; sail-makers were busy\nrepairing the sails; coopers were hard at work on the casks; and tents\nwere pitched to receive the sick men. In the words of Rogers \u201cwe have a\nlittle town of our own here, and every body is employed.\u201d The time was\nindeed precious, for while at the Canaries they had heard that five\nlarge French ships were coming to search for them, and Rogers was\nanxious to get away as soon as possible. Thanks to the \u201cgoodness of the\nair\u201d and the \u201chelp of the greens,\u201d and to the fact that the \u201cGovernour,\u201d\nas Rogers dubbed Selkirk, caught two or three goats every day for them,\nthe crew soon recovered from their distemper, and only two died. The\nships were quickly wooded and watered, and about eighty gallons of\nsea-lions\u2019 oil was boiled down to be used as oil for the lamps in order\nto save the candles. By the 12th of February the sick men were\nre-embarked, and two days later the little squadron weighed with \u201ca fair\npleasant gale,\u201d with Selkirk duly installed as second mate of the\n_Duke_. The voyage was continued to the northward off the coasts of\nChile and Peru with the intention of getting across the track of the\ngreat Spanish galleons from Manila to Acapulco. On the 16th of March\nthey captured a little vessel of about 16 tons belonging to Payta, and\non the following day arrived with their prize at the Island of Lobos.\nHere it was resolved to fit out the prize as a privateer, \u201cshe being\nwell built for sailing.\u201d This was carried out with the greatest\nexpedition, and with a crew of 32 men and four swivel guns, she was\nrenamed the _Beginning_ and placed under the command of Captain Cooke.\nWhile the _Duke_ was being cleaned and tallowed, the _Beginning_ in\ncompany with the _Dutchess_ was sent a-cruising, and on the morning of\nthe 26th they captured another Spanish vessel. Among other things they\nfound a store of tobacco on board, a very welcome article which was\ndistributed among the men. After being cleaned and refitted she was\nchristened the _Increase_ and Selkirk was appointed to command her. The\nships continued cruising on this station till the 5th of April, and\namong other prizes they took the Spanish galleon _Ascension_ of 500\ntons, bound from Panama to Lima.\nSo far the financial results of the expedition had been disappointing,\nbut spurred on by the glowing accounts given by their prisoners of\nrichly laden ships that were expected with the \u201cwidow of the Viceroy of\nPeru with her family and riches,\u201d and the wealth of the Spanish South\nAmerican cities, they resolved to attack the city of Guiaquil, and exact\na ransom. This resolution was arrived at on the morning of April 12th\nand a council was held on board the _Duke_ to discuss the project, when\nregulations were drawn up regarding the landing parties and other\ndetails. In order that his \u201cmixed gang of most European nations,\u201d should\nhave \u201cgood discipline\u201d and \u201cneedful encouragement,\u201d minute regulations\nwere drawn up by Rogers and his officers concerning what was to be\ntermed plunder. Although everything portable seems to have been\nconsidered as such, it is amusing to learn that Rogers with his\ncustomary civility to the fair sex, resolved \u201cthat money and women\u2019s\near-rings, with loose diamonds, pearls, and precious stones\u201d should \u201cbe\nexcepted.\u201d The plunder of Guiaquil being thus comfortably and amicably\narranged beforehand, the ships headed for the Island of Puna, at the\nentrance to Guiaquil River.\nOn the 15th of April, when nearing their intended anchorage, an\nunfortunate incident occurred. In an attack on a French-built ship\nbelonging to Lima, Rogers\u2019s younger brother John was killed in\nattempting to board her. Though we must sympathise with Rogers when he\nspeaks of his \u201cunspeakable sorrow\u201d on this occasion, we cannot but\nadmire his pluck when he philosophically adds that \u201cthe greatest\nmisfortune or obstacle shall not deter\u201d him from the object that he had\nin view. Within twenty-four hours Rogers had captured the ship,\neventually naming her the _Marquis_, and increasing her armament from 12\nto 20 guns.\nOn the 19th a landing was effected on the Island of Puna, and at\nmidnight on the 22nd, the ships\u2019 boats with 110 men arrived in sight of\nthe town of Guiaquil. On the top of an adjoining hill a blazing beacon\nshowed that an alarum had been raised. Bells were violently rung, and\nmuskets and guns were discharged to awake the inhabitants. A hurried\nconsultation was now held between Rogers and his chief officers, and\nboth Dampier and Dover were against proceeding with the attack. Cautious\ncounsels prevailed, and the plan for taking the town by surprise having\nfailed, negotiations were opened with the governor for its ransom. A sum\nof 50,000 pieces-of-eight[15] was demanded, but the town could only\nraise 30,000. Rogers thereupon broke off the negotiations and while the\nships bombarded the town he landed a force of 70 men and guns. Rogers\nhas minutely described the attack, and space forbids dwelling on it\nhere; suffice it to say that within an hour the enemy were in full\nretreat and the English were masters of the city. Other reinforcements\nwere now landed and strategic points in the city occupied, while parties\nwere told off to plunder. An agreement was eventually drawn up for the\npayment of 30,000 pieces-of-eight as ransom, to be paid within six days.\nOn the 27th of April Rogers and his men marched down to the boats with\ncolours flying, and the plunder was safely stowed aboard. At 8 o\u2019clock\nthe next morning they sailed with \u201cdrums beating, trumpets sounding, and\nguns booming,\u201d and thus took leave of the Spaniards \u201cvery cheerfully.\u201d\nIt was now decided to make the \u201cutmost despatch\u201d for the Galapagos\nIslands off the coast of Peru. In the passage there a malignant fever\ncontracted at Guiaquil, broke out among the crews of both ships, and on\nthe morning of the 17th when in sight of the Galapagos no less than 60\nwere down on the _Duke_, and upwards of 80 on the _Dutchess_.\nOn arrival at the island it was agreed to separate in order to search\nfor fresh water, but none was discovered. Finding that punch preserved\nhis own health, Rogers records that he \u201cprescribed it freely among such\nof the ship\u2019s company as were well.\u201d Though it was thought when setting\nout from Bristol that they had sufficient medicines aboard, Rogers now\nlaments that with so many sick in both ships the supplies were\ninadequate.\nOwing to the absence of water it was decided to steer for the island of\nGorgona, near the mainland. Here a supply of fresh water was available,\nand the sick were brought ashore and placed in tents to recruit their\nhealth. The opportunity was now taken to caulk and careen the ships and\nexamine the prizes. In discharging the cargo of the galleon, which\nRogers had named the _Marquis_, he found in her, to his amazement, \u201c500\nBales of Pope\u2019s Bulls, 16 reams in a Bale,\u201d and a quantity of bones in\nsmall boxes \u201cticketed with the names of Romish Saints, some of which had\nbeen dead 7 or 800 years.\u201d A more inconvenient cargo for a privateer\nwould be difficult to imagine, and as they took up such a lot of room in\nthe ship, Rogers records that he threw most of them overboard \u201cto make\nroom for better goods,\u201d except some of the Papal Bulls which he used \u201cto\nburn the pitch off our ships\u2019 bottoms when we careened them.\u201d In\nextenuation for what may seem an impious act, Rogers states that it was\nimpossible to read them as the print \u201clooked worse than any of our old\nballads.\u201d\nAfter two months\u2019 stay at Gorgona the crew had sufficiently recuperated\nto continue the cruise, and on the 7th of August the ships sailed from\nthe island, bound southward. On board the _Duke_ were 35 negroes, \u201clusty\nfellows,\u201d selected from some of the Spanish prizes. Rogers called them\ntogether, and explained his plan of campaign, telling them that if they\nfought and behaved themselves well in the face of an enemy they should\nbe free men, upon which \u201c32 of them immediately promised to stand to it\nas long as the best Englishman, and desired they might be improved in\nthe use of arms.\u201d To confirm the contract, Rogers gave them a suit of\n\u201cBays,\u201d and \u201cmade them drink a dram all round\u201d to the success of the\nvoyage. In order that nothing should be wanting he staged a sham fight\nto exercise them \u201cin the use of our great guns and small arms,\u201d and in\nthe heat of the engagement \u201cto imitate business,\u201d red-lead mixed with\nwater, was liberally sprinkled over them; \u201ca very agreeable diversion,\u201d\ncomments Rogers.\nAnd so for the real business, the capture of the Manila ship. All the\nromance of buccaneering and privateering hangs round these great\ntreasure galleons, the annual ships from Manila to Acapulco, and the\nsister ships from Acapulco to Manila. It was the golden dream of every\nsailor who sailed these seas to capture one of them, but although many\nhad made the attempt, only one prior to this, that famous Elizabethan\nseaman Thomas Cavendish, had actually done so, in 1587.[16] Here was a\nfeat worthy of emulation, and so, in the November of 1709, we find\nRogers and his little squadron cruising off Cape St. Lucas waiting and\nwatching in the \u201cvery place\u201d and in the same month where Cavendish \u201ctook\nthe Manila ship\u201d one hundred and twenty-two years earlier. It was a long\nand weary watch which tested both the temper and the mettle of the men\nto the extreme. Through the whole of November no sign of the treasure\nship was to be seen; several of the men mutinied and were confined in\nirons, and two others broke open the store room and stole from the fast\ndiminishing stock of victuals. By the 20th of December provisions were\nat such a low ebb that Rogers records \u201cwe all looked very melancholy and\ndispirited,\u201d and after consultation with his officers it was agreed to\nmake for the Island of Guam \u201cwith the utmost dispatch\u201d in order to\nrevictual. All hope of falling in with the Manila ship had been\npractically abandoned, when at 9 o\u2019clock on the following morning a man\nat the masthead of the _Duke_ cried out that he saw a sail distant about\n7 leagues \u201cbearing West half south of us.\u201d\nAt this \u201cgreat and joyful surprize\u201d the English ensign was immediately\nhoisted, and both the _Duke_ and _Dutchess_ \u201cbore away after her.\u201d The\nweather had now \u201cfallen calm,\u201d and all through that day and the next\nRogers hung on to his prey, with his two pinnaces tending her \u201call\nnight,\u201d and showing \u201cfalse fires\u201d that they might keep in touch. Before\nnightfall on the 22nd, both the _Duke_ and _Dutchess_ cleared for\naction, and everything was made ready to engage the ship at daybreak. As\nday dawned the chase was observed upon the _Duke\u2019s_ weather bow, about a\nleague away, while the _Dutchess_ was ahead of her \u201cto leeward near\nabout half as far.\u201d The ships were now becalmed, and Rogers was forced\nto get \u201cout 8 of our ships oars, and rowed above an hour.\u201d A light\nbreeze then sprang up and carried them gently towards the enemy. There\nwas no time to be lost; not a dram of liquor was in the ship to fortify\nthe spirits of the men, so a large kettle of chocolate was boiled and\nserved out to the crew, who when they had emptied their pannikins, went\nto prayers like true British sailors. Ere long their devotions were\ndisturbed by the enemy\u2019s gunfire, and about eight o\u2019clock the _Duke_\nbegan to engage the Spaniard single-handed; the _Dutchess_ \u201cbeing to\nleeward, and having little wind, could not get up in time.\u201d The enemy\npresented a most formidable aspect with powder barrels hanging at each\nyard-arm, \u201cto deter us from boarding.\u201d\nAs the _Duke_ approached she received the fire of the enemy\u2019s\nstern-chasers, to which she was only able to reply with her\nfore-chasers. Holding on her course she soon ranged alongside the great\ngalleon, and gave her several broadsides. The precision and rapidity of\nthe English gunners was apparent from the first, and after a little\nwhile the _Duke_ \u201cshot a little ahead\u201d and placing herself across the\nbows of the galleon, plied her guns with such good effect that the\nSpaniard hauled her colours \u201ctwo thirds down\u201d and surrendered.[17] The\nfight, which was hotly contested, according to Rogers, lasted \u201cabout\nthree glasses,\u201d and on board the Spaniard 9 men were killed and several\nwounded. On the English side only two were wounded, Rogers and an Irish\nlandsman. Rogers\u2019s wound was a serious one; he was shot in the left\ncheek, the bullet carrying away part of his upper jaw. As he lay on the\ndeck writhing in agony, he pluckily delivered his orders in writing.\nTwo days later, although he had \u201cmuch ado to swallow any sort of\nliquids,\u201d and was obviously very ill, it was decided to cruise for a\nlarger ship which the prisoners stated had sailed from Manila at the\nsame time. On Christmas eve the _Dutchess_ and the _Marquis_ sailed out\nof the harbour of Port Segura to search for the larger ship. The\ninability of the former to engage the other Spanish ship in time had\ncaused \u201csome reflections amongst the sailors,\u201d and it was decided by a\nmajority of the Council that Rogers with the _Duke_ and the prize should\nwait in harbour to refit--much \u201cagainst our will.\u201d However, Rogers was\nnot to be put aside. He placed two men on an adjoining hilltop to signal\nas soon as the Spanish ship was sighted, and on the 26th he stood out to\nsea to join his consorts. By 9 o\u2019clock in the morning the _Dutchess_ was\nobserved engaging the Spaniard, and the _Marquis_ \u201cstanding to them with\nall the sail she could crowd.\u201d Unfortunately at this moment the _Duke_\nwas some twelve miles to leeward, and as the wind was light she made\nlittle way. By the afternoon the _Dutchess_ was joined in the attack by\nthe _Marquis_, but the latter soon fell to leeward out of cannon shot,\nbeing apparently temporarily disabled. Fortunately she soon recovered,\nand renewed the attack with great vigour \u201cfor 4 glasses and upwards.\u201d\nThe brunt of the fighting having fallen on the _Dutchess_ she now\n\u201cstretched ahead to windward\u201d of the enemy, to repair her rigging and\nstop a leak. In the meantime the _Marquis_ kept firing several\nbroadsides until the _Dutchess_ \u201cbore down again,\u201d when the fight was\nrenewed until nightfall. All this time Rogers in the _Duke_ was crowding\non all sail to come to his consorts\u2019 assistance. At daybreak the wind\nshifted, and Rogers was able to bring his guns to bear. The _Dutchess_\nbeing now \u201cthwart the Spaniards hawse,\u201d and plying her guns very fast,\nthose that missed their target, exposed the _Duke_ to a serious risk\n\u201cif we had lain on her quarters and across her stem, as I had designed.\u201d\nRogers now ranged his ship alongside the Spaniard, and for 4 glasses\ncontinued pouring broadsides into her. The _Duke_ now received two shots\nin her mainmast, which disabled her, and a fire ball lighting on her\nquarter-deck blew up a chest of gunpowder, and nearly fired the ship.\nThe _Dutchess_ was in much the same plight, and \u201chaving our rigging\nshattered very much,\u201d Rogers records, \u201cwe sheered off, and brought to.\u201d\nA Council was now held on board the _Duke_, and taking into\nconsideration the damage that the ships had received, coupled with the\nfact that their ammunition was nearly exhausted, it was unanimously\nagreed \u201cto forbear any further attempts\u201d on the Spaniard. The loss of\nsuch a valuable prize caused great disappointment, and it was Rogers\u2019s\nopinion, that had the _Duke_ been allowed to accompany the _Dutchess_\nand _Marquis_ on their first setting out \u201cwe all believe we might then\nhave carried this great ship.\u201d However, Rogers had reason to be proud of\nthe way in which his ships had acquitted themselves. The lofty Spaniard\nwas the Admiral of Manila, named _Bigonia_, a new ship of 900 tons, with\na crew of 450 and mounting 60 brass guns. It was estimated that the\nEnglish fired no less than 500 shot (6 pounders) into her hull. From\nfirst to last the English had fought her for seven hours, and the\ncasualties on the _Duke_ were 11 wounded, while the _Dutchess_ had about\n20 killed and wounded, and the _Marquis_ 2 scorched with powder. Among\nthe wounded was Rogers, who had part of his ankle carried away when the\nSpaniards\u2019 fireball blew up on the quarter-deck. To the end of the\naction he lay on his back where he fell, encouraging the men, and\nrefusing to be carried below.\nIt was now resolved to return to Port Segura on the Californian coast to\nlook after the prize already taken, and on the 1st day of January they\nwere again in harbour. The Acapulco galleon was now named the\n_Batchelor_ in honour of Alderman Batchelor of Bristol, one of the\nfinanciers of the expedition.[18] By a majority the Council decided to\nappoint Dover to command her, and Rogers, ill as he was, strongly\nprotested against the appointment. Dover was not a seaman; he was\nabsolutely incapable of commanding and navigating the prize to England.\nMoreover his temper was such that most of the seamen refused to serve\nunder him. Finally a compromise was arrived at, and Captains Frye and\nStretton were entrusted with the \u201cnavigation, sailing, and engaging\u201d of\nthe ship, and Selkirk was appointed Master. Dover, though nominally in\ncommand, was not to \u201cmolest, hinder, or contradict them in their\nbusiness.\u201d\nDuring the evening of the 10th of January, 1710, the four ships _Duke_,\n_Dutchess_, _Marquis_ and _Batchelor_, all heavily laden, left the coast\nof California for the Island of Guam, one of the Ladrones, that being\nthe first stage on their journey home to Great Britain. Provisions were\nnow extremely short, and 5 men were forced to subsist on 1-1/2 lb. of\nflour, and 1 small piece of meat between them per day, with 3 pints of\nwater each \u201cfor drink and dressing their victuals.\u201d Stern measures were\ntherefore necessary, and a seaman who stole several pieces of pork was\npunished with the cat-o\u2019-nine tails by his mess-mates. During this\nextreme scarcity, Rogers was forced to adopt a measure which is perhaps\nrather a humiliating episode in his career. To his Negro sailors, whom\nhe had promised to treat as Englishmen, and who had behaved themselves\nwell, he could only allow 6 in a mess to have \u201cthe same allowance as 5\nof our own men, which will but just keep those that are in health\nalive.\u201d\nThe long voyage to Guam, a distance of over 6,000 miles, occupied two\nmonths, during which the best day\u2019s run was 168 miles, and the worst 41.\nNothing of importance occurred until the 14th of February, when \u201cin\ncommemoration of the ancient custom of chusing Valentines,\u201d Rogers drew\nup a list of all \u201cthe fair ladies in Bristol\u201d who were in any way\nrelated or known to them. Assembling his officers in the cabin of the\n_Duke_ \u201cevery one drew, and drank the lady\u2019s health in a cup of Punch,\nand to a happy sight of them all.\u201d Three days later Rogers was troubled\nwith a swelling in his throat \u201cwhich incommoded\u201d him very much, and he\nsucceeded in getting out a piece of his jaw-bone that had lodged there\n\u201csince I was wounded.\u201d On March the 11th they arrived at Guam, where\nRogers after a little diplomatic dealing with the Spanish governor\nsucceeded in getting such provisions as he wanted for his depleted\nstores. In return the governor and others were entertained on board the\n_Duke_, the crew \u201cdiverting them with musick, and our sailors dancing\ntill night.\u201d On the 21st of March they sailed from Guam for the\nMoluccas, encountering very stormy weather, and owing to the unseaworthy\nnature of the _Duke_, the crew were \u201cwearied almost to death with\ncontinual pumping.\u201d By the 15th of May provisions had again reached a\nlow ebb, and \u201cwith the shortest allowance\u201d it was estimated that they\ncould only \u201csubsist at sea 3 weeks longer.\u201d A fortnight later the four\nships were safely anchored at the island of Bouton, by which time the\n_Dutchess_ was using her last butt of water. Here the King of Bouton\nsupplied them with various commodities, all of which \u201cwere very dear.\u201d\nNevertheless, as some return for the hospitality received Rogers made\nthe King a present of a \u201cBishop\u2019s Cap,\u201d which it is of interest to note\n\u201che highly esteemed and gratefully accepted.\u201d Being now \u201cpretty well\nsupplied\u201d with provisions \u201cfor a fortnight or three weeks,\u201d the ships\nleft the island on the 8th of June _en route_ for Batavia, having taken\non board a pilot who promised to carry them \u201cthrough the Channel the\ngreat Dutch ships generally went.\u201d\nOn the 17th, near the north coast of Java, they met a Dutch ship of 600\ntons--the first eastward-bound merchantman they had seen for nearly two\nyears. From her they had their first items of home news, the death of\nPrince George of Denmark, the Consort of Queen Anne, and the\ncontinuation of the wars in Europe. Three days later they anchored\nsafely in the roadstead of Batavia \u201cbetwixt 30 and 40 sail, great and\nsmall.\u201d\nAfter such a long and perilous voyage the crew were naturally overjoyed\nat being in port. To them Batavia was a perfect paradise. They hugged\neach other, and thanked their lucky stars that they had found \u201csuch a\nglorious place for Punch, where they could have Arrack for 8d. per\ngallon, and sugar for 1 penny a pound.\u201d In spite of the humours of his\nship\u2019s company Rogers was still very ill, the doctor having recently cut\na large musket shot out of his mouth, and while at Batavia several\npieces of his heel bone were also removed. As the _Marquis_ was found\nunfit to proceed to Europe, she was sold for 575 Dutch dollars, \u201can\nextraordinary bargain,\u201d remarks Rogers.\nOn October the 12th, after a stay of nearly four months, they sailed\nfrom Batavia and proceeded direct to the Cape of Good Hope. The _Duke_\nwas in such a leaky condition that she was kept afloat with the greatest\ndifficulty. By the end of October she had 3 feet of water in the hold,\n\u201cand our pumps being choaked,\u201d says Rogers, \u201cwe were in such danger,\nthat we made signals, and fired guns for our consorts to come to our\nrelief, but had just sucked her (i.e. pumped her dry) as the _Dutchess_\ncame up.\u201d On the 28th of December the three ships arrived at the Cape,\nand 16 sick men were sent ashore. Several days were now spent in\nwatering and re-fitting, and on the 18th of January, 1711, it was agreed\nthat some of the plate and gold from the ships should be sold to buy\n\u201cseveral necessaries and provisions.\u201d\nOn account of his valuable cargo Rogers deferred his departure until a\nnumber of homeward-bound ships collected, and it was not before April\nthe 6th that the combined fleet, numbering 16 Dutch and 9 English ships,\nsailed for Europe. On the 14th of May the _Duke_ and _Dutchess_ crossed\nthe line for the eighth time. A course was now steered to the westward\nof the Azores, and from thence north-eastward round the Shetlands to the\nTexel, where the whole fleet anchored on the 23rd of July. Here Rogers\nremained some little while, having received orders from the owners that\nthe East India Company resolved to trouble us, \u201con pretence we had\nencroached upon their liberties in India.\u201d Finally all difficulties were\namicably settled, and at the end of September the _Duke_, _Dutchess_,\nand _Marquis_ sailed from Holland, convoyed by four English men-of-war.\nOn the 1st of October they arrived in the Downs, and on the 14th came to\nan anchor at Erith, which finished their \u201clong and fatiguing voyage\u201d of\nover three years.\nThus ended one of the most remarkable expeditions that ever left the\nshores of Great Britain. The cost of fitting it out was less than\n\u00a314,000 and the net profits amounted to at least \u00a3170,000.[19] Of this\nsum, two-thirds went to the owners, and the other third was divided,\naccording to their rating, among the officers and men. The prizes taken,\nincluding the ships and barks ransomed at Guiaquil, amounted to twenty\nsail.[20]\nA rousing welcome must have been accorded Rogers and his plucky crew\nwhen they arrived home in Bristol. By their daring and skill they had\nranged the seas in defiance of the enemy, and by their superb seamanship\nand courage they had added a brilliant page to our naval history. Their\nvoyage was epoch making. In the words of a contemporary writer \u201cthere\nnever was any voyage of this nature so happily adjusted.\u201d Once and for\nall it stripped distant and tedious navigations of those terrors which\nhaunted them through the incapacity of their commanders, and it opened a\ndoor to the great South Sea which was never to be closed again.[21]\nRogers was a born leader, besides being a magnificent seaman. He had a\nway of maintaining authority over his men, which Dampier and others\nbefore him sadly lacked, and whenever the occasion arose he had a happy\nknack of ingratiating himself with the various authorities ashore.\nWhether friend or foe he invariably parted with them cheerfully.\nIn many respects the voyage of Woodes Rogers is more noteworthy than\nthat of Anson thirty years later. Rogers had only two small merchant\nships fitted out by private enterprise, whereas Anson\u2019s squadron was\nfitted, manned, and armed, by the Admiralty. It comprised six ships of\nthe Royal Navy (with 236 guns and 2,000 men), in addition to two\nvictualling ships of the size of the _Duke_ and _Dutchess_. Rogers was\nable to bring both his ships safely home, but fate was not so kind to\nAnson, and only one, his flagship the _Centurion_, succeeded in reaching\nEngland.\nThe success of the expedition naturally stimulated public interest, and\nat the request of his many friends, Rogers agreed to publish his\n\u201cjournal,\u201d[22] which appeared in the following year under the title of\n\u201cA Cruising Voyage round the World.\u201d It is written, as its author\ninforms us, in \u201cthe language of the sea,\u201d and as such it is a\npicturesque human document, enlivened with a quaint humour which makes\nit delightful reading. During the eighteenth century the book was widely\nread; three editions appeared within the space of fourteen years, and it\nwas also translated into French and German. It was used as a model by\nlater voyagers, and it is interesting to note that when Anson sailed on\na similar expedition thirty years later a copy of the \u201cCruising Voyage,\u201d\nfound a prominent place in his cabin.\nOn returning to England Rogers took up his residence at a house in Queen\nSquare, Bristol, which had been built for him about 1708. His share of\nthe plunder taken by the _Duke_ and _Dutchess_ must have amounted to\nabout \u00a314,000, and he was thus able to live in ease and retirement\nduring the next few years. At this period of his life he formed some\nimportant and influential friendships, and among his correspondents we\nfind such well-known names as Addison, Steele, and Sir Hans Sloane.\nTo a man of Rogers\u2019s disposition an inactive life must have been\nparticularly irksome, and his ever restless nature was continually\nlooking for some outlet where the spirit of adventure was combined with\nservice to the state. In the years following his expedition round the\nworld the Government had under consideration various schemes for the\nsettlements of Madagascar and the Bahama Islands, both of which had\nbecome strongholds for the pirates and were a dangerous menace to the\ntrade and navigation in those waters. That Rogers had his own ideas on\nthe matter is shown in the following letter to Sir Hans Sloane, dated\n7th May, 1716, which in its way is a model of brevity[23]:--\nSIR,\n     I being ambitious to promote a settlement on Madagascar, beg you\u2019ll\n     (be) pleased to send me what accounts you have of that island,\n     which will be a particular favour done\nYour most obliged humble servant,\nWOODES ROGERS.\nFor some reason or other the proposed settlement never matured, and\nnothing further is heard of it. There remained, however, the question of\nthe Bahamas, and it was not long before Rogers was called from the\nseclusion of his Bristol home to take command of an important expedition\nagainst the pirates of New Providence in the Bahamas, in which he was\nto become a pioneer in the settlement and administration of our West\nIndian Empire.\nThe story of this expedition, and Rogers\u2019s subsequent career as Governor\nof the Bahama Islands, the most northerly of our West Indian\npossessions, has never been told in full before. It may be taken as a\ntypical example of the pluck and enterprise shown by our early colonial\ngovernors against overwhelming odds and difficulties, and as such it\nfills an important chapter in colonial history. Although the islands had\nnominally belonged to Great Britain since 1670, they had been left\nwithout any systematic government or settlement for over half a century,\nand in consequence the House of Lords in an address to the Queen[24]\nduring the early part of 1716, set forth the desirability of placing the\nBahamas under the Crown, for the better security and advantage of the\ntrade of this kingdom. They pointed out that twice within living memory\nthe French and Spaniards had plundered the colony, and driven out the\nfew English settlers, and that it was now necessary to establish a\nstable form of government there. Owing to their geographical position,\nthe Bahamas were a favourite haunt of the pirates, whose headquarters\nwere at New Providence, the principal island. Nothing however was done\nin the matter until the following year, when Rogers submitted a careful\nand considered proposal for their settlement to the Lords Commissioners\nof Trade, in the summer of 1717. He emphasised the importance of those\nislands to British trade and navigation, and the necessity of driving\nout the pirates and fortifying and settling the islands for the better\nprotection of that trade. His endeavours were stoutly supported by some\nof the \u201cmost considerable merchants of London and Bristol,\u201d who declared\nthat Rogers was in \u201cevery way qualified for such an undertaking.\u201d[25] In\nthe meantime the Lords Proprietors of the Bahamas surrendered the civil\nand military government of the islands to the Crown with the reservation\nof quit rents and royalties. These they leased under an agreement dated\n28th of October, 1717, to Rogers, who is described in the original lease\nas \u201cof London, Mariner,\u201d for a term of twenty-one years. For the first\nseven years Rogers was to pay fifty pounds a year; for the second seven\nyears one hundred pounds a year; and for the remaining period two\nhundred pounds a year.[26]\nAccordingly, Rogers\u2019s suggestion, backed by the recommendation of\nAddison, then Secretary of State, was agreed to, and he was duly\nappointed \u201cCaptain-General and Governor-in-Chief in and over our Bahama\nIslands in America,\u201d the King \u201creposing especial trust\u201d in his\n\u201cPrudence, Courage and Loyalty.\u201d On his appointment he assigned his\nlease to W. Chetwynd, Adam Cardonnel, and Thomas Pitt, with the proviso\nthat the lessee was to have the right to grant lands \u201cfor not less than\n1_d._ sterling per acre.\u201d[27]\nAmong other things Rogers had represented to the Crown the necessity of\ntaking out a number of soldiers to protect the colony, and on the 14th\nof October, 1717, Addison wrote to the Secretary of War stating that the\ncompany should consist \u201cof a hundred men at least,\u201d and that as the\nseason was too far advanced to procure these forces from any part of\nAmerica, he proposed that they should be \u201cdraughted out of the Guards,\nor any other regiments now on foot, or out of His Majesty\u2019s Hospital at\nChelsea.\u201d[28] This garrison Rogers had proposed to victual at the rate\nof 6_d._ per head per diem, and the Treasury were asked to provide the\nsum of \u00a3912 10_s._--the cost of a year\u2019s victualling--\u201cprovided your\nLordships shall find the same to be a cheap and reasonable\nproposal.\u201d[29]\nOn the 6th of November Rogers duly received his commission as \u201cCaptain\nof that Independent Company of Foot which we have appointed to do duty\nin our Bahama Islands in America.\u201d\nWhile in London Rogers had an opportunity of renewing his friendship\nwith Steele, whom he met in the Tennis Coffee House in the Cockpit,\nWhitehall, on which occasions we are told the conversation \u201cturned upon\nthe subject of trade and navigation,\u201d a subject which we may be sure was\neagerly discussed, for Steele at the time was full of his idea for the\n\u201cFish Pool,\u201d a scheme for bringing fish alive to London.[30]\nOn Friday the 11th of April, Rogers sailed from England to take up his\nappointment.[31] His commission gave him full power to employ whatever\nmeans he thought fit for the suppression of piracy, and he also carried\nwith him the royal proclamation of pardon, dated 5th of September, 1717,\nto any pirates who surrendered before the 5th of September, 1718.[32] At\nthe same time a determined effort was made by the Government to stamp\nout piracy in the whole of the West Indian Islands, and several ships\nwere despatched to Jamaica, Barbadoes, and the Leeward Islands for that\npurpose.\nAfter a voyage of three and a half months Rogers arrived at his\ndestination, and on the 25th of July the _Delicia_, with the Governor\nand his retinue on board, escorted by H.M. ships _Rose_ and _Milford_,\nanchored off Nassau, the principal town of New Providence, and the seat\nof government of the Bahamas. Owing to the lateness of the evening the\npilot of the _Delicia_ decided that it was unsafe to venture over the\nbar that night, and in consequence it was resolved to wait till the\nmorning.[33] From information received it was learnt that nearly all the\npirates are anxious to avail themselves of the royal clemency. Two\nnotable exceptions, however, were Teach, the famous \u201cBlackbeard,\u201d and\nCharles Vane. The latter swore that \u201che would suffer no other governor\nthan himself\u201d except on his own terms, and these he embodied in the\nfollowing letter to Rogers:--\u201cYour excellency may please to understand\nthat we are willing to accept His Majesty\u2019s most gracious pardon on the\nfollowing terms, viz.--That you will suffer us to dispose of all our\ngoods now in our possesion. Likewise, to act as we think fit with\neverything belonging to us.... If your Excellency shall please to comply\nwith this, we shall, with all readiness, accept of His Majesty\u2019s Act of\nGrace. If not, we are obliged to stand on our defence. We wait a speedy\nanswer.\u201d[34]\nRogers promptly replied by sending in the _Rose_ and the _Shark_ sloop,\nand after a desultory cannonade--Vane set fire to a French prize of 22\nguns--and during the confusion and danger which followed he and about 90\nof his crew succeeded in escaping to sea.[35]\nThe morning following Vane\u2019s escape Rogers went on shore and was\nenthusiastically received by the principal inhabitants. The pirates who\nhad availed themselves of the royal pardon, were not to be eclipsed in\ntheir desire to show their loyalty to the new governor, and on the way\nfrom the beach to the Fort, Rogers passed between two lines of reformed\npirates, who fired their muskets in his honour. On arriving at the Fort\nthe royal commission was opened and read, and Rogers was solemnly sworn\nin as Governor of the Bahamas. The next procedure was to form a Council,\nand for this purpose Rogers nominated six of the principal persons he\nhad brought with him from England, and six of the inhabitants \u201cwho had\nnot been pirates, and were of good repute.\u201d[36] Within a week of landing\nRogers assembled this Council, and among other business the following\nappointments were made:--Judge of the Admiralty Court, Collector of\nCustoms, Chief Justice, Provost Marshal, Secretary to the Governor, and\nChief Naval Officer.[37] Having appointed his Council and administrative\nofficers, Rogers next turned his attention to the inhabitants and the\ncondition of the islands generally. It was a task which required a man\nof strong and fearless disposition, and Rogers did not shrink from the\nresponsibility. The secret of his success was that he found and made\nwork for all. The fort of Nassau, in ruins and dismantled, was repaired\nand garrisoned. A number of guns were also mounted, and a strong\npallisade constructed round it. All about the town the roads were\novergrown with brushwood and shrubs and rendered almost impassable. A\nproportion of the inhabitants were therefore mustered and employed in\nclearing the ground and cleansing the streets, while overseers and\nconstables were employed to see the work carried out in an efficient\nmanner. Those not employed on cleansing and scouring were formed into\nthree companies of Militia whose duty it was to keep guard in the town\nevery night, to prevent surprise attacks. The neighbouring islands were\nnot forgotten, and various members of the Council were appointed Deputy\nGovernors of them. A militia company was also formed in each of the\nprincipal ones, and a fort constructed and provided with powder and\nshot. As an extra method of precaution the _Delicia_ was retained as the\nGovernor\u2019s guardship and stationed off the harbour of Nassau. A scheme\nof settlement was also devised, and in order to attract settlers to New\nProvidence and the other islands, a plot of ground 120 foot square was\noffered to each settler, provided he would clear the ground and build a\nhouse within a certain time. As there was abundance of timber on the\nisland which was free to be taken, this stipulation was not difficult to\nfulfil.[38]\nUnfortunately the difficulties which Rogers had to contend with bid fair\nto wreck his almost Utopian scheme. Before many months had elapsed the\npirates found this new mode of life less remunerative and much more\nirksome to their roving dispositions. As Captain Charles Johnson, their\nhistorian, tersely puts it, \u201cit did not much suit the inclinations of\nthe Pirates to be set to work.\u201d As a result many of them escaped to sea\nat the first opportunity and resumed their former trade. One of their\nnumber, John Augur by name, who had accepted the royal pardon, was\nappointed by Rogers to command a sloop despatched to get provisions for\nthe island. Captain John, however, soon forgot his oath of allegiance,\nand meeting with two trading vessels _en route_, he promptly boarded and\nrifled them. With booty estimated at \u00a3500, he steered a course for\nHispaniola, little knowing that he had played his last card.\nEncountering a severe storm he and his comrades were wrecked on one of\nthe uninhabited Bahamas, where Rogers, hearing of their fate, despatched\na ship to bring them back to Nassau. Here they were quickly dealt with\nby the Court of Admiralty, and ten out of eleven of them were convicted\nand hanged \u201cin the sight of their former companions.\u201d A contemporary\nrecords that these trials were marked by \u201cRogers\u2019s prudence and\nresolution, and that in the condemnation and execution of the pirates he\nhad a just regard of the public good, and was not to be deterred from\nvigorously pursuing it in circumstances which would have intimidated\nmany brave men.\u201d[39]\nWhenever the occasion offered, Rogers tempered justice with mercy, and\nthe human side of his character comes out well in the case of the man\nwho was pardoned. His name, Rogers informs us, was George\nRounsivell,[40] and \u201cI reprieved him under the gallows,\u201d he wrote in a\nletter to the Secretary of State, \u201cthrough a desire to respite him for\nhis future repentance. He is the son of loyal and good parents at\nWeymouth in Dorsetshire. I hope this unhappy young man will deserve his\nlife, and I beg the honour of your intercession with his Majesty for me\non his behalf.\u201d[41]\nOne of the greatest difficulties which Rogers had to encounter was the\nsmallness of the force at his disposal for the preservation of law and\norder. The discovery of a conspiracy among the settlers to desert the\nisland, and their friendship with the pirates, were matters of urgent\nimportance which he brought to the notice of the home Government. From\nfirst to last his great ambition was to make the colony worthy in all\nrespects of the British Empire, and amidst frequent disorders we find\nhim busy about this time with plans for the development of the whale\nfishery, and for supplying Newfoundland and North America with salt.[42]\nThe failure of the Admiralty to send out ships for the protection of the\ncolony against the swarms of pirates who still infested the West Indian\nseas caused Rogers to complain bitterly, and in a very interesting\nletter to his friend Sir Richard Steele, he regrets that several of his\nletters have fallen into the hands of the pirates.[43] In it he also\ngives an amusing account of a lady whose fluency of speech caused him\nconsiderable annoyance.\n     \u201cTo the Hon. Sir Richard Steele; to be left at Bartram\u2019s\n     Coffee-House in Church Court, opposite Hungerford Market in the\n     Strand, London. Via Carolina.\nNASSAU, ON NEW PROVIDENCE,\nSIR,--\n     Having writ to you by several former opportunities, and not hearing\n     from you, I have the greater cause to inveigh against the malice of\n     the pirates who took Captain Smyter, lately come from London, from\n     whom I have since heard that there were several letters directed\n     to me and Mr. Beauchamp, which the pirates after reading tore.\n     Every capture made by the pirates aggravates the apparent\n     inclinations of the Commanders of our men-of-war; who having openly\n     avowed that the greater number of pirates makes their suitable\n     advantage in trade; for the Merchants of necessity are forced to\n     send their effects in the King\u2019s bottoms, when they from every part\n     hear of the ravages committed by the pirates.\n     There is no Governor in these American parts who has not justly\n     complained of this grand negligence; and I am in hopes the several\n     representations will induce the Board of Admiralty to be more\n     strict in their orders. There has not been one here almost these\n     five months past; and, as if they wished us offered as a sacrifice\n     both to the threatening Spaniards and Pirates, I have not had\n     influence enough to make our danger prevail with any of them to\n     come to our assistance because of their greater occupations in\n     trade. I, however, expect to be sufficiently provided, if the\n     Spaniards, as believed, defer their coming till April.\n     At my first arrival I received a formal visit from a woman called\n     Pritchard, who by her voluble tongue, and mentioning some of our\n     first quality with some freedom, and, withal, saying that she was\n     known to you, Mr. Cardonnel,[44] and Sir William Scawen, next to\n     whom she lived, near the Storey\u2019s Westminster, that I gave her a\n     patient hearing. She dressed well, and had charms enough to tempt\n     the pirates; and, when she pleased, could assume an air of\n     haughtiness which indeed she showed to me, when I misdoubted her\n     birth, education, or acquaintance with those Noblemen and others,\n     whom she could without hesitation call over, and indeed some very\n     particular private passages. She had often a loose way of speaking,\n     which made me conjecture she endeavoured to win the hearts of her\n     admirers to the Pretender\u2019s interest, and made me grow weary of\n     seeing her.\n     This my indifference, and a little confinement, provoked her to\n     depart hence for Jamaica, saying that she would take passage for\n     England to do herself justice, and did not come abroad without\n     money to support her. She talked much of Sir Ambrose Crawley and\n     his son, from whom she intends to provide a good quantity of\n     iron-work; and, with a suitable cargo of other goods, she says she\n     will soon make another turn this way; and seldom serious in her\n     talk. I thought fit to say thus much of a woman who pretends to\n     such a general knowledge of men, particularly of you and Mr.\n     Addison. If our carpenters had not otherwise been employed, and I\n     could have spared them, I should have been glad to have made her\n     first Lady of the Stool.[45] She went hence, as I thought, with\n     resentments enough; but I have heard since from Jamaica, that she\n     has not only forgot her passion, but sent her friendly service to\n     me; and, as I expect, she now is on her way home, designs to do me\n     all the good offices that she can with all the numerous gentlemen\n     of her acquaintance. But I can\u2019t believe it; and I beg if you see\n     her soliciting in my behalf, be pleased to let her know I don\u2019t\n     expect her company here, and she can\u2019t oblige me more than to let\n     me and my character alone.\n     Captain Whitney, Commander of his Majesty\u2019s ship the _Rose_,\n     man-of-war, being one of the three that saw me into this place, and\n     left me in an utmost danger so long ago--he also pretends to a\n     knowledge of you, and several of my friends in London: but he has\n     behaved so ill, that I design to forget him as much as I can; and\n     if he is acquainted with you, and sees you in London before me, I\n     desire he might know his character from the several accounts I have\n     sent hence, which, with what goes from other ports, may serve to\n     convince all his friends that he is not the man that he may have\n     appeared to be at home.\n     I hope Mrs. Ker and Roach who I sent hence has been often with you,\n     and that this will keep your hands in perfect health and that you\n     have thrown away your great cane, and can dance a minuet, and will\n     honour me with the continuance of your friendship, for I am, good\nYour most sincere humble servant,\nWOODES ROGERS.\n     Be pleased to excuse my writing to you in such a hurry, as obliged\n     me to write this letter in two different hands. My humble service\n     to Mr. Addison and to Mr. Sansom.[46] This comes enclosed to Mr. G.\n     with whom I hope you will be acquainted.\nW. R.\nIn a subsequent letter he writes regretting that his Majesty\u2019s ships of\nwar have \u201cso little regard for this infant colony,\u201d[47] and he certainly\nhad just cause to complain. His statement about the Admiralty, and the\nrepresentations of other colonial governors, is borne out by the\nfollowing letter from the Governor of South Carolina, written on the\n4th of November, 1718[48]:--\u201c\u2019Tis not long since I did myself the honour\nto write to you from this place (S. Carolina) which I hope you\u2019ll\nreceive, but having fresh occasion grounded upon advice received by a\nBrig; since that arrived from Providence I thought it my duty, after\nhaving so far engaged myself in that settlement once more to offer you\nmy opinion concerning it. My last, if I forget not, gave you account of\nthe mortality that had been amongst the Soldiers and others that came\nover with Governor Rogers and the ill state of that place both in regard\nto Pirates and Spaniards, unless speedily supported by a greater force\nthan are yet upon the place; and especially the necessity that there is\nof cruising ships and Snows and Sloops of war to be stationed there,\nwithout which I do assure you it will at any time be in the power of\neither Pirates or Spaniards at their pleasure to make \u2019emselves masters\nof the Island, or at least to prevent provisions or other necessaries\nbeing carried to it from the Main, and without that it\u2019s not possible\nfor the King\u2019s garrison or inhabitants to subsist. The Pirates yet\naccounted to be out are near 2,000 men and of those Vain,[49]\nThaitch,[50] and others promise themselves to be repossessed of\nProvidence in a short time. How the loss of that place may affect the\nMinistry, I cannot tell, but the consequence of it seems to be not only\na general destruction of the trade to the West Indies, and the Main of\nAmerica, but the settling and establishing a nest of Pirates who already\nesteem themselves a Community and to have one common interest; and\nindeed they may in time become so, and make that Island another Sally\nbut much more formidable unless speedy care be taken to subdue them....\nI should humbly propose that two ships of 24 or 30 guns and 2 sloops of\n10 or 12 guns should be stationed there, one ship and sloop to be always\nin harbour as guard.\u201d\nIn these days of rapid transit and wireless communications, it is\ndifficult to realise what this isolation meant to a colonial Governor,\nwith the perpetual menace of the enemy within his gates, and the risk of\ninvasion from outside. The existence of the settlement depended entirely\non his initiative and resource, and at times the suspense and despair in\nthese far-flung outposts of empire must have been terrible in the\nextreme.\nThe difficulties which Rogers had to contend with are vividly shown in\nthe following letter from him to the Lords Commissioners of\nTrade[51]:--\nNASSAU ON PROVIDENCE,\nMY LORDS,--\n     We have never been free from apprehension of danger from Pirates\n     and Spaniards, and I can only impute these causes to the want of a\n     stationed ship of war, till we really can be strong enough to\n     defend ourselves.... I hope your Lordships will pardon my troubling\n     you, but a few instances of those people I have to govern, who,\n     though they expect the enemy that has surprised them these fifteen\n     years thirty-four times, yet these wre(t)ches can\u2019t be kept to\n     watch at night, and when they do they come very seldom sober, and\n     rarely awake all night, though our officers or soldiers very often\n     surprise their guard and carry off their arms, and I punish, fine,\n     or confine them almost every day.\n     Then for work they mortally hate it, for when they have cleared a\n     patch that will supply them with potatoes and yams and very little\n     else, fish being so plentiful.... They thus live, poorly and\n     indolently, with a seeming content, and pray for wrecks or pirates;\n     and few of them have an(y) opinion of a regular orderly life under\n     any sort of government, and would rather spend all they have at a\n     Punch house than pay me one-tenth to save their families and all\n     that\u2019s dear to them.... Had I not took another method of eating,\n     drinking, and working with them myself, officers, soldiers, sailors\n     and passengers, and watch at the same time, whilst they were drunk\n     and drowsy, I could never have got the Fort in any posture of\n     defence, neither would they [have] willingly kept themselves or me\n     from the pirates, if the expectation of a war with Spain had not\n     been perpetually kept up. It was as bad as treason is in England to\n     declare our design of fortifying was to keep out the pirates if\n     they were willing to come in and say they would be honest and live\n     under government as we called it even then. I ask your Lordships\u2019\n     pardon if I am too prolix, but the anxiety I am in, and it being my\n     duty to inform your honourable Board as fully as I can, I hope will\n     plead for me till I can be more concise.\n     I am, with the utmost ambition and zeal Your Lordships\u2019 most\n     obedient and most humble servant,\nWOODES ROGERS.\nAn interesting sidelight on the Spanish attack which Rogers mentioned in\nhis letter to Steele, is to be found among the Treasury papers in the\nform of a claim for provisions supplied to Woodes Rogers \u201cCaptain\nGeneral, Governor and Vice-Admiral of the Bahama Islands, during the\ninvasion from the Spaniards against the Island of Providence,\u201d when the\ninhabitants and others of that place were forced to continue under arms\nfor a considerable time and the Governor was obliged to be at an\nextraordinary charge to support near 500 men, exclusive of His Majesty\u2019s\ngarrison.[52]\nThough he had been sent out to the Bahamas as the representative of the\nCrown, his position was more like that of a shipwrecked mariner, so\ncompletely was he cut off from the outside world. On the 20th of\nNovember, 1720, the Council wrote to the Secretary of State the\nfollowing letter which reveals an amazing situation.\n\u201cGovernor Rogers having received no letter from you dated since July,\n1719, and none from the Board of Trade since his arrival, gives him and\nus great uneasiness least this poor colony should be no more accounted\nas part of His Britannick Majesty\u2019s dominions.\u201d[53]\nThe intolerable position thus created, and the utter impossibility of\ngetting either help or guidance from the home Government, at last forced\nRogers to return. The strain of the last two years had told severely on\nhis health, and he decided to make the journey to England, and\npersonally plead the cause of the colony. In a letter written on the eve\nof his departure, dated from Nassau, 25th of February, 1720/1, he\nwrites[54]:--\u201cIt is impossible that I can subsist here any longer on the\nfoot I have been left ever since my arrival.\u201d He had been left, he\nstated, with \u201ca few sick men to encounter five hundred of the pirates,\u201d\nand that he had no support in men, supplies or warships. He had also\ncontracted large debts through having to purchase clothing and supplies\nat extravagant rates. \u201cThis place,\u201d he wrote, \u201cso secured by my\nindustry; indefatigable pains, and the forfeiture of my health, has\nsince been sold for forty thousand pounds and myself by a manager at\nhome, and Co-partners\u2019 factotem here. All the unworthy usage a man can\nhave,\u201d he added, \u201chas been given me, and all the expenses designed to be\nthrown on me.\u201d\nLeaving the government of the island in the hands of \u201cMr. Fairfax\u201d he\nleft for England, carrying with him a remarkable \u201cMemorial\u201d[55] drawn up\nand signed by the Council, principal inhabitants and traders of the\nBahama Islands, dated 21 March, 1720/1, setting forth the services he\nhad rendered to the colony. In this document they expressed the belief\nthat \u201ctoo many of these neglects of, and misfortunes attending us, are\nowing to the want of a power to call an Assembly, and that the colony\nbeing in the hands of Proprietors, and Co-partners, who we are sensible\nhave it not in their power to support and defend their settlements, in\nsuch a manner as is necessary, more especially in young colonies: and\nthis place being left on so uncertain a foundation, and so long\nabandoned, has discouraged all men of substance coming to us. We hope,\u201d\nthey added, \u201chis Majesty, and the wisdom of the nation will not suffer\nthis colony to be any longer so neglected and lost to the Crown, as it\ninevitably must, and will be soon abandoned to the pirates, if effectual\ncare is not taken without any farther loss of time. We thought it a duty\nincumbent on us, as well to the Country, as to his Excellency the\nGovernor, and his Majesty\u2019s garrison here to put these things in a full\nand true a light ... that we might as much as in us lies, do our\nGovernor justice, and prevent any farther ungrateful usage being offered\nhim at home, to frustrate his good endeavours when please God he arrives\nthere, for the service of his country, to preserve this settlement; for\nnext to the Divine protection, it is owing to him, who has acted amongst\nus without the least regard for his private advantage or separate\ninterest, in a scene of continual fatigues and hardships. These motives\nled us to offer the truth under our hands, of the almost insurmountable\ndifficulty, that he and this colony has struggled with for the space of\ntwo years and eight months past.\u201d With these assurances of good will and\nsupport Rogers left for England, calling _en route_ at South Carolina,\nwhere he ordered provisions to be despatched to New Providence\nsufficient to last the company till Christmas. During the second week in\nAugust he landed at Bristol, and then proceeded to London.[56]\nOn arrival in London Rogers met with as many difficulties as he had\nencountered in the Colony, and he does not appear to have succeeded to\nany extent in the objects of his mission. That he strongly objected to\nreturn for a further tenure of office under the same conditions is\napparent, and in the same year George Phenney was appointed to succeed\nhim as Governor. Within two months of his arrival in England, he\naddressed a petition to the Lords of the Treasury setting forth his\nservices and impoverished condition, stating that in preserving the\nislands \u201cfrom destruction by the Spaniards, or from again being\npossessed by the pirates, he had disbursed his whole fortune, and\ncredit, and stood engaged for large sums. He prayed that he might be\ngranted an allowance of victualling for the last three years.\u201d[57]\nThose who have had occasion to search into the records of the 18th\ncentury know the difficulties which confront the searcher, especially in\nwriting for the first time the life of a man like Woodes Rogers. There\nmust inevitably be some missing links in the biographical chain, and\nsuch a missing link occurs in the years immediately following his return\nto England. For some reason or other he seems to have been in bad odour\nwith the Government--possibly on account of his pugnacity and outspoken\nnature--and there is no record of his petition being answered. On\nslender authority he is said to have gone in 1724, in the _Delicia_ of\n40 guns, to Madagascar for the purpose of buying slaves for the Dutch\nColony at Batavia, during which voyage he narrowly escaped capture by\nthe pirates who had settled there from the Bahamas. This, however, seems\nan unlikely procedure for a man of Rogers\u2019s attainments, and the story\nis not corroborated by any authoritative source.[58]\nThe next mention of Rogers occurs in connection with the operations\nagainst Spain. In March, 1726, Vice-Admiral Hosier was appointed to\ncommand a squadron which was despatched to the West Indies for the\npurpose of intercepting the Spanish treasure ships lying at Porto Bello.\nOn hearing of Hosier\u2019s expedition and its object the ships were\ndismantled and the treasure sent back to Panama. Hosier, however, in\nspite of a virulent epidemic among the crew of his ships, kept up a\nstrict blockade of Porto Bello. In the spring and summer of 1727, while\nhis ships were blockading Havana and Vera Cruz, the epidemic continued,\nand Hosier himself fell a victim to the disease, dying at Jamaica on the\n25th of August.[59] The Government did all in their power to prevent the\nSpanish treasure ships reaching Europe, and Rogers, who was in London at\nthe time, was consulted by the Government as to the probable means and\nroute the Spaniards would adopt to get their treasure home. The\nsituation was rendered more difficult by a despatch from William Cayley,\nour Consul at Cadiz, informing the Government of the sailing of a\nsquadron from Cadiz to assist in bringing the treasure home. From past\nexperience Rogers probably knew more than any other person then in\nEngland of the difficulties of the voyage and the report which he\ndelivered, in conjunction with Jonathan Denniss,[60] to Lord Townshend\nthe Secretary of State, is of considerable interest and is now printed\nfor the first time.[61]\n     MY LORD,--\n     According to what your Lordship was pleased to command us, we have\n     considered the account given by Mr. Cayley from Cadiz to his Grace\n     the Duke of Newcastle of three men-of-war and a ship of ten guns\n     being sent under the command of Admiral Casta\u00f1etta from that port\n     in the month of May last, with canon and land forces which, your\n     Lordship apprehends, may be ordered round Cape Horn, in order to\n     bring to Spain the Bullion now detained at Panama, and we give it\n     your Lordship as our opinion, that it is not only improbable, but\n     almost impracticable, for the following reasons:--\n     First, because of the time of the year in which those ships sailed\n     from Cadiz, which is at least three months too soon to attempt\n     getting round Cape Horn, or through the Straits of Magellan,\n     especially if the nature of the ships be considered, and their\n     being deeply laden, and having canon and land forces on board.\n     Secondly, because their can be no need of canon in Peru or Chile,\n     those provinces abounding in metal for casting them, and the\n     Spaniards being able to do it (as they always have done) cheaper\n     and full as well as in Spain, and as to the Soldiers, the\n     transporting them that way seems altogether improbable because of\n     the many better methods there are of doing it.\n     Thirdly, my Lord, as the Bullion is now at or near Panama, the\n     embarking it thence to Lyma, and so to be brought round Cape Horn,\n     will require so prodigious an expence both of time and money, that\n     renders the doing of it extremely improbable.\n     \u2019Tis true, my Lord, were the money now at Potosi or Lyma \u2019twould be\n     easy enough to bring it round Cape Horn, or rather overland to\n     Buenos Ayres, where Casta\u00f1etta might be gone to receive it, but as\n     it is not, the bringing of it from Panama to Lyma will require too\n     long a time, because of the difficulty of the Navigation from the\n     former to the latter place, being against both winds and currents,\n     so that the Spanish ships are commonly from six to eight or ten\n     months performing the voyage, and though the French formerly often\n     came with their money round the Cape to France, yet your Lordship\n     will consider their tract of trade was never to Leeward, or to the\n     Northward of the coasts of Peru, by which means the greatest\n     fatigue of the voyage was avoided.\n     But, my Lord, what seems to us the most likely is that Casta\u00f1etta\n     after refreshing at the Havana, may go to La Vera Cruz, and there\n     wait for the Bullion from Panama (from whence it may be sent to La\n     Vera Cruz under a notion of its being re-shipt for Peru) and so\n     bring it to Havana there to join in the Flota, and so come for\n     Spain (or send it home in _running_[62] ships) and our reason for\n     this suggestion is not only for the above difficulties that must\n     and will attend bringing the Bullion now at Panama to Spain, round\n     Cape Horn, or by the way of Buenos Ayres; but because of the\n     facility and dispatch, with which it may be transported from Panama\n     to Acapulco, and so by land to La Vera Cruz, which is what has been\n     often practised by the Spaniards, even when there was no blockade\n     at Porto Bello nor fear of enemies (as a conveniency for Spain has\n     offered) for the navigation from Panama to Acapulco is very safe\n     and easy, and the carriage from thence to La Vera Cruz is neither\n     so difficult nor expensive as that between Lyma and Buenos Ayres.\n     This, my Lord, is what occurs to us worthy your Lordship\u2019s notice.\n     We are, with the uttermost respect and submission\n     My Lord,\n     Your Lordship\u2019s most devoted and most obedient humble servants,\nWOODES ROGERS.\nJONATH: DENNISS.\nHANG\nRT. HONBLE. LORD TOWNSHEND,\nIn the meanwhile things were going from bad to worse in the Bahamas.\nPhenney, Rogers\u2019s successor, had failed in his efforts to bring about a\nstable form of government, and he appears to have been without the\ncommanding and organising abilities of his predecessor. At the beginning\nof 1726, he wrote complaining of the difficulties of government, stating\nthat he had been unable to get sufficient of his Council together to\nform a quorum, and that many of them were \u201cvery illiterate.\u201d[63] Phenney\nhimself was not above reproach. It was reported that he and his wife had\ngrossly abused their office. The governor\u2019s wife and her husband\nmonopolised \u201call the trade,\u201d so that the inhabitants could not have any\nprovisions \u201cwithout paying her own exhorbitant prices,\u201d and it was\nreported that she sold \u201crum by the pint and biscuits by the half\nryal.\u201d[64] Added to this she had \u201cfrequently browbeated juries and\ninsulted even the justice on the bench,\u201d while Phenney himself was\nstated to have dismantled the fort, and sold the iron for his own\nbenefit.[65] If half the misdemeanours attributed to Phenney and his\nwife are true, it is not to be wondered at that his recall was demanded\nby the principal inhabitants, and that a strong desire was shown by the\nCouncil and others to have Rogers re-instated, as the following petition\nand its annexed paper dated 28 February, 1727/8, clearly shows[66]:--\n[Sidenote: INTRODUCTION]\nTo the King\u2019s most Excellent Majesty.\n     The humble Petition of Captain Woodes Rogers, late Governor of the\n     Bahama Islands in America, and Captain of the Independent Company\n     there,\n     Sheweth:--The Petitioner had the honour to be employed by your\n     royal Father to drive the Pirates from the Bahama Islands, and he\n     succeeded therein. He afterwards established a settlement and\n     defended it against an attack of the Spaniards. On your Majesty\u2019s\n     happy accession he humbly represented the state of his great losses\n     and sufferings in this service, praying, that you would be\n     graciously pleased to grant him such compensation for the same as\n     might enable him to exert himself more effectually in your\n     Majesty\u2019s services having nothing more than the subsistence of half\n     pay as Captain of Foot, given him, on a report of the Board of\n     General Officers appointed to inquire into his conduct; who farther\n     recommended him to his late Majesty\u2019s bounty and favour.\n     The Petitioner not having the happiness to know your royal\n     pleasure, humbly begs leave to represent that the Bahama Islands\n     are of very great importance to the commerce of these Kingdoms, as\n     is well known to all concerned in the American trade; and the weak\n     condition they now are in renders them an easy prey to the\n     Spaniards, if a rupture should happen; but if effectually secured,\n     they will soon contribute very much to distress any power which may\n     attempt to molest the British Dominions or trade in the West\n     Indies.\n     Your Petitioner therefore humbly prays that your most sacred\n     Majesty would be graciously pleased to restore him to his former\n     station of Governor, and Captain of an independent Company of these\n     Islands, in which he hopes to give farther proofs of zeal for your\n     Majesty\u2019s service. Or if it is your royal pleasure his successor be\n     continued there, he most humbly relies, that through your great\n     compassion and bounty he shall receive such a consideration for his\n     past sufferings and present half pay as will enable him to be\n     usefully employed for your Majesty\u2019s and his country\u2019s advantage,\n     and in some measure retrieve his losses, that he may support\n     himself and family, who for above seven years past have suffered\n     very much by means of this employment wholly for the public\n     service.\n     And your Majesty\u2019s petitioner, as in duty bound, shall ever pray,\nAt the same time, a petition,[67] bearing twenty-nine influential names,\namong whom was Sir Hans Sloane, Samuel Shute, ex-Governor of\nMassachusetts, Alexander Spotswood, Deputy-Governor of Virginia,\nBenjamin Bennett, ex-Governor of Bermuda and Lord Montague, was sent to\nSir Robert Walpole, in favour of Rogers, stating \u201cwe never heard any\ncomplaint against his conduct in his duty there, nor that he behaved\notherwise in that employ, than with the utmost resolution and fidelity\nbecoming a good subject, though to the ruin of his own fortune.\u201d\nIt is evident from this petition that at the time the Government were\nconsidering the question of the Bahamas, and the policy to be pursued\nthere. The influential support which Rogers had received, and the\ngeneral desire shown by the colonists for his return, were factors which\ncould not be ignored in the situation. By the end of the year it was\ndecided to recall Phenney and send Rogers out for a second tenure of\noffice. His commission, drawn up in December, 1728, gave him among other\nthings, \u201cpower and authority to summon and call General Assemblies of\nthe said Freeholders and Planters in our Islands under your Government,\nwhich Assembly shall consist of twenty-four persons to be chosen by a\nmajority of the inhabitants,\u201d[68] instead of the previously nominated\nCouncil. As Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief he was to receive a\nsalary of \u00a3400 a year.[69] Just prior to sailing he had a family picture\npainted by Hogarth, which represents him, with his son and daughter,\noutside the fort at Nassau. On the wall is a shield, with the motto \u201cDum\nspiro, spero.\u201d[70]\nIn the early summer of 1729 Rogers, with his son and daughter, sailed\nfor New Providence, and among other things it is interesting to note\nthat he took with him \u201ctwo little flagons, one chalice, one paten, and a\nreceiver to take the offerings for the use of his Majesty\u2019s Chapel\nthere,\u201d[71] the building of which had commenced a few years earlier. One\nof his first duties on arrival was to proceed with the election of an\nAssembly, which met on the 30th of September in that year. In its first\nsession no less than twelve Acts were passed which it was judged would\nbe beneficial to the welfare of the colony, and efforts were made to\nencourage the planting of cotton and the raising of sugar canes.\nPraiseworthy as these endeavours were they were fraught with\nconsiderable difficulties. The settlers which it was hoped to attract\nfrom the other islands in the West Indies and from the American Colonies\nwere not forthcoming in sufficient numbers, principally owing to the\npoverty of the colony. In the October of 1730 Rogers wrote: \u201cI found the\nplace so very poor and thin of inhabitants that I never mentioned any\nsalary to them for myself or any one else, and the fees annexed to all\noffices and places here being the lowest of any part in America, no one\ncan support himself thereon without some other employment.\u201d Nevertheless\nthe spiritual needs of the colony, as we have seen, were not neglected,\nand Rogers says that they were \u201cin great want of a Chaplain,\u201d and that\nthe whole colony had requested him \u201cto get an orthodox divine as soon as\npossible.\u201d[72]\nTo add to his other embarrassments Rogers had considerable difficulty\nwith the members of his Assembly, and the opposition, led by the\nSpeaker, did all in their power to wreck the various schemes that were\nbrought before them. In a letter to the Lord Commissioners of Trade,\ndated February 10th, 1730/1, he mentions an incident which caused him to\ndissolve the House[73]:--\u201cDuring the sessions of the last Assembly I\nendeavoured (pursuant to his Majesty\u2019s instructions) to recommend to\nthem the state and condition of the Fortifications, which much wanted\nall the assistance possible for their repair ... to which I did not find\nthe major part of the Assembly averse at first, but since, they have\nbeen diverted from their good intentions by the insinuations of one Mr.\nColebrooke, their Speaker, who imposed so long on their ignorance, that\nI was obliged to dissolve them, lest his behaviour might influence them\nto fall into schemes yet more contrary to the good of the Colony and\ntheir own safety. Another Assembly is lately elected, and [I] still find\nthe effects of the above Mr. Colebrooke\u2019s influence on the most ignorant\nof them, who are the majority.\u201d He added that the present ill-state of\nhis health, \u201cwhich has been lately much impaired, obliges me to have\nrecourse to his Majesty\u2019s permission of going to South Carolina for\nchange of air, from which I hope to return in three weeks or a month.\u201d\nThe growth of constitutional government in the colony, and the moulding\nof the powers and procedure of the legislature on similar lines to the\nhome Government, are vividly brought out in the official reply to\nRogers\u2019s despatch. This reply is dated 29th of June, 1731, and it is\nevident from the tone of it that they realised the difficulties which he\nhad to contend with. \u201cIt would be proper,\u201d they wrote, \u201cthat the\nProceedings of the Assembly also should resemble those of the Parliament\nof Great Britain so far as the circumstances of the Colony and your\nInstructions will permit. It would be a pretty difficult task to lay\ndown a plan for the Proceedings of your Assembly in future times, but in\ngeneral we may observe to you that the Constitution of England owes its\npreservation very much to the maintaining of an equal Balance between\nthe branches of the legislature, and that the more distinct they are\nkept from each other, the likelier they will be to agree, and the longer\nthey will be likely to last.\u201d[74]\nUp till this date the Crown had only taken over the civil and military\njurisdiction of the colony, and the retention of the lands by the\nproprietors and lessees of the islands undoubtedly hampered their\neconomic progress and well being. Finally, in response to a suggestion\nfrom the Crown, the proprietors in a letter of April 11th, 1730, offered\nto sell out their rights \u201cfor one thousand guineas each, clear of all\nfees,\u201d and Rogers in a letter to the Board of Trade emphasised the\nnecessity of the Crown taking this step, and so bringing to \u201can end the\ndiscouraging contests on titles to land.\u201d[75] By an irony of fate Rogers\nwas not spared to see this suggestion carried into effect.[76] Though\nhis efforts on behalf of the colony had undermined his health, he did\nnot spare himself or shrink from his responsibility. How great that\nresponsibility was, and how he overcame a widespread conspiracy by\nColebrooke to overthrow his government is shown in the following letter\nto the Board of Trade written from Nassau on the 10th of June,\n1731[77]:--\u201cHow great an enemy Mr. Colebrooke hath been to this\nGovernment, and what vile means he used to make the Garrison mutiny, and\nstir up a spirit of discontent and opposition in the inhabitants, by the\ngreat influence which he had artfully gained over the most ignorant of\nthem, while he was Speaker of the Assembly, from all which I humbly hope\nthat the method taken to prevent his proceeding in his seditious and\nwicked designs will meet with his Majesty\u2019s and your Lordships\u2019\napprobation.\u201d The \u201cmethod taken\u201d was the arrest and indictment of John\nColebrooke for sedition. He was tried before the Chief Justice of the\nBahamas at the end of May, and found guilty. A fine of \u00a3750 was imposed,\nand he was ordered to be \u201cconfined during his Majesty\u2019s pleasure,\u201d and\nwas not to be discharged until he had given \u201csufficient security\u201d for\nhis future good behaviour.[78]\nThe influence that such a person could wield over an ignorant community\ntwo hundred years ago is strangely reminiscent of the twentieth century!\nIn spite of Colebrooke\u2019s detention, the danger was not yet over, and the\ncanker of sedition seems to have been very deep rooted. Two months\nlater, in August, 1731, Rogers thus reports on the situation[79]:--\u201cI\ncan yet procure no assistance from the inhabitants towards the\nfortifications, though I have without any help from\n[Sidenote: INTRODUCTION]\nthem built a new Barrack for the Garrison in the Fort, and have made\nupwards of twenty new carriages for guns of this country timber, and\nshall continue to do all I can towards the Fortifications as soon as the\nheat of the summer is over, that I can put the garrison to work again,\nwithout endangering their healths. And as soon as possible will try in a\nnew Assembly what I can do, though I fear little public good is to be\nexpected from them if Mr. Colebrooke and his accomplices here can have\nany influence to prevent the peoples working, they being too poor to\ncontribute anything worth contributing in money.\u201d[80] At what period\nColebrooke was released we do not know, but that he appealed to the home\nGovernment is certain, and in order that the Lords Commissioners of\nTrade should have all the facts at their disposal Rogers despatched his\nson to England with the following letter, dated 14 October, 1731.[81]\n     As I am at a loss what complaints Mr. Colebrooke may make, I\n     entreat your Lordships will please to allow me to refer you to my\n     son who will have the honour to wait on your Lordships with this,\n     and is instructed to give you such particular information, as you\n     may desire to be apprised of, either with regard to Mr. Colebrooke,\n     or anything else relating to this colony. I have also transmitted\n     herewith transcripts of the Council and Assembly proceedings, and\n     answers to your Lordships\u2019 queries, together with an account of\n     every family[82] on this island in as particular a manner as\n     possible.... I hope soon to visit Columba alias Cat Island,[83]\n     which being esteemed the most fertile of any in this government, I\n     shall transmit to your Lordships a particular account thereof.\nThis was his last official despatch of any importance, and his death is\nrecorded at Nassau on the 15th of July, 1732. His will, drawn up on the\neve of departure from England, and dated 26th of May, 1729, was proved\nin London on the 24th of November, 1732. In it he bequeaths his property\nto his son William Whetstone Rogers,[84] and his daughter Sarah Rogers.\nThe probate act describes him \u201cas late of the parish of St. Margaret,\nWestminster, but dying at the Bahama Islands, a widower.\u201d\nAnd so, amid the tropical grandeur of his island home, with the surge of\nthe broad Atlantic for his requiem, passed all that was mortal of Woodes\nRogers. No tombstone stands to mark his last resting-place, but\nsomewhere in Nassau we may be sure that his spirit looks out past the\ngreat statue of Columbus standing sentinel over Government House, to the\nshipping and harbour beyond. One wonders how many of the thousands of\nvisitors who bask in the perpetual sunshine of a winter\u2019s day in this\n\u201cQueen of Coral Isles,\u201d realise how much they owe to Woodes Rogers and\nhis successors. A great seaman and splendid patriot he deserves well of\nhis country. May this reprint of his \u201cCruising Voyage\u201d be a fitting\ntribute to his memory!\nThis edition of Woodes Rogers\u2019s \u201cCruising Voyage round the World,\u201d is\nprinted from the original and scarce edition of 1712. In the\nIntroduction, I have attempted to tell the full story of the author\u2019s\nlife from the original documents in the Public Record Office and the\nBritish Museum. For the facilities offered me at both these\ninstitutions, and also at the London Library, I beg to tender my sincere\nthanks. I have also to acknowledge my indebtedness to Mr. A. G. H.\nMacpherson for his kindness in allowing me to reproduce three\nillustrations from his unique collection of Naval prints, and to the\nauthorities at the National Portrait Gallery for their courtesy in\ngranting me permission to reproduce the beautiful portrait of Captain\nWilliam Dampier. Finally I have to thank Dr. Philip Gosse, whose\nenthusiasm for Woodes Rogers spurred me to complete this edition of one\nof the most interesting voyages in the English language.\nG. E. MANWARING.\nTHE DEDICATION\n     _To the Worthy Gentlemen my surviving Owners, the Worshipful_\n     Christopher Shuter _Esq._, _Sir_ John Hawkins _Kt._, John Romsey\n     _Esq._; _Capt._ Philip Freake, _Mr._ James Hollidge, Francis\n     Rogers, Thomas Goldney, Thomas Clements, Thomas Coutes, John\n     Corsely, John Duckinfield, Richard Hawksworth, William Saunders,\n     John Grant, Laurence Hollister, _and_ Daniel Hickman, _Merchants\n     in_ Bristol.\nGentlemen,\n_As you did me the Honour to approve my Proposals for the following\nVoyage, and generously fitted out two Ships, in which you gave me the\nprincipal Command; I no sooner resolv\u2019d to publish my Journal, than I\ndetermin\u2019d to chuse you for my Patrons: and thereby to take an\nopportunity of expressing my Gratitude to you, who had the Courage to\nadventure your Estates on an Undertaking, which to Men less discerning\nseem\u2019d impracticable._\n_I heartily congratulate you on the Success and Profit of this Long and\nHazardous Voyage; which might have been greater, but the following\nSheets will show it was not my fault._\n_I shall only add on this Head, that I used my utmost Endeavours to\npromote your Interest, which was always prefer\u2019d to my own._\n_I make no doubt, it will be to your lasting Honour, that such a Voyage\nwas undertaken from_ Bristol _at your Expence; since it has given the\nPublick a sufficient Evidence of what may be done in those Parts, and\nsince the Wisdom of the Nation has now agreed to establish a Trade to\nthe_ South-Seas, _which, with the Blessing of God, may bring vast Riches\nto_ GREAT BRITAIN.\n_I wish you intire Health and Happiness, and am_,\nGENTLEMEN,\n_Your most Humble Servant_,\nWOODES ROGERS.\nA\nCruising VOYAGE\nRound the\nWORLD,\nBegun _August 1. 1708._ and\nFinished _October 14. 1711_.\nBy Captain WOODES ROGERS,\nCommander in Chief.\nTho others, who give an Account of their Voyages, do generally attempt\nto imitate the Stile and Method which is us\u2019d by Authors that write\nashore, I rather chuse to keep to the Language of the Sea, which is more\ngenuine, and natural for a Mariner. And because Voyages of this sort\nhave commonly miscarry\u2019d, \u2019tis necessary that I should keep to my\nOriginal Journal; that the Methods we took to succeed in our Designs,\nmay appear from time to time in their native Light: Therefore without\nany disguise I shall publish the Copies of all our material Regulations\nand Agreements, and keep to the usual Method of Sea-Journals, omitting\nnothing that happen\u2019d remarkable to our selves, or that may serve for\nInformation or Improvement to others in the like Cases. Every day\u2019s\nTransactions begin at the foregoing Day about twelve a clock, and end at\nthe same Hour the following Day carrying that Date.\nSince Custom has likewise prevail\u2019d for Sailors to give an Account of\nsuch Countries upon whose Coasts they touch or pass by, I shall so far\ncomply with it as to give a Description of those that occur\u2019d in the\nCourse of my Navigation, especially of such as are or may be of most use\nfor enlarging our Trade; wherein I have consulted the best Authors upon\nthe Subject, and the Manuscript Journals of others, as well as inform\u2019d\nmy self by Inquiry upon the Spot, and from those that have been in the\nrespective Countries I treat of.\n_1708. August 2._ Yesterday about four in the Afternoon we weigh\u2019d from\n_Kingroad_ near _Bristol_, on board the _Duke_ frigate, whereof Capt.\n_Woodes Rogers_ was Commander, in Consortship with the _Dutchess_, Capt.\n_Stephen Courtney_ Commander; both private Men of War, bound to _Cork_\nin _Ireland_, and thence to the Southward a cruising; the _Duke_ Burden\nabout 320 Tuns, having 30 Guns and 117 Men; and the _Dutchess_ Burden\nabout 260 Tuns by Measure, 26 Guns and 108 Men; both well furnish\u2019d with\nall Necessaries on board for a distant Undertaking.\nWe had in Company the _Scipio_, _Peterborough_ frigate, _Prince Eugene_,\n_Bristol_ Galley, _Berkely_ Galley, _Beecher_ Galley, _Pompey_ Galley,\n_Sherstone_ Galley, and _Diamond_ Sloop. At ten at night having little\nWind, we made the Signal for the Fleet to anchor, between _the Holms_\nand _Minehead_. We lay near two hours, and about twelve we fir\u2019d a Gun,\nand all came to sail, a fine Gale at S E and E S E. We ran by _Minehead_\nat six in the morning, having stem\u2019d the Flood from the place we\nanchor\u2019d at. We came up with a Sloop about ten a clock; but she could\nnot hold way with the Fleet, being all light and clean Ships, and good\nSailors.\n[Sidenote: _From Kingroad to Cork._]\n_August 3._ The Wind veer\u2019d to the N E and E N E. Our Ship and the\n_Dutchess_ did not sail so well as the major part of the Gallies, our\nMasts and Rigging being all unfit for the Sea, our Ships out of trim,\nand every thing in disorder, being very indifferently mann\u2019d;\nnotwithstanding our Number, we had not 20 Sailors in the Ship, and it\u2019s\nvery little better on board the _Dutchess_; which is a Discouragement,\nonly we hope to get some good Sailors at _Cork_. We saw a Sail at five\nlast night, the _Dutchess_ gave chase, and came near her; she seem\u2019d a\nlarge Ship, but we lost sight of her at eight a clock. Being inform\u2019d\nat _Bristol_ that the _Jersy_, a _French_ Man of War carrying 46 Guns,\nwas cruising betwixt _England_ and _Ireland_, it oblig\u2019d us to keep our\nHammocks up, and a clear Ship for a Fight, all night. About two this\nmorning the rest of the Fleet that lay a-stern of us came up, and we\nkept an easy Sail, with a Light out all Night; but when Day came, we saw\nnothing, so that this prov\u2019d a false Alarm: which happen\u2019d well for us,\nsince had it been real, we should have made but an indifferent Fight,\nfor want of being better mann\u2019d.\n_Aug. 4._ The _Bristol_ Galley, _Berkley_ Galley, _Prince Eugene_, and\nthe _Beecher_ Galley, being bound to the Westward, left us at six in the\nEvening; little Wind at E S E. and smooth Water.\n_Aug. 5._ We saw the Land, and finding we had overshot our Port, came to\nan anchor at twelve a clock off of the two Rocks call\u2019d the _Sovereigns\nBollacks_[85] near _Kinsale_, being calm.\n_Aug. 6._ About eight last night we weigh\u2019d with the Flood, a small Gale\nat East; it came on to blow, and veer\u2019d to the Northward. We had a\n_Kinsale_ Pilot on board, who was like to have endanger\u2019d our Ship, it\nbeing dark and foggy. Before day he would have turn\u2019d us into the next\nBay to the Westward of _Cork_, had not I prevented it; which provok\u2019d me\nto chastise him for undertaking to pilot a Ship, since he understood his\nBusiness no better. The rest of our Company, except the _Diamond_ and\n_Sherstone_ Galley, got into _Cork_ before us; only our Consort staid in\nthe Harbour\u2019s Mouth till we came up with her.\n_Aug. 7._ Yesterday at three in the Afternoon we came to an anchor with\nour Consort in the Cove, Wind at N N E.\n_Aug. 8._ Came in the _Arundel_ a Queen\u2019s Ship, and order\u2019d us to strike\nour Pendant; which we immediately did, all private Commission Ships\nbeing oblig\u2019d by their Instructions to pay that Respect to all her\nMajesty\u2019s Ships and Fortifications.\n_Aug. 9._ Yesterday Afternoon came in the _Hastings_ with the Fleet\nunder her Convoy, which we left in _Kingroad_: as also the _Elizabeth_,\na Merchant-Ship of 500 Tuns, about 26 Guns, and well mann\u2019d, with a\nFleet under her Convoy from _Leverpool_, bound to the Westward, with us\nand the _Hastings_, &c. Fair Weather, the Wind Southerly.\n_Aug. 10._ We were well pleas\u2019d with the Men Mr. _Noblett Rogers_[86]\ngot for us at _Cork_; upon which we clear\u2019d several of those brought\nfrom _Bristol_, and some of \u2019em run away, being ordinary Fellows, and\nnot fit for our Employment.\n_Aug. 11._ It blow\u2019d fresh and dirty Weather; we had four Lighters from\n_Cork_ to discharge our Ships, that we might have them well stow\u2019d, and\nthe Provisions in the bottom when they came aboard us. We lengthen\u2019d our\nMizen-Mast four Foot and a half, by placing it on a Step on the\nGun-Deck; got our Fore-Mast forward, and did what we could in order to\nbe in a better trim than before, against we had better Men to work the\nShip, who lay all ready to come aboard from _Cork_.\n_Aug. 12._ Blew fresh, and dirty Weather; we clear\u2019d and run near forty\nof our fresh-water Sailors. The _Shoreham_, Capt. _Saunders_,[87] came\nhither to convoy a Fleet back to _Bristol_.\n_Aug. 16._ Continu\u2019d dirty Weather, so that we could not have an\nOpportunity to heel our Ship and clean her Bottom; and were forc\u2019d to\nkeep our Provisions cover\u2019d in the Lighter, and Men to watch \u2019em. This\nMorning, about ten, one Boat loaded with Men came down from _Cork_ to\nus. The Fellows appear\u2019d to be brisk, but of several Nations; and I sent\nto Mr. _Rogers_ to stop the rest till we were ready, our Ships being\npester\u2019d.\n_Aug. 28._ Nothing happen\u2019d worth notice since the 16th, but that we had\ngood Weather to clean and tallow our Ships five Streaks below the\nWater-Line, and to take in our Provisions and Men, _&c._ This Morning we\nfell down to the _Spit-end_ by the _Hastings_ Man of War, as our Consort\ndid the night before. When I came without the _Spit-end_, I saluted the\n_Hastings_ with seven Guns; they return\u2019d five, and I three for Thanks.\nWe had now above double the number of Officers usual in Privateers, and\na large Complement of Men to each Ship. We took this Method of doubling\nour Officers to prevent Mutinies, which often happen in long Voyages,\nand that we might have a large Provision for a Succession of\n[Sidenote: _At Cork in Ireland._]\nOfficers in each Ship, in case of Mortality. Our Ship was now so full\nthat we sent our Sheet-Cable and other new Store Cordage to Mr. _Noblett\nRogers_ at _Cork_, to make room for our Men and Provisions; having three\nCables besides, and being willing rather to spare that, than any thing\nelse we had aboard. Our Crew were continually marrying whilst we staid\nat _Cork_, tho they expected to sail immediately. Among others there was\na _Dane_ coupled by a Romish Priest to an _Irish_ Woman, without\nunderstanding a word of each other\u2019s Language, so that they were forc\u2019d\nto use an Interpreter; yet I perceiv\u2019d this Pair seem\u2019d more afflicted\nat Separation than any of the rest: The Fellow continu\u2019d melancholy for\nseveral days after we were at Sea. The rest understanding each other,\ndrank their Cans of Flip[88] till the last minute, concluded with a\nHealth to our good Voyage, and their happy Meeting, and then parted\nunconcern\u2019d.\nI think it necessary to set down here the Names of all the Officers in\nboth Ships, with the Number of our Men; because it is proper, that the\nPersons whom this Journal concerns, should be known.\n_Officers of the_ Duke\n_Woodes Rogers_, Captain, a Mariner; _Thomas Dover_, a Doctor of\nPhysick, second Captain, President of our Council, and Captain of the\nMarines; _Carleton Vanbrugh_, Merchant, now our Owners Agent; _Robert\nFry_, a Mariner, chief Lieutenant; _Charles Pope_, second Lieutenant;\n_Thomas Glendall_, third Lieutenant; _John Bridge_, Master; _William\nDampier_, Pilot for the _South-Seas_, who had been already three times\nthere, and twice round the World; _Alexander Vaughan_, chief Mate;\n_Lanc. Appleby_, second Mate; _John Ballet_, rated third Mate, but\ndesign\u2019d Surgeon, if occasion; he had been Captain _Dampier\u2019s_ Doctor,\nin his last unfortunate Voyage round the World; _Samuel Hopkins_, being\nDr. _Dover\u2019s_ Kinsman and an Apothecary, was both an Assistant to him,\nand to act as his Lieutenant, if we landed a Party any where under his\nCommand during the Voyage; _George Underhill_ and _John Parker_, two\nyoung Lawyers design\u2019d to act as Midshipmen; _John Vigor_, a\nReformado,[89] to act as Capt. _Dover\u2019s_ Ensign when ashore; _Benj.\nParsons_ and _Howel Knethel_, Midshipmen; _Richard Edwards_, Coxswain of\nthe Pinnace, to receive Midshipmens Pay; _James Wasse_, Surgeon;\n_Charles May_, his Mate; _John Lancy_, Assistant; _Henry Oliphant_,\nGunner, with eight Men call\u2019d the Gunner\u2019s Crew; _Nath. Scorch_,\nCarpenter; _John Jones_, his Mate, with three Assistants; _Giles Cash_,\nBoatswain; and _John Pillar_, his Mate; _John Shepard_, Cooper, with two\nAssistants; _John Johnson_, _Thomas Young_, _Charles Clovet_, and _John\nBowden_, all four Quarter-Masters; _John Finch_, late wholesale Oilman\nof _London_, now Ship\u2019s Steward; _Henry Newkirk_, Sail-maker; _Peter\nVandenhende_, Smith and Armourer; _William Hopkins_, Ship\u2019s Corporal,\nCapt. _Dover\u2019s_ Serjeant, and Cook to the Officers; _Barth. Burnes_,\nShip\u2019s Cook.\n_Officers of the_ Dutchess\n_Stephen Courtney_, Captain, a Mariner; _Edward Cook_, second Captain;\n_William Stretton_, chief Lieutenant; _John Rogers_, second Lieutenant;\n_John Connely_, third Lieutenant; _William Bath_, Owners Agent; _George\nMilbourn_, Master; _Robert Knowlman_, chief Mate; _Henry Duck_, second;\n_Simon Hatley_, third; _James Goodall_, fourth; and _William Page_,\nfifth Mate: With all other inferior Officers much the same as aboard the\n_Duke_. Most of us, the chief Officers, embrac\u2019d this Trip of\nPrivateering round the World, to retrieve the Losses we had sustain\u2019d by\nthe Enemy. Our Complement of Sailors in both Ships was 333, of which\nabove one Third were Foreigners from most Nations; several of her\nMajesty\u2019s Subjects on board were Tinkers, Taylors, Hay-makers, Pedlers,\nFidlers, _&c._ one Negro, and about ten Boys. With this mix\u2019d Gang we\nhop\u2019d to be well mann\u2019d, as soon as they had learnt the Use of Arms, and\ngot their Sea-Legs, which we doubted not soon to teach \u2019em, and bring\nthem to Discipline.\n_Septemb. 1._ We took sailing Orders, the better to keep Company with\nthe _Hastings_ and Fleet: and after having agreed with our Consort,\nCaptain _Courtney_, on Signals between us, which are so common that I\nneed not insert them here, and appointed places of Rendevouz in case of\nSeparation, and how long to lie for each other at every place; about ten\nthis Morning, we came to sail with the _Hastings_ and about 20 Merchant\nShips, bound to the Southward and Westward, Wind at N by W. We should\nhave sail\u2019d yesterday, but could not weigh and cast our Ships clear of\nthe rest; some at that time drove, and the _Sherstone_ Gally run quite\nashore on the _Spit_. In the night it grew moderate\n[Illustration: CROSSING THE TROPIC: SAILORS BEING DUCKED AT THE YARD ARM\n_From a scarce print in the Macpherson collection._]\n[Sidenote: _Departure from Cork._]\nWeather, and Captain _Paul_ got her off to sail with us. Our Holds are\nfull of Provisions; our Cables, a great deal of Bread, and Water-Casks\nbetween Decks; and 183 Men aboard the _Duke_, with 151 aboard the\n_Dutchess_: so that we are very much crouded and pester\u2019d Ships, not fit\nto engage an Enemy without throwing Provision and Stores overboard.\n_Septemb. 2._ We and our Consort stood out of the Fleet to chase a Sail\nwe saw to Windward. Our ships sail\u2019d as well as any in the Fleet, not\nexcepting the Man of War; so that we began to hope we should find our\nheels, since we go so well tho deep loaden and pester\u2019d. We found the\nChase to be a small Vessel coming into the Fleet from _Baltimore_, one\n_Hunt_ Master, call\u2019d the _Hope_ Gally, a small _French_-built Snow\nbelonging to Mr. _James Vaughan_ of _Bristol_, bound for _Jamaica_. Wind\nat N by W. Moderate Weather.\n_Septemb. 3._ The Wind very veerable from the W S W. to the N W. blow\u2019d\nstrong with Squalls, so that we reef\u2019d often, and our Ship was a little\nleaky in her upper Works.\n_Septemb. 4._ It blew fresh this Morning, but not so much Wind as\nYesterday, and the Water smoother. Captain _Paul_ made a Signal for me,\nCapt. _Courtney_, and Capt. _Edwards_ Commander of the _Scipio_; and\nafter speaking with him, he sent his Boat for us, being larger than\nours. We with Capt. _Dover_ and Mr. _Vanbrugh_ went in her, and din\u2019d\nwith Capt. _Paul_ aboard his Ship, where we were very handsomly treated.\nHe propos\u2019d to me and Consort when he left the Fleet, which would be\nvery soon, to cruise a few days together off Cape _Finister_, after\nhaving ask\u2019d us what we wanted that he could supply us with. He gave us\nScrubbers, Iron Scrapers for our Ships Bottom, a speaking Trumpet, and\nother things that we wanted: but he would accept nothing from us,\nbecause our Voyage would be long; but told us, he should be well pleas\u2019d\nif our Owners return\u2019d him the same Necessaries for his Ship when he\nreturn\u2019d. Wind from the N N W. to the N W by W. moderate.\n_Septemb. 5._ We came from on board Capt. _Paul_ to our own Ships,\nyesterday at six in the Afternoon; and now thought it fit to discover to\nour Crew whither we were bound, that if any Disorders should have risen\nupon it, we might have exchang\u2019d our Malecontents whilst in Company with\none of her Majesty\u2019s Ships. But I found no Complaint on board the\n_Duke_, except from one Fellow who expected to have been Tything-Man\nthat year in his Parish, and said his Wife would be oblig\u2019d to pay\nForty Shillings in his Absence: but seeing all the rest willing, he was\neasily quieted, and all Hands drank to a good Voyage. I and Capt.\n_Courtney_ writ to our Owners, Alderman _Batchelor_ and Company, in the\nsame Letter, a Method we design\u2019d to continue in the whole Voyage, for\nall things that related to it. A brisk Gale and clear Weather.\n_Sept. 6._ The _Hastings_ and we parted at six last night. The reason\nwhy we did not keep him longer Company, was our Ships being very full,\nand our Consort unwilling to lose time so near home; so that we were\noblig\u2019d to break Measures with Capt. _Paul_. I excus\u2019d it to him, and\nsaluted him, which he answer\u2019d, and wish\u2019d us a prosperous Undertaking.\nWind N. by W. and clear Weather. Our Ship does not sail so well as she\ndid two days before. The _Crown_ Gally of _Biddiford_ keeps us Company\nbound for the _Maderas_. Wind from N N W. to N by E.\n_Sept. 8._ Every thing now begins to come into Order, we having been\nhitherto in some Confusion, as is usual in Privateers at first setting\nout. We had a good Observation. Moderate Weather, Wind at W N W. Lat.\n40. 10. N. This day the chief Officers din\u2019d on board me, and the next\nday on board the _Dutchess_.\n_Sept. 9._ Now we begin to consider the Length of our Voyage, and the\nmany different Climates we must pass, and the excessive Cold which we\ncannot avoid, going about Cape _Horne_; at the same time we had but a\nslender Stock of Liquor, and our Men but meanly clad, yet good Liquor to\nSailors is preferable to Clothing. Upon this we held our first\nCommittee, to debate whether \u2019twas necessary for us to stop at _Madera_,\nas follows.\n     At a Committee held on Board the _Duke_ Frigate, resolv\u2019d by the\n     General Consent of the following Persons:\n[Sidenote: _From Cork to the Southward._]\n_That both the Ships_ Duke _and_ Dutchess _do touch at_ Madera, _to make\na larger Provision of Liquors, the better to carry on our long\nUndertaking, being but meanly stor\u2019d for so large a Number of Men as are\nin both Ships; and in case of Separation between this Place and_ Madera,\n_then to meet at the Island_ St. Vincent, _one of the_ Cape de Verd\n_Islands, to wood and water our Ships. But if we miss of one another at\nthat Island, or that the first Ship finds it inconvenient for stopping,\nthen to proceed to_ Praia _on_ St. Jago, _another of the same Islands;\nto wait at both these Islands fourteen Days: And then if the missing\nShip does not appear, the other to proceed to the Isle of_ Grande, _in\nLatitude_ 23 deg. 30 m. S. _on the Coast of_ Brazil, _there to wait\nthree Weeks; and then if we don\u2019t meet, let the single Ship proceed on\nthe Voyage, according to the Orders given from our Owners. This is our\nOpinion this 9th day of_ September, 1708.\n  Thos. Dover _President_,          Charles Pope,\n  Stephen Courtney,                 Carleton Vanbrugh,\n  Woodes Rogers,                    Tho. Glendall,\n  Edward Cooke,                     John Bridge,\n  William Dampier,                  John Ballet.\n  Robert Frye,\n_Sept. 10._ At six in the Morning we saw a Sail; after speaking with our\nConsort, we both chas\u2019d. I gave the _Dutchess_ about a mile start of us,\nin order to spread the more. It blew fresh, with a great Sea; and the\nChase being to Windward, we crouded extravagantly. Wind at N W.\n_Sept. 11._ At three yesterday Afternoon we came up with the Chase, who\nbore down right upon us, shewing _Swedish_ Colours. I fir\u2019d twice at her\nbefore she brought to, then went aboard her with my Yall,[90] Captain\n_Courtney\u2019s_ Boat being just before me. We examin\u2019d the Master, and\nfound he came round _Scotland_ and _Ireland_. We suspected he had\nContraband Goods on board, because some of the Men we found drunk, told\nus they had Gunpowder and Cables; so we resolv\u2019d to examine her\nstrictly, put 12 Men on board her, and kept the _Swedes_ Master and 12\nof his Men on board our Ships. This Morning, after we had examin\u2019d the\nMen, and searched the Ship, we found it difficult to be prov\u2019d whether\nshe was a Prize: And not willing to hinder time to carry her into any\nHarbour to examine her farther, we let her go without the least\nEmbezelment. The Master gave me two Hams, and some rufft dry\u2019d Beef, and\nI gave him a dozen Bottles of Red-Streak Cyder. They saluted us at\nparting with four Guns: She belong\u2019d to _Stadt_ near _Hamburg_, and was\na Frigate built Ship of 22 Guns, about 270 Tuns. While I was on board\nthe _Swede_ yesterday, our Men mutiny\u2019d, the Ringleaders being our\nBoatswain, and three other inferior Officers. This Morning the chief\nOfficers having kept with me in the after-part of the Ship, we confin\u2019d\nthe Authors of this Disorder, in which there was not one Foreigner\nconcern\u2019d. We put ten of the Mutineers in Irons, a Sailor being first\nsoundly whip\u2019d for exciting the rest to join him. Others less guilty I\npunish\u2019d and discharg\u2019d, but kept the chief Officers all arm\u2019d, fearing\nwhat might happen; the Ship\u2019s Company seeming too much inclin\u2019d to\nfavour the Mutineers, made me the easier forgive. Some beg\u2019d Pardon, and\nothers I was forc\u2019d to wink at; however, they began to find their Design\nfrustrated, which was to make a Prize of the _Swede_, who they alledg\u2019d\nhad much Contraband Goods aboard, tho we could see none; yet they\nobstinately insisted, that we apparently gave away their Interest, by\nletting her go without plundering her. I labour\u2019d to convince them of\nthe necessity of our making Dispatch, and that if we could make her a\nPrize, it would unman our Ships too much to send her into any Port,\nbesides other Disadvantages it might procure to our selves and Owners\nshould we be mistaken; which pacify\u2019d the major part. Our Consort\u2019s Men\nwere at first very uneasy, but finding the Malecontents quell\u2019d aboard\nour Ship, they all kept quiet.\n_Sept. 12._ Yesterday the Wind was very little and veerable, and we had\nan Observation, 34 deg. 30 min. N.\n_Sept. 13._ Those in Irons discover\u2019d others who were Ringleaders in the\nMutiny, whom we also punish\u2019d, and confin\u2019d one of them in Irons with\nthe rest. _Alexander Wynter_ was made Boatswain instead of _Giles Cash_,\none of the Mutineers. Fair pleasant Weather, little Wind at N W by W.\n[Sidenote: _Arrival among the Canary Isles._]\n_Sept. 14._ I agreed with the Captain of the _Crown_ Galley to carry my\nBoatswain (who was the most dangerous Fellow among the Mutineers) in\nIrons with him to _Maderas_. I did not at his first Confinement think of\nsending him off; but this day a Sailor came aft to the Steeridg Door,\nwith near half the Ship\u2019s Company of Sailors following him, and demanded\nthe Boatswain out of Irons. I desir\u2019d him to speak with me by himself on\nthe Quarter-Deck, which he did, where the Officers assisted me, seiz\u2019d\nhim, and made one of his chief Comrades whip him. This Method I thought\nbest for breaking any unlawful Friendship amongst themselves; which,\nwith different Correction to other Offenders, allay\u2019d the Tumult; so\nthat now they begin to submit quietly, and those in Irons beg Pardon,\nand promise Amendment, This Mutiny would not have been easily lay\u2019d,\nwere it not for the number of our Officers, which we begin to find very\nnecessary to bring our Crew to Order and Discipline, which is always\nvery difficult in Privateers, and without which \u2019tis impossible to carry\non any distant Undertaking like ours. Fine pleasant Weather, and\nmoderate Gales.\nIt being little Wind, and contrary, we agreed to pass by _Maderas_, and\ncruise a little amongst the _Canary_ Islands for Liquor, to prevent Loss\nof time: So we took leave of the _Crown_ Galley, who was bound into\n_Madera_.\n_Sept. 15._ Last night we sent _Giles Cash_ aboard her in Irons, with\nseveral Letters by the Commander at large to our Owners. We parted at\ntwelve a Clock at night. Fair Weather, very little Wind from W N W. to N\nby E. had a very good Observation. Latitude 31 deg. 29 min. N.\n_Sept. 16._ I discharg\u2019d the Prisoners from their Irons, upon their\nhumble Submission and strict Promises of good Behaviour for time to\ncome. While they continu\u2019d in Irons they had Centries over them, and\nwere fed with Bread and Water. Those that were Officers we restor\u2019d to\ntheir Places, and every body was order\u2019d to obey them; _John Pillar_ the\nBoatswain\u2019s Mate was advanc\u2019d to be Boatswain, so that we are all quiet\nagain. About eight this morning we saw Land, and found it to be\n_Salvage\u2019s_ Island, bearing S S W. distant eight Leagues, Latitude 29\ndeg. 45 min. Wind very little, and veerable, with fair clear Weather.\n_Sept. 17._ Moderate Gales of Wind; the _Salvages_ at a distance is not\nunlike the Island _Lundy_ in _Bristol_ Channel, about two miles long, a\nhigh Island. This Morning we saw the Rock, that appear\u2019d to us a good\nLeague to the S W. of the Island, and took it to be a Sail till we came\nnear it. Little Wind between the N N E. and the West.\n_Sept. 18._ At four yesterday in the Afternoon we came in sight of _Pico\nTeneriff_, bearing S W by W. distant about eight Leagues; steer\u2019d S S E.\nand S E by S. for _Grand Canaries_. This Morning about five a clock we\nspy\u2019d a Sail under our Lee Bow, between the Islands of _Grand Canaries_\nand _Forteventura_; we chas\u2019d her, and at 7 came up with her. Our\nConsort being a little a Head, fir\u2019d a Gun, and made her bring to; she\nprov\u2019d a Prize, being a _Spanish_ Bark about 25 Tuns, belonging to\n_Oratava_ on _Teneriff_, and bound to _Forteventura_ with about 45\nPassengers; who rejoic\u2019d when they found us _English_, because they\nfear\u2019d we were _Turks_. Amongst the Prisoners were four Fryars, and one\nof them the Padre Guardian for the Island _Forteventura_, a good honest\nold Fellow. We made him heartily merry, drinking King _Charles_ the\nThird\u2019s[91] Health; but the rest were of the wrong sort. We us\u2019d them\nall very well, without searching them, _&c._ Fresh Gales and fair\nWeather, Wind from the N N E. to the E S E.\n_Sept. 19._ After we had took the Prize, we stood to the Westward for\n_Teneriff_, in order to have her ransom\u2019d; where our Agent Mr.\n_Vanbrugh_ press\u2019d to go ashoar with some of the Prisoners. At eleven\nlast night the Wind being at N E. when we were very near the Shore, we\ncould hardly weather Cape _Nago_, the Eastermost part of _Teneriff_,\ntill the Wind veer\u2019d to the Northward. We stood off till Day: In the\nMorning it prov\u2019d moderate, so we stood in for _Oratava_, and sent the\n_Spanish_ Master of the Bark to it in his Boat, being mann\u2019d with some\nof the Prisoners. Mr. _Vanbrugh_ still insisting to go ashore, I\nconsented, tho against my Judgment, and he went with them to treat for\nthe Ransom of the Hull of the Bark; her small Cargo, which consisted in\ntwo Butts of Wine, and one Hogshead of Brandy, and other small matters,\nwe design\u2019d for our own use in both Ships, the Agents of each being to\ntake an account of it the first Opportunity. Fresh Gale of Wind at N E.\n_Sept. 20._ About eight this Morning came a Boat off from _Oratava_ with\na Flag of Truce, and brought a Letter signifying that unless we would\nimmediately restore the Bark and Cargo, Mr. _Vanbrugh_ should be\ndetain\u2019d. I sent to Capt. _Courtney_, who agreed with me on an Answer.\nWe stood in with our Ships within a League of the Town, to tow in the\nBoat for Dispatch, and about eleven they went ashore again. Wind at N E\nby E. very fresh.\nThe Letter sent us was as follows:\nCapt. _Rogers_ and Capt. _Courtney_;\n     _Gentlemen_,\nPort _Oratava, 20 Sept. 1708_.\n     \u2018Your Lieutenant coming ashore, and having given an account to our\n     Governor of your having taken a Boat belonging to this place bound\n     to _Forteventura_; we must inform you that her Majesty is\n     graciously pleas\u2019d to allow a Trade between her Subjects and the\n     People of these Islands, whereof we suppose you are not ignorant;\n     and that it is approv\u2019d of not only by his Catholick Majesty, but\n     also by the most gracious Christian King, who has sent\n[Sidenote: _Amongst the Canary Isles._]\n     express Orders unto his Consul here, that none of his Men of War or\n     others shall molest any Ship trading to these Islands: and there\n     has been actually an Example of a Ship belonging to the Subjects of\n     her _Britannick_ Majesty, which was taken by a _French_ Privateer,\n     and upon due Application to the _French_ Consul, the Ship was\n     restor\u2019d. Wherefore we are all of Opinion, that there can be no\n     room for your making a Prize of this _Spanish_ Bark; for it will be\n     extremely prejudicial to her Majesty\u2019s Subjects that reside here,\n     and likewise to those in _England_ trading hither, by prohibiting\n     of all future Trade, by making more than sufficient Reprisal upon\n     our Effects here, and perhaps on our Persons, by reason of the\n     evident Breach on our part of the stipulated Trade which has been\n     concerted with us. Wherefore we must once more desire you to\n     restore the _Spanish_ Bark, as you will answer the contrary before\n     her Majesty, who has so far approv\u2019d of the private Trade, that she\n     was pleas\u2019d to allow of two Men of War (viz. the _Dartmouth_ Capt.\n     _Cock_, and the _Greyhound_ Capt. _Hariot_) the last year, who had\n     express Orders to molest in no manner of way any Vessel belonging\n     to the _Spaniards_; which accordingly they observ\u2019d. Wherefore as\n     you have a due Regard to what is so much the Interest of her\n     Majesties Subjects, we expect at the return of this Boat, that you\n     will make Restitution of the said Bark, otherwise Mr. _Vanbrugh_\n     will not be permitted to go off, and there will be extravagant\n     Reprisals made upon our Estates and Persons, which we expect you\n     will take into your Consideration: and we cannot omit to let you\n     know, that there is now a _Spanish_ Bark actually in _England_,\n     which is daily expected with other _English_ Ships to load Wine,\n     which they will not be admitted to do, in case you don\u2019t restore\n     this Bark. We don\u2019t doubt but the People here out of Complaisance\n     will make you some acknowledgment of a Refreshment.\n  Gentlemen,\n  Your very humble Servants,\n  _J. Pouldon_, Vice-Consul, _J. Crosse_,\n  _Bernard Walsh_,           _G. Fitz-Gerald_.\n     \u2018Pray excuse Haste, that we have not time to transcribe.\n     \u2018The rest of the Merchants are in the City where our Governor\n     generally resides, being about six Leagues hence.\nOur Answer was thus:\n_On board the_ Duke Frigat,\nSept. 20.\n_Gentlemen_,\n     \u2018We have yours, and observe its Contents; but having no\n     Instructions given us with our Commission relating to _Spanish_\n     Vessels trading amongst these Islands, we can\u2019t justify the parting\n     with this Bark on your single Opinions. It was Mr. _Vanbrugh\u2019s_\n     misfortune to go ashore; and if he is detain\u2019d, we can\u2019t help it.\n     To have convinc\u2019d us satisfactorily of what you say, you ought to\n     have sent us a Copy of her Majesty\u2019s Orders or Proclamation; but we\n     doubt there\u2019s no such thing in this case. If Mr. _Vanbrugh_ is\n     unjustly detain\u2019d, we\u2019ll carry the Prisoners we have on board to\n     the Port we are bound to, let the Consequence be what it will. We\n     are requir\u2019d to be accountable no farther than we are oblig\u2019d by\n     our Instructions, which we have given sufficient Security already\n     to follow, and don\u2019t fear a _Premunire_ when we comply with them.\n     We know Fishing-Boats are excus\u2019d on both sides, and all trading\n     Vessels from _Rio la Hache_ to the River of _Chagre_ in the\n     _Spanish West-Indies_. We admire the Master and Passengers should\n     be so ignorant of a thing so necessary to be known by \u2019em, for we\n     never had the least word or intimation from them of what you write.\n     The Example you give us of a Trade here allow\u2019d by the _French_\n     King and Duke of _Anjou_, we don\u2019t admire at, because it is for the\n     Benefit of the _Spaniards_; and we know the _English_ Ships are\n     protected no farther than in Anchor-Ground: and since we took this\n     Vessel at Sea, we shan\u2019t part with her unless on our own Terms. If\n     you are positive in what you wrote us, and conscious what detriment\n     it will be to the _English_ Trade, you have no way to prevent it,\n     but immediately to ransom this Bark; and if it be her Majesty of\n     _Great Britain\u2019s_ Pleasure, and we are better inform\u2019d in\n     _England_, then we can justify our Conduct to the Gentlemen that\n     imploy\u2019d us, and you will be again reimbursed. We shall wait but a\n     short time for an Answer, having Water and Provisions for our\n     selves and Prisoners to the _English_ Settlements, where we are\n     bound. We are apprehensive you are oblig\u2019d to give us this Advice\n     to gratify the _Spaniards_; and with Respect are,\nGentlemen,\nYour Humble Servants,\n_Woodes Rogers_,\n_Stephen Courtney_.\n[Sidenote: _Amongst the Canary Isles._]\n     \u2018If you send us Mr. _Vanbrugh_, and the Man with him, we\u2019ll send\n     you the Prisoners; but we\u2019ll not part from the Bark, unless\n     ransom\u2019d: tho the Value is not much, we will not be impos\u2019d on. We\n     desire you to use all manner of Dispatch without loss of time,\n     which we can\u2019t allow, nor answer it to our Employers.\n_Sept. 21._ At six last night the _Spanish_ Boat came again to us with\ndilatory Answers to our last, insisting on behalf of the _Spaniards_,\nthat the Goods should be return\u2019d \u2019em, tho they consented to ransom the\nBark. To which we immediately return\u2019d an Answer; for we were angry at\ntheir Tediousness and our ill Treatment, our time being precious,\nbecause we were inform\u2019d that they expected every hour a small Privateer\nthat usually cruis\u2019d off of _Madera_, as also a _Spanish_ Ship from the\n_West-Indies_ design\u2019d for _Santa Cruz_: So that it look\u2019d like a\nDesign, to keep us here in suspence till these Ships might get safely\nin, on the other side of the Island. Our Answer was to this effect: That\nhad it not been out of respect to our Officer on shore, we would not\nhave staid one minute, but would now stay till Morning for their Answer,\nand take a Cruise among the Islands some time longer than we intended,\nin order to make a Reprisal; and tho we could not land our Men, would\nvisit the Town with our Guns by eight next morning: adding, that we\nhop\u2019d to meet with the Governor\u2019s Frigat, and should repay his Civility\nin his own way, but wonder\u2019d that they being _Englishmen_ should trifle\nwith us. The Letter had its effect; for this Morning at eight a clock we\nstood in close to the Town, and spy\u2019d a Boat coming off, which prov\u2019d to\nbe one Mr. _Crosse_ an _English_ Merchant, and Mr. _Vanbrugh_ our Agent\nwith him, with Wine, Grapes, Hogs, and other Necessaries, for the Ransom\nof the Bark. Upon his coming up, we immediately went to work, discharg\u2019d\nthe Bark, and parted the small Cargo between our two Ships. We treated\nMr. _Crosse_ as well as we could, and at his desire gave the Prisoners\nback as much as we could find of what belong\u2019d to their Persons;\nparticularly to the Fryars their Books, Crucifixes, and Reliques. We\npresented the old _Padre_ Guardian with a Cheese, and such as were\nstrip\u2019d, with other Clothes. So that we parted, very well satisfy\u2019d on\nall sides. Mr. _Crosse_ told us the _Spaniards_ ashore were very\ninquisitive whither we were bound; and understanding by the Prisoners\nthat our Ships were sheath\u2019d, and so full of Provisions, they suspected\nwe design\u2019d for the _South-Sea_: and he inform\u2019d us that four or five\n_French_ Ships from 24 to 50 Guns sail\u2019d thence about a month before on\nthe same Voyage. But we did not think fit to own there, that we were\nbound to any other place than the _English West-Indies_. These Islands\nbeing so well known, I need not add any Description of them. We saw the\nPike of _Teneriff_ plain but once while there, it being generally\nclouded; you may often see the Top above the Clouds, when the rest is\nall cover\u2019d with them. Now we are indifferently well stock\u2019d with\nLiquor, and shall be the better able to endure the Cold when we get the\nLength of Cape _Horn_, which we are inform\u2019d has always very cold bad\nWeather near it.\n_Sept. 22._ Last night just as we had finish\u2019d with Mr. _Crosse_, and\ndeliver\u2019d the _Spaniards_ their Bark, we spy\u2019d a Sail to the Westward of\nthe Island between three and four in the Evening. We immediately made\nwhat Sail we could, and steer\u2019d W by N. along the Shore. At eight a\nclock we were in sight of _Gomera_ bearing S S W. distant three Leagues,\n_Palma_ W by N. distant five Leagues. We lost sight of the Sail before\nNight, spoke with our Consort, and agreed to keep between _Palma_ and\n_Gomera_ in our Voyage; it being uncertain to meet with the Chase the\nnext day, since last night she was near five Leagues from us, so that we\nbeliev\u2019d she might get into a place of safety, if an Enemy, before we\ncould see her. Besides, there came on a stiff Gale, which put us quite\nout of hopes of seeing her again to advantage. Fair Weather, fresh Gales\nat N E by N.\n_Sept. 23._ About five yesterday in the afternoon, when at least 36\nLeagues distant, we saw the _Pico Teneriff_ very plain. Fine pleasant\nWeather, fresh Gales with smooth Water, Wind at N E by E.\n_Sept. 24._ We sent our Boat for Capt. _Courtney_, Capt. _Cook_, Mr.\n_Stratton_, and Mr. _Bath_ their Agent, who staid and din\u2019d with us; and\nwhilst they were aboard, we held a Council, the Result of which was as\nfollows.\n     At a Committee by Desire of Capt. _Woodes Rogers_, Capt. _Thomas\n     Dover_, and Capt. _Stephen Courtney_, held on board the _Duke_.\n[Sidenote: _Differences with Mr. Carleton Vanbrugh._]\n_We have examin\u2019d all Letters and Proceedings that happen\u2019d at and after\nthe taking the_ Spanish _Bark, and the Reason of both Ships Stay off of_\nTeneriff, _and amongst the_ Canary _Islands; and we do approve of all\nthat was transacted and wrote: the major part of us having at the time\nwhen \u2019twas done advis\u2019d the Commanders to it. Witness our Hands_,\n  Tho. Dover, _Pres._        William Stratton,\n  Steph. Courtney,           Robert Frye,\n  Woodes Rogers,             Charles Pope,\n  Will. Dampier,             Thomas Glendal,\n  Edward Cook,               John Bridge,\n  Carl. Vanbrugh,            John Ballet.\n  William Bath,\nWhilst the Committee were together, Mr. _Vanbrugh_ complain\u2019d I had not\ntreated him as I ought: upon which I offer\u2019d to refer it to all present,\nthat we might not have needless Misunderstandings at the beginning of\nour Voyage; and they came to the following Resolution.\n_Whereas there has been some Difference between Capt._ Woodes Rogers\n_and Mr._ Carleton Vanbrugh _the Ship\u2019s Agent; it being refer\u2019d to the\nCouncil, we adjudg\u2019d the said Mr._ Vanbrugh _to be much in the wrong. In\nwitness whereof, we have set our Hands, the_ 24_th of_ Sept. 1708.\n  Tho. Dover, _Pres._        William Bath,\n  Stephen Courtney,          Charles Pope,\n  William Dampier,           Thomas Glendal,\n  Edward Cook,               John Bridge,\n  Robert Frye,               John Ballet.\n  William Stratton,\n_Sept. 25._ This day, according to custom, we duck\u2019d[92] those that had\nnever pass\u2019d the Tropick before. The manner of doing it was by a Rope\nthro a Block from the Main-Yard, to hoist \u2019em above half way up to the\nYard, and let \u2019em fall at once into the Water; having a Stick cross thro\ntheir Legs, and well fastned to the Rope, that they might not be\nsurpriz\u2019d and let go their hold. This prov\u2019d of great use to our\nfresh-water Sailors, to recover the Colour of their Skins which were\ngrown very black and nasty. Those that we duck\u2019d after this manner three\ntimes, were about 60, and others that would not undergo it, chose to pay\nHalf a Crown Fine; the Money to be levy\u2019d and spent at a publick\nMeeting of all the Ships Companys, when we return to _England_. The\n_Dutch_ Men and some _English_ Men desir\u2019d to be duck\u2019d, some six,\nothers eight, ten, and twelve times, to have the better Title for being\ntreated when they come home. Wind N W by W. and veering to the Northward\nand Eastward.\n_Sept. 26._ Yesterday in the Afternoon we sold the loose Plunder of the\nBark amongst the Sailors by Auction. Fair Weather, moderate Gales at N N\nE. had a very good Observ. Lat. 21. 33. N.\n_Sept. 29._ Betwixt nine and ten at night, a Sailor going up to furl the\nMain-Top-Gallant Sail, fell suddenly without any noise from the Main-Top\nover board, occasion\u2019d as I suppos\u2019d by a Fit. At nine this morning we\nsaw Land, and suppos\u2019d it to be _Sal_ one of the Cape _De Verd_ Islands,\nbearing S E by S. distant about 12 Ls.[93] At twelve a clock at noon it\nbore E S E. dist. 4 Ls. fair Weather, smooth Water, fresh Gales at N E.\nLat. 17. 5. N. Long. W. from _London_, 23. 16.\n_Sept. 30._ After being satisfy\u2019d the Island was _Sal_, we stood from it\nW and W by N. for _St. Vincent_. At four a clock _Sal_ bore E by S. 1/4\nS. dist. 10 Ls. At six _St. Nicholas_ bore S W by W. dist. 8 Ls. We went\nwith an easy Sail till four this Morning, and lay by to make the\nIslands, because we had none aboard either Ship that was acquainted with\n\u2019em. When day broke, we saw the Islands all in a range, much as is laid\ndown in the Draughts. At ten a clock we anchored in the Bay of _St.\nVincent_ in five fathom Water. \u2019Tis a fine Bay: The Northmost Point bore\nNorth near a mile dist. and the Westermost Point bore West dist. about\ntwo miles: _Monk\u2019s_ Rock, which is like a Sugar-Loaf, high and round,\nand bold on every side, lies almost in the Entrance of this fine sandy\nBay on the West-side of the Island: But nearest the North Point of the\nBay, Sailors must be careful as they come in, not to run too near under\nthe high Land of the North Point, for fear of being becalm\u2019d, and sudden\nFlaws coming every way upon \u2019em. There being a small Shoal about three\nShips length almost without the Point, but giving it a small birth it\u2019s\nbold enough. We ran within two Cables length of the first round Point,\nnext to the long sandy Bay, and came to an anchor in clean sandy Ground.\n_Monk\u2019s_ Rock bore N W by N. dist. 3/4 Mile; the Body of the Island _St.\nAntonio_ bore N W 1/2 N. dist. nine Miles.\n[Sidenote: _Arival at St. Vincent._]\nThis is a fine Bay and good Landing, but the best at the Northermost\nPoint. The Wood lies in the middle of the sandy Bay, and the Water\nbetween the North Point and the place where we anchor\u2019d. There is good\nAnchoring all over the Bay, and the _Monks_-Rock will direct any\nStranger into it, there being no other like it about this Island on the\nside opposite to _St. Antonio_. It blows here a constant Trade-Wind\nbetwixt the E by N. and the N N E. except in the Months of _October_,\n_November_, _December_, and _January_, it sometimes blows Southerly with\nTornadoes and Rain.\n_October 1._ We clear\u2019d our Ship yesterday, but it blow\u2019d too hard to\nrow our Boat-Loads of empty Butts ashoar; and we could do but little to\nWooding and Watering, till this morning we were forc\u2019d to get a Rope\nfrom the Ship to the watering-place, which is a good half-mile from our\nanchoring-place, and so haul\u2019d our empty Casks ashore by Boat-loads, in\norder to have \u2019em burnt and clean\u2019d in the Inside, being Oil-Casks; and\nfor want of cleaning, our Water stunk insufferably. I borrow\u2019d a Cooper\nfrom the _Dutchess_, and having five of my own, made quick dispatch.\n_Octob. 3._ We sent our Boat over to _St. Antonio_, with _Joseph\nAlexander_, a good Linguist, and a respectful Letter to the Governour,\nwho accounts himself a Great Man here, tho very poor, to get in Truck\nfor our Prize-Goods what we wanted; they having plenty of Cattel, Goats,\nHogs, Fowls, Melons, Potatoes, Limes, ordinary Brandy, Tobacco, Indian\nCorn, _&c._ Our People were very meanly stock\u2019d with Clothes, and the\n_Dutchess\u2019s_ Crew much worse; yet we are both forc\u2019d to watch our Men\nvery narrowly, and punish several of \u2019em, to prevent their selling what\nClothes they have for Trifles to the Negroes, that came over with little\nthings from _St. Antonio\u2019s_. The People at all these Islands rather\nchuse Clothing or Necessaries of any sort than Mony, in return for what\nthey sell. The Letter sent by the Linguist to the Governour of _St.\nAntonio\u2019s_, Senior _Joseph Rodriges_, was as follows:\n_Honourable Sir_,\n\u2018The Bearer hereof is one of our Officers, whom we have sent to wait\nupon your Honour with our due Respects, and to acquaint you with our\nArrival in the Bay of _St. Vincent_; and further, that being Subjects\nand Servants of her Majesty the Queen of _Great Britain_, a High Ally\nand Confederate of his Sacred Majesty the King of _Portugal_, and\nhaving several Necessaries which we suppos\u2019d the Inhabitants of your\nIsland may want, and supposing they can accommodate us _per contra_, we\nare desirous of an immediate Traffick with them. We arriv\u2019d three days\nago, but being Strangers were unacquainted in these parts, and not\nsooner inform\u2019d of your Honour\u2019s Residence in the neighbouring Islands;\nelse we had been earlier with our Respects: and if not too great a\nFavour, we should be proud to see your Honour on board. Our Stay cannot\nexceed two days more, so that Dispatch is necessary. We have Mony or\nGoods of several kinds, to pay or exchange for what they bring. The\nBearer can inform your Honour of the publick Occurrences of _Europe_,\nand the great Successes of the Confederate Arms against the _French_ and\n_Spaniards_; which, no doubt must soon be follow\u2019d with a lasting Peace,\nwhich God grant. We subscribe our selves with much Respect,\nYour Honour\u2019s most Obedient\nHumble Servants,\n_Woodes Rogers_,\n_Stephen Courtney_.\n_Octob. 4._ Our Boat return\u2019d this Morning; but the Landing-place being\nfar from the inhabitable part of _St. Antonio_, they brought nothing but\na few Limes and Fowls, and left our Linguist behind to get what we\nwanted. We struck two of our Gun-room Guns into the Hold, being useless\nin their place, and the Ship having too much top-weight, and not very\nstiff. We had plenty of Fish here, but not very good. Wind at N N E.\n_Octob. 5._ Our Boat went to _St. Antonio_ to see for our Linguist,\naccording to appointment. We heel\u2019d and clean\u2019d our Ships, and got a\ngreat deal of Wood and Water aboard. Wind at N E. fine Weather.\n_Octob. 6._ Our Boat return\u2019d with nothing but Limes and Tobacco, and no\nNews of our Linguist. But soon after there came another Boat belonging\nto that part of the Island where the Governour lives, with his\nDeputy-Governour, a Negro, who brought Limes, Tobacco, Oranges, Fowls,\nPotatoes, Hogs, Bonanoes, Musk and Water-Melons, and Brandy, which we\nbought of him, and paid in such Prize-Goods as we had left of the Bark\u2019s\nCargo cheap enough. They are poor People, and will truck at any Price\nfor what they want, in such Payments as they can make.\n[Sidenote: _In the Bay of St. Vincent._]\n_Octob. 7._ We sent our Boat at Three this Morning to see if our\nLinguist was return\u2019d. The Deputy-Governour told us he promis\u2019d him to\nwait at the Water-side all that night where we put him ashore, and that\nthere were Cattel for us if we would fetch \u2019em. We were ready to sail: A\ngood Wind at N E. and a fresh Gale.\n_Octob. 8._ Our Boat return\u2019d yesterday in the Afternoon with two good\nblack Cattel, one for each Ship, but no News of our Linguist; upon which\nwe consulted with the Officers of both Ships, and all unanimously\nagreed, that we had better leave him behind, than to wait with two Ships\nfor one Man that had not follow\u2019d his Orders. We held a Committee on\nboard the _Dutchess_ to prevent Embezlements in Prizes, and to hinder\nFeuds and Disorders amongst our Officers and Men for the future, because\nthe small Prize had shew\u2019d us, that without a Method to be strictly\nobserv\u2019d in Plunder, it might occasion the worst of Consequences to both\nShips, and such Quarrels as would not easily be laid. So with the\nConsent and Approbation of the Officers appointed for a Committee, we\nunanimously agreed on it, to prevent those Mutinies and Disorders\namongst the Men of both Ships, who were not yet reconcil\u2019d since the\ntaking the small _Canary_-Prize. They all insisted there was never any\nPrivateer\u2019s Crew hinder\u2019d from Plunder, so that we were forc\u2019d to agree\non the following Instrument of a Dividend, when we should meet with any\nPrize. And that the things we deem\u2019d to be Plunder, according to custom\nin Privateering, should tend as little as possible to the disadvantage\nof the Owners, we did for that end take care by the second Article in\nthe said Instrument and Agreement with the Men, to reserve the Power of\nadjudging what should be deem\u2019d Plunder, unto the superior Officers and\nAgents exclusive of the Crew, _&c._ For we found it would be next to a\nmiracle to keep the Men in both Ships under Command, and willing to\nfight resolutely on occasion, if we held \u2019em to the Letter of Agreement\nwith the Owners, which was not duly consider\u2019d of at home. We had a\nparticular Regard however to the Sentiments of the Owners, deliver\u2019d on\nthis head in Discourses at several times with divers of the Committee,\nas my self, Capt. _Dover_, Capt. _Courtney_, Mr. _Robert Frye_, and Mr.\n_Carleton Vanbrugh_; and particularly in _Kingroad_ to the Men, at the\ntime of signing of their Instrument. By all which we judg\u2019d that the\nOwners could not but approve of the Measures that we took on this\noccasion, and that the good effects of \u2019em would abundantly answer our\nIntentions. Altho the Officers and Men did voluntarily allow Capt.\n_Courtney_ and me 5 _per Cent._ each, out of the Value of all Plunder,\nit was much less than our Due; and we would have been glad to have let\nall alone, provided we could with the Advice of our chief Officers in\nboth Ships have contriv\u2019d any other Method to be safe in the Prosecution\nof our Designs with our Men, and have kept them to their Duty on all\noccasions, at so great a distance from home: without their being easy,\nwe must unavoidably have run into such continual Scenes of Mischief and\nDisorder, as have not only tended to the great Hindrance, but generally\nto the total Disappointment of all Voyages of this nature, that have\nbeen attempted so far abroad in the Memory of Man. The Agreement we made\nwas as follows.\n     At a Committee held on board the _Dutchess_ the 8_th of October_,\n     1708. it is agreed by the Officers and Men of both Ships to the\n     sundry Particulars following.\nImpr. _That all Plunder on board each Prize we take by either Ship,\nshall be equally divided between the Company of both Ships, according to\neach Man\u2019s respective whole Share, as ship\u2019d by the Owners or their\nOrders._\n2. _That what is Plunder shall be adjudg\u2019d by the superior Officers and\nAgents in each Ship._\n3. _That if any Person on board either Ship do conceal any Plunder\nexceeding one Piece of Eight in value_, 24 _hours after the Capture of\nany Prize, he shall be severely punish\u2019d, and lose his Shares of the\nPlunder. The same Penalty to be inflicted for being drunk in time of\nAction, or disobeying his superior Officer\u2019s Commands, or concealing\nhimself, or deserting his Post in Sea or Land-Service; except when any\nPrize is taken by Storm in Boarding, then whatsoever is taken shall be\nhis own, as followeth: A Sailor or Landman_ 10 l. _Any Officer below the\nCarpenter_ 20 l. _A Mate, Gunner, Boatswain, and Carpenter_ 40 l. _A\nLieutenant or Master_ 70 l. _And the Captains_ 100 l. _over and above\nthe Gratuity promis\u2019d by the Owners to such as shall signalize\nthemselves._\n4. _That publick Books of Plunder are to be kept in each Ship attested\nby the Officers, and the Plunder to be apprais\u2019d by Officers chosen, and\ndivided as soon as possible after the Capture. Also every Person to be\nsworn and search\u2019d so soon as they shall come aboard, by such Persons as\nshall be appointed for that purpose: The Person or Persons refusing,\nshall forfeit their shares of the Plunder as above._\n[Sidenote: _In the Bay of St. Vincent._]\n5. _In consideration that Capt._ Rogers _and Capt._ Courtney, _to make\nboth Ships Companies easy, have given the whole Cabin-Plunder (which in\nall probability is the major part) to be divided as aforesaid; we do\nvoluntarily agree, that they shall have_ 5 _per Cent. each of \u2019em, over\nand above their respective Shares, as a Consideration for what is their\nDue of the Plunder aforesaid._\n6. _That a Reward of twenty Pieces of Eight shall be given to him that\nfirst sees a Prize of good Value, or exceeding_ 50 _Tuns in Burden._\n7. _That such of us who have not sign\u2019d already to the Articles of\nAgreement indented with the Owners, do hereby oblige our selves to the\nsame Terms and Conditions as the rest of the Ships Company have done;\nhalf Shares and half Wages_, &c.\n     _To which Articles of Agreement we have set our Hands, as our full\n     Intent and Meaning, without any Compulsion._\nSign\u2019d by the Officers and Men of both Ships.\n_Octob. 8._ At seven in the Evening (after having put the\nDeputy-Governour ashore, where he must lie in a Hole of the Rocks, there\nbeing no House on that part of the Island) we came to sail: our Consort\ngot before us, and lay with a Light for us. There were several Negroes\non the Island, that came from _St. Nicholas_ and _St. Antonio_ to make\nOil of Turtle, there being very good green Turtle at this time of the\nYear, which I sometimes gave our Men to eat. They have likewise wild\nGoats, but in no great plenty; wild Asses, _Guinea_-Hens and Kerlews,\nand abundance of Sea-Fowls. Capt. _Dampier_, and others aboard each\nShip, that had formerly stopt at _St. Jago_, another of these Cape _de\nVerd_ Islands, told us, that tho this Island is not often frequented by\nShips, yet it is preferable to _St. Jago_ for stopping outward, because\n\u2019tis a much better Road for Ships, and more convenient for Water and\nWood, and has better Landing. The Island is mountainous and barren, the\nplainest part lies against this sandy Bay where we rode. The Wood that\ngrows in it is short, and for no use but Firing. They have very large\nSpiders here, which weave their Webs so strong betwixt the Trees, that\n\u2019tis difficult to get thro \u2019em. Where we water\u2019d, there\u2019s a little\nStream that flows down the Hill from a Spring, and is very good, but in\nother parts \u2019tis brackish. This Island was formerly inhabited, and had a\nGovernor, but is now only frequented in the Season for catching\nTortoises by the Inhabitants of the other Islands, who are for the most\npart Negroes and Mulattoes, and very poor. The Stock of wild Goats in\nthis Island is almost destroy\u2019d by the People of _St. Nicholas_ and _St.\nAntonio_. The Heats are excessive to us who came newly from _Europe_, so\nthat several of our Men began to be sick, and were blooded. Some of our\nOfficers that went ashore a hunting, could meet no Game but a wild Ass,\nwhich after a long Chase they got within shot and wounded; yet he\nafterwards held out so as to tire them, and they return\u2019d weary and\nempty-handed.\nThese Islands are so well known, that I need not say much of \u2019em. They\nare ten in number, of which _St. Jago_, _St. Nicholas Bonavist_, _St.\nAntonio_, _Brava Mayo_, and _Fuego_ are inhabited: The latter is so\nnam\u2019d from a _Volcano_. _St. Jago_ is much the largest and best, and the\nSeat of the chief Governour. It produces a small matter of Indico, Sugar\nand Tobacco; which, with their Goat-Skins and others, they send to\n_Lisbon_. The Capital is of the same Name, and the See of a Bishop.\nThere is also a Town call\u2019d _Ribera Grande_, which is said to consist of\n500 Houses, and has a good Harbour towards the West. The Air of this\nIsland is not very wholesom, and the Soil uneven. Their Valleys produce\nsome Corn and Wine. Their Goats are fat and good Meat, and the she ones\nare said to bring three or four Kids at a time once in four months. _St.\nNicholas_ is the best peopled next to _St. Jago_. The Island _Mayo_ has\na great deal of Salt naturally made by the Sun from the Sea-Water, which\nis left from time to time in Pits on shore: It\u2019s known they load many\nShips with that Commodity in a Year, and are able to furnish some\nthousands, had they Vent for it. The fine _Marroquin_ Leather is made of\ntheir Goats-Skins. The other inhabited Islands afford more or less of\nProvisions. They have their Name from Cape _Verd_ on the _African_\nCoast, from whence they lie about 160 Leagues to the Westward. The\n_Portuguese_ settled here in 1572. We had very hot Weather here. On the\n8_th_ a brisk Gale at E N E. At nine last night _St. Antonio\u2019s_ bore N W\nby N. dist. 3 Ls. from whence we took our Departure for the Isle of\n_Grande_ in _Brazile_.\n_Octob. 9._ Fair Weather, brisk Gale of Wind at N E. We saw abundance of\nflying Fish. At 12 a clock being near the Lat. 14 N. we hal\u2019d up S E. by\nS. to get well to the Eastward, expecting as usual to meet with\nSoutherly Winds, when near the Equinoctial. Had an Observ. Lat. 12. 53.\n_Octob. 10._ Fair Weather, moderate Gales of Wind at N E by E. These 24\nhours we met with several great Riplings as if a Current, which had it\nbeen calm we would have try\u2019d.\n[Sidenote: _From St. Antonio to the Southward._]\n_Octob. 11._ Wind and Weather as before till seven last night, when we\nhad much Lightning follow\u2019d by a hard Shower of Rain, and a Calm ensu\u2019d.\nSuch Weather is customary as we draw near the Line.\n_Octob. 14._ Cloudy Weather, with moderate Gales from the S S W. to the\nS W. by W. all last night; but this morning cloudy Weather, with hard\nShowers of Rain. This day we put up the Smith\u2019s Forge, and he began to\nwork on such things as we wanted.\n_Octob. 21._ Yesterday I din\u2019d on board Captain _Courtney_. Nothing\nremarkable happen\u2019d since the 14_th_, but veerable Winds and frequent\nShowers of Rain, with Calms. We agreed with our Consort, if possible, to\nstop at the Isle _Trinidado_, and not to water and refresh at _Brazile_,\nfor fear of our Mens deserting, and losing our time.\n_Octob. 22._ Close cloudy Weather all night, with Squalls of Rain. At\nten this morning it clear\u2019d up: Capt. _Courtney_ came aboard of us, and\nsent back his Boat for Capt. _Cook_, with Orders to bring Mr. _Page_,\nsecond Mate, with him, to be in the room of Mr. _Ballett_, that we\nexchang\u2019d out of our Ship. _Page_ disobeying Command, occasion\u2019d Capt.\n_Cook_, being the superior Officer aboard, to strike him; whereupon\n_Page_ struck him again, and several Blows past: but at last _Page_ was\nforc\u2019d into the Boat, and brought on board of us. And Capt. _Cook_ and\nothers telling us what Mutiny had pass\u2019d, we order\u2019d _Page_ on the\nFore-Castle into the Bilboes.[94] He begg\u2019d to go into the Head to ease\nhimself; under that pretence the Corporal and the rest left him for a\nwhile: upon which he leapt over board, thinking to swim back to the\n_Dutchess_, it being near calm, and the Captains out of the Ship.\nHowever, the Boat being along side, we soon overtook him, and brought\nhim on board again. For which and his abusive Language he was lash\u2019d to\nthe Main-Geers[95] and drub\u2019d; and for inciting the Men to Mutiny, was\nafterward confin\u2019d in Irons aboard the _Duke_.\n_Octob. 28._ At five last night we were on the Equinoctial, and spy\u2019d a\nSail about 4 Leagues dist. to Windward, bearing S. by E. and thinking\nshe had not seen us, we lay by in her way from six a clock till half an\nhour past ten, hoping to meet her if bound to the _West-Indies_; but it\ngrowing dark, and she having, as we suppose, seen us before night, and\nalter\u2019d her Course, we saw no more of her. This day we began to read\nPrayers in both Ships Mornings or Evenings, as Opportunity would permit,\naccording to the Church of _England_, designing to continue it the Term\nof the Voyage. Cloudy Weather, moderate Gales at S E by S.\n_Octob. 29._ This Morning I let Mr. _Page_ out of Irons on his humble\nSubmission, and acknowledging his Fault, with Promises of Amendment.\nFair pleasant Weather, with a fresh Gale.\n_Novemb. 1._ This Morning between one and four a clock the Sea seem\u2019d to\nbe in a Breach as far as we could see, being a Moon-light Night. The\nWatch being surpriz\u2019d, call\u2019d me up; for they suppos\u2019d it to be\nsomething extraordinary, and hove the Lead: but finding no Ground, were\nall easy, and afterwards believ\u2019d that it was the Spawn of Fish floating\non the Water. Fair Weather, with moderate Gales.\n_Novemb. 2._ This Morning two Persons being accus\u2019d of concealing a\nPeruke of the Plunder in the _Canary_ Bark, two Shirts, and a Pair of\nStockings; and being found guilty, I order\u2019d them into the Bilboes:\nAfter which they begg\u2019d pardon, promis\u2019d Amendment, and were discharg\u2019d.\nPleasant Weather and moderate Gales of Wind from E S E to S E by S. Had\nan Observ. Lat. 7. 50. S.\n_Nov. 4._ Yesterday about four in the Afternoon we spoke with our\nConsort, and agreed to bear away for the Island of _Grande_ in\n_Brazile_, it being uncertain to fetch the Island of _Trinidado_; and\nbesides, by the time we could get the length of it, being generally\nclose Weather, and the Sun in the Zenith, we might miss so small an\nIsland; which would prove a great loss of time to us. Close Weather,\nwith a fresh Gale of Wind at S E by E.\n_Nov. 13._ Nothing remarkable since the fourth. We have had the Winds\nvery veerable. Now we draw near the Land, the Wind veers to the\nNorthward, and often strong Gales with hazy Weather. About eleven last\nnight we made a Signal to our Consort, and both lay by, thinking our\nselves to be near the Land. This morning came on moderate Weather, and\nwe made sail again. Wind at N by E.\n_Nov. 14._ This Morning at five we made the Land of _Brazile_ very\nplain, bearing N W. We had several Soundings on the Sand call\u2019d in the\nMaps _Bonfunda_, from 28 to 50 Fathom Water; brown fair Sand, with grey\nStones amongst it. We had several Showers of Rain with very little Wind\nfrom N N E. to N by W. Lat. 22. 9. S.\n[Sidenote: _Make the Land of Brazile._]\n_Nov. 15._ At ten a clock last night we had a heavy Turnado with\nLightning, which fell as if it had been liquid. While this Storm held,\nwhich was not above an hour, we had all our Sails furl\u2019d; yet the Ship\nlay along very much. Wind at S W. but afterwards calm, and little Wind.\nThe Sun being near the Zenith here at this time, occasions such Weather.\nAs soon as Day appear\u2019d, we saw the Land bearing West about 7 Ls. dist.\na small Breeze at N N W. We stood in with it, but could not be certain\nwhat Land it was: we had sundry Soundings from 40 to 50 Fathom Water,\ncoarse Sand.\n_Nov. 16._ Yesterday Evening having a brave Breeze at E. we stood in\nwith the Land, and suppos\u2019d it to be the Island of Cape _Frio_. It makes\nthe Southermost Land of several other Islands; is high and uneven. This\nIsland appears in two Hills to the Southward: The least looks like a\nSaddle, and appears at a distance like two Islands, but as you draw near\nit, you see that it joins.\n_Nov. 17._ This Morning, the Weather being calm, our Pinnace went ashore\nwith Capt. _Dampier_ into a sandy Bay about two Leagues off; they\nbrought aboard a large Tortoise which our People eat. The Tortoises on\nthis Coast have a strong Taste. Foggy Weather, and very little Wind from\nthe East to the S W. sometimes calm.\n_Nov. 19._ Yesterday in the Afternoon we came to an anchor in 22 Fathom\nWater. The East End of the large Island, which we took to be _Grande_,\nbore W S W dist. about 4 Ls. and there\u2019s a high woody Point at the West\nend of the low sandy Bay, which at last we run by, about one League and\na half from us. We sent our Pinnace ashore well-mann\u2019d to this Point,\nwith Capt. _William Dampier_, in order to be certain whether it was the\nEntrance of _Grande_ between the two Lands. The Boat return\u2019d about ten\na clock at night, with a Confirmation that it was the Island of\n_Grande_, as we had suppos\u2019d: So we immediately weigh\u2019d with a small\nBreeze; but it soon falling calm, we came to anchor again: then weigh\u2019d\nwith another small Breeze, and row\u2019d and tow\u2019d; by the help of which, at\ntwelve a clock we came to an anchor in the middle of the Entrance of the\nIsland of _Grande_ in 11 Fathom water. The Entrance goes in W by S. a\nremarkable white Rock on the Larboard side of the Bay bore S E. about a\nmile and a half. \u2019Tis a long Entrance near 5 Leagues from the place we\nanchor\u2019d at.\n_Nov. 20._ Yesterday at one a clock in the Afternoon we sent our Boats\nin, with a Lieutenant in one Boat, and Capt. _Dampier_ in the other, to\nsound all the way to our watering-place, and see if no Enemy lay there.\nI borrow\u2019d the _Dutchess_ Yall, and kept her a-head sounding; but having\na Breeze against us, we got little ground. This morning at four we\nweigh\u2019d again with the Wind at N E. and got both into the Bay on the\nWest side of the Isle of _Grande_, but could not reach the Cove where we\ndesign\u2019d to water: heavy Showers of Rain took us. At eleven we row\u2019d and\ntow\u2019d into the Cove, where our Consort had been an hour before us: A\n_Portuguese_ Boat came from a small Cove on our Starboard side as we\ncame in, and told us they had been rob\u2019d by the _French_ not long\nbefore.\n_Nov. 21._ Yesterday Afternoon it rain\u2019d so hard that our Men could not\nwork. At four a clock Capt. _Courtney_ put eight of his Men in Irons for\ndisobeying Command; and knowing \u2019em to be Ringleaders, was willing to\nsecure them whilst here, where they could run away. About six a clock it\nbegan to clear up, and our Pinnace with Capt. _Cook_ and Lieutenant\n_Pope_ went to _Angre de Reys_, as it\u2019s call\u2019d in Sea-Draughts, but the\n_Portuguese_ call it _Nostra Seniora de La Conception_, a small Village\nabout three Leagues distant, to wait on the Governour, and acquaint him\nwith our Arrival, with a Present of Butter and Cheese, to procure his\nFriendship if any of our Men should run away. The Boat return\u2019d at\ntwelve at night, and told us that when they came near the Town it was\nalmost dark; that the People suspecting they were _French_, fir\u2019d on \u2019em\nseveral times, but did no hurt, and when they came ashore begg\u2019d their\npardon. The Fryars invited them to the Convent, and told \u2019em they were\noften plunder\u2019d by the _French_, or they should not have been so ready\nto fire at \u2019em. The Governour was gone to _Riojanero_, a City about 12\nLs. distant, but expected back every day. This morning our Men went in\nour Boat to hall our Fishing-Net, and caught some very good Fish much\nbetter than those at _St. Vince_.\n_Nov. 22._ Yesterday Afternoon we got our empty Casks ashore, and sent\nour Carpenter with a _Portuguese_ to look out Wood for Trusle-Trees,[96]\nour Main and Fore Trusle-Trees being both broke: but the Weather prov\u2019d\nso wet and sultry, that we could do little or nothing. Here are\nabundance of\n[Sidenote: _At the Isle of Grande in Brazile._]\nGraves of dead Men; and the _Portuguese_ tell us, that two great\n_French_ Ships homeward bound from the _South Seas_, that water\u2019d in\nthis same place about nine months before, had bury\u2019d near half their Men\nhere; but God be thank\u2019d ours are very healthy. At this place the\n_French South-Sea_ Ships generally water both out and homewards. This\nMorning we had several Canoes from the Town, with Limes, Fowls, _Indian_\nCorn, _&c._ to exchange for such things as we could spare. We treated\n\u2019em all very civilly, and offer\u2019d a Gratuity to such as would secure our\nMen if any of \u2019em run away: they all promis\u2019d to give us good\nInformation, and assist us in searching after \u2019em.\n_Nov. 23._ This was a fair pleasant Day, but violent hot. We heel\u2019d the\n_Dutchess_ both sides by us, we had a great deal of Wood cut, caught\nexcellent Fish with our Lines, and had several Canoes from the Town,\nwhich inform\u2019d us of a Brigantine at an anchor in the Entrance where we\ncame in. I sent our Pinnace mann\u2019d and arm\u2019d to know what she was, and\nfound her a _Portuguese_ laden with Negroes for the Gold Mines. Our Boat\nreturn\u2019d and brought a Present, being a Roove[97] of fine Sugar and a\nPot of Sweet-meats from the Master, who spoke a little _English_, and\nhad formerly sail\u2019d with \u2019em. The Way that leads to these Gold Mines is\nnot far from this Place by Water, but the _Portuguese_ say they lie\nseveral days Journy up in the Country; and some will tell you \u2019tis ten\nor fifteen days, others a month\u2019s Travel from the Town of _Sanetas_,\nwhich is the Sea-Port; for they are cautious how they discover the\nTruth: but there is certainly abundance of Gold found in this Country.\nThey told us, the _French_ often surprize their Boats, and that at one\ntime when the _French_ staid to water, which could not exceed a month,\nthey took of Gold above 1200 _l._ weight (in Boats from the Mines bound\nto _Rio-Janero_, because the Way is not good by Land.)\n_Nov. 24._ Yesterday in the Afternoon we clean\u2019d one side by the\n_Dutchess_, and this Morning the other side, gave the Ships great Lists;\nand having Men enough, whilst our Ship was cleaning, we let the Pinnace\nwith Capt. _Dover_, Mr. _Vanbrugh_, and others, go to take their\npleasure, but to return by twelve a clock, when we should want our Boat.\nWhen they return\u2019d, they brought with them a monstrous Creature which\nthey had kill\u2019d, having Prickles or Quills like a Hedghog, with Fur\nbetween them, and the Head and Tail resembled those of a Monkey. It\nstunk intolerably, which the _Portuguese_ told us was only the Skin;\nthat the Meat of it is very delicious, and they often kill\u2019d them for\nthe Table. But our Men being not yet at very short Allowance, none of\n\u2019em had Stomach good enough to try the Experiment: so that we were\nforc\u2019d to throw it overboard, to make a sweet Ship. Soon after came\nseveral Canoes with _Portuguese_ in \u2019em, whom we treated very civilly.\n_Nov. 25._ This Day was fair, but very hot. We had three or four Canoes\naboard, one of which had three Fathers belonging to the _Franciscan_\nConvent at _Angre de Reys_. We had got a great deal of Water and Wood\naboard, with new Trusle-Trees fix\u2019d to the head of the Fore-Mast.\n[Sidenote: _At the Isle of Grande._]\n_Nov. 26._ Yesterday Afternoon we rigg\u2019d the Fore-Mast again, and got\nalmost all our Water on board. Last night one _Michael Jones_ and _James\nBrown_, two _Irish_ Landmen, run into the Woods, thinking to get away\nfrom us; tho two such Sparks run away the 25_th_ from the _Dutchess_,\nand in the night were so frighted with Tygers, as they thought, but\nreally by Monkeys and Baboons, that they ran into the water, hollowing\nto the Ship till they were fetch\u2019d aboard again. About four this Morning\nthe Watch on the Quarter-Deck spy\u2019d a Canoe, and call\u2019d her to come on\nboard; but they not answering, and trying to get away, made us suspect\nthey had either got our Men that run away last Evening, or were coming\nby Agreement to fetch \u2019em off the Island, which was uninhabited. We\nimmediately sent the Pinnace and Yall after \u2019em; the Pinnace coming up\nnear the Canoe, fir\u2019d to stay \u2019em, but to no purpose; at last they\nwounded one of the _Indians_ that row\u2019d in the Canoe. He that own\u2019d and\nsteer\u2019d her was a Fryar, and had a Quantity of Gold which he got at the\nMines, I suppose by his Trade of confessing the Ignorant. The Fryar had\njust ran the Canoe ashore on a little Island full of Wood as our Boats\nlanded, and afterwards told us he hid some Gold there. A _Portuguese_\nthat would not run away with the Father, because he had no Gold to hide,\nknew our People to be _English_, and call\u2019d the Father back. The Man\nthat was wounded could not move, and was brought by our Men, with the\nFather and several Slaves that row\u2019d the large Canoe, on board our Ship,\nwhere our Surgeon dress\u2019d the wounded _Indian_, who died in two hours\ntime. I made the Father as welcome as I could, but he was very uneasy at\nthe Loss of his Gold and the Death of his Slave, and said he would seek\nfor Justice in _Portugal_ or _England_.\n_Nov. 27._ Yesterday in the Afternoon the _Dutchess_ weigh\u2019d, and tow\u2019d\nout of the Cove about a mile, and came to anchor to wait for us: Their\nBoats returning to the Cove to fetch what was left, they spy\u2019d two Men\nwaiting under the side of a Wood by the Shore, for a _Portuguese_ Canoe\nto get \u2019em off; but our Boats landed on each side of the Point, where\nthey were not seen, found \u2019em to be the Men that left us the Evening\nbefore, and brought \u2019em to us. I order\u2019d \u2019em both to be severely whip\u2019d,\nand put in Irons.\nThis Morning Capt. _Courtney_ and I, with most of our Officers, except\nthose which we left to do what little remain\u2019d unfinish\u2019d on board the\nShips, went in our Boat to _Angre de Reys_, it being the Day kept for\nthe Conception of the Virgin _Mary_, and a high Day of Procession\namongst these People. The Governour Signior _Raphael de Silva Lagos_, a\n_Portuguese_, receiv\u2019d us very handsomly. He ask\u2019d us if we would see\nthe Convent and Procession: we told him our Religion differ\u2019d very much\nfrom his. He answer\u2019d we were welcome to see it, without partaking in\nthe Ceremony. We waited on him in a Body, being ten of us, with two\nTrumpets and a Hautboy, which he desir\u2019d might play us to Church, where\nour Musick did the Office of an Organ, but separate from the Singing,\nwhich was by the Fathers well perform\u2019d. Our Musick play\u2019d, _Hey Boys up\ngo we!_[98] and all manner of noisy paltry Tunes: and after Service our\nMusicians, who were by that time more than half drunk, march\u2019d at the\nhead of the Company, next to them an old Father and two Fryars carrying\nLamps of Incense with the Host, next came the Virgin _Mary_ on a Bier\ncarry\u2019d on four Mens shoulders, and dress\u2019d with Flowers and\nWax-Candles, _&c._ After her came the Padre Guardian of the Convent, and\nthen about forty Priests, Fryars, _&c._ Next was the Governour of the\nTown, my self, and Capt. _Courtney_, with each of us a long Wax-Candle\nlighted: Next follow\u2019d the rest of our Officers, the chief Inhabitants,\nand junior Priests, with every one a lighted Wax-Candle. The Ceremony\nheld about two hours, after which we were splendidly entertain\u2019d by the\nFathers of the Convent, and then by the Governour at the Guard-House,\nhis Habitation being three Leagues off. It\u2019s to be noted, they kneel\u2019d\nat every Crossway, and turning, walk\u2019d round the Convent, and came in at\nanother Door, kneeling and paying their Devotion to the Image of the\nVirgin and her Wax-Candles. They unanimously told us, they expected\nnothing from us but our Company, and they had no more but our Musick.\nThe Town consists of about sixty low Houses built of Mud, cover\u2019d with\nPalmetto Leaves, and meanly furnish\u2019d. They told us they had been\nplunder\u2019d by the _French_, or perhaps they hid their Plate and other\nbest Movables, because they were in doubt whether we were Friends or\nEnemies. They have two Churches and a _Franciscan_ Monastery tolerably\ndecent, but not rich in Ornaments: They have also a Guard-house, where\nthere are about 20 Men commanded by the Governour, a Lieutenant, and\nEnsign. The Monastery had some black Cattel belonging to it, but the\nFathers would sell us none.\nThe Fish we saw in the Road were Sharks, so well known that I need not\ndescribe them. 2. Pilot-Fishes, so call\u2019d because they commonly attend\nthe Sharks, find out their Prey for \u2019em, and are never devour\u2019d by \u2019em.\n3. The Sucking-Fish, so call\u2019d because of a Sucker about two inches long\non the top of their Heads, by the Slime of which they stick so fast to\nSharks and other large Fish, that they are not easily pull\u2019d off. 4.\nParrot-Fish, so nam\u2019d because their Mouths resemble the Beak of a\nParrot. 5. A Rock-Fish, which is very good, and much like our Cod. 6.\nSilver-Fish in great plenty: \u2019tis a deep-body\u2019d bright Fish, from 12 to\n18 inches long, and very good Meat: But there are so many sorts of good\nFish here, that we can\u2019t describe \u2019em all.\n[Sidenote: _At the Isle of Grande_]\n_Nov. 28._ Yesterday in the Afternoon we left _Angre de Reys_; when we\ngot aboard, we found the Main-Mast rigg\u2019d, with every thing ready. This\nMorning we got our Ship out by our Consort, and the Wind being out of\nthe way, and but little, we went with our Boat to the Town, to get\nLiquors for the Voyage, and bring the Gentlemen of the Town aboard our\nShips, where we treated \u2019em the best we could. They were very merry, and\nin their Cups propos\u2019d the Pope\u2019s Health to us; but we were quits with\n\u2019em, by toasting that of the Archbishop of _Canterbury:_ to keep up the\nHumour, we also propos\u2019d _William Pen\u2019s_ to them; and they lik\u2019d the\nLiquor so well, that they refus\u2019d neither. We made the Governour and the\nFathers of the Convent a handsom Present of Butter and Cheese from both\nShips, in consideration of the small Presents and yesterday\u2019s Favours\nfrom \u2019em, and as a farther Obligation on \u2019em to be careful of our\nLetters, which we took this opportunity to deliver into their own hands.\nI shall say no more of our Letters, but that they contain\u2019d every thing\nmaterial since my coming out, with two Postscripts wrote by Capt.\n_Dover_ and Capt. _Courtney_, to put it out of doubt amongst all those\nconcern\u2019d, that we join\u2019d heartily in prosecuting our long Undertaking,\nand that our Officers behav\u2019d themselves to satisfaction; which may\nclear up some Difficulties started amongst the Gentlemen at home before\nwe sail\u2019d, that were a great Hindrance and Discouragement to us in the\nbeginning, because Mismanagement and Misunderstanding amongst the\nOfficers never fail of ill Effects to the Voyage, and of spoiling the\nMen; which is an irrecoverable Loss.\n_Nov. 29._ Yesterday in the Afternoon our Yall went to Town to get\nNecessaries for our next long Voyage, because we were to run near 2000\nLeagues before we could expect any Recruit of Liquors, unless by\nextraordinary good fortune. In the Evening it came on blowing with thick\nShowers of Rain, which prevented the Governour and the rest from going\nashore that night. This Morning the Governour and Company were carry\u2019d\nashore: at parting we saluted \u2019em with a Huzza from each Ship, because\nwe were not overstock\u2019d with Pouder. After which all the Officers of the\nCommittee met on board the _Dutchess_, where we enquir\u2019d into the true\nCause of the aforesaid _Indian\u2019s_ Death, and protested against Mr.\n_Vanbrugh_ (who was the Occasion) for commanding our Ships Pinnace as he\ndid in chase of the Canoe unknown to me, and without my Order. At the\nsame time I desir\u2019d to have the Committee\u2019s Hands, if they approv\u2019d what\nI had transacted since my leaving the _Canary Islands_, which they very\nreadily sign\u2019d, as also the Protest against Mr. _Vanbrugh\u2019s_ unadvis\u2019d\nManagement; for I was sensible that good Order and Discipline in\nPrivateers was the only Method to support my self and the other\nOfficers, and keep up our Authority, which is so essential towards\nacting with Success and Vigour on all occasions. This made it highly\nnecessary in the Infancy of our Undertaking to prevent Innovations in\nCommand, which inevitably confound the most promising Designs. Therefore\nI thought it a fit time now to resent ignorant and wilful Actions\npublickly, and to shew the Vanity and Mischief of \u2019em, rather than to\ndelay or excuse such Proceedings; which would have made the Distemper\ntoo prevalent, and brought all to remediless Confusion, had we indulg\u2019d\nconceited Persons with a liberty of hazarding the fairest Opportunities\nof Success. The above-mention\u2019d Resolves of the Committee follow.\n     At a Committee held on board the _Dutchess_ riding at the Island\n     _Grande_ on the Coast of _Brazile_, by Request of Capt. _Tho.\n     Dover_ President, Capt. _Woodes Rogers_, and Capt. _Stephen\n     Courtney_, _29 Novemb. 1708_.\n_WE have examin\u2019d, and do approve of all the Proceedings and\nTransactions since our being at the_ Canary Islands, _both as to the\npunishing of Offenders, and acting in all cases for the best of our\nintended Voyage, and that we found it actually necessary to sell part of\nthe Goods taken in the Prize amongst the_ Canary Islands _here, to\npurchase some Liquor and other Necessaries for our Men as they go about\nCape_ Horn, _they being very meanly clothed, and ill provided to endure\nthe Cold; and we have and do hereby desire the Agent of each Ship to\ntake particular Cognizance of what such Goods are sold and dispos\u2019d of\nfor; and agree that all possible Dispatch hath been made both here and\nat_ St. Vincent. _In acknowledgment of which we have set our Hands the\nDay and Year above-written._\n  Tho. Dover, _Pres._            William Stratton,\n  Woodes Rogers,                 William Bath,\n  Stephen Courtney,              Charles Pope,\n  William Dampier,               John Rogers,\n  Edward Cook,                   John Connely,\n  Robert Frye,                   Geo. Milbourne,\n  Carleton Vanbrugh,             John Ballet.\n[Sidenote: _At the Isle of Grande._]\n     Memorandum, _That on the 26th Day of_ November, 1708. _a little\n     before break of Day, a Canoe coming near the Ship_ Duke, _as she\n     rode at Anchor at the Island of_ Grande _on the Coasts of_ Brazile;\n     _they hal\u2019d her, she not answering, they fir\u2019d at her; upon which\n     she row\u2019d away, and the Captain order\u2019d the Boat to get ready and\n     pursue her: And Mr._ Carleton Vanbrugh, _Agent of the said Ship,\n     putting off the Boat, without the Order of his Captain, or before\n     any Commanding Officer was in pursuit of her, fir\u2019d, or order\u2019d to\n     be fir\u2019d, at her several Muskets at a distance: But coming nearer,\n     he order\u2019d the Men to fire into the Boat; and the Corporal firing,\n     as we have reason to believe, kill\u2019d an_ Indian, _and took the\n     Canoe, and sent her away with two of the_ Duke\u2019s _Men, the Corporal\n     and a Padre, and afterwards brought the rest of the People in the\n     Ship\u2019s Pinnace; since which time we are inform\u2019d by the Padre,\n     Master of the dead_ Indian, _that he lost a quantity of Gold to the\n     Value of_ 200 l. _which he says he carry\u2019d ashore, and hid in hopes\n     to preserve (he taking them for_ Frenchmen _by their firing and\n     chasing) which could not afterwards be found, altho, he says, he\n     does verily believe it was not taken by any of the Ships People,\n     but alledges it was lost by means of their chasing and surprizing\n     him. Whatever Damages may arise from the above-mention\u2019d Action on\n     the account of killing the_ Indian, _or Loss of the Gold that the\n     Padre says he has lost, We the Commanders and Officers of Ship_\n     Duke _and_ Dutchess _Consorts, do in behalf of our selves, and the\n     rest of the Ships Company, protest against the unadvis\u2019d Actions of\n     the aforesaid Mr._ Carleton Vanbrugh, _for proceeding without any\n     Order from the Captain of the same Ship, and acting contrary to\n     what he was ship\u2019d for. In witness whereof we have set our Hands\n     the 29th day of_ November, 1708.\n  Tho. Dover, _Pres._            William Stratton,\n  Woodes Rogers,                 William Bath,\n  Steph. Courtney,               John Rogers,\n  Will. Dampier,                 Thomas Glendal,\n  Edward Cook,                   John Connely,\n  Robert Frye,                   Geo. Milbourne,\n  Charles Pope,                  John Ballet.\n_Nov. 30._ The Wind continuing out of the way, last night we held a\nCommittee on board the _Dutchess_, and agreed to remove Mr. _Carleton\nVanbrugh_ from the Ship _Duke_; which Agreement is as follows:\n     Memorandum, _This 30th of_ Novemb. 1708. _We the underwritten\n     Officers belonging to the Ships_ Duke _and_ Dutchess, _appointed as\n     a Committee by the Owners of both Ships, do find it necessary for\n     the Good of our intended Voyage, to remove Mr._ Carleton Vanbrugh\n     _from being Agent of the_ Duke _Frigate, to be Agent of the_\n     Dutchess, _and to receive Mr._ William Bath _Agent of the_ Dutchess\n     _in his Place. This is our Opinion and Desire, in acknowledgment of\n     which we have hereunto set our Hands in the Port of the Island of_\n     Grande _on the Coast of_ Brazile, _the Day above-written_.\n  Tho. Dover, _Pres._          Robert Frye,\n  Woodes Rogers,               Charles Pope,\n  Stephen Courtney,            Tho. Glendall,\n  William Dampier,             John Bridge.\n  Edward Cooke,\n_Nov. 30._ About ten this morning we both weigh\u2019d, in order to go out on\nthe other side of _Grande_, which I think is the fairest Outlet, tho\nthey are both very large, bold and good. We went out E S E. the Wind at\nN E. and in two hours came to an Anchor again, it proving calm, and a\nCurrent against us.\n_Dec. 1._ Yesterday at two in the Afternoon we weigh\u2019d again, with a\nBreeze at N E. but at five a Gale came up at S S W. and blew very strong\nwith Rain, insomuch that we were forc\u2019d to bear away, and come to an\nAnchor close under the Island of _Grande_, in fourteen Fathom Water. It\nrain\u2019d hard all night, but towards morning little Wind. About ten this\nmorning we weigh\u2019d Anchor, and steer\u2019d away S W. At twelve it was calm,\nand we anchor\u2019d again. Just before we anchor\u2019d, we spy\u2019d a small Vessel\nclose under the Shore, near the West-end of _Grande_. We sent our Boat\nto examine her, and found it to be the same Brigantine our Boats were\naboard of six days before, and from whence I had the Present. I gave the\nMaster an Half-hour Glass, and other small things of little Value, for\nwhich he was very thankful.\n_Dec. 2._ I wrote a long Letter to my Owners, which Captain _Dover_ and\nCaptain _Courtney_ also underwrote, and gave it the Master of this\nBrigantine, who promis\u2019d to forward it by the first Conveyance for\n_Portugal_; so that now I had sent by four Conveyances. At ten this\nmorning we sail\u2019d, Wind at W N W. row\u2019d and tow\u2019d till twelve, and came\nto an Anchor to the Southward of _Grande_, our Men continuing healthy.\n[Sidenote: _Description of Grande._]\n_Dec. 3._ Yesterday in the afternoon we sail\u2019d with a brisk Gale of Wind\nat E by N. At six a clock in the Evening, the S W Point of _Grande_ bore\nW N W. distant five Leagues. The small Three-_Hummock_ Island without\n_Grande_, which is seen as you go in both ways to it, bore N E 1/2 N.\ndist. 5 Ls. the Westermost Point of the Main bore W by S. dist. 9 Ls.\nfrom whence we departed for the Island of _Juan Fernandez_. The rest of\nthese 24 hours a good Gale from E by N. to the E S E. This I observ\u2019d\nwhen we came from Cape _Frio_ to _Grande_, more than I have yet noted:\nAbout 13 Leagues to the Eastward of the Isle of _Grande_ is a high round\nRock, a good League without the Land, as it appear\u2019d to us; within it is\nhigh mountainous Land, which we are inform\u2019d is the Entrance to\n_Rio-Janeiro_: and as we came to the Westward, we open\u2019d a sandy Bay\nwith low sandy Land in the middle, and high Land on each side clear to\nthe Points; it\u2019s about 3 Leagues over, and deep. Next to this Bay, as\nwe came to the Westward, open\u2019d another low sandy Bay, not quite so\ndeep, but above twice as wide. The Westermost Point is indifferent high,\nand full of Trees, which makes the Eastermost Point as we enter\u2019d\n_Grande_; from whence it runs in West and Northerly about 4 Ls. There is\nno such Bay to the Eastward as _Rio-Janeiro_ between that and Cape\n_Frio_. This is a certain Mark not to miss _Grande_, which might easily\nbe done by a Stranger, the Latitude being near the same for 40 Leagues\nwithin Cape _Frio_; but _Grande_ lies out near two Points farther\nSoutherly, as you come to it from the Eastward, than any other Land\nbetween that and Cape _Frio_. We kept but an indifferent Account of the\nShip\u2019s Way from Cape _Frio_, being nothing but fluttering Weather; but\nthe _Portuguese_ Master told me it is not less than 34 Ls. We kept\ncontinual Soundings, and had always Ground from one League to ten off\nthe Shore, from 20 to 50 Fathom Water: Very even and gradual Soundings,\nwith soft blue clayish Sand, till we got the Length of _Grande_; then we\nhad harder Ground, mix\u2019d with small Stones and red Sand. The Shore runs\nhither nearest West.\nThe Island _Grande_ is remarkable high Land, with a small Notch, and a\nTip standing up on one side in the middle of the highest Land, easy to\nbe seen if clear; and there\u2019s a small Island to the Southward without\nit, which rises in three little Hummocks; the nearest Hummock to the\nIsland _Grande_ is the least. As we came in and out, we saw it, and it\nappears alike on both sides: there is also a remarkable round white Rock\nthat lies on the Larboard side nearest to _Grande_, between it and the\nMain at the Entrance going in. On the Starboard side there are several\nIslands, and the Main is much like Islands, till you get well in. The\nbest way, when you open the Coves that are inhabited on the Starboard\nside going in, is to get a Pilot to carry you to the watering Cove\nwithin _Grande_; otherwise send in a Boat to the fresh-water Cove, which\nlies round the inner Westermost Point of the Island, and near a League\nin: the Passage is between small Islands, but room enough and bold; it\u2019s\nthe second Cove under the first high Mount and round, behind the first\nPoint you see when you are in between the two Islands. This is the Cove\nwhere we water\u2019d. There are two other Coves very good, with some\nShoal-Banks between them, but no Shoal-Ground before we come to this\nCove. We sounded all the Passage in, and seldom found less than ten\nFathom Water, but had not time to know or sound the rest of the Coves.\nThe Town bears N E. about 3 Ls. dist. from this Cove. The Island of\n_Grande_ is near about 9 Ls. long high Land, and so is the Main within\nit. All you see near the Water-side is thick covered with Wood. The\nIsland abounds with Monkeys and other wild Beasts, has plenty of good\nTimber, Fire-wood, and excellent Water, with Oranges and Lemons, and\nGuavas growing wild in the Woods. The Necessaries we got from the Town\nwere Rum, Sugar, and Tobacco, which they sell very dear, tho not good to\nsmoke, \u2019tis so very strong. We had also Fowls and Hogs, but the latter\nare scarce; Beef and Mutton are cheap, but no great quantity to be had;\n_Indian_ Corn, Bonanoes, Plantanes, Guavas, Lemons, Oranges, and\nPine-Apples they abound with; but have no Bread except Cassado (the same\nsort as is eaten in our _West-Indies_) which they call _Farana depau_,\n_i.e._ Bread of Wood. They have no kind of Salleting. We had fine\npleasant Weather most of the time we were here, but hot like an Oven,\nthe Sun being right over us. The Winds we did not much observe, because\nthey were little and veerable; but commonly between the North and the\nEast.\nWe clear\u2019d an ordinary _Portuguese_ here, call\u2019d _Emanuel de Santo_, and\nshipt another, whose Name was _Emanuel Gonsalves_.\nI had _Newhoff\u2019s_[99] Account of _Brazile_ on board, and by all the\nEnquiry and Observation I could make, found his Description of the\nCountry, its Product and Animals, to be just; particularly of that\nMonster call\u2019d _Liboya_, or the Roebuck-Serpent, which I enquir\u2019d after,\nthinking it incredible till the _Portuguese_ Governour told me there are\nsome of them 30 foot long, as big as a Barrel, and devour a Roebuck at\nonce, from whence they had their name. I was also told that one of these\nSerpents was kill\u2019d near this place a little before our Arrival. Tygers\nare very plenty here on the Continent, but not so ravenous as those in\n_India_.\nThe Product of _Brazile_ is well known to be Red Wood, Sugars, Gold,\nTobacco, Whale-Oil, Snuff, and several sorts of Drugs. The _Portuguese_\nbuild their best Ships here: The Country is now become very populous,\nand the People delight much in Arms, especially about the Gold Mines,\nwhere those of all sorts resort, but mostly Negroes and Molattoes. \u2019Tis\n[Sidenote: _Account of Brazile._]\nbut four years since they would be under no Government, but now they\nhave submitted: some Men of Repute here told me the Mines increase very\nfast, and that Gold is got much easier at these Mines than in any other\nCountry.\nThis is all I can affirm from my own Observation concerning this\nCountry, which was discover\u2019d first by the famous _Americus Vespucius_,\n_Anno_ 1500. when he call\u2019d it _Santa Cruz_; but the _Portuguese_\nafterwards nam\u2019d it _Brazile_, from the red Wood of that name which\ngrows here. It\u2019s situate in the Torrid Zone, and extends from the\nEquinoctial to the Lat. of 28 South. The Extent from East to West is\nuncertain, therefore I can determine nothing concerning it. The\n_Portuguese_ divide it into fourteen Districts or Captainships, six of\nwhich, being the Northern part, were subdu\u2019d by the _Dutch_ about the\nYear 1637. and a Peace concluded, allowing it to be call\u2019d _Dutch\nBrazile_, which extended from North to South about 180 Leagues: And\nsince it is not usual for the _Dutch_ to lose their Settlements abroad,\nit mayn\u2019t be amiss to give a brief Account how they were outed of this\nprofitable Country. In 1643 the Face of the _Dutch_ Affairs there began\nto alter for the worse, the Magazines of their _West-India_ Company were\nexhausted by several Expeditions against _Angola_, &c. and receiving no\nSupplies from _Holland_ as usual, the great Council at the _Receife_,\ntheir Capital in _Brazile_, was forc\u2019d to make use of what was due to\nthe Company, for paying the Garisons and Civil Officers, and by\nconsequence to force their conquer\u2019d Debtors the _Portuguese_ to prompt\nPayment. This oblig\u2019d the Debtors to borrow Mony at 3 or 4 _per Cnt.\nper_ Month, which impoverished them so in a little time, that they were\nneither able to pay Principal nor Interest. The _Portuguese_ immers\u2019d\nthemselves in Debt to the Company, because of their hopes that the\nFleets coming from _Portugal_ would quickly subdue the _Dutch_, and pay\noff all scores. Besides, there happen\u2019d a great Mortality among the\n_Portuguese_ Negroes, which they purchas\u2019d from the _Dutch_ at 300\nPieces of Eight _per_ head. This compleated their Ruin; which, together\nwith their Hatred to the _Dutch_ on account of Religion, made them\nresolve on a general Revolt.\nThe _Dutch_ at the same time were engag\u2019d in a War with _Spain_ at home,\nand Count _Maurice_,[100] who was Governour of _Dutch Brazile_, was\nrecall\u2019d just in the height of the Plot. The _Dutch_ had several\nDiscoveries of it, and an account of _Portuguese_ Commissions, importing\nthat this Revolt was undertaken for the Honour of God, the Propagation\nof the Roman Faith, the Service of the King, and common Liberty. They\ncomplain\u2019d of this to the _Portuguese_ Government in _Brazile_, who told\nthem they would cultivate a good Correspondence with them, according to\nthe Orders of the King their Master; and wrote so to the _Dutch_\nCouncil, yet still carry\u2019d on the Conspiracy, till at last the Rebellion\nbroke out. The _Dutch_ renew\u2019d their Complaints, but the _Portuguese_\nGovernment deny\u2019d their having any hand in it, till in 1645 they openly\ninvaded the _Dutch_, on pretence at first of appeasing the Revolts of\nthe _Portuguese_ in the _Dutch_ Provinces, according to the Tenour of\nthe Peace; but afterwards when they had got footing, they alledg\u2019d the\n_Dutch_ had murder\u2019d many of the _Portuguese_ in cool Blood; and then\ncarry\u2019d on the War till 1660, when the _Dutch_ were forc\u2019d to abandon\n_Brazile_ in the following Conditions: That the Crown of _Portugal_\nshould pay the States Eight hundred thousand Pounds in Mony or Goods,\nand that the Places taken on each side in the _East-Indies_ should\nremain to the present Possessors; and that a free Trade should be\nallow\u2019d the _Dutch_ in _Portugal_, and at their Settlements in _Africa_\nand _Brazile_, without paying any more Custom than the _Portuguese_. But\nother Agreements have been since made between the two States, and the\n_Portuguese_ remain in full possession of this fine Country, without\nallowing the _Dutch_ to trade to it. This they fancy makes them\nsufficient amends for the Loss of their large Conquests in _India_,\ntaken from them by the _Dutch East-India_ Company; the _Portuguese_\nbeing now the least Traders thither, after enjoying the whole\n_East-India_ Trade for above one hundred Years.\n[Sidenote: _Account of Brazile._]\n_Newhoff_, who gave the best Account of _Brazile_ at that time, assigns\nthe following Causes for so easy a Reconquest of it by the _Portuguese_:\n1. The _Dutch_ took no care to have sufficient Colonies of their own\nNatives, nor to keep strong Garisons in the Country. 2. They left the\n_Portuguese_ in possession of all their Sugar-Mills and Plantations,\nwhich hinder\u2019d the _Dutch_ from getting any considerable Footing in the\nopen Country. 3. The Plantations and Sugar-Mills that fell into their\nhands by Forfeiture or otherwise, they sold at such excessive Rates, and\nlaid such Taxes on the Product, that the _Dutch_ did not care to\npurchase them. 4. The States of _Holland_, instead of reinforcing the\nGarisons of _Brazile_, according to Prince _Maurice\u2019s_ Advice, reduc\u2019d\nthem lower, notwithstanding all the Remonstrances of the Company to the\ncontrary; for they were so intent upon their Conquests in the\n_East-Indies_, that they seem\u2019d willing to be rid of _Brazile_, which is\nnow a vast and populous Country, and employs a great number of large\nShips yearly from _Portugal_, who carry home an immense Treasure of\nGold, besides all other Commodities of that Country.\nWhilst Prince _Maurice_ was in _Brazile_, the _Dutch_ fitted Ships\nthence for _Chili_, which arriv\u2019d there: but wanted a sufficient Force\nto withstand the _Spaniard_, while they could be recruited, or gain an\nInterest amongst the Natives, which they might have easily done, could\nthey have settled, because at that time the _Spaniards_ had not\nconquer\u2019d the _Indians_ of _Chili_; so the _Dutch_ being too weak, were\nforc\u2019d to return without effecting any thing. I shall conclude this Head\nwith a brief Account of the Natives of _Brazile_ from _Newhoff_, whose\nAuthority, as I have said already, I found upon Inquiry to be very good.\nThey are divided into several Nations, and speak different Languages.\nThey are generally of a middling Size, well-limb\u2019d, and their Women not\nill-featur\u2019d. They are not born black, but become so by the Heat of the\nSun. They have black Eyes, black curl\u2019d Hair, and have their Noses made\nflat when young. They come soon to Maturity, yet generally live to a\ngreat Age, without much Sickness; and many _Europeans_ live here to\nabove a hundred Years old, which is ascrib\u2019d to the Goodness of the\nClimate. The _Portuguese_ cut off such multitudes of \u2019em, that they\nperfectly hate that Nation, but were civil enough to the _Dutch_ because\nthey treated them kindly. Such as live next the _Europeans_, wear Shirts\nof Linen or Callico, and the chief of \u2019em affect our Apparel; but those\nwithin Land go for the most part naked, covering their Privities\nslightly with Leaves or Grass fasten\u2019d about them with a string, and the\nMen exceed the Women in Modesty. Their Hutts are built of Stakes, and\ncover\u2019d with Palm-tree Leaves. Their Dishes and Cups are made of\n_Calabasses_, being the Shells of a sort of Pompions. Their chief\nFurniture is Hammocks of Cotton made like Network, and these they fasten\nto sticks, and use them for Beds; and when they travel, tie them to\nTrees. The Wives follow their Husbands to War and elsewhere, and carry\ntheir Luggage in a Basket, with a Child hung about them in a piece of\nCallico, a Parrot or an Ape in one hand, and leading a Dog by a string\nin the other; while the idle Lubber carries nothing but his Arms, which\nare Bows and Arrows, Darts or Wooden Clubs. They know nothing of\nArithmetick, but count their Years by laying by a Chesnut in the Season.\nThose who inhabit the inland Parts know scarce any thing of Religion;\nyet they have a sort of Priests, or rather Conjurers, who pretend to\nforetel what\u2019s to come. They have a Notion of a Supreme Being more\nexcellent than the rest; some reckon this to be Thunder, and others\n_Ursa Minor_, or some Constellation. They fancy that after Death their\nSouls are transplanted into Devils, or enjoy all sorts of Pleasures in\nlovely Fields beyond the Mountains, if they have kill\u2019d and eat many of\ntheir Enemies; but those that never did any thing of moment, they say\nare to be tormented by Devils. These People are much afraid of\nApparitions and Spirits, and make Offerings to pacify \u2019em. Some of \u2019em\nare mightily addicted to Sorcery, to revenge themselves upon their\nEnemies; and they have others who pretend to cure those that are so\nbewitch\u2019d. The _Castilians_ converted some of \u2019em, but the _Dutch_\nMinisters were more successful, till they were hinder\u2019d by the Revolt of\nthe _Portuguese_. The _Brazilian_ Women are very fruitful, have easy\nLabour, retire to the Woods where they bring forth alone, and return\nafter washing themselves and their Child; the Husbands lying a bed the\nfirst 24 hours, and being treated as if they had endur\u2019d the Pains.[101]\nThe _Tapoyars_, who inhabit the inland Country on the West, are the most\nbarbarous of the Natives, taller and stronger than the rest, and indeed\nthan most _Europeans_. They wear little Sticks thro their Cheeks and\nUnder-Lips, are Maneaters, and use poison\u2019d Darts and Arrows. They\nchange their Habitations according to the Season, and live chiefly by\nHunting and Fishing. Their Kings and Great Men are distinguish\u2019d by the\nmanner of shaving their Crowns, and their long Nails. Their Priests are\nSorcerers, make them believe that the Devils appear to \u2019em in form of\nInsects, and perform their diabolical Worship in the night, when the\nWomen make a dismal howling, which is their chief Devotion. They allow\nPolygamy, yet punish Adultery by Death; and when young Women are\nmarriageable, but courted by no body, their Mothers carry \u2019em to their\nPrinces, who deflower \u2019em; and this they reckon a great Honour. Some of\nthese People were much civiliz\u2019d by the _Dutch_, and very serviceable\n[Sidenote: _Account of the River Amazons._]\nto them, but still kept under Subjection to their own Kings. For the\nextraordinary Animals, Plants, _&c._ of _Brazile_, I refer to _Newhoff_;\nbeing sensible that the Descriptions of such things are not my Province,\nbut I thought it convenient to give this Hint for the Diversion of such\nReaders as may relish it better than a Mariner\u2019s bare Journal.\nThe River of the _Amazons_ being the Northern Boundary of _Brazile_, I\nshall describe it here.\nAccording to most Geographers it rises in the Mountains of _Peru_, and\nis compos\u2019d at first of two Rivers, one of which begins about Lat. 9. S.\nand the other about 15. The _Sansons_ call the latter _Xauxa_ or\n_Maranhon_, which communicates its Name to the other. \u2019Twas call\u2019d\n_Amazons_, not because of any Nation of Virago\u2019s, who as some fancy are\ngovern\u2019d by a Queen, and have no Commerce with our Sex; but at certain\ntimes, when they make an Appointment with the Males of neighbouring\nNations, and if they prove with Child, keep the Daughters and send away\nthe Sons, as the _Greeks_ fabled of their _Amazons_. But the true Reason\nof the Name is, that the _Spaniards_, who first discover\u2019d it, were told\nof such a terrible barbarous Nation of Women by some of the Natives, on\npurpose to frighten them, and that they did actually on several places\nof this River find their Women as fierce and warlike as the Men; it\nbeing their Custom to follow their Husbands, _&c._ to War, on purpose to\nanimate them, and to share in their Fate, as we find was antiently\npractis\u2019d by the Women of _Gaul_, _Germany_, and _Britain_.\nBut to return to the Course of the River. The _Sansons_[102] give us a\nMap of it from the Discoveries of _Texeira_, who sail\u2019d up and down the\nsame in 1637, 1638, and 1639. The River, he says, begins at the foot of\na Chain of Mountains nam\u2019d _Cordelera_, about 8 or 10 Ls. East of\n_Quito_ in _Peru_. It runs first from West to East, turns afterwards\nSouth; and then after many Windings and Turnings holds its main Course\nEast, till it falls into the _Atlantick_ Sea. Its Fountains and Mouth\nare very near under the Equator, and the main of its Stream is in the\n4th and 5th deg. of S. Lat. The Rivers which fall into it on the North\nside, rise about one or two deg. N. Lat. and those on the South side,\nsome of them begin in 10, some in 15, and others in the 21 ft of S. Lat.\nIts Channel from _Junta de los Reyos_ about 60 deg. from its Head, till\nit is join\u2019d by the River _Maranhon_, is from one to two Leagues in\nbreadth. From thence, say the _Sansons_, \u2019tis from 3 to 4, but grows\nlarger as it advances towards the _Atlantick_, into which it falls by a\nMouth from 50 to 60 Leagues broad, betwixt Cape _Nort_ on the Coast of\n_Guaiana_, and Cape _Zaparara_ on the Coast of _Brazile_. Its Depth from\n_Junta de los Reyos_ to _Maranhon_ is from 5 to 10 fathom, from thence\nto _Rio Negro_ from 12 to 20, and from thence to the Sea from 30 to 50,\nand sometimes a great deal more. \u2019Tis always of a good depth near the\nShore, and has no Sand-Banks till it come towards the Sea. Its running\nin a continu\u2019d Descent from West to East, makes the sailing down it very\neasy; and the East Winds, which last most part of the day, are very\ncommodious for those who sail up this River. From the Fountain to its\nMouth \u2019tis 8 or 900 Leagues in a direct Line, but the Windings and\nTurnings make it about 1200. Some compute it at 1800, and others 1276;\nbut then they derive its Source from the Lake _Lauricocha_ near\n_Guanuco_ in _Peru_ about Lat. 10. Authors differ whether this River or\n_La Plata_ be the greatest, which I shall not take upon me to determine.\nThe Rivers which run into it on the right and left, have their Courses\nfrom 100 to 600 Leagues in length, and their Banks are well inhabited by\nmultitudes of People of different Nations, not so barbarous as those of\n_Brazile_, nor so polite as the Natives of _Peru_. They live chiefly\nupon Fish, Fruit, Corn and Roots; are all Idolaters, but pay no great\nRespect to their Idols, nor perform any publick Worship to them, except\nwhen they go upon Expeditions.\n_Texeira_[103] and his Fellow-Discoverers say, that most of those\nCountries enjoy a temperate Air, tho in the middle of the Torrid Zone.\nThis is probably owing to the multitude of Rivers with which they are\nwater\u2019d, the East Winds which continue most of the day, the equal Length\nof the Days and Nights, the great numbers of Forests, and the annual\nInundations of the Rivers, which fructify this Country, as that of the\n_Nile_ does _Egypt_. Their Trees, Fields, and Flowers are verdant all\nthe Year, and the Goodness of the Air prevents their being infested so\nmuch with Serpents and other dangerous Insects as _Brazile_ and _Peru_.\nIn the Forests they have Store of excellent Honey, accounted very\nmedicinal. They have Balm good against all Wounds. Their Fruit, Corn,\nand Roots, are not only in greater plenty, but much\n[Sidenote: _Account of the River Amazons._]\nbetter than any where else in _America_. They have vast number of Fish\nof all sorts in the Rivers and Lakes; and among others, Sea-Cows, which\nfeed on the Banks, and Tortoises of a large Size and delicate Taste.\nTheir Woods abound with Venison, and afford Materials for building the\nlargest Ships. They have many Trees of five or six fathom round in the\nTrunk, and inexhaustible Stores of Ebony and _Brazile_ Wood, Cocoa,\nTobacco, Sugar-Canes, Cotton, a Scarlet Dye call\u2019d _Rocon_, besides Gold\nand Silver in their Mines and the Sand of their Rivers.\nThe Nations who inhabit about this and the other Rivers that run into\nit, are reckon\u2019d by _Sanson_ and others 150, and their Villages so thick\nin many places, that most of \u2019em are within Call of one another. Among\nthose People, the _Homagues_ who live towards the Head of this great\nRiver, are mostly noted for their Manufactures of Cotton; the\n_Corosipares_ for their Earthen Ware; the _Surines_ who live betwixt\nLat. 5 and 10. and Long. 314 and 316, for their Joyners Work; the\n_Topinambes_ who live in a great Island of this River, about Lat. 4. and\nLongit. 320. for their Strength. Their Arms in general are Darts and\nJavelins, Bows and Arrows, with Targets of Cane or Fish-Skins. They make\nwar upon one another to purchase Slaves for their Drudgery, but\notherwise they treat them kindly enough.\nAmong the Rivers that fall into it on the North side, the _Napo_,\n_Agaric_, _Putomaye_, _Jenupape_, _Coropatube_, and others, have Gold in\ntheir Sands. Below _Coropatube_ there are Mines of several sorts in the\nMountains. In those of _Yagnare_ there are Mines of Gold; in _Picora_\nthere are Mines of Silver; on the River _Paragoche_ there are precious\nStones of several sorts; and Mines of Sulphur, _&c._ near other Rivers.\nThose of _Putomaye_ and _Caketa_ are large Rivers: the latter is divided\ninto two Branches; one falls into the _Amazons_ River, by the name of\n_Rio Negro_, which is the largest on the North side; and the other,\ncall\u2019d _Rio Grande_, falls into the _Oronoko_. The chief Rivers that\nfall into it on the South side, are _Maranhon_, _Amarumaye_, _Tapy_,\n_Catua_, _Cusignate_, _Madere_ or _Cayane_, and many other large ones.\nThe _Sansons_ add, that on this River, about 200 Leagues from the Sea,\nthere is a Bosphorus or Strait of one mile broad; that the Tide comes up\nhither, so that it may serve as a Key to all the Trade of those\nCountries: But the _Portuguese_ being already possess\u2019d of _Para_ on the\nside of _Brazile_, _Corupa_ and _Estero_ on the side of _Guaiana_, and\n_Cogemina_ an Island at the mouth of it; they may, by fortifying the\nIsland of the _Sun_, or some other place in its chief Outlet, be Masters\nof all the Trade.\n_William Davis_[104] a _Londoner_, who liv\u2019d in this Country some time,\ngives us this further Account of it, and of the Inhabitants about this\nRiver. They have Store of excellent Wild-Fowl in their Woods, and among\nothers, Parrots as many as we have Pidgeons in _England_, and as good\nMeat. Their Rivers and Lakes abound with Fish, but such as catch them\nmust be upon their guard against Crocodiles, Alligators, and\nWater-Serpents. The Country is subject to frequent and violent Storms of\nRain, Thunder, and Lightning, which commonly hold 16 or 18 hours; and\nthe Inhabitants are terribly pester\u2019d with Muskettoes. There are\nabundance of petty Kings, who live upon their particular Rivers, on\nwhich they decide their Quarrels with Canoes, and the Conqueror eats up\nthe Conquer\u2019d; so that one King\u2019s Belly proves another\u2019s Sepulcher. The\nRegalia by which they are distinguish\u2019d, is a Crown of Parrots Feathers,\na Chain of Lion\u2019s Teeth or Claws about their Necks or Middles, and a\nWooden Sword in their hands. Both Sexes go quite naked, and wear their\nHair long; but the Men pluck theirs off on the Crown. He says \u2019tis a\nquestion whether the Womens Hair or Breasts be longest. The Men thrust\npieces of Cane thro the Foreskin of their _Pudenda_, their Ears and\nUnder-Lips, and hang Glass-Beads at the Gristle of their Noses, which\nbob to and fro when they speak. They are thievish, and such good\nArchers, that they kill Fish in the water with their Arrows. They eat\nwhat they catch without Bread or Salt. They know not the Use of Mony,\nbut barter one thing for another, and will give twenty Shillings worth\nof Provisions, _&c._ for a Glass-Bead or a Jews-Harp.\nI come next to the Discovery of this River. When _Gonsales Pizarro_,\nBrother to _Francis_ that conquer\u2019d _Peru_, was Governour of the North\nProvinces of that Country, he came to a great River where he saw the\nNatives bring Gold in their Canoes to exchange with the _Spaniards_.\nThis put him upon a compleat Discovery of that River from its Fountains\nto its Mouth. In order to this, he sent out Capt. _Francisco de\nOrellana_[105] in 1540. with a Pinnace and Men: Some say\n[Sidenote: _Account of the River Amazons._]\nhe went also himself, and sail\u2019d down the River _Xauxa_ or _Maranhon_ 43\ndays, but wanting Provisions, commanded _Orellana_ to go in quest of\nsome down the River, and to return as soon as he could; but _Orellana_\nbeing carry\u2019d down 200 Leagues thro a desert Country, the Stream was so\nrapid, that he found it impracticable to return, and therefore sail\u2019d on\ntill he came to that which is properly call\u2019d the River of the\n_Amazons_. He had spent all his Provisions, and eat the very Leather on\nboard; so that seven of his Men died of Want. In _January_ that Year,\nafter sailing 200 Leagues further, he came to a Town on the Bank of the\nRiver, where the People were afraid of him, but at last furnish\u2019d him\nwith Provisions; and here he built a large Brigantine. He set out again\nthe _2d_ of _Febr._ and 30 Leagues further was almost cast away by the\nviolent Stream of a River which run into that of the _Amazons_ on the\nright side. He sail\u2019d above 200 Leagues further, and was invited ashore\nin the Province of _Aparia_, where he discours\u2019d several of their\nCaciques, who forewarn\u2019d him of his Danger by the _Amazons_. He staid\nhere 35 days, built a new Brigantine, and repair\u2019d the other. He sail\u2019d\nagain in _April_ thro a desert Country, where he liv\u2019d upon Herbs and\ntoasted _Indian_ Wheat. On the _12th_ of _May_ he arriv\u2019d at the\npopulous Country of _Machiparo_, where he was attack\u2019d by many Canoes\nfull of Natives arm\u2019d with long Shields, Bows and Arrows; but fought his\nway thro them till he came to a Town where he took Provisions by Force,\nafter two hours fight with some thousands of the Natives whom he put to\nflight, and had 18 of his Men wounded, but all recover\u2019d. He put off\nagain, and was pursu\u2019d two days by 8000 _Indians_ in 130 Canoes, till he\nwas past the Frontiers of that Country. Then he landed at another Town\n340 Leagues from _Aparia_, which being abandon\u2019d by the Natives, he\nrested there three days, and took in Provisions. Two Leagues from hence\nhe came to the mouth of a great River with three Islands, for which he\ncall\u2019d it _Trinity River_. The adjacent Country seem\u2019d very fruitful,\nbut so many Canoes came out to attack him, that he was forc\u2019d to keep\nthe middle of the Stream. Next day he came to a little Town, where he\ntook Provisions again by force, and found abundance of curious earthen\nWare finely painted, and several Idols of monstrous shapes and sizes. He\nalso saw some Gold and Silver, and was told by the Inhabitants that\nthere was abundance of both in the Country. He sail\u2019d on 100 Leagues\nfurther, till he came to the Land of _Pagnana_, where the People were\ncivil, and readily furnish\u2019d him with what he wanted.\nOn _Whitsunday_ he pass\u2019d by a great Town divided into many Quarters,\nwith a Canal from each to the River. Here he was attack\u2019d by Canoes, but\nsoon repuls\u2019d them with his Fire-Arms. He afterwards landed, and took\nProvisions at several Towns. He met with the Mouth of a River, the Water\nas black as Ink, and the Stream so rapid, that for 20 Leagues it did not\nmix with that of the _Amazons_. He saw several small Towns in his\nPassage, enter\u2019d one by force, which had a Wall of Timber, and took\nabundance of Fish there. He pursu\u2019d his Voyage by many great Towns and\nwell-inhabited Provinces, by which time the River was grown so wide,\nthat they could not see the one side from the other. Here he took an\n_Indian_, by whose Information he suppos\u2019d this to be the proper Country\nof the _Amazons_. He sail\u2019d on by many other Towns, and landed at one,\nwhere he found none but Women. He took abundance of Fish there, and\nresolv\u2019d to have staid for some time; but the Men coming home in the\nEvening, they attack\u2019d him, so that he ship\u2019d off, and continu\u2019d his\nVoyage. He saw several great Towns with pav\u2019d Roads between Rows of\nFruit-Trees into the Country, and landed for Provisions. The Inhabitants\noppos\u2019d him; but their Leader being kill\u2019d, they fled and left him at\nliberty to carry off Provisions. From hence he sail\u2019d to an Island for\nRest, and was inform\u2019d by a Female he had taken Prisoner, that there\nwere Men like themselves in that Country, and some white Women, whom he\nconceiv\u2019d to be _Spaniards_: she told him they were entertain\u2019d by a\nCacique. After several days sail, he came to another great Town, near\nwhich the _Indian_ told him those Whites did live. He kept on his\nCourse, and after four days came to another Town, where the Natives were\ncivil, furnish\u2019d him with Provisions; and here he saw abundance of\nCotton Cloth, and a Place of Worship hung with Weapons and two Mitres\nresembling those of a Bishop. He went to a Wood on the other side in\norder to rest, but was soon dislodg\u2019d by the Natives. He saw several\nlarge Towns on both sides the River, but did not touch at them. Some\ndays after they came to a Town where he got Provisions. After doubling a\nPoint, he saw other large Towns, where the People stood ready on the\nBanks to oppose him. He offer\u2019d \u2019em Toys in order to please them, but in\nvain. He continu\u2019d his Voyage, and on the Banks saw several Bodies of\nPeople. He stood into\n[Illustration: THE TRACK OF THE _DUKE_ AND _DUTCHESS_ ROUND THE WORLD\n_Reproduction of the frontispiece to the first edition of Woodes\nRogers\u2019s book._]\n[Sidenote: _Account of the River Amazons._]\nthem, and landing his Men, the Natives fought with great Resolution, ten\nor twelve being white Women of an extraordinary Size, with long Hair and\nall naked but their _Pudenda_, who seem\u2019d to be their Commanders. They\nwere arm\u2019d with Bows and Arrows; and seven of \u2019em being kill\u2019d, the rest\nfled. _Orellana_ had several Men wounded; and finding that multitudes of\nthe Natives were marching against him, he sail\u2019d off, reckoning that he\nhad now made 1400 Leagues during his Voyage, but still did not know how\nfar he was from the Sea. He afterwards came to another Town, where he\nmet with the like Opposition: several of his Men were wounded, and his\nChaplain lost an Eye. Here he observ\u2019d several Woods of Oak and\nCork-Trees: He call\u2019d this Province by the name of _St. John\u2019s_, because\nhe came to it on that Saint\u2019s Day. He sail\u2019d on till he met with some\nIslands, where he was attack\u2019d by 200 Canoes with 30 or 40 Men in each,\nabundance of Drums, Trumpets, and Pipes, _&c._ but he kept them off with\nhis Fire-Arms. These Islands appear\u2019d to be high, fruitful, and\npleasant, and the largest of \u2019em about 50 Leagues long; but he could\ntake in no Provisions, because the Canoes continually pursu\u2019d him.\nWhen he came to the next Province, he perceiv\u2019d many large Towns on the\nLarboard side of the River: Multitudes of Natives came in their Canoes\nto gaze on him, and his _Indian_ Prisoner inform\u2019d him that these\nCountries abounded with Gold and Silver. _Orellana_ was here oblig\u2019d to\nbarricade his Boats to cover his Men, because one of \u2019em was kill\u2019d by a\npoison\u2019d Arrow. As he sail\u2019d on, he came to inhabited Islands, and\nperfectly discern\u2019d the Tide. Here he was attack\u2019d by multitudes of\nCanoes, and lost some more Men by poison\u2019d Arrows. There were many Towns\non the Starboard side of the River, and he found other inhabited\nIslands, where he got Provisions, but was attack\u2019d and beat off when he\nlanded on the Continent, till he came near the mouth of the River, where\nthe People readily furnish\u2019d him. He sail\u2019d 200 Leagues among the\nIslands, where he found the Tide strong, and at last in _August_ that\nYear found a Passage to the Sea of about 50 Ls. wide, where the Tide\nrises five or six fathom, and the fresh Water runs 20 Leagues into the\nSea; Esquire _Harcourt_,[106] in his Voyage to _Guiana_, says 30 Ls. and\nthat the fresh Water there is very good. He was mightily distress\u2019d for\nwant of Rigging and Provisions till he came to the Island of _Cubagua_,\nfrom whence he went to _Spain_ to give the King an Account of his\nDiscovery. The Manuscripts taken by Capt. _Withrington_[107] say that\n_Orellana_ was about a Year and half upon this River.\nWhen he reported his Discoveries, the King of _Spain_ sent him back with\na Fleet and 600 Men to take possession of this River in 1544, some say\n1549, but the Project came to nothing: for the Captain himself, after he\nhad sail\u2019d up 100 Ls. died with 57 of his Men by the Unhealthiness of\nthe Air; and some of them sail\u2019d 60 Ls. higher, where they were friendly\nentertain\u2019d by the Natives, but being too few to pursue the Discovery,\nthey return\u2019d to the Island _Margarita_, where they found _Orellana\u2019s_\nLady, says _Heerera_, who told them that her Husband died of Grief for\nthe Loss of so many of his Men by Sickness and the Attacks of the\n_Indians_. And thus they return\u2019d _re infecta_: so that _Orellana_\nreceiv\u2019d no other Advantage for his Danger and Expence, but the Honour\nof the first Discovery, and having the River call\u2019d by his name in some\nAuthors. _Ovalle_ says that he lost half his Men at the _Canaries_ and\nCape _Verd_, and his Fleet was reduc\u2019d to two large Boats before he came\nback to the River; so that he was too weak to attempt a further\nDiscovery.\nThe Manuscripts taken by Capt. _Withrington_ say the second Person who\nattempted it was _Leus de Melo_ a _Portuguese_, by order of his\nSovereign King _John_ III. to whom the Country from the mouth of this\nRiver to that of _La Plata_ belong\u2019d, according to the Partition agreed\non betwixt the _Portuguese_ and the _Spaniards_. He had ten Ships and\n800 Men, but lost eight of his Ships at the mouth of the River; so that\nhe went to the Island _Margarita_, from whence his Men were dispers\u2019d\nall over the _Indies_. Two or three Captains from the Kingdom of _New\nGranada_ attempted it afterwards by Land, but without Success.\nIn 1560. those of _Peru_ try\u2019d it another way. The Viceroy sent _Pesdro\nde Orsua_, a Native of _Navarre_, with 700 Men to the Head of this\nRiver, where he built Pinnaces and Canoes; and having furnish\u2019d himself\nwith Provisions, and taken 2000 _Indians_ with many Horses on board, he\nimbark\u2019d on the\n[Sidenote: _Account of the River Amazons._]\nRiver _Xauxa_ or _Maranhon_. He sail\u2019d till he came to a plain Country,\nwhere he began to build a Town: but his Men not being us\u2019d to such\nLabour, and fatigu\u2019d by the hot and rainy Seasons, they murmur\u2019d, tho\nthey had Provisions enough, and a great prospect of finding Store of\nGold. The Mutineers were headed by _Lopez de Agira_ a _Biscayner_, who\nhad been an old Mutineer in _Peru_; and being join\u2019d by _Ferdinand de\nGuzman_ a _Spanish_ Soldier, and one _Saldueno_ who was enamour\u2019d on\n_Orsua\u2019s_ beautiful Lady, they murder\u2019d him when asleep, with all his\nFriends and chief Officers. Then they proclaim\u2019d _Guzman_ their King,\nbut 20 days after he was also murder\u2019d by _Lopez_, who assum\u2019d the Title\nto himself. Being a Fellow of mean Birth, he murder\u2019d all the Gentlemen\nin company, lest any of them should rival him; and having form\u2019d a Guard\nof Ruffians about him, he became so jealous of his new Dignity, and was\nso conscious of what he deserv\u2019d, that when any of the Men talk\u2019d\ntogether, he concluded they were plotting against him, and sent his\nRuffians to murder them. Abundance of the rest and the Women falling\nsick, he barbarously left them to the mercy of the Natives, and sail\u2019d\nto the Island _Margarita_ with 230 Men. He was \u201cwell entertain\u2019d by the\nGovernour, who took him to be one of the King\u2019s Officers; but this\nungrateful Villain did speedily murder him and his Friends, ravag\u2019d the\nIsland, forc\u2019d some Soldiers to go along with him, and pretended to\nconquer the _Indies_; but was defeated, taken and hang\u2019d by the\nGovernour of _New Granada_. The Wretch murder\u2019d his own Daughter that\nshe might not be insulted by his Enemies, and then attempted to murder\nhimself, but was prevented. Thus concluded that fatal Expedition.\nThe _Sansons_ say the next Attempt was by those of _Cusco_ in 1566. but\nit came to nothing; for their Leaders fell out and fought with one\nanother, which made the rest a Prey to the Natives: or that only\n_Maldonado_ one of their Captains and two Priests escap\u2019d to carry home\nthe News.\nTwo of the Generals of _Para_ and Governours of _Maranhon_ were the next\nthat renew\u2019d the Attempt by the King\u2019s Command, but met with so many\ncross Accidents that they could not effect it.\nIn 1606. two Jesuits set out from _Quito_, thinking to reduce the\nCountry on this River by their Preaching: but one of them was kill\u2019d by\nthe Natives, and the other narrowly escap\u2019d, says _Ovalle_.\nThe next Discovery was by Capt. _John de Palacios_. Authors differ as\nto the time; but most agree \u2019twas in 1635. He set out from _Quito_ with\na few arm\u2019d Men and _Franciscan_ Fryars, sail\u2019d down the River till he\ncame to _Annete_, where he was kill\u2019d in 1636. and most of his\nCompanions return\u2019d, except two Monks and five or six Soldiers, who\nsail\u2019d down in a little Vessel as far as _Para_ the Capital of\n_Brazile_; where they acquainted _Texeira_ the _Portuguese_ Governour\nwith their Discovery: who upon their Information sent 47 Canoes with 70\n_Spaniards_ and 1200 _Indians_ to sail up the River under _Texeira_ the\nSailor. He set out in _October_ 1637. and met with several Difficulties,\nwhich occasion\u2019d many of the _Indians_ to forsake him; but he went on,\nand sent a Captain with eight Canoes to make Discoveries before him.\nThis Captain arriv\u2019d _June_ 24. 1638. at a _Spanish_ Town built at the\nConflux of the Rivers _Huerari_ and _Amazons_, and dispatch\u2019d a Canoe to\nacquaint _Texeira_ with it. This encourag\u2019d him to proceed till he came\nto the Mouth of the River _Chevelus_, where it falls into the _Amazons_,\nand there he left part of his Men under a Captain, and the rest at\n_Junta de los Rios_ under another; while himself with a few went forward\nto _Quito_. The other Captain arriv\u2019d there some time before, and both\nwere well receiv\u2019d by the _Spaniards_, to whom they reported their\nDiscovery in _September_ 1638. The Men he left behind were well\nentertain\u2019d by the Natives at first, but quarrelling with them\nafterwards, suffer\u2019d much for want of Provisions, and had little but\nwhat they took by force.\nUpon the News of this Discovery, the Count _de Chinchon_ Viceroy of\n_Peru_ sent Orders from _Lima_ to furnish _Texeira_ with all Necessaries\nfor his Return down the River, and appointed Father _d\u2019Acugna_, Rector\nof the College of _Cuenca_, and another Jesuit, to attend him and carry\nthe News to _Spain_. They set out in _February_ 1639. and arriv\u2019d at\n_Para_ in _December_ following; from whence _d\u2019Acugna_ went to _Spain_,\nand publish\u2019d his Account of this River in 1640.\n[Sidenote: _Account of the River Amazons._]\nThe Sum of his Discovery, besides what has been mention\u2019d already, is as\nfollows. There\u2019s a Tree on the Banks of this River call\u2019d _Andirova_,\nfrom whence they draw an Oil that is a Specifick for curing Wounds.\nThere\u2019s plenty of Iron-Wood, so nam\u2019d because of its Hardness, Red-Wood,\nLog-Wood, _Brazile_, and Cedars so large, that _Acugna_ says he measur\u2019d\nsome that were 30 span round the Trunk. They have Timber enough to build\nShips, make Cordage of the Barks of Trees, and Sails of Cotton, but want\nIron. They make Hatchets of Tortoise-shells, or hard Stones ground to\nan Edg; and Chizzels, Planes, and Wimbles of the Teeth and Horns of wild\nBeasts. Their chief Directors are Sorcerers, who are the Managers of\ntheir hellish Worship, and teach them how to revenge themselves on their\nEnemies by Poison and other barbarous methods. Some of them keep the\nBones of their deceas\u2019d Relations in their Houses; and others burn them\nwith all their Movables, and solemnize their Funerals first by mourning,\nand then by excessive drinking. Yet the Father says they are in general\ngood-natur\u2019d and courteous, and many times left their own Hutts to\naccommodate him and his Company. Some of these Nations, particularly the\n_Omaguas_, whose Country is 260 Leagues long, and the most populous on\nthe River, are decently clad in Rayment of Cotton, and trade in it with\ntheir Neighbours. Some of the other Nations wear Plates of Gold at their\nEars and Nostrils; and their Joiners are so expert, that they make\nChairs and other Houshold Furniture in the shapes of several Animals\nwith great Art.\nThe Jesuits of _Quito_ in _Peru_ have engrav\u2019d a Map of this River, in\nwhich they give the following Account, _viz._ That \u2019tis the greatest in\nthe known World: That tho it be call\u2019d by the name of _Amazons_ or\n_Orellana_, its true name is _Maranhon_: That it rises from the Lake\n_Lauricocha_, as we have mention\u2019d already, runs 1800 Leagues, and falls\ninto the North Sea by 84 Mouths: That near the City _Borja_ it is pent\nup by a Strait call\u2019d _El-Pongo_, not above 13 Fathom wide and 3 Ls.\nlong; where the Stream is so rapid, that Boats run it in a quarter of an\nhour. The Truth of this must be submitted to the Judgment of the Reader,\nbut it seems very improbable, since none of those who sail\u2019d up and down\nthis River describe it thus: besides, \u2019twere impossible to sail up\nagainst so rapid a Stream without a Tide, which the _Sansons_ say comes\nup to this Strait; but they make it a mile broad, and by consequence not\nso rapid. The Jesuits add, that both Banks from the City _Jaen_ in the\nProvince of _Bracamoros_, where it begins to be navigable, down to the\nSea, are cover\u2019d with Woods of very tall Trees, among which there\u2019s\nTimber of all colours, abundance of _Sarsaparilla_, and the Bark they\ncall Cloves, which is us\u2019d by Dyers and Cooks. In the neighbouring Woods\nthere are many Tygers, wild Boars, and Buffaloes, _&c._ The Jesuits\nbegan their Mission upon this River in 1638. have their Capital at the\nCity of _St. Francis_ of _Borja_ in the Province of _Manos_, 300 Leagues\nfrom _Quito_; and their Mission extends along three other Rivers as far\nas the Province of the _Omaguas_, whither they make sometimes long and\ndangerous Voyages in Canoes. They give an account of eight of their\nnumber that have been murder\u2019d by the _Barbarians_, the last of them in\n1707. Besides _Borja_ and its Dependencies, they have 39 Towns founded\nmostly by their own Labour and Charge, but we shan\u2019t insist on their\nNames. Their Converts they reckon at 26000, and the Missionaries about\n18. They add, that they have contracted Amity with several numerous\nNations, whose Conversion they hope for.\nThe _Portuguese_ have some Towns at the Mouth of this River, and a Fort\non _Rio Negro_; so that of late years they have traded much upon it,\nand, as several _Spaniards_ inform\u2019d me, during the last Peace they\nextended their Commerce as far as _Quito_ and many other Places in\n_Peru_. I have insisted the longer on this River, because it is of so\ngreat Fame, and may be of mighty Advantage for Trade.\nThe River of _La Plata_ being the South Boundary of _Brazile_, within\nthe Limits of the _South-Sea_ Company, and lying conveniently for\nopening a great Trade from the North-Sea with _Peru_, _Chili_, and other\nvast Countries; I shall give a Description of it here, from the best\nAuthors.\nThe first _European_ who discover\u2019d it, seems to have been _Juan Dias de\nSolis_, who sailing from _Spain_ in 1512. some say 1515. run along the\nCoast of _Brazile_ till he came to this River, says _Ovalle_. With him\nagree the Manuscripts taken on some _Spanish_ Priests in this River by\nCapt. _Withrington_, publish\u2019d in _Harris\u2019s_ Collections[108]; where we\nare told, _De Solis_ obtain\u2019d the Government of this River, but was\nmurder\u2019d by the Natives with most of his Men in 1515. The next who came\nhither was _Sebastian Cabot_ in 1526. but his Men being mutinous, he had\nnot the desir\u2019d Success, tho he sail\u2019d 150, some say 200 Leagues up this\nRiver; and purchasing many Pieces of Gold and Silver Plate from the\nNatives, who call\u2019d this River _Parama_, he call\u2019d it the River of\nPlate, because he thought it to be the Product of the Country, which was\nafterwards found to be a Mistake. Yet upon his Report, in 1530. when he\nreturn\u2019d, the Emperor _Charles_ V. sent Don _Peter Mendoza_, one of his\nchief Grandees, with 2200 Men besides Mariners, to plant a Colony here\nin\n[Sidenote: _Account of the River La Plata._]\n1535. and they had so great hopes of finding Mines of Gold and Silver,\nthat above thirty Heirs of noble Families went on the Expedition; and\nsailing 50 Leagues up the River, where the Air was good, he founded a\nTown, which from thence was call\u2019d _Buenos-Ayres_. They built a Fort,\nand enlarg\u2019d the Town; but as they were carrying on their Work, the\nNatives attack\u2019d them, and overpowering them with Numbers, kill\u2019d 250,\namong whom were several of the chief Men. This oblig\u2019d the _Spaniards_\nto keep within their Fort, where they suffer\u2019d much by Famine. _Mendoza_\nreturn\u2019d towards _Spain_, but died miserably, with many of his\nCompanions, for want of Provisions by the way. His Deputy-Governour\n_Oyola_ sail\u2019d up into _Paraguay_, in quest of a Country said to abound\nwith Gold and Silver; but was treacherously slain by the Natives, with\nall his Followers.\n_Irala_ who was his Deputy, and left at _Buenos-Ayres_, contracted a\nFriendship with some of the Natives call\u2019d _Guaranians_. In 1538. he\nbuilt _Assumption_ in their Country, which is now the Metropolis of\n_Paraguay_, and left _Buenos-Ayres_ for a time. _Assumption_ lies on the\nBanks of the River _Paraguay_, in S. Lat. 25. 240 Leagues from the Sea,\nand 40 from the Mouth of the River _Paraguay_, where it falls into _La\nPlata_, These Rivers after they join continue their natural Colour for\nseveral miles, _La Plata_ being clear, and _Paraguay_ muddy. The latter\nis by much the most considerable River, and the adjacent Country abounds\nwith Mines of Gold and Silver, and is navigable above 200 Leagues. The\nRiver _Uruquay_ falls into _Paraguay_ on the right side, and runs a\nCourse of 300 Leagues, according to _Sepp_ the Jesuit, who in his Voyage\nsays \u2019tis as big as the _Danube_ at _Vienna_. In short, as to this River\n_La Plata_, Authors are not agreed. Some of the Jesuits who are\nMissionaries in those Countries think it to be the same with that call\u2019d\n_Paraguay_ higher up in the Country, and that it has a Communication\nwith the North-East Coast of _Brazile_ by the River _St. Meary_, which\nrises out of the same Lake, and runs N E. as _Paraguay_ or _Plata_ runs\nS. and afterwards to the S E. when it falls into the Sea. Be that how it\nwill, here are many Rivers which fall into the same Channel on both\nsides. But that which is commonly call\u2019d _La Plata_, begins near the\nTown of that Name about S. Lat. 19. and after running N. a little way,\ntakes its Course S E. till it join the River _Paraguay_. So that I chuse\nrather to trust to the Account given us by Mr. _White_ our Linguist, who\nhaving dwelt long in that Country, told me this River derives its Name\nfrom the Town of _La Plata_, a sort of Metropolis to which there lies an\nAppeal from other Jurisdictions. He adds, that \u2019tis a pretty Town, has\nfourteen Churches with a Cathedral, and four Nunneries, and lies\nNorth-west from _Buenos-Ayres_ about 500 Leagues, which requires\ncommonly two months and a half\u2019s Travel.\nAll are agreed that _La Plata_ is very large at the Mouth, where some\naccount it 50, and others 30 Leagues broad. The Mouth of it is dangerous\nbecause of Sands, and therefore requires Pilots. _Knivet_,[109] in his\nDescription of the _West-Indies_, says, the best way to avoid those\nSands is to keep near the North Shore till you come to a high Mountain\nwhite at top; and then to sail 4 Ls. South, to another small Hill on the\nNorth side, near which you must sail. This brings you into a fair Bay,\nwhere you must still keep along shore: and after passing the West Point\nof this Bay, you come to the River _Maroer_, and then there are no more\nShoals between that and _Buenos-Ayres_.\n_La Plata_ runs into the Sea about S. Lat. 35. and sometimes overflows\nthe Country for several miles, when the Natives put their Goods into\nCanoes, and float about till the Inundation assuages, and then they\nreturn to their Habitations. _Ovalle_ gives the following Account of\nthis River, _viz._ That it runs with such a mighty Stream into the Sea,\nas makes it fresh for a great way: That the Water of this River is very\nsweet, clears the Voice and Lungs, and is good against all Rheums and\nDefluxions: That the People who dwell about it have excellent Voices,\nand are all inclin\u2019d to Musick: That it petrifies the Branches of Trees,\nand other things which fall into it; and that Vessels are naturally\nform\u2019d of its Sand, which are of various Figures, look as if they were\npolish\u2019d by Art, and keep Water very cool. It breeds great store of\nexcellent Fish of divers sorts, and most beautiful Birds of all kinds\nare seen on its Banks. _Sepp_ informs us, that this River and _Uraguay_\nabound so with Fish, that the Natives catch great numbers of them\nwithout any other Instrument than their Hands: one of the choicest,\ncall\u2019d the Kings-Fish, is small without Bones, and taken only in Winter.\nOur Author, says he never saw any _European_ Fish in this latter, except\none that the _Spaniards_ call _Bocado_; and that the Fish are larger\nhere than ours, of a dark or yellow colour, and well tasted; which he\nascribes to the nature of\n[Illustration: THE ISLANDS OF JUAN FERNANDEZ, WHERE ALEXANDER SELKIRK\nWAS FOUND]\n[Sidenote: _Account of the River La Plata._]\nthe Water, that tho drunk in great quantities even after raw Fruit,\nhelps Digestion, and never does any hurt. The Plains about this River\nare so large and even, without any Obstruction to the Sight, that the\nSun seems to rise and set in them. Their way of travelling in those\nPlains is by high Carts cover\u2019d with Hoops and Cows-Hides like our\nWaggons, with Conveniency for Travellers to sleep in the bottom; which\nis so much the better, because they travel most by night to avoid the\nHeat. They are drawn by Oxen, which are frequently so pinch\u2019d by\nDrought, that when they come towards any Water, which they smell at a\ngreat distance, they run furiously to it, and drink up the very Mud\nwhich they raise with their Feet. This obliges Travellers to furnish\nthemselves with Water and other Provisions for their Journy; there being\nno Water to be had, except by Rain: so that Travellers are frequently as\nmuch distress\u2019d for want of Water as the Oxen, and can scarce get any\nthat\u2019s clear at the Watering-places, tho they send before-hand, because\nthe Oxen run with so much haste to it that they make it all in a puddle:\n_Ovalle_ says, that in this case Travellers are forc\u2019d to stop their\nNoses and shut their Eyes when they drink it. The Journy thro these\nPlains is at least 14 or 20 days, without any place of shelter, or any\nFiring to dress their Victuals but the dry\u2019d Dung of Cattle. Yet there\nare several Lakes and Ponds where Inns might be fix\u2019d, but \u2019tis\nneglected because there\u2019s no settled Trade that way.\nIt remains to give some account of the Towns upon the River _Plata_ and\non the Road to _Potosi_. 1. _Buenos-Ayres_ lies upon the River 50\nLeagues from the Sea, about Lat. 36. Our Linguist inform\u2019d me that \u2019tis\nthe Residence of a _Spanish_ Governour, is defended by a Stone Fort\nmounted with 40 Guns, and is generally garison\u2019d by 4 or 500 Men. The\nHarbour is pretty good, but troublesom in a N W. and W. Wind. The River\nis 7 Ls. broad there, and navigable by Ships 60 Ls. above the Town, but\nno further, because of a great Cataract. The Town has one Cathedral, and\nfive other Churches: The _Portuguese_ had a Settlement over against this\nTown, but were dislodg\u2019d by the _Spaniards_ at the beginning of this\nWar; since which time the _French_ drive a _Guinea_ Trade hither for\nNegroes, who are sent over Land to _Peru_ and _Chili_, and yield them\nvast Profit. The Trade from hence to _Spain_ is in Hides and Tallow,\nSilver from _Peru_, and Gold and Silver from _Chili_. All _European_\nGoods yield a good Price here. They have plenty of Fruit-Trees about\nthe Town of all kinds, both of the hot and cold Climates; and have\nstore of Wheat and other _European_ Grain, besides _Indian_ Corn.\nThousands of Cattel of all sorts run wild in the Neighbourhood, and they\nfurnish _Peru_ with 50000 Mules _per ann._ In short, this place lies\nvery convenient for Commerce in Silver and Gold, and the other\nCommodities of _Peru_ and _Chili_, which the _French_ have now begun to\nengross. They sent three Ships to those parts and the _South-Sea_, under\nM. _de Beauchesne Gouin_[110] of _St. Malo_ in 1698, of whose Progress I\nshall give a further account from a Copy of his Journal, as I go on with\nmy Description of the Coasts. Their Winter here is in _May_, _June_, and\n_July_, when \u2019tis cold by night, but warm enough by day, the Frost never\nbeing violent, nor the Snow considerable in those parts.\nFather _Sepp_,[111] who was here in 1691. tells us in his Voyage from\n_Spain_ to _Paraquaria_ or _Paraguay_, that _Buenos-Ayres_ has only two\nStreets built crosswise; that there are four Convents, one of which\nbelongs to the Jesuits; that their Houses and Churches are built of\nClay, and not above one Story high; that the Jesuits have taught them of\nlate to burn Lime, and make Tiles and Bricks, with which they now begin\nto build. The Castle is likewise of Clay, encompass\u2019d with an earthen\nWall and a deep Trench, and defended by 900 _Spaniards_; tho in case of\nnecessity above 30000 _Indian_ Horse might be arm\u2019d out of the several\nCantons, where they have been train\u2019d by the Jesuits: But this boasting\nAccount I can\u2019t believe. They have in the Neighbourhood whole Woods of\nPeach, Almond, and Fig-Trees, which they propagate by putting the\nKernels in the Ground: they grow so fast as to produce Fruit the first\nYear, and their Timber is us\u2019d for Fewel. The adjacent Pastures are so\nfat and large, that many thousands of Beeves feed together; so that any\none when he pleases goes into the Field, throws a Rope about their\nHorns, brings \u2019em home and kills \u2019em. They are very large, generally\nwhite, and being so numerous, are valu\u2019d only for their Hides, Tallow,\nand Tongues; the rest being expos\u2019d to the Birds and Beasts of Prey,\nwhich are very numerous, and frequently destroy the Calves. The Natives\nfeed most on Beef half-raw without Bread or Salt, and in such quantities\nthat they throw\n[Sidenote: _Account of the River La Plata._]\nthemselves naked into cold Water, that they may retain the natural Heat\nwithin their Entrails to help Digestion; and sometimes they lie down\nwith their Stomachs in hot Sand: but their Gluttony in devouring so much\nraw Flesh fills them so with Worms, that they seldom live till 50 Years\nold. There are such numbers of Partridges here, and so tame, that they\nknock them down with sticks as they walk in the fields. The\nMissionaries, who are absolute Masters of the Natives in the\nneighbouring Cantons of _Paraguay_, &c. suffer none of \u2019em to come\nnearer _Buenos-Ayres_ than two or three Leagues, on pretence that they\nwould be corrupted by the ill Example of the _Spaniards_; and under that\nsame pretence they won\u2019t suffer the _Spaniards_ to settle in their\nMissions, which extend above 200 Leagues up the River; nor do they allow\nMerchants who trade thither to stay above a few days; the true cause of\nwhich is, they are not willing that the Laity should be privy to the\nWealth they heap up there, in a Country which abounds with Gold, nor be\nWitnesses to their splendid, or rather luxurious way of living.\nSometimes Complaints of this Procedure of the Jesuits have been made to\nthe _Spanish_ Governours, but they find a way to bribe them to silence.\nThis I was inform\u2019d of by those who have been among them, and am\nconfirm\u2019d in it by Father _Sepp_: He does not dissemble that the\nMissionaries have a Despotical Power over the Natives, tho he gives it\nanother Turn, and pretends that \u2019tis necessary in order to convert and\nforce them to work. He says the Jesuits are Captains, teach them the Use\nof Arms, and how to draw up into Squadrons and Battallions; which he\nboasts they can do as well as the _Europeans_. The Jesuits obtain\u2019d this\nPower, on the specious Pretence of reducing those _Indians_ to the\nObedience of the _Spaniards_, which they would not submit to till within\nthese few Years. This Management is so much the more easily carry\u2019d on,\nbecause the Ecclesiastical Government there is lodg\u2019d in the hands of\none Bishop only and three Canons; and the Missionaries being compos\u2019d of\nall Nations, few of them have any natural Affection to the _Spanish\nGovernment_. This is the more to be observ\u2019d, because the Jesuits being\nan intriguing Society, and generally in the _French_ Interest, it would\nseem to be the Concern of the Allies to recover the Trade of those\nCountries from the House of _Bourbon_ with all possible speed, left by\nmaking themselves Masters of the vast Treasures of _Peru_ and _Chili_,\nthey be enabled at last to compleat their Design of an Universal\nMonarchy. Father _Sepp_ says, that Silver in 1691. was cheaper here than\nIron; that for a Twopenny Knife one may have a Crown, for a Hat of two\nShillings 10 or 12 Crowns, and for a Gun of ten or twelve Shillings 30\nCrowns; that Provisions are so plenty here, that a fat Cow may be bought\nfor the Value of 10 _d._ or 12 _d._ a good Ox for a few Needles, a stout\nHorse for about 2 _s._ that he has seen two given for a Knife not worth\n6 _d._ and that he and his Company had 20 Horses for a few Trifles that\ndid not cost them a Crown; being only a few Needles, Fish-Hooks, sorry\nKnives, Tobacco, and a little Bread. He mentions a Cataract in the River\n_Uruquay_, which he says Providence has plac\u2019d here for the advantage of\nthe poor _Indians_ against the Avarice of the _Spaniards_; who not being\nable to go further with their Vessels, have been hitherto confin\u2019d to\n_Buenos-Ayres_, and could not settle in those Cantons, tho very\ninviting, because of the vast Profit they might draw from them. This he\nreckons a great Happiness to the Natives, who being a simple People,\nwould not only be soon infected with the Vices of the _Spaniards_, but\nenslav\u2019d by \u2019em: for, says he, they make no difference betwixt Pagan and\nChristian Natives, but treat them promiscuously like Dogs. He adds, that\nthis Province of _Paraquaria_ or _Paraguay_ exceeds in bigness\n_Germany_, _France_, _Italy_, and the _Netherlands_ put together;\n(wherein I doubt he exceeds:) That they have no Cities, and are govern\u2019d\nby 80 Colleges of Jesuits, in which there are no more than 160 Persons;\nand that these Colleges are from 100 to 600 Miles distant from one\nanother. There\u2019s one Plain of 200 Leagues long betwixt _Buenos-Ayres_\nand _Corduba_ in _Tucuman_, without so much as a Tree or Cottage, and\nyet it contains the best Pastures in the World, fill\u2019d with Cattel of\nall sorts which have no Owners.\n[Sidenote: _Account of the River La Plata._]\nHe describes the Natives thus: The Men are not quite so tall as\n_Europeans_, but have thick Legs and large Joints. Their Faces are\nround, flattish, and of an Olive Colour; and their Arms are Bows and\nArrows. Some of the strongest have many Scars on their Bodies,\noccasion\u2019d by Wounds which they gave themselves when young, that these\nScars may be remaining Proofs of their Courage. Their Hair is black,\nlong, and as strong as that of a Horse. The Women look more like Devils\nthan rational Creatures, with their Hair loose over their Foreheads, and\nthe rest twisted in Locks behind, which hang as low as their Hips. Their\nFaces are wrinkled, their Arms, Shoulders and Breasts naked; and their\nOrnaments are Fish-Bones made like Scales of Mother-of-Pearl about\ntheir Necks, Arms and Hands. The Wives of their Caciques or petty\nPrinces wear a sort of Triple Crowns of Straw. The Caciques wear\nDoe-Skins hanging over their shoulders; the rest only a piece of a Skin\nwrap\u2019d about their middle, and hanging down before to their knees. The\nBoys and Girls are quite naked. They have holes in their Ears and Chins,\nin which they put Fish-Bones, or a colour\u2019d Feather tied by a thred, and\nFeathers of several colours fasten\u2019d to a string round their Necks. They\nwrap their Infants as soon as born in a Tyger\u2019s Skin, give them the\nBreast for a little while, and then half-raw Meat to suck. He says, the\nMen at the death of their nearest Relations cut off a Finger of their\nown left Hand; and if it be a handsom Daughter, they make a Feast and\ndrink out of her Skull. They live in Straw Hutts without Roofs, and\ntheir Utensils are a few Sticks for Spits, and Pumpkins hollow\u2019d out, in\nwhich they eat their Meats. Their Beds are the Hides of Oxen or Tygers,\nspread on the ground; but the Caciques, and those of Note, lie in a Net\nfasten\u2019d to two Poles for Hammocks, at some distance from the ground,\nbeing a Security against wild Beasts and Serpents. Our Author says that\nhe sent well-boil\u2019d Meat to several of them when sick, which they\nreceiv\u2019d thankfully; but afterwards gave it to their Dogs, because they\nlik\u2019d their own Cookery better.\nIt is now time to see how the Missionaries live among those Flocks over\nwhom they assume the Pastoral Care. Father _Sepp_ tells us, that he and\nother new Missionaries were welcom\u2019d by some of them with 20 Musicians\nin a Train, abundance of Boats equip\u2019d like Galleys lin\u2019d with\nFirelocks, and having Drums, Trumpets, and Hautboys on board. The\nMissionaries brought \u2019em Sweatmeats, and all sort of Fruit; and the\n_Indians_ diverted them by wrestling in the Water, and Salvoes of their\nFire-Arms, _&c._ They conducted them thro a green Triumphal Arch to the\nChurch, where the Women were so earnest at their Devotion, that not one\nof them cast an eye upon our Father and his Companions: so that here\nwere a Militant and a Triumphant Church both together. When the Devotion\nwas over, the chief of the _Indians_ welcom\u2019d the Father and the rest of\nthe Missionaries, by a short but very pathetick Speech; and one of the\n_Indian_ Women did the like with wonderful Elegancy, says the Jesuit,\nwho it seems is not against Women speaking in the Church. That and the\nnext day they spent in Mirth and Jollity, and in the Evening were\ndiverted by four Dances; 1. By Boys, who danc\u2019d with Pikes and Lances.\n2. By a couple of Fencing-Masters. 3. By six Seamen. 4. By six Boys on\nhorseback, who afterwards gave them a kind of Tournament, the place\nbeing illuminated by Ox-Horns fill\u2019d with Suet, for they have no Oil nor\nWax. On _Whitsunday_, which happen\u2019d soon after, the Missionaries went\nto Church, and return\u2019d Thanks for so many Converts; as certainly they\nhad reason, since they are such merry ones.\nThese Cantons, he says, are 26, and have but one or two Missionaries\napiece, tho they contain from 3000 to 6000 People each, and sometimes\nmore; so that they must either have too much work, or perform it very\nslightly, especially if they be so ignorant as our Father says, that if\nthey be neglected one day, they scarce know how to make the Sign of the\nCross the next: And besides all the Pastoral Work, the Missionaries must\nact the part of Clerks, and clean the Church-Ornaments and Plate; for\nthese poor Wretches are uncapable of doing it. To be short, says he, the\nMissionary must be Cook, Nurse, Doctor, Architect, Gardiner, Weaver,\nSmith, Painter, Baker, Potter, Tile-maker, and every thing else that is\nnecessary in a Commonwealth. This he supposes will appear incredible\n(and he\u2019s certainly in the right) but he says \u2019tis the naked Truth; the\nNatives being so stupid, that unless he plainly shew his _Indian_ Cook\nhow much Salt he must put in each Pot, he would put all into one, tho\never so much; and he must see them wash the Vessels, unless he would be\npoison\u2019d: yet this Father, for all his other hard work, must look after\nhis Garden, Orchard, and Vineyard, where he has all sorts of Flowers,\nHerbs, Roots and Fruits, and so many Vines as produce 500 large Casks of\nWine in a Year, if not prevented by multitudes of Pismires, Wasps,\nBirds, or by the North Winds, which sometimes make Wine so dear, that a\nCask yields 20 or 30 Crowns; and after all, \u2019tis not to be preserv\u2019d\nfrom turning sour without a great mixture of Lime. The chief Distemper\nof the Natives is the Worms before-mention\u2019d, the bloody Flux\n[dysentery] and spotted Fever, which frequently carry off great numbers.\nThe Medicines which the Missionaries give against Worms, is a Vomit of\nTabacco-Leaves; and after that, sour Lemon-Juice with those of Mint and\nRue put into Milk.\n[Sidenote: _Account of the River La Plata._]\nThese Cantons or Towns, he says, are generally upon an Ascent near the\nRivers _Uruguay_ and _Paraguay_, and contain young and old from 6000 to\n8000 Souls. Each Canton has a Church and a square Market-place near it,\nthe rest being divided into Streets of Clay-Hutts cover\u2019d with Straw,\nonly of late they begin to use Tiles. They have no Windows, Chimneys, or\ndifferent Apartments; and over the Fire-place they hang their Beds at\nnight. Their Doors are Ox-Hides; and since all lie together in one Room,\nwith their Dogs, Cats, _&c._ the Missionaries are entertain\u2019d with very\nungrateful Scents, besides Smoke, when they go to visit them. He says,\nin the main they are very patient under Distempers, and the Death of\nRelations; that they seek after no Riches but a present Maintenance;\nthat their young Women are marriageable at 14, and the Men at 16, when\nthe Missionaries take care to match them, otherwise they will pair\nthemselves. There are no Disputes here about Dowries, Jointures, or\nMarriage-Settlements; the Agreement consists only in two Articles,\n_viz._ The Woman promises to fetch what Water the Husband wants from the\nRiver, and he engages to provide the Kitchin with Fewel. The\nMissionaries furnish them with Hutts, the Wedding-Clothes and Dinner.\nThe Wedding-Suit is five yards of coarse woollen Stuff for each, the\nDinner is a fat Cow, and the Bed some Ox-hides. He presents them also\nwith a little Salt and a few Loaves, and then they treat their Parents.\nThe Women court here, come to the Missionary, and tell him they have a\nmind to such a Man, if he will give his Consent; which if he do, the\nMatch is made, and the Missionary is both Priest and Father.\nHow mean soever the Natives live, the Priests have enough of Splendor\nand Plenty. Their Churches and Steeples are lofty, have four or five\nBells apiece, most of \u2019em a couple of Organs, Altars, and Pulpits richly\ngilt, Images well painted, plenty of Silver Candlesticks, Chalices, and\nother Church-Plate; and the Ornaments of the Priests and Altars are as\nrich as in _Europe_. They teach the Natives to sing and play on all\nMusical Instruments both for Devotion and War; so that according to the\nJesuits they go now more merrily to Heaven than formerly they did to\nHell, and the good Fathers divert themselves with Sets of Musicians on\nthe Banks of the Rivers and in charming Islands. Nor can we wonder that\nthey live so merrily, since they fare so well; for besides all sorts of\ndelicious Fruits and Preserves, they have plenty of Fowl, Fish, and\nVenison of all sorts, as well as ordinary Butchers Meat; only the\nTygers, which are very numerous, frequently put in for a share with\nthem, invade their Flocks and their Followers: but if you\u2019ll believe\nour Father, they never attack the Clergy, they have such a Respect for\ntheir Cloth, and are so civil to _Europeans_, that they\u2019l charge the\n_Indians_ in their Company, and let them go scot-free; and the Serpents,\nwhich likewise abound here, are charm\u2019d by _Ave Mary\u2019s_ into the like\nGood-Manners. The Priests use Honey for their Sallets, for they have no\nOil, so that they are very hard put to it. They had Silver in such\nplenty, says the Father, that old Shoes and Hats were much more\nvaluable. And as if the Missionaries had not Work enough otherwise,\nFather _Sepp_ tells us, the Natives when they kill their Cows bring \u2019em\nto the good Jesuits to allow each their share; and to be sure the Hides\nfall to the Missionaries, for he says the three Ships which brought him\nand his Companions from _Spain_, carry\u2019d back 300000 Ox-Hides, which\nthey had for nothing, and each Hide he says would yield \u2019em six Crowns\nat home. A good Horse-shoe he says is here worth six Horses, and the Bit\nof a Bridle worth three. An Ell of Linen is worth four or five Crowns;\nfor they have no Hemp or Flax, but store of Cotton: and one Sheep, Lamb\nor Kid, is for the sake of the Wool worth three Oxen or Cows. Tho the\nNatives, he says, are so dull that they can\u2019t do the most frivolous\nthing without direction, yet they are so good at Imitation, that if you\ngive them Models, they will make any thing very well. Thus he says the\n_Indian_ Women after ripping a piece of Bone-Lace with a Needle, will\nmake one by the same pattern very exactly; and so the Men do Trumpets,\nHautboys, Organs, or Watches; and copy Pictures, Printing and Writing to\nadmiration.\n[Sidenote: _Account of the River La Plata._]\nBut they are so lazy that they must be forc\u2019d to their work by blows, at\nthe direction of the Missionaries, who tho they convert \u2019em themselves,\nmake them cudgel one another. This they take very patiently, give no ill\nLanguage, but cry _Jesu Maria!_ and thank the good Fathers into the\nbargain for taking such care of \u2019em; so that they have learnt\nPassive-Obedience to perfection. But to make them amends, our Author\nsays the Missionaries teach their young ones to dance as well as to sing\nin the Church, when they are habited in rich Apparel: so that they are\nextremely taken with the Ornaments of our Religion, says he, which\nraises in them a high Esteem and Affection; and indeed \u2019twould be a\nwonder if it should not. The Missionaries do now take care to instruct\nboth Sexes in all necessary Employments, Reading, Writing, _&c._ They\nhave also taught \u2019em to make Images, especially of our Lady of\n_Ottingen_; and very good reason, for if we believe _Sepp_, she has done\nabundance of Miracles there. The Fathers wear Caps like a Bishop\u2019s, and\nblack Linen Cassocks when they go abroad; and instead of Canes use\nCrosses, which have a peculiar Virtue to knock Serpents o\u2019 the head.\nThe Soil is so fruitful that it produces a hundred fold, tho sorrily\nmanur\u2019d. The Natives sow nothing but _Turky_ Wheat, and scarce enough of\nthat, they are so lazy: and are likewise such bad Husbands, that they\nwould eat all at once, did not the Missionary force \u2019em to lay it up in\nhis Barn, where he distributes it to \u2019em as they want, and so he does\ntheir Flesh. They have no Mills, but pround their Wheat in a Mortar, and\nmake it into Cakes which they bake on Coals, or boil with their Meat.\nThe Fathers have white Bread for themselves, which the Natives value so\nmuch, that they will give two or three Horses for a Loaf; and of these\nthe Missionaries have good store, for they have always 40 or 50 Acres\nsow\u2019d with Wheat for themselves: Land, Corn, Cattel, and every thing is\ntheirs; so that they call all the People their Sons and Daughters, and\nperhaps there\u2019s just cause enough to give many of \u2019em that Title. These\nLords Proprietors assign every Family their number of Cows and Oxen to\ntill their Ground, and to eat; tho one would think they might have\nenough for the taking, without asking any body\u2019s leave: and yet our\nFather says he has been forc\u2019d to chide his Parishioners for killing and\neating their Oxen, and roasting them with their wooden Plows in the very\nField while they were tilling the Ground; for which they pleaded in\nexcuse that they and their Wives were hungry and weary: and yet there\nwas no great reason for the latter, since their Plows, says our Author,\ndon\u2019t enter above three inches into the Ground. They need no Hay for\ntheir Cattel, since they go up to the knees in Grass all the year. This\nis the way of living in those Cantons, which the Missionaries call\nReductions, because, if you\u2019ll believe \u2019em, they have reduc\u2019d them to\nChristianity by their Preaching, tho the _Spaniards_ could never do it\nby their Arms.\nOur Linguist told me that the Road from _Buenos-Ayres_ to _Chili_ is\nonly passable in the Summer Months, when Commodities are purchas\u2019d at\nthat Town, and transported by Land to _Chili_.\nOn that Road about 100 Leagues N. W. from _Buenos-Ayres_ lies the City\nof _Cordoua_, which is the See of a Bishop, has ten Churches, and an\nUniversity. \u2019Twas founded in 1573. says F. _Techo_, by a Native of\n_Cordoua_ in _Old Spain_, when there were 60000 Archers reckon\u2019d in its\nTerritory, about 8000 of whom continu\u2019d in subjection, but the others\nrevolted. \u2019Tis now the Metropolis of the Province, and the Jesuits have\na Chappel in their College there, which for Riches and Beauty may vie\nwith the best in _Europe_. The Natives of this Country were very\nbarbarous, made use of Sorcery to satisfy their Revenge, and of Philtres\nof their own Blood to gratify their Lust. Both Sexes daub\u2019d their Faces\nwith strange Colours, and each Village was govern\u2019d by a Sorcerer, who\npretended to be their Physician. To shew their Courage, they would draw\nArrows thro the Skins of their Bellies, and they fought Duels with sharp\nStones, standing foot to foot, and holding down their Heads to receive\nthe Blows from one another by turns. He that struck first was reckon\u2019d\nthe most fearful: It was accounted disgraceful to dress their Wounds,\nand the Conqueror was applauded by hideous Shouts from the Spectators.\n\u2019Twas a long time before the Missionaries could reform those barbarous\nCustoms.\nAnother Town on this Road is _Mendosa_, where they make large quantities\nof Wine, Brandy, and Oil.\nSo much for that part of this vast Country which lies towards _Chili_\nand _Brazile_: I shall next come to that part which lies towards _Peru_,\nand particularly the Road to _Potosi_ and the Mines.\n_Santa-Fe_ is the next _Spanish_ Settlement of note to _Buenos-Ayres_,\nfrom which it lies 80 Leagues N W. at the mouth of a River which falls\ninto _La Plata_. The Country betwixt this Town and _Buenos-Ayres_ is\nfruitful, well inhabited by _Spaniards_ and _Indians_, and produces\nWheat from forty to an hundred fold, and abounds with Cattel. The Town\nis encompass\u2019d with a River, and built of Brick. Our Prisoners and\nLinguist told us that there are Mines of Gold and Silver in the\nNeighbourhood, but the _Spaniards_ don\u2019t care to open them, because the\nConveniency of sailing up the River might encourage Enemies to invade\nand take them from \u2019em. This Town was built by the _Spaniards_ when they\nfirst settled, for the Defence of this River.\n[Sidenote: _Account of the River La Plata._]\n_St. Jago de l\u2019Istero_ 200 Leagues N W. from _Santa-Fe_, is a pretty\nTown govern\u2019d by a Corregidore, has three Churches, and lies on the\nRiver that runs down to _Santa-Fe_. Hither the Plate is brought from\n_Potosi_ on Mules, because the Roads are bad; and from hence it is\ncarry\u2019d to _Buenos-Ayres_ by Waggons. Next to this Town lies _St. Miquel\nde Toloman_ 200 Leagues N W. Then _Salta_ 150 Leagues. This Town\ncontains six Churches. Then _Ogui_ 50 Leagues further, which has five\nChurches.\n_Potosi_ is next, lies N. of the Tropick of _Capricorn_ about S. Lat.\n21. Long. 73. Our Linguist tells us the City is large, has ten Churches\ngovern\u2019d by an Arch-Priest. The Town stands at the bottom of that call\u2019d\n_the Silver Hill_, which is round like a Sugar-Loaf. There are 1500 or\n2000 _Indians_ constantly at work in the Mines here; they have two Reals\na day, and are paid every Sunday. The Mines are a hundred fathom deep,\nand the Silver is grown much scarcer of late. Provisions are scarce at\nthis Town, and they have no Firing but Charcoal, which is brought from\n30 to 50 Ls. distance. They have great Frosts and Snow here in _May_,\n_June_, and _July_. _Knivet_ in his Remarks says, in his time they were\nwell supply\u2019d here with all things from the _South-Sea_, and that the\nNatives in the adjoining Country traffick\u2019d in Gold and precious Stones;\nand hundreds of \u2019em ply\u2019d upon the Road to carry Passengers from Town to\nTown in Nets fasten\u2019d to Canes, and supported by two or more Men; which\nwas the easiest way of travelling, and they desir\u2019d no other Reward but\na Fish-Hook and a few Glass-Beads. They have also Sheep of an\nextraordinary Size, with large Tails, upon which they carry\u2019d Jars of\nOil and Wine. He says the rich Oar when taken out of these Mines looks\nlike Black Lead, then they grind it by certain Engines, and wash it thro\nfine Sieves into pav\u2019d Cisterns. They make the _Indians_ and other\nSlaves work quite naked in the Mines, that they mayn\u2019t hide any thing.\nThe Curious who would know more of the Manners of the Natives, or the\nHistory and particular Product of this large Country, may find it in\n_Gemelli_,[112] Father _Sepp_, and Father _Techo_,[113] but this is\nenough for my purpose, to shew what a vast Field of Trade may be open\u2019d\nhere, and how dangerous it may prove to all _Europe_, if the House of\n_Bourbon_ continue possess\u2019d of that Trade.\nSome being of Opinion that our _South-Sea_ Company may possess\nthemselves, by virtue of the late Act, of the River _de la Plata_, as\nfar up that River and Country as they please, either in the Provinces of\n_Paraguay_ or _Tucuman_; I shall give a further Description of those\nlarge Provinces, after taking notice that according to several of our\nDraughts _Paraguay_ lies both on the E. and W. side of the River _La\nPlata_; according to others, entirely on the E. side, and _Tucuman_ on\nthe W. side. The _Sansons_ make _Paraguay_ 720 miles from S. to N. and\n480, where broadest, from E. to W. and place it betwixt S. Lat. 14 & 24.\nLong. 315 & 325. but the Breadth is not equal. Father _Techo_ says the\nRiver _Paraguay_, which gives name to the Country, is one of the\ngreatest in _America_, receives several other large Rivers, runs 300\nLeagues before it falls into the _Parana_, about 200 from the Sea is\nnavigable, and together with the _Parana_ forms the River _La Plata_.\nThe word _Paraguay_ in the Language of the Country signifies the Crown\u2019d\nRiver, because the Inhabitants wear Crowns of Feathers of several\nbeautiful Colours, which they have from the Birds that abound in that\nCountry. I shall not insist upon the several Nations that inhabit it,\namong whom the _Garanians_ are the chief, and submitted first to the\n_Spaniards_; but growing weary of the Slavery they subjected them to,\nrevolted, and were with much difficulty subdu\u2019d after their Leaders were\ncut off, about 1539. The chief Discovery of this Country is owing to\n_Dominick Irala_, who in the Reign of the Emperor _Charles_ V. was sent\nby the Governour _Alvar Nunez Cabeca de Vaca_ with 300 chosen Men, and\nwent 250 Leagues up this River, to endeavour a Communication with\n_Peru_, but was oppos\u2019d by some of the Natives, of whom 4000 were\nkill\u2019d, and 3000 taken in a Battel. The Governour went afterwards on the\nDiscovery himself, and sailing up the River, came to a delicious Island,\nwhich his Men call\u2019d _Paradise_, and would have settled there, but he\ndissuaded them, and advancing to the Borders of _Peru_, found a large\nTown of 8000 Houses deserted by the Inhabitants, who were affrighted\nwith the noise of the _Spanish_ Fire-Arms. \u2019Tis said they found in this\nTown a great Market-place, with a wooden Tower in form of a Pyramid\nbuilt in the middle, and a monstrous Serpent kept in it by which the\nDevil pronounc\u2019d Oracles: this Serpent they kill\u2019d with their Fire-Arms.\nBut a Difference happening betwixt the Officers and Soldiers about\ndividing the Booty, they return\u2019d to _Assumption_ without pursuing the\nDiscovery any further.\n[Sidenote: _Account of the River La Plata._]\nThis Province, till that of _Tucuman_ was taken from it, contain\u2019d all\nthe Country betwixt _Brazile_ and _Peru_. Our Author adds, that besides\nthe Towns above-mention\u2019d the _Spaniards_ built here _Corientes_ on the\nConflux of the _Paraguay_ and _Parana_, which is but a small Town, no\nway suiting the Dignity of those two Rivers: That 100 Leagues up the\n_Parana_, in the Province of _Guirana_, the _Spaniards_ built two little\nTowns call\u2019d _Villarica_ and _Guaira_; that on the upper part of the\n_Paraguay_ they built _Xeres_ and another _Villarica_, to join\n_Paraguay_ on that side to the further Provinces; and lastly, the City\nof _Conception_ on the Marshes of the red River which falls into\n_Parana_, and was of great use to curb the fierce Nations in the\nNeighbourhood. He adds, that all these Towns were first planted by a\nRace of the noblest Families in _Spain_. He mentions an extraordinary\nHerb here call\u2019d _Paraguay_ by the name of the Country; it grows in\nmarshy Grounds, and the Leaves being dry\u2019d and powder\u2019d, and mix\u2019d with\nwarm Water, the _Spaniards_ and Natives drink it several times a day,\nwhich makes them vomit, and strengthens their Appetite. They look upon\nit as a sort of Catholicon, use it so much that they can\u2019t live without\nit; and this Custom has so much overspread the neighbouring Provinces,\nthat the Inhabitants will sell any thing to purchase it, tho the\nexcessive Use of it occasions the same Distempers as the immoderate Use\nof Wine. They did so fatigue the Natives to gather and powder this Herb,\nthat multitudes of \u2019em died; and this, with other slavish Employments,\ndid much dis-people the Country. The Natives live mostly by Fishing,\nHunting, and Shooting.\n[Sidenote: _Account of the River La Plata._]\n_Tucuman_ is 300 Leagues long, but varies much in breadth. \u2019Tis\ninhabited by four Nations: The furthest South have no fix\u2019d Dwellings,\nlive by Fishing and Hunting, and carry about Mats to serve them for\nTents. The North People live in Marshes, and feed most on Fish. The\nSouthern People are the tallest, but the Northern the fiercest; and many\nof them live in Caves, but those nearest _Peru_ in Villages. They are\nall very slothful, and have store of Brass and Silver, but make little\nuse of them. They have large Sheep which carry their Burdens, and their\nWool is almost as fine as Silk. They have many Lions, not so large and\nfierce as those of _Africa_, but their Tygers are fiercer than those of\nother Countries. Their two chief Rivers are _Dulce_ and _Salado_, so\ncall\u2019d from the sweet and salt Taste of their Waters. They have\nmultitudes of Springs and Lakes, some of which have a petrifying\nquality. The Country was formerly very populous, but their Numbers are\nmuch decreas\u2019d since the _Spaniards_ planted among them. They easily\nsubdu\u2019d this Country, which was govern\u2019d by abundance of petty Princes\ncontinually at war with one another. This Province was first discover\u2019d\nin 1530. by one _C\u00e6sar_ a Soldier belonging to _Sebastian Cabot_, and\nthree more, at the time when _Pizarro_ took _Atabalipa_ the Great _Inga_\nof _Peru_. In 1540. the Viceroy of _Peru_, _Vaca de Castro_, assign\u2019d\nthis Country to _John Rojas_ as a Reward for his Services. He went\nthither with 200 _Spaniards_, but was kill\u2019d on the Frontiers by a\npoison\u2019d Arrow, and his Men under _Francis Mendoza_ march\u2019d thro to the\nRiver of Plate. _Mendoza_ being kill\u2019d as going up that River by\nMutineers, _John Nunez Prada_ was sent hither by the Viceroy _Peter\nGasca_, subdu\u2019d the _Indians_, built the Town of _St. Michel_ on the\nBanks of the River _Escava_, and settled Fryars there. This Province was\nafterwards subjected to _Chili_; and _Francis d\u2019Acquire_ being sent\nthither with 200 _Spaniards_, destroy\u2019d _St. Michel_, and built _St.\nJago_, now the Metropolis of _Tucuman_, on the River _Dulce_, in S. Lat.\n28. says _Techo_, but others place it on the River _Salado_. \u2019Tis the\nsame Town I have already describ\u2019d. In 1558. _Tarita_ being made\nGovernour of this Province, built the City of _London_ near the Borders\nof _Chili_, about Lat. 29. calling it so out of compliment to Q. _Mary_\nof _England_, at that time marry\u2019d to _Philip_ II. of _Spain_. This Town\nserv\u2019d to curb the Natives. _Tarita_ did likewise rebuild _St. Michel_,\nand reduc\u2019d the Country so much, that 80000 _Indians_ who submitted to\n_Spain_ were muster\u2019d in the Territory of _St. Jago_. The _Spaniards_,\nas was usual in those days, fighting with one another about the Command\nof the Provinces, _Tarita_ was drove out in 1561. by _Castaneda_; so\nthat most of the Natives revolted, till 1563. that _Francis d\u2019Acquire_\nreduc\u2019d \u2019em again, and built _Esteco_ above-mention\u2019d. But the\n_Spaniards_ contending afterwards with one another about the Government,\nmany of their Settlements were destroy\u2019d; so that in _Techo\u2019s_ time the\nchief Places remaining in this Country were _St. Jago_, _Cordoua_, _St.\nMichel_, _Salta_ or _Lerma_, _Xuxui_ or _St. Salvador_, _Rioja_,\n_Esteco_ or _Nuestra Se\u00f1ora de Talavera_, _London_, and a few other\nsmall Garisons. He says that in this Country it does not rain in Winter,\nbut in Summer they have thick Mists and Rains enough. The Jesuits are\nthe chief Missionaries here, and settled in the principal Towns. He\nadds, that near the City _Conception_, which is ninety Leagues from _St.\nJago_, the Natives were call\u2019d _Frontones_, because they made the\nFore-part of their Heads bald. Their Arms were a Club at their Girdle,\nBows and Arrows, and Staves set with Jawbones of Fishes. They went\nnaked, and painted their Bodies to make them look terrible. They were\ncontinually at War among themselves about the Limits of their Land, and\nthey fix\u2019d the Bodies of their slain Enemies in Rows to the Trunks of\nTrees, that others might be afraid of invading their Borders.\nHe adds, that the Country about _St. Michael_ is well peopled, abounds\nwith Woods, and all sorts of _European_ and other Fruits, so that it was\ncall\u2019d _The Land of Promise_; but they are much infested with Tygers,\nwhich the Natives kill with great dexterity. _Guaira_ a Province of\n_Paraguay_ is very hot, because for the most part under the Tropick of\n_Capricorn_; is very fruitful, but subject to Fevers and other Diseases:\nyet when the _Spaniards_ came hither in 1550, they are said to have\nfound 300000 People in this Country, but they say there\u2019s scarce a fifth\npart of that number now; and the Natives very miserable, having no Meat\nbut the Flesh of wild Beasts nor Bread but what they make of the Root\n_Mandiosa_. There are Stones here which breed in an oval Stone-Case,\nabout the bigness of a Man\u2019s Head. Our Author says, they lie under\nground, and when they come to maturity, break with a noise like Bombs,\nand scatter abundance of beautiful Stones of all colours; which at first\nthe _Spaniards_ took to be of great Value, but did not find \u2019em so. The\nother remarkable Product of this Country is a Flower call\u2019d\n_Granadillo_, which the Jesuit says represents the Instrument of our\nSaviour\u2019s Passion, and produces a Fruit as big as a common Egg, the\nInside of which is very delicious. 2. A Fruit call\u2019d _Guembe_, which is\nvery sweet, but has yellow Kernels, which if chew\u2019d, occasions a sharp\nPain in the Jaws. 3. Dates, of which they make Wine and Pottage. 4. Wild\nSwine which have their Navel on their backs, and if not cut off\nimmediately when the Beast is kill\u2019d, corrupts the whole Carcase. 5.\nAbundance of wild Bees, several sorts of which yield store of Honey and\nWax. 6. Snakes which dart from the Trees, and twist themselves about Men\nor Beasts, and soon kill \u2019em if they be not immediately cut in pieces.\n7. _Macaqua_ Birds, so call\u2019d because of an Herb which they eat as an\nAntidote when hurt by Snakes, which lie and watch for them in the\nMarshes. They frequently fight those Snakes, for which Nature has\nprovided them with sharp Beaks for a Weapon, and strong Wings to serve\nthem as a Buckler. Our Author mentions the River _Paranapan_, which runs\nthro this Country, is almost as large as the _Paraguay_, and falls into\nthe _Parana_. Its Banks on both sides are cover\u2019d with tall Trees,\nespecially Cedars, of so vast a Bulk that they make Canoes out of a\nsingle Trunk, which row with twenty Oars. The Jesuits built the Towns of\n_Loretto_ and _St Ignatius_, and two more near the Conflux of this River\nand the _Pyrapus_, about 1610, and eleven more have since been built in\nthat Province, where they have brought over many of the Inhabitants to\ntheir Religion. They kill\u2019d many of the _Spaniards_ at first, and then\neat them. These Towns are plac\u2019d by the _Sansons_ about Lat. 22. and\nbetwixt Long. 325, and 330.\n[Sidenote: _Account of the River Oronoco._]\nOur Author not being distinct in describing the Provinces of _Paraguay_\nand _Tucuman_, but sometimes confounding one with the other, I shall\nonly add a few things more relating to those Countries in general. He\nmentions a People call\u2019d _Guaicureans_ who live on the Banks of\n_Paraguay_ near the City _Assumption_, maintain themselves by Fishing\nand Hunting, and eat all manner of Serpents and wild Beasts without\nhurt. They have Tents of Mats, which they remove at pleasure. They dawb\none side of their Bodies with stinking Colours, scarify their Faces to\nmake them look terrible, suffer no Hair to grow on their Bodies; and\ninstead of a Beard fasten a Stone of a finger\u2019s length to their Chin,\nand make their Deformity the Standard of their Valour. Their chief\nDelight is in Drunkenness and War; and to acquire the Title and Dignity\nof Soldiers, they must endure to have their Legs, Thighs, Tongues, _&c._\nbored with an Arrow; and if they flinch in the least, are not allow\u2019d\nthat Quality: and therefore they inure their Children from their Youth\nto all sorts of Hardship, and to run Thorns and Briars into their Flesh\nby way of Pastime. They honour their Commanders so much, that when they\nspit they receive it into their hands, stand about them when they eat,\nand observe all their Motions. They chose to fight by night, because\nthey knew nothing of Order, but made their Onsets like Beasts. They\neither kill\u2019d or sold their Prisoners, if at Man\u2019s Estate, and the young\nones they bred in their own way. They lurk\u2019d in Marshes and Woods by\nday, keeping Spies abroad; and thus they plagu\u2019d the _Spaniards_ for\nabove a hundred years, till they were civiliz\u2019d by some Missionaries.\nThey would not allow their Women to paint with a Clay-colour till they\nhad tasted human Flesh; and therefore when they kill\u2019d Enemies, would\ndivide them among the young Women, or give them the Corpse of their own\nDead. They planted Trees over their Graves, adorn\u2019d them with Ostrich\nFeathers, and met there at certain times, howling in a most barbarous\nmanner, and performing many lewd and hellish Ceremonies. They worship\nParrots as Gods, and have a sort of Bears call\u2019d Ant-Bears: They have\nlong Heads, Snouts much longer than those of Swine, and Tongues like\nSpears, which they thrust into the Ant-Hills, and lick up those Insects,\nwhich are as big as the top of one\u2019s finger, and being toasted over the\nfire, are eat by the Natives and _Spaniards_ too as a Dainty.\nFather _Techo_ mentions another People nam\u2019d _Calchaquins_ in this\nCountry, whom he supposes to have been of _Jewish_ Descent, because when\nthe _Spaniards_ came first here, they found that many of them had\n_Jewish_ Names, and something of their Habit and Customs. Our Author\ndraws a Parallel in several Instances; but this, as well as his\nArguments to prove that St. _Thomas_ the Apostle planted Christianity in\nthis Country, will scarce obtain Credit among the Learned. I refer the\nCurious who would know more of those things to our Author, who brings\ndown what he calls the History of this Country as low as 1645. which is\nthe latest Account we have yet printed, except Father _Sepp\u2019s_\nabovemention\u2019d, which brings it to 1691. of which I have given the\nSubstance already.\nBefore I go further, I shall give some account of the River _Aranoca_ or\n_Oronoco_, which is the Northern Boundary of our _South-Sea_ Company\u2019s\nLimits. The Head of it, according to our Maps, is about N. Lat. 3. and\nin Long. 77. It runs Eastward about 840 miles, about 60 miles N. of the\nEquator, then runs N. about 420. and turning NE. about 120, falls into\nthe Sea about N. Lat. 9. So that its whole Course is about 1370 miles,\nincluding Turnings and Windings; for it runs almost the whole Breadth of\nthat part of _America_, since it rises within 160 miles of the\n_South-Sea_.\nMr. _Sparrey_,[114] who was left in the adjoining Country by Sir _Walter\nRaleigh_ in 1595. gives the following Account of this River. He says it\nis also call\u2019d _Barequan_, is a great River, and others call it _Pari\u00e6_.\nIt falls into the Sea by sixteen Mouths; but according to _Sansons_ Map,\nwhat _Sparrey_ calls Mouths are a number of Islands which lie near the\nShore at the Entrance of the River, and the chief of those Mouths nam\u2019d\n_Capuri_ lies furthest South. They say it has 9 foot water at full Sea,\nand but 5 at Ebb: It flows but a small time, when it rises apace, and\nthe Ebb continues 8 hours. There are several other ways of entring this\nRiver, for which I refer to _Sparrey_; as also for the other Rivers\nwhich fall into it on both sides. He attempted a Passage to _Peru_ this\nway, but in vain. He says that in this Search he enter\u2019d the great River\n_Papemena_, which is six Leagues broad, and came to a pleasant Island\ncall\u2019d _Athul_, where the Climate is temperate, the Island is well\nwater\u2019d, and abounds with Fish, Fowls, and other Animals for Food. It\nhas many Woods that abound with delicate Fruit all the Year. There\u2019s\nstore of Cotton, Balsam, _Brazile_ Wood, _Lignum Vit\u00e6_, Cypress Trees,\nseveral Minerals and fine Stones, but for want of Skill he could not\njudg of the Value of \u2019em. This Island was not then inhabited, because of\nthe Cannibals nam\u2019d _Caribbes_ in the Neighbourhood. He is of opinion,\nthat Westward from _Oronoco_ Gold might be found; but it was dangerous\nto go far into the Country, because the Natives were continually in\nArms. He adds, that in the Country of _Curae_, part of the Province of\n_Guiana_, which lies on the S. and E. of _Oronoco_, there was plenty of\nGold; but it was dangerous seeking for it in the Sands of the Rivers,\nbecause of Crocodiles. He talks also of Pearl or Topazes found here, but\ndubiously. At _Camalaha_ South of _Oronoco_, he says, there was then a\nFair for Women Slaves, where he bought 8 for a coarse red-hafted Knife,\nthe eldest of whom was not above 18 years old. The Inhabitants, he says,\nare generally swarthy. We have few modern Accounts of this River,\nbecause it is not much frequented for Trade; and therefore I shall say\nno more of it, but return to my Journal.\nNothing remarkable happen\u2019d till _Decemb. 6._ when we had close cloudy\nWeather, with Showers; Wind at E. by N. We saw a large Bird call\u2019d\n_Alcatros_, who spread their Wings from eight to ten foot wide, and are\nmuch like a Gannet.\n_Dec. 7._ Rainy Weather, with Thunder and Lightning, a brisk Gale from E\nby N. to N E. This day I remov\u2019d one of the Boatswain\u2019s Mates, and put\n_Rob. Hollanby_ one of our best Sailors in his place.\n[Sidenote: _From Grande towards Juan Fernandez._]\n_Dec. 10._ Yesterday I exchang\u2019d _Benjamin Long_, one of the Boatswain\u2019s\nMates, with _Tho. Hughes_ Boatswain\u2019s Mate on board the _Dutchess_; he\nbeing mutinous there, they were willing to be rid of him.\n_Dec. 13._ We had a strong Gale of Wind at S W. Yesterday in the\nAfternoon we reef\u2019d our Main-Sail, which was the first time since we\nleft _England_.\n_Dec. 15._ The Colour of the Water being chang\u2019d very much, we founded,\nbut had no Ground: so that this Change is probably occasion\u2019d by the\nnature of the Ground at bottom. We find it much colder in this Lat.\nwhich is 43. 30 S. than in the like degree N. tho the Sun was in its\nfurthest Extent to the Southward: which may be ascrib\u2019d partly to our\ncoming newly out of warmer Climates, which made us more sensible of the\nCold; or \u2019tis probable the Winds blow over larger Tracts of Ice than in\nthe same Degrees of N. Latitude.\n_Dec. 18._ Cold hazy rainy Weather. Yesterday in the Afternoon one of\nthe _Dutchess_\u2019s Men fell out of the Mizen-Top down on the Quarter-Deck,\nand broke his Skull: They desir\u2019d the Advice of our Surgeon, and I went\non board with our two, where they examin\u2019d the Wound, but found the Man\nirrecoverable; so that he died, and was buried next day. Brisk Gales\nfrom the W N W. to the W by S.\n_Dec. 19._ Cold airy Weather: We saw several Grampusses, and a great\nnumber of uncommon sort of Porpusses, black on their Back and Fins, and\nwhite underneath, with sharp white Noses; they often leap\u2019d a good\nheight out of the Water, turning their white Bellies uppermost: they\nwere much of the shape and bigness of our Porpusses. We also saw many\nSeals.\n_Dec. 20._ This day, according to what our Committee agreed at _Grande_,\nwe exchang\u2019d Mr. _Vanbrugh_ for Mr. _Bath_ Agent of the _Dutchess_. Easy\nGales of Wind, but very veerable. This morning at four we had a very\nthick Fog, when we were caught in Stays,[115] and lost sight of the\n_Dutchess_, tho we made all the noise agreed on between us. At nine a\nclock it clear\u2019d up, being very little Wind, and we were within a League\nof them.\n_Dec. 21._ Easy Gales of Wind, but very veerable. We have seen a deal of\nRock-Weed for some days past, of a great length and generally round in\nlarge Branches. Lat. 48.50. S.\n_Dec. 22._ Fair Weather with Rain, Wind very veerable. The Water is\ngenerally discolour\u2019d. We had a good Observ. Lat. 49.32. S.\n_Dec. 22._ At ten this morning, we saw Land, bearing S S E. dist. 9 Ls.\nIt appear\u2019d first in three, afterwards in several more Islands. At\ntwelve it bore S. 1/2 W. the West End dist. 6 Ls. a long Tract of Land.\nWe saw most of that which appear\u2019d at first to be Islands, join with the\nlow Lands. The Wind being Westerly, and blowing fresh, we could not\nweather it; but was forc\u2019d to bear away and run along Shore from 3 to 4\nLs. dist. It lay as near as we could guess E N E. and W S W. This is\n_Falkland\u2019s_ Land, describ\u2019d in few Draughts, and none lay it down\nright, tho the Latitude agrees pretty well. The middle of it lies in\nLatitude 51.00. S. and I make the Longitude of it to be 61. 54. West\nfrom _London_. The two Islands extend about two Degrees in Length, as\nnear as I could judg by what I saw.\n_Dec. 24._ Last night we reefed both Courses; it blowing strong, lay by\nfrom eight till three in the Morning, with our Heads to Northward, Wind\nat W by S. because we could not tell how far _Falkland_ Islands ran to\nthe Eastward. Between two and three a clock yesterday in the Afternoon\nwe ran by a high round large white remarkable Rock, which appear\u2019d by it\nself near 3 Ls. without the Land; which is not unlike _Portland_, but\nnot so high, and the Rock like that call\u2019d the _Fastneste_ to the\nWestward of Cape _Clear_ in _Ireland_. At four yesterday in the\nAfternoon the North-East End bore S E by S. 7 Ls. the white Rock bore S.\n3 Ls. At six the Eastermost Land in sight bore S.E. 7 Ls. All this Land\nappear\u2019d with gentle Descents from Hill to Hill, and seem\u2019d to be good\nGround, with Woods and Harbours. At three a clock we made sail, steering\n[Sidenote: _From Grande towards Juan Fernandez._]\n_Dec. 25._ Yesterday Noon we saw the Land again, and find it to trim\naway Southerly from the white Rock. A strong Gale of Wind at S W. At six\na clock in the Evening we lost sight of the Land, but could not come\nnear enough to see if it was inhabited; and spy\u2019d a Sail under our\nLee-Bow bearing S E. from us, dist. about 4 Ls. We immediately let our\nReefs out, chas\u2019d and got ground of her apace: we kept sight till ten at\nnight, when we lost her. We spoke with our Consort, and were both of\nopinion that the Chase would, as soon as she lost sight of us, if\nhomeward bound, bear away to the Northward; so we ran North till\nDawning: then we stood to the Westward till it was light, and our\nConsort kept on with an easy Sail. When it was full light we saw\nnothing, being thick hazy Weather: we bore away, and were with our\nConsort again by five a clock. Between six and seven it clear\u2019d up: we\nsaw the Chase bearing about S by E. between 3 and 4 Ls. from us. It\nfalling calm, we both got out our Oars, row\u2019d and tow\u2019d, with our Boats\na-head, and made pretty good way; had a small Breeze at North, so we set\nall the Sail we could, and by twelve a clock had gain\u2019d very much ground\nof the Chase. We had an Observ. Lat. 52.40.\n_Dec. 26._ We kept on rowing and towing till about six in the Evening;\nand perceiving we approach\u2019d her, I went in the Boat to speak with Capt.\n_Courtney_, and agree how to engage her, if a great Ship, as she\nappear\u2019d to be; and also adjusted Signals, if either of us should find\nit proper to board her in the night. I return\u2019d aboard as soon as\npossible, when we had a fine Breeze: we got in our Boats and Oars, and\nmade all possible Sail after the Chase, kept in sight of her till past\nten a clock, bearing S S W. of us, when it came on thick again; we kept\nher open on the Larboard, and the _Dutchess_ on the Starboard-Bow, and\nbeing short Nights, we thought it impossible to lose one another. At one\na clock this Morning my Officers persuaded me to shorten Sail, telling\nme we should lose our Consort if we kept on: I was prevail\u2019d with to do\nso, and in the Morning had a very thick Fog, so that I could see neither\nour Consort nor Chase till an hour after \u2019twas full Light. When it\nclear\u2019d up, we saw our Consort on our Larboard-Bow; we fir\u2019d a Gun for\nher to bear down, but immediately we saw the Chase ahead of her about\nfour miles, which gave us new Life. We forthwith hal\u2019d up for them; but\nthe Wind soon veering a-head, had a great disadvantage in the Chase. We\nran at a great rate, being smooth Water; but it coming on to blow more\nand more, the Chase outbore our Consort: so she gave off, and being to\nWindward, came down very melancholy to us, supposing the Chase to have\nbeen a _French_ homeward-bound Ship from the _South-Seas_. Thus this\nShip escap\u2019d; which, considering that we always out-went her before, is\nas strange as our first seeing of her in this place, because all Ships\nthat we have heard of bound out or home this way, kept within\n_Falkland\u2019s_ Island. At twelve a clock we saw a little plain low Island,\nwhich bore W N W. dist. 4 Ls. not mark\u2019d in any of our Charts. The Wind\nhas been very veerable since six a clock last night, from the N N E to\nthe S. where it now is. Lat. 53.11. S.\n_Dec. 27._ Strong Gales, with Squalls from the South to the West. The\n_Dutchess_ put her Guns into the Hold again, that she took up in the\nChase. Yesterday at two in the Afternoon we put about, and stood off to\nthe Eastward from the little low Island: because we could but just\nweather it, we were not willing to come too near it. Lat. 54.15. S.\n_Dec. 30._ Fresh Gales of Wind at West, hazy Weather mix\u2019d with small\nRain. We had an Observ. Lat. 58.20.\n_January 1._ Fresh Gales of Wind from the W N W. to the W S W. with\nFogs, but indifferent smooth Water. This being New-Year\u2019s Day, every\nOfficer was wish\u2019d a merry New-Year by our Musick; and I had a large Tub\nof Punch hot upon the Quarter-Deck, where every Man in the Ship had\nabove a Pint to his share, and drank our Owners and Friends Healths in\n_Great Britain_, to a happy new Year, a good Voyage, and a safe Return.\nWe bore down to our Consort, and gave them three Huzza\u2019s, wishing them\nthe like.\n_Jan. 2._ Fresh Gales from the W S W. to the N W. with Fogs. Clothes and\nLiquor were now an excellent Commodity amongst our Ships Company, who\nare but meanly stor\u2019d: We had six Taylors at work for several weeks to\nmake them Clothing, and pretty well supply\u2019d their Wants by the spare\nBlankets and red Clothes belonging to the Owners; and what every Officer\ncould spare, was alter\u2019d for the Mens Use. The like was done on board\nthe _Dutchess_.\n[Sidenote: _From Grande towards Juan Fernandez._]\n_Jan. 5._ Just past twelve Yesterday it came on to blow strong: We got\ndown our Fore-Yard, and reef\u2019d our Fore-Sail and Main-Sail; but there\ncame on a violent Gale of Wind, and a great Sea. A little before six we\nsaw the _Dutchess_ lowering her Main-Yard: the Tack flew up, and the\nLift unreev\u2019d, so that the Sail to Leeward was in the water and all\na-back, their Ship took in a great deal of Water to Leeward; immediately\nthey loos\u2019d their Sprit-Sail, and wore her before the Wind: I wore after\nher, and came as near as I could to \u2019em, expecting when they had gotten\ntheir Main-Sail stow\u2019d they would take another Reef in, and bring to\nagain under a two-reef\u2019d Main-Sail, and reef\u2019d and ballanc\u2019d Mizen, if\nthe Ship would not keep to without it: but to my surprize they kept\nscudding to the Southward. I dreaded running amongst Ice, because it\nwas excessive cold; so I fir\u2019d a Gun as a Signal for them to bring to,\nand brought to our selves again under the same reef\u2019d Main-Sail. They\nkept on, and our Men on the look-out told me they had an Ensign in their\nMaintop-Mast Shrouds as a Signal of Distress, which made me doubt they\nhad sprung their Main-Mast; so I wore again, our Ship working exceeding\nwell in this great Sea. Just before night I was up with them again, and\nset our Fore-Sail twice reef\u2019d to keep \u2019em Company, which I did all\nnight. About three this morning it grew more moderate; we soon after\nmade a Signal to speak with them, and at five they brought to: when I\ncame within haile, I enquir\u2019d how they all did aboard; they answer\u2019d,\nthey had ship\u2019d a great deal of Water in lying by, and were forc\u2019d to\nput before the Wind, and the Sea had broke in the Cabin-Windows, and\nover their Stern, filling their Steerage and Waste, and had like to have\nspoil\u2019d several Men; but God be thank\u2019d all was otherwise indifferent\nwell with \u2019em, only they were intolerably cold, and every thing wet. At\nten we made sail, Wind at W N W. and moderate. Lat. 60,58.\n_Jan. 6._ Raw cold Weather, with some Rain. A great Sea from the N W.\nlittle Wind from the N N W. to the West. I and Capt. _Dampier_ went in\nthe Yall on board the _Dutchess_, to visit \u2019em after this Storm; where\nwe found \u2019em in a very orderly pickle, with all their Clothes drying,\nthe Ship and Rigging cover\u2019d with them from the Deck to the Main-Top:\nThey got six more Guns into the Hold, to make the Ship lively.\n_Jan. 7._ Fresh Gales of Wind, with hazy Weather and some small Rain.\nYesterday about three in the Afternoon _John Veale_ a Landman died,\nhaving lain ill a Fortnight, and had a Swelling in his Legs ever since\nhe left _Grande_. At nine last night we bury\u2019d him; this is the first\nthat died by Sickness out of both Ships since we left _England_. Several\nof the _Dutchess_\u2019s Men had contracted Illness by the Wet and Cold. Wind\nfrom the N N W. to the W N W.\n_Jan. 10._ Strong Gales of Wind, with Squalls of Rain and Hail, and a\ngreat Sea from the W. We lay by with our Head to the Southward till 12\nlast night, then came to sail under three-reef\u2019d Courses,[116] and\nsometimes the Maintop-Sail low set, Wind from the W. to the N. and\nthence to the N.W. We have no Night here. Lat. 61.53. Long. W. from\n_Lond._ 79.58 being the furthest we run this way, and for ought we know\nthe furthest that any one has yet been to the Southward.\n_Jan. 14._ Moderate Gales with cloudy Weather, Wind veerable. This day\nthe _Dutchess_ bury\u2019d a Man that died of the Scurvy.\n_Jan. 15._ Cloudy Weather, with Squalls of Rain, fresh Gales at S W. We\nhad an Observ. Lat. 56. S. We now account our selves in the _South-Sea_,\nbeing got round Cape _Horne_. The _French_ Ships that came first to\ntrade in these Seas came thro the Straits of _Magellan_: but Experience\nhas taught them since, that it is the best Passage to go round Cape\n_Horne_, where they have Sea-room enough; the Straits, being in many\nplaces very narrow, with strong Tides and no Anchor-ground.\nHere I think it proper to give an Account of the first Discovery of the\n_South-Sea_, of the Passage to it by the Straits of _Magellan_, of the\nchief of those who have pass\u2019d those Straits, and a short Description of\nthe Country on both sides of \u2019em.\n     _An Account of the Discovery of the_ South-Sea, _and of the Straits\n     of_ Magellan, _&c. from_ Ovalle _and other Authors_.\n[Sidenote: _Account of the Discovery of the South-Sea._]\nThe first _European_ who discover\u2019d the _South-Sea_, was _Basco_ or\n_Vasco Nu\u00f1es de Balboa_ a _Spaniard_, in 1513. He was the first who\nlanded on the Isthmus of _Darien_, and made war with their Caciques or\nPrinces; who not being able to resist his Fire-Arms, and perceiving that\nthe chief Design of the _Spaniards_ was to find Gold, one of the\nCaciques told _Vasco_, that since they were so fond of that which he and\nhis Countrymen valu\u2019d so little, he would conduct them over the\nMountains to another Sea, upon which they might find a Country where the\nPeople had all their Utensils of Gold. This was the first notice the\n_Spaniards_ had of the _South-Sea_. _Vasco_ march\u2019d on till he came near\nthe top of the highest Mountain, where he order\u2019d his Men to halt,\nbecause he would have the honour of first discovering that Sea himself:\nwhich having done, he fell down on his knees and thank\u2019d God for his\nSuccess, and call\u2019d it the _South-Sea_, in opposition to that on the\nother side the Continent, Having pass\u2019d these Mountains, he march\u2019d down\ntill he came to the Coast, and took possession of it in the name of the\nKing of _Spain_. When he return\u2019d back, he found a new _Spanish_\nGovernour in _Darien_ call\u2019d _Pedrarias_; who being his Enemy because he\nenvy\u2019d the King\u2019s making him Governour and Admiral of the _South-Sea_,\nhe falsly accus\u2019d him of Treason and cut off his Head, and sent _Gaspar\nMorales_ and _Francis Pizarro_ to compleat the Discovery, with a good\nnumber of Men, and large Dogs that were as terrible to the _Indians_ as\nthe _Spaniards_ Fire-Arms. Here they discover\u2019d the Isle of Pearls, and\nforc\u2019d the Natives to fish for them, and then discover\u2019d the rest of the\nCoast. The first who found a Passage from the _North-Sea_ was _Ferdinand\nMagaillans_, who in 1519 sail\u2019d on purpose by Commission from the\nEmperor _Charles_ V. to discover it. In Lat. 52. S. he found the\nPassage, which from him has been since call\u2019d the Straits of _Magellan_.\n_Pigafetta_ an _Italian_, who made the Voyage with him, says that in S.\nLat. 49-1/2. at Port _St. Julian_, they found Giants whose Waste a\nmiddle-siz\u2019d Man could scarce reach with his Head: they were clad with\nthe Skins of Beasts as monstrous as themselves, arm\u2019d with huge Bows and\nArrows, and of a Strength proportionable to their Bulk, yet\ngood-natur\u2019d: One of them seeing himself in a Looking-Glass on board the\nShip, was so frighten\u2019d that he run backward, and tumbled down several\nMen that stood behind him. The Crew gave Toys to some of them, at which\nbeing mightily pleas\u2019d, they suffer\u2019d them to put Shackles about their\nArms and Legs, which they took for Ornaments; but when they found\nthemselves fast, bellow\u2019d like Bulls. One of them, he says, made his\nEscape from nine Men, after they had got him down and ty\u2019d his hands.\nOther Voyagers say they have seen such Giants in those parts,\nparticularly Mr. _Candish_, _Sebald de Wert_ in 1599. and _Spilberg_ in\n1614. but the Reader may believe of this Story what he pleases.\n_Pigafetta_ says the Straits were 110 Ls. long, in some places very\nwide, and in others not above half a League over. _Magaillans_ pass\u2019d\n\u2019em in _Novemb._ 1520. and being overjoy\u2019d, he call\u2019d the Cape from\nwhence he first saw the _South-Sea_ the _Cape of Desire_. After rambling\nalmost four months in the _South-Sea_, where he suffer\u2019d extreme Want,\nand lost many of his Men, he sail\u2019d to the _Ladrones_ Islands, and\nfoolishly engaging 7000 Natives in _Mathan_, which is one of them, he\nwas kill\u2019d. One of his Ships forsook him as he pass\u2019d the Straits, and\nreturn\u2019d to _Spain_: of the other four, only the Ship _Victoria_\nreturn\u2019d to _St. Lucar_ near _Sevil_, under the Command of _John\nSebastian Cabot_, who was nobly rewarded by the Emperor.\nIn 1539 _Alonso de Camargo_ a _Spaniard_ pass\u2019d the same Straits, and\narriv\u2019d at the Port of _Arequipa_ in _Peru_; but much shatter\u2019d, having\nlost one of his Ships, and another leaving him, return\u2019d to _Spain_.\nAfter him several other _Spaniards_ pass\u2019d the same way, and they\nplanted a Colony and Garison at the North End, to block up the Passage\nto other Nations; but without success, the Garison being all starved or\ndestroy\u2019d by the _Indians_.\nThe 15_th_ of _Novemb._ 1577. the famous Sir _Francis Drake_ set out\nfrom _Plymouth_ with five Sail, and having touch\u2019d at several places by\nthe way, enter\u2019d the Straits the 21_st_ of _August_ following. He found\nthem very dangerous, because of the many Turnings, contrary Winds, and\nsudden Blasts from high Mountains cover\u2019d with Snow on both sides, and\ntheir Tops reaching above the Clouds, and no anchoring but in some\nnarrow River or Creek. The 24_th_ he came to an Island in the Straits,\nwhere there were so many Fowls call\u2019d _Penguins_, that his Men kill\u2019d\n3000 in a day, which serv\u2019d them for Provisions. The 6_th_ of\n_September_ he enter\u2019d the _South-Sea_, where he met with dreadful\nStorms, and one of his Ships was drove back into the Straits, thro which\nshe return\u2019d to _England_; as Sir _Francis Drake_ did _July_ 24. 1580.\nbeing the first Sea-Captain that ever sail\u2019d round the World, and\nbrought his Ship home, which was accounted a great Honour to the\n_English_ Nation.\n_July_ 1. 1586. Mr. _Tho. Candish_, afterwards Sir _Thomas_,[117] sail\u2019d\nfrom _Plymouth_ with three Ships, and the 6_th_ of _January_ after\nenter\u2019d the Straits, having met with a severe Storm near the mouth of\n\u2019em. He took the Remainders of a _Spanish_ Garison there, who from 400\nwere reduc\u2019d to 23 by Famine; and those of King _Philip\u2019s_ City, which\nhad been built in the Straits, were in the same miserable Condition, so\nthat they abandon\u2019d the Place. They found Cannibals in some part of the\nStraits, who had eat many of the _Spaniards_, and design\u2019d the like to\nthe _English_, had they not been kept off by their Guns. Mr. _Candish_\nwas stop\u2019d here a considerable while by a furious Storm and bad Weather,\nwhich reduc\u2019d him to Want of Provisions, till the 24_th_ of _February_\nthat he got into the _South-Sea_, and bought Provisions of the\n_Indians_. Mr. _Candish_ return\u2019d to _England_, after having sail\u2019d\nround the World, the 9_th of September_ next Year. He again attempted\nthe Passage of the same Straits in 1591, but without Success;\n[Sidenote: _Account of the Straits of Magellan._]\nas Mr. _Fenton_[118] did in 1582. as _Floris_ did at the same time; the\nEarl of _Cumberland_ in 1586. Mr. _Chidley_ in 1589. and Mr. _Wood_ in\n1596. Sir _Richard Hawkins_ pass\u2019d them in 1593. but was taken by the\n_Spaniards_; and Mr. _Davis_[119] the Discoverer to the N W. pass\u2019d and\nrepass\u2019d those Straits, but was forc\u2019d back by contrary Winds. So that\nour Countrymen, tho they did not all succeed in the Attempt, yet have\nbeen the most fortunate in passing them of any other Nation: for the\n_Dutch_ pass\u2019d them in 1597. with five Ships, of which only one\nreturn\u2019d. Five other _Dutch_ Ships pass\u2019d them in 1614. when they lost\none of them. In 1623. the _Dutch Nassaw_ Fleet, so call\u2019d because the\nPrince of _Orange_ was the greatest Adventurer, attempted it with\nfifteen brave Ships, and 2 or 3000 Men; but were repuls\u2019d, wherever they\ncame to land, by the _Spaniards_, so that they could not settle there.\nOther Nations attempted it likewise, and particularly Don _Garcia de\nLoaisa_, a Knight of _Malta_ and a _Spaniard_, with seven Ships and 450\nMen; and tho he pass\u2019d the Straits, he died himself, and all his Ships\nwere afterwards taken by the _Portuguese_ or others. _Vargas_ Bishop of\n_Placentia_ sent 7 Ships to attempt it, one of which only succeeded,\nwent to _Arequipa_ a Port on the _South-Sea_, and discover\u2019d the\nSituation of the Coast of _Peru_; but went no further. _Ferdinand\nCortez_, the Conqueror of _New Spain_, sent two Ships and 400 Men in\n1528. to discover the way to the _Moluccas_ thro the Straits, but\nwithout success. Two _Genoese_ Ships were the first that attempted it in\n1526, after _Magellan_, but could not effect it. _Sebastian Cabot_ try\u2019d\nit also by Commission from Don _Emanuel_ King of _Portugal_, but could\nnot do it. _Americus Vespusius_ was sent by the same Prince, but could\nneither find the Straits nor the River of _La Plata_. _Simon Alcasara_ a\n_Spaniard_ attempted it likewise with several Ships and 440 Men, but\ncame back without performing it, his Men having mutiny\u2019d. All these\nAttempts by the _Spaniards_, &c. happen\u2019d before Sir _Francis Drake_\nperform\u2019d it.\nIn the Reports made of those Straits upon Oath to the Emperor _Charles_\nV. those who attempted this Passage give the following Account, _viz._\nThat from the Cape of 11000 _Virgins_ at the Entrance of the North Sea,\nto the Cape of _Desire_ at the Entrance of the South-Sea, is 100\n_Spanish_ Ls. that they found in this Strait three great Bays of about\n7 Leagues wide from Land to Land, but the Entrances not above half a\nLeague, and encompass\u2019d with such high Mountains, that the Sun never\nshines in them, so that they are intolerably cold, there being a\ncontinual Snow, and the Nights very long: That they found good Water\nwith Cinamon-Trees, and several others, which tho they look green burnt\nin the Fire like dry Wood: That they found many good sorts of Fish, good\nHarbours with 15 fathom Water, and several pleasant Rivers and Streams:\nThat the Tides of both Seas meet about the middle of the Straits with a\nprodigious Noise and Shock; but some of the _Portuguese_, who had pass\u2019d\nthe Straits, say they are only high Floods which last about a month,\nrise to a great height, and sometimes fall so low and ebb so fast, that\nthey leave Ships on dry ground. The Reader may find more of this in\n_Herrera\u2019s_ History: but others differ in their Accounts, and\nparticularly _Spilberg_ a _Dutchman_, who mentions a Port here that he\ncall\u2019d _Famous_, by way of Eminency, the adjacent Soil producing Fruit\nof various Colours and excellent Taste, and affording Brooks of very\ngood Water. He mentions 24 other Ports besides those that he did not\nsee, and particularly the _Piemento_ or Pepper-Harbour, so call\u2019d\nbecause of the Trees which grow there of an Aromatick Smell, whose Bark\ntastes like Pepper, and is more hot and quick than that of the\n_East-Indies_. The _Spaniards_ having brought some of it to _Seville_,\nit was sold there for two Crowns a pound.\nThe last of our Countrymen who pass\u2019d them was Sir _John\nNarborough_,[120] who set out from the _Thames_, _May_ 15. 1669. with\ntwo Ships. He had K. _Charles_ II\u2019s Commission, was furnish\u2019d out at his\nMajesty\u2019s Charge, and enter\u2019d the Straits _October_ 22. following. He\nsays, that from the Entrance of this Strait to the Narrow there\u2019s good\nAnchorage, and not much Tide, but in the Narrow the Tide runs very\nstrong. The Flood sets into the Straits, and the Ebb out, keeping its\nCourse as on other Coasts. It rises and falls near 4 Fathom\nperpendicular, and it is high Water here on the Change of the Moon at\neleven a clock. When he came to the Narrow, he found the Tide very\nstrong, which endanger\u2019d the running of his Ships upon the steep Rocks\non the North side. From the first Narrow to the second is above 8 Ls.\nand the Reach betwixt them 7 Ls broad. He found a Bay on the North\n[Sidenote: _Account of the Straits of Magellan._]\nside at the Point of the second Narrow, where one may ride in 8 Fathom\nWater in clear sandy Ground half a mile from the Shore. In the Channel\nof the second Narrow he found 38 Fathom Water, and several Bays and\nCliffs with little Islands. He exchang\u2019d several Trifles with the\nNatives for Bows and Arrows, and their Skin-Coats. They were of a middle\nStature, well limb\u2019d, with round Faces, low Foreheads, little Noses,\nsmall black Eyes and Ears, black flaggy Hair of an indifferent Length,\ntheir Teeth white, their Faces of an Olive-Colour, daub\u2019d with Spots of\nwhite Clay and Streaks of Soot, their Bodies painted with red Earth and\nGrease, their Clothing of the Skins of Seals, Guianacoes and Otters,\nwrapt about them like the _Scotch_ Highlanders Plads. They had Caps of\nthe Skins of Fowls with the Feathers on, and pieces of Skins on their\nfeet to keep them from the ground. They are very active and nimble, and\nwhen about Business go quite naked; only the Women have a piece of Skin\nbefore them, and differ from the Men in Habit only by want of Caps, and\nhaving Bracelets of Shells about their Necks. They seem to have no\nmanner of Government nor Religion, live by Hunting and Fishing, and are\narm\u2019d with Bows and Arrows; the latter 18 Inches long, and headed with\nFlint Stones. These People Sir _John_ found in _Elizabeth-Isle_, which\nlies near the second Narrow. In Port _Famine_ Bay, S. Lat. 53. 35. he\nfound good Wood and Water, and abundance of _Piemento_ Trees. Their\nLanguage is guttural and slow. Sir _John_ is of opinion, that the\nMountains contain Gold or Copper. He computes the whole Length of the\nStraits at 116 Leagues. For the rest we refer to him.\nI have insisted the longer on these Straits, partly because they are so\nmuch talk\u2019d of, and partly to justify our going to the _South-Seas_ by\nthe way of Cape _Horne_, which is far more safe: so that in all\nprobability the Straits of _Magellan_ will be little frequented by\n_Europeans_ in time to come.\nThe Land on the North side of the Straits is call\u2019d _Patagonia_, and\nthat on the South _Terra del Fuego_, because of the numerous Fires and\nthe great Smoke which the first Discoverers saw upon it. It extends the\nwhole Length of the Straits, and lies from East to West about 130\nLeagues, according to _Ovalle_; and before the Discovery of the Straits\nof _St. Vincent_, otherwise call\u2019d _Le Maire\u2019s_ Straits, was suppos\u2019d to\njoin to some part of the _Terra Australis_. _Ovalle_ says, that on the\nContinent of _Chili_, near the Straits of _Magellan_, there\u2019s a People\ncall\u2019d _Cessares_, who are suppos\u2019d to be descended from part of the\n_Spaniards_ that were forc\u2019d ashore in the Straits, when the Bishop of\n_Placentia_ sent the Ships abovemention\u2019d to discover the _Molucca_\nIslands. \u2019Tis suppos\u2019d they contracted Marriages with some _Indian_\nNation, where they have multiply\u2019d, and taught them to build Cities and\nthe Use of Bells. _Ovalle_ says, that when he wrote the History of\n_Chili_, he receiv\u2019d Letters and other Informations that there is such a\nNation in those parts, and that one of the Missionaries had been in the\nCountry with Captain _Navarro_, and found the People to be of a white\nComplexion with red in their Cheeks; by the Shape of their Bodies they\nseem\u2019d to be Men of Courage and Activity, and by the Goodness of their\nComplexion \u2019twas probable they might be mix\u2019d with a Race of\n_Flemmings_, who had been ship-wreck\u2019d in those parts. But there being\nno farther Account of these People since _Ovalle\u2019s_ Account of _Chili_\nin the Year 1646. we believe this Relation to be fabulous.\n[Sidenote: _Account of the Straits of Magellan._]\nM. _de Beauchesne Gouin_, who is the last that attempted the Passage of\nthe Straits of _Magellan_, that we have heard of, came to an anchor at\nthe _Virgins_ Cape in the mouth of this Strait the 24_th_ of _June_\n1699. and the Wind being contrary, he lay at anchor betwixt the\nContinent and _Terra del Fuego_. He weighed again, the Winds being still\ncontrary, and on the third of _July_ anchor\u2019d at Port _Famine_ in the\nStraits, where the _Spaniards_ had built a Garison, but were forc\u2019d to\nquit it for want of Provisions. He observes, that from the Mouth of the\nStraits to this place, the Climate seem\u2019d to be as temperate as in\n_France_, tho now the coldest Season of the Year in those parts. He\nfound abundance of Wood for Firing, but the greatest Inconveniency he\nmet with there, was from the great Storms of Snow, tho it did not lie\nlong, being carry\u2019d off by Rains which come from the West. He is of\nopinion that a Settlement might easily be made here, in a part of the\nCountry extending above 20 Leagues; and that he was inform\u2019d the Islands\nof _St. Elizabeth_ in the Straits are proper enough for Corn and Cattel,\nif planted with them. He sent his Sloop ashore on _Terra del Fuego_,\nwhere he saw Fires, and found the savage Natives by 50 or 60 together in\nCompanies, and some of them came aboard his Ship that lay 5 Ls. from the\nshore. They were very peaceable and friendly, but more miserable than\nour Beggars in _Europe_, having no Clothes but a strait Coat of wild\nBeasts Skins, that comes no lower than their knees, and pitiful Hutts\nmade up of Poles cover\u2019d with Skins of Beasts; and this is all the\nshelter they have against the Extremity of the Weather. They came in\nsuch multitudes to beg from him, as soon made him weary of their\nCompany; so that he weigh\u2019d again the 16_th_ of _August_, and stopt at\nPort _Galand_ to leave some Letters there for those who were to follow\nhim from _France_, as had been agreed on. And here he observes, that\nboth the Climate and the Navigation of the Straits are very unequal; and\nthat from this place to the Entrance of the _South-Sea_ there\u2019s nothing\nbut extraordinary high Mountains on each side, from whence come very\nimpetuous and frightful Torrents, and scarce any place for Anchorage to\nbe found, or one Day without either Rain or Snow. He adds, that he found\nan Island opposite to the Mouth of the Strait of _St. Jerom_, that is\nset down in none of our Maps. This Island, he says, has two good\nHarbours, which may be of great consequence to those who pass this way.\nHe took possession of it, call\u2019d it by the name of the Island _Louis le\nGrand_; the largest Harbour he nam\u2019d Port _Dauphin_, and the lesser,\nwhich is very convenient, Port _Philippeaux_. After having given this\nCharacter of those Straits, he says one may be sure of a Passage thro\nthem, provided it be in the proper Season, but \u2019tis very difficult in\nthe Winter. He came out of those Straits into the _South-Sea_ on the\n21_st_ of _January_, 1700. and went to view the Harbour of _San\nDomingo_, which he says is the _Spanish_ Frontier, and the only Place\nwhere a new Settlement can be made there, the rest being all possess\u2019d\nalready. He arriv\u2019d there the 3_d_ of _February_, 1700. and on the 5_th_\nanchor\u2019d on the East of an Island call\u2019d by different Names, but the\nlatest Authors call it _St. Magdalens_ Island. He sent his first\nLieutenant to view and take possession of it, who brought him word that\nit was a very pleasant place, and shew\u2019d him some fine beautiful Shrubs\nand Pease-Blossoms that he found upon the East side of it; from whence\nhe conjectures that it may be a proper place to inhabit, tho he owns\nthat the Climate is very moist, and they have frequent Rains and Mists,\nwhich he ascribes to the high Mountains. He made ready to discover four\nother Islands, which lie in view of this Isle and the Main Land, and\nsounded as he went on, but durst not venture to go among \u2019em with so\nlarge a Ship, because there blew a strong North-West Wind, follow\u2019d by a\nthick Mist, which made him lose sight of Land; so that to his great\nsorrow he could not compleat the Discovery of that Frontier. He adds,\nthat \u2019tis full of high Mountains down to the very Sea; but was\nafterwards inform\u2019d by a _Spaniard_ who winter\u2019d in those parts, that\nthere\u2019s a very good Harbour for Ships to ride in, where they may be\nmoor\u2019d to tall Trees, and that there are very few Inhabitants on this\nCoast, but some wandring Savages, like those on the Straits of\n_Magellan_.\nThis and the other Journals convince me intirely that the best way to\nthe _South-Sea_ is round Cape _Horne_, the Route we pursu\u2019d in our\nVoyage.\nBesides what I said from my own Observation, to prove how extensive a\nTrade we might have in those Seas, I shall add the following\nObservations from M. _de Beauchesne_; who says, that tho he was look\u2019d\nupon as a Free-Booter, and that the then _Spanish_ Governours on those\nCoasts were forbid to trade or suffer the People to trade with any but\ntheir own Subjects in those Seas, and that at _Valdivia_ and other\nplaces they fir\u2019d at him when he approach\u2019d their Harbours, and deny\u2019d\nso much as to sell him any Provisions, or to suffer him to wood or\nwater; yet at _Rica_ some particular Persons traded with him to the\nValue of 50000 Crowns, and told him, That that place was not so proper\nfor them to act so manifestly contrary to Law, but if he went to a place\nmore retir\u2019d, they would buy all he had, tho both his Ships were full of\nGoods. Accordingly, when he came to _Hilo_, a great number of Merchants\nbought all that he had of Value at good rates. He owns that the Cloth he\nhad on board was half rotten, that the Merchants were vex\u2019d at their\nDisappointment, and express\u2019d their Resentment that he should come to\nthose parts so ill provided: but in other places the People bought all\nto the very Rags he had on board, and brought him Provisions in\nabundance to sell, tho they were forbid doing so on pain of Death; and\nthe Officers themselves conniv\u2019d at it.\nHe return\u2019d by the way of Cape _Horne_ in 58 deg. 15 min. _January_\n1701. and had as good a Passage and Season as could be desir\u2019d, but saw\nno Land on either side till the 19_th_ of _January_ 1701. when he\ndiscover\u2019d a small Island about 3 or 4 Ls. round, in Lat. 52. odd min.\nnot mark\u2019d in our Maps, with strong Currents near it; and on the 20_th_\nhe came to the Isle of _Sebald de Wert_, which is a marshy Land with\nsome rocky Mountains, no Trees, but abundance of Sea-Flow.\n[Sidenote: _Account of the Straits of Le Maire._]\nIt is proper here likewise to give an Account of the Straits of _Le\nMaire_, so call\u2019d from _James Le Maire_ an _Amsterdam_ Merchant, their\nDiscoverer in 1615. They lie in S. Lat. 55. 36. and are form\u2019d by the\n_Terra del Fuego_ on the West, and an Island by the _Dutch_ call\u2019d\n_Staten-landt_, or the Country of the States, on the E. The Straits are\n8 Leagues wide, with good Roads on each side, and plenty of Fish and\nFowl. The Land on both sides is high and mountainous. The Discoverers\nsaw very large Fowls bigger than Sea-Mews, and their Wings when extended\nabove a Fathom long each. They were so tame that they flew into the\nShips, and suffer\u2019d the Sailors to handle them. In Lat. 57. they saw two\nbarren Islands, which they call\u2019d _Barnevelt_; and the South Cape of\n_Terra del Fuego_, which runs out in a Point to Lat. 57. 48. they nam\u2019d\nCape _Horne_. Some compute this Strait to be only 5 Leagues in Length.\n_Ovalle_[121] says, that in 1619 the King of _Spain_ being inform\u2019d that\n_Le Maire_ had discover\u2019d these Straits, he sent two Vessels to make a\nfurther Discovery of \u2019em. These Ships came to the East side of the\nStraits of _Magellan_, where the Crew found a sort of Giants higher by\nthe Head than any _Europeans_, who gave them Gold in exchange for\nScissars and other Bawbles; but this can\u2019t be rely\u2019d on. They went thro\nthis Strait in less than a day\u2019s time, it being not above 7 Leagues in\nlength.\nI return now to my Journal.\n_Jan. 16._ Fresh Gales of Wind with cloudy Weather. These 24 hours we\nhad extraordinary smooth Water, as if we were close under Land:\nIndifferent warm Weather. Wind from the W S W. to W by N.\n_January 20._ Yesterday at three in the Afternoon we saw high Land\nbearing E by N. dist. about 10 Ls. being the Land about Port _St.\nStephen\u2019s_ on the Coast of _Patagonia_ in the _South-Sea_, describ\u2019d in\nthe Draughts. S. Lat. 47.\n_Jan. 22._ Fair Weather, with fresh Gales of Wind from W by S. to the W\nN W. Last night _George Cross_ died; he was a Smith by Trade, and\nArmourer\u2019s Mate. We and the _Dutchess_ have had a great many Men down\nwith the Cold, and some with the Scurvey; the Distemper that this Man\ndied of. The _Dutchess_ had always more sick Men than we, and have so\nnow: They buried but one Man that died of Sickness, and tell us they\nhope the rest will recover. We have but one Man whose Life we doubt of,\ntho most want a Harbour. This day Capt. _Courtney_ and Capt. _Cook_\ndin\u2019d with us. At two a clock we saw the Land on the Coast of\n_Patagonia_, being very high, distant about 14 Ls. Lat. 44. 9. S.\n_Jan. 26._ Fresh Gales with Clouds and Rain. We spoke with our Consort\nthis day, who complains their Men grow worse and worse, and want a\nHarbour to refresh \u2019em; several of ours are also very indifferent, and\nif we don\u2019t get ashore, and a small Refreshment, we doubt we shall both\nlose several Men. We are very uncertain of the Latitude and Longitude of\n_Juan Fernandez_, the Books laying \u2019em down so differently, that not one\nChart agrees with another; and being but a small Island, we are in some\ndoubts of striking it, so design to hale in for the main Land to direct\nus.\n_Jan. 27._ Fair Weather, smooth Water, pleasant Gales of Wind, veerable\nfrom the W. to the N W. had a good Amplitude, found the Variation to be\n10 deg. Eastward. This is an excellent Climate. Lat. 36. 36. S.\n_Jan. 28._ We have had moderate Weather. At six a clock we saw the Land,\nthe Eastermost appearing like an Island, which we agree to be the Island\nof _St. Mary_ on the Coast of _Chili_: it bore E by N. dist. 9 or 10 Ls.\nOur Consort\u2019s Men are very ill; their want of Clothes, and being often\nwet in the cold Weather, has been the greatest cause of their being more\nsick than our Ships Company.\n_Jan. 31._ These 24 hours we had the Wind between the S. and S W by W.\nAt seven this morning we made the Island of _Juan Fernandez_; it bore W\nS W. dist. about 7 Ls. at Noon W by S. 6 Ls. We had a good Observ. Lat.\n[Sidenote: _We Make the Isle of Juan Fernandez._]\n_February 1._ About two yesterday in the Afternoon we hoisted our\nPinnace out; Capt _Dover_ with the Boats Crew went in her to go ashore,\ntho we could not be less than 4 Ls. off. As soon as the Pinnace was\ngone, I went on board the _Dutchess_, who admir\u2019d our Boat attempted\ngoing ashore at that distance from Land: \u2019twas against my Inclination,\nbut to oblige Capt. _Dover_ I consented to let her go. As soon as it was\ndark, we saw a Light ashore; our Boat was then about a League from the\nIsland, and bore away for the Ships as soon as she saw the Lights. We\nput out Lights abroad for the Boat, tho some were of opinion the Lights\nwe saw were our Boats Lights; but as Night came on, it appear\u2019d too\nlarge for that. We fir\u2019d one Quarter-Deck Gun and several Muskets,\nshowing Lights in our Mizen and Fore-Shrouds, that our Boat might find\nus, whilst we ply\u2019d in the Lee of the Island. About two in the Morning\nour Boat came on board, having been two hours on board the _Dutchess_,\nthat took \u2019em up a-stern of us: we-were glad they got well off, because\nit begun to blow. We are all convinc\u2019d the Light is on the shore, and\ndesign to make our Ships ready to engage, believing them to be _French_\nShips at anchor, and we must either fight \u2019em or want Water, _etc._\n_Febr. 2._ We stood on the back side along the South end of the Island,\nin order to lay in with the first Southerly Wind, which Capt. _Dampier_\ntold us generally blows there all day long. In the Morning, being past\nthe Island, we tack\u2019d to lay it in close aboard the Land; and about ten\na clock open\u2019d the South End of the Island, and ran close aboard the\nLand that begins to make the North-East side. The Flaws[122] came heavy\noff shore, and we-were forc\u2019d to reef our Top-sails when we open\u2019d the\nmiddle Bay, where we expected to find our Enemy, but saw all clear, and\nno Ships in that nor the other Bay next the N W. End. These two Bays are\nall that Ships ride in which recruit on this Island, but the middle Bay\nis by much the best. We guess\u2019d there had been Ships there, but that\nthey were gone on sight of us. We sent our Yall ashore about Noon, with\nCapt. _Dover_, Mr. _Frye_, and six Men, all arm\u2019d; mean while we and the\n_Dutchess_ kept turning to get in, and such heavy Flaws came off the\nLand, that we were forc\u2019d to let fly our Topsail-Sheet, keeping all\nHands to stand by our Sails, for fear of the Wind\u2019s carrying \u2019em away:\nbut when the Flaws were gone, we had little or no Wind. These Flaws\nproceeded from the Land, which is very high in the middle of the Island.\nOur Boat did not return, so we sent our Pinnace with the Men arm\u2019d, to\nsee what was the occasion of the Yall\u2019s stay; for we were afraid that\nthe _Spaniards_ had a Garison there, and might have seiz\u2019d \u2019em. We put\nout a Signal for our Boat, and the _Dutchess_ show\u2019d a _French_ Ensign.\nImmediately our Pinnace returned from the shore, and brought abundance\nof Craw-fish, with a Man cloth\u2019d in Goat-Skins, who look\u2019d wilder than\nthe first Owners of them. He had been on the Island four Years and four\nMonths, being left there by Capt. _Stradling_ in the _Cinque-Ports_; his\nName was _Alexander Selkirk_ a _Scotch_ Man, who had been Master of the\n_Cinque-Ports_, a Ship that came here last with Capt. _Dampier_, who\ntold me that this was the best Man in her; so I immediately agreed with\nhim to be a Mate on board our Ship. \u2019Twas he that made the Fire last\nnight when he saw our Ships, which he judg\u2019d to be _English_. During\nhis stay here, he saw several Ships pass by, but only two came in to\nanchor. As he went to view them, he found \u2019em to be _Spaniards_, and\nretir\u2019d from \u2019em; upon which they shot at him. Had they been _French_,\nhe would have submitted; but chose to risque his dying alone on the\nIsland, rather than fall into the hands of the _Spaniards_ in these\nparts, because he apprehended they would murder him, or make a Slave of\nhim in the Mines, for he fear\u2019d they would spare no Stranger that might\nbe capable of discovering the _South-Sea_. The _Spaniards_ had landed,\nbefore he knew what they were, and they came so near him that he had\nmuch ado to escape; for they not only shot at him but pursu\u2019d him into\nthe Woods, where he climb\u2019d to the top of a Tree, at the foot of which\nthey made water, and kill\u2019d several Goats just by, but went off again\nwithout discovering him. He told us that he was born at _Largo_ in the\nCounty of _Fife_ in _Scotland_, and was bred a Sailor from his Youth.\nThe reason of his being left here was a difference betwixt him and his\nCaptain; which, together with the Ships being leaky, made him willing\nrather to stay here, than go along with him at first; and when he was at\nlast willing, the Captain would not receive him. He had been in the\nIsland before to wood and water, when two of the Ships Company were left\nupon it for six Months till the Ship return\u2019d, being chas\u2019d thence by\ntwo _French South-Sea_ Ships.\n[Sidenote: _Account of Alexander Selkirk._]\nHe had with him his Clothes and Bedding, with a Firelock, some Powder,\nBullets, and Tobacco, a Hatchet, a Knife, a Kettle, a Bible, some\npractical Pieces, and his Mathematical Instruments and Books. He\ndiverted and provided for himself as well as he could; but for the first\neight months had much ado to bear up against Melancholy, and the Terror\nof being left alone in such a desolate place. He built two Hutts with\nPiemento Trees, cover\u2019d them with long Grass, and lin\u2019d them with the\nSkins of Goats, which he kill\u2019d with his Gun as he wanted, so long as\nhis Powder lasted, which was but a pound; and that being near spent, he\ngot fire by rubbing two sticks of Piemento Wood together upon his knee.\nIn the lesser Hutt, at some distance from the other, he dress\u2019d his\nVictuals, and in the larger he slept, and employ\u2019d himself in reading,\nsinging Psalms, and praying; so that he said he was a better Christian\nwhile in this Solitude than ever he was before, or than, he was afraid,\nhe should ever be again. At first he never eat any thing till Hunger\nconstrain\u2019d him, partly for grief and partly for want of Bread and\nSalt; nor did he go to bed till he could watch no longer: the Piemento\nWood, which burnt very clear, serv\u2019d him both for Firing and Candle, and\nrefresh\u2019d him with its fragrant Smell.\nHe might have had Fish enough, but could not eat \u2019em for want of Salt,\nbecause they occasion\u2019d a Looseness; except Crawfish, which are there as\nlarge as our Lobsters, and very good: These he sometimes boil\u2019d, and at\nother times broil\u2019d, as he did his Goats Flesh, of which he made very\ngood Broth, for they are not so rank as ours: he kept an Account of 500\nthat he kill\u2019d while there, and caught as many more, which he mark\u2019d on\nthe Ear and let go. When his Powder fail\u2019d, he took them by speed of\nfoot; for his way of living and continual Exercise of walking and\nrunning, clear\u2019d him of all gross Humours, so that he ran with wonderful\nSwiftness thro the Woods and up the Rocks and Hills, as we perceiv\u2019d\nwhen we employ\u2019d him to catch Goats for us. We had a Bull-Dog, which we\nsent with several of our nimblest Runners, to help him in catching\nGoats; but he distanc\u2019d and tir\u2019d both the Dog and the Men, catch\u2019d the\nGoats, and brought \u2019em to us on his back. He told us that his Agility in\npursuing a Goat had once like to have cost him his Life; he pursu\u2019d it\nwith so much Eagerness that he catch\u2019d hold of it on the brink of a\nPrecipice, of which he was not aware, the Bushes having hid it from him;\nso that he fell with the Goat down the said Precipice a great height,\nand was so stun\u2019d and bruis\u2019d with the Fall, that he narrowly escap\u2019d\nwith his Life, and when he came to his Senses, found the Goat dead under\nhim. He lay there about 24 hours, and was scarce able to crawl to his\nHutt, which was about a mile distant, or to stir abroad again in ten\ndays.\nHe came at last to relish his Meat well enough without Salt or Bread,\nand in the Season had plenty of good Turnips, which had been sow\u2019d there\nby Capt. _Dampier_\u2019s Men, and have now overspread some Acres of Ground.\nHe had enough of good Cabbage from the Cabbage-Trees, and season\u2019d his\nMeat with the Fruit of the Piemento Trees, which is the same as the\n_Jamaica_ Pepper, and smells deliciously. He found there also a black\nPepper call\u2019d _Malagita_, which was very good to expel Wind, and against\nGriping of the Guts.\nHe soon wore out all his Shoes and Clothes by running thro the Woods;\nand at last being forc\u2019d to shift without them, his Feet became so hard,\nthat he run every where without Annoyance: and it was some time before\nhe could wear Shoes after we found him; for not being us\u2019d to any so\nlong, his Feet swell\u2019d when he came first to wear \u2019em again.\nAfter he had conquer\u2019d his Melancholy, he diverted himself sometimes by\ncutting his Name on the Trees, and the Time of his being left and\nContinuance there. He was at first much pester\u2019d with Cats and Rats,\nthat had bred in great numbers from some of each Species which had got\nashore from Ships that put in there to wood and water. The Rats gnaw\u2019d\nhis Feet and Clothes while asleep, which oblig\u2019d him to cherish the Cats\nwith his Goats-flesh; by which many of them became so tame, that they\nwould lie about him in hundreds, and soon deliver\u2019d him from the Rats.\nHe likewise tam\u2019d some Kids, and to divert himself would now and then\nsing and dance with them and his Cats: so that by the Care of Providence\nand Vigour of his Youth, being now but about 30 years old, he came at\nlast to conquer all the Inconveniences of his Solitude, and to be very\neasy. When his Clothes wore out, he made himself a Coat and Cap of\nGoat-Skins, which he stitch\u2019d together with little Thongs of the same,\nthat he cut with his Knife. He had no other Needle but a Nail; and when\nhis Knife was wore to the back, he made others as well as he could of\nsome Iron Hoops that were left ashore, which he beat thin and ground\nupon Stones. Having some Linen Cloth by him, he sow\u2019d himself Shirts\nwith a Nail, and stitch\u2019d \u2019em with the Worsted of his old Stockings,\nwhich he pull\u2019d out on purpose. He had his last Shirt on when we found\nhim in the Island.\nAt his first coming on board us, he had so much forgot his Language for\nwant of Use, that we could scarce understand him, for he seem\u2019d to speak\nhis words by halves. We offer\u2019d him a Dram, but he would not touch it,\nhaving drank nothing but Water since his being there, and \u2019twas some\ntime before he could relish our Victuals.\nHe could give us an account of no other Product of the Island than what\nwe have mention\u2019d, except small black Plums, which are very good, but\nhard to come at, the Trees which bear \u2019em growing on high Mountains and\nRocks. Piemento Trees are plenty here, and we saw some of 60 foot high,\nand about two yards thick; and Cotton Trees higher, and near four fathom\nround in the Stock.\n[Sidenote: _In the Road of Juan Fernandez._]\nThe Climate is so good, that the Trees and Grass are verdant all the\nYear. The Winter lasts no longer than _June_ and _July_, and is not then\nsevere, there being only a small Frost and a little Hail, but sometimes\ngreat Rains. The Heat of the Summer is equally moderate, and there\u2019s not\nmuch Thunder or tempestuous Weather of any sort. He saw no venomous or\nsavage Creature on the Island, nor any other sort of Beast but Goats,\n&c. as above-mention\u2019d; the first of which had been put ashore here on\npurpose for a Breed by _Juan Fernando_ a _Spaniard_, who settled there\nwith some Families for a time, till the Continent of _Chili_ began to\nsubmit to the _Spaniards_; which being more profitable, tempted them to\nquit this Island, which is capable of maintaining a good number of\nPeople, and of being made so strong that they could not be easily\ndislodg\u2019d.\n_Ringrose_[123] in his Account of Capt. _Sharp_\u2019s Voyage and other\nBuccaneers, mentions one who had escap\u2019d ashore here out of a Ship which\nwas cast away with all the rest of the Company, and says he liv\u2019d five\nyears alone before he had the opportunity of another Ship to carry him\noff. Capt. _Dampier_ talks of a _Moskito Indian_ that belong\u2019d to Capt.\n_Watlin_,[124] who being a hunting in the Woods when the Captain left\nthe Island, liv\u2019d here three years alone, and shifted much in the same\nmanner as Mr. _Selkirk_ did, till Capt. _Dampier_ came hither in 1684,\nand carry\u2019d him off. The first that went ashore was one of his\nCountrymen, and they saluted one another first by prostrating themselves\nby turns on the ground, and then embracing. But whatever there is in\nthese Stories, this of Mr. _Selkirk_ I know to be true; and his\nBehaviour afterwards gives me reason to believe the Account he gave me\nhow he spent his time, and bore up under such an Affliction, in which\nnothing but the Divine Providence could have supported any Man. By this\none may see that Solitude and Retirement from the World is not such an\nunsufferable State of Life as most Men imagine, especially when People\nare fairly call\u2019d or thrown into it unavoidably, as this Man was; who in\nall probability must otherwise have perish\u2019d in the Seas, the Ship which\nleft him being cast away not long after, and few of the Company escap\u2019d.\nWe may perceive by this Story the Truth of the Maxim, That Necessity is\nthe Mother of Invention, since he found means to supply his Wants in a\nvery natural manner, so as to maintain his Life, tho not so\nconveniently, yet as effectually as we are able to do with the help of\nall our Arts and Society. It may likewise instruct us, how much a plain\nand temperate way of living conduces to the Health of the Body and the\nVigour of the Mind, both which we are apt to destroy by Excess and\nPlenty, especially of strong Liquor, and the Variety as well as the\nNature of our Meat and Drink: for this Man, when he came to our ordinary\nMethod of Diet and Life, tho he was sober enough, lost much of his\nStrength and Agility. But I must quit these Reflections, which are more\nproper for a Philosopher and Divine than a Mariner, and return to my own\nSubject.\nWe did not get to anchor till six at night, on _Febr._ 1. and then it\nfell calm: we row\u2019d and tow\u2019d into the Anchor-ground about a mile off\nshore, 45 fathom Water, clean Ground; the Current sets mostly along\nshore to the Southward. This Morning we clear\u2019d up Ship, and bent our\nSails, and got them ashore to mend, and make Tents for our sick Men. The\nGovernour (tho we might as well have nam\u2019d him the Absolute Monarch of\nthe Island) for so we call\u2019d Mr. _Selkirk_, caught us two Goats, which\nmake excellent Broth, mix\u2019d with Turnip-Tops and other Greens, for our\nsick Men, being 21 in all, but not above two that we account dangerous;\nthe _Dutchess_ has more Men sick, and in a worse condition than ours.\n[Sidenote: _In the Road of Juan Fernandez._]\n_Febr. 3._ Yesterday in the Afternoon we got as many of our Men ashore\nas could be spar\u2019d from clearing and fitting our Ship, to wood and\nwater. Our Sail-makers are all mending our Sails, and I lent the\n_Dutchess_ one to assist them. This Morning we got our Smiths Forge put\nup ashore, set our Coopers to work in another place, and made a little\nTent for my self to have the Benefit of the Shore. The _Dutchess_ has\nalso a Tent for their sick Men; so that we have a little Town of our own\nhere, and every body is employ\u2019d. A few Men supply us all with Fish of\nseveral sorts, all very good; as Silver-fish, Rock-fish, Pollock,\nCavallos, Oldwives, and Craw-fish in such abundance, that in a few hours\nwe could take as many as would serve some hundreds of Men. There were\nSea-Fowls in the Bay as large as Geese, but eat fish. The Governour\nnever fail\u2019d of getting us two or three Goats a day for our sick Men, by\nwhich with the help of the Greens and the Goodness of the Air they\nrecover\u2019d very fast of the Scurvy, which was their general Distemper.\n\u2019Twas very pleasant ashore among the green Piemento Trees, which cast a\nrefreshing Smell. Our House was made by putting up a Sail round four of\n\u2019em, and covering it a-top with another Sail; so that Capt. _Dover_ and\nI both thought it a very agreeable Seat, the Weather being neither too\nhot nor too cold.\nWe spent our time till the 10_th_ in refitting our Ships, taking Wood on\nboard, and laying up Water, that which we brought from _England_ and\n_St. Vincent_ being spoil\u2019d by the badness of the Casks. We likewise\nboil\u2019d up about 80 Gallons of Sea-Lions Oil, as we might have done\nseveral Tuns, had we been provided with Vessels, _&c._ We refin\u2019d and\nstrain\u2019d it for the use of our Lamps and to save our Candles, tho\nSailors sometimes use it to fry their Meat, when straiten\u2019d for want of\nButter, _&c._ and say \u2019tis agreeable enough. The Men who work\u2019d ashore\non our Rigging eat young Seals, which they prefer\u2019d to our Ships\nVictuals, and said was as good as _English_ Lamb; tho for my own part I\nshould have been glad of such an Exchange.\nWe made what haste we could to get all Necessaries on board, being\nwilling to lose no time; for we were inform\u2019d at the _Canaries_ that\nfive stout _French_ Ships were coming together to these Seas.\n_Febr. 11._ Yesterday in the Evening having little or nothing to do with\nthe Pinnance, we sent her to the South End of the Island to get Goats.\nThe Governour told us, that during his stay he could not get down to\nthat end from the Mountains where he liv\u2019d, they were so steep and\nrocky; but that there were abundance of Goats there, and that part of\nthe Island was plainer. Capt. _Dampier_, Mr. _Glendal_, and the\nGovernour, with ten Men, set out in company with the _Dutchess_\u2019s Boat\nand Crew, and surrounded a great parcel of Goats, which are of a larger\nsort, and not so wild as those on the higher part of the Island where\nthe Governour liv\u2019d; but not looking well to \u2019em, they escap\u2019d over the\nCliff: so that instead of catching above a hundred, as they might easily\nhave done with a little precaution, they return\u2019d this Morning with only\n16 large ones, tho they saw above a thousand. If any Ships come again to\nthis Island, the best way is to keep some Men and Dogs at that part of\nthe Island, and sending a Boat to them once in 24 hours they may victual\na good Body of Men; and no doubt but amongst those Goats they may find\nsome hundreds with Mr. _Selkirk_\u2019s Ear-mark.[125]\n_Febr. 12._ This Morning we bent the remaining Sails, got the last Wood\nand Water aboard, brought off our Men, and got every thing ready to\ndepart. The Island of _Juan Fernandez_ is nearest of a triangular form,\nabout 12 Leagues round; the South-west side is much the longest, and has\na small Island about a mile long lying near it, with a few visible Rocks\nclose under the shore of the great Island. On this side begins a Ridge\nof high Mountains that run cross from the S W to the N W of the Island;\nand the Land that lies out in a narrow Point to the Westward, appears to\nbe the only level Ground here. On the N E. side \u2019tis very high Land, and\nunder it are the two Bays where Ships always put in to recruit. The best\nBay is next the middle on this side the Island, which is to be known at\na distance by the highest Table Mountain right over this Bay. You may\nanchor as near as you will to the shore, and the nearer the better. The\nbest Road is on the Larboard side of the Bay, and nearest the Eastermost\nShore: provided you get well in, you cannot mistake the Road. The other\nBay is plain to be seen under the North end, but not so good for Wood,\nWater, or Landing, nor so safe for riding. In this Bay, where we rode,\nthere\u2019s plenty of good Water and Wood: the best Water is in a small Cove\nabout a good Musket-shot to the Eastward of the place I have describ\u2019d.\nYou may ride from a Mile to a Bow-shot off the Shore, being all deep\nWater and bold, without any danger round the Island, but what is visible\nand very near in. This Bay where we rode is open to near half the\nCompass; the Eastermost Land in sight bore E by S. dist. about a mile\nand a half, and the outermost Northwest Point of the Island lies\nsomething without our Bay, and bears N W by W. dist. a good League. We\nwere about a mile off the Shore, and had 45 fathom Water, clean sandy\nGround; we design\u2019d to have ran farther in, and new moor\u2019d, but Mr.\n_Selkirk_ inform\u2019d us that this Month proves the fairest in the Year,\nand that during Winter and Summer, the\n[Sidenote: _Account of Juan Fernandez._]\nwhole time he was here, he seldom knew the Wind to blow off from the\nSea, but only in small Breezes that never brought in a Sea, nor held two\nhours: but he warn\u2019d us to be on our guard against the Wind off shore,\nwhich blew very strong sometimes. The Bay is all deep Water, and you may\ncarry in Ships close to the Rocks, if occasion require. The Wind blows\nalways over the Land, and at worst along shore, which makes no Sea. It\u2019s\nfor the most part calm at night, only now and then a Flaw blows from the\nhigh Land over us. Near the Rocks there are very good Fish of several\nsorts, particularly large Craw-fish under the Rocks easy to be caught;\nalso Cavallies, Gropers, and other good Fish in so great plenty any\nwhere near the Shore, that I never saw the like, but at the best fishing\nSeason in _Newfoundland_. Piemento is the best Timber, and most\nplentiful on this side the Island, but very apt to split till a little\ndry\u2019d: we cut the longest and cleanest to split for Fire-wood. The\nCabbage-Trees abound about three miles in the Woods, and the Cabbage\nvery good; most of \u2019em are on the tops of the nearest and lowest\nMountains. In the first Plain we found store of Turnip-Greens, and\nWater-Cresses in the Brooks, which mightily refresh\u2019d our Men, and\ncleans\u2019d \u2019em from the Scurvey: the Turnips, Mr. _Selkirk_ told us, are\ngood in our Summer Months, which is Winter here; but this being Autumn,\nthey are all run to Seed, so that we can\u2019t have the benefit of any thing\nbut the Greens. The Soil is a loose black Earth, the Rocks very rotten,\nso that without great care it\u2019s dangerous to climb the Hills for\nCabbages: besides, there are abundance of Holes dug in several places by\na sort of Fowls like Puffins, which fall in at once, and endanger the\nwrenching or breaking of a Man\u2019s Leg. Mr. _Selkirk_ tells me, in _July_\nhe has seen Snow and Ice here; but the Spring, which is in _September_,\n_October_, and _November_, is very pleasant, when there\u2019s abundance of\ngood Herbs, as Parsly, Purslain, Sithes in great plenty, besides an Herb\nfound by the water-side, which prov\u2019d very useful to our Surgeons for\nFomentations; \u2019tis not much unlike Feverfew, of a very grateful Smell\nlike Balm, but of a stronger and more cordial Scent: \u2019tis in great\nplenty near the Shore. We gather\u2019d many large Bundles of it, dry\u2019d \u2019em\nin the shade, and sent \u2019em on board, besides great quantities that we\ncarry\u2019d in every Morning to strow the Tents, which tended much to the\nspeedy Recovery of our sick Men, of whom none died but two belonging to\nthe _Dutchess_, viz. _Edward Wilts_ and _Christopher Williams_.\nMr. _Selkirk_ tells me, that in _November_ the Seals come ashore to\nwhelp and ingender, when the Shore is so full of them for a stone\u2019s\nthrow, that \u2019tis impossible to pass thro them; and they are so surly,\nthat they\u2019l not move out of the way, but like an angry Dog run at a Man,\ntho he have a good Stick to beat them: so that at this and their\nwhelping Seasons \u2019tis dangerous to come near them, but at other times\nthey\u2019l make way for a Man; and if they did not, \u2019twould be impossible to\nget up from the Water-side: they lin\u2019d the Shore very thick for above\nhalf a mile of ground all round the Bay. When we came in, they kept a\ncontinual noise day and night, some bleeting like Lambs, some howling\nlike Dogs or Wolves, others making hideous noises of various sorts; so\nthat we heard \u2019em aboard, tho a mile from the Shore. Their Fur is the\nfinest that ever I saw of the kind, and exceeds that of our Otters.\n[Sidenote: _In the Road of Juan Fernandez._]\nAnother strange Creature here is the Sea-Lion: The Governour tells me he\nhas seen of them above 20 foot long and more in compass, which could not\nweigh less than two Tun weight. I saw several of these vast Creatures,\nbut none of the above-mention\u2019d Size; several of \u2019em were upward of 16\nfoot long, and more in bulk, so that they could not weigh less than a\nTun weight. The Shape of their Body differs little from the Sea-Dogs or\nSeals, but have another sort of Skin, a Head much bigger in proportion,\nand very large Mouths, monstrous big Eyes, and a Face like that of a\nLion, with very large Whiskers, the Hair of which is stiff enough to\nmake Tooth-pickers. These Creatures come ashore to engender the latter\nend of _June_, and stay till the end of _September_; during all which\ntime they lie on the Land, and are never observ\u2019d to go to the Water,\nbut lie in the same place above a Musket-shot from the Water-side, and\nhave no manner of Sustenance all that time that he could observe. I took\nnotice of some that lay a week, without once offering to move out of the\nplace whilst I was there, till they were disturb\u2019d by us; but we saw few\nin comparison of what he informs us he did, and that the Shore was all\ncrouded full of them a Musket-shot into the Land. I admire how these\nMonsters come to yield such a quantity of Oil. Their Hair is short and\ncoarse, and their Skin thicker than the thickest Ox-Hide I ever saw. We\nfound no Land-Bird on the Island, but a sort of Black-Bird with a red\nBreast, not unlike our _English_ Black-Birds; and the Humming Bird of\nvarious Colours, and no bigger than a large Humble Bee. Here is a small\nTide which flows uncertain, and the Spring-Tide flows about seven foot.\nI shall not trouble the Reader with the Descriptions of this Island\ngiven by others, wherein there are many Falshoods; but the Truth of this\nI can assert from my own knowledg. Nor shall I insert the Description of\nthe Cabbage and Piemento Trees, being so well known and so frequently\ndone, that there\u2019s no manner of need for it. I have insisted the longer\nupon this Island, because it might be at first of great use to those who\nwould carry on any Trade to the _South-Sea._\n_Febr. 13._ At a Committee held on board the _Dutchess_ the 13_th_ of\n_February_, 170-8/9, it was agreed as follows:\n\u201cResolv\u2019d to steer from _Juan Fernandez_ N E by E. for the Land; and\nwhen come within six Leagues of the Shore, to keep that distance,\nsteering along Shore to the Northward.\n\u201cThe next Place we design\u2019d to stop at, to build our Boats and land our\nMen, is the Island of _Lobos de la Mar_. In case of losing Company, to\nwait for each other 20 Leagues to the Northward of the place where we\naccounted we were when we separated.\n\u201cThen to lie at six Leagues distance from the Shore the space of four\ndays, and to proceed with an easy Sail for _Lobos_, in case of not\nmeeting; taking special care of the Rocks call\u2019d _Ormigos_, lying about\nthat distance off from _Callo_, the Sea-port of the City of _Lima_.\n\u201cIn case of seeing one or more Sail, the Signal for chasing, if not out\nof call, is to clew up our Maintop-gallant Sheets, with the Yards aloft.\nAnd the general method we design to take in chasing, is, for the Ship\nthat sails best, or is nearest the Chase, to chase directly after the\nSail discover\u2019d, and the other to keep to or from the Shore at a\nconvenient distance, as occasion shall require, to prevent being known.\nAnd if the Ship that is nearest the Chase believes her to be too big for\none Ship alone, then to make the same Signal, or any other plainer to be\ndistinguish\u2019d than the Signal for the Chase: And if either Ship comes up\nwith the Chase, and have her in possession or under command, if in the\nday, to show a white Jack on the Maintop-Mast head; and if in the\nnight, to make two false Fires, and carry as plain Lights as possible.\n\u201cTo leave off Chase, the Signal by night is one good Light at the\nMaintop-Mast head; and to fire no Gun, but in a Fog, or very thick\nWeather, either night or day, to prevent being discover\u2019d.\n\u201cTo leave off Chase by day, the Signal is to haul down the Top-sails,\nkeeping out our Maintop-gallant Stay-Sail; and in case of losing\nCompany, we refer our selves to our weekly Signals to discover each\nother.\n\u201cIn case either Ship in Chase or otherways should run into any danger of\nShoal-Water or other kind, then the Ship in such danger is to fire a Gun\nwith a Shot, and to stand from it.\n\u201cIn case of a Separation, each Ship as they enter _Lobos_ to carry an\n_English_ Pennant at the Foretop-Mast head; and if the other happens to\nbe there, she must show her _English_ Colours. And if either Ship anchor\nshort of the Road, she shall put out three Lights, _viz._ at the\nMaintop-Mast head, Poop, Boltsprit end.\n\u201cEither Ship arriving at _Lobos_, and not finding his Consort there, he\nis immediately to set up two Crosses, one at the Landing-place nearest\nthe farther end of the Starboard great Island going in, with a\nGlass-Bottle hid under ground 20 Yards directly North from each Cross,\nwith Intelligence of what has happen\u2019d since parting, and what their\nfurther Designs are. This to be done and in readiness, that if they give\nChase, or be forc\u2019d out by the Enemy, the missing Ship may not want\nIntelligence from her Consort.\u201d\nWe began this Method at _Cork_, to secure the best place we could\npossible to rendevouz at; hoping by this means and our Signals always to\nkeep Company, and know each other thro the whole Voyage. These\nDirections being something particular, made me insert them in the\nJournal.\n_Febr. 13._ Yesterday in the Afternoon we sent our Yall a fishing, and\ngot near 200 large Fish in a very little time, which we salted for our\nfuture spending. This Morning we concluded what we began last night,\nbeing the foregoing Agreement to direct our Affairs from this place; and\nas all our Success depends on a strict Secrecy, the Precautions may not\nbe useless.\n[Sidenote: _Sailing from the Coasts of Chili._]\n_Febr. 14._ Yesterday about three in the Afternoon we weigh\u2019d, had a\nfair pleasant Gale at S S E. Mr. _Vanbrugh_ came on board our Ship\nagain, and exchang\u2019d with Mr. _Bath_, I hope for the best. Course N.\nLat. 32. 32. Long. W. from _London_, 83. 06.\n_Febr. 16._ Had moderate Gales of Wind with Calms. This Morning I went\non board the _Dutchess_, with Capt. _Dover_ and Capt. _Dampier_, and\ndin\u2019d there. Wind at S.\n_Febr. 17._ Most part of this 24 hours was calm, and cloudy Weather.\nAbout ten a clock we hoisted our Boat out, and fetch\u2019d Capt _Courtney_\nand Capt. _Cook_ to dine with us: whilst they were on board, we settled\nand sign\u2019d the following Instrument, one for each Ship, further to\nsecure our Methods, and to regulate the Affair of Plunder, which if well\nfollow\u2019d will prevent the bad effects of so dangerous an Obstacle to our\ngood Proceedings; which has prov\u2019d too hard a Task for all others in our\ntime that have gone out on the same account, so far from _Great\nBritain_: which I believe is chiefly owing either to want of Unity or\ngood Measures. God be thank\u2019d we have a good Concord between each Ships\nCompany hitherto.\n     At a Committee held by the Officers of the _Duke_ and _Duchess_, 17\n  _Mr._ George Underhill,  _Mr._ David Wilson,\n  _Mr._ Lanc. Appleby,     _Mr._ Sam. Worden:\n_You being chosen by the Officers and Men on board the_ Duke, _to be\nManagers of the Plunder which we may take in our Cruising at Sea on the\nCoast of_ New Spain, _\u2019tis our Order that Mr._ Lanc. Appleby _and Mr._\nSamuel Warden _do go and continue aboard the_ Dutchess, _in the place of\ntwo other Men from them; who are to search all Persons that return from\nsuch Prize or Prizes that may be taken by either Ship: as also all\nPersons that the Captains of either Ship shall give leave, whose Advice\nyou are continually to follow, and apply to them for Assistance, if\noccasion require; and immediately to inform of any Persons belonging to\neither Ship, that shall be perceiv\u2019d to use clandestine Methods to hide\nPlunder, or endeavour to avoid the searching them._\n_If the Ships_ Duke _and_ Dutchess _are separated when any Prize it\ntaken, then one of you is to be on board the Prize, and the other to\nremain on board the Ship; and in each place be very strict, and keep an\nexact Account of what comes to your hands, and as soon as possible\nsecure it in such manner as the Captain of either Ship shall direct:\nstill observing the Command of the superior Officer on board the Prize,\nwho is also to assist you to the utmost of his power._\n_If any Person not concern\u2019d in this Order, nor employ\u2019d in the same by\nCapt._ Courtney, _concerns himself with the Plunder, except the\nCommanding Officer, you are to forbid him; and if he disobeys, to give\nimmediate Information of such Person or Persons._\n_You are not to incumber the Boats with Chests or Plunder out of any\nPrize at first coming aboard, but mind what you see. And the first thing\nyou are to do, is to take account of what you find aboard that is\nPlunder, and remove nothing without the Captains of either Ship\u2019s\nOrders; or in case of their Absence, of the chief Officer or Officers of\neither Ship that shall be aboard the Prize, to avoid Trouble and\nDisturbance._\n_You are by no means to be rude in your Office, but to do every thing as\nquiet and easy as possible; and to demean your selves so towards those\nemploy\u2019d by Capt._ Courtney, _that we may have no manner of Disturbance\nor Complaint: still observing that you be not overaw\u2019d, nor deceiv\u2019d of\nwhat is your Due, in the behalf of the Officers and Men._\n_The Persons appointed to be Managers by the_ Dutchess, _were the\nunderwritten_,\n  John Connely,               Simon Fleming,\n  Simon Hatley,               Barth. Rowe.\n_To whom the foregoing Orders were also given, and sign\u2019d by the\nCommittee._\n  Tho. Dover, _President_,    Carleton Vanbrugh,\n  Woodes Rogers,              John Bridge,\n  Stephen Courtney,           William Stratton,\n  William Dampier,            John Rogers,\n  Edward Cooke,               John Connely,\n  Robert Frye,                William Bath,\n  Charles Pope,               Geo. Milbourne,\n  Tho. Glendall,              John Ballet.\n_Febr. 17._ Capt. _Courtney_ and Capt. _Cooke_ being aboard, we agreed\nthat Mr. _Appleby_ should appear for the Officers on board the\n_Dutchess_, and _Samuel Worden_ for the Men: Mr. _Simon Hatley_ and\n_Simon Fleming_ were to have the like Charge on board of us, to manage\nthe Plunder according to the foregoing Orders.\n[Sidenote: _Our Approach near Lima._]\n_Febr. 18._ About three Yesterday afternoon, we saw the Main dist. 9 Ls.\nit\u2019s very high Land, with several Islands.\n_Febr. 28._ Yesterday afternoon we came within about 6 Ls. of very high\nLand. This Morning we put both Pinnaces in the Water, to try them under\nSail, having fix\u2019d them with each a Gun after the manner of a\nPatterero,[126] and all things necessary for small Privateers; hoping\nthey\u2019l be serviceable to us in little Winds to take Vessels. Wind at S.\nand S by E.\n_March 1._ Having little Wind and smooth Water, we heel\u2019d both Ships and\ntallow\u2019d.\n_Mar. 2._ We are in sight of Land, dist. 12 or 14 Ls. Within the Country\nthere\u2019s a vast high Ridge of Mountains, nam\u2019d _Cordilleras_, all along\nthis Course; some parts I believe are full as high, if not higher, than\nthe _Pico Teneriff_, with Snow on the top. We had a good Observ. Lat.\n17. 03. Longit. 70. 29. West from _London_.\n_March 4._ Fine pleasant Weather, with fresh Gales of Wind. This day we\ncame to an Allowance of three Pints of Water a Man _per_ day, tho we had\na good stock aboard. My reason for it was, that we might keep at Sea\nsome time and take some Prizes, and not be forc\u2019d to discover our selves\nby watring, before we attempted any thing ashore; because an Enemy being\nonce discover\u2019d, there\u2019s nothing of Value, as I\u2019m informed, puts to Sea\nfrom one end of the Coast to the other. They have great Conveniences of\ngiving notice by Expresses and strict Orders for all Officers on the\nShore to keep Lookers-out upon every Head-Land.\n_Mar. 8._ Fine pleasant Weather, a brisk Gale at S E. At three this\nMorning we lay by, and at six saw the Land dist. about 14 Ls. after\nwhich I made sail. The _Dutchess_ had a Boy fell out of the Mizen-top\ndown on the Deck, and broke his Leg; of which he is in a fair way to\nrecover. Lat. 12. 31. Longit. 84. 58.\n_Mar. 9._ Fair Weather, a moderate Gale at S E. We go under an easy\nSail, in hopes of seeing rich Ships either going or coming out of\n_Lima_, being now near it. We keep about 7 Ls. from Shore, to prevent\nour being discover\u2019d. We shall not lie long here, but design to go for\n_Lobos_ to build our Boats, and get things ready to land at _Guiaquil_.\n_Mar. 10._ Pleasant Weather, moderate Gales at S E. This Morning,\nperceiving white Rocks at a distance which look\u2019d like Ships, we brought\nto, and sent our Boats under the shore, having kept them ready a-stern\nfour days, that if we saw a Sail near the Shore, they might take them,\nto prevent their discovering us to those on the Continent.\n_Mar. 13._ Fair Weather, moderate Gales at S E. This Morning we ran near\nLand, and the _Dutchess_ kept in the Offing, to see if we could meet any\nof the Traders; there being, as I am inform\u2019d, Ships of good Value\nsometimes on this Coast. Our Men begin to repine, that tho come so far,\nwe have met with no Prize in these Seas.\n_Mar. 14._ The Nights are very cold in comparison of the Days, which are\nwarm enough, but not so hot as I expected in this Latitude. Here\u2019s never\nany Rain, but great Dews in the night, almost equivalent to it, tho the\nAir be generally serene. At eight last night we hal\u2019d up N N W. for the\nIsland _Lobos_.\n_Mar. 15._ We saw Land yesterday, and supposing it was _Lobos_, stood\noff and on all night. In the Morning it prov\u2019d very hazy till ten, when\nwe saw it again right a-head; we stood nearer till we were convinc\u2019d it\nwas not _Lobos_, but the main Land of _Peru_ within it: so we stood off\nat twelve, and had a good Observ. Lat. 6. 55.\n_Mar. 16._ Yesterday afternoon we spy\u2019d a Sail; our Consort being\nnearest, soon took her. She was a little Vessel of about 16 Tun\nbelonging to _Payta_, and bound to _Cheripe_ for Flower, with a small\nSum of Money aboard to purchase it. The Master\u2019s Name was _Antonio\nHeliagos_, a _Mustees_, begotten between an _Indian_ and a _Spaniard_:\nhis Company was eight Men, one of them a _Spaniard_, one a _Negro_, and\nthe rest _Indians_. We ask\u2019d them for News, and they assur\u2019d us that all\nthe _French_ ships, being seven in number, sail\u2019d out of these Seas six\nmonths ago, and that no more were to return; adding, That the\n_Spaniards_ had such an Aversion to them, that at _Callo_ the Sea-Port\nfor _Lima_ they kill\u2019d so many of the _French_, and quarrel\u2019d so\nfrequently with \u2019em, that none were suffer\u2019d to come ashore there for\nsome time before they sail\u2019d from thence. After we had put Men aboard\nthe Prize, we hal\u2019d off close on a Wind for _Lobos_, having shot within\nit; and had we not been better inform\u2019d by the Crew of the Prize, might\nhave endanger\u2019d our Ships, by running in farther, because there are\nShoals between the Island and the Main. The Prisoners tell us there had\nbeen no Enemy in those parts since Capt. _Dampier_, which is above four\nYears ago. They likewise inform\u2019d us that Capt. _Stradling_\u2019s[127] Ship\nthe _Cinque-Ports_,\n[Sidenote: _Arrival at Lobos._]\nwho was _Dampier_\u2019s Consort, founder\u2019d on the Coast of _Barbacour_,\nwhere he with six or seven of his Men were only sav\u2019d; and being taken\nin their Boat, had been four Years Prisoners at _Lima_, where they liv\u2019d\nmuch worse than our Governour _Selkirk_, whom they left on the Island\n_Juan Fernandez_. This Morning we saw the Island _Lobos_, which bore\nSouth about 4 Ls. at Noon it bore S by W. dist. 6 miles. We sent our\nPinnace thither mann\u2019d and arm\u2019d, to see if there were any Fishermen\nupon it and secure \u2019em, lest they should discover us to the People on\nthe Main.\n_Mar. 17._ Yesterday about five in the Evening we got well into anchor,\nbut found no body at the Island. We had 20 fathom Water, clean Ground in\nthe Thorow-fair between the two Islands, above a Cable\u2019s length from\neach Shore. \u2019Tis a bold going in and a good Road, the Wind blowing\nconstantly over Land. We resolv\u2019d here to fit out our small Bark for a\nPrivateer, she being well built for sailing; and this Morning we had her\ninto a small round Cove in the Southermost Island, where we haul\u2019d her\nup dry on the Land. The Carpenters also got the Timber ashore, to build\nour Boat for landing Men.\n_Mar. 18._ In the Evening we launch\u2019d our small Privateer, having\nclean\u2019d her Bottom well, call\u2019d her the _Beginning_, and appointed Capt.\n_Cooke_ to command her. We got a small spare Mast out of our Ship, which\nmade her a new Main-Mast, and our Mizen-top Sail was alter\u2019d to make her\na Main-Sail. The _Dutchess_ heel\u2019d, and clean\u2019d their Ship. This Morning\nI got all our sick Men ashore, and built Tents for them: the _Dutchess_\nalso landed hers. We agreed to stay the building of our Boat and fitting\nout the Privateer, while the _Dutchess_ cruis\u2019d about the Island, and in\nsight of the Main.\n_Mar. 19._ Yesterday afternoon we sent the Yall a fishing, got the Bark\nrigg\u2019d, and almost ready, with four Swivel-Guns and a Deck near\nfinish\u2019d. This Morning the _Dutchess_ sail\u2019d a cruising, and appointed\nto meet the Bark off the South-East End of the Island.\n_Mar. 20._ The Bark being got ready, this Morning we victual\u2019d her out\nof our Ship, and put 20 of ours, and 12 of our Consorts Men aboard her\nwell arm\u2019d. I saw her out of the Harbour with our Pinnance, she looks\nvery pretty, and I believe will sail well in smooth Water, having all\nMasts, Sails, Rigging, and Materials, like one of the Half-Galley\u2019s\nfitted out for her Majesty\u2019s Service in _England_: They gave our Ship\u2019s\nCompany three Huzza\u2019s, and we return\u2019d them the like at parting. I told\nCapt. _Cooke_, if we should be forc\u2019d out of the Road, or give Chase\nhence, we would leave a Glass-Bottle bury\u2019d near a remarkable great\nStone, that I show\u2019d him, with Letters in it, to give an account how it\nwas with us, of the occasion of our Departure, and where to meet again:\nI bid him acquaint Capt. _Courtney_ with it.\n_Mar. 22._ This Morning a _Spaniard_ belonging to us, nam\u2019d _Silvester\nRamos_, died suddenly, and we buried him at night. Most of our Men are\nhealthy, except two or three who are ill of the Scurvey.\n_Mar. 23._ This Morning we began to scrub our Ship, and clear\u2019d\nabundance of Barnacles off her Bottom, almost as large as Muscles. A\nShip grows foul very fast in these Seas.\n_Mar. 25._ We caught plenty of very good Fish. The Seals are numerous\nhere, but not so many as at _Juan Fernandez_: A large one seiz\u2019d a stout\n_Dutchman_, had like to have pull\u2019d him into the Water, and bit him to\nthe bone in several places, in one of his Arms and Legs.\n_Mar. 26._ This Morning the _Dutchess_ came in with a Prize call\u2019d the\n_Santa Josepha_, bound from _Guiaquil_ to _Truxillo_, Burden about 50\nTuns, full of Timber, with some Cocou, and Coco-Nuts, and Tobacco which\nwe distributed among our Men: The _Dutchess_ and _Beginning_ took her\nbetween this Island and the Main; she had very little of Value on board.\n_Mar. 27._ This Morning we gave our Ship a good heel, and tallow\u2019d her\nlow down. A _Dutchman_ belonging to the _Dutchess_ died of the Scurvy\nashore, and was buried on the Island.\n_Mar. 30._ Yesterday afternoon we got the second Prize (which we call\u2019d\nthe _Increase_) aboard us, and clean\u2019d her. We brought all off shore,\nand launch\u2019d our new Boat to tow at our stern, and at ten a clock came\nto sail, after we had put Mr. _Stratton_ to command the _Beginning_, and\nall our sick Men and a Doctor of each Ship aboard the _Increase_, of\nwhich Mr. _Selkirk_, our second Mate, was appointed Master.\n[Sidenote: _Description of Lobos._]\nBy Observation we had here, this Island lies in Lat. 6. 50. S. the\nVariation 3. 30. Easterly; and I reckon it lies in the Longitude of 87.\n35. West from _London_. The two largest Islands, call\u2019d _Lobos de la\nMar_ (to distinguish them from others call\u2019d _Lobos de la Terra_, within\n2 Ls. of the Land) are about 16 Ls. from the Main, and 6 Miles in\nlength. There\u2019s another small Island close by the Eastermost to\nWindward, not half a mile long, with some Rocks and Breakers near the\nShore, all round and off of each side of the Entrance to the Road, which\nis bold and has no visible Danger. There\u2019s a Passage for Boats to\nWindward, to come into the Road, which is to the Leeward of these\nIslands in a Sound between them. \u2019Tis not half a mile broad, but above a\nmile deep has from 10 to 20 fathom Water, and good Anchor-ground:\nthere\u2019s no coming in for Ships, but to Leeward of the Islands. We went\nin with a small Weather-Tide, tho I never perceiv\u2019d it flow above 3 foot\nwhilst we lay here. The Wind commonly blows Southerly, veering a little\nto the Eastward: on the Eastermost Island (which was on our Larboard\nside as we lay at anchor in the Sound) there is a round Hummock, and\nbehind it a small Cove very smooth, deep, and convenient enough for a\nShip to careen in; there we haul\u2019d up, and fitted our little Frigat. The\nhighest part of the Island appears in the Road not much higher than a\nlarge Ship\u2019s Top-Mast head. The Soil is a hungry white clayish Earth,\nmix\u2019d with Sand and Rocks. There\u2019s no fresh Water, or green things on\nthe Islands: Here\u2019s abundance of Vultures, _alias_ Carrion-Crows, which\nlook\u2019d so like Turkeys, that one of our Officers at landing bless\u2019d\nhimself at the sight, and hop\u2019d to fare deliciously here. He was so\neager, that he would not stay till the Boat could put him ashore, but\nleap\u2019d into the Water with his Gun, and getting near enough to a parcel,\nlet fly at \u2019em; but when he came to take up his Game, it stunk\ninsufferably, and made us merry at his Mistake. The other Birds here are\nPenguins, Pellicans, Boobys, Gulls, and a sort of Fowls like Teal, that\nnestle in holes on the Land. Our Men got Loads of \u2019em, which they\nskin\u2019d, and prais\u2019d them for very good Meat. We found abundance of\nBull-Rushes and empty Jars that the _Spanish_ Fishermen had left ashore.\nAll over this Coast they use Jars instead of Casks, for Oil, Wine, and\nall other sorts of Liquids. Here\u2019s abundance of Seals and some\nSea-Lions; the Seals are much larger than at _Juan Fernandez_, but the\nFur not so fine. Our People kill\u2019d several with a design to eat their\nLivers; but one of our Crew, a _Spaniard_, dying suddenly after eating\n\u2019em, I forbad the use of \u2019em. Our Prisoners told us, they accounted\nthose old Seals very unwholesom. The Wind always blowing fresh over the\nLand, brought an ugly noisom Smell aboard from the Seals ashore; which\ngave me a violent Head-Ach, and every body else complain\u2019d of this\nnauseous Smell; we found nothing so offensive at _Juan Fernandez_.\nOur Prisoners tell us, they expect the Widow of the late Vice-Roy of\n_Peru_ would shortly embark for _Aquapulco_, with her Family and Riches,\nand stop at _Payta_ to refresh, or sail near in sight as customary, in\none of the King\u2019s Ships of 36 Guns; and that about eight months ago\nthere was a Ship with 200000 Pieces of Eight aboard, the rest of her\nCargo Liquors and Flower, which had pass\u2019d _Payta_ for _Aquapulco_: she\nwould have been a welcome Prize to us, but since she is gone, it\u2019s not\nworth while to follow her. Our Prisoners added, That they left Signior\n_Morel_ in a stout Ship with dry Goods for _Lima_, recruiting at\n_Payta_, where he expected in few days a _French_-built Ship, belonging\nto the _Spaniards_, to come from _Panama_ richly laden, with a Bishop\naboard. _Payta_ is a common Recruiting-place to those who go to or from\n_Lima_, or most Ports to Windward, in their Trade to _Panama_, or any\npart of the Coast of Mexico. Upon this Advice we agreed to spend as much\ntime as possible cruising off of _Payta_, without discovering our\nselves, for fear of hindring our other Designs.\nAt these Islands Capt. _Dampier_ in his last Voyage left his Ship the\n_St. George_ at anchor, and went to the _East-Indies_ in a _Spanish_\nBrigantine with about 25 Men: After he had plunder\u2019d _Puna_ in 1704. and\nwater\u2019d his small Bark near it, he endur\u2019d many Hardships, and for want\nof his Commission to show (which he lost at _Puna_) he was imprison\u2019d,\nand had all his Goods seiz\u2019d in the _Indies_ by the _Dutch_.\nBefore we came hither, we held a Committee, and publish\u2019d an Order in\nboth Ships, forbidding our Officers or Men on severe Penalties to hold\nany Correspondence, or talk any thing that in the least concerns the\nVoyage, with our Prisoners; which was strictly observ\u2019d, to prevent the\nDiscovery of our Designs to the _Spaniards_.\n_April 1._ Small Gales, fair clear Weather. This Morning I went in our\nYall on board the _Dutchess_, and afterwards spoke with the _Beginning_.\nWe agreed how to act, in case we see more than one Sail at a time to\nchase.\n[Sidenote: _From Lobos to the Northward._]\n_April 2._ Yesterday in the Afternoon we were surpriz\u2019d with the Colour\nof the Water, which look\u2019d as red as Blood for several miles, occasion\u2019d\nby the Spawn of Fish. This Morning at Daybreak we spy\u2019d a Sail about 2\nLs. to Windward: We immediately hoisted out and mann\u2019d our Pinnace,\ncommanded by Mr. _Frye_ my chief Lieutenant, who by eight in the Morning\ntook the Ship; she was call\u2019d the _Ascension_, built Galeon-fashion,\nvery high with Galleries, Burden between 4 and 500 Tun, two Brothers\nbeing Commanders, _viz._ _Joseph_ and _John Morel_. She was laden with\ndry Goods and Timber, had above 50 Negroes, and several Passengers bound\nfrom _Panama_ to _Lima_.\n_April 3._ We immediately mann\u2019d this Prize, took some of the\n_Spaniards_ out of her, and put in Mr. _Frye_ Commander. We found a good\nstock of fresh Provisions on board. In the Evening we saw another Sail,\nwhich the _Beginning_ took, and brought her to the rest this Morning:\nShe was a Vessel of 35 Tuns, laden with Timber from _Guiaquil_ to\n_Chancay_ near _Lima_; the Master\u2019s Name was _Juan Guastellos_, the Crew\n11 white Men and 1 Negro. We agreed with the _Dutchess_ and _Beginning_\nwhen and where to meet; and having all our Stations appointed, they left\nus. We were inform\u2019d by the Prisoners, that the Bishop of _Chokeaqua_, a\nPlace far up the Country in the South Parts of _Peru_, was to have come\nfrom _Panama_ in this Vessel for _Lima_, in his way to the said\nBishoprick; but the Ship springing a Leak at _Panama_, he went on board\na _French_-built Ship belonging to the _Spaniards_ that was following\nthem for _Lima_, but would stop at _Payta_ to recruit, as the _Morels_\nhad done. Being near that place, we resolve to watch narrowly in order\nto catch the Ship with his Lordship.\n_April 4._ About six in the Evening we parted with Mr. _Frye_ in the\ngreat Prize, having order\u2019d him with the two other Prizes to keep\ntogether, and ply about 8 Ls. off shore in sight of the Hummocks call\u2019d\nthe Saddle of _Payta_, because they appear in that shape with low Land\nbetwixt \u2019em. We stood in for the Shore, and next Morning saw a Ship to\nLeeward, and gave chase; she made a Signal, by which we knew her to be\nthe _Dutchess_; but being at a distance, and we not having kept out our\nSignal long enough, they did not see it. We kept on sail till we came\nnear her, which made them clear their Ship in order to fight: I did this\nto surprize them, and at Noon went on board.\n_April 5._ I kept the _Dutchess_ company till the Evening; and whilst I\nwas on board her, the _Beginning_ came down to us. We agreed on an exact\nStation; the _Beginning_ to keep close in with _Payta_, the _Dutchess_ 8\nLs. to Leeward, and I to lie right off of _Payta_ about 7 or 8 Ls. a\nlittle to Windward. Just as the sun set I left them; they fancy\u2019d they\nsaw a Sail, and chas\u2019d in great haste: but we saw nothing except the\nblowing of a Whale, of which there are abundance on this Coast. Wind\nfrom the S E by S. to the E S E.\n_April 6._ We came up with our three Prizes about four a clock in the\nAfternoon, and found all in good order. Mr. _Frye_ had fitted out the\ngreat Boat we built at _Lobos_, which we call a Launch, with Sails and\nOars, ready to give chase if they saw any thing in little Winds, having\nMen enough for that end, in these peaceable Seas, where they are in no\nfear of an Enemy.\n_April 7._ At eight this Morning the Saddle of _Payta_ bore E N E. 7 Ls.\nat Noon N E. dist. 10 Ls. I went on board the Galeon to Mr. _Frye_, and\nstation\u2019d him again, leaving Signals for the other two, if he saw \u2019em;\nand after having din\u2019d on a good Quarter of Mutton and Cabbage with him,\nwhich is a great Rarity to us here, I came on board, in order to leave\nhim the second time.\nMr. _Vanbrugh_ threatning to shoot one of our Men at _Lobos_, only for\nrefusing to carry some Carrion-Crows that he shot, and having lately\nabus\u2019d Capt. _Dover_, as he said; the latter desir\u2019d a Committee might\nbe call\u2019d to examine into Mr. _Vanbrugh_\u2019s Conduct, and we came to the\nfollowing Issue: _That Mr._ Vanbrugh _had committed sundry\nMisdemeanours, and according to our Orders, we not believing him a fit\nPerson to be one of the Committee, had chosen Mr._ Samuel Hopkins _in\nhis stead_. Which was sign\u2019d, and agreed to by all the Committee in both\nShips.\nAt the same time, while we were together, we had a second Committee;\nwhich concluded as follows.\n     _We have examin\u2019d and do approve of all the Proceedings and\n     Transactions since our leaving the Island of_ Grande _on the Coast\n     of_ Brazile, _both as to punishing Offenders, our Dispatch at_ Juan\n     Fernandez, _and staying at_ Lobos _to build our Boat, and acting in\n     all cases for the best of our intended Voyage to this time. In\n     Testimony of which, we have set our Hands the Day and Year\n     above-written._\n     Sign\u2019d by all the chief Officers in both Ships.\n_April 11._ Yesterday afternoon we all met aboard the _Duke_, to consult\nhow to act; for beginning to grow short of Water, we can\u2019t keep the Sea\nmuch longer.\n[Sidenote: _From Lobos to the Northward._]\n_April 12._ This Morning we came to a full Resolution to land and\nattempt _Guiaquil_. In order thereunto we fix\u2019d two Barks, put\nAmmunition and Arms on board them, with our four Quarter-Deck Guns and\nField-Carriages. And for the Management of this Expedition, we held a\nCommittee, and resolv\u2019d on the following Particulars.\nAt a Committee held on board the _Duke-Frigot_\n_We have consulted and examin\u2019d sundry Pilots taken in Prizes, and had\nseveral Meetings on this Occasion, being provided with convenient\nVessels to carry our Men, Guns, Arms, and other Necessaries to_\nGuiaquil: _We resolve to attempt it, having also consulted the most\nsecret way of managing our Attempts on it without discovery. We do\napprove and appoint Capt._ Tho. Dover, _Capt._ Woodes Rogers, _and\nCapt._ Stephen Courtney, _to command the Men design\u2019d to land in three\nequal Parties; except 21 Men with Capt._ William Dampier _and Mr._ Tho.\nGlendall, _who are to manage and take care of the Guns, Ammunition,\nProvisions_, &c. _which we agree to be lodg\u2019d in a convenient place, as\nnear as possible to the best Landing-place nearest the Water-side, in\norder to take care and help ship off the Effects that we may take in the\nTown; who are also to serve either Commander, where most wanted._\n_We leave the Management of this Expedition wholly to the prudent\nConduct of the above Commanders, whom we heartily wish and desire to\nconsult each other on all occasions, as the most promising Method to\nsucceed and keep our Designs secret; which is the only way to prevent\nthe Enemies removing their Wealth, or giving us a vigorous Reception.\nThis is our Opinion; in witness whereof we have set our Hands, the_\n12_th of_ April 1709.\nSign\u2019d by all the chief Officers in both Ships.\nMemorandum,\n_We have considered the Opinion of the foregoing Committee sign\u2019d this\nDay, and do jointly concur with them, and accordingly design to\nprosecute it with our Lives and Fortunes to the utmost of our Power and\nJudgment. Witness our Hands, this_ 12_th Day of_ April 1709.\n  Tho. Dover, _Presid._   Stephen Courtney.\n  Woodes Rogers,\n_April 13._ We appointed an Officer to every ten Men, to prevent\nDisorders, and stragling ashore.\nThe Committee having agreed on our Method of Command, left it to us\njointly and vigorously to attack the Enemy ashore; we knew that\nMisfortunes attend Sailors when out of their Element: and hearing that\nthey began to murmur about the Encouragement they were to expect for\nLanding, which they alledg\u2019d was a risque more than they were ship\u2019d\nfor; to prevent their Desertion, which we had reason to apprehend, since\nthey were a mix\u2019d Gang of most _European_ Nations, we the Commanders\nagreed on the most plausible Methods we could then think of, to form a\ngood Discipline among \u2019em, if possible, and to give \u2019em all needful\nEncouragement, that we might depend on their good Order and Bravery; and\ntherefore came to the following Resolves.\n_Whereas as it is agreed to land and take the Town of_ Guiaquil, _we\nfully resolve to do it with all manner of Privacy and Dispatch; and that\nwe our selves and our Men may have full Encouragement to attempt it\nbravely and cheerfully, we publish this following Order._\nImprim. _All manner of Bedding and Clothes without stripping, all manner\nof Necessaries, Gold Rings, Buckles, Buttons, Liquors, and Provisions\nfor our own expending and use, with all sorts of Arms and Ammunition,\nexcept great Guns for Ships, is Plunder, and shall be divided equally\namongst the Men of each Ship, with their Prizes, wither aboard or\nashore, according to the whole Shares._\n[Sidenote: _Sailing towards Guiaquil._]\n2. _It is also agreed, that any sort of wrought Silver or Gold\nCrucifixes, Gold and Silver Watches, or any other Movables found about\nthe Prisoners, or wearing Apparel of any kind, shall likewise be\nPlunder: Provided always we make this Reserve, that Mony and Womens\nEar-Rings, with loose Diamonds, Pearls, and precious Stones be excepted.\nAnd if any thing is short and omitted in this Publication, we do hereby\ndeclare, that when this Expedition is over, every particular Man shall\nhave a Hearing; or the Persons already appointed for the Company of both\nShips, may come to us, and insist on what is or ought to be deem\u2019d\nPlunder, either more or less than what is here inserted; and that a\ngeneral Committee of the Officers of both Ships shall immediately meet,\nand at once resolve if any mors is or ought to be Plunder. And that we\nshall give all manner of Encouragement, without Fraud to the Owners, or\nPrejudice to our selves, Officers, and Men, in the same manner as agreed\non at the Island of_ St. Vincent _on this head: Provided always that our\nIntent and Meaning for the Mens Encouragement be not made liable to a\nConstruction prejudicial to the Owners, or Ships Companies Interest; and\nthat under pretence of the aforesaid Movables allow\u2019d to be Plunder, no\nPerson whatsoever do seize on, or clandestinely hide any wrought or\nunwrought Gold or Silver, Pearls, Jewels, Diamonds, and other precious\nStones, which are not found about the Prisoners, or their wearing\nApparel; which shall be accounted a high Misdemeanour, and punish\u2019d\nseverely: And that no Person do presume to keep any Plunder, but\nimmediately deliver it to his Officers publickly, and carry it directly\nto the Place appointed for Plunder._\n_In case this or any other Town, Fort, Ships, or the like, be taken in\nthis Expedition by Storm, then the same Encouragement shall be allow\u2019d\neach Man, as agreed on at_ St. Vincent, _over and above the Gratuity\npromis\u2019d by the Owners, to such as shall signalize themselves in time of\nAction, as by their Instrument appears. But if any Party of ours, or the\nwhole, or any separate Body shall be engag\u2019d with the Enemy on shore,\nand become Victors, then all Prisoners, the Mony, Arms, and Movables\nabout \u2019em, are immediately on that place to be brought to the Officer or\nOfficers of that Body or Party, and put into a general Stock, to be\ndivided proportionately amongst those only of our Men that were engag\u2019d\nin that Action, who are to enjoy the whole Reputation and Right of it to\nthemselves._\n_And tho there had been nothing yet taken worth a Division of Plunder,\nwe don\u2019t question but the effecting this good Enterprize will equally\nencourage us all, and that we shall gladly and expeditiously get the\nWealth of the Town brought to the places appointed on shore. There shall\nat the same time be several Places appointed, and Men to receive\nPlunder, and a sufficient time before we leave the Town allow\u2019d to ship\nit off by it self, and Men appointed to take care and an account of it;\nwhich, with all other Plunder, shall be enter\u2019d in publick Books: and\nwhen we come on board, we hope and design to divide it equally, to the\nSatisfaction of all concern\u2019d._\n_And to prevent all manner of pernicious and mischievous Ill-Conduct\nthat may accrue by Disorders on shore, we pressingly remind you, that\nany Officer or other that shall be so brutish as to be drunk ashore in\nan Enemy\u2019s Country, shall not only be severely punish\u2019d, but lose all\nshare of whatsoever is taken in this Expedition. The same Punishment\nshall be inflicted on any that disobeys Command, or runs from his Post,\ndiscourages our Men, or is cowardly in any Action, or presumes to burn\nor destroy any thing in the Town without our Order, or for mischief\nsake; or that shall be so sneakingly barbarous to debauch themselves\nwith any Prisoners on shore, where we have more generous things to do,\nboth for our own Benefit and the future Reputation of our selves and our\nCountry. We shall always take care to keep Prisoners of the best Note,\nas Pledged for our Men that may be accidentally missing: for as soon as\nany Man is wanting, we shall engage the_ Spaniards _to bring him to us,\nor give a satisfactory account of him. But we desire no Man to trust to\nthis, or be a moment from his Officers and Post. And if all the\nforegoing Rules be strictly follow\u2019d, we hope to exceed all other\nAttempts of this nature before us in these Parts; and not only to enrich\nand oblige our selves and Friends, but even to gain Reputation from our\nEnemies. Dated and sign\u2019d on board the_ Duke, _the_ 13_th of_ April,\n  Tho. Dover, _Pres._    Stephen Courtney.\n  Woode Rogers.\n_April 14._ This Morning we got all our Arms, Ammunition, and\nProvisions, with part of our Men, _&c._ aboard. Our Bark being the\nlargest, we took in part of Capt. _Courtney\u2019s_ Men; and his Bark\ncarrying the rest, we stood into the great Bay of _Guiaquil_ all night,\ndesigning to leave the Ships a good distance at Sea, for fear of being\ndiscover\u2019d from the Town call\u2019d _Tombes_, which lying on the Starboard\nside going in, would ruin our Design. Wind at South, but very little.\n[Sidenote: _Sailing towards Guiaquil._]\n_April 15._ At Break of Day we saw a Ship between us and the Land: being\ncalm, we sent off both our Pinnaces mann\u2019d and arm\u2019d. But our Men\nexpecting no Resistance from that Ship, they hurry\u2019d from us, left out\ntheir Swivel-Gun, and carry\u2019d but a slender Stock of Arms with them. My\nBrother _John Rogers_ being unfortunately aboard our Ship, to assist me\nin getting ready, because he was to be Lieutenant of my Company ashore,\nhe stept into our Boat. I had before this oppos\u2019d his landing, which he\nresented as a Slight; and this hinder\u2019d me stopping him now, tho it was\nnot his business, he being second Lieutenant of our Consort, and we\nhaving Officers enough of our own for that Service: but Mr. _Frye_, who\ncommanded the Boat, being related to us, was the occasion of my\nBrother\u2019s Willingness to go as a Volunteer with him. The _Dutchess\u2019s_\nPinnace was worse provided than ours, and had not Arms enough for their\nMen, as Capt. _Cooke_ told me afterwards. About nine a clock our Boat\ncame within shot of the Ship, which prov\u2019d to be the _French_-built Ship\nbelonging to _Lima_, the same we have been a cruising for. They hoisted\ntheir _Spanish_ Ensign in its place, and a Flag at their Top-Mast-Head;\nwhich our Boats took to be the Bishop\u2019s Banner, because it was broad,\nmade of white Sattin and fring\u2019d, which was unusual Colours in Ships.\nThey fir\u2019d a Gun at our Boat, which lay still above half an hour before\nthe _Dutchess_ Pinnace came up, she not rowing so well as ours. When\nthey came up, Capt. _Cooke_, Mr. _Frye_, and my Brother consulted how to\nbegin the Attack with advantage: They agreed that our Boat should ply\nher under the Stern, and the other on the Bow, till they could get near\nenough to board at once. But when they came up, the _Spaniards_ brought\na Gun right aft, and upwards of twenty small Arms pointed into the\nBoats; so that the Fight began before they could reach the Station\nagreed on, and both were forc\u2019d to engage the Enemy abaft, where they\nhad five Guns mounted. Our People were constrain\u2019d to fall a-stern\ntwice, after the loss of one Man kill\u2019d and three wounded. The Boats and\nSails were much damag\u2019d by the Enemies Partridge-shot,[128] yet they\nagain attempted to come up and board her. At this Attack my unfortunate\nBrother was shot thro the Head, and instantly died, to my unspeakable\nSorrow: but as I began this Voyage with a Resolution to go thro it, and\nthe greatest Misfortune or Obstacle shall not deter me, I\u2019ll as much as\npossible avoid being thoughtful and afflicting my self for what can\u2019t be\nrecall\u2019d, but indefatigably pursue the Concerns of the Voyage, which has\nhitherto allow\u2019d little Respite. Our Men, upon this Disaster, left\nengaging, and put all their spare Men and Arms into the _Dutchess_\u2019s\nBoat; who was to keep between the Enemy and the Shore, to prevent them\nfrom landing their Riches. Our Ships having little Wind, were yet at a\ndistance; and our Boat came aboard after noon, with two dead and three\nwounded Men.\n_April 16._ We got possession of the _Spanish_ Ship about two yesterday\nin the afternoon. She had upwards of 50 _Spaniards_ and above 100\nNegroes, _Indians_, and Molattoes on board. They would not strike till\nwithin half-shot of our Ships: The _Dutchess_ being somewhat nearest,\nfir\u2019d two Shot over her, and then she struck, and bore down to us. But\nwe miss\u2019d the Bishop, who ten days before landed at Point _St. Hellena_,\nwith his Attendants, Plate, _&c._ designing to stop at _Guiaquil_. This\nMorning we saw a small Sail under the shore; we sent our Pinnace and the\n_Beginning_, who brought her off to us: she prov\u2019d a small Bark from\n_Payta_ with Soap, Cassa, Fistula, and Leather. About twelve we read the\nPrayers for the Dead, and threw my dear Brother overboard, with one of\nour Sailors, another lying dangerously ill. We hoisted our Colours but\nhalf-mast up: We began first, and the rest follow\u2019d, firing each some\nVolleys of small Arms. All our Officers express\u2019d a great Concern for\nthe Loss of my Brother, he being a very hopeful active young Man, a\nlittle above twenty Years of Age.\n_April 17._ We made ready to go ashore, and read the Encouragement\nagreed on the 13_th_ to the Men, who all express themselves well pleas\u2019d\nwith the Undertaking, and were so forward to land, that they make all\nthe Interest possible to go ashore; not considering that we must secure\na safe Retreat, by leaving a sufficient number on board our Ships to man\n\u2019em and guard our Prisoners: but it was a proof of their Courage, since\nthe Advantage was alike, either to stay on board or go ashore. To\nprevent their stragling when landed, we gave each Man a Ticket, that he\nmight remember what Company he belong\u2019d to; and appointed the best and\nsoberest Man we could pick to command every ten Men under the Captains.\nCapt. _Courtney_ and I being willing to compliment our President Capt.\n_Dover_, agreed that he should have the Preference in Command at our\nLanding: being a considerable Owner in our Ship, he had an equal third\npart of the Men allotted to be under his Command whilst ashore; we were\nafterwards to take it in turns.\n[Sidenote: _The Isle of Puna._]\n_April 18._ Yesterday Afternoon Capt. _Courtney_ and I settl\u2019d every\nthing on board our Ships and Prizes, and got all the Men design\u2019d for\nLanding on board the Barks. We proportion\u2019d the rest, and put Irons on\nboard every Ship, because having many more Prisoners than we could leave\nMen to guard \u2019em, we must have \u2019em well secur\u2019d. We agreed to leave on\nboard the _Duke_ 42 Men and Boys, sick and well, _Robert Fry_ Commander;\n37 aboard the _Dutchess_, _Edward Cook_ Commander; 14 aboard the\nGalleon, _John Bridge_ Master; 14 aboard the _Havre de Grace_, _Robert\nKnowlman_ Master; and 4 aboard the _Beginning_, _Henry Duck_ Master: The\nwhole being 111, and 201 were design\u2019d for the Shore. The Prisoners on\nboard are above 300, more than one half _Spaniards_ and _Indians_, the\nrest _Negroes_. The Captain and 7 of the chief _Spaniards_ taken in the\nlast Prize I carried aboard our Bark to go with us to the Town, fearing\nthey might be dangerous Persons to leave behind us. Last Midnight we\nleft the Ships, every thing being in good order aboard both\nImbarkations. We were, when we parted, about 9 Leagues distant from the\nIsland _Sancta Clara_, and not less than 36 from _Guiaquil_. We order\u2019d\nCapt. _Cook_ and _Fry_ to keep at Sea undiscover\u2019d 48 Hours, and then to\nmake the best of their way to Point _Arena_, and stay there at an Anchor\ntill our Return, having engag\u2019d Sen. _Morell_ and another _Spaniard_ to\nbe their Pilots. About 12 this Day we pass\u2019d by the Island _Sancta\nClara_, having little Wind, and the Weather very hot. This Island\nappears like a Corps extended, therefore the _Spaniards_ call it\n_Mortho_; it\u2019s not above two Miles long: We left it on the\nStarboard-side, which is not the Ships Channel; for none enter that way\nbut Barks, by reason of Shoals both on the Island and towards the Main,\nwithin it, to the Northward.\nAbout 10 last Night we came to an Anchor in sight of Point _Arena_ with\nboth Barks, not being able to stem the Tide. At 4 in the Morning we\nweigh\u2019d, when Capt. _Courtney_ and I, with our Boats and 40 Men, left\nthe Barks, and order\u2019d \u2019em to lie at _Puna_ one Tide after us, that we\nmight have time to surprize _Guiaquil_ before they should appear in\nsight of it to alarm them; for we had notice, that they keep a Look-out\na League below the Town. We reach\u2019d about half way to _Puna_, and landed\non the Island, where we staid during the Ebb Tide, and hid our Boats\nunder the Mangrove Branches. This Island is not passable, being full of\nthick Mangroves and Swamps, that swarm with Musketo\u2019s.\n_April 20._ Yesterday in the Evening we rowed and towed one another with\nthe Flood, that if seen in the Night, we might look like Drift Timber.\nWe had an excellent _Indian_ Pilot, that advis\u2019d us to come to a\nGraplin[129] about 11 at Night, to lie in our Boats about a Mile short\nof the Town, and to surprize \u2019em by Break of Day. We took his Advice,\nbut just as we got in by the Town, saw two Lights by the Water-side in\nBark Logs, which we secured with all the Canoes; but an _Indian_\nescaping, he alarm\u2019d the People about the Church, who ran into the Woods\nbefore we could reach the Houses: However we secur\u2019d the Lieutenant that\ngoverns here, with his Family, and about 20 others, who assur\u2019d us there\ncould be no body to give notice of us to _Guiaquil_, now we had secur\u2019d\nthem, and the rest being fled to the Woods. We sent some of our Men, who\ntook the Look-outs at their Posts, and cut all their Canoes and\nBark-Logs to pieces there, and also at the Town., The Day was hot, and\ntwo of our Men finding Liquors in the Houses, got drunk betimes. This\nPlace has about 30 Houses, and a small Chappel. We found a _Spanish_\nPaper here, that gave us some Uneasiness; it was directed to the\nLieutenant who had the chief Command here, and orderd him to keep a\nstrict Watch, signifying that they had notice of Capt. _Dampier\u2019s_\ncoming Pilot to a Squadron into these Seas. The Copy of this Paper was\nsent from _Lima_ to all inhabited Places on the Coast of _Peru_,\nsignifying, that the _French_ were on the first notice to fit out after\nus; and the Bark that came from _Paita_ told us of two great Ships that\nlay in _Callo_ Road, and one at _Pisco_, besides two in _Conception_, a\nPort of _Chili_; being all _French_ Frigats from 40 to 50 Guns and\nupwards, notwithstanding the Report of their not coming into these Seas\nany more. But to our great Satisfaction we are certain, that we were not\ndiscover\u2019d before this, and that it\u2019s next to impossible any sufficient\nForce can arm out from _Lima_, to be here in less than 24 Days, by which\ntime we hope to finish, and be gone where they cannot find us. But since\nwe perceive their Accounts of us imperfect, and that they believe a\nSquadron comes under Capt. _Dampier\u2019s_ Pilotage, and he being known by\nthe People, because he surprized this Village when last in these Seas;\nwe agreed amongst our selves how to improve this _Spanish_ Story of a\nSquadron, which I hope will not only hinder their fitting out from\n_Lima_, but even alarm them there. The Substance of this _Spanish_\nAdvice Paper, in _English_, is as follows.\n     _To the Lieutenant General_ Don Hieronimo Boza y Soliz,\n     _Corregidore and Judge of the City of_ St. Jago de Guiaquil, _under\n     the Jurisdiction of the Captain General for his Majesty._\n\u201cI Have a Letter I received from his Excellency the Lord Marquis _de\nCastel dos Reys_, Viceroy, Governour, and Captain General of these\nKingdoms, with the Copy of another of the tenor following.\n[Sidenote: _Before Guiaquil._]\n\u201cIn the Packet with Letters from _Spain_, which I have received, there\nare Orders from his Majesty, giving an account of a Squadron of 7 Sail,\ngetting ready at _London_ by several Lords, from 44 to 74 Guns each, to\nsail to the _South Sea_, under the Conduct of an _English_-man nam\u2019d\n_Dampier_: That they are first to sail for _Ireland_ in _April_ to\nvictual there, and afterwards to possess themselves of an Island and\nHarbour in these Seas, and particularly the Island of _Juan Fernandez_.\nYou are to give an account to all those Provinces where \u2019tis necessary,\nthat they may take proper Measures to guard the Coasts and Harbors.\nOrder _Don Hieronimo_, as soon as he receives this, to give notice of it\nto the People on all the Coasts under his Jurisdiction to withdraw their\nCattle and Provisions, and that he don\u2019t neglect to put this in\nexecution; that so the Enemies finding no Provision, may be oblig\u2019d to\nretire from these Seas, whither they can\u2019t bring Provision enough to\nmaintain them for so long a Voyage. And let the said _Don Hieronimo_\nplace Guards on all the Coasts, and in all the Sea-ports where \u2019tis\nnecessary, with Orders to be vigilant, and carefully to observe every\nSail that comes into any Port, and give an account of their Numbers with\nthe utmost dispatch to _Don Hieronimo_ the Corregidore, that he may send\nthe same from one Corregidore to another till it come to the Viceroy\u2019s\nhands, without fail, all along the Coasts belonging to _Don Hieronimo_,\nand particularly that those he has given Orders to, do immediately\ndispatch \u2019em for the King\u2019s Service. This I trust he will do to all that\ncan give notice of the Enemies Motions, that it may be impossible for\n\u2019em to get Provisions on the Coast, when \u2019tis well guarded, or in the\nVillages of his Jurisdiction; and I trust to his Activity and Zeal for\nthe Royal Service in a Matter of such weight and consequence; and that\nhe also give notice if there be on the Coasts or Ports in his\nJurisdiction any _French_ Ships, as we hear there is in these Seas, and\ngive \u2019em warning of the Enemy\u2019s Squadron, take a Certificate that he\ngave \u2019em such notice, and send it to me, that they mayn\u2019t pretend to\nhave been surpriz\u2019d, if the Enemy get any advantage of \u2019em. God preserve\n_Don Hieronimo_, &c.\n  _Lima_, March         _El. Marq. de Castel de los Reyos._\n  20, 1709.             _Don. Hieronimo Boza de Solis_, &c.\n\u201cThe like Orders are sent to the Lieutenant General, and the other\nOfficers belonging to the Sea Coast, and the Lieutenant of _Puna_,\n_April 21._ At 2 Yesterday Afternoon I left Capt. _Courtney_ and Capt.\n_Dampier_ at _Puna_, and went in quest of the Barks, admiring they did\nnot come in sight, they being now a Tide and half behind. I carried with\nme the Lieutenant of _Puna_, and went with the great Launch and our\nPinnace, designing to join Capt. _Courtney_ and Capt. _Dampier_ again,\nwho are to lie all Night in the River, to prevent being discover\u2019d by\nany Advice going up before us to _Guiaquil_. I found the Barks about 4 a\nClock 4 Leagues below _Puna_: They had been with us according to\nAppointment, but last Night were misinform\u2019d by the Pilot aboard the\n_Dutchess\u2019s_ Bark, who brought \u2019em to anchor with a fair Wind below that\nPlace, thinking they had got the Length of it; our Bark\u2019s Pilot (who was\nthe best) being with us in the Boats. We got other Pilots at _Puna_, and\nleft him aboard the Bark, where I punish\u2019d one that I brought aboard\ndrunk from _Puna_, and had him severely whipt before the whole Company\nas a Terror to the rest. I was not aboard above half an hour before low\nWater, and had just time to imbark Capt. _Dover_ and part of his Company\nin the Launch, and as many more as we could carry in our Pinnace to get\nbefore the Barks up the River. We rowed till 12 at Night, judg\u2019d it High\nWater, and came to a Graplin: We saw Lights, which we took to be _Puna_.\nIt blow\u2019d fresh, was very dark, with a small rolling Sea, and the Boat\nbeing deep laden and cram\u2019d with Men, I had rather be in a Storm at Sea\nthan here; but in regard we are about a charming Undertaking, we think\nno Fatigue too hard. At Daybreak we saw a Bark above us in the River; we\nthought it to be a Stranger, and sent our Pinnace to her: I was in the\nLaunch behind a Shole, which we were forc\u2019d to go round to get into the\nChannel where the Bark was. By 8 a Clock I was aboard her, and found it\nto be our Bark, which the honest Pilot had brought so high the last\nTide. We have no sight of the _Dutchess_\u2019s Bark since we left her last\nNight. About 10 we came up with Capt. _Courtney_ and Capt. _Dampier_,\nwho told us they had kept a good Look-out, and that nothing had pass\u2019d\nthem up the River. About Noon it was High-water; we lay with the Boats\nunder the Mangroves all the Ebb, and the Bark off in the River. We were\nnow about half way up to _Guiaquil_ from _Puna_, and might have gone\nfarther, but that there was a Plantation or Farm a little higher, which\nwould have discover\u2019d us, and alarm\u2019d the Town, should we have gone\nhigher before Night.\n[Sidenote: _At Guiaquil._]\n[Sidenote: _At Guiaquil._]\n_April 22._ It was very hot Yesterday, and we were pester\u2019d and stung\ngrievously by the Muskitoes, as we lay under the Mangroves. At 6 in the\nEvening the Bark and Boats made way up the River. By 12 at Night we were\nin sight of the Town with all the Boats, in which we had 110 Men. We saw\na very great Fire on the top of an adjoining Hill, and Lights in the\nTown. In half an hour we were a-breast of it, and ready to land, but saw\nabundance of Lights appear at once coming down the Hill, and the Town\nfull of \u2019em. We enquir\u2019d of the _Indians_, our Pilots, whether it was\nany Saint\u2019s Day, or what might be the Occasion of it, and they answer\u2019d\nus, that it must be an Alarm. It was very dark whilst we lay still\ndriving on the River, being just High-water, we heard a _Spaniard_ from\nthe Shore, talking loudly that _Puna_ was taken, and that the Enemy were\ncoming up the River. This made us conclude it was an Alarm. Immediately\nafter we heard their Bells making a confused Noise, and then a Volly of\nSmall Arms, and two Great Guns. Above an Hour was spent in Debate\nbetwixt Capt. _Dover_, Capt. _Courtney_, and my self, whether we should\nland. I asked the Consent of the Lieutenants in all the Boats about\nLanding, telling \u2019em I suppos\u2019d this to be the first Alarm, and that we\nhad best land during their Consternation; but they differ\u2019d in opinion,\nand few were for landing in the Night. I asked Capt. _Dampier_ how the\nBuccaneers behav\u2019d themselves in such Cases, and he told me they never\nattack\u2019d any large Place after it was alarm\u2019d. It drew near two in the\nMorning, and the Ebb run so strong, that the great Boat and Yall could\nnot row up to Land; so that it being too late to attempt the Town, I\nadvised to fall down the River out of sight of it, to meet our Barks,\nand land with the Morning Flood. Upon this all our Boats drove down with\nthe Ebb about a League below the Town, where we lay till Daybreak, and\nsaw our Bark, Mr. _Glendall_ Commander, brought by the honest _Indian_\nPilot a Mile above us, for we had passed by him in the Night: We rowed\nback to him, and recruited our Men as well as we could. We found the\nWater fresh there, and drank of it, tho\u2019 yesterday it was a little\nbrackish. The Bark lay against a Wood of tall Trees close by the Shore,\nand we kept a File of Musketeers with their Arms pointing into the Wood,\nwith Orders to fire if they saw any Men; and we kept firing a Musket now\nand then into the Woods, to prevent Ambuscades. About 3 our Yall and\nLaunch came aboard, for they could not row back with us to the Bark,\ntill the Tide slacken\u2019d, and the Flood was coming. At 10 we saw the\n_Dutchess_\u2019s Bark come in sight; immediately I order\u2019d the Anchor to be\ngot up to fall on the Town, which was about two Miles from us; but Capt.\n_Dover_ oppos\u2019d it, press\u2019d that we might have a Consultation with as\nmany of the Officers as were present, and to lie in the Boat astern of\nthe Bark, that what was debated might not be overheard by the rest of\nour Company. We immediately assembled there accordingly, and Capt.\n_Dover_ insisted on the Difficulty of attempting the Enemy now they had\nbeen so long alarm\u2019d; alledging we should but throw away our own and our\nMens Lives, or else weaken our selves so much, as might occasion the\nLoss of the remaining part of the Voyage, that chiefly brought us from\n_England_, and was our greatest Dependance: That the Town appeared\nlarge, and consequently was much more able to hold out than we to attack\nit; and tho\u2019 the _Spaniards_ in these Parts had no extraordinary\nfighting Character, yet if they armed the Mullatto\u2019s, as they generally\ndid on the like Occasions, we might find the Attempt very desperate,\nwith other Objections not fit to recite here. He concluded, that our\nbest Method would be to send a Trumpeter with Proposals to the Enemy to\ntrade with us for the Cargoes of Negroes and other Goods aboard our\nPrizes, that an immediate Meeting should be appointed, the Prices for\nthe Negro\u2019s and Goods fix\u2019d, and good Hostages given us for the\nPerformance within a limited Time, and if they agreed to this, that we\nwould not land. This Proposal I withstood by the best Arguments I could,\nand urged our landing immediately, least the Enemy gaining Time by our\nDelays, might send off their Wealth, and get leisure to strengthen\nthemselves, so as to bid us defiance. This being put to the Vote, the\nMajority was for landing, and as an Obligation on Capt. _Dover_, who was\na part Owner in our Ships, we agreed he should lead on the Attack as he\nrequested, and if he took the Town, he should give the Watchword that\nNight, and Capt. _Courtney_ and I to take it in turns after him: But\nthis Resolution did not hold; for Capt. _Dover_ reflected on me, and\nsaid I should be answerable for all the Damage that might happen to us\non our Landing. By these Reflections, and some other Peoples\nIndifferency, I had reason to doubt the Consequence of attempting the\nEnemy with Success, since we were so divided amongst our selves;\ntherefore at length I yielded to send two of our Prisoners, instead of a\nTrumpeter, as Capt. _Dover_ first propos\u2019d, with the foregoing\nProposals. The other Prisoners in our Bark oblig\u2019d themselves for the\nReturn of these two in less than an Hour; and this Method every one\nseem\u2019d to be pleas\u2019d with; so we put the Captain of the _French_-built\nShip, and the Lieutenant of _Puna_ ashore in our Boat, and charged them\nto return from the Shore in less than an Hour, otherwise we would land.\nIn the mean while we ran up with the other Bark, and lay against the\nMiddle of the Town at an Anchor. As we sail\u2019d up we saw 4 Barks put off\nfrom the Town to go higher up the River, and just as the limited Hour\nwas past, we sent our Boats well mann\u2019d and arm\u2019d after them, who soon\ntook and brought \u2019em to us. Mean while our Prisoners returned in a Boat\nfrom the Town, with the _Spanish_ Master le Camp, who discoursed with\nus, and told us, that at his Return ashore the Corregidore or Governour,\nwith another Gentleman, would come off and treat with us. We soon put\nhim ashore again, and quickly after came off the Corregidore with\nanother Gentleman. Capt. _Dover_ and I met them in our Boat, with a\nLinguist, and carried them aboard one of the Barks that our Boats had\ntaken as they endeavour\u2019d to escape up the River.\n[Sidenote: _At Guiaquil._]\n_April 23._ We did nothing yesterday in the Afternoon, but secure the\nBarks, and treat with the Governour. Several of our Prisoners told us\nthey did not doubt to find Credit here, and that they would also deal\nwith us; so that we were in hopes of more Profit by selling our Cargo\u2019s\nand Negro\u2019s than if we had ransack\u2019d the Town. The Corregidore and we\nhad verbally agreed for the Goods by the Lump, at 140 Pieces of Eight\n_per_ Bale, one sort with another, and talked of the Price for other\nthings. We parted about Five in the Afternoon, he having desir\u2019d to go\nashore, that he might prevail with the other Gentlemen to agree with\nhim, and promis\u2019d to meet us three Commanders on board one of our Prizes\nat 8 in the Evening. We order\u2019d our Linguist to get Candles lighted, and\nthe best Entertainment we could provide for them; but the Time being\nelapsed, and they not appearing, it gave us great reason to suspect we\nwere trick\u2019d; therefore we sent our Boats again above the Town, and\nalarm\u2019d them afresh in the Night. Our Centinels hail\u2019d a Boat after\nMidnight, that came aboard us with a Gentleman, who told us he was sent\nfrom the Corregidore with a Present of 2 Bags of Flower, 2 Sheep and 2\nHogs ready kill\u2019d, 2 Jars of Wine and 2 of Brandy; and to assure us the\nGovernour had been with us according to Appointment, but that one of the\nchief Merchants concern\u2019d was absent; yet he would come off in the\nMorning by 7 a Clock, on board one of the new Ships next the Shore,\nwhere he desir\u2019d us to meet him, and requested us to believe he was a\nMan of Honour; for tho\u2019 he had been considerably reinforced since he\nleft us, and that more Men were continually coming into the Town, he\nresolved to discharge yesterday\u2019s Promise, and therefore hoped we would\nforbear offering any Hostilities above the Town, because the Women and\nChildren were there in Sanctuary, with little or no Wealth to prompt us\nto plunder them. We the 3 Commanders return\u2019d our humble Service to the\nCorregidore, and our kind Thanks for his Present, being sorry we had\nnothing to oblige him with by way of Return; but desir\u2019d he might be\ntold from us, that we all admir\u2019d at his not keeping his Word according\nto Appointment, and still depended that he would convince us he was a\nMan of Honour, by meeting us at 7 in the Morning where we agreed last\nNight, otherwise our Treaty was at an end. We were all uneasy till 7 in\nthe Morning, when we saw a Flag of Truce aboard the new Ship, and\nsupposing the Governour to be there, we mann\u2019d our Pinnace, and sent our\nLinguist to give our Promise, that if the Corregidore came aboard the\nBark our Prize, he should be at liberty to return. Upon this he with\nthree more came aboard, and we order\u2019d our 2 Frigats Barks to go close\nunder the Shore next the best Part of the Town, and that every thing\nshould be kept in readiness for Landing, lest we should not agree with\nthese Gentlemen. Nothing else was transacted this Morning, but our\nConference with these Men: Our first Proposals were 50000 Pieces of\nEight Contribution for the Town, and we would deliver them their 2 new\nShips that lay near the Shore, and 6 Barks, provided they would oblige\nthemselves to buy our two Prizes Cargoes of Goods and Negroes, and gave\nus sufficient Hostages for Payment within 9 Days. The latter they gave\nus some Hopes of complying with, if we would take their Words and two\nHostages, which we thought too little; for tho\u2019 they came to our Price\nfor the Goods, they would not give near that Sum for the Town and Ships,\nalledging they were not yet in our Power, and consequently not liable to\nso large Contributions; adding, that they had Men and Arms sufficient in\nthe Town, and Ships to protect them. We all concluded by their dilatory\nTreaty, that they only design\u2019d to trick us, and gain Time; upon which\nwe gave \u2019em this Answer: That the Ships we could have in a Minute, or\nset them on fire; that we did not fear taking the Town at pleasure; that\nwe look\u2019d upon it as much our own, as if it was in our Possession, and\nmust have the Money or good Hostages; otherwise before Night we would\nset it on fire. By Noon the Corregidore and the other Gentlemen agreed\nwith us to buy both Cargoes, and to give Hostages for 40000 Pieces of\nEight for the Town, 2 new Ships, and 6 Barks: But neither of us were to\nsign this Agreement till it was confirm\u2019d by the chief Men of the Town\nashore, which the Corregidore was to procure in an hours time.\n_April 24._ About One Yesterday Afternoon the Governour was put ashore\nin my Pinnace: Some insisted on our stopping him, because not long\nbefore an _Indian_ came in a Canoe from the Master le Camp, and the\nother Officers ashore, to know whether the Governour had agreed. Because\nour Barks lay near the Shore the _Spaniards_ kept to Arms, expecting we\nmight fall on them suddenly; and said they wanted nothing but him, and\nif he could not come, his Orders when to begin the Fight with us, if we\ndid not agree. This Message was deliver\u2019d in our Hearing, and occasion\u2019d\nDisputes among us about keeping him Prisoner; those who were for it\nurg\u2019d, that if he went ashore the Enemy would certainly fight us, and\nthat as he had broke with us last Night, we might break with him now;\nbut I was utterly against it, since we had given him our Word of Honour\nto the contrary; and at last we agreed, and sent him ashore. The three\nGentlemen staid with us as Hostages, upon request of the Corregidore,\nneither they nor we doubting but the Agreement would be ratified ashore.\nThe Time allotted for Answer being past, a Messenger from the Town came\nto inform us, they could raise but 30000 Pieces of Eight, and not a word\nof the Trade; so we sent our Linguist and a Prisoner with our final\nAnswer, that if they did not in half an hour send us three more good\nHostages for the 40000 Pieces of Eight agreed on, we would take down our\nFlag of Truce, land, and give no Quarter, and fire the Town and Ships.\nIn the mean time we saw the _Spaniards_ quit the new Ships, and we took\npossession of them; our Messenger returned, and in half an hour 3 Men\nmore from the Town came to the Bank against our Barks, holding out a\nwhite Handkerchief to parley again: They told us their Resolution was to\ngive us 32000 Pieces of Eight, and no more; so we order\u2019d our Linguist\nto tell \u2019em we had done treating, and bid the _Spaniards_ ashore retire\nforthwith, and keep out of shot of us, if they design\u2019d to save their\nLives. We all at once hal\u2019d down our White Flag of Truce, and let fly\nour _English_ and Field Colours. I order\u2019d 2 of our Guns of about 600\nWeight each, mounted on Field Carriages, into the Great Launch to land\nbefore their Faces, and we fill\u2019d our 3 Boats full of Men. I went in our\nPinnace, Capt. _Dover_ in the Launch, and Capt. _Courtney_ in his\nPinnace, the 3 Boats landing about 70 Men: We towed the Launch ashore,\nMr. _Glendal_, 3_d_ Lieutenant of our Ship, tarried aboard our Bark with\n10 Men, to ply our Guns over our Heads into the Town as we landed. The\nEnemy drew up their Horse at the End of the Street which fronted our Men\nand Barks, and also lin\u2019d the Houses with Men within half Musket-shot of\nthe Bank where we landed. They made a formidable Show in respect to our\nlittle Number that was to attack them. We landed, and fired every Man on\nhis Knee at the Brink of the Bank, then loaded, and as we advanced,\ncall\u2019d to our Bark to forbear firing, for fear of hurting our Men. We\nwho landed kept loading and firing very fast; but the Enemy made only\none Discharge, and retir\u2019d back to their Guns, where their Horse drew up\na second time; we got to the first Houses, and as we open\u2019d the Streets,\nsaw 4 Guns pointing at us before a spacious Church; but as our Men came\nin sight, firing, the Horse scower\u2019d off. This encourag\u2019d me to call to\nour Men to run and seize the Guns, and I immediately hasten\u2019d towards\n\u2019em with 8 or 10 of our Men till within Pistol-shot of the Guns, when we\nall fir\u2019d, some at the Gunner, and others at the Men in Arms in the\nfront of the Church, where they appear\u2019d very numerous; but by the time\nwe had loaded, and more of our Men came in sight, the Enemy began to\nrun, and quitted the Guns, after they had fired them with round and\nPartridge Shot, one of the last was discharg\u2019d at us very near, but\nThanks to God did us no Hurt, and they had not Time to relade them. We\nthat were foremost ran into the Church, and seized about 10 or 12\nPrisoners. By that time many of our Men were coming up, and Capt.\n_Courtney_ and Capt. _Dover_, with the rest of their Company came all to\nthe Church, where I staid to secure that Post with a few Men, the rest\nmarch\u2019d with them to the other End of the Town. From the Time we landed\ntill we took their Guns, and Possession of the Church (which lies above\na Furlong from the Water-side) I believe was not much above half an\nhour: I posted Capt. _Dampier_ and above 25 Men with the Guns, which we\nturned on the Enemy, who run clear out of the Town. By this time the\nremaining part of our Men were landed, and joined me at the Church; then\nI marched after Capt. _Courtney_ and Capt. _Dover_ with this latter\nGang; for most of those that got to the Church with me first I could not\nstop, after I had secur\u2019d the Guns; so that 7 of them ran into the\nValley and Woods adjoining to pursue the _Spaniards_, and having Cowards\nto deal with came well back; but being offended at their Boldness, I\n[Illustration: SEARCHING THE LADIES OF GUIAQUIL\n_From a scarce print in the Macpherson Collection._]\n[Sidenote: _At Guiaquil._]\nreprimanded them, and they promis\u2019d never to be guilty of the like Folly\nagain. All the Men in general behav\u2019d themselves with great Courage, but\nlike Sailors could be kept under no Command as soon as the first Piece\nwas fired; however it happen\u2019d much better than we could expect, for now\nthe Attack is over, they keep handsomely together, and forbear\nimmoderate Drinking. I overtook Capt. _Dover_ and Capt. _Courtney_ at\nthe other End of the Town, and left Capt. _Dover_ to keep guard at a\nChurch there; as I march\u2019d back with Capt. _Courtney_, I left him in the\nMiddle of the Town at another Church, and I came to my first Post at the\nChurch where the Guns were planted, and sent Capt. _Dampier_ with his\nMen to reinforce Capt. _Courtney_ and Capt. _Dover_. Thus we were in\nquiet possession of the Town by Sun-set, and posted our Guards, having\nhad no Opposition after the Enemy quitted the great Church. In the\nEvening I went on board our Barks, settl\u2019d a good Watch, and secur\u2019d the\n_Spaniards_ the Corregidore left behind him; then I return\u2019d ashore to\nthe Church. Capt. _Dover_ set the Houses on fire that fronted the Church\nwhere he was posted, which burnt all Night and the next Day. There was a\nHill near his Quarter, and thick Woods within half Shot of the Church;\nso that the Enemy were almost continually popping at him all Night. He\ntold me that the next Day some Parties appear\u2019d out of the Woods; but\nwhen he fired a Volley at \u2019em, they retir\u2019d, our Quarters were quiet,\nand out of hearing all Night. The Enemy might have done him Mischief,\nhad they been couragious, since we were not near enough to assist him in\nthe Night. For the Town being long, we could not keep the whole without\ndividing at such a distance; but his firing the Houses cover\u2019d the worst\npart of his Quarters that Night, which was of great service to him.\nCapt. _Courtney_ relieved him at Day-break, and they both quitted Capt.\n_Dover\u2019s_ Quarters, as being too much expos\u2019d to the Enemy. An _Indian_\nthat I had taken Prisoner told us, that he knew of much Money up the\nRiver in Bark-logs and Houses; upon which Capt. _Courtney_ and I last\nNight detached 21 Men out of our Companies, and sent \u2019em in his Boat up\nthe River under the Command of his new second Lieutenant Mr. _Connely_:\nI would fain have sent both Pinnaces to make the best use of our time,\nand seize that Wealth, finding little or none in the Town; but the rest\nwould by no means consent to it, lest the Enemy might engage us next\nMorning, and then we should want our Boats and Men. When I could not\npossibly prevail for another Boat, and Men enough to mann both Pinnaces,\nI desired Capt. _Courtney\u2019s_ Boat might go, because the largest, and she\nwas mann\u2019d out of both our Companies. In the Morning we began with Iron\nCrows and Mauls to break open the other two Churches, and all the\nStore-houses, Cellars, _&c._ which was soon done, for no body was left\nat home, nor much of Value to be found, but Flower, Peas, Beans, and\nJars of Wine and Brandy in great Plenty. We began to carry it to the\nWater-side; but having sultry hot, wet and unhealthful Weather, and our\nMen being fatigued, they became so weak that they could not work very\nwell at this new Imployment. They would fain have had the boarded Floor\nof the Church taken up to look amongst the Dead for Treasure, fancying\nthe _Spaniards_ might hide their Money there; but I would not suffer it,\nbecause of a contagious Distemper that had swept off a great Number of\nPeople here not long before; so that the Church Floor was full of\nGraves. We have yet found but two of the Enemy kill\u2019d in the Town, and\none Prisoner, who was slightly wounded in the Head; but this Day I heard\n15 of \u2019em were kill\u2019d and wounded, amongst whom was the chief Gunner, an\n_Irish_-man, that fired the last Gun at us, who had lived some Years\namongst \u2019em. On our side we had but two Men wounded, one of \u2019em _Yerrick\nDerrickson_, a _Dutch_-man, belonging to my Company, was shot thro\u2019\nbetween the lower Part of his Neck and Shoulder, but I believe not\nmortal; and one _John Martin_ a _Portuguese_, mortally wounded aboard\nthe Bark, occasion\u2019d by a Cohorn Shell, which split as soon as fired out\nof our Cohorn Mortar.[130] The _Spaniards_ Force being variously\nreported by our Prisoners, I\u2019ll not insert it till I am better inform\u2019d.\nThe Fatigue I have had since I left our Ships in this hot Weather has\nweaken\u2019d and disorder\u2019d me very much.\n_April 25._ We kept our Colours flying on the Tower of the Church, Capt.\n_Dover_ keeping Guard there all Day, whilst I and Capt. _Courtney_ took\ncare to get every thing we found useful carried to the Water-side.\nYesterday in the Afternoon we sent the Lieutenant of _Puna_ and another\nPrisoner into the Country, with Proposals to ransom the Town, a great\npart of the Enemy being in the Woods about a League from us; they have\nbut ordinary Quarters, because of the great Rain. Their Horses being in\nParties, and continually\n[Sidenote: _At Guiaquil._]\nin sight, alarm us several times in a day. The Prisoners return\u2019d to us\nin the Evening with an ambiguous Answer; but desir\u2019d they might go again\nin the Morning to prevent burning the Town. About 10 last Night the Boat\nreturn\u2019d that we had sent up the River, having been from us about 24\nHours; they were 7 Leagues up, and 16 of \u2019em landed at 6 several Places,\nthe other 5 kept the Boat, having a Swivel Gun to defend themselves. At\none place they separated, and Mr. _Connely_ with 3 others rambled so far\nin the Woods to look for Wealth, that after 3 hours search they could\nnot find the Way back to the rest, but by Accident met again, and got to\nthe Boat. _William Davis_, one of my Men, was shot through the hinder\npart of the Neck by the Enemy, the Wound not dangerous, and none of the\nrest hurt; they chased 35 Horsemen well arm\u2019d, that were coming to help\nthose of _Guiaquil_. The Houses up the River were full of Women, and\nparticularly at one place there were above a Dozen handsom genteel young\nWomen well dress\u2019d, where our Men got several Gold Chains and Ear-rings,\nbut were otherwise so civil to them, that the Ladies offer\u2019d to dress\n\u2019em Victuals, and brought \u2019em a Cask of good Liquor. Some of their\nlargest Gold Chains were conceal\u2019d, and wound about their Middles, Legs,\nand Thighs, _&c._ but the Gentlewomen in these hot Countries being very\nthin clad with Silk and fine Linnen, and their Hair dressed with Ribbons\nvery neatly, our Men by pressing felt the Chains, _&c._ with their Hands\non the Out-side of the Lady\u2019s Apparel, and by their Linguist modestly\ndesired the Gentlewomen to take \u2019em off and surrender \u2019em. This I\nmention as a Proof of our Sailors Modesty, and in respect to Mr.\n_Connely_ and Mr. _Selkirk_ the late Governour of _Juan Fernandoes_, who\ncommanded this Party: For being young Men, I was willing to do \u2019em this\nJustice, hoping the Fair Sex will make \u2019em a grateful Return when we\narrive in _Great Britain_, on account of their civil Behaviour to these\ncharming Prisoners. They call\u2019d at this House for Provisions as they\nreturn\u2019d down the River, and being so civil at first, they gave their\nfair Landladies no Uneasiness nor Surprize at a 2_d_ Visit: They took a\nlarge empty Bark, but left her up the River, and brought with \u2019em in\nGold Chains, Ear-rings and Plate, I believe above 1000 _l._ Value, with\na Negro that had been serviceable in discovering part of the hidden\nTreasure; but they all agree that the Want of another Boat lost much\nmore than they got; for while they search\u2019d and plunder\u2019d one Side, the\nCanoes and Bark-logs did cross the River, and carry the People and\nPurchase out of their reach, for want of another Boat to prevent it.\nThey also inform\u2019d us, that in the Places where they had been above the\nTown, they saw more than 300 arm\u2019d Horse and Foot in several Parties; so\nthat we apprehended the Enemy design\u2019d to gain Time by pretending to\nransom, till with a vast Odds they might attack us, and reckon\u2019d\nthemselves sure of Victory; but we for fear of being surprized, agreed\nto assemble in a Body at every Alarm, which was beat several times a day\non the sight of large Parties, tho\u2019 it hinder\u2019d our Business. We found 5\nJars of Powder, some Match and Shot, with a good Quantity of ordinary\nArms, 3 Drums, with several Swords and Launces, in the Church, where I\npick\u2019d up the Corregidore\u2019s Gold-headed Cane, and another Captain\u2019s with\na Silver Head; for among the _Spaniards_ none carry a Cane but the chief\nOfficers, and of those none under a Captain must wear a Cane with a\nSilver or Gold Head: So that those Gentlemen were much in haste to leave\nthe Badges of their Office behind them. After Capt. _Dover_ had quitted\nhis Post yesterday Morning, one of our Men came to tell me, that the\nEnemy was coming down the Hill that way upon us: We beat an Alarm, and\nleaving part of our Men with the Guns, I march\u2019d with the rest, and met\nCapt. _Courtney_ and part of his Company on the Bridge retiring: He told\nme the Enemy was numerous and well arm\u2019d in the North End of the Town; I\ndesir\u2019d him to join us, and we would visit them; he left his chief\nLieutenant and the rest of his Men at Arms in his Quarters, and we went\ntogether with 70 Men to face the Enemy. As we march\u2019d forward, they\nretir\u2019d only now and then they shot at us out of the Woods. We look\u2019d\ninto the two Churches, and several Houses, but found nobody. The Woods\nwere very thick, and join\u2019d to the Backs of the Houses, from whence we\nhad several Shot all round us, which we return\u2019d at a venture, but none\nof \u2019em touched us, which was a very great Providence, for it was really\nstrange that they miss\u2019d us. Capt. _Courtney_ and I could not agree to\nkeep that End of the Town, so we march\u2019d back again, took what we lik\u2019d\nbest into our Boats, and carried it aboard the Barks.\n[Sidenote: _At Guiaquil._]\n_April 26._ About one Yesterday in the Afternoon our Prisoners return\u2019d\nwith an Offer of 30000 Pieces of Eight for the Town, with their Ships\nand Barks, to be paid in 12 Days, which we don\u2019t approve of, nor should\nwe stay so long for a greater Sum. By these Delays they design to gain\nTime, that if they don\u2019t fight us, they may draw their Forces from\n_Lima_; for we know an Express was dispatch\u2019d thither immediately on our\nArrival. This Morning we sent our final Answer, _viz._ that they should\nsee the Town all on fire by 3 in the Afternoon, if they did not agree,\nand give us sufficient Hostages for the above-mention\u2019d Sum, to be paid\nwithin 6 Days. During which time we would grant a Cessation of Arms\nbetween _Guiaquil_ and _Puna_, where we expected they would meet us, and\npurchase our Cargoes. A _French_ man belonging to my Company, whom I\nsent with others, by request of Capt. _Courtney_, to strengthen his\nQuarters, being put Centinel last Night, shot _Hugh Tidcomb_, one of\ntheir Men, so that he died. The Accident happen\u2019d by a too severe Order\nat their Quarters to shoot any in the Night that did not answer; and\nneither this Man nor the Centinel, as I am informed, understood how to\nask or answer the Watch-word, by which Neglect a Man was unaccountably\nlost. Mr. _Gardner_, one of their Officers, and 9 Men more, yesterday in\nthe Afternoon engag\u2019d at the North-end of the Town with a Party of\n_Spaniards_, whom they chased into the Woods, but following \u2019em too far,\nwere attack\u2019d by others, and one of our Men shot through the Calf of his\nLeg, and another of them, while he stopt to relade his Piece, was shot\nagainst the Middle of the Pole-ax that hung at his Side, which made an\nImpression on the Iron, and bruised the Part under it, so that it prov\u2019d\na Piece of Armour well placed. The other Man who was wounded in the Leg,\nby his Irregularity and hard drinking fell into a Fever that carried him\noff. At the same time Mr. _Stratton_, Capt. _Courtney\u2019s_ chief\nLieutenant, having his Pistols hanging at his Side, one of them\nunluckily discharg\u2019d it self against the Outside of the thickest part of\nhis Leg, and left a Bullet in the Flesh; but there\u2019s little Danger of\nhis Life: He being by this Accident disabled to make a quick Retreat, if\noccasion requir\u2019d, his Captain immediately order\u2019d him on board the\nBark. Upon these Accidents, and perceiving the Enemy to increase and\ngrow bolder, Capt. _Courtney_ brought his Company to my Quarters. Last\nNight we all lay in the Church, round which we kept Centinels within a\nMusket-shot; the Centinels, as customary, calling to each other every\nQuarter of an Hour, to prevent their sleeping, and our being surprized\nin the Night. Every Man kept his Arms and Ammunition in exact Order by\nhim, and was strictly charged to rise at the least Alarm. We unhung a\nsmall Church Bell, and sent it aboard for our Ships Use. We have done\nlittle this 24 Hours towards shipping off Goods, because the Enemy were\ncontinually popping at us from the Woods. The Weather was very wet, hot\nand faint, the Streets deep and slippery, and the Ways to the Water-side\nvery bad, which mightily incommoded us.\n_April 27._ Yesterday about 2 in the Afternoon our Prisoners returned\nwith two Men on Horseback from the Enemy\u2019s sorry Camp, and told us the\nAgreement was concluded as we last proposed, that if we suspected them,\nthey would stay for Hostages, and that the Lieutenant of _Puna_, who as\na Messenger forwarded the Treaty, with an old Gentleman already on board\nour Bark, were to be the other two. We contented our selves with the\nlatter, and let the two Strangers return to their Camp with our\nMessenger, who was to bring back the Agreement sign\u2019d; but they sent\nanother back to us, signifying that we had omitted to take notice that\nthe Town was taken by Force of Arms, which we afterwards inserted both\nin the _Spanish_ and _English_ Paper. This Morning the _Spanish_\nAgreement was brought back sign\u2019d by \u2019em, and we sent ours in _English_\nsign\u2019d to them as follows:\n\u201cWhereas the City of _Guiaquil_, lately in subjection to _Philip_ V.\nKing of _Spain_, is now taken by Storm, and in the Possession of the\nCapts. _Thomas Dover_, _Woodes Rogers_, and _Stephen Courtney_,\ncommanding a Body of Her Majesty of _Great Britain\u2019s_ Subjects: We the\nunderwritten are content to become Hostages for the said City, and to\ncontinue in the Custody of the said Capts. _Tho. Dover_, _Woodes\nRogers_, and _Stephen Courtney_, till 30000 Pieces of Eight shall be\npaid to them for the Ransom of the said City, 2 new Ships, and 6 Barks;\nduring which time no Hostility is to be committed on either Side between\nthis and _Puna_. The said Sum to be paid at _Puna_ in six Days from the\nDate hereof, and then the Hostages to be discharg\u2019d, and all the\nPrisoners to be deliver\u2019d immediately, otherwise the said Hostages do\nagree to remain Prisoners till the said Sum is discharg\u2019d in any other\nPart of the World. In witness whereof we have voluntarily set our Hands\nthis 27_th_ Day of _April_, Old Stile, and the 7_th_ of _May_, S.N. in\nthe Year of our Lord, 1709.\u201d\n[Sidenote: _At Guiaquil._]\nThe two Hostages lay this Night at our Quarters, and we ship\u2019d \u2019em off,\nwith all we had got together, by 11 a Clock, and march\u2019d towards our\nBarks with our Colours flying, while the _Spaniards_ return\u2019d to their\nHouses. I march\u2019d on the Rear with a few Men, and pick\u2019d up Pistols,\nCutlashes and Pole-axes, which shew\u2019d that our Men were grown very\ncareless, weak, and weary of being Soldiers, and that \u2019twas time to be\ngone from hence. The hardest Work we had was to get the Guns down to the\nWater, the Earth being so soft, that they who help\u2019d to carry them sunk\nhalf Leg deep. To make it as easy as I could, I contriv\u2019d a Frame of\nBamboe Canes, under which 60 Men could stand, and bear equal Weight on\ntheir Shoulders. Tho\u2019 they were large 4 Pounders, the Gun and the Frame\ndid not exceed 15 C. Weight; but had not the Prisoners we took help\u2019d us\n(tho\u2019 it had been an easy Task in a cold Country) I could hardly have\npick\u2019d Men enough of our own for the Work. _John Gabriel_, one of my\nCompany, a _Dutch_-man was missing.\n_April 28._ Yesterday in the Afternoon we settl\u2019d every thing on board\nthe Barks as well as we could, and separated our Men aboard the Prizes,\nwhere we had put most of our Town Goods and Plunder, being about 230\nBags of Flower, Beans, Peas and Rice, 15 Jars of Oil, about 160 Jars of\nother Liquors, some Cordage, Iron Ware, and small Nails, with about 4\nhalf Jars of Powder, about a Tun of Pitch and Tar, a Parcel of Clothing\nand Necessaries, and as I guess about 1200 _l._ in Plate, Ear-rings,\n_&c._ and 150 Bales of dry Goods, 4 Guns, and about 200 _Spanish_\nordinary useless Arms and Musket Barrels, a few Packs of Indigo, Cocoa\nand Anotto, with about a Tun of Loaf-Sugar. We left abundance of Goods\nin the Town, besides Liquors of most sorts, and Sea-Stores, with several\nWarehouses full of Cocoa, divers Ships on the Stocks, and 2 new Ships\nunrigg\u2019d, upwards of 400 Tun, which cost above 80000 Crowns, and then\nlay at Anchor before the Town. We are also to deliver 4 Barks ashore,\nand leave two here to bring down the Ransom. By this it appears the\n_Spaniards_ had a good Bargain; but this Ransom was far better for us\nthan to burn what we could not carry off. About 2 yesterday Afternoon\nour _Dutch_-man that was missing rose out of his Brandy-wine Fit, and\ncame aboard; he was disturb\u2019d by the honest Man of the House where he\nlay, who first called in his Neighbours, and cautiously seized his Arms,\nthen gently rais\u2019d him, and when his Eyes were open, told him there was\nhis Arms again, and bid him hasten aboard to us. This is the only Man\nthat I know of since we took _Guiaquil_, who had so much transgressed\nour Orders by drinking beyond his bearing. This Morning about 8 we\nweighed, and sailed with all our Barks, and at parting made what Shew\nand Noise we could with our Drums, Trumpets and Guns, and thus took our\nLeave of the _Spaniards_ very cheerfully, but not half so well pleased\nas we should have been, had we taken \u2019em by Surprize: For I was well\nassur\u2019d from all hands, that at least we should then have got above\n200000 Pieces of Eight in Money, wrought and unwrought. Gold and Silver,\nbesides Jewels, and a greater Plenty of such Necessaries as we now\nfound, tho\u2019 the Place has not been poorer these 40 Years, by reason that\na sudden Fire about 18 Months ago had destroy\u2019d the better half of the\nTown, which is now mostly rebuilt. Before I go any further, \u2019tis proper\nto describe the Town.\n_A Description of Guiaquil_\n[Sidenote: _At Guiaquil._]\n\u2019Tis the Metropolis of its Province, about a Mile and half long, and\ndivided into Old and New, joined by a wooden Bridge above half a Mile in\nLength, but passable only by People on foot. There are some Houses at a\ndistance on each side the Bridge, and those of both Towns may be about 4\nor 500 in the whole, besides 5 Churches, and the Inhabitants about 2000\nin all. Their chief Church is that of St. _Jago_ or St. _James_ the\nApostle, which has 7 Altars, and before it a handsom Square; the others\nare those of St. _Augustin_, St. _Francis_, St. _Dominick_, and St.\n_Ignatius_. The latter belongs to the Jesuits. Before that of St.\n_Dominick_, which is not quite finished, there is also a Square, with a\nHalf-moon, upon which they formerly planted Guns, but none were mounted\nthere when we took it. Three of these Churches were very lofty, one of\nthem of Stone, and all adorn\u2019d with Altars, carv\u2019d Work, Pictures, _&c._\nand there was an Organ in that of St. _Augustin_; but the Priests and\ntheir Scholars had carry\u2019d off all the Plate belonging to those\nChurches, and retir\u2019d with it into the Woods before we landed. Some of\nthe Houses of the Town were very high, several built of Brick, but most\nof them of Timber, and the meaner sort of Bamboes. There is but one\nregular Street along the Side of the River to the Bridge, and from\nthence along the Old Town. The Situation is in a low boggy Soil, so\ndirty in Winter, that without the Bridge they could scarce go from one\nHouse to another. The Town is govern\u2019d by a Corregidore, who is their\nchief Magistrate and appointed by the King. His Name was _Don Jeronymo\nBos_, a young Man of about 24 Years of Age, and a Native of the\n_Canaries_. The Town is well seated for Trade, and building of Ships,\nfor which they have Sheds to cover the Workmen from the Sun. It lies 14\nLeagues up from Point _Arena_, and 7 from _Puna_. The River is large,\nreceives several others, has many Villages and Farm Houses on its Banks,\nwith abundance of Mangroves and Sarsaparilla, which impregnates its\nWater, and makes it good against the _French_ Pox, but in the Time of\nFloods it is unwholesome, because of the poysonous Roots and Plants\nwash\u2019d down from the Mountains. They have Plenty of Provisions, black\nCattle, Sheep, Goats, Swine, Poultry, several sorts of Ducks unknown in\n_Europe_, and Store of Horses. The Water of the River is fresh at low\nWater, almost as far as _Puna_. An _Englishman_ who had liv\u2019d here some\ntime, came over to us, inform\u2019d us of many Particulars, and told us that\nin _December_ last they had 3 Weeks Rejoycings for the Birth of the\nPrince of _Asturias_, when they muster\u2019d 1100 Foot and 500 Horse in\nArms, besides a much greater Number that had none; but most of those\nTroops came from the adjacent Country. During this Solemnity, they\nbaited many Bulls to Death, after the manner of _Spain_, and run at the\nRing, _&c._ which are their chief Diversions: He told us likewise that\nShips are frequently built here for the King. The Hostages inform\u2019d us,\nthat during the Treaty, 80000 Dollars of the King\u2019s Money was sent out\nof the Town, besides their Plate, Jewels, and other Things of greatest\nValue: But they were robb\u2019d of a great deal by the Blacks, to whom they\nhad given it in the Hurry to carry off: We took several of \u2019em with\nstoln Goods, as we went the Rounds by Night; and therefore we made a\nSignal to the Inhabitants to return, as we march\u2019d off, that they might\nnot suffer any more Loss by those Villains.\nThe _French_, by their Commerce in these Seas, as the _Spaniards_ in\ngeneral told us, damage their Trade so much, that their Sea-ports are\nsensibly impoverish\u2019d, and this Town was much richer 6 Years go than\nnow. A mile below I took my Leave of the Barks, with the Pinnace double\nmann\u2019d, designing to get before them to the Ships at Point _Arena_. The\nDay came on very hot, and we saw many Alligators in the River.\n_Apr. 29._ Last Night I reached _Puna_, and met Mr. _Duck_ and Mr.\n_Hatley_ in the _Beginning_, and an empty Bark which the _Duke\u2019s_ Yall\nhad taken in our Absence; the _Spaniards_ having run ashore and left\nher at Anchor off of Point _Arena_. Our People were concern\u2019d at our\nbeing absent so long, and hearing no News of us, the Scarcity of Water\nhad made \u2019em give the Prisoners but a Pint a Day for some time; and they\nsunk the last small Prize we took coming from _Payta_, to prevent the\nPrisoners running away with her, for they had not Men to spare for\nmanning her themselves. By Day-light I got aboard, where I found all our\nPeople overjoyed at our Meeting again, after 12 Days Absence on an\nUndertaking subject to so many fatal Accidents, which we happily\nescaped. Captain _Cook_ and _Frye_ were very uneasie in our Absence, and\nhad their full Share of Care and Fatigue. They usually gave the\nPrisoners Liberty by Day, but kept their Arms always ready, and the\nafter Part of the Ships to themselves: At Night they shut \u2019em up in the\nFore-Castle, or between Decks; but aboard the Prize, which was not so\nsecure, they put them in Irons every Evening, and let \u2019em out in the\nMorning; but never suffer\u2019d any Correspondence between the Prisoners in\nthe several Ships, by which Means they neither knew their own Strength,\nnor our Weakness, any further than in the respective Ships they were\nconfin\u2019d to. _Roger Booth_, one of the _Dutchess\u2019s_ Men, who was wounded\nthrough his Wind-pipe, in the Engagement with the _Havre de Grace_, died\nthe 20th Instant. _William Essex_, a stout Sailor, one of our\nQuarter-Masters, being wounded in the Breast in the same Fight, died the\n24th Instant: So that out of both Ships we lost 4 Good Men, including my\ndear Brother, by that Engagement. Mr. _James Stratton_, a Quarter-Master\nbelonging to the _Dutchess_, that was wounded at the same time, by a\nMusket-Ball in his Thigh, is now out of Danger, The wounded in these\nParts, are more frequently attended with Fevers, and other dangerous\nAccidents, than in _Europe_.\n[Sidenote: _At Guiaquil._]\n_Apr. 30._ About 3 Yesterday Afternoon a Sail from under the Main\nappear\u2019d in sight running up the Channel to _Guiaquil_; Capt. _Cooke_\nsent the _Havre de Grace_\u2019s Boat in pursuit of her, but my Pinnace\nsailing better, followed and took her before Sun set: She was a Bark of\nabove 30 Tuns, from _Sania_, call\u2019d the _Francisco la Salma_, Senior\n_Jacomo de Brienas_ Master, with 6 Men on board: She was laden with\nabout 270 Bags of Flour, Beans and Pease; near 200 Sugar-Loaves; several\nFrails of Quinces, Marmalet, Sugar-plumbs, and other Sweetmeats, with a\ngood Quantity of large Pomegranates, Apples and Onions; a little of this\nCountry Cheese, and dried Beef: They had been out 7 Days, and heard\nnothing of us; but confirm\u2019d the Story of an _English_ Squadron\nexpected in these Seas, and that there were several stout _French_ Ships\nin their Harbours, particularly two at _Lima_, and one at _Pisco_,\nbesides others in the Harbours of _Chili_: That at _Chenipe_, whence\nthey came, being the Sea-port to _Sania_, there was a strict Order\nlately sent from _Lima_ to the chief Officer there, to be on his Guard,\nand keep continual Watch in the same Manner as I have before noted, in\nthe Order we found directed to the Lieutenant or Governour of _Puna_.\nThis Morning, at 7, the _Beginning_ came to an Anchor by us, from\n_Puna_, with a few Jarrs of Water, which we mightily wanted.\nMr. _Goodall_ and others told me, there were no other Barks coming down\nbut what went up with his, from the Ships for Water, and that he did not\nknow the Reason why the rest stay\u2019d there: He told me, he had a Letter\nfrom Capt. _Courtney_ to his Second, Capt. _Cook_, but no Message or\nLetter from him or Capt. _Dover_ to me; adding, he heard one of them say\nthat they expected this Bark would meet the Ships half way coming up to\n_Puna_, and that they looked for me hourly. This unexpected Story\nsurpriz\u2019d me, but I suppos\u2019d they might now have some Hopes of disposing\nour Cargo to the _Spaniards_ at _Guiaquil_, which occasion\u2019d their\nStaying, and Expectation of my Return. I discours\u2019d it with Capt.\n_Cooke_ and Mr. _Frye_, and saw Capt. _Courtney\u2019s_ Letter, but not a\nWord of Advice to me: However, I resolved to hasten away the\n_Beginning_, with some Negroes (the most troublesome Goods we had) to\ndispose of, that they might be at _Puna_ before me. I began to unmore\nthe _Havre de Grace_, in order to go up with the Flood, hoping to sell\nher Cargo, or good Part of it, while our Ships took in Water, resolving\nto save as much Time as possible. Mean while the other Water Bark\narriv\u2019d, but without any manner of Advice to me when those above\ndesign\u2019d to come down, or to send the Men that were so much wanting\naboard, to put things in order for our going to Sea.\n_May 1._ Yesterday, in the Afternoon, I took Sen. _Morell_ for a Pilot,\nand weigh\u2019d with the _Havre de Grace_, but having little Wind, and being\nneep Tides, I did not get one Third of the Way up to _Puna_, with that\nFlood: I was likewise but ill mann\u2019d; because I was obliged to leave the\nPinnace and Crew that came down with me for the Security of our Ship. We\nweigh\u2019d again with the Morning Flood, and met the _Dutchess_\u2019s Bark\ncoming down, but without the least Advice to me from the 2 Captains at\n_Puna_, which farther confirm\u2019d me that they waited for my Company, and\nthe Ship, to sell her Goods: I was pleas\u2019d at the Thoughts of this, for\nI concluded, that had it been otherwise, one, or both of them, would\nhave come down, or have sent all the Barks, except one to stay for the\nRansom. We were forced to anchor again before high Water; and the Tide\nshot us over towards the Island. There is a Shole Sand above half Way up\nto _Puna_, near mid Channel, over on that side, which \u2019tis difficult to\navoid, unless we have a commanding Gale to keep in the Channel which is\nnearest the Main; \u2019tis the Starboard Shore as you go up, and there are\ngradual Soundings on both sides to the Shoal on the Larboard side, or\nthe main Land on the Starboard side, keeping between 4 and 7 Fathom\nWater; the Coast clear of all is N. E. up the Channel, bearing about two\nlarge Leagues off Point _Arena_, where it\u2019s bold, and all athwart, till\nwe get 2 Leagues higher than Point _Arena_; and as we come against, or a\nlittle above, the white Chalky Cliff, near the Point or upper End, and\nthe highest part of the Island of _Puna_, we must hall over for the\nIsland, and come to an Anchor before the Houses, that are plain to be\nseen, when we get above the high Point, which is easily known, because\nall the Land on the Island is even with the Water, and elsewhere there\u2019s\nnothing to be seen but Trees, down to the River. We must keep nearest\nthe Starboard Shore, going up, which is the only Channel for Ships; \u2019Tis\nabove 8 Leagues from Point _Arena_ to the Town of _Puna_; which lies on\nthe upper End of the Island of that Name.\n_May 2._ We got up to an Anchor before _Puna_, by 10 this Morning, where\nI found 4 of the Barks that came down from _Guiaquil_. Capt. _Dover_ and\n_Courtney_ came on Board, and contrary to Expectation told me, they had\nnot heard one Word from the _Spaniards_ since we left them. This being\nthe last Day appointed for Payment, a Boat came and brought us upwards\nof 22000 Pieces of 8, in part of the Ransom, which we immediately\nreceiv\u2019d, and dispatch\u2019d the Boat back, telling them, we design\u2019d to\nleave this Place in the Morning, and would carry off the Hostages, if\nthey did not come time enough with the rest of the Mony to prevent it.\n[Sidenote: _At Guiaquil._]\n_May 3._ Yesterday in the Afternoon Capt. _Courtney_ took Charge of the\n_Havre de Grace_, and I agreed to follow him in the Morning, to Point\n_Arena_, after I had ship\u2019d off 7 live Black Cattel, some Sheep, Hogs\nand Fowls, with a good Quantity of Plantains, about 80 Jarrs and some\nCasks of Water, 24 Packs of Cocoa, 2 Sails, and 4 large Brass\nPatereroes. Two Barks sail\u2019d about Midnight with the _Marquiss_. I\nbegan again early in the Morning, and by 9 got all aboard. We agreed to\nleave the Lieutenant of _Puna_ here, giving him 4 old sick Negroes, and\na damag\u2019d Bail of Goods for what we had taken from him, being a Man we\nhad some Respect for: We also parted very friendly with several of our\nPrisoners we took at Sea, particularly an old Padre that I had treated\ncivilly at my own Table, ever since we took him, for which he was\nextremely thankful.\nAbout a League before the Town I saw the _Havre de Grace_ at Anchor,\nnear the Edge of a Shoal, and the _Dutchess_\u2019s Pinnace coming from her,\nwith Captains _Courtney_, _Dover_, and _Dampier_, who had quitted the\n_Havre de Grace_, and desired to exchange with me, which I did.\n_May 5._ I went aboard the _Havre de Grace_ about 2 in the Afternoon,\nand got her out of Danger into the Channel, but came to an Anchor again,\nby the Advice of Senior _Morell_ and the _Indian_ Pilot: I encourag\u2019d\n\u2019em and the Men to assist me as much as possible to get her under Sail,\nbecause we were in hast to be gone, but there being little Wind, I could\nnot make use of half the Ebb, before I was again in shole Water, and\ncame to an Anchor, where for the want of Wind we lay for the rest of\nthese 24 Hours.\n_May 5._ This Morning I got the Length of our Ships again, and soon\nafter Day went aboard the _Duke_, being quite sick by my long Fatigue.\nCapt. _Courtney_ came to me aboard, and we agreed to throw the Timber\nand great Boat between Decks in the Galeon overboard, to make room for\nthe Flour and _Guiaquil_ Goods which were yet in the Barks. We gave the\nFlour Prize to the Prisoners whom we let go, to carry to the Inhabitants\nof _Guiaquil_, and took in as much Water as we could get. Most of it was\nfetch\u2019d half Way above _Puna_, in the River towards _Guiaquil_, and tho\u2019\nbut very indifferent, we had not half enough for want of Time.\n_May 6._ Our Hostages are very uneasy, fearing the Mony will not come in\nTime to redeem them, and it\u2019s worse than Death, they say, to be carried\nto _Great Britain_. We got all aboard last Night, by 7 a Clock, our\nPeople being fatigued. I was willing to rest my self and them one Night\nbefore we sailed; but Capt. _Courtney_ was in too much hast, and my\nSecond, Capt. _Dover_, and my Pilot _Dampier_ forsook me to go along\nwith him. They sailed at Midnight with the _Havre de Grace_, leaving me\nand the rest at Anchor. Mr. _Connely_, who went in the Bark for Water,\ndid not return till the Morning, when we saw our Consort and Prize at\nAnchor; for the Weather falling calm, they did not get 2 Leagues from us\nthat Ebb. At high Water, about 10 this Morning, all the rest of us came\nto sail. Our small Bower Cable was cut with the foul Ground, and we lost\nour Anchor.\nI endeavour\u2019d, but in vain, to convince the other Captains that we were\nnot yet in any danger from the Enemy, because it was not possible that\nthe _French_ and _Spaniards_ could have Notice of us, and arm out time\nenough from _Lima_ to attack us.\n_May 7._ Yesterday, about 4 in the Afternoon, we came to an Anchor\nagain, in 13 Fathom Water, about 4 Leagues below Point _Arena_. At 2\nthis Morning, with a very small Breeze, we came to sail: Sometime after\nSenior _Morell_, that went with us up to _Guiaquil_ from _Puna_, and a\nGentleman of that Town related to our Prisoners, brought us about 3500\nPieces of 8, in Plate, towards the Ransom: they came as far as Point\n_Arena_ in a Boat, and thence follow\u2019d in one of the 4 Barks that we\nleft by Agreement.\n_May 8._ Yesterday, in the Afternoon, we discharg\u2019d all our Prisoners,\nexcept the _Morells_, a little _Dutchman_, and a Gentleman\u2019s son of\n_Panama_, with our _Indian_ Pilots, that I took aboard to amuse the\nPeople of _Guiaquil_ that we should return thither, and 2 more that\ndesir\u2019d to stay with us, besides the 3 Ransomers. The Gentleman that\ncame from _Guiaquil_ had a Gold Chain and some other Moveables, with\nwhich he purchased the _Beginning_ of us, and we gave the Captain of the\n_Havre de Grace_ 3 Negroe Women, and Senior _Morell_, and Senior\n_Ignatius_, one a piece, and to all of them good part of their waring\nApparel: So that we parted very friendly. They told us, A Prisoner we\nput a shore at _Puna_, call\u2019d Senior Don _Pedro Sinfuegos_, was a Man of\ngreat Credit at _Guiaquil_; that he had got a good Sum together, before\nthey came thence in order to buy Goods of us, and that they expected him\nin less than 12 Hours; adding, that there were several others coming\ndown to trade with us, but the Majority of our Officers would not\nbelieve \u2019em, being resolved to make the utmost Dispatch for the\n_Gallapagos_ Islands: They press\u2019d to know where they might meet us to\ntrade, but every one was against informing them of the Place where we\ndesign\u2019d to rendezvous, lest they should discover it to the Enemies\nShips of War.\n[Sidenote: _Description of Guiaquil._]\nAt 8 last Night we came to an Anchor in 16 Fathom Water. The Island\n_Sancta Clara_ bore N. E. by N. 5 Leagues. At 2 this Morning we weighed\nwith the Flood, Wind at S. W. at 6 the Island bore N. by E. 4 Leagues\ndistance.\n_A Description of the Province of_\nGuiaquil.\nThe City or Town of _Guiaquil_ is the Metropolis of a Province of that\nName in _Peru_, govern\u2019d by a President with 5 or 6 Orderes, which makes\na Royal _Audiencia_ or chief Court of Judicature, accountable only to\nthe Viceroy in military Affairs. Every Province has a Government of the\nsame Nature.\nThese Governors are commonly appointed, or, to speak more properly,\npurchase their Offices in Old _Spain_, for Life, or good Behaviour; and\nin case any die, or misbehave themselves, the Vice-roy may name another\nduring his Time, which ought to be but 5 Years; but sometimes he gets\nthese Officers of his own placing confirm\u2019d by an Order from _Spain_,\nwhich is a considerable Part of the Vice-roy\u2019s unknown Profits. The late\nVice-roy continued 14 Years, several new ones having died by the Way.\nThe King of _Spain_ himself scarce lives in more Splendor than his\nVice-roy in the City of _Lima_, where the chief Courts of Judicature are\nkept, and Appeals are brought thither from all Courts and Provinces of\nthis extensive Kingdom. I should not here mention the vast Wealth the\nlate Vice-roy obtain\u2019d during his Government; the Sum being so large\nthat I thought it fabulous, but that I was inform\u2019d of it by so many\nHands, who told me, that about 4 Years ago he died at least worth\n8000000 Pieces of 8, and left it to his Widow and Children, but the\ngreatest Part to his eldest Son, the _Conde de la Monclo_, besides vast\nSums he gave away in Charity, during his Life-time, and the many\nChurches, Fryaries, and Nunneries that he built.\nHe left a better Character behind him than any Vice-roy had done for an\nAge past. The Conde, his eldest Son, waits here, expecting to succeed\nthe present Vice-roy of _Peru_ or _Mexico_, if the Government holds in\nOld _Spain_; but I and every _Englishman_ ought earnestly to hope, that\nK. _Charles_ III. will happily recover that Monarchy, and gratefully\nplace a Vice-roy here that will shew himself as good a Friend to the\n_English_ Trade, as the present Vice-roy does to the _French_; for he\nopenly espouses their Interest, and encourages them; whereas the\n_Spaniards_ say, he racks and heavily oppresses their own Countrymen.\nThe Corregidore that last died at _Guiaquil_, tho\u2019 he had possess\u2019d the\nOffice but 5 Years, had rak\u2019d together 300000 Pieces of 8, tho\u2019 his Post\nwas not allow\u2019d to exceed above 2000 Pieces of 8 _per Annum_; but all\nthe Corregidores make vast Advantages by Seizures, and trading privately\nthemselves.\nThe Trade to and from _Mexico_ is forbid here, under the severest\nPenalty, especially transporting Quick-silver from _Peru_ thither,\nbecause Quantities are brought from Old _Spain_, which is impos\u2019d on the\nRefiners at great Rates. Here are many Ships employ\u2019d coasting in this\nKingdom; but a Trade is so severely prohibited between \u2019em and _Mexico_,\nthat all the Commodities with Silver and Gold in Returns, may have\nlittle other Circulation in these vast Countries, but by the Flota and\nGaleons to and from Old _Spain_. Yet notwithstanding the Severity us\u2019d\nagainst private Traders, by the Vice-roys and Corregidores, there are\nsome that use it, who have no Mercy shew\u2019d \u2019em if caught, all being\nseiz\u2019d in the King\u2019s Name, tho\u2019 his Majesty has little or no Share of\nit; All such Seizures (as I am told) being divided amongst these\nOfficers, and the poor Sufferer banish\u2019d or confin\u2019d to a Goal.\n[Sidenote: _Description of Guiaquil._]\nAll _English_ and _Dutch_ Goods, except what comes by the Galeons, are\nprohibited here, so that the private Traders, after they have by stealth\npurchased \u2019em in the _North_ Seas, must vend \u2019em in like manner all over\n_Peru_, and if the wholesale Merchants have not a good Certificate from\nthe Commerce of _Sevilia_, that their Commodities came by the Flota or\nGaleons; whenever the Goods are question\u2019d, they must disown them, for\nfear of a worse Punishment, unless they have a good Interest in the\nVice-roy, which costs dear to purchase, and preserve; so that the Trader\nmakes little Profit, but where the chief Officers have a feeling: yet\ntho\u2019 these mercenary Vice-roys are so severe on others, they themselves\nemploy the Corregidores to negotiate a Trade for them by a 3d Hand,\nwhich cannot be done to the Purpose, without being publickly known; so\nthat Ships are constantly imployed on their Account, and carry\nQuick-silver and all manner of prohibited Goods to and from _Mexico_ out\nof By-ports. Thus, being their own Judges, they get vast Estates, and\nstop all Complaints in Old _Spain_, by Bribes. The Goods they trade for\nhave a free Passage and Sale through the Continent, whilst others, if\nthey do but offer at it, are punish\u2019d as above.\nTheir other Ways of getting Money unjustly are too many; but in short,\nin my Opinion, there\u2019s no Country naturally more rich, nor any People\nmore terribly oppress\u2019d.\nThe _Spaniards_ say, and I believe, not without Reason, That a Vice-roy,\nafter purchasing his Place with all that he has, and quitting Old\n_Spain_ as poor as _Job_, comes here like a hungry Lion, to devour all\nthat he can; and that every Officer under him in the Provinces (who are\nten times more than are necessary) are his Jackals to procure Prey for\nhim, that they may have a Share of it themselves.\nTo this we may add, the Burthen of a numerous and luxurious Clergy, that\nindulge their Pride, Sloth, Effeminacy and Bigottry, more than in the\n_Romish_ Countries of _Europe_: So that were this Country possess\u2019d by\nan industrious and well govern\u2019d People, we might have reason to fear,\nthat Silver and Gold would become so plentiful, and by consequence of so\nlittle Value, that the World would be at a Loss to find a less\ntroublesome and more acceptable Species to satisfy Avarice and Luxury.\nThe River of _Guiaquil_, from about 2 Leagues above _Puna_ to Point\n_Arena_, is so broad, that a Man can scarce see cross the Channel; the\nLand down to the Water-side, is low and cover\u2019d with Mangrove Trees; the\nTide flows above 3 Fathom, and an East and West Moon, as near as I could\nguess, makes High-water at _Puna_. The Tide has a quick Current, much\nstronger than in the _Thames_, and I believe the Ebb is little inferior\nto that at _Bristol_, and the Water as thick, and as much discolour\u2019d.\nNot being able to describe the Channel plain enough to direct Strangers,\nI shall give a View of it from a _Spanish_ Draught; for I had not time\nenough to draw the Channel, or found it all along. There\u2019s need of a\ngood Pilot to carry a Vessel to the Town. The River is 14 Leagues\nnavigable beyond it, and the Tide flows 20 Leagues above it, but Canoes\nand Bark-Logs go much higher.\nThe Province abounds with several sorts of good Timber, which makes it\nthe chief Country of _Peru_ for building and repairing Ships; there\u2019s\nseldom less than 6 or 7 at a time on the Stocks before the Town of\n_Guiaquil_. The chief Commodity this City and its Province afford is\n_Cocoa_, which is so plentiful, as to supply most Places on the _South\nSea_; they say there\u2019s never less exported in a Year than 30000\nCargaus, each Cargau 81 Pound Weight, and sometimes double the Quantity:\nIt was purchas\u2019d generally at half a Ryal _per_ Pound, but now much\ncheaper, so that the Cargau may be bought for 2 Pieces of Eight and a\nhalf. Their coasting Trade is for Salt and Salt Fish, from Point _Santa\nHelena_, and most vended at _Quito_ and other distant Places within\nLand. A vast quantity of Timber is laden here for _Truxillo_, _Chancay_,\n_Lima_, and other Sea-ports, where \u2019tis scarce; it pays a great Freight,\nand is a profitable Trade: They export also from hence Rice, Cotton, and\nsome dry\u2019d Jerkt Beef. There are no Mines of Silver or Gold in this\nProvince, but Plenty of all sorts of Cattle, and very cheap, especially\non the Island _Puna_, where we supply\u2019d our selves with what we could\nstow conveniently. Here\u2019s no other Corn but _Indian_, so that all their\nFlower is brought from _Truxillo_, _Cheripe_, and other Places in the\nWindward Parts, it blows here always Southerly. They are also supplied\nwith several sorts of Woollen Cloth, and very good strong Bays made at\n_Quito_; their Wine, Brandy, Oil, Olives and Sugar, _&c._ come from\n_Piscola_, _Nasca_, and other Places to Windward. All sorts of\n_European_ Goods come hither from _Panama_, whither they are brought\nover Land from _Portobello_ out of the North Seas; so that the Number of\nShips that come and go from hence, without including the Coasters, are\nno less than 40 Sail every Year, which shows that the Port of _Guiaquil_\nis no mean Place of Trade in this Part of the World. A Market is also\nkept on Bark-Logs and Boats in the River every day before the Town, with\nall that the Country affords in great plenty.\nHaving thus given an account of the Wealth and Trade of the Town and\nProvince from my own Knowledge, or good Information, I shall now proceed\nto give a further Account of the Strength and Government of the\nProvince. The Corregidore is Governour in all Civil and Military Affairs\nof the whole; the next is his Lieutenant, call\u2019d by the _Spaniards_\nLieutenant General, and all the chief Officers reside in or near\n_Guiaquil_.\n[Sidenote: _Description of Guiaquil._]\nTheir Method of trying Civil and Criminal Causes being different from\nours, I shall give as clear an Idea of it as I can. When any Court is\nheld, or urgent Affair happens, the following Persons are summon\u2019d to\nthe Council in _Guiaquil_. First, the Corregidore, the Lieutenant\nGeneral, 2 Alcaldes or Justices, who are generally Men vers\u2019d in the\nLaw, and serve in the nature of Mayors and Justices by turns every\nYear; the next is the Algozil Major, with 8 Regidores or Common\nCouncil-men, who supply the room of the superior Officers, in case of\nAbsence or Death, till the Viceroys Pleasure be known, and always give\ntheir Votes in publick Affairs; in Cases of Law they are a standing\nJury, and the Corregidore is Judge, but generally follows the Advice of\nthe Alcalds. The Plaintiff or Defendant may appeal after Trial to the\nSupream Court of _Lima_, which is encourag\u2019d by the Gentlemen of the\nLaw, who improve Suits to such a Degree, that tho\u2019 they are almost as\nnumerous as the Clergy, yet they are a thriving Society, seldom want\nImployment, and have large Fees. There are 2 Attorneys call\u2019d Clerks of\nthe Court, and 4 Algozils or Serjeants. All Lawyers are allow\u2019d to\npractise here, and have a Sallary from the King besides their Fees, and\nsince Money abounds here, many of \u2019em don\u2019t scruple taking Fees on both\nSides.\nThe Inquisition rages worse here than in Old _Spain_; their chief Court\nis at _Lima_, but 4 Officers from that Court are settl\u2019d at _Guiaquil_,\nbesides 24 Clergy belonging to the Town, who inform against any Person\nthat they suspect of Opinions contrary to the _Roman_ Church, and with a\nviolent Zeal prosecute \u2019em almost without any Formality. The Offenders\nare speedily sent to the chief Court at _Lima_, where nothing but a\ngreat deal of Money can save \u2019em, if found guilty in the least degree.\nTheir Military Men affect great Titles, and their Strength is as\nfollows.\n  The Corregidore is General, _Don Hieronimo Boso_.\n  Master le Camp, _Don Christopher Ramadeo de Areano_.\n  Serjeant Major, _Don Francisco Gantes_.\n  Commissaria de la Cavalaria, _Don Antonio Calabria_.\nThey have 5 Dons all Captains of Infantry, and each of \u2019em a large\nCompany: One Don is a Captain of near 200 Horsemen, and there are\nLieutenants, Ensigns, Serjeants, Corporals and Drummers to each Company,\nas customary among the _Spaniards_. By the most reasonable Computation\nof their Force, they could in a few days bring together 900 armed Horse\nand Foot Militia; and I was inform\u2019d by them they had not less than 500\nof these in a Body before we landed, and beat \u2019em out of the Town, there\nbeing always that Number ready in the Towns and adjacent Parts upon an\nAlarm. These and many more form\u2019d a sorry Camp within a League of us in\nthe Woods, whilst with about 160 Men we kept the Town till they\nransom\u2019d it. An _English_-man that run over to us after the Fight, who\nhad lived 2 Years in the Town, and saw their Force, told us there were\nmany more than what the _Spaniards_ acknowledge by the abovemention\u2019d\nAccount, and that he saw at one time, a few Months before, upwards of\n1100 Horse and Foot drawn up and muster\u2019d before the Town.\nTheir other Towns are govern\u2019d by Lieutenants deputed by the\nCorregidore; above half of \u2019em border on the same River and its\nBranches, so that they can join those of the Capital in 2 Tides, tho\u2019 at\nseveral Leagues distance. These Towns and Lieutenancies are as follow.\n_A LIST of the Lieutenancy of this Province._\n_Y Aquache_, govern\u2019d by a Lieutenant, distant from }\n_Pemocho_ has 6 Brass Guns of 16 Pound Ball,}\n  both govern\u2019d by the same Lieutenant.     }               14\n_Naranghal_, } By the same Lieutenant  {                    14\n_Porto Vaco_ was formerly the Metropolis of the Province, before the\nGovernment was removed to _Guiaquil_.\n[Sidenote: _At Guiaquil._]\nIn the Towns and the whole Province the _Spaniards_ compute at least\n10000 Inhabitants; but I believe there are many more. They are\ndistinguish\u2019d by themselves into 11 Classes or Sorts, which being\nparticular, and worth remarking, I shall add a Description of them, for\nthe Information of such as have not been in those Parts.\nThe first and chief is the original _Spaniards_, never yet mix\u2019d with\nother People (at least as they pretend) and these are most respected.\n2. The _Mustees_, begot by _Spaniards_ on _Indian_ Women.\n3. _Fino Mustees_, their Children married again with the _Spaniards_.\n4. _Terceroons de Indies_, their Children again mix\u2019d with the\n_Spaniards_.\n5. _Quarteroons de Indies_, their Posterity again mix\u2019d with the\n_Spaniards_. These last are allowed to be Primitive _Spaniards_ again.\n6. _Mullattoes_, begot by a _Spaniard_, or any _European_, on a Negro\nWoman.\n7. _Quarteroon de Negroes_, again mixt with the _Spaniards_, and\nesteem\u2019d no better than _Mullattoes_.\n8. _Terceroon de Negroes_, a third Mixture with the _Spaniards_, still\ncall\u2019d _Mullattoes_, because they will not allow \u2019em the Privilege or\nTitle of _Spaniard_ after once debas\u2019d with the Negro Breed, tho\u2019 some\nof \u2019em are as white as themselves; but they can\u2019t get off the ugly Name\nof _Mullatto_, unless they hide their Descent, which is no hard Task, if\nthey remove their Abode to another Place where they are not known, which\nis often practis\u2019d and conniv\u2019d at by the Fathers of the Church, to\nincrease the Number of good Catholick _Spaniards_.\n9. The 9th Sort is _Indians_, who are all of a dark Olive-tawny Colour;\nthese (tho\u2019 the true and antient Proprietors of the Country) are placed\na Class below the worst of the _Spanish_ Descendants, which are\ngenerally begot without Marriage on their Servants and Slaves.\n10. _Negroes._\n11. All the Species and Breeds between the _Negroes_ and _Indians_ are\ncall\u2019d _Sambos_, tho\u2019 by mixing their Breed as they do, they commonly\ndiffer little or nothing to the Eye from the _Spanish_ mix\u2019d\nDescendants.\nThese 11 are the common Sorts, tho\u2019 some of \u2019em seem not very regularly\ndistinguish\u2019d: But they have rung Changes so often in those Peals of\nGeneration, that there is no End of their Distinctions. The _Spaniards_\nare the fewest by far of all the Inhabitants; and were it not for those\nMixtures, which the Fathers of the Church keep united, the _Indians_\nmight again take possession of their Country, for the _Spaniards_ would\nbe too few to keep it, and much more uncapable of peopling it. Few of\nthose Prisoners that fell into our hands were healthy and sound; near\nhalf of the _Spaniards_ discover\u2019d publickly to our Doctors their\nMalady, in order to get Physick from them against the _French_ Disease,\nwhich is so common here, that they reckon it no Scandal to be deep in\nthe Powdering Tub; and the Heat of the Country facilitating the Cure,\nthey make very light of it. All the _Spaniards_ I discours\u2019d allow that\nthis rich Country is not a tenth peopled, nor are half the _Indians_ far\nwithin Land civilized, tho\u2019 they affirm their King has in the _West\nIndies_ more Subjects of several Colours, than in all _Spain_, or the\nrest of his Dominions in _Europe_ (which may be true) and I believe they\nare such Subjects, as no Christian King can boast of; for the King of\n_Spain_ is able to match the Skins of his _Americans_ to any Colour,\nwith more Variety and Exactness than a Draper can match his Cloth and\nTrimming.\nThe Account that the _French_ Buccaneers, _alias_ Pirates, gave of this\nPlace, is so false, that there\u2019s not the least Truth in it; so that by\ntheir Description it would not appear to be the same Place, had they not\nleft infamous Marks of their being here: For when they took the Town of\n_Guiaquil_ about 22 Years ago, they discover\u2019d little or no Bravery in\nthe Attack (tho\u2019 they lost a great many Men) and committed a great deal\nof Brutishness and Murther after they had the Place in their Power,\nwhich was above a Month here and at _Puna_. The Seasons here are\nimproperly call\u2019d Winter and Summer; the Winter is reckon\u2019d from the\nBeginning of _December_ to the last of _May_, and all that Season is\nsultry hot, wet and unhealthy. From the latter End of _May_ to\n_December_ \u2019tis serene, dry and healthy, but not so violently hot as\nwhat they call Winter.\nTheir _Cocoa_ is ripe, and mostly gather\u2019d between _June_ and _August_,\nand of the other Fruits natural to these Climates, some are ripe and\nothers green all the Year. But I return to my Journal, and the Account\nof our Voyage to the _Gallapagoes_ Islands.\n[Sidenote: _From Guiaquil towards the Gallapagos._]\n_May 11._ A fresh Gale at S.S.W. We had upwards of 20 Men that fell ill\nwithin these 24 Hours, and our Consort near 50, of a malignant Fever,\ncontracted as I suppose at _Guiaquil_, where I was informed, that about\na Month or 5 Weeks before we took it, a contagious Disease which raged\nthere swept off 10 or 12 Persons every Day for a considerable time; so\nthat the Floors of all the Churches (which are their usual Burial\nPlaces) were fill\u2019d so fast, that they were obliged to dig a large and\ndeep Hole of about a Rod square, close by the great Church, where I kept\nGuard; and this Hole was almost fill\u2019d with Corps half putrified. The\nMortality was so very great, that many of the People had left the Town,\nand our lying so long in the Church surrounded with such unwholsom\nScents, was enough to infect us too.\nCapt. _Courtney_ was taken ill, and Capt. _Dover_ went on board the\n_Dutchess_ to prescribe for him.\n_May 14._ This Day we saw a great many Albacores in pursuit of Flying\nFish, and a very large Albacore[131] leap\u2019d into one of our Boats. We\nhave now about 50 Men down, and the _Dutchess_ upwards of 70; but I hope\nthe Sea Air (which is very fresh) will make the Climate more healthy.\n_May 15._ At 6 last Night Mr. _Samuel Hopkins_, Dr. _Dover\u2019s_ Kinsman\nand Assistant, died; he read Prayers once a Day ever since we pass\u2019d the\nEquinox in the North Sea: He was a very good temper\u2019d sober Man, and\nvery well beloved by the whole Ship\u2019s Company.\n_May 17._ This Morning we saw the Land bearing S. S. W. about 10 Leagues\ndistant. It seems a large Island, and high Land: We tack\u2019d and stood E.\nby S. Wind at S. by E. to turn up to Windward for the Island. Our Men in\nboth Ships continue very ill; we have near 60 sick, and the _Dutchess_\nupwards of 80. We had a good Observation, Lat. 00\u00b0. 37\u00b4\u00b4. S.\n_May 18._ At 6 last Night the End of the Island bore S. by E. distant\nabout 5 Leagues. _Edward Downe_ died at 12 at Night. When Day broke we\nwere within 4 Leagues of 2 large Islands almost joining together, having\npassed the other that we saw yesterday. We sent our Boat ashore to look\nfor Water, and agreed with our Consort where to meet in case of\nSeparation. They turn\u2019d towards an Island we saw to Windward, and left\nus to try this Island for Water: All our Prizes were to stay near us\nunder Sail by a remarkable Rock.\n_May 19._ Yesterday in the Afternoon the Boat return\u2019d with a melancholy\nAccount, that no Water was to be found. The Prizes we expected would\nhave lain to Windward for us by the Rock, about 2 Leagues off Shore; but\nMr. _Hatley_ in a Bark, and the _Havre de Grace_, turn\u2019d to Windward\nafter our Consort the _Dutchess_; so that only the Galleon and the Bark\nthat Mr. _Selkirk_ was in staid for us. We kept plying to Windward all\nNight with a Light out, which they follow\u2019d. At 5 in the Morning we sent\nour Boat ashore again to make a further Search in this Island for Water.\nAbout 10 in the Morning _James Daniel_ our Joiner died. We had a good\nObservation, Lat. 00\u00b0 32\u00b4\u00b4. S.\n_May 20._ Yesterday in the Evening our Boat return\u2019d, but found no\nWater, tho\u2019 they went 3 or 4 Miles up into the Country: They tell me the\nIsland is nothing but loose Rocks, like Cynders, very rotten and heavy,\nand the Earth so parch\u2019d, that it will not bear a Man, but breaks into\nHoles under his Feet, which makes me suppose there has been a Vulcano\nhere; tho\u2019 there is much shrubby Wood, and some Greens on it, yet\nthere\u2019s not the least Sign of Water, nor is it possible, that any can be\ncontain\u2019d on such a Surface. At 12 last Night we lost sight of our\nGalleon; so that we have only one Bark with us now.\n_May 21._ Yesterday in the Afternoon came down the _Dutchess_ and the\n_French_ Prize. The _Dutchess_\u2019s Bark had caught several Turtle and\nFish, and gave us a Part, which was very serviceable to the sick Men,\nour fresh Provisions that we got on the main Land being all spent. They\nwere surpriz\u2019d as much as we at the Galleon, and _Hatley_\u2019s Bark being\nout of Sight, thinking before they had been with us. We kept Lights at\nour Top-mast\u2019s Head, and fir\u2019d Guns all Night, that they might either\nsee or hear how to join us, but to no Purpose.\nCapt. _Courtney_ being not yet quite recover\u2019d, I went on board the\n_Dutchess_, and agreed with him and his Officers, to stay here with the\n_Havre de Grace_ and Bark, whilst I went in quest of the missing Prizes.\nAt 6 in the Morning we parted, and stood on a Wind to the Eastward,\njudging they lost us that way. Here are very strange Currents amongst\nthese Islands, and commonly run to the Leeward, except on the Full Moon\nI observed it ran very strong to Windward; I believe \u2019tis the same at\nChange.\n_May 22._ Yesterday at 3 in the Afternoon we met with the Galleon under\nthe East Island, but heard nothing of Mr. _Halley\u2019s_ Bark. At 9 last\nNight _Jacob Scronder_ a _Dutch_-man, and very good Sailor, died. We\nkept on a Wind in the Morning to look under the Weather Island for Mr.\n_Hatley_, and fired a Gun for the Galleon to bear away for the Rendevouz\nRock, which she did.\n[Sidenote: _At the Gallapagos Islands._]\n_May 23._ Yesterday at 3 in the Afternoon we saw the Weather Island near\nenough, and no Sail about it. We bore away in sight of the Rock, and saw\nnone but our Galleon; we were in another Fright what became of our\nConsort, and the 2 Prizes we left behind; but by 5 we saw \u2019em come from\nunder the Shore to the Leeward of the Rock. We spoke with \u2019em in the\nEvening; we all bewail\u2019d Mr. _Hatley_,[132] and were afraid he was lost:\nWe fir\u2019d Guns all Night, and kept Lights out, in hopes he might see or\nhear us, and resolved to leave these unfortunate Islands, after we had\nview\u2019d two or three more to Leeward. We pity\u2019d our 5 Men in the Bark\nthat is missing, who if in being have a melancholy Life without Water,\nhaving no more but for 2 Days, when they parted from us. Some are afraid\nthey run on Rocks, and were lost in the Night, others that the 2\nPrisoners and 3 Negroes had murder\u2019d \u2019em when asleep; but if otherwise,\nwe had no Water, and our Men being still sick, we could stay little\nlonger for them. Last Night died _Law. Carney_ of a malignant Fever.\nThere is hardly a Man in the Ship, who had been ashore at _Guiaquil_,\nbut has felt something of this Distemper, whereas not one of those that\nwere not there have been sick yet. Finding that Punch did preserve my\nown Health, I prescribed it freely among such of the Ships Company as\nwere well, to preserve theirs. Our Surgeons make heavy Complaints for\nwant of sufficient Medicines, with which till now I thought we abounded,\nhaving a regular Physician, an Apothecary, and Surgeons enough, with all\nsorts of Medicines on board. Our Owners believed so too, and did often\nat home set forth the uncommon Advantage we had in being so carefully\nprovided for this tedious Voyage; but now we found it otherwise, and had\nnot sufficient Medicines to administer for the Recovery of our sick Men,\nwhich so many being sick in both Ships, makes it a melancholy Time with\nus.\n_May 21._ Yesterday at 5 in the Afternoon we ran to the Northward, and\nmade another Island, which bore N. W. by W. distant 5 Leagues; and this\nMorning we sent our Boat ashore, to see for the lost Bark, Water, Fish\nor Turtle. This Day _Tho. Hughes_ a very good Sailor died, as did Mr.\n_George Underhill_, a good Proficient in most parts of the Mathematicks\nand other Learning, tho\u2019 not much above 21 Years old: He was of a very\ncourteous Temper, and brave, was in the Fight where my Brother was\nkill\u2019d, and served as Lieutenant in my Company at _Guiaquil_. About the\nsame time another young Man, call\u2019d _John English_, died aboard the\n_Haver de Grace_, and we have many still sick. If we had staid in the\nHarbour, we should in all probability have lost near half of our Men. We\nhad a good Observation, Lat. 00\u00b0. 14\u00b4\u00b4. N.\n_May 25._ Yesterday at 6 in the Evening our Boat return\u2019d from the\nIsland without finding any Water, or seeing the Bark. About 4 in the\nMorning we stood to another Island, that bore about N. E. distant 4\nLeagues, and the _Dutchess_ went to view another to the S. W. of it.\nLast Night _Peter Marshal_ a good Sailor died. This Morning our Boat\nwith Mr. _Selkirk\u2019s_ Bark went to another Island to view it. We had an\nObservation, Lat. 00\u00b0. 35\u00b4\u00b4. N.\n_May 26._ Last Night our Boat and Bark return\u2019d, having rounded the\nIsland, found no Water, but Plenty of Turtle and Fish. This Morning we\njoin\u2019d the _Dutchess_, who had found no Water. About 12 a Clock we\ncompar\u2019d our Stocks of Water, found it absolutely necessary to make the\nbest of our way to the Main for some, then to come off again; and so\nmuch the rather, because we expected that 2 _French_ Ships, one of 60,\nand another of 40 Guns, with some _Spanish_ Men of War, would suddenly\nbe in quest of us.\n_May 27._ At 6 last Night the Body of the Eastermost Island bore S. E.\nby S. distant 4 Leagues, from whence we took our Departure for the Main.\nLast Night died _Paunceford Wall_, a Land-man. A fresh Gale at S. E.\nwith cloudy Weather.\n[Sidenote: _From the Gallapagos Islands towards Peru._]\n_May 30._ Fair Weather with moderate Gales from the S. S. E. to the S.\nby E. We are forced to water the Bark and Galleon every Day with our\nYall: \u2019Tis a very great Trouble to hoist our Boat out daily; now that\nour Men are so very weak. Senior _Morell_, and the other Prisoners, tell\nus, that it frequently proves Calm between these Islands and the _Terra\nfirma_, at this time of the Year, which if it should now happen, but for\na few Days, would very much incommode us for Want of Water. Had we\nsupplied our selves well at Point _Arena_, we should, no doubt, have had\ntime enough to find the Island _S. Maria de l\u2019Aquada_, reported to be\none of the _Gallapagos_, where there is Plenty of good Water, Timber,\nLand and Sea Turtle, and a safe Road for Ships. This was the Place we\nintended for, and would have been very suitable to our Purpose, which\nwas to lie some Time concealed. It\u2019s probable there is such an Island,\nbecause one Capt. _Davis_,[133] an _Englishman_, who was a buccaneering\nin these Seas, above 20 Years ago, lay some Months and recruited here to\nContent: He says, that it had Trees fit for Masts; but these sort of\nMen, and others I have convers\u2019d with, or whose Books I have read, have\ngiven very blind or false Relations of their Navigation, and Actions in\nthese Parts, for supposing the Places too remote to have their Stories\ndisprov\u2019d, they imposed on the Credulous, amongst whom I was one, till\nnow I too plainly see, that we cannot find any of their Relations to be\nrelied on: Therefore I shall say no more of these Islands, since by what\nI saw of \u2019em, they don\u2019t at all answer the Description that those Men\nhave given us.\nNothing more remarkable happen\u2019d till the 6th of _June_, but that\n_Thomas Morgan_, a _Welch_ Land-man, died the 31st of _May_; _George\nBishop_, another Land-man, the 4th of _June_; and that we had Advice\nfrom some of our Men on board the Galeon, that the Prisoners and Blacks\nthere had form\u2019d a Plot to murder the _English_, and run away with the\nShip in the Night. We examin\u2019d the _Spaniards_ who positively denied it;\nyet some of the Blacks own\u2019d there had been such a Discourse betwixt\nsome Negroes and _Indians_, but they did not believe they were in\nearnest: So we contented our selves to disperse those Prisoners into\nseveral Ships, as the best Way to break the Cabal.\n_June 6._ Yesterday at 4 a Clock in the Afternoon we spied a Sail, and\nat the same time saw the Land, the _Dutchess_ being a Mile a Head, gave\nchase first, we followed, and about 7 in the Evening the _Dutchess_ took\nher; we immediately sent our Boat aboard, and took out some of the\nPrisoners. She was a Vessel of about 90 Tun, bound from _Panama_ to\n_Guiaquil_, call\u2019d the St. _Thomas de Villa nova_ and St. _Demas_, _Juan\nNavarro Navaret_ Commander. There were about 40 People aboard, including\n11 Negro-Slaves, but little of _European_ Goods, except some Iron and\nCloth. Captain _Courtney_ sent to tell me, the Prisoners he had knew\nnothing of our being in these Seas, and brought no News from _Europe_,\nbut confirm\u2019d the Story that they expected the Arrival of a Squadron\nfrom _England_, my Lord _Peterborough_, Admiral and General, by Sea and\nLand, which was dreaded every Day, and that they were inform\u2019d he\ndesign\u2019d to secure some Port in the North Sea, and send part of his\nSquadron to the South Sea. They had a Passenger of Note on board, call\u2019d\nDon _Juan Cardoso_, he was going to be Governour of _Baldivia_, and said\nhe had been taken not long before in the North Sea, by _Jamaica_\nCruisers. We bore away by Agreement for the Island _Gorgona_. This\nMorning we saw _Gallo_, near the Shore, a small Island, and the Main to\nthe North of it, which by the Shore is low Land. Our late Prize ran\naboard the _Havre de Grace_, and lost her Main Top-mast, but did little\nDamage to the other Ship. The _Dutchess_ took the Prize into a Tow. We\nhad a good Observation. Lat. 2\u00b0. 00\u00b4\u00b4. N.\n_June 7._ Yesterday at 2 in the Afternoon we made the Island of\n_Gorgona_; about 4 the Body bore E. N. E. 5 Leagues.\n_June 8._ Yesterday at 4 in the Afternoon we got to an Anchor, about a\ngood Cable\u2019s Length from the Shore in 30 Fathom Water, on the East side\nof the Island; the Southermost point of it in sight bore S. E. about 3\nMiles, and the Rocks off the North Point bore N. half W. a Mile and a\nhalf.\n_June 8._ At 8 this Morning we spied a Sail to the Southward of the\nIsland, between it and the Main; our Pinnace being a-shore for Water,\nthe _Dutchess_\u2019s Boat went first after her, ours followed on the other\nside of the Island, that if the Prize bore away, she might meet her on\nthe West Side. In the mean time I took in Water from the Island.\n[Sidenote: _In Gorgona Road._]\n_June 9._ Yesterday in the Afternoon our Boats return\u2019d and brought the\nPrize with them, being a small Bark of about 35 Tuns, call\u2019d the _Golden\nSun_; she belong\u2019d to a Creek within this Island, on the Main, and was\nbound for _Guiaquil_, _Andros Enriques_ Master, with 10 _Spaniards_ and\n_Indians_, and some _Negroes_; no Cargo but a very little Gold Dust, and\na large Gold Chain, together about 500 _l._ value, which were secur\u2019d\naboard the _Dutchess_. The Prize design\u2019d to purchase Salt and Brandy\nwith \u2019em. The Prisoners said they had no Notice of us, so that News does\nnot spread in this Country so fast as we believ\u2019d, especially this Way;\nthe Land being, as I am informed, full of Woods and Rivers, and bad for\nTravellers or Posts. About 6 in the Evening there was a Consultation on\nboard the _Dutchess_, with some of my Officers, Capt. _Dover_ and\nothers; being discompos\u2019d I was not with them, but resolved to act in\nconsortship, according to their Agreement. After they had examin\u2019d the\nPrisoners, they resolved to go to _Malaga_, an Island which had a Rode,\nwhere we design\u2019d to leave our Ships, and with our Boats row up the\nRiver, for the rich Gold Mines of _Barbacore_, call\u2019d also by the\n_Spaniards_, the Mines of St. _Juan_, from a Village about two Tides up\nthe River of that Name; there we design\u2019d to surprize Canoes, as fitter\nthan our Boats to go against the Stream; for this Time of the Year being\nsubject to great Rains, which makes a strong Fresh down the River, our\nPilot, an old _Spaniard_, did not propose to get up to the Mines in less\nthan 12 Days. I had often before suspected his Knowledge, but according\nto their Resolutions on board the _Dutchess_ we came to sail about 12 a\nClock at Night, and steer\u2019d N. E. for the Place. In the Morning I\ndiscours\u2019d Captain _Morrel_, as I had done several Times before, and all\nthe rest of the Prisoners, who agreed that this Island, call\u2019d _Malaga_,\nwas an unfrequented Place, and not fit for Ships, that ever they heard\nof. I had also 2 Prisoners aboard, that were taken in the last Prize,\nwho had been at the said Island very lately; I examin\u2019d \u2019em separately,\nand they agreed, that a Ship could not be safe there, and the Place\nbeing so narrow, \u2019twas impossible to get in, but with the Tide, which\nran very strong; that the Entrance was full of Shoals, and had not Water\nenough, but at Spring Tides, for our Ships to get out or in; besides\nthat if a Ship gets loose (as we must moar Head and Stern) she would\nturn all adrift, and very much endanger the whole; they added that the\nRiver was so narrow before we could get to the Mines, that the _Indians_\nand _Spaniards_ might fell Trees a cross, and cut off our Retreat, there\nbeing thick Woods on the Banks of the River, from whence the _Indians_\nwould gall us with their poison\u2019d Arrows; for those about the Mines were\nin Amity with the _Spaniards_, and a bold and a very numerous People.\nUpon this Information I was surpriz\u2019d that the Council had not inform\u2019d\nthemselves better before they resolved on going to this Place, and\nimmediately sent Mr. _White_ our Linguist with the two Prisoners, on\nboard the _Dutchess_, to undeceive Capt. _Courtney_ and his Officers,\nand to desire his Company with some of the rest without Loss of Time,\nthat we might agree how to act for our Safety and Interest, and not to\nproceed farther on this hazardous Enterprize.\n_June 10._ Yesterday Afternoon Capt. _Courtney_ and Capt. _Cook_ came\naboard us. We immediately agreed to return to _Gorgona_, to refit our\nPrizes, and that there we would come to a final Resolution. We saw the\nIsland at 6 in the Evening, bearing S. W. Distance about 8 Leagues. In\nthe Night, we had much Rain with Lightning and Squalls of Wind, by which\nthe _Havre de Grace_ lost her main Top-mast. This Morning died _Jonathan\nSmyth_, a Smith by Trade, and Armourer\u2019s Mate of our Ship. I went on\nboard the _Havre de Grace_ and _Dutchess_, and lent them what was\nnecessary for their Assistance. Our Men being very much fatigued, many\nof them sick, and several of our Good Sailors dead, we are so weak, that\nshould we meet an Enemy in this Condition, we could make but a mean\nDefence. Every thing looks dull and discouraging, but it\u2019s in vain to\nlook back or repine in these Parts.\n_June 11._ We had good Soundings, but came no nearer the Shore than 36\nFathom Water, it being uncertain Soundings, and dangerous for Ships to\nventure within that Depth here.\n_June 12._ Had rainy Weather, with little or no Wind. At 8 this Morning\nsaw the Island of _Gorgona_; bore S. half W. distant about 9 Leagues. We\nimpatiently long to be there again, at an Anchor, being in an ordinary\nCondition to keep the Sea, tho\u2019 when there, we are open to all\nAdvantages against us, if the Enemy is out after us, which we expect,\nand that this is a Place they will search, but having no other Place so\nconvenient, we must run the Risque of it.\n_June 13._ About 4 in the Morning we came to an Anchor again at\n_Gorgona_, in 40 Fathom Water, and most of both Ships Officers having\nsome Thoughts of Careening[134] here. We held the following Committee:\n     _GORGONA_: 13 June, 1709. At a Committee held on Board the _Duke_.\n     _We have agreed on Mr._ Lancelot Appleby _to succeed Mr._ Samuel\n     Hopkins, _and Mr._ Robert Knowlesman _to succeed Mr._ John Rogers,\n     _who being deceased, these we approve as the fittest Men to be\n     Members of a Committee in their Places; and having at the same time\n     consider\u2019d the Necessity of cleaning our Ships, we do desire Capt._\n     Courtney _to use all manner of Dispatch to get ready for a Careen,\n     and that the Men and Officers assist him as much as possible, and\n     then he to assist the_ Duke, _as soon as his Ship is compleated,\n     and off the Careen, because one Ship_\n[Sidenote: _At Gorgona._]\n     _ought to be in a Readiness to protect the other, whilst on a\n     Careen, in case we be attack\u2019d by the Enemy._\n  Tho. Dover, _Pres._  Wm. Stratton,\n  Woodes Rogers,       Cha. Pope,\n  Step. Courtney,      Tho. Glendall,\n  Wm. Dampier,         John Connely,\n  Edw. Cooke,          John Bridge.\n  Rob. Frye,\nWhile we were together, we agreed to fit out the _Havre de Grace_ with\ntwenty Guns, and put Men out of each Ship aboard her, under Captain\n_Cook_\u2019s Command, resolving to carry her home with us, and to make a\nthird Ship to cruise in our Company, whilst in these Seas.\n_June 14._ I proposed before, we should careen at Port _a Penees_,\nbecause it was an unfrequented Place, and good Harbour, where we might\nlie sometime undiscover\u2019d, and from thence go to the Bay of _Panama_,\nwhen ready; but considering our present Condition, every body seem\u2019d\nmost inclinable to stay here, which I the more readily agreed to,\nbecause it was pleasing to the rest, and that, if any Casualty happen\u2019d,\nI might not be reflected on, if I had over-perswaded them to go\nelsewhere. We began, according to agreement, to careen the _Dutchess_\nfirst, and I to lye on the Guard the mean while, in case of being\nattack\u2019d, which we had reason to fear, having been so long from\n_Guiaquil_. The _Dutchess_ began to make ready for a Careen. Captain\n_Courtney_ and I went a fishing together, and had pretty good Luck, Fish\nbeing plenty here.\n_June 15._ We had indifferent fair Weather, but very sultry. We put all\nour sick Men, with our Consort\u2019s on board the Galeon, being about 70 in\nNumber, besides sick Officers, whom we put on board the _Havre de\nGrace_.\n_June 16._ We built a Tent a-shore for the Armourer and Cooper; set\nseveral Men to cutting of Wood, and clearing a Place for the sick Mens\nTents.\nNothing remarkable pass\u2019d from the 16th, but that we had frequent\nThunder, Lightning and Rain, which retarded our Careening the\n_Dutchess_, till the 21st that we finish\u2019d her, and began upon our Ship:\nWe were forc\u2019d to carry most of our Stores ashore, for want of Barks,\nwhich are full of the _Dutchess_\u2019s Provisions and Materials. We seldom\nmiss catching good Fish daily, and keep a Boat and Men imploy\u2019d for that\npurpose, there being very little Refreshment in the Island. We spent\ntill the 25th in careening; the Sea swelling into the Road hinder\u2019d us\nheaving our Keel wholly out; however we clean\u2019d within less than 2\nStreaks of the Keel; and being upright again,\n_June 28._ We got our Provisions aboard, and mounted all our Guns; so\nthat in 14 Days we had calk\u2019d our Ships all round, careen\u2019d, rigg\u2019d and\nstow\u2019d them again, both fit for the Sea; which was great Dispatch,\nconsidering what we had to do was in an open Place, with few Carpenters,\nand void of the usual Conveniencies for careening. The _Spaniards_ our\nPrisoners being very dilatory Sailors, were amazed at our Expedition,\nand told us, they usually take 6 Weeks or 2 Months to careen one of the\nKing\u2019s Ships at _Lima_, where they are well provided with all\nNecessaries, and account it good Dispatch.\n_June 29._ Yesterday in the Afternoon we built a Tent ashore for the\nSick, who are now much better than when we came to the Island, neither\nthe Weather nor the Air here being half so bad as the _Spaniards_\nrepresented, which made us think \u2019twould be worse than we found it. This\nMorning we got the sick Men into their Tents, and put the Doctors ashore\nwith them: We unloaded the _Havre de Grace_, and chose a Place very easy\nto lay her ashore, to clean her Bottom. A clear Sand about a Mile and\nhalf from the Place where we rode, near the South End of the Island.\n_June 30._ I went to her this Morning, and left Capts. _Courtney_ and\n_Cooke_, with the Carpenters, _&c._ to grave her Bottom, whilst I took\nthe most experienced Prisoners, and walked through the Island (which is\nevery where full of Wood) to look out Masts for her. The _Spaniards_\nknew best what Wood was most fit for this Purpose here. We found one\nTree proper to be a Fore-mast, having before that cut down a great Tree\nbig enough, but a wrong sort of Wood. All the Timber here is too heavy,\nbut we must use it, her old Masts and Yards being unserviceable, her\nSails rotten, and very little of her Cordage fit to be us\u2019d; so that\nit\u2019s near equal to rigging out a-new. She is a very sharp Ship, but lies\neasy on soft red Sand, which is dry at little more than half Tide. The\nWorms had not much damag\u2019d her Bottom, but her Rudder and Cut-water[135]\nwere eaten to pieces. It flows 15 Foot at Spring Tides.\n_July 1._ We have Men imploy\u2019d in our Tents ashore, to prepare the\nRigging as fast as possible; a Rope-maker at work to make twice-laid\nCordage, and a Smith, Block-maker\n[Illustration: CAPTAIN WOODES ROGERS, WITH HIS SON AND DAUGHTER, 1729\n_From the engraving by W. Skelton, after the painting by Hogarth._]\n[Sidenote: _At Gorgona in Peru._]\nand Sail-maker at the same time; so that we want no Tradesmen to fit her\nout. Necessity makes us of all Trades on this occasion.\nThe Natives of Old _Spain_ are accounted but ordinary Mariners, but here\nthey are much worse; all the Prizes we took being rather cobled than\nfitted out for the Sea: So that had they such Weather as we often meet\nwith in the _European_ Seas in Winter, they could scarce ever reach a\nPort again, as they are fitted, but they sail here hundreds of Leagues.\nThe _French_ us\u2019d her as a Victualling Ship, and sold her at _Lima_, as\nthey have done several others, for 4 times the Money they cost in\n_Europe_. \u2019Tis certainly a good Method they took at first trading\nhither, to bring a Victualling Ship with no other Goods but Provisions\nand Stores along with \u2019em. Generally one of these small Ships comes out\nwith two Traders, and since in six, nine, or 12 Months time, which they\nstay in these Seas, they expend their Provisions, and lessen their Men\nby Mortality or Desertion, they sell their Victualling Ship, and being\nrecruited with Men and Provisions out of her, they return well\nvictualled and mann\u2019d to _France_. But now they put into _Chili_, where\nthey sell the remaining Part of their Cargo, and salt up a new Stock of\nProvisions for their homeward bound Passage, so that they need bring no\nmore Victuallers.\n_July 2._ We had Showers of Rain, with Thunder and Lightning last Night,\nand few Nights are without Rain, but \u2019tis pretty dry in the day-time.\nThis day I got a fine Tree for the Main-mast; the Island is so cover\u2019d\nwith Trees, that we are forced to clear a Place for a Yard to work in.\nThe Wood that we us\u2019d for Masts and Yards is 3 sorts, but the best is\n_Maria_ Wood, of the Colour and Grain of our _English_ Oak, all of the\nCedar Kind, good Timber, but very heavy. There are several other sorts\nfit for Masts, but Care must be taken not to use any that is\nshort-grain\u2019d, or soft and white when green.\n_July 3._ The Prize Flower we took in Bags being much damag\u2019d by the\nRats, I order\u2019d the Coopers to put it up in 36 Casks: The little\n_English_ Bread we have left is eaten as hollow as a Honeycomb, and so\nfull of Worms, that it\u2019s hardly fit for Use. Last Night we met aboard\nour Ship to consult of the quickest Method for Dispatch, and the\nOfficers agreed each to take his Share of looking after the Ships, and\nforwarding the several Workmen: So that most of our little Commonwealth\nbeing ashore very busy, \u2019twas a Diversion for me to oversee the several\nCompanies at work in our Yard, from Break of Day till Night, which\notherwise in this hot Country would have been very burthensome to me.\nWe were imploy\u2019d till the 9_th_ in refitting the _Havre de Grace_, and\nwhen finish\u2019d call\u2019d her the _Marquis_. We saluted each of the other\nShips with 3 Huzzas from on board her, distributed Liquor among the\nCompany, drank her Majesty\u2019s and our Owners Healths, and to our own good\nSuccess. The Ship look\u2019d well, so that we all rejoic\u2019d in our new\nConsort to cruize with us. The next thing we did was to clear Mr.\n_Selkirk\u2019s_ Bark to carry our Prisoners to the Main, who being 72 in\nNumber, were very chargeable to maintain; but we could not discharge\nthem sooner, lest they should have allarm\u2019d the Country, and inform\u2019d\nthe _French_ and _Spanish_ Men of War where to find us. But being now\nalmost ready to depart, we call\u2019d a Committee, and came to the following\nResolutions.\n     At a Committee held on board the Duke, riding at Anchor in the Road\n     _We think it convenient to turn all our Prisoners ashore, in a Bark\n     already provided for that purpose, and at the same time to Plunder\n     the Settlements on the Main opposite to this Island, and do desire\n     Capt._ Thomas Dover, _Mr._ Robert Fry, _and Mr._ William Stratton\n     _to command the Bark and 45 Men on the same Expedition, and to make\n     what Dispatch they can, and return hither with such Refreshments,\n     &c. as they can get for our sick Men_.\n  Tho. Dover, _Pres._   William Stratton,\n  Woodes Rogers,        Cha. Pope,\n  Stephen Courtney,     John Connely,\n  William Dampier,      John Ballett,\n  Edw. Cooke,           John Bridge,\n  Robert Frye,          Lan. Appleby.\nAfter this we gave them the following Instructions.\n  _Capt._ Tho. Dover,\n  _Mr._ Robert Frye,\n  _Mr. W._ Stratton,      Gorgona, 9 July, 1709.\n_Gentlemen_,\n     [Sidenote: _At Gorgona._]\n     _We having agreed with you in a Committee, That you take a Bark\n     under your Care, and transport our Prisoners to the Main, and\n     having order\u2019d about 45 Men under your Command to proceed with\n     you, and attempt the Plundering where you judge convenient: We only\n     recommend the utmost Dispatch, and that you keep in mind, we hope\n     to be ready in 8 Days, and shall earnestly expect you as much as\n     possible within that Time. Other things relating to this you\u2019ll\n     know better how to act than we can here direct._\n     _Should a powerful Enemy attempt us in your Absence, we\u2019ll be\n     certain to leave a Glass Bottle buried at the Root of the Tree\n     whence the Fore-mast was cut, to acquaint you, then_ Quibo _is the\n     Place we will wait for you at, if we are well, and you must leave a\n     Glass Bottle at this Place in case we return hither again: But this\n     we don\u2019t expect, if once chas\u2019d away._\n  Woodes Rogers,      Tho. Glendall,\n  Stephen Courtney,   John Connely,\n  William Dampier,    Geo. Milbourne,\n  Edward Cooke,       John Bridge,\n  William Bath,       John Ballett,\n  Cha. Pope,\n_July 10._ Early this Morning we put our 72 Prisoners aboard the Bark.\nWe had several times discours\u2019d our Prisoners, the two _Morells_, and\n_Don Antonio_ about ransoming the Goods, and were in hopes of selling\nthem to advantage, but deferr\u2019d coming to Particulars, till now that we\nplainly saw, unless they could have the Cargoes under a quarter Value,\nthey would not deal with us. I propos\u2019d going to _Panama_, and to lie 6\nDays as near it as they pleas\u2019d, till they brought the Money we should\nagree for at a moderate Rate; provided they left a Hostage aboard us,\nwhom on failure we would carry to _England_. To this they would have\nagreed, provided we would take 60000 Pieces of Eight for all the Prize\nGoods. Then I propos\u2019d their ransoming the Galleon, and putting good\npart of the Goods aboard her, provided one of them three and another\nthey could procure would be Hostages for the Sum. They answer\u2019d, That\nneither of them would go Hostage to _England_ for the World. Then I\npropos\u2019d delivering the Galleon and Cargo to them here, provided 2 of\nthem would be Ransomers to pay us the Money at any other Place but\n_Panama_ or _Lima_, in Six Days, if they would give us 120000 Pieces of\nEight, being the lowest Price we could take for all the Prizes and\nGoods, Negroes, _&c._ They told us that Trade with Strangers, especially\nthe _English_ and _Dutch_, was so strictly prohibited in those Seas,\nthat they must give more than the prime Cost of the Goods in Bribes, to\nget a License to deal with us: So that they could not assure us of\nPayment, unless we sold the Goods very cheap; therefore not finding it\nworth our Time, and knowing the Danger we must run in treating with\nthem, we desisted, and order\u2019d them all ashore, still hoping that this\nwould necessitate the _Morells_ and _Navarre_ to get Money for us, and\nprevent our burning the Ships, and what we can\u2019t carry away. Every one\nnow wish\u2019d we had kept some others of the topping Prisoners, to have\ntry\u2019d whether they had a better Foundation and Method to trade; the\nGoods being of little value to us here, and we must fill our Ships so\nfull, that we fear \u2019twill spoil our sailing.\n_July 11._ Yesterday our Bark and 2 Pinnaces sail\u2019d with our chief\nPrisoners. _Don Antonio_, the _Fleming_, Sen. _Navarre_, and the\n_Morells_, who did not expect to part with us so suddenly, but by\ncontinuing with us, and knowing we could not carry away all the Prizes\nand Goods, they hop\u2019d we should of course have freely given them what we\ncould not keep. We apprehended that was the principal Reason of their\nnot closing with our Terms, which were advantageous to them. Besides,\nshould we have been attack\u2019d, they believ\u2019d we must then put them in\npossession of their Ships, which were of no use for fighting. But to\nobviate all their Hopes of benefiting themselves at this easy Rate,\nwithout our participating of their Money, the Magnet that drew us\nhither, I made them sensible at parting, that as we had treated them\ncourteously like generous Enemies, we would sell them good Bargains for\nwhatever Money they could bring us in 10 Days time, but that we would\nburn what we did not so dispose of or carry away. They beg\u2019d we would\ndelay burning the Ships, and promis\u2019d to raise what Money they could,\nand return within the time to satisfy us.\nOne of the chief Prisoners we now parted with was _Don Juan Cardoso_,\ndesign\u2019d Governor of _Baldivia_, a brisk Man of about 35 Years of Age;\nhe had serv\u2019d as a Collonel in _Spain_, had the Misfortune to be taken\nin the North Seas by an _English_ Privateer near _Portobello_, and\ncarried to _Jamaica_, from whence he was sent back to _Portobello_: He\ncomplain\u2019d heavily of the Usage he met with from the _Jamaica_\nPrivateer; but we parted very good Friends, and he returned us his\nhearty Thanks, and a Stone Ring for a Present to one of the Dutchess\u2019s\nLieutenants that had lent him his Cabbin while he was sick on board.\n[Sidenote: _In Gorgona Road._]\nWe allow\u2019d Liberty of Conscience on board our floating Commonwealth to\nour Prisoners, for there being a Priest in each Ship, they had the\nGreat Cabbin for their Mass, whilst we us\u2019d the Church of _England_\nService over them on the Quarter-deck, so that the Papists here were the\nLow Churchmen.\n_July 13._ This Morning our Vessels return\u2019d from landing our Prisoners,\nand brought off 7 small Black Cattle, about 12 Hogs, 6 Goats, some Limes\nand Plaintains, which were very welcome to us; they met with little else\nof Value in the Village they were at, and the others being far up the\nRiver, they did not think it worth while to visit them. The Country\nwhere they landed was so poor, that our Men gave the Prisoners and\nNegroes, some Bays, Nails, _&c._ to purchase themselves Subsistance. The\nInhabitants ashore had notice of our taking _Guiaquil_, and were jealous\nof our being at this Island, because they heard our Guns, when we fired\nin order to scale them after careening. This Place bears S.E. about 7\nLeagues from the Body of _Gorgona_, is low Land and full of Mangrove\nTrees; but within the Country the Land is very high. The River is hard\nto be found without a Pilot, and has Shole Water for above 2 Leagues\nfrom Shore, There are some poor Gold Mines near it, but the Inhabitants\nagree that those of _Barbacore_ are very rich, tho\u2019 difficult to be\nattempted, as we were informed before.\n_July 16._ Yesterday about Noon came aboard one _Michael Kendall_, a\nfree Negro of _Jamaica_, who had been sold a Slave to the Village we\nplunder\u2019d; but not being there when our People were ashore, he follow\u2019d\nthem privately in a small Canoe; and the Account he gave of himself was,\nthat when the last War was declared at _Jamaica_, he embark\u2019d under the\nCommand of one Capt. _Edward Roberts_, who was join\u2019d in Commission from\nthe Governour of _Jamaica_ with Capts. _Rash_, _Golding_ and\n_Pilkington_; they had 106 Men, and design\u2019d to attempt the Mines of\n_Jaco_ at the Bottom of the Gulph of _Darien_: There were more\nCommanders and Men came out with them, but did not join in this Design.\nThey had been about 5 Months out, when they got near the Mines\nundiscover\u2019d; they sail\u2019d 15 Days up the River in Canoes, and travel\u2019d\n10 Days by Land afterwards. By this time the _Spaniards_ and _Indians_\nbeing alarm\u2019d, laid Ambushes in the Woods, and shot many of them. The\nEnemy having assembled at least 500 Men, and the _English_ being\ndiminish\u2019d to about 60, including the Wounded; the _Spaniards_ sent them\na Flag of Truce, and offer\u2019d them their Lives after a small Skirmish,\nwherein the _English_ lost 4, and the Enemy about 12 Men. The _English_\nbeing in want of Provisions, quite tir\u2019d out, and not knowing their Way\nback, agreed to deliver their Arms, on condition to be us\u2019d as Prisoners\nof War. Having thus yielded, the _Spaniards_ and _Indians_ carried them\nin Canoes 3 Days up the River, that leads to the same Mines they\ndesign\u2019d to attempt, treated them very well, and gave them the same Food\nthat they eat themselves; but the 4_th_ Day, when they came to a Town\nbeyond the Mines, and thought all Danger had been past, an Order came\nfrom the chief _Spanish_ Officer to cut them all off, which the\n_Indians_ and _Spanish_ Troops did, as those poor disarm\u2019d Wretches sat\nat Victuals; so that in this barbarous manner they were all massacred in\na few Minutes, except a _Scots_, a _French_, and an _English_ Boy, with\n12 free Negroes, which at the Intercession of a Priest they kept for\nSlaves. This Man being one of \u2019em, happen\u2019d to be sold, first to the\nMines, where he says he clear\u2019d at least 3 Pieces of Eight a day for his\nMaster, and from thence he was sold to this Place. By this we may see\nwhat a mighty Advantage the _Spaniards_ make of their Slaves to imploy\nat these Mines, which are accounted the richest in _New Spain_. The rest\nof the free Negroes being farther up the Country, could have no\nOpportunity to escape. This is enough to shew what merciless and\ncowardly Enemies we have to deal with in these Parts of the World. I\nhave heard of many such Cruelties in the _Spanish_ Parts of _America_,\nto the eternal Scandal of those who encourage or connive at them.\n_July 17._ About 10 this Morning, the two _Morells_, Mr. _Navarre_, and\nhis Son in law, our old Prisoners came in a large Canoe, with some Money\nto ransom what they could of us: We told them of the Barbarity of their\nCountrymen, and of the different Treatment they met with from us; and\nthat we had reason to apprehend, that if we became Prisoners here, that\nfew of us would ever return to our native Country.\n[Sidenote: _In Gorgona Road._]\n_July 18._ A Negro belonging to the _Dutchess_ was bit by a small brown\nspeckl\u2019d Snake, and died within 12 Hours, notwithstanding the Doctor\nus\u2019d his utmost Endeavours to save him. There\u2019s abundance of Snakes on\nthis Island, and the _Spaniards_ say some are as thick as the Middle of\na Man\u2019s Thigh. I saw one as big as my Leg, and above 3 Yards long; their\nBite proves generally mortal. Yesterday in the Afternoon we had a\nConsultation, and agreed that the small Bark we took belonging to the\nMain right against this Island, should be given the Lieutenant\u2019s\nBrother that we plunder\u2019d, and who came over with our Bark; for being a\nMan in some Authority ashore, we hope this Favour will have some\nInfluence on \u2019em to trade with us whilst we are here. This Morning Mr.\n_Morell_ and _Navarre_ went a second time in our Bark for Money. One of\nthe same sort of Snakes that kill\u2019d the Negro was found on our\nForecastle this Morning, and kill\u2019d by our Men; we suppose it came\naboard on the Cable, they being often seen in the Water.\n_July 19._ We continued discharging the Galleon, and lading the\n_Marquiss_, and put a Part aboard of us and the _Dutchess_. We found in\nthe _Marquiss_ near 500 Bales of Pope\u2019s Bulls, 16 Reams in a Bale. This\ntook up abundance of Room in the Ship; we throw\u2019d most of them overboard\nto make room for better Goods, except what we used to burn the Pitch of\nour Ships Bottoms when we careen\u2019d \u2019em. These Bulls are imposed upon the\nPeople, and sold here by the Clergy from 3 Ryals to 50 Pieces of Eight\na-piece, according to the Ability of the Purchaser. Once in two Years\nthey are rated, and all the People obliged to buy them against Lent;\nthey cannot be read, the Print looking worse than any of our old\nBallads, yet the Vulgar are made believe it\u2019s a mortal Sin to eat Flesh\nin Lent, without being licensed by one of these Bulls, the Negro Slaves\nnot being exempted. This is one of the greatest Branches of Income the\nKing of _Spain_ has in this Country, being a free Gift from the Pope to\nhim, as the _Spaniards_ and Natives told us. We should have made\nsomething of them, if we had taken the Bishop before mentioned; but now\nthey are of no use to us.\n_July 20._ At Noon _Navarre_ return\u2019d with a little more Money, some\nLimes, Fowls, _&c._ He told us he had left Mr. _Morell_ to get more, and\nthat he would be soon with us.\n_July 21._ We sent aboard the _Marquiss 2_ of our Main Deck Guns, and\nthe _Dutchess_ did the like, which with 4 we took at _Guiaquil_, and 12\ntaken in the same Ship, make 20 good ones. The Carriages are all new, or\nvery much repair\u2019d, and as good and strong as if mounted in _England_.\nAnother Canoe came with Limes, Guavas, and other Fruit, and brought a\nlittle Money to trade with us. The Main here is a poor Country, and I\nbelieve we might have pick\u2019d up a good Quantity of Money any where else\non this Coast, notwithstanding their severe Orders against trading with\nus.\n_July 22._ Two of our Negroes, and three of the _Dutchess_\u2019s ran into\nthe Woods to hide themselves, and go to the _Spaniards_ after we are\ngone: We caught one of \u2019em to day, and punish\u2019d him severely.\n_July 23._ At 6 last Night our Stream Cable broke, and we lost our\nAnchor: The Ground here is a black Mud, which in all hot Countries rots\nCables in a very little time. We have often Thunder, Rain and Lightning\nall the Night, tho\u2019 clear dry Days. This is accounted by the _Spaniards_\nthe worst part of all the Coast for wet dirty Weather. We have had\nenough of it, but God be thank\u2019d are now pretty well, there not being\nabove 30 Persons in all our Ships unhealthy.\n_July 24._ We caught our Negroes that ran away, and one of the\n_Dutchess_\u2019s, Hunger having brought \u2019em out of the Woods.\n_July 25._ I put 35 Men aboard the _Marquiss_, and Capt. _Courtney_ 26,\nso that her Complement will be 61 White Men, and 20 Negroes. Captain\n_Edward Cooke_ Commander, and our Second Lieutenant, Mr. _Charles Pope_,\nhis Second. We design to agree, that the Captain with his Officers and\nMen shall have equal Wages with others in the like Posts, to encourage\nthem.\n_July 26._ Last Night the _Marquiss_ sprung a Leak, and made 8 Inches\nWater in an Hour; but the Carpenters stopt it. A Canoe came from the\nMain, and bought some Negroes of us.\n_July 27._ At 8 this Morning, the Canoe return\u2019d, with Mr. _John\nMorell_, who desir\u2019d he might go ashore to his Brother, and forward his\ngetting of more Money to deal with us for Goods, since he saw that we\nwere resolved to leave nothing of Value behind us.\n[Sidenote: _In Gorgona Road._]\n_July 28._ Yesterday Afternoon, Mr. _John Morell_ return\u2019d, having met\nhis Brother coming with what Money he could get; he told us the Country\nbeing alarm\u2019d, he had much ado to get Leave to come to us; that the\nGovernour of _Barbacore_ was at the Water-side, with above 200 Men\ncommanded by himself, to prevent our Landing, or that any thing should\nbe brought to us; and that all the Shore was lined with Men for that\nEnd. We have took out of the Galleon 320 Bails of Linnen, Woolen, a\nlittle Silks, and most Sorts of Goods, usually in Bails, besides Boxes\nof Knives, Scizzars, Hatchets, _&c._ The _Dutchess_ and _Marquiss_ have\nalso taken what they can; so that all our 3 Ships are full. We found\naboard the Galeon a great Quantity of Bones in small Boxes, ticketed\nwith the Names of _Romish_ Saints, some of which had been dead 7 or 800\nYears; with an infinite Number of Brass Medals, Crosses, Beads, and\nCrucifixes, religious Toys in Wax, Images of Saints made of all sorts\nof Wood, Stone, and other Materials, I believe in all near 30 Tun, with\n150 Boxes of Books in _Spanish_, _Latin_, _&c._ which would take up much\nmore Stowage than 50 Tuns of other Goods: All this came from _Italy_,\nand most from _Rome_, design\u2019d for the Jesuits of _Peru_; but being of\nsmall Value to us, we contented our selves to take only a Sample of most\nSorts to shew our Friends in _England_, and left the rest. A large\nwooden Effigies of the Virgin _Mary_ being either dropt or thrown over\nboard, from the Galeon, and drove ashoar near the North Point of the\nIsland, the _Indians_ that came in the Canoes with Senior _Morell_,\n_&c._ from the main Land, being then a Fishing, took up the Image, and\nbrought her in the Canoe to the Shoar just over against our Ship, where\nwe gave our Prisoners Liberty to walk that Day: As soon as they saw her,\nthey cross\u2019d and bless\u2019d themselves, and fancied that this must be the\nVirgin _Mary_ come by Water from _Lima_ or _Panama_, to relieve them in\ntheir Necessity: They then set it up on the Shoar, and wip\u2019d it dry with\nCotton; and when they came aboard, told us, that tho\u2019 they had wip\u2019d her\nagain and again, she continued to sweat very much; and all but those\nemploy\u2019d in wiping her, stood around devoutly amaz\u2019d, praying and\ntelling over their Beads: They also shew\u2019d the Cotton to our Linguist\nand the Ransomers, wet by the excessive Sweat of the holy Virgin, as\nthey fondly seem\u2019d to believe, and kept it as a choice Relick. The\n_Morells_ perceiving me laugh at the Story, they told me a much\nstranger, in order to convince me, _viz._ That a few Years ago, at a\nProcession in the Cathedral Church of _Lima_, which was at that time\nvery richly furnished, and worth some Millions of Pieces of 8 in Gold,\nSilver and Jewels; the Image of the Virgin was more richly adorn\u2019d with\nPearls, Diamonds and Gold, than the rest; and those Ornaments being left\nin the Church, according to Custom, till the Night after Procession,\nwithout any Guard, because the People concluded that none durst be so\nsacrilegiously impious as to rob the Church; an unfortunate Thief,\nresolving at once to enrich himself, got into the Church at Midnight,\nand made up to the Image; but whilst he was going to take off a rich\nString of Pearls from the Virgin\u2019s Wrists, she caught him fast by the\nArm, and held him, till being found in that Posture he was apprehended\nand executed. This Story was confirm\u2019d as an unquestionable Truth by all\nthe other Prisoners, who assured us, That all the Fathers of the Church\nat _Lima_ confidently affirm the same, as well as a considerable Number\nof Lay-Brethren, who (they say) were Eye-Witnesses of it; so that it\npasses amongst them as currant, as an Article of their Faith: By this we\nmay see how the Belief of those false Miracles, by the Cunning of the\n_Romish_ Clergy in these Parts, obtains Credit among those Men who are\nnot so easily imposed on in their worldly Affairs. Thus I am apt to\nbelieve those Gentlemen invented the Story of the sweating Miracle, out\nof Zeal to their Church, and thinking thereby to deter us from carrying\naway any more of the Relicks out of Senior _Morell\u2019s_ Galeon. Before\nthis, when I heard such Stories, I took \u2019em to have been invented meerly\nto ridicule the _Romanists_, but when I heard such silly Stories related\nby 8 grave Men, of a handsome Appearance and good Reputation amongst the\n_Spaniards_, I was convinc\u2019d of the Ignorance and Credulity of the\nPapists.\n_July 29._ Having for a long time been importun\u2019d by the Companys of\neach Ship, to divide what we was forc\u2019d to agree to as Plunder, we\nresolved on a Committee to be called to morrow to settle that Affair,\nwhich we did in the following Manner.\n     At a Committee on board the _Duke_, the 29th Day of _July_, 1709.\n     It\u2019s agreed, that the following Articles shall regulate Plunder,\n     and be in part a Satisfaction allow\u2019d by the Committee of the\n     _Duke_ and _Dutchess_, for past Services, more than each Man\u2019s\n     Agreement with the Owners.\n     [Sidenote: Impr.]\n     _Gold Rings found in any Place, except in a Gold-smith\u2019s Shop, is\n     Plunder. All Arms, Sea Books and Instruments, all Cloathing and\n     Moveables, usally worn about Prisoners, except Women\u2019s Ear-rings,\n     unwrought Gold or Silver, loose Diamonds, Pearls or Money; all\n     Plate in use aboard Ships, but not on Shoar, (unless about the\n     Persons of Prisoners) is Plunder._\n     [Sidenote: _In Gorgona Road._]\n     _All manner of Clothes ready made, found on the upper Deck, and\n     betwixt Decks, belonging to the Ships Company and Passengers, is\n     Plunder also, except what is above limited, and is in whole Bundles\n     and Pieces, and not open\u2019d in this Country, that appears not for\n     the Persons use that owns the Chest, but design\u2019d purposely for\n     Merchandize, which only shall not be plunder. And for\n     Encouragement, we shall allow to_ James Stratton _40 Rupees to buy\n     him Liquor in_ India, _in Part of Amends for his smart Money. To_\n     William Davis _and_ Yerrick Derrickson _20 Rupees each, as smart\n     Money, over and above their Shares. We also give the Boats Crews\n     over and above their Shares, that were engag\u2019d with the_ Marquis,\n     _when taken, four Bails of Goods, to be sold when and where they\n     think convenient; which Bail, shall be 1 of Serges, 1 of Linnen,\n     and 2 of Bays; and this over and above their respective Shares.\n     Also a good Suit of Clothes to be made for each Man that went up\n     the River above_ Guiaquil, _the last time in the_ Dutchess\u2019_s\n     Pinnace._\n     In witness whereof, _We have hereunto set our Hands the Day and\n     Year above-mentioned_.\n  Tho. Dover, _Pres._    John Connely,\n  Woodes Rogers,         William Bath,\n  Stephen Courtney,      Tho. Glendal,\n  William Dampier,       Geo. Melbourne,\n  Edw. Cooke,            John Bridge,\n  Rob. Frye,             John Ballett,\n  William Stretton,      Lan. Appleby.\nThe Cause why we delay\u2019d adjusting what should be Plunder so long, was\nthe unreasonable Expectations of some among us: This made us wait till\nnow we had a proper Opportunity, and could better insist on our Owner\u2019s\nInterest: Besides, we were not willing that any Difference should arise\nabout this knotty Affair, when the Prisoners were on board, nor till we\nhad finish\u2019d the Rigging of our Ships, lest it should have put a full\nStop to our Business, or at least have hinder\u2019d our Proceeding\nchearfully.\n_July 30._ We over hall\u2019d our Plunder-Chests, and what was judged to be\nPlunder, (by Men appointed with the Owners Agents) was carried aboard\nthe Galeon, which was kept clear between Decks, in order to divide it.\nMr. _Frye_ and Mr. _Pope_ were to be Appraisers for the _Duke_, and Mr.\n_Stratton_ and Mr. _Connely_ for the _Dutchess_, so I hope to get over a\ntroublesome Job peaceably.\n_July 31._ Mr. _Navarr\u2019s_ Bark grew leaky, and _Benjamin Parsons_, one\nof our Midshipmen, that had charge of her, ran her a-shore without\nOrders, at high Water, thinking to have stop\u2019d her Leak at low Water,\nand got her off the next Tide; but contrary to his Expectation, the\nVessel strain\u2019d and sunk; so that we had much ado to get out what we had\na-board her Time enough; and were forced to leave in her 10 Bails of\ndamag\u2019d Bays, and a great deal of Iron Work, which we gave Senior\n_Navarr_, in part of Payment for what we have received of him from the\nSettlement on the Main.\n_August 1._ The Officers we appointed to praise the Plunder met on\nboard the Galeon, and valued the Cloathing, in order to divide it\namongst the Officers and Men of each Ship, according to their respective\nShares.\n_August 2._ We continued appraising the Plunder, and found it a very\ntroublesome Task.\n_August 3._ Capt. _Cooke_ told me they had discover\u2019d another Leak, and\nwas troubled at so many Leaks in a Harbour; so that I began to dread\nthat all our Labour and Time was lost on the _Marquiss_, but hop\u2019d for\nthe best.\n_August 4._ Yesterday in the Afternoon they made an End of appraising\nthe Clothes at a very low rate, amounting to upwards of 400_l._ and the\nSilver-handled Swords, Buckles, Snuff-Boxes, Buttons, and Silver Plate\nin use aboard every Prize we took, and allow\u2019d to be Plunder at 4_s._\n6_d._ _per_ Piece of 8, amounted to 743_l._ 15_s._ besides 3 \u2114 12\u2125 of\nGold, which was in Rings, Gold, Snuff-boxes, Ear-rings, and Gold Chains,\ntaken about Prisoners. This I believe to be an exact Account.\n[Sidenote: _In Gorgona Road._]\nThis Morning we had like to have a Mutiny amongst our Men: The Steward\ntold me, that several of them had last Night made a private Agreement,\nand that he heard some Ring-leaders by way of Encouragement, boast to\nthe rest, that 60 Men had already signed the Paper. Not knowing what\nthis Combination meant, or how far it was design\u2019d, I sent for the chief\nOfficers into the Cabin, where we arm\u2019d our selves, secured two of the\nchief of those mutinous Fellows, and presently seized two others. The\nFellow that wrote the Paper we put in Irons; by this time all Hands were\nupon Deck, and we had got their Agreement from those who were in the\nCabin, the Purport of which was to oblige themselves, not to take their\nPlunder, nor to move from thence till they had Justice done them, as\nthey term\u2019d it. There being so many concern\u2019d in this Design, Captains\n_Dover_ and _Fry_ desired I would discharge those in Confinement upon\ntheir asking Pardon, and faithfully promising never to be guilty of the\nlike, or any other Combination again. The Reason we shewed \u2019em this\nFavour was, that there were too many guilty to punish them at once: And\nnot knowing what was design\u2019d a-board the _Dutchess_ and _Marquiss_, we\nwere of Opinion they had concerted to break the Ice first a-board the\n_Duke_, and the rest to stand by them. Upon this I us\u2019d what Arguments I\ncould offer, shew\u2019d them the Danger and Folly of Combinations, and\nexhorted them to believe they would have Justice in _England_, should\nany thing seem uneasy to them now, or in the whole Course of the\nVoyage; adding that we had done all that we could for their good, and\nwould continue our Endeavours, not doubting their good Intentions,\nprovided they were not mis-led. With these and other healing Arguments,\nall appear\u2019d easy and quiet, and every Man seem\u2019d willing to stand to\nwhat had been done, provided the Gentlemen that were Officers, and not\nSailors, amongst us, had not such large Shares, which they alledg\u2019d was\nunreasonable, and that they could not possibly in a Privateer deserve\nwhat they were allow\u2019d in proportion to the rest of the Ships Company:\nThis we did in part yield to, in order to appease those Malecontents, by\nmaking some Abatements on Mr. _White\u2019s_, Mr. _Bath\u2019s_, and Mr.\n_Vanbrugh\u2019s_ Shares; so that we hoped this difficult Work would, with\nless Danger than we dreaded, be brought to a good Conclusion: For\nDisputes about Plunder is the common Occasion of Privateers Quarrelling\namongst themselves, and ruining their Voyages. Sailors usually exceed\nall Measures when left to themselves, and account it a Privilege in\nPrivateers to do themselves Justice on these Occasions, tho\u2019 in every\nthing else I must own, they have been more obedient than any Ship\u2019s\nCrews engag\u2019d in the like Undertaking that ever I heard of. Yet we have\nnot wanted sufficient Tryal of our Patience and Industry in other\nthings; so that if any Sea-Officer thinks himself endowed with these two\nVirtues, let him command in a Privateer, and discharge his Office well\nin a distant Voyage, and I\u2019ll engage he shall not want Opportunities to\nimprove, if not to exhaust all his Stock. Had Capt. _Courtney_ and I\nkept what is always allow\u2019d to be Plunder in Privateers, and not\nvoluntarily given our Parts amongst the Men, but for a greater and more\ngenerous Design in view, (_viz._ The Good of the Voyage) our Parts of\nthe Plunder would have been above 10 times so much as now it is, because\nvery little valuable Plunder was taken out of any Place but the Great\nCabbins; and all this in every Prize is of right due to the Commander\nthat takes it; but if we had acted thus, we foresaw the fatal\nConsequences that we must have suffer\u2019d by it, for the Officers and\nCrews would plunder unaccountably, as is too often practis\u2019d in\nPrivateers to keep their Men together, tho\u2019 but meanly to their Duty; so\nthat we (to preserve a good Discipline) gave an eminent Example to them,\nof preferring the common Interest before our own, to our particular\nLoss.\nWe have had lately almost a general Misunderstanding amongst our Chief\nOfficers, and some great Abuses which I suppose sprung at first from\nseveral unhappy Differences arising at and before our Attempt on\n_Guiaquil_. This made me so particularly relate all that pass\u2019d material\nin that Attempt, so that I doubt not any ones contradicting this Journal\nto my Disadvantage; yet in Differences of this kind amongst the Sailors\nwe all join, and I hope agree: Tho\u2019 I long for a Reconciliation and good\nHarmony amongst Us, which is so essential to the Welfare of the Voyage;\nbut not being willing to make the Reader a Party-taker, or trouble his\nPatience to read over unreasonable Feuds, I have left \u2019em as much as\npossible out of my Journal.\nCapt. _Morell_, that went for the Main to get Victuals, return\u2019d. The\nNegro we caught first and punished, we kept in Irons, but this Night\nmiss\u2019d him. We suppose he got his Irons off, and swam ashore.\nWe had the following Committees, confirmed the Officers of the\n_Marquiss_, agreed to sell the Bark and her Cargo, got off all our Wood\nand Water, and made Preparation for Sailing. We design to leave the\nLaunch we built at _Lobos_ with Sen. _Morells_ and _Navarre_, being of\nno farther use to us, tho\u2019 hitherto she had done us very good Service.\nHere follows what we agreed on in Council.\n     At a Committee held on board the _Dutchess_, riding at _Gorgona_,\n     _We whose Names are hereunto subscribed, appointed as a Committee\n     on board the Ships_ Duke _and_ Dutchess, _do hereby impower and\n     order Capt._ Cooke _to command the_ Marquiss, _Mr._ Charles Pope\n     _Lieutenant, Mr._ Robert Knowlman _Master, Mr._ William Page _Chief\n     Master_, Joseph Parker _Second Mate, Mr._ John Ballet _Doctor_,\n     Benjamin Long _Boatswain_, George Knight _Gunner_, Edward Gormand\n     _Carpenter, and other Officers as the Captain shall direct aboard\n     the_ Marquiss: _Each of the above Officers, or the others, on their\n     good Behaviour, to have such Wages as those in the same Offices on\n     board the_ Duke _and_ Dutchess, _and to cruise on this Coast in our\n     Company, or where else Capt._ Cooke _shall think convenient, in his\n     Return to_ Bristol, _should he be unfortunately separated from us.\n     Witness our Hands._\n  Tho. Dover, _Pres._   Tho. Glendall,\n  Woodes Rogers,        John Connely,\n  Stephen Courtney,     William Bath,\n  William Dampier,      Geo. Milbourne,\n  Robert Frye,          John Bridge,\n  William Stratton,     Lan. Appleby.\n[Sidenote: _In Gorgona Road._]\nMemorandum,\n     _We have now done careening, fixing, and loading our Ships, with\n     the_ Marquiss, _and taken all manner of Goods out of our Prizes, as\n     much as our Ships can carry, having received a valuable\n     Consideration of Mr._ Morell _and_ Navarre, _the Masters of our 2\n     Prizes, we are all of opinion we had best leave them in possession\n     of their Ships, and what Negroes we can\u2019t carry hence; our present\n     Circumstances and the Condition of the Prizes not allowing us to\n     remove them from this Place, could we make ever so great advantage\n     of \u2019em elsewhere. So judge it our present Interest to ply to\n     Windward, to try for other Purchases and Sale of the Goods, and if\n     possible to take or buy Provisions. We all agree to land one of\n     the_ Guiaquil _Hostages at_ Manta, _in order to procure Money to\n     pay for the Ransom of the Town, and a Bark we have sold the same\n     Man, laden with Prize Goods, Witness our Hands this_ 6th _of_\n  Tho. Dover, _Pres._  William Stratton,\n  Woodes Rogers,       Tho. Glendall,\n  Stephen Courtney,    John Connely,\n  William Dampier,     William Bath,\n  Edw. Cooke,          John Ballett,\n  Robert Frye,         Lan. Appleby.\n  Cha. Pope,\nI drew up the following Agreement, to which we Officers swore on the\nHoly Evangelists, because I thought it the most proper Method to prevent\nthe Confusions which were like to happen among us, because of the\nJealousies that were entertain\u2019d of one another, and came to such a\nheight, that I fear\u2019d a Separation.\n     _We having made a solemn Agreement, do this Instant sign\n     voluntarily, and give each other our Oaths on the Holy Bible; and\n     as we hope for Forgiveness of Sins, and Salvation by the alone\n     Merits and Intercession of our Blessed Lord Jesus Christ, to keep\n     severely and strictly this serious concerted_ Memorandum. _First we\n     agree to keep company, and assist each other on all Occasions, and\n     with all Necessaries, as far as our Abilities reach, and our common\n     Safety requires. Secondly, that in case we engage at any time with\n     the Enemy, we design it in Consortship, and that each Commander and\n     Second in each Ship, hereto subscribed, shall on all Occasions,\n     without the least Reserve, and to the utmost of his Power, be\n     forward and ready to assist, rescue or defend each other, with the\n     utmost Dispatch, Bravery and Conduct, even to the apparent Hazard\n     of his Ship and all that is dear to him: Well knowing all of us,\n     that on whatever Occasion should either of our Ships be deserted by\n     the other two, and taken or lost in these barbarous and remote\n     Parts, it\u2019s very improbable ever the Men will get home, and the\n     Survivors would be in as bad, if not in a worse Condition than the\n     _On these and the like Considerations we do hereby solemnly agree\n     never to desert each other in time of Need, if possibly we can\n     avoid it, and to be to the utmost of our Power and Knowledge alike\n     brave in attacking or defending our selves against the Enemy to the\n     last Extremity._\n     _But if we are so unfortunate to see one Ship inevitably perish,\n     then the two remaining (after they have us\u2019d their utmost\n     Endeavours for the distress\u2019d Ship, and find all past Recovery) may\n     then agree on the best Methods for their own Security. The like for\n     one Ship if two are lost, but for no other Reason to desert this\n     firm and solemn Agreement of Consortship; and to shew that none of\n     us is so unbecoming a Man as to shrink back, or slight this\n     agreement in time of Action, we agree it shall not be alter\u2019d\n     without the Consent of all us three Commanders, and the major part\n     of the Officers hereto subscrib\u2019d, and to a Duplicate in each Ship\n     of the same Date in_ Gorgona, _the sixth Day of_ August, 1709.\n  Tho. Dover, _Pres._  William Stretton,\n  Woodes Rogers,       Charles Pope,\n  Stephen Courtney,    John Connely,\n  Edward Cooke,        Tho. Glendale.\n  Rob. Fry,\n[Sidenote: _From Gorgona towards Manta, in Peru._]\nAnother Paper was also drawn up for every Man to swear what Clothes,\nGoods, _&c._ he had received of the Agents, and to restore whatever he\nhad taken without the Agents Knowledge, in order to a just distribution\nof the Plunder, and every one was to oblige himself in a Penalty of\n20_s._ for every Shilling Value that should be found about him\nconceal\u2019d, besides the former Penalty agreed on of losing his Share of\nany Prize or Purchase for concealing above the Value of half a Piece of\nEight; and for the Incouragement of Discoveries the Informer was to have\nhalf the Penalty, and the Protection of the Commanders. This Paper was\nobjected against by several of the Officers, who insisted, that there\nought to be a greater Latitude allowed them to advantage themselves,\nsince they had ventured their Lives hither on so difficult an\nUndertaking, which made us defer the signing it till a better\nOpportunity; for unless such Agreements as these had been constantly\npromoted, as occasion required, the Temptation of Interest wou\u2019d have\nmade us fall into irrecoverable Confusions abroad, which generally end\nin a Separation, or worse.\n_Aug. 7._ We gave Sen. _Morell_ and _Navarre_ their Ships, and all the\nGoods we could not carry away, for what Money our Agents receiv\u2019d of\n\u2019em, tho\u2019 they expected to have had \u2019em at an easier Rate. We came to\nsail this Morning; the dividing the Plunder has took up more Time than\nwe were willing to spare; but \u2019twas absolutely necessary to do it. We\ntook Sen. _Navarre_ with us before we came to sail: I went ashore, and\nshew\u2019d Sen. _Morell_ how we left things between his Ship and the other\nPrize. Mr. _Navarre_ left his Son-in-law in charge of this Vessel and\nGoods, then came with me on board our Ships, expecting to have the Bark\nbetwixt him and our Ransomers, if they paid us at _Guiaquil_. Wind\nveerable in the South West Quarter, a Lee Current.\n_August 8._ Yesterday at 6 in the Evening the Island of _Gorgona_ bore\nS. by E. distant 6 Leagues. Just before Night we took our Men out of the\nBark, and left her in possession of an old _Indian_ Pilot, and some\nNegroes and _Indian_ Prisoners, putting our ordinary Ransomer aboard to\ngo in her, as we agreed on before we came out. I and Capt. _Dover_\nsign\u2019d a Paper to protect them from being seiz\u2019d by the _Spaniards_, if\nthey should lose Company with us; but order\u2019d them not to stir from us.\nI also desir\u2019d the _Spaniards_ aboard the _Duke_, who had agreed for\nher, strictly to charge the Crew in the Bark not to leave us willingly,\nwhich they did, because our Agreement was not in Writing, but only\nVerbal, promising us 15000 Pieces of Eight for the Bark and her Cargo,\nincluding the Remainder of the Towns Ransom, we designing to have it\nunder their hand in _Spanish_ and _English_ to morrow, before we would\nwholly let go the Bark: But this Morning, to our surprize, the Bark was\nout of sight. The _Marquiss_ is very crank, and sails heavy on a Wind.\nWe held the following Committee to endeavour to help the _Marquiss_\u2019s\nsailing.\n     At a Committee held on board the _Dutchess_ at Sea, off the Island\n     _Gorgona, August 8th, 1709_.\n     Memorandum,\n     _The_ Marquiss _not answering our Expectations, but proving crank\n     and sailing heavy: We now advise Capt._ Cooke _to heave the_\n     Dutchess\u2019_s two heavy Guns overboard, and 20 Boxes of Snuff, with\n     two spare Top-masts, and bring his Ship more by the Stern, stowing\n     every thing as low as possible in the Ship, to endeavour to make\n     her stiffer, and if he finds any thing more necessary for the\n     Benefit of the Ship, we desire him to do it. Witness our Hands._\n     Signed by the Majority of our Council.\nAmongst our Prisoners taken on board Sen. _Navarre_\u2019s Ship from\n_Panama_, there was a Gentlewoman and her Family, her eldest Daughter a\npretty young Woman of about 18, was newly married, and had her Husband\nwith her. We assign\u2019d them the Great Cabin aboard the Galleon, and none\nwere suffer\u2019d to intrude amongst them, or to separate their Company; yet\nthe Husband (I was told) shew\u2019d evident Marks of Jealousy, the\n_Spaniards_ Epidemick Disease; but I hope he had not the least Reason\nfor it amongst us, my third Lieutenant _Glendall_ alone having charge of\nthe Galleon and Prisoners: For being above 50 Years of Age, he appear\u2019d\nto be the most secure Guardian to Females that had the least Charm, tho\u2019\nall our young Men have hitherto appear\u2019d modest beyond Example among\nPrivateers; yet we thought it improper to expose them to Temptations. At\nthis time Lieut. _Connely_, who behav\u2019d himself so modestly to the\nLadies of _Guiaquil_, was some days in possession of _Navarre_\u2019s Ship\nbefore we stopt here, to remove these Prisoners aboard the Galleon,\nwhere he gain\u2019d their Thanks and publick Acknowledgments for his\nCivilities to these Ladies, and even the Husband extols him. We had\nnotice these Ladies had some conceal\u2019d Treasure about them, and order\u2019d\na Female Negro that we took, and who spoke _English_, to search them\nnarrowly, and found some Gold Chains and other things cunningly hid\nunder their Clothes. They had before deliver\u2019d to Capt. _Courtney_ Plate\nand other things of good Value. We gave them most of their wearing\nApparel and Necessaries, with 3 Female Mullatto Slaves, and parted very\nfriendly. They confess\u2019d to our People, who put them ashore, that we had\nbeen much civiller than they did expect, or believe their own Countrymen\nwould have been in the like case, and sent back the Husband with Gold to\npurchase some Goods and two Slaves of us. I come next to the Description\nof _Gorgona_.\n[Sidenote: _From Gorgona towards Manta, in Peru._]\n_Gorgona_ is 3 Leagues in Length, N. E. and S. W. but narrow. It\u2019s about\n6 Leagues from the Main, full of Wood and tall Trees, one of \u2019em call\u2019d\n_Palma Maria_, of which the _Spaniards_ make Masts, and use a Balsam\nthat flows from it for several Diseases. The Island appears at a\ndistance indifferent high, and in 3 Hummocks. There is Riding for Ships\nall over against the North East Side; but in some places foul Ground,\nand shoal\u2019d near the Shore, particularly on the South East Side, and\nnear the South West End, where there\u2019s a small Island almost joining,\nwith Shoal Ground, and Breakers near a Mile to the Eastward from that\nEnd. Capt. _Dampier_ has been here several times, but never rode where\nwe did, which is the best and only good Road in the Island. The\n_Spaniards_ told us of strange Storms and heavy Turnadoes of Wind about\nthis Island; but we found it otherwise, and had only frequent Showers\nand Thunder: But in the time of Breezes, which the _Spaniards_ call our\nWinter Months, and in Spring, till the Beginning of _May_, here are now\nand then Northerly strong Breezes of Wind, and then I believe the Road\nmust be shifted to the other Side of the Island, which may be at that\ntime the best Riding; but this we had no Time to try, neither do I think\nit half so bad as these puny Mariners tell us. About this Island are\nseveral remarkable Rocks, at the South West End there\u2019s one looks like a\nSail half a Mile off shore; at the North East End there are several high\nones, round and steep, near a Cable\u2019s Length off Shore, where the\nSea-Fowls breed. The Beasts and Insects, we saw in this Island are\nMonkeys, Guinea Pigs, Hares, Lizards, Lion Lizards, which change their\nColours, and are fine Creatures to look at, several Species of great and\nsmall Snakes, and so numerous, that \u2019tis dangerous for a Man to walk the\nIsland, for fear of treading on them. There\u2019s great Variety of Plants\nand Trees peculiar to these hot Climates, and little or nothing\nresembling what we have in _Great Britain_; but it being out of my Road\nto describe such things, I refer \u2019em to such whose Talents lie that way.\nHere are also several sorts of Fish unknown in our Seas, besides Mullets\nin great Plenty, but hard to be caught with Hook and Line, which I\nsuppose is occasion\u2019d by the Clearness of the Water, so that they easily\nsee the Hook and avoid it. Here\u2019s also some white Coral, and abundance\nof Oysters, and as I am told by the Prisoners, good Pearls in them. We\ncaught an ugly Creature here, which I suppose may be of the Monkey Kind,\nbecause it look\u2019d like one of the middling sort, but with this\ndifference; his Hair was thicker and longer, his Face, Eyes and Nose\nless, and more wrinkled and deformed; his Head of the same Shape, but\nhis Ears not so large; his Teeth longer and sharper, his hinder Parts\nmore clumsey, and his Body thicker in proportion, with a very short\nTail, and instead of 5 Claws like Fingers as a Monkey has, he had only\n3 on each Paw, with the Claws longer and sharper. We let one of \u2019em go\nat the lower part of the Mizon Shrowds, and it was about 2 Hours getting\nto the Mast Head, which a Monkey would have performed in less than half\na Minute; he mov\u2019d as if he had walk\u2019d by Art, keeping an equal and slow\nPace, as if all his Movements had been directed by Clock-work, within\nhim. The _Spaniards_ call it a _Sloth_, and not improperly; they say it\nfeeds on the Leaves of a certain lofty Tree, and when it has clear\u2019d\none, before it can get down and walk a little Way to find and climb\nanother, would grow lean and be almost starved.\nI saw no Land Birds here; because I suppose the Monkeys destroy their\nNests and Eggs: We shot many of them, and made Fricassees and Broth for\nour sick Men; none of our Officers would touch them, Provisions being\nnot yet so scarce; but Capt. _Dampier_, who had been accustomed to such\nFood, says he never eat any thing in _London_ that seemed more delicious\nto him than a Monkey or Baboon in these Parts.\n_August 9._ I propos\u2019d sending the _Marquiss_ to _India_, and thence to\n_Brazil_; and then we could add to our own Stock of Bread and salt\nProvisions, and if she got well to _Brazil_, would vend her Goods at an\nextraordinary Rate, to the Advantage of the Voyage, and we two should be\nstrong enough to wait for the _Manila_ Ship, but Capts. _Dover_ and\n_Courtney_ did not think it reasonable.\n_August 10._ We got to wind-ward very slowly, here being a constant\nCurrent, which runs down to Leward into the Bay of _Panama_.\n[Sidenote: _From Gorgona towards Manta, in Peru._]\n_August 11._ Yesterday Afternoon I went aboard the _Dutchess_, and\ncarried with me Doctor _Dover_; we discoursed about parting with Capt.\n_Cooke_, and giving him only a Sailing Crew to go for _Brazil_, and sell\nhis Cargo; but finding the Majority against my Proposition, I dropt it,\ntho\u2019 I fear we shall repent it, were there no other Reasons but to save\nProvisions. Capt. _Cooke_ came to us a-board the _Dutchess_, to put in\nExecution the Order of the 8th instant, where we agreed as before to\nthrow 2 of the heaviest Guns over-board he had out of the _Dutchess_,\nbeing less valuable than the Goods between Decks, and what Lumber they\nhad besides, which he did, and we perceive his Ship much stiffer, and\nsails better; our Consort, Capt. _Courtney_ and his Officers, with some\nof mine, are uneasie at parting with the Bark, so that if we come up\nwith her, we must take to her again for Peace sake.\n_August 12._ Yesterday Evening, the Island of _Gorgona_ was in sight,\nand bore E. half S. about 13 Leagues. At 6 this Morning, we met with the\nBark, and put Mr. _Selkirk_ aboard her, with his Crew. At 9 this\nMorning, we sent our Boat for Capt. _Courtney_ and Capt. _Cooke_, when\nwe had a second Consultation, which again concluded with keeping the\n_Marquiss_ and Bark: Tho\u2019 I was of Opinion, they\u2019d be rather a Detriment\nthan Furtherance to us in any thing, so long as the _Marquiss_ sails so\nheavily, besides the Benefit of more Provisions that would have been\nleft for us that must stay behind.\n_August 13._ In the Evening last Night, we saw the Island of _Gallo_,\nbearing S. by E. distant 6 Leagues. We have a strong Current runs to\nLeward, so that we lost Ground, and at 8 this Morning was again in sight\nof _Gorgona_, bearing N. E. by E. distant about 12 Leagues; had rainy\nWeather all Night, with Thunder and Lightning, but indifferent fair in\nthe Morning. Wind veerable in the S. W. Quarter. This Coast is more\nsubject to hot Weather than any other Part of _Peru_.\n_August 15_. We sounded several Times in the Night, and had Ground in\nabout 50 Fathom Water, not above two Leagues off Shore.\n_August 16._ This Day I muster\u2019d our Negroes aboard the _Duke_, being\nabout 35 lusty Fellows; I told them, That if we met the _Spaniards_ or\n_French_, and they would fight, those that behav\u2019d themselves well\nshould be free Men; 32 of \u2019em immediately promis\u2019d to stand to it, as\nlong as the best _Englishman_, and desired they might be improv\u2019d in the\nUse of Arms, which some of them already understood; and that if I would\nallow \u2019em Arms and Powder, these would teach the rest. Upon this, I made\n_Michael Kendall_, the _Jamaica_ free Negro, who deserted from the\n_Spaniards_ to us at _Gorgona_, their Leader, and charged him to be\ncontinually exercising them, because I did not know how soon we might\nmeet an Enemy: I took down the Names of those that had any, and such as\nwanted I bestow\u2019d Names on them, and to confirm our Contract made them\ndrink a Dram all round to our good Success; at the same time I gave \u2019em\nBays for Clothes, and told them they must now look upon themselves as\n_Englishmen_, and no more as Negro Slaves to the _Spaniards_, at which\nthey express\u2019d themselves highly pleas\u2019d: I promise my self good\nAssistance from them, if need be, having this Proverb on their Side,\nthat Those who know nothing of Danger fear none; and for our own Parts,\nwe must not submit to be Prisoners, tho\u2019 forced to engage at the\ngreatest Disadvantage, but every one resolve to stand to the last, for\nif taken we shall be worse than Slaves.\n_August 18._ At 6 this Morning we saw a Sail, which bore W. N. W. of us;\nwe and the _Dutchess_ gave Chace, and took her in about an Hour. The\n_Dutchess_ had kept her Company ever since 12 at Night, and thought her\nto be our Bark. She was a Vessel of about 70 Tun, bound from _Panama_ to\n_Lima_, but was to stop at _Guiaquil_. They had very little aboard\nbesides Passengers, for they knew of our being in these Seas: The best\nof her Cargo was about 24 Negroes, Men and Women. I sent our Agent\naboard, to examine the Prize.\n_August 19._ After Dinner aboard the _Dutchess_, we examin\u2019d the\nPrisoners; they could tell us little News from _Europe_, but said there\ncame Advices by a Packet to _Portobell_ from _Spain_, and by a _French_\nShip from _France_, not long before they came out of _Panama_; that all\nwas kept private, only they heard in _Panama_, that his Royal Highness\nPrince _George_ of _Denmark_ was dead,[136] which we were not willing to\nbelieve, but drank his Health at Night, which can do him no Hurt if he\nis dead. We read several Letters from _Panama_, by which we understood,\nthat when they heard of our taking _Guiaquil_, they kept their Gates\nshut Day and Night for above a Week, and that the Inhabitants kept Guard\non their Walls, being afraid we should attack them next, and by what I\ncan guess, we might have taken that Town as well as _Guiaquil_, had we\nbut double our Number of Men. They had various Conjectures about us when\nat _Panama_, and were continually allarm\u2019d, not knowing where to expect\nus.\n_August 20._ At 10 in the Morning we bore down to the _Dutchess_, who\nhad _Spanish_ Colours flying, to make a sham Fight to exercise our Men\nand the Negroes in the Use of our great Guns and small Arms. Here I must\nnot forget a _Welchman_ that came to me, and told me, He took the Ship\nwe were going to engage for the _Dutchess_, till he saw the _Spanish_\nColours, and that being over-joyed with the Hopes of a good Prize, he\nhad loaded his Musket with Shot, and design\u2019d to fire amongst the\nthickest of \u2019em, which he would certainly have done, had he not been\nforbid. By this it appears, that blundering Fools may have Courage.\nDuring this sham\n[Sidenote: _In Tecames Road._]\nEngagement, every one acted the same Part he ought to have done, if in\nearnest, firing with Ball excepted. Our Prisoners were secured in the\nHold by the Surgeons, who had their Instruments in order, and to imitate\nBusiness for them, I order\u2019d red Lead mixt with Water to be thrown upon\ntwo of our Fellows, and sent \u2019em down to the Surgeons, who, as well as\nthe Prisoners in the Hold of the Ship, were very much surpriz\u2019d,\nthinking they had been really wounded, and the Surgeons actually went\nabout to dress them, but finding their Mistake, it was a very agreeable\nDiversion.\n_August 23._ Yesterday, at one in the Afternoon, we tack\u2019d and stood for\nthe Shore, but at two we drew near discolour\u2019d Water, and sounded, had\nbut 8 Fathom, and very near an ugly Shoal, which the _Spaniards_ tell me\nruns off about 2 Leagues from the Shore, off a high white Cliff, 3\nLeagues to the N. of _Tecames_. At 6 last Night, Cape St. _Francisco_\nbore S. by W. distant about 6 Leagues. We sounded again, and had 40\nFathom Water. We stood off at Night, and at 6 in the Morning tack\u2019d for\nthe Shore. The Wind is here always more Southerly, as we draw near the\nEquinox.\n_August 24._ At 10 this Morning, I went with Captain _Dover_ aboard the\n_Dutchess_, where we agreed to send the Bark into _Tecames_, being now\nunder our Lee, and we to follow them. We order\u2019d our Linguist to buy\nProvisions of the _Indians_ there, and put several Men well arm\u2019d\na-board, to keep the Bark till our Ship could arrive near enough to\nprotect her, if occasion, in Case of an Attack.\n_August 25._ About 2 Yesterday in the Afternoon we bore away for\n_Tecames_, after the Barks. I went aboard the _Dutchess_, and found our\nPilot, and most of the _Spaniards_, who are generally ignorant,\nuncertain whether it was the Port under our Lee, tho\u2019 I never saw more\nremarkable Land; this made us the more timerous, and me in particular,\nbecause Capt. _Dampier_, who was here last Voyage, and said he had\npass\u2019d near it very often, was full as dubious as our selves, that never\nsaw it: This occasion\u2019d me to hurry aboard our own Ship to secure her;\nfor I doubted our being near Shoals, because the Water was very thick\nand white. Capt. _Courtney_ sent his Pinnace a Head sounding, and we\nfollow\u2019d, he having then all the Pilots aboard. We kept the Lead\nsounding from 40 to 13 Fathom Water, very uneven Depths, till we came\nwithin 2 Leagues of the Anchoring place. We had every Cast about 14\nFathom Water, and saw the Houses by the Water-side; then I was easy and\nsatisfied. Before we got in, the Barks were at Anchor, and our\nLinguist, Mr. _White_, without Orders, ventur\u2019d a-shore with a _Spanish_\nPrisoner; we design\u2019d that the Prisoner alone should discourse the\n_Indians_, and try to trade for a Refreshment: It was Night as they\nlanded, just against the Houses where the _Indians_ lay in Ambush, with\nFire-Arms, Bows, Arrows, and Lances, among the Trees, and fir\u2019d several\nTimes at our Boats, tho\u2019 they told the _Indians_ in _Spanish_, that they\nwere Friends, and call\u2019d to them often to forbear firing. Our Men having\nthe good Luck to escape being shot, they hid themselves all Night,\nwhilst we feared they were either kill\u2019d or taken; but at Day-light they\ncall\u2019d again to the _Indians_, and prevail\u2019d with them to trade for what\nwe wanted, provided their Padre would give Consent, he lived about 6\nLeagues off, and they promis\u2019d to send and ask his Leave. Our Linguist\ntold them we had a Padre aboard, whom we esteemed, and he would absolve\nthem, if they traded with us: Upon this, they desired we would permit\nhim to come a-shoar, which we granted.\n[Sidenote: _In Tecames Road._]\n_August 26._ The Padre aboard, who was zealous to conclude this Treaty\nwith the _Indians_ to our Content, went this Morning a-shore, and\nreturn\u2019d a-board in the Evening; while he was a-shore, he writ a Letter\nto the Priest of the place in our Favour, earnestly recommending a\nTrade, and expressing the many Civilities we shewed to him and the other\n_Spanish_ Prisoners, beyond their Expectation, adding that we were\nsensible of the smallest Favours, and would not fail of making very\ngrateful Returns. He convinc\u2019d the Inhabitants ashore, and also inform\u2019d\nthe Padre, how easily we could land, and burn the Church and Houses, and\nlay waste all the adjacent Parts; but that we were full of Charity, and\nvery kind to those in our Power. This wrought so well on the People,\nthat they promis\u2019d faithfully they would only wait till to morrow, and\nif the Padre did not consent, would notwithstanding trade with us. They\nbrought with them a naked _Indian_, who like a Savage view\u2019d very\nnarrowly every Part of our Ship; he was wonderfully taken with the Great\nCabbin, where he lay on his Side, scarce satisfy\u2019d after an Hour\u2019s\ngazing wildly about him, till giving him a Dram of Brandy, and a few\nToys to be rid of this Visitant, I obligingly led the Gentleman out, and\ngiving him old Bays for Clothing, our Yall carried him ashore, to\ninfluence the rest by our kind Usage of him. At the same time all the\nrest of our Boats full of Casks, with the Men well arm\u2019d, went up the\nCreek between us and the Village, for fresh Water, where they\naccidentally met one of the chief _Indians_ painted, and armed with Bows\nand Arrows: He came friendly, and advised them to go higher up the\nRiver, otherwise the Water would be brackish: They offer\u2019d him a Dram\nout of a Quart Bottle of strong Brandy; he drank the major Part of it at\nonce, and went away extreamly pleas\u2019d, telling them we should be\nsupply\u2019d with what we wanted from the Village.\n_August 27._ Last Night the Boats came from the Village Laden with\nWater, and brought a Letter from the _Tecames_ Padre, assuring us he\nwould not obstruct our Trade. The Inhabitants also told us, that Cattle,\nHogs and Plantains would be ready for us, and desir\u2019d we should bring\nashore Bays and other Goods to pay for \u2019em, which we did, and this\nMorning our Boats return\u2019d with Black Cattle and Hogs, leaving Capt.\n_Navarre_, one of our chief Prisoners, and Mr. _White_ our Linguist, to\ndeal with the _Indians_. This Morning we began to heel and clean our\nShips Bottoms, and sent several of our best Sailors, and two Carpenters,\nto assist the _Marquiss_. Ashore our Men keep one half at Arms, while\nthe rest load the Boats, left the _Indians_, who are generally\ntreacherous, should watch an Opportunity to fall on \u2019em. Our People that\ncame off the Shore took particular notice, that the red Paint with which\nthe _Indians_ were at first daub\u2019d, was a Declaration of War, and after\nwe had amicably treated with them, they rub\u2019d it off, but still kept\ntheir Arms. We sent them 3 large Wooden _Spanish_ Saints, that we had\nout of _Morell_\u2019s Ship, to adorn their Church, which they accounted a\ngreat Present; and I sent a feather\u2019d Cap to the chief _Indian\u2019s_ Wife,\nwhich was likewise very well accepted, and I had a Present of Bows and\nArrows in requital.\n_August 28._ Yesterday in the Afternoon we made an end of heeling and\ncleaning our Ship; our Boats brought from the Shore at several times\nWater, Plantains, and other Provisions, with Hogs, and 2 Black Cattle.\nOur Linguist and Prisoner manage their Business beyond Expectation,\nselling very ordinary Bays at 1 Piece of Eight and half _per_ Yard, and\nother things in proportion, so that we have Provisions very cheap.\n_August 29._ Capt. _Cooke_ buried one _John Edwards_, a Youth, who died\nof a Complication of Scurvey and the Pox, which he got from a loathsome\nNegro, whom we afterwards gave to the Prisoners, that she might do no\nfurther Mischief on board.\nIn the Afternoon we concluded how to proceed from this Place as\nfollows.\nAt a Committee held on board the _Duke_ the _29th_ of _August, 1709_. in\n_Tecames_ Road.\n_We have consider\u2019d our mean Stock of Provisions, and that our Time is\nfar spent; therefore do think it for the good of the Voyage to part with\nseveral Negroes, besides those taken in the last Prize, and to make as\ngood a Contract as we can with two or more of the substantial Prisoners,\nand to return their Produce to Alderman_ Batcheller _and Company, our\nOwners in_ Bristol, _in the best manner we can, having no other Method\nto make an advantage of them; we now being design\u2019d to cruize for the_\nManila _Ship: But if any Accident parts us, then our Place of Rendevouz\nis in the Latitude of Cape_ Corientes _in sight of Land. It is likewise\nagreed to sell the Hull of the last Prize, to carry the small Bark with\nus, and to turn one of the_ Guiaquil _Prisoners ashore here, in order to\nsave Provisions._\n  Tho. Dover, _Pres._  William Stratton,\n  Woodes Rogers,       Tho. Glendall,\n  Stephen Courtney,    John Connely,\n  William Dampier,     John Bridge,\n  Edw. Cooke,          John Ballett,\n  Robert Frye,         Lan. Appleby.\n  Cha. Pope,\nThen we found it necessary to agree as follows.\n_In consideration of the great Risque that Capt._ Edward Cooke _and\nCapt._ Robert Frye _ran in attacking the_ Marquiss, _when in the Hands\nof the_ Spaniards, _we do in behalf of the Owners agree to give Capt._\nCooke _the Black Boy_ Dublin, _and Capt._ Frye _the Black Boy_ Emanuel\n_of_ Martineco, _as a free Gift._\n  Tho. Dover, _Pres._  Charles Pope,\n  Woodes Rogers,       John Connely,\n  Stephen Courtney,    John Bridge,\n  William Dampier,     John Ballet,\n  William Stratton,    Lan. Appleby.\n[Sidenote: In Tecames Road.]\n_August 30._ Yesterday _Peter Harry_ a _Frenchman_, and _Lazarus Luke_ a\n_Portuguese_, both good Sailors, ran from our Yall ashore. This _Peter\nHarry_ was he who shot a Centinel at _Guiaquil_ as beforemention\u2019d. We\ndid not punish him, because he was a Foreigner, and did not well\nunderstand _English_, but suppose he was afraid of a Prosecution in\n_England_. Yesterday Evening at the abovemention\u2019d Committees aboard\nour Ship, after a long dispute, some Measures were agreed on contrary to\nmy Expectations. If we had not grown irresolute since we left _Gorgona_,\nbut continued our Design to put our old Ransomer ashore at _Manta_, and\npart with our Clog the _Marquiss_, which I so earnestly press\u2019d the\n_9th_ instant, by this time in all human probability we should have made\ngood our Bargain to the advantage of the Voyage, besides getting\nProvisions and Necessaries that we shall mightily want. The Goods that\nwe might have vended there for ready Money, I fear will rot before we\nget the like Opportunity, Time being now so far spent, we must proceed\nas we agreed for the _Gallapagos_ to get Turtle to lengthen our\nProvisions, and then for the Coast of _Mexico_ to look for the _Manila_\nShip bound for _Acapulca_. The 2 Negroes given to Capt. _Cooke_ and Mr.\n_Frye_ in the Committee yesterday, is not an equivalent Gratuity for the\nRisques they voluntarily ran when they attack\u2019d the _Havre de Grace_,\nnow call\u2019d the _Marquiss_. Such Actions ought sometimes to be\nparticularly rewarded among us, else we may lose great Opportunities of\nAdvantage, for want of due Encouragement to personal Bravery, and in\nthis Action where there was but a few concerned, \u2019twas a fit and cheap\nway of encouraging the rest, without Offence to any. We put our young\nPadre ashore, and gave him, as he desir\u2019d, the prettiest young Female\nNegro we had in the Prize, with some Bays, Linnen, and other things, for\nhis good Services in helping to promote our Trade for Provisions here.\nWe sent also a _Male_ Negro and Piece of Bays to the _Tecames_ Padre, in\nacknowledgment of his Kindness. The young Padre parted with us extremely\npleas\u2019d, and leering under his Hood upon his black Female Angel, we\ndoubt he will crack a Commandment with her, and wipe off the Sin with\nthe Church\u2019s Indulgence. The _Indians_ ashore promise to bring our Men\nto us, if they can find \u2019em, we having offer\u2019d \u2019em a large Gratuity to\ndo it.\n_August 31._ Yesterday in the Afternoon we put ashore our useless\nNegroes, I having concluded with Sen. _Navarre_, and taken the best\nMethods we could to be paid at _Jamaica_ for them, he had also 4 Bales\nof Bays, and one Piece of Camlet, and became obliged to our Owners for\n3500 Pieces of Eight, to be remitted by way of _Portobello_, with the\n_English_ trading Sloops to _Jamaica_; which if he do, \u2019tis much better\nthan to turn the Negroes ashore as Prisoners of War, as otherwise we\nmust have done to save Provisions. Capt. _Courtney_ took one Obligation,\nand I the other, he having sign\u2019d a Duplicate to us. We had the best\nOpinion of this Man\u2019s Honesty and Ability, which made us trust him\nsolely. In the Evening we clear\u2019d our Prisoners, and put them all aboard\nthe Prize, which we left in the Road with only one ordinary Anchor and\nHawser, and no Rigging, except what belong\u2019d to the Fore-sail and\nFore-yard, which we left them to run the Vessel at High Water into the\nRiver. We turn\u2019d ashore here our least responsible Hostage for\n_Guiaquil_, resolving to keep but two, which must be carried home.\nAccording to the last Conclusion in a Committee of the _29th_ instant,\nwe came to sail at 6 this Morning. Capt. _Cooke_ lost 2 _Spanish_\nNegroes, which he supposed swam ashore from his Ship in the Night. A\nfresh Gale at S. S. W. At Noon Cape _St. Francisco_ bore S. by W. 1/2 W.\ndistant about 6 Leagues.\n[Sidenote: _Description of Tecames._]\nThe Land to the Northward, which is the Limits of the Bay of _Tecames_,\nis a long bluff high Point, and looks white down to the Water. The next\nLand to the Southward of _Tecames_ is also white Cliffs, but not so\nhigh. I saw no Land on any part of the Shore, like those white Cliffs.\nBetween them, which is about 3 Leagues, the Land is lower, full of Wood,\nand trimming inward makes a small Bay, and the Village of _Tecames_ lies\nin the Bottom, consisting of 7 Houses and a Church, all low built of\nsplit Bamboes, cover\u2019d with Palmetto Leaves, and standing on Posts, with\nHog-sties under them. These Houses have notch\u2019d Pieces of Timber instead\nof Stairs to get up to \u2019em. The Village lies close by the Water-side,\nand may be seen when the Bay is open above 4 Leagues. \u2019Tis suppos\u2019d they\nhad sent off their best Furniture on notice of our Approach, for there\nwas nothing of Worth in their Houses nor Church. The Women had only a\nPiece of Bays tied about their Middle. The Men are dextrous at hunting\nand fishing. There is a large Village about 4 Leagues off, where the\nPadre resides, and several _Indians_ live between these Villages. The\nnext River, 3 Leagues to the Northward, is very large, and call\u2019d _Rio\nde las Esmeraldas_, but shoal\u2019d; the Country about is thinly inhabited\nby _Indians_, Mullattoes and Samboes. By the Village of _Tecames_\nthere\u2019s a River into which a Boat may enter at half Tide; it flows here\nabove 3 Fathom Water, the Flood runs to the Northward, and the Ebb to\nthe Southward; there is an infinite Number of Plantains for 3 Days\nJourney into the Country, the nearest are about a League from the\nHouses, and were brought to our Boats down this River in their Canoes.\nHere runs a great Surf on the Shore, so that were it not in these Parts\nof the World, it would be but an ordinary Road. Ships generally come in\nfrom the Southward, or at least directly in with the Southermost white\nLand, and then bear away, because (as we were inform\u2019d) there is an ugly\nShole runs off the Northernmost white Land, about 2 Leagues into the\nSea, being the Place where we had but 8 Fathom Water on the _23d_\ninstant, as I noted before. We now came in from abreast off Cape _St.\nFrancisco_, Lat. 1\u00b0. 00\u00b4\u00b4. N. and this lies in about E.N.E. near 6\nLeagues from Cape _St. Francisco_. We came no nearer than half a League\nof the Shore, because there is a small Shole off of a Point about half\nway between _Tecames_; and the Cape, which is an indifferent high\nPromontory, and as we made it, falls down like Stairs to the Water. We\nhad good clean Ground where we rode near half a League from the Shore in\n7 Fathom Water, but a League into the Bottom of the Bay, where the\nHouses lie, there\u2019s not above 3 Fathom a good Musket-shot from the\nShore. There is another River enters in by a single House between us and\n_Tecames_ Village, where we fetch\u2019d our Water about 2 Leagues up this\nRiver; and it\u2019s very narrow, and shoal\u2019d all from the Entrance; we went\nin on half Flood. Here\u2019s Sea and Land Breezes, as well as on all this\nCoast near the Main Land; the Sea Breeze at W. and W.S.W. the Land\nBreeze at S. and S. by E. The Sea Breeze comes generally in the\nAfternoon, and holds till Midnight, when comes the Land Breeze, which\ndies away calm towards the Middle of the Day. There\u2019s a Rock under Water\nat quarter Flood, and a Shoal above a Cable\u2019s Length off Shore, from the\nfirst Point as you go in for the narrow River where we water\u2019d. A Ship\nought not to come to an Anchor near the Shore, if High Water, in less\nthan 6 Fathom, because at certain times, and out of course, as the\n_Indians_ told us, the Tide ebbs exceeding low. It\u2019s dry Weather here,\ntho\u2019 showry to the Northward, being the Limits of the Rains at this time\nof the Year. From _June_ to _December_ \u2019tis always dry, and from the\nBeginning of _January_ to the last of _May_ there are Showers now and\nthen.\nThe _Indians_ about this Place are sometimes barbarous to the\n_Spaniards_, as our Prisoners tell us. Our People saw here about 50\narmed with Bows and Arrows, and some good Fire-Arms; they are worse to\nengage than double the Number of _Spaniards_, so that it would have been\nfolly in us to land Men here, where there is so little to be got; and\nthe _Indians_ with poison\u2019d Arrows and Fire-Arms would line the Bushes\ndown to the Water-side, and no doubt we should have lost many of our\nMen, had we landed by force; so that we are all extremely obliged to Mr.\n_White_ our Linguist, for negotiating a Trade in so peaceable a manner\nwith these poor mischievous Wretches, which must in Justice be ascrib\u2019d\nto his good Management, he accomplishing it voluntarily with the Danger\nof his Life.\n\u2019Twas off this Cape that Sir _Francis Drake_ in 1578. took the rich\nPlate Prize; and Sir _Richard Hawkins_ was taken by the _Spaniards_ in\nthis Bay off of _Tecames_ in 1594. both in Queen Elizabeth\u2019s Time.\n_Sept. 1._ At 6 this Morning Cape _St. Francisco_ bore S. E. distant 10\nLeagues, from whence we take our Departure. Had fair Weather, Wind at S.\nW. by S. We saw many Water-snakes, one of \u2019em crawl\u2019d up the Side of\nCapt. _Cooke\u2019s_ Ship, but was beat off by his Men. The _Spaniards_ say\ntheir Bite is incurable.\n_Sept. 6._ This day I had Capt. _Courtney_, Capt. _Cooke_, and Capt.\n_Dampier_ aboard, who dined with us. Capt. _Cooke_ complain\u2019d of his\nShip being crank, and that we need not have tack\u2019d so near the Shore,\nsince we might easily fetch the _Gallapagos_ without Tacking. All agree\nto this except our Pilot, who is very positive of seeing other Islands\nabout 100 or 110 Leagues from the Main under the Equinox. He tells us he\nwas at them formerly when he was a Buccaneer, and has describ\u2019d \u2019em in\none of the Volumes he calls his Voyages, and says that those Islands we\nwere at lay to the Westward of them; but he must be mistaken, or we had\nseen them in the last Runs to and from these Islands.\n_Sept. 8._ We are run over and beyond where our Pilot affirm\u2019d the\nIslands were, and no sight of them; so we all agree that the Islands he\nwas at when a buccaneering can be no other but those we were at, and are\ngoing to now; the nearest part of them lies 165 Leagues to the Westward\nof the Main Land.\n_Sept. 10._ The _8th_ we made one of the _Gallapagos_ Islands, and in\nthe Morning hoisted out our Pinnace; Capt. Dover and Mr. _Glendall_ went\nin her for the Shore. The _Dutchess_\u2019s Pinnace return\u2019d very soon laden\nwith Turtle.\n[Sidenote: _Arrival among the Gallapagos Islands._]\n_ Sept. 11._ Yesterday we came to an Anchor in about 30 Fathom Water,\nabout 2 Miles off Shore, being rocky at bottom. In letting go the Anchor\nthe Buoy Rope was immediately cut off, and our Ship drove; so that we\nthought our Cable was also cut, but after driving about half a Mile the\nShip rode very well. In the Evening our Boats that left us after we came\nto an Anchor, return\u2019d laden with excellent good Turtle: We sent our\nYawl and some Men ashore to turn those Creatures in the Night, but to no\npurpose, because we afterwards found they only came ashore in the Day. I\nsent away our Pinnace, and Lieut. _Frye_ to sound out a better anchoring\nPlace, while we hove up the Anchor, and came to sail. Our Boat return\u2019d,\nand by 10 a Clock we had our Ship again to an Anchor within less than a\nMile off the Shore, right against a white sandy Bay. The outermost great\nRock being near the Middle of the Island, bore N. by E. distant 6 Miles;\nthe little Rock appearing like a Sail bore W. by S. about 4 Miles. Here\nwe rode very smooth in good sandy Ground; the Wind amongst these Islands\ngenerally blows from the S. E. to the S. by W. I went ashore in the\nPinnace, and carried Men to walk round the Sandy Bay to get Turtle. The\nIsland is high like the rest, but some low Land on this side down to the\nSea; it\u2019s very rocky, dry and barren, with out Water, like those we have\nalready seen.\n_Sept. 12._ This Morning I sent to the _Dutchess_, who was at an Anchor\na good distance from us, to know how they were stock\u2019d with Turtle. At\n10 the Boat return\u2019d with an Account they had about 150 Land and Sea\nTurtle, but not generally so large as ours: We had no Land Turtle as\nyet, but about 150 Sea Turtle; the _Marquiss_ had the worst Luck.\n_Sept. 13._ The _Dutchess_\u2019s People having inform\u2019d us where they got\ntheir Land Turtle, I sent our Pinnace, which at Night return\u2019d with 37,\nand some Salt they found in a Pond; and the Yawl brought 20 Sea Turtle,\nso that we are very full of them. Some of the largest of the Land Turtle\nare about 100 Pound Weight, and those of the Sea upwards of 400: The\nLand Turtle lay Eggs on our Deck; our Men brought some from the Shore\nabout the bigness of a Goose\u2019s Egg, white, with a large thick Shell\nexactly round. These Creatures are the ugliest in Nature, the Shell not\nunlike the Top of an old Hackney Coach, as black as Jet, and so is the\noutside Skin, but shrivel\u2019d and very rough; the Legs and Neck are long,\nand about the bigness of a Man\u2019s Wrist, and they have Club Feet as big\nas one\u2019s Fist, shaped much like those of an Elephant, with 5 thick Nails\non the Fore Feet, and but 4 behind; the Head little, and Visage small,\nlike a Snake, and look very old and black; when at first surpriz\u2019d, they\nshrink their Neck, Head and Legs under their Shell. Two of our Men,\nwith Lieut. _Stratton_, and the Trumpeter of the _Dutchess_, affirm,\nthey saw vast large ones of this sort about 4 Foot high; they mounted 2\nMen on the Back of one of them, who with its usual slow Pace carried\nthem, and never minded the Weight: They suppos\u2019d this could not weigh\nless than 700 Pound. I don\u2019t affect giving Relations of strange\nCreatures so frequently done by others already in print; but where an\nuncommon Creature falls in my way, I shall not omit it. The _Spaniards_\ntell us they know of none elsewhere in these Seas. This Morning we began\nheeling our Ship, and found that abundance of Worms had entered the\nSheathing; we scrub\u2019d, clean\u2019d, and tallow\u2019d as low as we could.\n_Sept. 14._ Yesterday Afternoon we sent a Boat ashore for Wood, they\nbrought off the Rudder and Boltsprit of a small Bark; we fancy\u2019d it\nmight be Mr. _Hattley_\u2019s that we lost amongst these Islands when here\nbefore, but on view perceiv\u2019d it to be much older. We also found 2 Jars,\nand a Place where Fire had been made on the Shore, but nothing to give\nus farther Hopes of poor Mr. _Hattley_. Our Pinnace came aboard and\nbrought about 18 Bushells of Salt, and 18 Land Turtle more; the Men\ncommend them for excellent Food, especially the Land Turtle, which makes\nvery good Broth, but the Flesh never boils tender: for my own part, I\ncould eat neither sort yet. Having got as much Turtle on board, as we\ncould eat while good, we agreed to make the best of our Way to the Coast\nof _Mexico_, and this Morning our Consort and the _Marquiss_ were under\nSail by 8 a Clock, but we lying farther in were becalm\u2019d, and could not\nfollow them. We caught a good quantity of Fish here, which we split and\nsalted for our future Spending. About 12 a Clock, being calm, we weighed\nour Anchor, and with the Help of our Boats and Ships Oars got off the\nShore.\n_Sept. 15._ We had a fine Breeze, came up to the rest, and agreed to lye\nby with our Heads to the Eastward, till Midnight, being in sight of the\nIsland and Rock where we lost poor _Hattley_, when last here. In the\nMorning we stood to the Westward amongst the Islands.\n[Sidenote: _Departure from the Gallapagos Islands._]\n_Sept. 16._ At 4 a Clock in the Afternoon we sent our Yawl for Capt.\n_Cooke_ and Capt. _Courtney_, with whom we agreed to bear away, seeing\nso many Islands and Rocks to the Westward, we did not care to incumber\nour selves amongst them in the Night. By 6 we found the Remedy worse\nthan the Disease, and at Mast head could see all low Rocks almost\njoining from Island to Island, that we seem\u2019d Land-lock\u2019d for three\nParts of the Compass, and no Way open but to the S.E. from whence we\ncame, so we resolv\u2019d to return that Way, and made short Trips all Night,\nkeeping continual Sounding for fear of Shoals, and had from 40 to 60\nFathom Water. In the Morning we had got far enough to Windward to\nreturn. We could have no Observation by the Sun, being in our Zenith,\ntho\u2019 we find the Weather here much colder than in any Latitude within 10\nDegrees of each side the Equinox.\n_Sept. 17._ Yesterday Afternoon I went a-board the _Marquiss_, being\nbrought too between the two Islands, in sight of the rendezvous Rock I\nhave so often mention\u2019d: Mean while the _Dutchess_ (not being so well\nprovided with Turtle as we) sent her Boat a-shore on another Island,\nwhere they got her Lading of excellent Turtle, leaving a vast Number\na-shore that they could not bring away. We have as many a-board as we\nhave Room for, being, as we suppose, enough to last us to the _Tres\nMarias_, if they live. At 7 we all join\u2019d, and agreed to lie by, till 2\nin the Morning, when we again jogg\u2019d on with an easy Sail till\nDay-break. We were a-breast of the Thorowfare, where we tried for Water\nthe last time. I order\u2019d a Gun to be fir\u2019d at a venture, to see if it\nwere possible Mr. _Hattley_ could be there alive, and then seeing or\nhearing us, might make a Smoak a-shore, as a Signal, but we had no such\ngood Luck; so that our Hopes of him are all vanish\u2019d, and we finally\nconclude, that we can do no more for him than we have done already.\nThe 18th and 19th we saw several more Islands, one of \u2019em a large one,\nwhich we suppos\u2019d reach\u2019d near the Equinoctial, and abundance of small\nIslands betwixt us; the 19th at Noon, we had an indifferent good\nObservation. Lat. 2\u00b0. 2\u00b4\u00b4. N.\nThe _Gallapagos_ Islands need no further Description than I have at\nseveral Places given of them; only that I believe, as others before have\nobserved, that the Turtle come a-shore in the sandy Bays of these\nIslands, all the Year round.\nWe saw in all (some that we searched and others that we viewed at a\nDistance, at both times) no less than 50, but none that had the least\nAppearance of fresh Water. The _Spanish_ Reports agree that there is but\none that has any; which lies about Lat. 1\u00b0. 30\u00b4\u00b4. S. Sen. _Morell_ tells\nme, that a _Spanish_ Man of War employed to cruize for Pyrates, was once\nat an Island that lies by it self in the Lat. 1\u00b0. 20 or 30\u00b4\u00b4. S. They\ncall it _S. Maria de l\u2019Aquada_, a pleasant Island and good Road, full\nof Wood, and Plenty of Water and Turtle, of both sorts, with Fish, _&c._\nlying about 140 _Spanish_ Leagues West from the Island _Plata_, but I\nbelieve it\u2019s at least 30 Leagues more, and that it\u2019s no other but the\nsame Island, where Capt. _Davis_ the _English_ Buccaneer recruited, and\nall the Light he has left to find it again is, that it lies to the\nWestward of those Islands he was at with the other Buccaneers, which as\nI have before examin\u2019d, can be no other than these Islands we have been\ntwice at. We had no occasion to look for this Island the second Trip,\ntho\u2019 I believe it\u2019s easy to find it without farther Directions. Here\u2019s\nmost sorts of Sea Birds amongst these Islands and some Land Birds,\nparticularly Hawks of several sorts, and Turtle Doves, both so very tame\nthat we often hit them down with Sticks. I saw no sort of Beasts; but\nthere are Guanas in abundance, and Land Turtle almost on every Island:\n\u2019Tis strange how the latter got here, because they can\u2019t come of\nthemselves, and none of that sort are to be found on the Main. Seals\nhaunt some of these Islands, but not so numerous, nor their Fur so good\nas at _Juan Fernando\u2019s_. A very large one made at me 3 several times,\nand had I not happen\u2019d to have a Pike-staff pointed with Iron in my\nHand, I might have been kill\u2019d by him; (one of our Men having narrowly\nescap\u2019d the Day before.) I was on the level Sand when he came\nopen-mouth\u2019d at me out of the Water, as quick and fierce as the most\nangry Dog let loose. I struck the Point into his Breast, and wounded him\nall the three times he made at me, which forc\u2019d him at last to retire\nwith an ugly Noise, snarling and shewing his long Teeth at me out of the\nWater: This amphibious Beast was as big as a large Bear.\n_Sept. 22._ The _Marquiss_ had sprung a large Leak, for want of good\nCaulking at first in _Gorgona_: I went aboard with our Carpenter, who\nassisted theirs, and with a Piece of Lead nail\u2019d over the Leak (being in\nthe Water\u2019s Edge) soon stopt it, and we made Sail again in a little\ntime. Wind at S. by E. We had a good Observation. N. Lat. 6\u00b0. 9\u00b4\u00b4. Every\nDay as we leave the Equinoctial more distant the Heat encreases very\nmuch.\n[Sidenote: _Arrival at the Island Tres Marias._]\n_October 1._ Yesterday we made the main Land of _Mexico_; it bore N. E.\ndistant about 10 Leagues. We hoisted out our Yawl, and fetch\u2019d aboard\nCapt. _Cooke_, and his Lieutenant Mr. _Pope_, Capt. _Courtney_ and Capt.\n_Dampier_; the latter says he knows this high Land; but the Latt.\ndirects us all to know it. Capt. _Dampier_, near this Place, five Years\npast, met the _Manila_ Ship in the St. _George_, and had a Fight at a\nDistance, but he says for want of Men could not board her, and after a\nshort Dispute, was forced to let her alone. We hall\u2019d off the Shore, W.\nN. W. not caring to be near enough to be seen from the Land, to allarm\nthe Coast too soon. We had often Showers of Rain, Wind at S.S.E.\n_Octob. 2._ Most part of this 24 Hours we had Squalls and then little\nWind at S.S.E. intermixt with sultry hot Weather. Our Men begin to be\nunhealthy again, two having lately dropt down on the Deck, but after\nbleeding came pretty well to themselves. We agreed with our Consort to\nlie by from 8 at Night till day break. At Noon it clear\u2019d up, and we saw\nthe Land, at least 8 Leagues off, tho\u2019 we seem\u2019d just under it, it was\nso very high. We made Cape _Corientes_ bearing N.E. about 8 Leagues, by\nwhich we judge according to our Observation at Noon, that it lies in\nLat. 20\u00b0. 10\u00b4\u00b4. N. We know it to be Cape _Corientes_, because we could\nsee no Land to the Northward of it, and that it was a Head-land. Capt.\n_Dampier_ has been here also, but it\u2019s a long Time ago. We all agreed it\nwas the Cape, and that we had best hall off N. W. to look for the\nIslands _Tres Marias_, which are not far from this Cape, but we are not\ncertain of their Situation.\n_Octob. 4._ Yesterday Afternoon, at 4, the Cape bore E. N. E. about 10\nLeagues. We kept on under an easy Sail all Night. In the Morning we saw\n2 Islands, being very clear Weather, at least 14 Leagues distant, one\nbearing N. by W. and the other N. by E. At Noon we had a good\nObservation. Lat. 20\u00b0. 45\u00b4\u00b4. N.\nTho\u2019 our Men have their Fill of Land and Sea Turtle, which keeps them\nfrom the Scurvy, yet I find them weak, it being but a faintly Food,\nexcept they had sufficient Bread or Flower with it, they having but a\nPound and a Quarter of Bread or Flower, for five Men a Day, to prolong\nour Stock of Bread against we come to live wholly on our salt\nProvisions, and then must be forced to allow more.\n_Octob. 6._ In the Morning we sent Lieutenant _Frye_ in the Pinnace\nashore on the Eastermost Island, to try whether there was any good Road\nor convenience for us to recruit there. At 9 they return\u2019d, and told me\nthe Island had foul Ground near half a Mile from the Shore; bad\nAnchoring, worse Landing, and no fresh Water; but Wood enough. A\nmelancholy Story, our Water growing short. We hall\u2019d on a Wind, for the\nmiddle Island, which Capt. _Dampier_, I do believe, can remember he was\nat, when he belong\u2019d to Captain _Swann_,[137] and found Water. Being\nlittle Wind we sent our Boat towards the Island, to view it before we\ncould get thither with the Ship.\n_Octob. 7._ The _Dutchess_\u2019s People, and our Pinnace had been ashore at\nseveral Places on the S. E. side of the Island, and found bitter Water\nat every Place. Our Ship got soon to an Anchor near the _Dutchess_, in\n11 Fathom Water and sandy Ground, about a Mile and a half off Shore.\n_Octob. 8._ Those that had been on the Island saw no Sign of Peoples\nbeing lately there, but found a human Skull above Ground, which we\nsuppose to have been one of the two _Indians_ Capt. _Dampier_ tells us\nwere left here by Capt. _Swann_, about 23 Years ago; for Victuals being\nscarce with these _Buccaneers_, they would not carry the poor _Indians_\nany farther, but, after they had served their Turns, left them to make a\nmiserable End on a desolate Island. We kept a Light out all Night, and a\ngreat Fire in the Island, that if the _Marquiss_ and Bark, who had left\nCompany, saw it, and had a Gale, they might come into Anchor Ground. But\nhaving no sight of them at Day-break, I went on board our Consort, and\npropos\u2019d my going out to look after \u2019em; but they made Light of it and\nthought it needless, believing they would be in after us, without any\nAssistance. The Recruit of Cattle, Hogs, and Plantains, at _Tecames_,\nheld to the _Gallapagos_, and we have fed on the Turtle we got there\never since, excepting these two last Days. This accidental Stock of\nfresh Food has been some Refreshment to our Men, and prolongs our Stock\nof _European_ Provisions. Now Bread or Flower will be the first thing\nwanting. We had little Wind Northerly, and often calm.\n_Octob. 9._ Yesterday I sent Lieut. _Glendall_ to view the other side of\nthe Island, and he brought me back word it was much better than this,\nwith sandy Bays, and signs of Turtle in the Sand, which he believed came\nashore the last Night. I sent back the Boat and Men to try to get\nTurtle; and this Morning they came back with their Boats Load of very\ngood ones, and left another lading behind them ready turn\u2019d; they also\nhad found indifferent good Water on the N. E. side of the Island, which\nrejoiced us to be so unexpectedly supplied; for the other Water on this\nside the Island,\n[Sidenote: _At Anchor at St. Marias Islands._]\nhad purg\u2019d those that drank it aboard the _Dutchess_ like Physick. We\nhad no sight yet of the Bark or _Marquiss_. \u2019Tis very hot, with an Air\nof Wind Northerly, but almost calm. Our Consort has sent their Pinnace\nin quest of the missing Ships.\n_Octob. 10._ Lieut. _Connely_ of the _Dutchess_, that went in quest of\n\u2019em return\u2019d without any News. And we having begun trimming our Ship,\nand stripping the Rigging; the _Dutchess_ desired to go and look for\nthem, mean while we were to employ our People to cut Wood and get a\nStock of Turtle against their Return. We found an excellent Run of Water\non the other side of the Island, and sent our Pinnace to view the\nWestermost Island, to see if either of the missing Ships had got into\nAnchor here.\nCapt. _Dover_ being willing to remove aboard the _Dutchess_, I desired\nour Officers to make the following _Memorandum_.\nTres S. Maria Islands.\n_We the under-written, appointed part of a Committee now present on\nboard the_ Duke, _do certify, that Capt._ Dover _requested to go on\nboard the_ Dutchess; _and desired us to take notice it was his own\nChoice so to do. Witness our Hands, this 10th Day of_ October, 1709.\n  Stephen Courtney,  Robert Frye,\n  Woodes Rogers,     Thomas Glendall,\n  William Dampier,   Lanc. Appleby.\nAt the same time the following Agreement was made where to meet with the\n_Dutchess_, and they took a Copy with them.\n     _In case we aboard the_ Duke _don\u2019t see the_ Dutchess _return in 10\n     Days, then to be ready to sail, and first look in the Latitude\n     20\u00b0._ N. _in sight of the Land: If not to be found there, to run\n     off the Land farther into Sea, and then in sight again, but no\n     nearer than within 6 Leagues of the Land, to prevent Discovery. We\n     are to bring all full of Water and Turtle for a second Recruit, to\n     keep a continual Look-out for them, and leave a Signal at the South\n     End of this Island._\n_Octob. 11._ According to this Agreement Capt. _Dover_ went himself, and\nsent his Servant with his Necessaries aboard the _Dutchess_. In the\nEvening they came to sail, and carry\u2019d above 100 large Turtle that we\nbrought to them in our Boats for victualling, to save Salt Provisions.\nWe hope the Current, that has hitherto run to Leeward, will quickly\nshift, and facilitate their Return, that we may not be obliged to follow\nthem. I order\u2019d 6 Yards of red and white Bays to be join\u2019d together, to\nspread it as a Signal on the Island for directing them to a Letter from\nme in a Bottle by it, should we unexpectedly quit the Place in her\nAbsence.\n_Octob. 12._ Last Night our Pinnace, which had been in quest of the\nmissing Ships, return\u2019d from the Westermost Island, and saw no Sign of\nthe Ships. Our People tell us, they heard aboard the _Dutchess_, that\nthe Bark had not 2 Days Water when they left them, which made me very\nuneasy lest she should go to the Main after Water, which would discover\nus, and might prove the Occasion of losing her also.\nYesterday we put Negroes ashore to cut Wood for the absent Ships, and\nlast Night our Boat came off, and brought but 3 out of 10, 7 having run\naway into the Woods: Immediately we dispatch\u2019d several Men round the\nIsland with Arms, to endeavour to catch \u2019em when they come down out of\nthe Woods to get Food at the Sea-side. These Negroes had an Antipathy\nagainst _Michael Kendall_ the _Jamaica_ Negro, and design\u2019d to have\nkill\u2019d him, had not one of those that came aboard given him timely\nNotice of it. A Negro amongst the Runaways could write well, which made\nme get our Ransomers to write 3 _Spanish_ Papers of Encouragement to\nincline the Fugitives upon sight of \u2019em to return, promising that Negro\nhis Freedom and every thing else he or the rest of them could reasonably\ndesire. These Papers we nail\u2019d up against Trees by the Brook side, where\nthey will be sure to see them. My Reason for so doing was to prevent\nthese Fellows from giving notice of us on the Coast, if they reach\u2019d the\nMain on Bark Logs, which they could make with the Hatchets they had to\ncut Wood for us. If this Method fails of Success, \u2019tis in vain to hope\nfor finding them by searching the Island, every part of it being full of\nthick Woods and Prickles, which make it unpassable. On the sandy Shore\nwe began to imploy our Rope-makers to spin Twine for the _Dutchess_ and\n_Marquiss_, who complain their Stock is short. Our people found another\nSpring of excellent Water on the other side of the Island.\n[Sidenote: _At Anchor at St. Marias Islands._]\n_Octob. 13._ Yesterday Afternoon the _Dutchess_ came in sight, with the\nBark in Tow, and soon after we saw the _Marquiss_. We kept a Light out,\nthat they might the better find us. In the Morning we saw them at Anchor\nbetween the 2 Islands. I weigh\u2019d in their sight, and put out our Ensign\nfor \u2019em to follow us to the Watering Place on the other side of the\nIsland, which they did accordingly. The Wind continues Northerly, with a\nLee Current.\n_Octob. 14._ Yesterday in the Afternoon we came to an Anchor in 16\nFathom Water off the N. E. Side of the Island. I went immediately in our\nPinnace aboard the _Dutchess_, that was then under Sail with the Bark in\nTow, 2 Leagues from us. About 4 they and the _Marquiss_ came to an\nAnchor; I told them of our Negroes deserting us, which had prevented our\ngetting a good Stock of Wood in their Absence, and we agreed to keep all\nour Negroes on board the Ships, and narrowly watch \u2019em to prevent their\nDesertion for the future.\nMr. _Duck_, who was Master of the Bark, told me the Day they lost sight\nof us their Water was expended, and two of the Bark\u2019s Crew in a very\nsmall Canoe left her almost out of sight of Land, and being smooth calm\nWeather, fortunately got aboard the _Marquiss_ to acquaint Capt. _Cooke_\nthey had no Water, upon which he bore down to them, and took her in\nTowe. Had he not done this, the Bark must have run for the Main Land to\nget Water, which might have alarm\u2019d the Enemy, and endanger\u2019d the Loss\nof the Vessel and Men. They were not above 8 Leagues off the Island, but\nit being hazey Weather, and having little Wind, and a Lee Current, they\ncould not get in, or see us.\n_Octob. 15._ We could not get to the Watering Place near the N. W.\nCorner of the Island, till 7 last Night, when we anchor\u2019d in 7 Fathom\nWater, clean sandy Ground, about half a Mile from the Shore; the\nWestermost Point bore W. by N. about 3 Miles, and the Eastermost E. by\nS. 6 Miles. The Body of the Westermost Island bore N. W. distant 4\nLeagues. This Morning we got our empty Casks ashore, and began filling\nWater. Had we not very fair Weather at this Season, and little Wind,\nthis Place would be but an ordinary Road.\n_Octob. 16._ Capt. _Courtney_ sent me word, that the _Marquiss_, who has\nbeen again missing, was well moored at the S. E. Side of the Island, and\ncould not easily turn it hither; so we agreed she should lie there, and\nwe would water her from hence with our Boats.\n_Octob. 18._ Lieutenant _Fry_ went in the Pinnace last Night to view the\nWeather Island, and he returned this Morning, and told me there was a\nRoad, but not very good and that he could find no Water.\n_Octob. 19._ We hal\u2019d the Sain [Sein], and caught some Fish. This\nMorning we found some Bail Goods damaged, which we believe they received\nbefore we had \u2019em; we unpack\u2019d and dry\u2019d \u2019em, and sold what was most\ndamaged amongst the Ships Company, repacking and stowing away the rest.\nVery hot Weather, and a little Air of Wind North.\n_Octob. 23._ We began this Morning to take aboard our Turtle, and the\nRemainder of our Wood and Water, designing in the Evening to return, and\nanchor on the S. E. Side of the Island, to join the _Marquiss_, and\nagree on a Station to cruize for the _Manila_ Ship. Our Men shot a Snake\nashore, and brought it aboard dead; I saw it measured 15 Inches round,\nand near 10 Foot long; some of \u2019em are much larger; this was of a hazle\ncolour, and spotted, called by the _Spaniards_ here a Leopard Serpent.\n_Octob. 24._ All the Officers met aboard the _Dutchess_, and sign\u2019d a\nDuplicate of every Conclusion in all Committees since we have been in\nthese Seas. Many of the Resolutions wrote on board this Ship were in my\nCustody, and others wrote aboard the _Dutchess_ in Capt. _Courtney\u2019s_;\nbut it was thought advisable that each of us should have all the Copies\nsigned alike. While we were together, we agreed on a Station to lie for\nthe _Manila_ Ship; but I lately proposed parting, and to meet again at\nCape _Corientes_, or any other appointed Station, and for us in the\n_Duke_ to cruize off the same Place where Capt. _Dampier_ met the\n_Manila_ Ship in the _St. George_, or else the _Marquiss_ and _Dutchess_\nto take that Station, and I would go to Cape _St. Lucas_; since by\neither Method we should have 2 Chances for the Prize, and get\nProvisions, which we begin to want very much. This Method might prove\nmuch better than to be at one Place, where we could not be supply\u2019d with\nProvisions; but the Officers of the _Dutchess_ and _Marquiss_ seeming\nunwilling to part Companies, and the Majority thinking Cape _St. Lucas_\nthe properest Place to lie for the _Manila_ Ship bound for _Acapulco_, I\ndrew up our Resolution, which was signed by the whole Council, who on\nthis Occasion were altogether.\n     At a Committee held on board the _Dutchess_ at the Islands _Tres\n     Marias, October 24. 1709_.\n     [Sidenote: _Description of Tres Marias._]\n     _We whose Names are hereunto subscribed, being Members of a\n     Committee appointed to manage the Affairs of the_ Duke, Dutchess\n     _and_ Marquiss, _having recruited our Ships at these Islands, and\n     being in a readiness to put to Sea again; We have examin\u2019d the\n     Opinion of Capt._ Dampier, _appointed Pilot by the Owners of the\n     Ships_ Duke _and_ Dutchess _in_ Bristol, _and have been well\n     informed from all the Intelligences we have frequently had from\n     Prisoners since our being in the_ South Seas, _and do now finally\n     determine to cruize off Cape_ St. Lucas, _the Southermost Cape of_\n     California, _in such Methods, and with such Signals to each other,\n     as shall be agreed on in our next Committee._\n     _We resolve with the utmost Care and Diligence to wait here the\n     coming of the_ Manila _Ship belonging to the_ Spaniards, _and bound\n     for_ Acapulco; _whose Wealth on board her we hope will prompt every\n     Man to use his utmost Conduct and Bravery to conquer. This is our\n     Opinion the Day above._\n  Tho. Dover, _Pres._   John Connely,\n  Woodes Rogers,        William Bath,\n  Stephen Courtney,     Tho. Glendall,\n  Edw. Cooke,           Geo. Milbourne,\n  William Dampier,      Robert Knowlman,\n  Robert Frye,          John Bridge,\n  William Stratton,     John Ballett,\n  Cha. Pope,            Lan. Appleby.\nBeing all supply\u2019d with Wood, Water, and Turtle, we came to sail at\nEleven this Forenoon, Wind at N. by W. a fine Gale; but e\u2019er I proceed\nwith my Journal, I will give a short Description of these Islands.\nThe Islands of _Tres Marias_ lie N. W. in a Range at equal Distances\nfrom each other, about 4 Leagues asunder: The largest Island is the\nWestermost, appears to be high double Land, and about 5 Leagues in\nLength; the middle Island about 3 Leagues the longest way, and the\nEastermost scarce 2 Leagues; these are also middling high Lands, and\nfull of Trees. Near the least Island are 2 or 3 small broken white\nIslands, one of the outermost of these appear\u2019d so much like a Ship\nunder Sail at a distance, that we gave the usual Signal for a Chase, but\nsoon found our Mistake.\nThese Islands have abundance of different sorts of Parrots, Pigeons,\nDoves, and other Land Birds, of which we kill\u2019d great Numbers, with\nexcellent Hares, but much less than ours. We saw abundance of Guanas,\nand some Raccoons; the latter bark\u2019d and snarl\u2019d at us like Dogs, but\nwere easily beat off with Sticks.\nI think the Water more worthy of Remark than any thing we saw here,\nbecause we found but two good Springs, which ran down in large Streams\nnear others, that were very bitter and disagreeable, which I suppose\nmight proceed from Shrubs and Roots that grow in the Water, or from some\nMineral.\nThe Turtle here is very good, but of a different Shape from any I have\nseen; and tho\u2019 vulgarly there\u2019s reckon\u2019d but 3 sorts of Turtle, we have\nseen 6 or 7 different sorts at several Times, and our People have eat of\nthem all, except the very large hooping or logger-head Turtle (as they\nare call\u2019d) found in _Brazil_ in great plenty, and some of them above\n500 _l._ Weight. We did not eat of that sort, because then our\nProvisions were plentiful, which made those Turtles to be slighted as\ncoarse and ordinary Food. Those at the _Gallapagos_ Islands, both He\u2019s\nand She\u2019s, I observed came ashore in the Day-time, and not in the Night,\nquite different from what I have seen or heard of the rest.\nAll that we caught in this Island was by turning \u2019em in the Night, and\nwere She\u2019s, which came ashore to lay their Eggs, and bury them in the\ndry Sand: One of these had at least 800 Eggs in its Belly, 150 of which\nwere skin\u2019d, and ready for laying at once. I could not imagine that\nTurtle were 6 Weeks in hatching, as some Authors write, considering the\nSun makes the Sand so very hot wherever these Eggs are found, and\ninstead of a Shell they have nothing but a very thin Film. In order\ntherefore to be better informed, I order\u2019d some of our Men ashore to\nwatch carefully for one, and suffer her to lay her Eggs without\ndisturbance, and to take good notice of the Time and Place. Accordingly\nthey did so, and assur\u2019d me they found the Eggs addled in less than 12\nHours, and in about 12 more they had young ones in \u2019em, compleatly\nshap\u2019d, and alive. Had we staid a little longer, I might have given my\nself and others a thorough Satisfaction in this quick Production of\nNature. From hence I am inclinable to credit the Report of divers of our\nSailors, who assert, that where they have found Eggs in the Sand, and\nlook\u2019d for \u2019em 3 Days after in the same place, they found nothing but\nFilms; this shews that the young ones are hatch\u2019d within that time. They\nassured me also, that they had observed oftener than once, that the\nyoung Brood run out of the Sand every day directly for the Sea in great\nNumbers, and quicker than the old ones.\n[Sidenote: _At Anchor at Tres Marias._]\nAt this time here was little Fish about the Shores of this Island, and\nof the same sorts mention\u2019d at other Places in these Seas; but the\nPlenty of Turtle at this time supplies that Defect. We the chief\nOfficers fed deliciously here, being scarce ever without Hares, Turtle\nDoves, Pigeons, and Parrots of various Sizes and Colours, many had\nwhite or red Heads, with Tufts of Feathers on their Crowns. I wish\n\u2019twould hold, but \u2019tis in vain to tantalize our selves; for we must soon\nfare otherwise, and take to our old Food of almost decay\u2019d Salt Pork and\nBeef, which we must prize, and heartily wish we had more on\u2019t. We found\ngood Anchor Ground about this middle Island, and gradual Soundings from\n20 to 4 Fathom Water close by the Shore. Between this and the least\nIsland \u2019tis about the same Depth; where we were between them I found no\nShole, but what was visible, as a Rock off the S. W. Point, and a Shole\noff the N. E. Point of the same, with another at a greater distance from\nthat Point off the least Island, but neither runs above half a Mile from\nthe Shore. I know no Danger about them, but what with Care might be\neasily avoided.\nWhere we rode we could see Spots of high Land, which I suppose was the\nContinent join\u2019d by low Land between it; the Northermost bore N. by E.\nhalf E. about 16 Leagues distance: I take it to be the Starboard\nEntrance into the Gulph or Strait of _California_; the nearest Land to\nus bore E.N.E. about 12 Leagues, and the Southermost E. S. E. at least\n17 Leagues, very high, which I believe is the next Headland to the\nNorthward of Cape _Corientes_. I had but two Opportunities to see it\njust at Sun-rising, because \u2019twas very hazey during our Stay here, so\nthat I might err in the Distance; but the best Directions for these\nIslands is thus: We account the nearest bears N.N.W. from Cape\n_Corientes_ 28 Leagues, and that it lies in the Lat. 21\u00b0. 15\u00b4\u00b4. N. and\nLongit. 111\u00b0. 40\u00b4\u00b4. West from _London_. I return to my Journal.\n_Octob. 28._ At 6 this Evening the Westermost Island bore E.N.E. 15\nLeagues. The Wind has been very little, and veerable, with a great Swell\nout of the N.W. I sent our Yawl with a Lieutenant aboard the _Dutchess_\nand _Marquiss_, with whom we agreed to spread as we ran to the\nNorthward, that the _Acapulco_ Ship might not pass us, if they should\narrive sooner than we expected: We agreed to be to the Leeward, the\n_Marquiss_ to Windward, and the _Dutchess_ between us, and all to keep\nin sight of each other. I order\u2019d our Surgeons and Mr. _Vanbrugh_ to see\nthe Inside of the Physick Chest that Capt. _Dover_ left us, and take an\nInventory of what was in it. We saw no more of the Islands.\n_Octob. 29._ Still easy Gales, and sometimes quite calm, and extream\nhot. We can hardly keep our Ground against the Current, that runs strong\nto the Southward. We are in the same Latitude, and I judge about the\nsame Place we were 2 Days ago.\n_Octob. 30._ This Morning one of our Negro Women cry\u2019d out, and was\ndeliver\u2019d of a Girl of a tawny Colour; Mr. _Wasse_ our chief Surgeon was\nforced to discharge the Office of a Midwife in a close Cabbin provided\nfor that Purpose; but what we most wanted was good Liquor, to keep up,\nor imitate the Womens laudable Custom of a refreshing Cup, on such an\nOccasion. I accidentally found a Bottle of thick strong _Peru_ Wine, a\ngood Part of which was given to the sick Woman, who desir\u2019d more than we\ncould spare her. She had not been full 6 Months amongst us, so that the\nChild could belong to none of our Company. But to prevent the other\nshe-Negro (call\u2019d _Daphne_) from being debauch\u2019d in our Ship, I gave her\na strict Charge to be modest, with Threats of severe Punishment, if she\nwas found otherwise. One of the _Dutchess_\u2019s black Nymphs having\ntransgressed this Way, was lately whip\u2019d at the Capston. This I mention\nto satisfy the censorious, that we don\u2019t countenance Lewdness, and that\nwe took those Women aboard, only because they spoke _English_, and\nbegg\u2019d to be admitted for Landresses, Cooks and Semstresses.\n_Nov. 1._ This Day we saw high Land, being the Point of _California_. By\nNoon the Westermost in sight bore W. by N. 8 Leagues, and the\nNorthermost N. half W. about 10 Leagues. We had an Observation Lat. 22\u00b0.\n_Nov. 2._ The Westermost Land we set yesterday Noon, we make to be Cape\nSt. _Lucas_, the Southermost Head-land of _California_. We agreed on\nSignals and Stations; and to spread S.W. into the See, off of this Cape\nthat now bore N. by W. from us.\n[Sidenote: _Cruising off Cape St. Lucas._]\n_Nov. 3._ Our Stations being concluded, I was to be the outermost Ship,\nthe _Dutchess_ in the middle, and the _Marquiss_ next the Land; with the\nBark to ply and carry Advice from Ship to Ship: The nearest Ship to be 6\nLeagues at least, and 9 at most from the Land: By this Agreement, we\ncould spread 15 Leagues, and see any thing that might pass us in the\nDay, within 20 Leagues of the Shore. And to prevent the Ships passing in\nthe Night, we were to ply to Windward all Day, and drive at Night.\nWhilst we were together, we at last settled the Form of our Agreement\nfor each Ship; that all the Ships Companies might sign it, for every one\nto give an Account of all Plunder he has received, that he may be\ncharged with what\u2019s more than his Share; and those (now or for the\nfuture suspected or accus\u2019d of Concealment) when demanded shall give\ntheir Oaths before the Commanders, to the Truth of their Accounts, and\nif any one was found to conceal above the Value of half a Piece of 8. he\nis to be severely punished, and fined 20 Times its Value: This we did to\ndeter every one from fraudulent Practices, which if we should happily\ntake this Ship, might also prevent Disorders.\n_Nov. 4._ I order\u2019d a Sailor into Irons, for threatning the Cooper; and\none _Peter Clark_, an ill abusive Fellow, I order\u2019d to have the like\nPunishment, because he had wished himself aboard a Pirate, and said he\nshould be glad that an Enemy, who could over-power us, was a-long-side\nof us.\n_Nov. 5._ Yesterday in the Afternoon the _Dutchess_ being near, I sent\nour Yawl aboard with Lieut. _Glendall_, to agree more exactly on some\nremarkable Land, that each of us knowing the same Land Mark, might the\nbetter keep our Stations. We agreed also, that the _Marquiss_ should now\nbe in the middle, and the _Dutchess_ next the Shore, as being the\nproperest Stations. This Morning we put all manner of Lumber and Chests\ndown, designing to keep all as clear as possible, that we might not be\nin a Hurry if near the _Acapulco_ Ship.\n_Nov. 6._ This Day ended our Stock of Turtle we had at the _Marias_;\nbeing all Shes, with Eggs in them, they would not keep so long as those\nwe had at the _Gallapagos_ Islands: We have for some Days thrown more\ndead Turtle overboard than we kill\u2019d for eating.\n_Nov. 7._ Yesterday I went aboard the _Marquiss_, and desir\u2019d them to\ntell Capt. _Courtney_, when he came off the Shore, that we would take\nthe inner Birth, and exchange again for the same Number of Days, that we\nmight have equal Chances for seeing the _Manila_ Ship; because I now\nthink the inner Birth the likeliest. Sir _Thomas Cavendish_, in Queen\n_Elizabeth_\u2019s Time, took the _Manila_ Ship in this Place on the 4th of\n_November_.\n_Nov. 12._ Yesterday Afternoon, all our Ships Company sign\u2019d the\nbefore-mention\u2019d Agreement, finally to settle Plunder. At the same time\nwe sign\u2019d another Agreement, to prevent gaming and wagering: some of our\nCrews having already lost most of their Clothes, and what else they\ncould make away with. To prevent those loose and dissolute Courses, we\nsign\u2019d both Agreements as follows.\n     _We the Officers, Seamen and Landmen belonging to the Ship_ Duke,\n     _having made several former Agreements concerning the equal sharing\n     of Plunder, do now desire and agree, That each Man give an exact\n     Account of all Clothes, Goods of Value, or Necessaries of any kind\n     he had, over and above his Dividend deliver\u2019d him at_ Gorgona, _or\n     had purchased of others since, to be rightly charged to him in his\n     Account of Plunder, by the Agents appointed; and to restore\n     whatever he had taken without the Agents Knowledge, and to prevent\n     any Persons detaining and concealing any Goods or Riches of any\n     kind, now or for the future, more than their respective Shares, in\n     order to a right Distribution of Plunder, except Arms, Chests,\n     Knives_, Roman _Relicks, Scizzars, Tobacco, loose Books, Pictures,\n     and worthless Tools and Toys, and Bedding in use, which are not\n     included in this Agreement; and those that have already only things\n     of this kind, are not liable to a Penalty: We do voluntarily sign\n     this, and offer our selves to be obliged firmly by these Presents,\n     to be under the Penalty of 20 Shillings for every Shilling value\n     taken hid or conceal\u2019d by any of us, or removed out of any Prize\n     without written Orders from the Commanders publickly; and that none\n     but the Agents already named, or to be named hereafter, shall\n     detain in Possession any Plunder; but whatever is found conceal\u2019d\n     shall be valued, and the Persons that hid it to be fin\u2019d as\n     aforesaid, which Penalty we acknowledge to be laid on us by our own\n     Desire, Consent, and Approbation, over and above the former Penalty\n     agreed on, That any Person shall loose his share of every Prize or\n     Purchase taken, whether Cargo or Plunder, that conceals of either\n     the Value of half a Piece of 8. and this to remain in Force, to the\n     End of the Voyage._\n     _And to encourage Discoveries of such Concealments, what-ever\n     Person discovers the Fraud of any, who shall be so imprudent as to\n     detain more than his due, in any Goods that has not been shar\u2019d\n     before as Plunder, or purchas\u2019d of the Owners Agent or Commanders;\n     the Informer of such Fraud shall have one Half given him gratis,\n     out of the Offenders Shares and Wages; the other Half for the use\n     of the Ships Company as Plunder; which Information shall be\n     encouraged by the Commanders of each Ship, in order to prevent\n     Frauds, as long as this Voyage holds; and that ever hereafter\n     Accounts shall be made up, and the Plunder immediately adjudg\u2019d to\n     prevent Confusion._\n     [Sidenote: _Cruising off Cape St. Lucas._]\n     _We likewise agree, That if any of us hereafter shall without\n     farther Proof be accus\u2019d of concealing Plunder or Goods of Value,\n     belonging to any Prize, he shall, on request, before a Committee of\n     all or either of the Ships Commanders and chief Officers,\n     voluntarily make Affidavit to answer fully and satisfactorily to\n     such Questions as shall then and there be demanded of him, in\n     order to prevent fraudulent Concealments, and on his Refusal,\n     agrees to be punish\u2019d or degraded, and to be subject to such\n     Penalty as a general Committee shall think fit to inflict on him or\n     them. Every one hereunto subscribed is within 3 Days from the Date\n     hereof to settle his Account of Plunder; after which time, this\n     Instrument is in full Force and not before._\nSign\u2019d by the Officers and Men\nof each Ship.\nThe Agreement to prevent Gaming was as follows.\n     _We the Ship\u2019s Company belonging to the Ship_ Duke _now in the_\n     South Seas, _being Adventurers so far to improve our Fortunes in a\n     private Man of War, under the Command of Capt._ Woodes Rogers, _who\n     has a lawful Commission from his Royal Highness Prince_ George _of_\n     Denmark,[138] _and considering the apparent Hazard of our Lives in\n     these remote Parts; do mutually agree to prevent the growing Evil\n     now arising amongst us, occasion\u2019d by frequent Gaming, Wagering,\n     and abetting at others Gaming, so that some by chance might thus\n     too slightly get Possession of what his Fellow-Adventurers have\n     dangerously and painfully earn\u2019d. To prevent this intolerable\n     Abuse, we shall forbear and utterly detest all Practices of this\n     kind for the future during the whole Voyage, till our safe Arrival\n     in_ Great Britain, _where good Laws of this kind take place, and\n     designing effectually to confirm this our Desire and Agreement, We\n     do jointly remit all sorts of Notes of Hand, Contracts, Bills, or\n     Obligations of any kind whatsoever, that shall any ways pass,\n     directly or indirectly, sign\u2019d by either of us after the Date\n     hereof, provided the Sum in each Note be for Gaming, Wagering, or\n     Abetting any way whatsoever by any of us; and to prevent our being\n     misled for the future, all manner of Obligations of this kind, and\n     for this Consideration, shall be wholly invalid, and unlawful here,\n     and in_ Great Britain _or_ Ireland; _And throughly to secure this\n     Method, we farther jointly agree, that no Debt from this Time\n     forward shall be lawfully contracted from Man to Man amongst us,\n     unless by the Commanders Attestation, and enter\u2019d on the Ship\u2019s\n     Book, it shall appear done publickly and justly to prevent each\n     others Frauds being conniv\u2019d at amongst us; And that none of us may\n     fraudulently do ill things of this kind for the future, and make a\n     Pretence to Ignorance, We have all publickly and voluntarily set\n     our Hands, desiring the true Intent and Meaning hereof may take\n     place without the least Evasion, it being (as we very well know)\n     for our common Interest and publick good, that not one of us\n     employ\u2019d on this dangerous and remote Undertaking, might be so\n     unhappy to arrive at his wish\u2019d for Country and Habitation poor and\n     dejected: And being throughly sensible of the Necessity of this\n     Agreement, we have set our Hands._\n     Sign\u2019d by all the Officers and Men in each Ship in sight of\n_Nov. 13._ The Water being discolour\u2019d, and we near the Shore, we hove\nthe Lead but found no Ground.\n_Nov. 17._ Yesterday we sent the Bark to look for Water on the Main, and\nthis Morning they return\u2019d, having seen wild _Indians_ who padled to\nthem on Bark Logs; they were fearful of coming near our People at first,\nbut were soon prevail\u2019d with to accept of a Knife or two and some Bays,\nfor which they return\u2019d 2 Bladders of Water, a Couple of live Foxes, and\na dear Skin. Till now we thought the _Spaniards_ had Missionaries among\nthose People, but they being quite naked, having no sign of _European_\nCommodities, nor the least Word of _Spanish_; we conclude they are quite\nsavage. We dispatch\u2019d the Bark and Boat a second Time with odd Trifles,\nin hopes to get some Refreshment from \u2019em.\n_Nov. 19._ Before Sun set last Night we could perceive our Bark under\nthe Shore, and having little Wind she drove most part of the Night, that\nshe might be near us in the Morning. We sent our Pinnace, and brought\nthe Men aboard, who told us, that their new Acquaintance were grown very\nfamiliar, but were the poorest Wretches in Nature, and had no manner of\nRefreshment for us. They came freely aboard to eat some of our Victuals;\nand by Signs invited our Men ashore; the _Indians_ swam a-shore in the\nWater to guide the Bark Logs, that our Men were on, there being too much\nSea to land out of our Boat: After they got safe on Shore the _Indians_\nled each of our Men betwixt two of \u2019em, up the Bank, where there was an\nold naked Gentleman with a Deer-skin spread on the Ground, on which they\nkneeled before our People, who did the like, and wip\u2019d the Water off\ntheir Faces, without a Cloth; those that led them from the Water-side,\ntook the same Care of \u2019em for a quarter of a Mile, and led them very\nslowly thro\u2019 a narrow Path to their Hutts, where they found a dull\nMusician rubbing two jagged Sticks a-cross each other, and humming to\nit, to divert and welcome their new Guests. After the Ceremonies were\nover, our People sat on the\n[Illustration: WOODES ROGERS LANDING ON THE COAST OF CALIFORNIA\n_From a print in the Macpherson Collection_.]\n[Sidenote: _Cruising off Cape St. Lucas._]\nGround with them, eat broil\u2019d Fish, and were attended back in the same\nmanner, with the _Indian_ Musick. The Savages brought a Sample of every\nthing they had except their Women, Children, and Arms, which we find are\nnot common to Strangers: Their Knives made of Sharks Teeth, and a few\nother of their Curiosities, our People brought aboard to me, which I\nhave preserved to shew what Shifts may be made.\n_Nov. 21._ Last Night we saw a Fire ashore, which we interpreted to be a\nSignal from the Inhabitants, that they had got something extraordinary\nfor us; and we wanting Refreshments, sent our Bark and Boat this Morning\nwith one of our Musicians, to shew that we could at least equal them in\nMusick.\n_Nov. 22._ Our Boat return\u2019d and brought an Account, that they had found\na very good Bay, with a fresh Water River, and that they saw near 500\n_Indians_, who lived there in small Hutts, but had no Recruit for us,\nbesides a little Fish. They met them as customary, and pilotted the Bark\nto that Place, which we suppose was the same that Sir _Thomas Cavendish_\nrecruited at in Queen _Elizabeth\u2019s_ Time, _Anno_ 1588.\n_Nov. 23._ Our main Top-Gallant-Mast being broke, we got up another, but\nthe Rope breaking the Mast fell down upon the Deck, amongst the Men, but\nby God\u2019s Providence hurt no body. At 8 last Night our Ship sprung a\nLeak; so that we were forced to keep one Pump a going.\n_Nov. 25._ Capt. _Courtney_ came aboard in his Yawl, and complain\u2019d his\nStock of Water was almost spent; I agreed with him to send in our\nPinnace, and a Bark, to supply them with Water.\n_Nov. 26._ This Morning our Pinnace return\u2019d from Shore, brought 3\nBarrels of Water, and 2 very large Fish from the _Indians_, which serv\u2019d\nmost of the Ships Company. Those that came from the Shore observed the\n_Indians_ were not so friendly to our Men as customary.\n_Nov. 27._ They refus\u2019d to let them come ashore after it was Night,\nwhich could not be to prevent their thieving, because the miserable\nWretches had nothing to lose; yet they are jealous to keep what they\nhave; and though they make no Use of their Land, might be afraid of\nRivals.\n_Nov. 28._ Yesterday in the Afternoon we heard the _Marquiss_ fire a\nGun, which was answer\u2019d by the _Dutchess_, who had the middle Birth. We\ntackt immediately, and made all possible Sail, supposing they had seen a\nStranger; the _Marquiss_ stood to us towards the Shore, and we soon met\nher; by 4 a Clock I was aboard them, and enquiring into the Cause of the\nAlarm, was surpriz\u2019d to hear they took us for the _Manila_ Ship, and the\nGun they fired was to alarm the _Dutchess_ to give chase, as she had\ndone all the day, tho\u2019 not regarded by us, who knew the _Marquiss_, and\nadmir\u2019d they could mistake the _Duke_. Immediately each Ship return\u2019d to\nhis Station; soon after our Main-tye gave way, and our Main-yard came\ndown at once, but did no other Damage. This Morning we saw the Bark\ncoming off Shore, where she had been becalm\u2019d; being longer wanting than\nusual, we were afraid they were cut off by the _Indians_. We got our\nBale Goods up from abaft to see for the Leak, but all to no purpose; we\nfound some of the Bales that had receiv\u2019d old Damages, which we dry\u2019d\nand re-pack\u2019d, and sold what was damaged among the Ship\u2019s Company.\n_Nov. 29._ Last Night our Lazareto[139] Door being broke open, and\nlosing Bread and Sugar, this Morning I order\u2019d a Search, and found the\nThief; I blam\u2019d the Steward for his Remisness; he told me he lay next\nthe Door, with the Key fastned to his Privy Parts, because he had it\nonce stoln out of his Pocket, I suppose by the same Thief, who was so\ndextrous to get it now without disturbing him; but not being ingenious\nenough to fasten it to the same Place, he was discover\u2019d. His Mess-mate\nwas also guilty, but knowing his Friends in _Bristol_, I was unwilling\nto punish him, tho\u2019 Provisions being scarce, it makes the Crime the\ngreater, for we expect no Recruit till we get to the _East Indies_. I\norder\u2019d the first to be severely whipt at the Geers,[140] and the other\nand a _Dutchman_ to be afterwards left with him in Irons.\n_Dec. 9._ Mr. _Duck_ the Master of the Bark came aboard, and presented\nme with some Dolphins he had from the _Indians_. I order\u2019d our Master to\ngo with him, and endeavour, if possible, to discover the Shore along to\nthe Northward, to find out a better Harbour than that where the\n_Indians_ lived, and if they met with the _Dutchess_, to tell Capt.\n_Courtney_, I thought it convenient for one of the Ships to go into the\nBay we had already discover\u2019d, and there to take in Water and Wood,\n_&c._ so to fit our Ships by turns to save time, and consequently\nProvisions, which begin to grow short with us. We were now something\ndubious of seeing the _Manila_ Ship,\n[Sidenote: _Cruising off Cape St. Lucas._]\nbecause it\u2019s near a Month after the time they generally fall in with\nthis Coast.\n_Dec. 14._ Yesterday I went aboard the _Dutchess_, where \u2019twas agreed\nthe _Marquiss_ should go into the Harbour and refit with all manner of\nDispatch. In the mean time we to keep the outer Birth, and the\n_Dutchess_ to be betwixt us and the Shore, and to cruize but 8 Days\nlonger, without we had a Prospect of the _Manila_ Ship, because our\nProvisions grow short.\n_Dec. 20._ Having compar\u2019d our Stock of Bread, and of what would serve\nto prolong it, we agreed that a Committee should be held, and that every\none should give his Opinion in Writing, whether we should attempt taking\na Town to victual us, and so continue the Cruize for some time longer;\nor to make all possible Dispatch to refit, and sail hence for the Island\n_Guam_, one of the _Ladrones_, and there if possible to get a fresh\nRecruit. My Opinion was as follows.\nOn board the Ship _Duke_, cruising off Cape _St._ Lucas _in_ California,\nthis 19_th_ of _December_, 1709.\n     _Eight Days ago I was with Capts._ Courtney _and_ Cooke, _and\n     computed what Bread there might be left aboard the 3 Ships; and we\n     all agreed there might be 64 Days Bread of all sorts for each Ship,\n     when equally divided_.\n_Since which Time there is 8 Days spent,    }\nso that there should be left no more        } _56 Days Bread_,\n_But on a Rumage of both Ships_ Duke        }\n_and_ Dutchess, _and strictly computing     }\nevery thing that will help prolong          } _14 Days more Bread_,\nour Bread, we hope to make_                 }\n    _Which may be in all 70 Days Bread to come_,\n_We must expect before we can get fitted    }\nhence to spend at least 9 Days, and         }\nadd to that our Passage to_ Guam,           } _59 Days Bread_,\n_which we can\u2019t think will be less than     }\n     _By this Account, which is the utmost,--11 Days Bread will be left\n     when we come to_ Guam.\n     _I am of opinion now we have search\u2019d each others Ships to prevent\n     Frauds, that there can be no more than 11 Days Bread left when we\n     come to_ Guam, _as above, except we shorten our Allowance very\n     much, which we can\u2019t do till driven to the last Extremity, our\n     Allowance being very small already; but if we should have an\n     unexpected long Passage from hence to_ Guam, _it will go hard with\n     us at the present Allowance, besides we are not certain of a\n     Recruit at_ Guam.\n     _By the foregoing Account it\u2019s plain what Flower and Bread-kind we\n     have left, and the risque we must now run to get to the_\n     East-Indies, _with so mean a Stock. This I doubt not will be full\n     Satisfaction to our Imployers, that we have prolonged our Cruize to\n     the utmost Extent, in hopes to meet the Rich_ Manila _Ship: But\n     since Fortune has not favour\u2019d us, we must think of other Methods\n     to promote our Safety and Interest. Except we resolve to take a\n     Town here to victual us, \u2019tis evident we can\u2019t cruize, and \u2019tis my\n     Opinion, that now our Time is so far spent, we ought to attempt\n     nothing more in these Seas, lest our too long Stay might be the\n     Loss of all, because the Worm has already entred our Sheathing, For\n     these and other Reasons, I think it highly necessary, that from\n     this Instant we make all manner of Dispatch to fit, and sail hence\n     for the Island of_ Guam, _one of the_ Ladrones _Islands, and there,\n     if possible, to get a fresh Recruit, and consult how farther to\n     proceed for the Interest of our Imployers, and our own Advantage\n     and Reputation. This I give as my Opinion aboard the_ Dutchess,\n     _this_ 20th _of_ December, 1709.\nWoodes Rogers.\nThis my Opinion being perused with the rest, we came to the following\nResolve.\n     _We the Officers present in a Committee on board the_ Dutchess,\n     _having farther considered our short Store of Bread and Bread-kind,\n     and finding it too little to continue our Cruize longer here for\n     the_ Manila _Ship, do therefore now agree to get a Harbour, and\n     there to recruit with the utmost dispatch, and sail for the Island\n     of_ Guam, _or any other Place where we can revictual. We design to\n     consult farther of our next Proceedings, when in Harbour. This is\n     our present Opinion. Witness our Hands this_ 20th _of_ December,\nSigned by the Officers of the Committee.\n[Sidenote: _The Manilla Ship._]\nAt signing this in the Committee we all looked very melancholy and\ndispirited, because so low in Provisions, that if we should not reach\n_Guam_ in the limited Time, or accidentally miss it, we shall not have\nenough till we arrive at any other Place.\nNecessity forces us to design from hence to _Guam_, and thence to the\n_East Indies_; for if we had Provisions to go back round Cape _Horne_,\nand to stop in _Brazil_, and there to sell our _Europe_ Prize Goods, it\nmight be much more for our Advantage, and be sooner at _Great Britain_.\n_Dec. 21._ Pursuant to Yesterday\u2019s Agreement we made the best of our Way\ninto the Harbour call\u2019d by Sir _Tho. Cavendish_ Port _Segura_, where the\n_Marquiss_ was refitting; but having Calms most part of the Afternoon,\nand a Current setting to Leeward, we rather lost than got ground.\nTowards Morning there sprung up a Gale, and we found our selves to\nLeeward of the Port, tho\u2019 we took all Advantages of the Wind: But to our\ngreat and joyful Surprize, about 9 a Clock the Man at Mast-head cry\u2019d\nout he saw a Sail besides the _Dutchess_ and Bark, bearing West half\nSouth of us, distant about 7 Leagues. We immediately hoisted our Ensign,\nand bore away after her, the _Dutchess_ soon did the same; but it\nfalling calm, I order\u2019d the Pinnace to be mann\u2019d and arm\u2019d, and sent her\naway to make what she was: Some were of opinion \u2019twas the _Marquiss_\ncome out of the Harbour, and to confirm this, said they could discern\nthe Sail to have no Foretop mast; so the Boat being not out of call,\nreturn\u2019d back, and we put a Cap[141] in her for the _Marquiss_, then\nsent her away again, by which time it was Noon. The Cape then bore\nN.N.E. of us, distant about 5 Leagues.\n_Dec. 22._ We had very little Wind all Yesterday Afternoon; so that we\nnear\u2019d the Ship very slowly, and the Boat not returning kept us in a\nlanguishing Condition, and occasion\u2019d several Wagers, whether \u2019twas the\n_Marquiss_ or the _Acapulco_ Ship. We kept sight of our Boat, and could\nnot perceive her to go aboard the Ship, but made towards the\n_Dutchess_\u2019s Pinnace, who was rowing to them; they lay together some\ntime, then the _Dutchess_\u2019s Boat went back to their Ship again, and ours\nkept dogging the Stranger, tho\u2019 at a good distance, which gave us great\nhopes that \u2019twas the _Manila_ Ship. I sent Mr. _Frye_ aboard the\n_Dutchess_ in our Yawl, to know what News, and if the Ship was not the\n_Marquiss_, to agree how to engage her. We then hoisted a _French_\nEnsign, and fired a Gun, which the Stranger answer\u2019d. Mr. _Frye_\n[Sidenote: _At Anchor on the Coast of California._]\nreturn\u2019d with the joyful News that it was the Ship we had so impatiently\nwaited for, and despair\u2019d of seeing her. We agreed the 2 Pinnaces should\ntend her all Night, and keep showing false Fires, that we might know\nwhereabouts they and the Chase was; and if we were so fortunate to come\nup with her together, agreed to board her at once. We made a clear Ship\nbefore Night, had every thing in a Readiness to engage her at Day-break,\nand kept a very good Look-out all Night for the Boat\u2019s false Fires,\nwhich we saw and answer\u2019d frequently. At Day-break we saw the Chase upon\nour Weather-Bow, about a League from us, the _Dutchess_ a-head of her to\nLeeward near about half as far. Towards 6 our Boat came aboard, having\nkept very near the Chase all Night, and receiv\u2019d no Damage, but told us\nthe _Dutchess_ pass\u2019d by her in the Night, and she fired 2 Shot at them,\nbut they return\u2019d none. We had no Wind, but got out 8 of our Ships Oars,\nand rowed above an Hour; then there sprung up a small Breeze. I order\u2019d\na large Kettle of Chocolate to be made for our Ship\u2019s Company (having no\nspiritous Liquor to give them;) then we went to Prayers, and before we\nhad concluded were disturb\u2019d by the Enemy\u2019s firing at us. They had\nBarrels hanging at each Yard-Arm, that look\u2019d like Powder Barrels, to\ndeter us from boarding \u2019em. About 8 a Clock we began to engage her by\nour selves, for the _Dutchess_ being to Leeward, and having little Wind,\ndid not come up. The Enemy fired her Stern Chase upon us first, which we\nreturn\u2019d with our Fore Chase several times, till we came nearer, and\nwhen close aboard each other, we gave her several Broadsides, plying our\nSmall Arms very briskly, which they return\u2019d as thick a while, but did\nnot ply their great Guns half so fast as we. After some time we shot a\nlittle a-head of them, lay thwart her Hawse close aboard, and plyed them\nso warmly, that she soon struck her Colours two thirds down. By this\ntime the _Dutchess_ came up, and fired about 5 Guns, with a Volley of\nSmall Shot, but the Enemy having submitted, made no Return. We sent our\nPinnace aboard, and brought the Captain with the Officers away, and\nhaving examin\u2019d \u2019em, found there was another Ship came out of _Manila_\nwith them, of a bigger Burthen, having about 40 Brass Guns mounted, and\nas many Patereroes; but they told us they lost her Company 3 Months ago,\nand reckon\u2019d she was got to _Acapulco_ before this time, she sailing\nbetter than this Ship. This Prize was call\u2019d by the long Name of _Nostra\nSeniora de la Incarnacion Disenganio_, Sir _John Pichberty_ Commander;\nshe had 20 Guns, 20 Patereroes, and 193 Men aboard, whereof 9 were\nkill\u2019d, 10 wounded, and several blown up and burnt with Powder. We\nengag\u2019d \u2019em about 3 Glasses, in which time we had only my self and\nanother Man wounded. I was shot thro\u2019 the Left Cheek, the Bullet struck\naway great part of my upper Jaw, and several of my Teeth, part of which\ndropt down upon the Deck, where I fell; the other, _Will._ _Powell_, an\n_Irish_ Land-man, was slightly wounded in the Buttock. They did us no\ngreat Damage in our Rigging, but a shot disabled our Mizen Mast. I was\nforced to write what I would say, to prevent the Loss of Blood, and\nbecause of the Pain I suffer\u2019d by speaking.\n_Dec. 23._ After we had put our Ships to rights again, we stood in for\nthe Harbour, which bore N.E. of us, distant about 7 Leagues. Our\nSurgeons went aboard the Prize to dress the wounded Men.\n_Dec. 24._ About 4 Yesterday Afternoon we got to an Anchor in Port\n_Segura_ in 25 Fathom Water, found the _Marquiss_ in a sailing Posture,\nand all the Company much overjoy\u2019d at our unexpected good Fortune. In\nthe Night I felt something clog my Throat, which I swallow\u2019d with much\nPain, and suppose it\u2019s a part of my Jaw Bone, or the Shot, which we\ncan\u2019t yet give an account of, I soon recover\u2019d my self; but my Throat\nand Head being very much swell\u2019d, have much ado to swallow any sort of\nLiquids for Sustenance. At 8 the Committee met aboard us, and agreed\nthat the _Dutchess_ and _Marquiss_ should immediately go out, and cruize\n8 Days for the other Ship, being in hopes she had not pass\u2019d us; in the\nmean time we and the Prize to stay and refit, and dispatch the Prisoners\naway in the Bark, and if we could get Security from the _Guiaquil_\nHostages for the Payment of the Remainder of the Ransom, to let \u2019em go\nlikewise. We lie land-lockt from the E. by N. to the S. S. E. distant\nfrom the Eastermost Point about 4 Mile, from the Southermost Rock about\nhalf a Mile, and near the same Distance off Shore. The Committee we held\nresolv\u2019d as follows.\n     On board the _Duke_ riding in Port _Segura_ on the Coast of\n     _Having Information from the Prisoners taken on board the Prize the\n     22d instant, bound from_ Manila _to_ Acapulco, _that they came out\n     in company with another Ship bound for the same Port from which\n     they parted in Lat. 35._ N. _It is resolved that Capt._ Courtney\n     _in the_ Dutchess, _and Capt._ Cooke _in the_ Marquiss, _do\n     forthwith go out upon a Cruise for 8 Days, to look after the said\nSigned by the Majority of the Council.\nCapt. _Courtney_, _Cooke_, and their Officers of the Council, would not\nagree that the _Duke_ and _Dutchess_ should go out as I desir\u2019d, with\nmost of the Men belonging to the _Marquiss_ divided between them, in\norder to cruise for the biggest _Acapulco_ Ship, which we were in hopes\nhad not passed us; and by being thus well mann\u2019d, might if they meet her\ncarry her by boarding at once, and that in the mean time the _Marquiss_\nwith a very small number of Men might be sufficient to stay in the Port,\nand send off the Bark with the Prisoners.\nBut there having been some Reflections amongst the Sailors because the\n_Dutchess_ did not engage this Prize before the _Duke_ came up, it made\nthem obstinate to cruize for her without us, and the Officers of our\nConsorts being agreed, made the Majority of our Council; so that\naccording to the foregoing Committee we were obliged to stay in the\nHarbour against our Will.\n_Dec. 25._ Last Night the _Dutchess_ and _Marquiss_ went out: We put 10\ngood Hands aboard the _Dutchess_, that if they should be so fortunate as\nto see the Great Ship, they might be the better able to attack her. In\nthe Morning we began to put part of the Goods aboard the Bark into the\nPrize, in order to send the Prisoners away. Capt. _Dover_ and Mr.\n_Stretton_, who were aboard the Prize, came to me, and we all agreed to\nsend off the _Guiaquil_ Hostages, the Captain of the _Manila_ Ship (who\nwas a _French_ Chevalier) having given us 5 Bills of Exchange for the\nsame, payable in _London_ for 6000 Dollars, being 2000 more than the\nRansom Money, for which we allow\u2019d him the Benefit of the Bark and\nCargo, the Captain and Hostages giving us Certificates, that it was a\nBargain concluded at their own Requests, and very much to their\nadvantage. Sir _John_ _Pichberty_ being, we hope, a Man of Honour, will\nnot suffer his Bills to be protested, since we have so generously\ntrusted him, tho\u2019 a Prisoner, without a Hostage, which is always\ndemanded for less Sums.\n_Dec. 25._ We plac\u2019d two Centries to keep a good Lookout upon the Top of\na Hill, with Orders if they saw 3 Sail in the Offing, to make 3\nWaffs[142] with their Colours.\n_Dec. 26._ Yesterday Afternoon the Centrys made 3 Waffs,\n[Sidenote: _Cruising off Cape St. Lucas._]\nand we immediately sent the Yawl to them for better Satisfaction, and\nfound there were 3 Sail out at Sea; upon which we immediately put all\nthe Prisoners aboard the Bark, taking away her Sails, and fetched our\nMen aboard, leaving only 22 Hands belonging to us, aboard the Prize, to\nhelp refit and look after her. The Prisoners, who were about 170, being\nsecur\u2019d aboard our Bark, without Arms, Rudder, Sails, or a Boat, and\nmoar\u2019d near a Mile from our Prize, a few more of our Men than was\nsufficient to give them Victuals and Drink, might have guarded them very\nsafely; yet for the more Security, we left a Lieutenant of each Ship,\nand the above Men well arm\u2019d aboard our Prize, and immediately weigh\u2019d\nin order to go and assist our Consorts to attack the great Ship, which\nthen came in sight. Capt. _Dover_ thought fit to go on board the Prize,\nand exchange Posts with one of the Lieutenants that guarded the\nPrisoners, and sent him to us in his stead. I was in so weak a\nCondition, and my Head and Throat so much swell\u2019d, that I yet spoke in\ngreat Pain, and not loud enough to be heard at any distance; so that all\nthe rest of the chief Officers, and our Surgeons, would have perswaded\nme to stay in the Harbour in Safety aboard our Prize. We weigh\u2019d our\nAnchors, and got under Sail by 7 a Clock: We saw Lights several times in\nthe Night, which we took to be our Consorts Boats making false Fires. In\nthe Morning at Day-break we saw 3 Sail to Windward of us, but were so\nfar distant, that we could not make which were our Consorts, and which\nthe Chase, till about 9 a Clock, when we saw the _Dutchess_ and Chase\nnear together, and the _Marquiss_ standing to them with all the Sail she\ncould crowd. We made what Sail we could, but were to Leeward of them 3\nor 4 Leagues, and having a scant Wind, made little Way. At Noon they\nbore S.E. of us, being right to Windward about 3 Leagues.\n[Sidenote: _Engaging the bigger Manila Ship._]\nIn the Afternoon we saw the _Marquiss_ come up with the Chase, and\nengage her pretty briskly; but soon fell to Leeward out of Cannon-shot,\nand lay a considerable Time, which made us think she was some way or\nother disabled. I order\u2019d the Pinnace to be mann\u2019d, and sent her away to\nher, that if what we suspected prov\u2019d true, and we had not Wind to get\nup with them before Night, our Boat might dog the Chase with Signals\ntill the Morning, that she might not escape us and the other Ships; but\nbefore the Boat could get up with them, the _Marquiss_ made sail and\ncame up with the Chase, and both went to it again briskly for 4 Glasses\nand upwards: Then the Ship which we took to be the _Dutchess_ stretch\u2019d\na-head to Windward of the Enemy, I suppose to fix her Rigging, or stop\nher Leaks; mean while the other kept her in play till she bore down\nagain, and each firing a Broadside or two, left off, because \u2019twas dark:\nThey then bore South of us, which was right in the Wind\u2019s Eye, distant\nabout 2 Leagues. By Midnight we were pretty well up with them, and our\nBoat came aboard, having made false Fires, which we answer\u2019d: They had\nbeen on board the _Dutchess_ and _Marquiss_, and told me the former had\nher Foremast much disabled, and the Ring of an Anchor shot away, with\nseveral Men wounded, and one kill\u2019d, having receiv\u2019d a Shot in their\nPowder Room, and several in their upper Works, but all stopt. They\nengag\u2019d the Ship by themselves the Night before, which was what we took\nto be the Boats Lights, being out of the hearing of the Guns. At that\ntime they could perceive the Enemy was in disorder, her Guns not being\nall mounted, and consequently their Netting-deck and Close Quarters\nunprovided; so that had it been my good Fortune in the _Duke_ to\naccompany the _Dutchess_, as I desired, we all believe we might then\nhave carried this great Ship; or if they in the _Dutchess_ had thought\nof taking most of the Men out of the _Marquiss_, who did not sail well\nenough to come up to their Assistance at first, they alone might very\nprobably have taken her by Boarding at once, before the _Spaniards_ had\nexperienc\u2019d our Strength, being afterwards so well provided, as\nencouraged them to lie driving, and give us all Opportunity to board\nthem when we pleas\u2019d. Capt. _Cooke_ sent me word, that the _Marquiss_\nhad fired near all her Shot and Powder, but had escap\u2019d very well both\nin Masts, Rigging and Men. I sent our Boat with 3 Barrels of Powder, and\nShot in proportion, and Lieut. _Frye_, to consult our Consorts how to\nengage the Enemy to the best advantage at Break of Day. The Chase had\nmade Signals to our Ship all the Day and Night, because she took us for\nher Consort, which we had in possession, and after \u2019twas dark had edg\u2019d\naway to us, else I should not have been up with her, having very little\nWind, and that against us. In the Morning as soon as \u2019twas Day, the Wind\nveering at once, put our Ship about, and the Chase fired first upon the\n_Dutchess_, who by means of the Wind\u2019s veering was nearest the Enemy;\nshe return\u2019d it smartly: we stood as near as possible, firing as our\nGuns came to bear; but the _Dutchess_ being by this time thwart the\n_Spaniards_ Hawse, and firing very fast, those Shot that miss\u2019d the\nEnemy flew from the _Dutchess_ over us, and betwixt our Masts, so that\nwe ran the risque of receiving more Damage from them than from the\nEnemy, if we had lain on her Quarters and cross her Stern, as I\ndesign\u2019d, while the Enemy lay driving. This forced us to lie along side,\nclose aboard her, where we kept firing round Shot, and did not load with\nany Bar or Partridge, because the Ship\u2019s Sides were too thick to receive\nany Damage by it, and no Men appearing in sight, it would only have been\na Clog to the Force of our Round Shot. We kept close aboard her, and\ndrove as she did as near as possible. The Enemy kept to their close\nQuarters, so that we did not fire our Small Arms till we saw a Man\nappear, or a Port open; then we fired as quick as possible. Thus we\ncontinued for 4 Glasses, about which time we received a Shot in the Main\nMast, which much disabled it; soon after that the _Dutchess_ and we\nfiring together, we came both close under the Enemy and had like to have\nbeen all aboard her, so that we could make little use of our Guns. Then\nwe fell a-stern in our Birth along side, where the Enemy threw a\nFire-ball out of one of her Tops, which lighting upon our Quarter-deck,\nblew up a Chest of Arms and Cartouch Boxes[143] all loaded, and several\nCartridges of Powder in the Steerage by which means Mr. _Vanbrugh_, our\nAgent, and a _Dutchman_, were very much burnt; it might have done more\nDamage, had it not been quench\u2019d as soon as possible. After we got clear\nof each other, the _Dutchess_ stood in for the Shore where she lay\nbraced to, mending her Rigging, _&c._ The _Marquiss_ fired several Shot,\nbut to little purpose, her Guns being small. We were close aboard\nseveral times afterwards, till at last we receiv\u2019d a second Shot in the\nMain Mast not far from the other, which rent it miserably, and the Mast\nsettl\u2019d to it, so that we were afraid it would drop by the board, and\nhaving our Rigging shatter\u2019d very much, we sheer\u2019d off, and brought to,\nmaking a Signal to our Consorts to consult what to do; in the interim we\ngot ordinary Fishes[144] for a port[145] to the Main mast, and fasten\u2019d\nit as well as we could to secure it at present. Capt. _Courtney_ and\nCapt. _Cooke_ came aboard with other Officers, where we consider\u2019d the\nCondition the 3 Ships were in, their Masts and Rigging being much\ndamnified in a Place where we could get no Recruit, that if we engag\u2019d\nher again, we could propose to do no more than what we had already\ndone, which was evident did her no great Hurt, because we could perceive\nfew of our Shot enter\u2019d her Sides to any purpose, and our Small Arms\navail\u2019d less, there being not a Man to be seen above-board; that the\nleast thing in the World would bring our Main-mast, and likewise the\n_Dutchess_ Fore-mast by the board, either of which by its Fall might\ncarry away another Mast, and then we should lie a Battery for the Enemy,\nhaving nothing to command our Ships with, so that by his heavy Guns he\nmight either sink or take us: That if we went to board her, we should\nrun a greater hazard in losing a great many Men with little Hopes of\nSuccess, they having above treble the Number aboard to oppose us, and\nthere being now in all our 3 Ships not above 120 good Men fit for\nboarding, and those but weak, having been very short of Provisions a\nlong time; besides we had the Disadvantage of a Netting-deck[146] to\nenter upon, and a Ship every other way well provided; so that if we had\nboarded her, and been forc\u2019d off, or left any of our Men behind, the\nEnemy by that means might have known our Strength, and then gone into\nthe Harbour and took possession of the Prize in spight of all we could\ndo to prevent it: Besides, our Ammunition was very short, having only\nenough to engage a few Glasses longer. All this being seriously\nconsider\u2019d, and knowing the Difficulty we should have to get Masts, and\nthe Time and Provisions we must spend before we could get \u2019em fitted,\n\u2019twas resolved to forbear attempting her further, since our battering\nher signify\u2019d little, and we had not Strength enough to board her:\nTherefore we agreed to keep her company till Night, then to lose her,\nand make the best of our way into the Harbour to secure the Prize we had\nalready took. We engag\u2019d first and last about six or seven Hours, during\nall which time we had aboard the _Duke_ but eleven Men wounded, 3 of\nwhom were scorch\u2019d with Gun-powder. I was again unfortunately wounded in\nthe Left Foot with a Splinter just before we blew up on the\nQuarter-deck, so that I could not stand, but lay on my Back in a great\ndeal of Misery, part of my Heel-bone being struck out, and all under my\nAnkle cut above half thro\u2019, which bled very much, and weaken\u2019d me,\nbefore it could be dressed and stopt. The _Dutchess_ had about 20 Men\nkilled and wounded, 3 of the latter and one of the former were my Men.\nThe _Marquiss_ had none kill\u2019d or wounded, but 2 scorch\u2019d with Powder.\nThe\n[Sidenote: _Engaging the bigger Manila Ship._]\nEnemy\u2019s was a brave lofty new Ship, the Admiral of _Manila_, and this\nthe first Voyage she had made; she was call\u2019d the _Bigonia_, of about\n900 Tuns, and could carry 60 Guns, about 40 of which were mounted, with\nas many Patereroes, all Brass; her Complement of Men on board, as we\nwere inform\u2019d, was above 450, besides Passengers. They added, that 150\nof the Men on board this great Ship were _Europeans_, several of whom\nhad been formerly Pirates, and having now got all their Wealth aboard,\nwere resolved to defend it to the last. The Gunner, who had a good Post\nin _Manila_, was an expert Man, and had provided the Ship extraordinary\nwell for Defence, which made them fight so desperately; they had filled\nup all between the Guns with Bales to secure the Men. She kept a\n_Spanish_ Flag at her Main-top mast Head all the time she fought us; we\nshatter\u2019d her Sails and Rigging very much, shot her Mizon-yard, kill\u2019d\ntwo Men out of her Tops, which was all the Damage we could see we did\n\u2019em; tho\u2019 we could not place less than 500 Shot (6 Pounders) in her\nHull. These large Ships are built at _Manila_ with excellent Timber,\nthat will not splinter; they have very thick Sides, much stronger than\nwe build in _Europe_. Whilst the Officers were aboard us, Capt.\n_Courtney_ and others desir\u2019d that what we had agreed upon might be put\nin Writing, and sign\u2019d by as many as were present, to prevent false\nReflections hereafter, which was done as follows.\n     At a Committee held on board the _Duke_, after we had engag\u2019d the\n     bigger _Manila_ Ship, _December 27. 1709_.\n     _We having consider\u2019d the Condition of all our 3 Ships, and that\n     our Masts are much damnified in engaging the_ Manila _Ship, do\n     think it for the Interest of the whole to forbear any further\n     Attempts upon her, having no Probability of taking her, but to do\n     our endeavours to secure the Prize we have already took, which will\n     be much more for the Honour and Interest of our selves and Country.\n     This is our Opinion, in witness whereof we have set our Hands, the\n     Day and Year above-written._\n  Woodes Rogers,     Lan. Appleby,\n  Stephen Courtney,  Charles Pope,\n  William Dampier,   Henry Oliphant,\n  Edw. Cooke,        Alex. Selkirk,\n  Rob. Frye,         John Kingston,\n  Tho. Glendall,     Nath. Scotch,\n  John Connely,      John Piller.\n  John Bridge,\nThus ended our Attempt on the biggest _Manila_ Ship, which I have heard\nrelated so many ways at home, that I thought it necessary to set down\nevery particular Circumstance of it, as it stood in my Journal. Had we\nbeen together at first and boarded her, we might probably have taken\nthis great Prize; but after the Enemy had fixed her Netting-deck and\nclose Quarters, they valued us very little. I believe also we might have\nburnt her with one of our Ships, but that was objected against by all\nthe Officers, because we had Goods of Value on board all our 3 Ships.\nThe Enemy was the better provided for us, because they heard at _Manila_\nfrom our _English_ Settlements in _India_, that there were 2 small Ships\nfitted from _Bristol_, that design\u2019d to attempt them in the _South\nSeas_. This was told us by the Prisoners we took on board the other\nShip.\nWhen I proposed parting Companies at the _Tres Marias_, and to cruise\nfor the _Acapulco_ Ship from _Manila_ with our Ship and Bark at one\nStation, and the _Dutchess_ and _Marquiss_ at another, we then expected\nbut one Ship from _Manila_, and she not so well provided as the least\nShip now was; tho\u2019 as we have found it, we might probably have been\nbetter asunder, for then I make little question but we should have got\nsome Recruit of Provisions, and consequently our Men had been stronger\nand better in heart to have boarded this great Ship at once, before they\nhad been so well provided; but since Providence or Fate will have it as\nit is, we must be content.\n_Dec. 28._ The Enemy lay braced to all the time the Council held, and\nrun out 4 Guns of her lower Teer, expecting we would have the other\nBrush with her; but when we made sail, she fil\u2019d and made away, W.N.W.\nand we betwixt the S.S.E. and the S. close upon a Wind. At 6 a Clock we\nsent the Pinnace with some Men into the Harbour to secure the Prize, not\nknowing what might happen before we could get in with our Ships. We\nunrigg\u2019d the Main-top-gallant Mast, and got it down, securing our\nMain-mast with Runners and Tackles every way we could contrive, had\nlittle Wind all the Afternoon and Night, but this Morning a fresh Breeze\nsprung up at E.S.E. and soon after we saw nothing more of the great\nShip.\n[Sidenote: _At Anchor in Port Segura on California._]\n_Jan. 1._ After we arriv\u2019d again at Port _Segura_, we dispatch\u2019d the\nPrisoners away in the Bark, and likewise the _Guiaquil_ Hostages: having\ngot Security for the Money as aforesaid, we supplied them with Water and\nProvisions enough to carry \u2019em to _Acapulco_; and gave Capt.\n_Pichberty_ and his chief Officers, with a Padre, their Clothes,\nInstruments, Books, _&c._ So that they parted very friendly, and\nacknowledged we had been very civil to \u2019em, of which they desired me to\naccept the following Testimony;\n     _We, whose Names are hereto subscrib\u2019d, do acknowledge, that ever\n     since we have been in the Hands of Capt._ Woodes Rogers, _and\n     Capt._ Stephen Courtney, _Commanders of the_ Duke _and_ Dutchess,\n     _two_ British _private Men of War, we have been by them very\n     civilly treated_; _and whatsoever we have transacted or done, had\n     been voluntary, and by our Consent, and particularly in passing\n     Bills, and Obligations, thro\u2019 the Hands of Sir_ John Pichberty,\n     _for the Ransom of the Town of_ Guiaquil, _and other valuable\n     Considerations. Witness our Hands on the Coast of_ California.\n  _Don_ John Pichberty,    Manuel de Punta.\n  _Don_ Antonio Guttera,   Manuel Hemanes.\nI wrote a Letter to my Owners, to acquaint \u2019em with our good Success,\nbut could not be so full as I would, because I sent it by the Hand of an\nEnemy. We spent our Time till the 7th, in refitting, wooding, and\nwatering; and were very glad to find as much Bread on board the Prize as\nwe hop\u2019d might, with what we had left of our old Store, make enough to\nsubsist us in our next long Run. Capt. _Courtney_ and his Officers, with\nthose on board the _Marquiss_, are too willing to complement Capt.\n_Dover_ with the chief Command of the Prize; which till now I thought he\nwould not have accepted, his Posts already being above a Commander of\nany of our Prizes; but I and my Officers are against it; because we\nbelieve Capt. _Frye_ or others, are fitter Persons to take Charge of\nher, which we insisted on; and Capts. _Courtney_ and _Cooke_ came to me,\nwhere they agreed to a Paper that was drawn up while we were all\ntogether, in such a Manner as I thought would have satisfied every one.\nCapt. _Courtney_ carried this Agreement to Capt. _Dover_ to sign it, not\ndoubting but all would be content with what we had concluded; yet to our\nSurprize, they spent the Remainder of the Day, and instead of making\nCapt. _Dover_ comply with it, undid all, and brought a Paper which\nimpower\u2019d him to be sole Commander, without the least Restraint, of not\nmolesting those that should navigate the Ship, but to order every thing\nas he should think fit.\n_Jan. 9._ We fetch\u2019d our 3 wounded Men from on board the _Dutchess_;\none of \u2019em was _Tho. Young_, a _Welchman_, who lost one of his Legs; the\nother, _Tho. Evans_, a _Welchman_, whose Face was miserably torn; the\nthird, _John Gold_, wounded in the Thigh; and one died of his Wounds,\n_viz. Emanuel Gonsalves_, a _Portuguese_: So that out of ten that went,\nonly 6 return\u2019d safe. I sent a Letter to Capt. _Courtney_ this Morning,\nto know what Measures were going forward; having heard nothing from him\nsince the 7th Instant, and desired that there might be no loss of time,\nbut that the Committee might meet once more, to try if they would make\nuse of their unbyass\u2019d Reason. They were than all aboard the _Marquiss_,\nwhere I heard they had, ever since our last Meeting, concerted how to\nframe a Protest against me, and my Officers of the Committee, which was\nimmediately answer\u2019d by a Protest from us, both which are as follows.\n     _Know all Men, by these Presents, That We, the Commanders of the\n     Ships_ Dutchess _and_ Marquiss, _and other Officers, being the\n     major Part of a Committee appointed by the Owners, for the\n     regulating the Affairs of the Ships_ Duke _and_ Dutchess, _private\n     Men of War, till their Return to_ Great Britain, _as more largely\n     appears in their Orders and Instructions. Now, whereas we have\n     lately taken a rich Prize bound from_ Manila _to_ Acapulco, _and\n     the said Ship being safe at Anchor in a Bay near Cape_ St. Luke,\n     _on_ California, _We held a general Committee on board the_ Duke\n     _the 6th Day of_ January 1709-10. _for appointing a Commander and\n     other Officers for the said Prize, call\u2019d by the_ Spaniards, _when\n     in their Possession_, Nostra Seniora del Incarnation de Singano,\n     _but now named by us_ The Batchelor Frigate, _wherein it was\n     carried by Majority of Votes for Capt._ Thomas Dover, _who came out\n     second Captain of the_ Duke, _and President of this Committee, and\n     Owner of a very considerable Part of both Ships_, Duke _and_\n     Dutchess, _to command the said Prize, we thinking him the most\n     proper Person for the Interest of the Owners and Company; we\n     likewise proposing to put two of the best of our Officers on board,\n     to command under him, and manage the navigating Part of the said\n     Ship during the Voyage, with other substantial Officers and Men,\n     sufficient to work the Ship and take Care of her._\n     [Sidenote: _At Anchor in Port Segura._]\n     _Now whereas Capt._ Woodes Rogers, _Commander of the_ Duke, _and\n     several of his Officers, Members of this Committee, did refuse to\n     sign to the Agreement of the said Committee (the Like never having\n     been refus\u2019d by any before, when carried by Majority of Voices) to\n     acknowledge the said Capt._ Thomas Dover _Commander of the Ship_\n     Batchelor Frigate; _we do hereby, in the behalf of the Owners of\n     the Ships_ Duke _and_ Dutchess, _our selves and Company, Protest\n     against the unadvis\u2019d Proceedings and Practice of the said Capt._\n     Woodes Rogers, _and the rest of the Officers of the Committee, that\n     refus\u2019d to sign and agree to the same, it being directly contrary\n     to the Owners Orders and Instructions, (Reference being had\n     thereto) and the Union and Peace of the Ships Companies (by them\n     likewise recommended). And whatever Damage may ensue, either by\n     Loss of Time, Want of Provisions, or Men sufficient to manage the\n     said Ship, or any Mutiny or Disagreement that may arise from hence\n     between the Ships Companies, or any other Disaster whatsoever_, &c.\n     _we do likewise Protest against, in the behalf of the Owners,\n     ourselves, and Company, as aforesaid; expecting from the said\n     Captain_ Woodes Rogers, _and Officers of the Committee aforesaid,\n     full Satisfaction and Reparation of all Losses and Damages\n     whatsoever, that may happen to the said Ship during her Voyage to_\n     Great Britain.\n     _In witness whereof, we the Commanders and Officers, being the\n     major Part of the Committee, have set our Hands, this 9th Day of_\n     January, 1709-10. _on board the_ Marquiss, _at Anchor near Cape\n     St._ Luke, _on_ California.\nSign\u2019d by the Officers of the _Dutchess_ and\n_Marquiss_.\nWhich Protest was answer\u2019d by another from our Ship.\n     _We the chief Officers in behalf of ourselves and the rest of the\n     Ship\u2019s Company of the_ Duke, _having taken a rich_ Spanish _Prize,\n     in Consortship with the_ Dutchess _and_ Marquiss, _call\u2019d_ Nostra\n     Seniora del Incarnacion de ingano, _and did design to use the\n     securest Methods to carry her to_ Great Britain, _both for our\n     Employers interest and our own Advantage. But being in a remote\n     part of the World, we offer\u2019d and desired our Consorts to put one\n     or more able Officers in the principal charge of the aforesaid\n     Prize, it being so valuable that a Retaliation for all our Risques\n     and Hardships is in her Riches, which highly behoves us to be very\n     careful in preserving. But against all our Ships Company\u2019s Consent,\n     (tho\u2019 we are so nearly concern\u2019d) our said Consorts Officers,\n     Capt._ Stephen Courtney, _Capt._ Edward Cooke, _Capt._ William\n     Dampier, _Mr._ William Stretton, _Mr._ Charles Pope, _Mr._ John\n     Connely, _Mr._ George Milbourne, _Mr._ Rob. Knowlman, _and Mr._\n     John Ballett, _have sign\u2019d an Instrument, and combin\u2019d together, to\n     put Capt._ T. Dover _in Command of the said Ship._\n     _We therefore (being inclin\u2019d to Peace and Quietness aboard and\n     not to use any Violence to remove the said Captain_ Dover _out of\n     the aforesaid forc\u2019d Command, although he is utterly uncapable of\n     the Office) do hereby publickly Protest against the aforesaid\n     Commander, and every one of those that have already, or shall\n     hereafter combine to place him in. The Ship now being in safety, we\n     declare against all Damages that may arise or accrue to the said\n     Ship, or Cargo under his Command; and that the aforesaid Combiners,\n     who have put the Care of the said Ship under an uncapable Command,\n     we expect are accountable and liable to us for all Damages that may\n     happen. This is our publick Protest. Witness our Hands, aboard the\n     said Ship_ Duke, _riding at Anchor in a Port of_ California, _the\nSign\u2019d by the Officers of the _Duke_.\n\u2019Twas our great Unhappiness, after taking a rich Prize, to have a\nPaper-War amongst our selves. I am sorry to trouble the Reader with\nthese Disputes, which continued for two Days about a proper Commander\nfor this Prize; because it highly concern\u2019d us to take the utmost\nPrecautions for her Safety, having a long Run through dangerous unknown\nPassages, into the _East Indies_, and most of the Recompence for our\ngreat Risques and Hardships lay in her Riches. I had always desired that\nCapt. _Dover_ might be aboard her, for being a considerable Owner, we\nall agreed he was a very proper Person to take Care of her Cargo, and to\nhave all the Freedom and Accommodation that could be made for him in\nthat Ship, which was of such vast Consequence to us and our Employers,\nthat in their Instructions to me, they strictly charged me to use the\nsecurest Methods to bring her safe home, in case we should be so\nfortunate as we now are, to take one of the _Acapulco_ Ships: So that\nafter the Protests were over on both sides, I desired they might\nassemble together, and finally determine what the Majority would agree\non, that no Time might be lost. So all the Council met again on board\nthe _Batchelor_, to endeavour an Accommodation. I being very weak, and\nin much Pain, was not able to stir, therefore sent my Opinion in\nWriting, as follows.\n[Sidenote: _At Anchor in Port Segura._]\n     _My Opinion is, That \u2019tis not for the Safety of the rich_ Spanish\n     _Prize, that Capt._ Dover _command her, because his Temper is so\n     violent, that capable Men cannot well act under him, and himself is\n     uncapable. Our Owners directed me to use the securest Method to\n     bring the Ship home, if we should have the good Fortune to take\n     her; and \u2019tis not so, if an ignorant Person have the Command: And\n     tho\u2019 it may be pretended that he\u2019ll not command the sailing Part,\n     there are other Parts necessary for a Commander; so that whosoever\n     had the Charge of one, ought to act wholly in the rest, or else\n     Confusion follows a mix\u2019d Command, that would be very pernicious in\n     this Case; and which it highly concerns us to beware of. I am\n     content, and desire Capt._ Dover _may be aboard, and have Power to\n     take Care of the Cargo, and all the Liberty and Freedom in her, he\n     can in reason otherwise desire, and that none may have the like\n     Power on board the Prize but himself. This is my Opinion._ Jan. 9.\nWoodes Rogers.\nThis Dispute is against my Desire already put in Print, from the publick\nNotes of the Voyage, otherwise I had left it wholly out of my Journal,\nas I had done several other of our Differences, being unwilling to\ntrouble the Reader with the Contests that too often happen\u2019d in the\nGovernment of our sailing Common-wealth.\nAfter a long Debate, they voted Mr. _Frye_ and Mr. _Stretton_, both to\nact in equal Posts, to take Charge of the navigating the Ship, tho\u2019\nunder Capt. _Dover_, but they were to be no ways molested, hinder\u2019d nor\ncontradicted in their Business by him, whose Duty \u2019twas to see that\nnothing should be done contrary to the Interest of the Owners, and Ships\nCompanies, in the Nature of an Agent, almost in the same Manner I\nproposed at first, only he had the Title of Chief Captain in that Ship,\nwhich was so small a Difference, where Titles are so common, that we all\nconsented to it; and at the same time they chose Officers, agreeing that\nwe should put 30 Men aboard her, the _Dutchess_ 25, and the _Marquiss_\n13, which with 36 _Manila Indians_, call\u2019d _Las-Carrs_, and other\nPrisoners we have left, her Complement will be about 110 Men. The\nMajority keeping to their first Agreement I was obliged to come into it,\naccording to my Instructions from our Owners; so that all our\nDifferences about this Affair were at an end, and we drank to our safe\nArrival in _Great Britain_.\nThe Council agreed as follows.\n     At a Council held on board the _Batchelor Frigate_, at Anchor in\n     Port _Segura_, on _California_, Jan. 10. 1709/10.\n     _It is agreed, by the Majority of this Council, that Capt._ Robert\n     Frye _and Capt._ William Stretton, _shall both act in equal Posts\n     in the sole Navigating, Sailing and Ingaging, if Occasion should\n     be, under Capt._ Tho. Dover, _on board the_ Batchelor Frigate, _and\n     that the said Capt._ Tho. Dover _shall not molest, hinder or\n     contradict \u2019em in their Business; and we do appoint_ Alexander\n     Selkirk _Master_, Joseph Smith _chief Mate_, Benj. Parsons _second\n     Mate_, Charles May _Surgeon_, John Jones _Carpenter_, Rob.\n     Hollinsby _Boatswain_, Rich. Beakhouse _Gunner_, Peirce Bray\n     _Cooper_, James Stretton _and_ Richard Hickman _Midshipmen_, Denis\n     Reading _Steward, and all other inferior Officers, as the\n     Commanders shall think fit._\nSign\u2019d by the Majority of our Council.\nIn the Morning we put 35 good Hands aboard her. The _Dutchess_ and\n_Marquiss_ put no more than their Share. Mean while Capts. _Courtney_\nand _Cooke_, and 2 or 3 more of the Committee came to me, where we\nsign\u2019d a Paper for Capt. _Dover_ and the two Commanders, recommending\nPeace and Tranquility amongst them. And that in case of Separation, the\nPlace of Rendezvous was to be _Guam_, one of the _Ladrones_ Islands,\nwhere we design\u2019d to touch at, God willing, to get Provisions: Every\nthing being thus settled, and all in a Readiness to sail; before I\nproceed with the Relation of our Voyage from hence, I shall give an\nAccount of _California_.\nCalifornia _described_.\n[Sidenote: _California Described._]\nIt is not yet certainly known whether it be an Island, or joins to the\nContinent, nor did either our Time or Circumstances allow us to attempt\nthe Discovery. I heard from the _Spaniards_, that some of their Nation\nhad sail\u2019d as far up betwixt _California_ and the Main, as Lat. 42 N.\nwhere meeting with Shoal Water, and abundance of Islands, they durst not\nventure any further: So that if this be true, in all Probability it\njoins to the Continent, a little further to the Northward; for Shoal\nWater and Islands is a general Sign of being near some main Land: but\nthe _Spaniards_ having more Territories in this Part of the World than\nthey know how to manage, they are not curious of further Discoveries.\nThe _Manila_ Ships bound to _Acapulco_ often make this Coast in the\nLatitude of 40 North, and I never heard of any that discover\u2019d it\nfarther to the Northward. Some old Draughts make it to join to the Land\nof _Jesso_, but all this being yet undetermin\u2019d, I shall not take upon\nme to affirm whether it\u2019s an Island, or joins to the Continent. The\n_Dutch_ say, they formerly took a _Spanish_ Vessel in those Seas, which\nhad sail\u2019d round _California_, and found it to be an Island; but this\nAccount can\u2019t be depended on, and I choose to believe it joins to the\nContinent. There is no certain Account of its Shape or Bigness, and\nhaving seen so little of it, I shall refer the Reader to our common\nDraughts for its Scituation. What I can say of it from my own Knowledge\nis, That the Land where we were is for the most part mountainous, barren\nand sandy, and had nothing but a few Shrubs and Bushes, which produce\nFruit and Berries of several Sorts. Our Men who went in our Bark to view\nthe Country about 15 Leagues to the Northward, say it was there cover\u2019d\nwith tall Trees. The _Spaniards_ tell us of several good Harbours in\nthis Country, but we found none of them near this Cape. We frequently\nsaw Smoak in several Places, which makes us believe the Inhabitants are\npretty numerous. The Bay where we rode had but very indifferent\nAnchoring Ground, in deep Water, and is the worst recruiting Place we\nmet with since I came out. The Wind at this Time of the Year generally\nblowing over Land, makes it good Riding on the Starboard Side of the\nBay, where you ride on a Bank that has from 10 to 25 Fathom Water; but\nthe rest of that Bay is very deep, and near the Rocks on the\nLarboard-side going in there\u2019s no Ground.\nDuring the Time of our Stay the Air was serene, pleasant, and healthful,\nand we had no strong Gales of Wind, very little Rain, but great Dews\nfell by Night, when \u2019twas very cool.\nThe Natives we saw here were about 300, they had large Limbs, were\nstraight, tall, and of a much blacker Complexion than any other People\nthat I had seen in the South Seas. Their Hair long, black, and straight,\nwhich hung down to their Thighs. The Men stark naked, and the Women had\na Covering of Leaves over their Privities, or little Clouts made of Silk\nGrass, or the Skins of Birds and Beasts. All of them that we saw were\nold, and miserably wrinkled. We suppose they were afraid to let any of\ntheir young ones come near us, but needed not; for besides the good\nOrder we kept among our Men in that respect, if we may judge by what we\nsaw, they could not be very tempting. The Language of the Natives was as\nunpleasant to us as their Aspect, for it was very harsh and broad, and\nthey pronounc\u2019d it so much in the Throat, as if their Words had been\nready to choak them. I design\u2019d to have brought two of \u2019em away with me,\nin order to have had some Account of the Country, when they had learn\u2019d\nso much of our Language as to enable them to give it; but being short of\nProvisions, I durst not venture it. Some of them wear Pearl about their\nArms and Necks, having first notch\u2019d it round, and fasten\u2019d it with a\nString of Silk Grass; for I suppose they knew not how to bore them. The\nPearls were mix\u2019d with little red Berries, Sticks, and Bits of Shells,\nwhich they look\u2019d upon to be so fine an Ornament, that tho\u2019 we had Glass\nBeads of several Colours, and other Toys, they would accept none of\nthem. They coveted nothing we had but Knives, and other cutting\nInstruments, and were so honest, that they did not meddle with our\nCoopers or Carpenters Tools, so that whatever was left ashore at Night,\nwe found it untouch\u2019d in the Morning.\nWe saw nothing like _European_ Furniture or Utensils among \u2019em. Their\nHuts were very low, and made of Branches of Trees and Reeds, but not\nsufficiently cover\u2019d to keep out Rain. They had nothing like Gardens or\nProvisions about them. They subsisted chiefly on Fish while we were\nhere, which with the Miserableness of their Huts, that seem\u2019d only to be\nmade for a time, made us conclude they had no fix\u2019d Habitation here,\nwhatever they may have elsewhere, and that this was their Fishing\nSeason. We saw no Nets or Hooks, but wooden Instruments, with which they\nstrike the Fish very dextrously, and dive to admiration. Some of our\nSailors told me they saw one of \u2019em dive with his Instrument, and whilst\nhe was under Water put up his Striker with a Fish on the Point of it,\nwhich was taken off by another that watch\u2019d by him on a Bark Log. The\nReader may believe of this what he pleases, but I give it the more\ncredit, because I my self threw some rusty Knives overboard, on purpose\nto try those Divers, who seldom miss\u2019d catching a Knife before it could\nsink about 3 or 4 Fathom, which I took to be an extraordinary Proof of\ntheir Agility.\n[Sidenote: _California Described._]\nInstead of Bread they us\u2019d a little black Seed, which they ground with\nStones, and eat it by Handfuls; some of our Men thicken\u2019d their Broth\nwith it, and say it tastes somewhat like Coffee. They have some Roots\nthat eat like Yams, a sort of Seeds that grow in Cods, and taste like\ngreen Pease, a Berry which resembles those of Ivy, and being dry\u2019d at\nthe Fire, eats like parch\u2019d Pease. They have another like a large\nCurrant, with a white tartish Pulp, a Stone and a Kernel; this sort of\nFruit they seem to value much. They have also a Fruit which grows on the\nprickle Pear-tree, tastes like Gooseberries, and makes good Sawce. They\nhave many other Seeds and Plants unknown to us, but I was not in a\ncondition to view or describe them.\nThey seem to have a Season of Hunting by the Skins of Deer, _&c._ we saw\namong them: They paid a sort of Respect to one Man, whose Head was\nadorn\u2019d with Feathers made up in the Form of a Cap; in other respects\nthey seem\u2019d to have all things in common; for when they exchang\u2019d Fish\nwith us for old Knives, of which we had plenty, they gave the Knives to\nany that stood next, and after they had enough, we could get no Fish\nfrom them. They appear\u2019d to be very idle, and seem to look after no more\nthan a present Subsistance. They stood and look\u2019d upon our Men very\nattentively, while they cut Wood and fill\u2019d Water; but did not care to\nlend us a Hand at either, or indeed to do any thing that requir\u2019d hard\nLabour. Their Arms are Bows and Arrows, with which they can shoot Birds\nflying. Their Bows are about 7 Foot long, and of a tough pliant Wood\nunknown to us, with Strings of Silk Grass; their Arrows about 4 Foot and\na half, made of Cane, and pointed with Fish Bones that they shape for\nthe purpose. Most of their Knives and other cutting Instruments are made\nof Sharks Teeth. I saw 2 or 3 large Pearl in their Necklaces and\nBracelets, and the _Spaniards_ told me they had Store of them from the\ninner part of the Gulph of _California_, where they have Missionaries\nplanted among them. Our Men told me they saw heavy shining Stones\nashore, which look\u2019d as if they came from some Mineral, but they did not\ninform me of this till we were at Sea, otherwise I would have brought\nsome of \u2019em to have try\u2019d what Mettal could be extracted out of \u2019em. The\n_Spaniards_ likewise inform\u2019d me, that the Country in general within on\nthe main Land of _Mexico_, is pleasant and fruitful, and abounds with\nCattle and Provisions of all sorts. The Natives grew very familiar with\nus, and came frequently aboard to view our Ships, which they mightily\nadmir\u2019d. We saw no Boats or Canoes among them, nor any other Sailing\nCraft, but Bark-Logs, which they steer\u2019d with Paddles at each End. We\ngave one of the Natives a Shirt, but he soon tore it in pieces, and gave\nit to the rest of his Company to put the Seeds in which they us\u2019d for\nBread. We saw no Utensils for Cookery about them, nor do I suppose they\nhave any; for they bury their Fish in a Heap of Sand, and make a Fire\nover it, till they think it fit for eating. There were all the Fishes\nusual in those Seas to be found in the Bay. The fresh Water here is\ngood, and they have abundance of Samphire. They make a Fire in the\nmiddle of their Huts, which are very low and smoaky. We saw no\nextraordinary Birds here. I am told by our People that have been ashore,\nthat they get Fire by rubbing two dry Sticks against each other, as\ncustomary among the wild _Indians_.\nThe Entrance into the Harbour may be known by four high Rocks, which\nlook like the Needles at the Isle of _Wight_, as you come from the\nWestward; the two Westermost in form of Sugar-loves. The innermost has\nan Arch like a Bridge, through which the Sea makes its way. You must\nleave the outermost Rock about a Cable\u2019s Length on the Larboard side,\nand steer into the deepest part of the Bay, being all bold, where you\nmay anchor from 10 Fathom to 20 or 25 Fathom Water. Here you ride\nland-lockt from E. by N. back to the S. E. by S. yet it is but an\nordinary Road, if the Wind should come strong out of the Sea, which it\nnever did while we lay there.\nMexico _describ\u2019d_\nI Shall next give a brief Account of _Mexico_ from the best Information\nand Authors. This Country lies betwixt Lat. 8. and 50 or 55 North, but\nit is little known or inhabited by the _Spaniards_ to the Northward of\n35. \u2019Tis divided into Old and New, and the former is also called _New\nSpain_, The Country in general includes all the West Side of Northern\n_America_, as far as \u2019tis known. \u2019Tis divided into the _Audiences_, or\nJurisdictions of _St. Domingo_, _Mexico_ properly so call\u2019d,\n_Guadalajara_ or _New Gallicia_, and _Guatimala_; and these again are\nsubdivided into several Provinces, with which I shall not trouble the\nReader, since that is the Business of a Geographer, and not of a Sailor.\nThat part of it call\u2019d _New Spain_ is the best and most famous Part of\nall _North America_, and the Name is sometimes extended by the\n_Spaniards_ to the whole.\n[Sidenote: _Mexico Described._]\nThe Air in general is mild, temperate and healthful, and the Soil so\nfertile, that in some places it produces 100 for one of Corn, and of\nMaiz 200; but the great Rains in Summer hinder their having good Oil and\nWine. Their most remarkable Plant is that call\u2019d _Maguey_, which abounds\nin this Country, and some of it we found in the _Maria Islands_; of the\nJuice the _Spaniards_ and Natives make a small Wine, Vinegar, and Honey;\nand of the Leaves and other Parts they make Cordage, Thread, and Cloth\nfor Sacks and Shirts. They have great and small Cattle, and Fowl in such\nplenty, that they frequently kill them only for the Skins and Feathers.\nThey have also excellent Horses of the best _Spanish_ Breed. There are\nfew Gold Mines in this Country, but abundance of Silver, and tho\u2019 not so\nrich as those of _Peru_, are much easier to be work\u2019d, with less Expence\nof Money, and far less Danger of Mens Lives. Their other chief\nCommodities are Iron, Steel, Copper, but none of \u2019em much wrought,\nHides, Wool, Cotton, Sugar, Silk, Cochineal, Scarlet-Dy, Feathers,\nHoney, Wax, Balm, Amber, Ambergrise, Salt, abundance of Medicinal Drugs,\nCocoa, Cassia, Gold in the Sands of their Rivers, Figs, Oranges,\nCitrons, and other Fruit peculiar to the Climate, besides all those\ncommon in _Europe_; wild Beasts, and Fowl of all sorts, Chrystal,\nTurquoises, Emeralds, Marcasites, Bezoar Stones, and Pepper. This must\nbe understood of _Mexico_ in general; for all those Commodities are not\nin one Province, but some have one sort and some another. Nor is the\nTemper of the Climate every where the same, for those Places towards the\n_South Sea_ are warm, but in and about the Mountains \u2019tis cold; and in\nsome places they have continu\u2019d Rains almost for 8 or 9 months in a\nYear, and are much infected with Serpents, Moskitto\u2019s, and other\nInsects, especially near the Torrid Zone.\nI shall not swell my Book with the fabulous Accounts of the Origin of\nthe antient _Mexicans_, which are shocking to common Sense, nor pretend\nto give the Reader the History of their Kings, because \u2019tis not my\nBusiness; besides \u2019twould puzzle the ablest Critick to distinguish\nbetwixt Truth and Falshood in those pretended Histories, preserv\u2019d by\nfanciful Hieroglyphicks, which will bear what Sense any Author pleases\nto impose upon them. Therefore I shall only say in general, that the\n_Spanish_ Authors who write of those Countrys say the Kings of _Mexico_\nwere very potent, that they had 25 or 30 petty Kings their Tributaries,\nthat their ordinary Guards did usually consist of 2 or 3000 Men, and\nthat on occasion they could raise 2 or 300000; that their Palaces were\nmagnificent, their Temples sumptuous, and their Worship barbarous, it\nbeing ordinary for them to sacrifice their Enemies, and sometimes their\nown Subjects. The Natives of Old _Mexico_ say they are not of that Race\nof People, but that their Ancestors came from divers Nations, who\ninhabited the Northern parts of the Continent, and particularly that\ncall\u2019d _New Mexico_; and by the Account their Historians give of their\nTravels to settle here, \u2019twould seem those who compos\u2019d the Story had\nheard something of the Travels of the Children of _Israel_ in the\nWilderness, and design\u2019d to write something like it; and by calling\ntheir Leader _Mexi_, they would make his Name resemble that of _Moses_.\n\u2019Twas a long time before they united into one Monarchy; for _Montezuma_,\nwho reign\u2019d when _Fernando Cortez_ invaded them, was only the 9_th_ in\ntheir Catalogue. The Divisions among the Natives, and the Hatred which\nthe Neighbouring Princes bore to their Kings, made the Conquest of\n_Mexico_ much easier to the _Spaniards_ than they expected; so that in\nthe Bishoprick of _Los Angeles_, &c. there are many thousands of\n_Indians_ exempted from extraordinary Taxes, because their Ancestors\nassisted the _Spaniards_ in the Conquest of the Country.\n[Sidenote: _Mexico Described._]\nThe Natives of _Mexico_, properly so call\u2019d, are the most civiliz\u2019d,\nindustrious and ingenious; they are noted for admirable Colours in their\nPaintings, tho\u2019 their Figures are not proportionable; they draw \u2019em with\nthe Feathers of their Cincons, a small Bird, which they say lives only\nupon Dew. They make use of certain Characters instead of the Letters of\nthe Alphabet, by which they have preserv\u2019d some Fragments of their\nHistory. The _Spanish_ Governour of _Mexico_, our Author says, with much\ndifficulty got it out of the Hands of the Natives, with an Explanation\nin their own Language, and had it translated into _Spanish_. The Ship in\nwhich \u2019twas sent to the Emperor _Charles_ V. being taken by a _French_\nShip, the Manuscript fell into the Hands of _Andrew Thevet_ at _Paris_,\nfrom whose Heirs our _Hackluyt_, being then Almoner to the _English_\nAmbassador, purchas\u2019d it. Sir _Walter Raleigh_ got it translated into\n_English_, and the Learned Sir _Henry Spelman_ prevail\u2019d with _Purchas_\nto get the Figures engraven. They represent Princes and others in\nseveral Postures, and bring down their History from the Year 1324. to\nthe Beginning or Middle of the 16_th_ Century, or thereabouts. This\nHistory is divided into 3 Parts; the first contains little but an\nAccount of the Names and Conquests of their Princes, with a Summary of\ntheir Vices and Virtues, so that it is not worth insisting upon. The\nsecond has an Account of the Tributes paid by the People, which were\nProportions of the Product of the Country for Provisions, Clothes, Arms,\nwarlike Habits and Ornaments, Paper and Houshold Furniture. The third\ngives an account of the Oeconomy, Customs and Discipline of the\n_Mexicans_, which because they are odd enough, I shall give a short\nAccount of the most remarkable.\nFour Days after a Child was born, the Midwife carried it to the Yard of\nthe House, laid it upon Rushes, and after washing it, desir\u2019d 3 Boys,\nwho were there at a sort of Feast, to name it how they pleas\u2019d. If it\nwas a Boy, she put into its Hand the Tools belonging to its Father\u2019s\nImployment; and if a Soldier, his Arms. If \u2019twas a Girl, she put a\nDistaff or other Utensils of Women by it. If the Boy was design\u2019d for\nthe Church, they carried it to a Temple with Presents, when of a\nsufficient Age, and left it with the High Priest to be educated; and if\ndesign\u2019d for War, they carried him to an Officer to teach him the Use of\nArms. The Parents corrected them by Blows, or pricking them with Needles\nmade of the Maguey Tree: The Father prick\u2019d the Boys, if unlucky, all\nover their Body, and the Mother prick\u2019d her Daughters only in the Fists.\nWhen Boys were pretty well grown, they ty\u2019d \u2019em Hand and Foot, and laid\n\u2019em in muddy Water naked a whole Day, and then their Mothers took \u2019em\nout and clean\u2019d \u2019em at Night. When a Maid was to be married, the\nMarriage-maker carried her on his Back to the Bridegroom\u2019s House, 4\nWomen bearing Torches before her; the Bridegroom\u2019s Friends receiv\u2019d her\nin the Yard or Court, carried her to a Room, and set her down by him on\na Mat, and ty\u2019d the Skirts of their Garments together, offer\u2019d Incense\nto their Idols, and had 4 old Men and Women to be Witnesses; after a\nFeast the Witnesses exhorted \u2019em to live well together, and so the\nCeremony concluded.\nThe Priests train\u2019d up their Novices in sweeping the Temples, carrying\nBranches, _&c._ to adorn them, to make Seats of Cane, to bring Needles\nor Thorns of Maguey to draw Blood for Sacrifices, and Shrubs to keep a\nperpetual Fire; and if they fail\u2019d in their Duty, return\u2019d to their\nParents, or were catch\u2019d with Women, they prick\u2019d \u2019em with those\nNeedles. One of the chief Priests went by Night to a Mountain, where he\ndid Penance, carried Fire and Perfume to sacrifice to the Devil, and was\nalways attended by a Novice; others of the Priests play\u2019d on Musical\nInstruments by Night, and some of \u2019em observ\u2019d the Stars, and told the\nHours. The Novices arriv\u2019d to the chief Dignities of the Priesthood by\ndegrees, and some of \u2019em always attended the Armies to encourage the\nMen, and perform their Rites.\nThose who train\u2019d the Youth to War, punish\u2019d their Scholars by throwing\nburning Coals on their Heads, pricking them with Sticks of Pine\nsharpen\u2019d at one End, or by burning off their Hair. Their Kings rewarded\nthe Soldiers according to the Number of Prisoners they took, with\nMilitary Habits of several Colours, or Posts in the Army, till they came\nto the highest. Their Chief Priests were also Men of Arms, and capable\nof all Military Preferments.\nTheir capital Punishments were Strangling or Stoning to Death. If a\nCaicque or petty Prince rebell\u2019d, all his Subjects shar\u2019d in his\nPunishment, except they found some Method to appease the King. They\npunish\u2019d Drunkenness in young Men by Death, but allow\u2019d it in old Men\nand old Women of 70. Highway-men and Adulterers they ston\u2019d to Death.\nThey had Assemblies for publick Affairs, wherein the Great Master of the\nEmperor or King\u2019s Houshold exhorted the Youth to avoid Idleness, Gaming,\nDrunkenness, and other Vices.\nThis is the Sum of what that Hieroglyphical History says of the antient\n_Mexicans_.\nAs to the present Natives, most of \u2019em are subject to the _Spaniards_;\nbut in some of the Mountains and Northern Parts they are not reduc\u2019d; so\nthat they frequently attack the _Spaniards_, when they meet with a\nfavourable Opportunity.\n[Sidenote: _Mexico Described._]\nIn that call\u2019d _New Mexico_ some of the Natives are very barbarous, and\nmuch given to Arms, the Men wear nothing but Skins, and the Women scarce\nany other Covering than their Hair; they live for the most part on raw\nFlesh, and go together in Troops, changing their Habitation as the\nSeason requires, or for the Conveniency of Pasturage. Their Oxen and\nCows are large, with small Horns, their Hair almost like Wooll, long\nbefore, and short behind, with a Bunch on their Backs, great Beards like\nGoats, and their Fore Legs short; they are of an ugly Aspect, but very\nstrong; they are the principal Riches of the Natives, their Flesh serves\nthem for Diet, their Skins for Clothes and Coverings to their Huts, they\nmake Thred of their Hair, Bow-strings of their Nerves, Utensils of their\nBones, Trumpets of their Horns, keep their Drink in their Bladders, and\nuse their Dung for Firing, because they are scarce of Wood. They have\nSheep as large as our Asses, and Dogs so strong, that they make \u2019em\ncarry their Baggage. This Country is inhabited by People of different\nLanguages and Manners; some of them live in Cities, of which \u2019tis said\nthere are several that contain from 30 to 50000 Inhabitants; others\nwander about in Herds like the _Arabs_ or _Tartars_; but in short, this\nCountry is so little known, and Travellers differ so much in their\nAccounts of it, that there\u2019s not much to be depended upon.\nI think it proper here to say something of the peopling of it. There are\nmany Opinions about the peopling of _America_, but the most reasonable\nto me is, that it was peopled from _Tartary_ by way of the North Pole,\nwhere they suppose it to join with some part of _Asia_. This I think\nvery probable, because the _Spaniards_, who come yearly hither from\n_Manila_ or _Luconia_, one of the _Philipine_ Islands in the _East\nIndies_, are forced to keep in a high Latitude for the Benefit of\nWesterly Winds, and have often sounded, finding Ground in Lat. 42. N. in\nseveral Places of the Ocean betwixt the _East Indies_ and _America_,\nwhich makes me conclude that there must be more Land, tho\u2019 none of \u2019em,\nas I have heard of, ever saw any Continent till they fall in with\n_California_, in about 38 or 39\u00b0. N. Lat. I have often admir\u2019d that no\nconsiderable Discoveries have yet been made in South Latitude from\n_America_ to the _East Indies_: I never heard the South Ocean has been\nrun over by above three or four Navigators, who varied little in their\nRuns from their Course, and by consequence could not discover much. I\ngive this Hint to encourage our _South Sea Company_, or others, to go\nupon some Discovery that way, where for ought we know they may find a\nbetter Country than any yet discover\u2019d, there being a vast Surface of\nthe Sea from the Equinox to the South Pole, of at least 2000 Leagues in\nLongitude that has hitherto been little regarded, tho it be agreeable to\nReason, that there must be a Body of Land about the South Pole, to\ncounterpoise those vast Countries about the North Pole. This I suppose\nto be the Reason why our antient Geographers mention\u2019d a _Terra\nAustralis Incognita_, tho\u2019 very little of it has been seen by any body.\nThe Land near the North Pole in the _South Sea_, from _California_ to\n_Japan_, is wholly unknown, altho\u2019 the old Maps describe the Streights\nof _Anian_, and a large Continent, it is but imaginary; for the _Dutch_\nthemselves, that now trade to _Japan_, say they do not yet know whether\nit be an Island, or joins to the Continent.\n_Gemelli_[147] having been in this Country in 1697, who is the latest\nTraveller that has publish\u2019d any thing about it, and his Accounts being\nin the main confirmed to me by our _Spanish_ Prisoners, I shall give a\nbrief Hint of what he says, especially of what relates to Trade and\nProvisions.\nTheir best Product is Gold and Silver, Pearl, Emeralds, and other\nprecious Stones: He saw the Silver Mines of _Pachma_, 11 Leagues from\nthe City of _Mexico_: One of \u2019em he says is 225 _English_ Yards deep,\nthe other 195: He adds, that in the Space of 6 Leagues there are about\n1000 Mines, some laid aside, others still in use. There are many\nthousands of People imploy\u2019d to dig \u2019em, from some the Metal and the\nWater is brought up by Engines, and from others the Metal is brought up\non Mens Backs to the great Danger of their Lives, besides Numbers that\nare lost by the falling in of the Earth, and pestilential Damps: They go\ndown to them by notch\u2019d Poles, which being wet and slippery, the poor\n_Indian_ Slaves many times fall, and break their Necks. Our Author says\nhe was in danger of doing the like, when he went to see them. He adds,\nthe Workmen inform\u2019d him, that from one of the Veins, where near 1000\nMen work\u2019d _per diem_, they had in 10 Years Dug 40 Millions of Silver,\nthat 2 Millions had been laid out in Timber-work to support it, and that\nit became so dangerous, as the Owner stop\u2019d it up. I refer to him for\nthe Manner of separating the Metal from the Oar. Every Discoverer of a\nMine must pay the 5_th_ of the Product to the King, who allows him only\n60 _Spanish_ Yards round from the Mouth, or all on one side, if he\npleases. _Gemelli_ says there\u2019s 2 Millions of Marks, of 8 Ounces each,\nentred at _Mexico_ in a Year from those Mines, besides what is stole,\nand 700000 Marks of it are coin\u2019d annually into Pieces of Eight there,\nfor which the King has a Ryal _per_ Mark. There being Gold mix\u2019d with\nthe Silver, they make use of _Aqua Fortis_ to separate them. The\nOfficers of the Mint have very profitable Places, but I can\u2019t insist\nupon their Sallaries.\n\u2019Tis needless to be particular in describing the Birds and Beasts of\nthis Country; they having been so often done by others, I shall only\nsay, they have enough for Provisions,\n[Sidenote: _Mexico Described._]\nand many of both sorts unknown to us. \u2019Tis the like as to their Fruits\nand Plants, which serve them for Food and Physick; but I have not room\nto be particular.\n_Mexico_ is the Capital City of this vast rich Country, and lies in N.\nLat. 19. 40. in the Middle of a Valley, which is 14 _Spanish_ Leagues\nlong, and 7 broad, encompass\u2019d by a Ridge of Mountains. The City is\nsurrounded by a Lake, and is square, with long, wide, and well pav\u2019d\nStreets, cross one another. \u2019Tis 2 Leagues round, and the Diameter half\na League. There are 5 Causeys or Banks through the Lake into the City,\nwhich vies with the best in _Italy_ for noble Structures and beautiful\nWomen, who prefer _Europeans_ to their own Country-men; this occasions\nirreconcilable Prejudices betwixt them, so that an _European_ can scarce\npass the Streets without being insulted. The Inhabitants are about\n100000, the major part Blacks, and Mulatto\u2019s, because of the vast Number\nof Slaves carried thither. _Europeans_ seldom marry there, because\nfinding no way to get real Estates, they generally become Clergymen,\nwhich takes up most of those that come from _Old Spain_. There are 22\nNunneries and 29 Friaries of several Orders within the City, and all\nricher than they ought to be, says _Gemelli_. The Cathedral is exceeding\nrich, maintains 10 Canons, 5 dignify\u2019d Priests, 6 Demi-Canons, 6 half\nDemi-Canons, 1 Chief Sacristain, 4 Curates, 12 Royal Chaplains, and 8\nothers chosen by the Chapter, besides many others nam\u2019d by the King. The\nRevenue of the Cathedral is 300000 Pieces of Eight _per Annum_. The\nClimate here is uncertain, as through all the Country, being for most\npart both cold and hot at the same time, _viz._ cold in the Shade, and\nhot in the Sun, but is never excessive either way; yet the Inhabitants\ncomplain of the Cold in the Mornings, and of the Heat from _March_ till\n_July_; from thence to _September_ the Rains cool the Air, and from that\ntime till _March_ the Rains are but small. The _Indians_ reckon those\nNights cold, but the _Europeans_ like the Climate well enough. Their\nWater is very cool. The neighbouring Country produces 3 Harvests _per\nAnn._ one in _June_, the 2_d_ in _October_, and the 3_d_ uncertain, as\nthe Weather proves. Maiz or _Indian_ Corn is their chief Grain, the\nearliest being sow\u2019d in _March_, the latest in _May_. It yields a\nwonderful Increase, and other Provisions being plentiful, one may live\nwell here for half a Piece of Eight _per_ Day, and all the Year round\nthere\u2019s Fruit and Flowers in the Market. There\u2019s no Brass Money here,\nand the least Piece of Silver is Three-pence; so that they buy Herbs and\nsmall Fruit with Cocoa Nuts, 60 or 70 of which, as the Time goes, are\nvalu\u2019d at 6_d._ I cannot insist on the particular Description of the\nChurches and Monasteries. The Archbishop has 11 Suffragans under him,\nwhose Revenues in all amount to 5160000 Pieces of Eight. The Cathedral\nfounded by _Fernando Cortez_, who conquer\u2019d this Country, was not\nfinished in 1697. \u2019tis carried on at the King\u2019s Charge. They have\nadmirable Conveyances to let the Water run out of the Lake by Canals, to\nprevent its overflowing the City, as sometimes it has done. The Expence\nof these Canals is so prodigious, that it seems incredible; the Curious\nmay find it in _Gemelli_, as also an Account of the Royal Palace and\nother Structures. I say nothing of the fabulous Accounts which the\nNatives give of the Foundation of this City.\nThe present Habit generally wore by the Natives of this Country is a\nshort Doublet and wide Breeches, a Cloak of several Colours on their\nShoulders, which they cross under the Right Arm, and tye on the Left\nShoulder by the 2 Ends in a great Knot: Some wear Sandals, the rest go\nbare footed and bare-legg\u2019d, and all wear their Hair long, which they\nwill by no means part with. The Women wear a fine white Cotton Cloth,\nand under it a thing like a Sack; they wear another upon their Backs,\nwith which they cover their Heads when abroad or in Church. The Natives\nadorn their narrow Coats with Figures of Beasts, Birds and Feathers.\nBoth Sexes are of a dark Colour, but endeavour to make themselves fair\nwith pounded Herbs. They daub their Heads with thin Clay, to refresh\nthem, and make their Hair black. The Mestizzo, Mullatto, and black\nWomen, are most in Number, but not being allow\u2019d to wear Veils, or the\n_Spanish_ Habit, and despising the _Indian_ Garb, they wear a thing like\na Petticoat a-cross their Shoulders, or on their Heads, which makes \u2019em\nlook like so many Devils. The Blacks and Mullattoes are very insolent,\nand so much increas\u2019d, that if it ben\u2019t prevented, they may at one time\nor other endanger the Country. The _Indians_ of most Parts of _Mexico_\nare nothing so industrious as formerly, and the _Spaniards_ say they are\ncowardly, cruel, Thieves, Cheats, and so beastly, that they use Women in\ncommon, without regard to the nearest Relations, lie on the bare Ground,\nand are nasty in their Way of living, which perhaps may proceed from the\nSlavery they are kept under, being worse treated than those\n[Illustration: CAPTURE OF THE ACAPULCO GALLEON OFF THE COAST OF\nCALIFORNIA\n_From a copper-plate engraving._]\n[Sidenote: _Mexico Described._]\nin the Mines. He adds that there\u2019s scarce one fair dealing Man to be\nfound among 100 Mullattoes.\n_Acapulco_ lies in Lat. 17. bating some few Minutes, he says it is\nrather like a poor Village of Fishermen, than fit to be the chief Mart\nof the _South Sea_, and Port for _China_. The Houses are mean, built of\nWood, Mud and Straw, it is cover\u2019d by high Mountains on the East side,\nand very subject to Distempers from _November_ till the End of _May_,\nduring which time they have no Rain, or very little. \u2019Tis as hot here in\n_January_, as in our Dog-days; they are much pester\u2019d with Gnats and\nEarthquakes. He observes that it never rains in _New Spain_ in a\nMorning. This Town is dirty, and ill furnish\u2019d with Provisions, so that\na Man can scarce live for a Piece of Eight _per_ Day. Most of the\nInhabitants are Blacks and Mullattoes, for the _Spanish_ Merchants are\ngone as soon as their Business is over at the Fair, for Goods brought\nhither from _China_ and _Peru_. It has nothing good but the Harbour,\nwhich is surrounded with High Mountains, and the Ships are moar\u2019d to\nTrees that grow on the Shore. It has two Mouths, the small one at N.W.\nand the great at S.E. The Mouth is defended by 42 Brass Cannon. The\nCastellan, who is chief Magistrate during the Fair, has 20000 Pieces of\n8, from the Duties paid in the Harbour, and the Comptroller and other\nOfficers as much; the Curate has 14000 _per Ann._ tho\u2019 the King allows\nhim but 180, but he exacts terribly on Baptisms and Burials, so that he\nwill scarce bury a rich Merchant under 1000. The Trade of this Place\nbeing for many Millions, every one, in his Profession gets a great deal\nin a short time; for a Black will scarce work for less than a Piece of 8\n_per diem_, All the Dependance of the Inhabitants is on the Port, which\nalso maintains the Hospitals, Monasteries and Missionaries.\nDuring the Fair, this Town resembles a populous City, because of the\ngreat Concourse of Merchants from _Peru_ and _Mexico_; then the\nmiserable Huts, in which there was nothing before but a few nasty\nMullattoes, are fill\u2019d with gay _Spaniards_, and rich Merchants, and the\nvery Porters do generally earn 3 Pieces of 8 _per Diem_, by loading and\nunloading of Goods, _&c._ but when this Trade is over, the Porters make\na sort of a Funeral, carry one of their Number about upon a Bier, and\npretend to bewail his Death, because their Harvest for Gain is then at\nan End, till the next Year.\nI shall not here say any thing further of the Seaports of _Mexico_,\nbecause the Reader will find them in the Appendix, which gives a full\nAccount of all the noted Harbours in the South Sea, but shall add, that\nthe Trade of _Mexico_, on this Coast, is very little, compar\u2019d with that\nof _Peru_, because those of the former have their Goods brought to their\nchief Ports in the N. Sea, directly from _Europe_; so that except when\nthe two Ships come yearly from _Manila_ to _Acapulco_, they have little\nCommerce in this Sea. I must here observe, that the Ships which come\nfrom _Manila_ use to be much richer than our Prize; for she waited a\nlong time for the _Chinese_ Junks to bring Silk, which not arriving, she\ncame away with a Cargo mix\u2019d with abundance of coarse Goods. The\nPrisoners told me, that the _Manila_ Ship did often return from\n_Acapulco_, with 10 Millions of Dollars, and that the Officers never\nclear\u2019d less than from 20 to 30000 Dollars each in a Voyage; and the\nCaptain, whom they call General, seldom got less than 150 or 200000\nPieces of 8; so that it would have been an extraordinary Prize, could we\nhave met with them at the Time.\nI think it proper to observe here, because it belongs to the Subject,\nthat when we arrived at the _Texel_ in _Holland_, there were two\n_Spanish_ Ships there, bound for _Cadiz_, and on board of one of \u2019em a\nSailor, who told us he was aboard the large _Spanish_ Ship from\n_Manila_, when she arriv\u2019d at _Acapulco_, very much disabled by the\nEngagement she had with us off of _California_; that \u2019twas the Gunner\nwho made them engage us so resolutely at first, and forced them to\ncontinue the Fight by keeping in the Powder-Room himself, and having\ntaken the Sacrament to blow up the Ship in case we had boarded and\nover-power\u2019d her. I was the more apt to believe this Man had seen the\nShip, and this Story might be true, because he related almost every\nPassage of the Fight, as I have given it before in my Journal.\n[Sidenote: _Mexico Described._]\nI shall also take Notice here that Capt. _Stradling_, who was taken\nPrisoner in _America_, when his Ship stranded, and came off Prisoner in\na French Ship, some Months after we left the South Seas, inform\u2019d me,\nthat the Corregidore of _Guiaquil_ sent an Express to _Lima_, upon the\nfirst Notice of our being in those Parts, that they then apprehended us\nto be part of a Squadron of Men of War, and therefore lay still until\nthey had certain Advice of our Strength, and in about 3 Weeks after we\ntook the Town, they fitted out 3 _Spanish_ Men of War, which was all\ntheir South Sea Strength, against us; the biggest carried not above 32\nGuns, but they were join\u2019d by 2 _French_ Ships, one of 50, and the\nother of 36 Guns, and all well Mann\u2019d. They stop\u2019d at _Payta_, till Mr.\n_Hatley_ and his 4 Men, who lost Company with us at the _Gallapagos_\nIslands, being in want of Provisions, and having had no Water for 14\nDays, stood in for the Main, and landed near Cape _Passao_, almost under\nthe Equinox, among a barbarous sort of People, who are a mix\u2019d Breed of\n_Negroes_ and _Indians_. They voluntarily surrendered themselves, being\nin a starving Condition, yet those Brutish People, instead of giving\nthem Food, tied their Hands, then whipp\u2019d them and hang\u2019d them up, so\nthat they must unavoidably have lost their Lives, had not a Padre, who\nliv\u2019d in the Neighbourhood, came time enough by good Providence, to cut\n\u2019em down, and save them. There are several Letters from Mr. _Hatley_\nsince, which signify that he is a Prisoner at _Lima_. Capt. _Stradling_\nlikewise told me that the _French_ Ship, which brought him to _Europe_,\nwas the very Ship that we chas\u2019d in sight of _Falkland_ Island, before\nwe passed Cape _Horn_. She had before attempted to sail round Cape\n_Horn_, to the South Sea; but it being the wrong Season, she met with\nbad Weather, and was forc\u2019d to bear away to recruit at the River of _La\nPlata_, and there wait for a more proper Season to go round _Terra del\nFuego_, into the South Sea. When we chas\u2019d her, she had not above 100\nhealthful Men on board, so that had we been able to come up with her,\nshe must certainly have been our Prize.\nCapt. _Stradling_ told me they ran their Ship on an Island, and\nafterwards surrendered Prisoners to the _Spaniards_, to save their\nLives, she being ready to sink; so that the Report I formerly mention\u2019d,\nthat part of their Crew was drown\u2019d in the Ship, proves a Mistake.\nIn _Mexico_, the Prisoners who are employ\u2019d in cutting Logwood, have no\nway to escape the Cruelty of the _Spaniards_, but to turn Papists, and\nbe baptized after their Manner; then they have the Liberty to chuse a\nGodfather, who is generally a Man of Note, and they serve him as\nLiverymen, _&c._ One _Boyse_, who fled to us at _Guiaquil_, was baptized\nthus by an Abbot, in the Cathedral of _Mexico_, had Salt put in his\nMouth, and Oil poured upon his Head, and small parcells of Cotton, which\nrub\u2019d it off, were distributed as precious Relicks among the Penitents,\nbecause taken off the Head of a converted Heretick, as they call them.\nThe native _Spaniards_ enjoy all the Posts in the Church and\nMonasteries, and admit no _Indians_, nor any mix\u2019d Breed, to those\nPreferments; which they think a necessary Piece of Policy, that they\nmay the better keep the Country in Subjection to _Spain_. Some of these\nPrisoners who are forced to be pretended Converts, do now and then make\ntheir _Escape_, tho\u2019 it be dangerous to attempt it, for if taken they\nare generally confin\u2019d to the Workhouses for Life. There are several\n_Englishmen_ who were Prisoners in this Country, that, by Compliance,\nhave obtain\u2019d their Liberty, with the Loss of their Religion in exchange\nfor Riches; particularly one _Thomas Bull_, who was born in _Dover_, and\ntaken in _Campeche_; he is a Clock-maker, has been 18 Years there, is\nabout 45 Years old, lives in the Province of _Tabasco_, and grown very\nrich. One Capt. _James Thompson_, born in the Isle of _Wight_, has been\nthere about 20 Years, is about 50 Years old, grown rich, and commanded\nthe Mullattoes who took Capt. _Packe_, at the Beginning of the War. The\nPerson who told me this was a Comb-maker, and endeavour\u2019d to escape from\n_La Vera Crux_, but was taken, and sent Prisoner to _Mexico_, where he\ncame off to _Peru_, after he had his Liberty, by pretending he went to\nbuy Ivory to make Combs; he gave me a long Account of his Ramble amongst\nthe _Indians_, and says, he was at the Mouth of the River _Missisippi_,\nwhich falls into the Gulph of _Mexico_, but could not pass it: He adds,\nThat the _Indians_, on the Bay of _Pillachi_, have murder\u2019d several of\nthe Padres, out of an Aversion to the _Spaniards_, but show a great\nInclination to trade with the _English_. There are other _Englishmen_\nwho now live near the Bay of _Campeche_, as I was inform\u2019d; one of \u2019em\nis _Tho. Falkner_, he was born at the Hen and Chickens in _Pall-mall_,\nwhere his Friends kept an Alehouse. He is married to an _Indian_ Woman.\nSuch of them as won\u2019t comply to turn Papists are kept in miserable\nSlavery, either in the Mines or Workhouses at _Mexico_, which City he\nsays, is about as large as _Bristol_. Those that are put in Workhouses\nare chain\u2019d and imploy\u2019d in carding Wool, rasping Logwood, _&c._ They\nhave more Manufactures of Woollen and Linnen in _Mexico_ than in _Peru_.\nAbundance of raw Silk is brought from _China_, and of late Years worked\nup into rich Brocades equal to any made in _Europe_.\n[Sidenote: _Mexico Described._]\nThe _Mullattoes_ and _Indians_, on light Occasions, are put into the\nWorkhouses, and kept there, till they pay their Debts or Tribute; but no\n_Spaniards_, except for the worst of Crimes: There are many\n_Englishmen_, who were taken cutting Logwood in the Bay of _Campeche_,\nin several of these Workhouses, kept at hard Labour, and will end their\nDays in Slavery, unless their Liberty be demanded by her Majesty at the\ngeneral Peace.\nThere\u2019s abundance of Sheep in this Country, which yield excellent Wool,\nof which, I am inform\u2019d, the _English_ Prisoners have taught them to\nmake Cloth, worth about 15_s._ a Yard in _England_, which there yields 8\nPieces of 8; They have also taught them to make Bays and other coarse\nWoollen.\nAt _Chopa_ in _Mexico_, about Lat. 12. N. there\u2019s a great River which\nsinks into the Earth at once, runs under the Mountains, and rises\n_bigger_ about 15 Leagues from the Place where it sunk. \u2019Tis twice as\nlarge as the _Thames_. This River afterwards joins that of _Tabasco_,\nand falls into the North Sea, as most of the great Rivers of this vast\nContinent do, he told me, about this Place. There are high Mountains,\nwith Plains on the Top, where the Air is very temperate, and all our\n_European_ Fruits grow; whereas at the Bottom of these Mountains they\nhave none but the Fruits of hot Climates, tho\u2019 \u2019tis not above 5 Leagues\nasunder.\nThere are also Woods of Pines, _&c._ on those Mountains, among which\nthere are Flocks of harmonious Birds, which sing together in an\nagreeable Consort, that resembles a fine Organ, so that Strangers are\namaz\u2019d to hear such Musick strike up of a sudden in the Woods. There\u2019s\nalso a strange Creature in those Woods, call\u2019d by the _Spaniards_ an\nOunce, much of the Form and Size of a Woolf-dog; but it has Talons, and\nthe Head is more like that of a Tyger: It kills Men and Beasts, which\nmakes travelling through the Woods dangerous; \u2019tis said to eat nothing\nbut the Heart of its Prey.\nI had many more Relations from this Man, who had been 7 Years a Prisoner\nin this Country; but they being too tedious, I shall add nothing more\nconcerning _Mexico_, but that the Worm is larger, and eats the Bottoms\nof the Ships more on its Sea-Coasts, than any other Place where we were.\nAll the Coast from _Guiaquil_ in _Peru_ to the Northward, as far as the\nLatitude of 20 in _Mexico_, \u2019tis reckon\u2019d unhealthful, but the contrary\nfrom _Guiaquil_ to the Southward.\nPeru _Described_.\nI Shall not trouble the Reader with the History of its Conquest by the\n_Spaniards_, nor the fabulous Stories of its _Incas_ or Princes, the\nCurious may find them in the _Spanish_ Writers, and for the Natives,\nthey are much the same as those I have described in other Parts.\n_PERU_, properly so called, is about 1000 Leagues long, but the Breadth\nvarious, from 100 to 300 Leagues. The best known Part of it lies on the\n_South Sea_, and is divided into the 3 Audiences of _Quito_ in the\nNorth, _Lima_ in the Middle, and _La Plata_ in the South. The Air of\n_Quito_ is temperate enough, tho\u2019 under the Line; the Soil is fruitful,\nabounds with Cattle and Corn, and they have Mines of Gold, Silver,\nQuick-silver and Copper; they have also Emeralds and Medicinal Drugs.\nThe Audience of _Lima_ is most noted, because of its Capital of the same\nName, being the Residence of the Viceroy of _Peru_. This Country abounds\nwith Mines of Gold, Silver, Quicksilver, Vermilion, and Salt. The\nAudience of _La Plata_ I have already described in my Account of that\nRiver. I shall only add, that tho\u2019 the Silver Mines of _Potosi_ be much\ndecay\u2019d, yet some say the King of _Spain_ has annually about 2 Millions\nof Crowns _per Annum_ for his Fifth; and that those of _La Plata_ and\n_Porco_, in the same Province, which were, upon discovery of the Mines\nof _Potosi_, less used, may probably be open\u2019d again to advantage; now\nGoods are sold so cheap by the continual Supplies from _France_, that\nthe _Indians_, who were imploy\u2019d in the Manufactures, must again work at\nthe Mines, their own coarse Goods being brought thither cheaper than\nthey can make \u2019em.\n[Sidenote: _Peru Described._]\nThe _Spanish_ Writers in general say, that for 500 Leagues in Length,\nfrom _Tumbez_ to _Chili_, it never thunders, lightens nor rains, which\nagrees with the Informations that I had from our Prisoners, _viz._ that\nfrom Cape _Blanco_ in S. Lat. 4. to _Coquimbo_, Lat. 30. it never rains,\nbut the Want of this is supply\u2019d by great Dews, so that they have as\ngood Corn and Fruit, particularly Wheat, about _Truxillo_, as any in\n_Europe_. In the Vallies near the Sea the Climate is hot, but temper\u2019d\nwith Breezes from the Ocean and Mountains. In the Hilly part, far into\nthe Country, \u2019tis Winter, and very rainy, when \u2019tis Summer in the\nPlains, though in the same Latitude. The Product, Beasts and Birds,\nbeing much the same with other Parts of the _South Sea_ Coast, I shall\nnot insist upon \u2019em.\nThey have their Cordage, Cotton, Cloth, Pitch and Tar from _Chili_ and\n_Rio Lezo_ in _Mexico_, and tho\u2019 the Country abounds with Provision,\n\u2019tis always dear near the Mines, because there Husbandry is neglected.\nThe Cordage they use is made of coarse Silk Grass, which is very tough,\ndraws small when strain\u2019d, but grows twice as big when slack\u2019d.\nCapt. _Stradling_ told me he travel\u2019d the great Road from _Quito_\ntowards _Cusco_, in his way to _Lima_, which has Piles of Stone on each\nside for some hundreds of Miles. When he and his Men were brought\nPrisoners to _Lima_, the _Spaniards_ put them in a close Dungeon, used\nthem very barbarously, and threaten\u2019d to send them to the Mines, because\nhe attempted his Escape, and sail\u2019d in a Canoe from _Lima_ towards\n_Panama_, near 400 Leagues, intending to cross the Isthmus, and to get\nto _Jamaica_ by some of our trading Sloops, but was taken and brought\nback to _Lima_. Before he came thence he saw several of the _Spaniards_,\nwho had been our Prisoners, and said, they all own\u2019d we had treated them\nvery civilly, which has in part taken off the bad Impression they had\nconceiv\u2019d of the _English_ in those Parts; for not being used to War,\nthey account all alike that come to cruize, because of the unheard of\nCruelties and Debaucheries which were committed about 25 Years ago by\nthe Buccaneers in those Parts, which their Priests did improve to give\nthem an ill Idea of all those they think fit to call Hereticks, not\nconsidering that most of those Disorders were committed by _French_\nBuccaneers of their own Religion.\nHaving said so much of _Peru_ in several Parts of my Journal, I need not\nenlarge upon it here; the Spaniards extend it from _Panama_ to\n_Coquimbo_, which is about 800 Leagues, but the Breadth various. The\nGold Mines are most of \u2019em in the North Parts, betwixt _Panama_ and the\nEquinox.\nBefore the _French_ traded hither round Cape _Horne_, there was a\nconsiderable Commerce from _Panama_ to all the Ports of the _South Sea_,\nas I noted before; but now they have supplied the Country so much with\n_European_ Goods, and so cheap, that this Trade is in a manner sunk; so\nthat from hence forward there will be little sent over Land from\n_Panama_ to the North Sea, but the King\u2019s Revenue. The _Spaniards_ have\na great many Ships and small Vessels belonging to the several Ports of\n_Peru_, which are chiefly imploy\u2019d in carrying Timber, Salt, Salt-fish,\nWine, Brandy, Oil, and other Commodities, from one part of the Coast to\nanother, without which they could not well subsist; for this Country is\nlaid to be more populous and better inhabited than _Mexico_. They make\nWoollen Cloth here of several sorts; I have seen some made at _Quito_\nworth about 8_s._ _per_ Yard, that is sold here for 5 Dollars. The\n_Indians_ do likewise make a coarse sort of Cotton Cloth; but since the\n_French_ furnish them better and cheaper, those Manufactures will come\nto nothing, and the People must betake themselves to digging of Mines,\nor what other Imployment they can get.\nThe _Spanish_ Settlements in this Country, as well as in _Mexico_ and\n_Chili_, are not so full of _Indians_ as formerly; for many of \u2019em are\ngone to remote Parts, and live in Colonies by themselves, to avoid the\nSlavery and Taxes impos\u2019d on them by the _Spaniards_, for they were\noblig\u2019d to pay from 8 to 14 Dollars _per Ann._ _per_ Head to the King,\nwhich had it been duly collected and faithfully paid, would have\namounted to the greatest Poll Tax in the World; but \u2019tis now lessen\u2019d by\nthe removal of so many Natives as abovemention\u2019d, and the Impoverishment\nof the rest, who are sensible enough of their Oppression, but are so\ndispirited, that they can do nothing to assert their Liberty, and they\nare besides kept under by the Artifices of the Priests.\nThe _Spaniards_ here are very profuse in their Clothing and Equipage,\nand affect to wear the most costly things that can be purchas\u2019d; so that\nthose who trade hither with such Commodities as they want, may be sure\nto have the greatest Share of their Wealth.\nChili _describ\u2019d_.\n[Sidenote: _Chili Described._]\nI come next to the Kingdom of _Chili_, which lies nearest to those who\nshall think fit to attempt a Trade from _England_ into the _South Sea_.\nFather _Ovalle_, a Native of this Country, and Procurator for it at\n_Rome_, agrees with our Maps, that it lies farthest South of any part of\n_America_ on that call\u2019d the _South_ or _Pacifick Sea_. He bounds it\nwith _Peru_ on the North, the Straits of _Magellan_ on the South,\n_Paraguay_, _Tucuman_, and _Patagonia_ on the East, and the _South Sea_\non the West. He begins it at S. Latitude 25, and extends it to Lat. 59,\nwhich is near 500 Leagues. The Breadth of it varies, and the broadest\nPlace from East to West he makes about 150 Leagues, tho\u2019 _Chili_\nproperly so call\u2019d is not above 20 or 30 Leagues broad, from the Chain\nof Mountains named _Cordillera_ to the _South Sea_; but when the King of\n_Spain_ divided _America_ into particular Governments, he added to\n_Chili_ the vast Plains of _Cuio_, which are of an equal Length, and\ntwice as broad as _Chili_ it self. The Country in general _Ovalle_\nplaces in the 3_d_, 4_th_ and 5_th_ Climates; the longest Day in the\n3_d_ is 13 Hours, and in the 5_th_ above 14.\nThe first _European_ who took possession of it was _Don Diego\nd\u2019Almagro_, a _Spaniard_, in 1535. He is said to march hither from\n_Peru_ by Order of the King of _Spain_, with a Body of _Spanish_ Troops\nand 15000 _Indians_ and Blacks commanded by some _Indian_ Princes, who\nhad submitted to the _Spaniards_. I shall not trouble the Reader with\nthe particular History of the _Spanish_ Conquests till they reduced this\nCountry, which they may find at large in _Ovalle_, _Herrera_, and\nothers; but shall only say in general, that it was not totally in\nsubjection to the _Spaniards_ till the Year 1640, when the Inhabitants\nsubmitted to the Crown of _Spain_, on Condition that they should not be\ngiven in Property as Slaves. The _Spaniards_, who sufficiently\nexperienc\u2019d the Valour of this People, treat them with more Civility\nthan they do the rest of the _Americans_, on purpose to keep them in\nObedience, and for the most part they have submitted to the Church of\n_Rome_.\nThe _Sansons_ say that _Chili_, in the Language of the Country,\nsignifies Cold, which is so excessive in the Mountains call\u2019d _Sierra\nNevada_, a part of the _Cordillera_, that it freezes Men and Cattle to\nDeath, and keeps their Corps from Putrefaction; so that _Almagro_ lost a\ngreat many of his Men and Horses as he past those Mountains. But the\nVallies toward the Sea are very healthful, the Climate temperate, and\nthe Soil excellent and fruitful, tho\u2019 with some difference, according as\nit lies nearer or further from the Equator; but the Coasts are subject\nto strong Gales of Wind.\nThe Country is divided into 3 Quarters, and those 3 into 13\nJurisdictions. The Quarter of _Chili_ proper extends from the River\n_Copiapo_ to that of _Maule_, and is hotter than _Spain_. The 2_d_\nQuarter call\u2019d Imperial, reaches from the River _Maule_ to that of\n_Gallegos_, and much resembles the Climate of _Spain_. The Proximity of\nthe Mountains on one side, and of the Sea on the other, makes it colder\nthan otherwise it would be; but it has Warmth enough to make it one of\nthe best Countries in _America_. The Valley of _Copiapo_ is so fruitful,\nthat it frequently yields 300 for one single Measure, those of _Guasco_\nand _Coquimbo_ fall very little short of it, and that of _Chili_ proper\nis so excellent, that it gives Name to the whole Country by way of\nEminence.\nI come now to give a brief View of what _Ovalle_, a Native, says to it\nin general.\nHe tells us, that in _Chili_, properly so call\u2019d, _viz._ the Country\nbetwixt the Mountains and the Sea, the Soil and Climate exceed those of\nany part of _Europe_ in Goodness, by the Confession of the _Europeans_\nthemselves: He says it is like the best part of _Europe_ in every thing,\nexcept the Opposition of the Seasons, it being Spring and Summer in the\none, when it is Autumn and Winter in the other; but in the Vallies the\nHeat and Cold are not so excessive as in _Europe_, especially from Lat.\n36, or thereabouts to Lat. 45, so that neither the Heat of the Day nor\nthe Cold of the Night can be complain\u2019d of, from whence it is that the\nInhabitants make no difference between the Summer and Winter in their\nBedding and Clothes. He adds, that they are not troubled here with\nLightning, and seldom hear Thunder, except at a great distance. They\nhave no Storms of Hail in the Spring, and seldom above 2 or 3 rainy Days\ntogether in the Winter, after which the Sky is serene without the least\nCloud. The North Winds bring the Clouds and Rain, and the South Winds\nspeedily make all clear. They have no poysonous or ravenous Creatures,\nexcept a small sort of Lions, which sometimes prey on their Flocks, but\nalways fly from Men; nor are these Lions numerous, there being only a\nfew of them in the Woods and Desarts. He observes as a peculiar Property\nof the Air of _Chili_, that no Bugs will live in it, tho\u2019 they swarm in\n_Cuio_ on the other side of the Mountains. From the whole he infers,\nthat there is no Country in _America_ so agreeable to _European_\nConstitutions as _Chili_, and Air and Provisions are so like their own,\nbut rather better.\n[Sidenote: _Chili Described._]\nThe Spring begins about the Middle of our _August_, and lasts till the\nMiddle of _November_; then the Summer holds to the Middle of _February_,\nthe Autumn continues to the Middle of _May_, and the Winter from thence\nto the Middle of _August_. During this Season the Trees are depriv\u2019d of\ntheir Leaves, and the Ground is cover\u2019d with white Frosts, which are\ndissolved about 2 hours after the Sun rises. The Snow falls seldom in\nthe Vallies, but in great Quantity in the Mountains, from whence it is\nmelted in the Summer, and fructifies the Vallies and Plains with\nRivulets. In the Spring the Fields are adorn\u2019d with beautiful Flowers of\nall Colours and sorts, and of an admirable Scent, from whence they\ndistil a fine Liquid called Angels Water, which makes a noble Perfume.\nThe choicest Flowers and Plants that we cultivate grow wild there; they\nhave Groves of Mustard Trees higher than a Man on Horseback, and the\nBirds build their Nests in them. They have many Physical Plants and\nHerbs, with which their _Indian_ Physicians perform wonderful Cures,\nwhen the Patients are despair\u2019d of by our _European_ Doctors, but they\nare very shy of communicating those Secrets. Fruits and Seeds brought\nhither from _Europe_ thrive very well, but those of _Mexico_ and _Peru_\ndon\u2019t. They have all our sorts of Fruit in such abundance, that every\none may take what they please; so that none is sold, except a sort of\nextraordinary large Strawberries, which they cultivate. They have Oats,\nWheat and Maiz in such plenty, that they are seldom troubled with Want\nof Grain. Their Pastures are so rich, and their Cattle of all sorts so\nnumerous, that they don\u2019t value the Flesh, but salt the Tongues and\nLoins, and send \u2019em to _Peru_ with the Hides and Tallow, which is a\ngreat Branch of their Trade. They have Store of noble and generous\nWines, both white and red; their Vines are larger, and their Clusters of\nGrapes much bigger than any in _Europe_. They have also plenty of\nOlives, Groves of Cocoa Trees of several Leagues long. Almond-trees, and\nsuch Store of Silk grass, which they use instead of Hemp, that they\nfurnish all the Coasts of the _South Sea_ with Cordage for their Ships;\nthey have also great Quantities of Annise and Cummin-seed, Salt, Flax,\nWool, Leather, Timber, Pitch, Amber, _&c._ So that according to\n_Ovalle_, Merchants may trade from hence to other Parts in the _South\nSea_, and especially to _Lima_, from 100 to 300 _per Cent._ Profit, of\nwhich I have also been informed by our Prisoners. Though they have\nabundance of Mulberry-trees, they breed no Silk-worms; so that the\nLadies, who are extravagant in their Apparel, impoverish the Country by\npurchasing the richest Silks, tho\u2019 they might easily have enough of\ntheir own. They have plenty of Bees, yet have their Wax from _Europe_,\nfor want of Industry to improve their own, and they have Pepper and\nother Spice from the _East Indies_, tho\u2019 they have a kind of Spice of\ntheir own, which might very well supply them. He adds, that the\nHerbage, Fishing, Hunting, Wood for Fuel and Timber, and Salt Mines, are\nhere in common, so that every one may take what they please. They make\nlittle use of their Mines of Lead and Quicksilver; for _Peru_ has enough\nof the latter to purify their Silver. _Ovalle_ says the Gold Mines are\nso many, that from the Confines of _Peru_ to the Straits of _Magellan_\nthere is no part of the Country without \u2019em; but they are not so much\nfollow\u2019d as in _Peru_, and they don\u2019t so much apply themselves to the\nSilver Mines, because those of Gold are wrought with less charge; their\nSilver is dug from hard Rocks, ground to Powder in their Mills, and then\nrefin\u2019d with Quicksilver, which is laborious as well as expensive;\nwhereas they have no other trouble with the Gold than to wash the Earth\nfrom it; yet sometimes they follow the Veins of Gold through Rocks, when\nthey have hopes that they will grow larger, as they frequently do, and\none of these Veins is often enough to enrich the Discoverers. Gold is\nnot dug here in such Plenty, since the War betwixt the _Spaniards_ and\n_Araucanos_; but the Natives wait for the Winter Rains, which wash it\ndown from the Mountains, into Rivers, Ponds, _&c._ when the Women go\ninto the Water, feel out the Grains with their Toes, and make up as much\nas supplys their present Necessities, as our Author says, but to me this\nappears a very odd Way to get Gold. He tells us that he sent one of\nthose Grains to _Seville_, where being touch\u2019d, it was found to be 23\nCarats fine, without any manner of Purification. Most of the Bells and\ngreat Guns us\u2019d in _Peru_, are made of the Copper of this Country.\n[Sidenote: _Chili Described._]\nHe comes next to give an Account of the Chain of Mountains, named\n_Cordillera_, from his own Observation, and what he has read in Authors:\nHe says they run from N. to S. from the Province of _Quito_ to the\nStraits of _Magellan_, which is above a Thousand Leagues, and accounts\nthem the highest Mountains in the World; they are generally 40 Leagues\nbroad, and intermix\u2019d with Abundance of habitable Valleys: These\nMountains form 2 Ridges, the lowermost is cover\u2019d with Woods and Groves,\nbut the higher barren, because of the excessive Cold and Snow on them.\nThe most remarkable Animals in these Mountains are, 1. that Species of\nHogs which have their Navels on their Backs, call\u2019d Pecarys, these go in\ngreat Herds, with each their Leader, and till he be kill\u2019d, \u2019tis not\nsafe for Hunters to attack them, but when he falls, they immediately\ndisperse. 2. Wild Goats, whose Hair is as soft as Silk, and much us\u2019d\nfor fine Hats. 4. Their Sheep call\u2019d Guanacos, shap\u2019d like Camels, but\nof a far less Size, with Wool so fine that it is preferr\u2019d to Silk for\nSoftness and Colour. He adds, that the ancient _Yncas_, or Princes, cut\ntwo Roads through those Mountains, and if we may believe _Herrera_,[148]\none of them was pav\u2019d for 900 Leagues from _Cusco_ to _Chili_, \u2019twas 25\nFoot broad, and at every 4 Leagues, there was a noble Structure, and at\neach half League Couriers to relieve one another, in carrying Messages\nfrom the State. He says, there are still a sort of Inns on this Road,\nwhere Travellers find all Necessaries; but the Paths into the Mountains\nare so narrow, that a single Mule can scarce pass them. The Ascent\nbegins at the very Shore of the Sea, but that which is properly call\u2019d\nthe Mountains, requires three or four Days Journey to the Top of them,\nwhere the Air is so very piercing and cold, that he found difficulty to\nbreath, when he pass\u2019d them, so that he and his fellow Travellers were\nobliged to breath quicker and stronger than ordinary and to apply their\nHandkerchiefs to their Mouths, to break the extreme Coldness of the Air.\n_Herrera_ says, That those who pass them from _Peru_ are troubled with\nReachings and Vomitings. _Ovalle_ adds, That there are Meteors upon\nthose Mountains sometimes so high in the Air, that they resemble Stars,\nand at other times so low, that they frighten the Mules and buz about\ntheir Ears and Feet. He says, on the Top of those Mountains they can\u2019t\nsee the Country below for Clouds, tho\u2019 the Sky over their Heads is clear\nand bright, and the Sun shines with admirable Beauty. When he pass\u2019d the\nhighest Part of that which is properly call\u2019d the _Cordillera_, he found\nno Snow, tho\u2019 in the beginning of Winter, whereas, in the lower Parts,\n\u2019twas so deep, that the Mules could scarce travel. He supposes the\nReason why there was no Snow on the Top is, that it reaches above the\nmiddle Region of the Air. There are 16 Vulcanos in this Chain of\nMountains, which sometimes break out with dreadful Effects, cleave the\nRocks, and issue great Quantities of Fire, with a Noise resembling\nThunder. I refer to our Author for the particular Names and Places of\nthose Vulcanos. He doubts not but there are many rich Mines among those\nMountains, tho\u2019 the Natives industriously conceal them, and make it\nDeath to discover them, which has defeated several Attempts of that\nNature by the _Spaniards_. The Natives have no occasion for those Mines\nthemselves, because they have Plenty of Provisions, which is all they\ndesire, and they are afraid that such Discoveries will occasion the\n_Spaniards_ to dispossess them, or to make them work in the Mines as\nSlaves. He concludes this Head with an Account that very rich Mines were\ndiscover\u2019d at the Foot of those Mountains on the side of _Cuio_.\nThose Mountains of the _Cordillera_ are passable only in Summer, or in\nthe Beginning of the Winter. There are frightful Precipices, and deep\nRivers, at the sides of the narrow Passes, which frequently occasions\nthe Loss of Mules and Travellers. The Streams run with such Violence,\nand so far below the Roads, that to look at them turns ones Head. The\nAscents and Descents are so steep, that they are difficult to pass on\nFoot, but the Irksomeness of the Way is alleviated by the beautiful\nCascades which the Water naturally forms as it falls from the Rocks and\nMountains; and in some of the Valleys the Water springs up to a great\nHeight, like Fountains made by Art, amongst odoriferous Plants and\nFlowers, which make an Agreeable Prospect. All these Streams and Springs\nare so very cool, that a Man can\u2019t drink above 2 or 3 Sips at once, nor\nhold his Hand in them above a Minute. In some Places there are hot\nSprings, good against many Distempers, and leave a green Tincture in the\nChannels thro\u2019 which they run. One of those Rivers, call\u2019d _Mendoca_,\nhas a natural Bridge of Rock over it, from the Vault of which there\nhangs several Pieces of Stone, resembling Salt, which congeal like\nIcecles, as the Water drops from the Rock, and are form\u2019d into several\nShapes and Colours. This Bridge is broad enough for 3 or 4 Carts to pass\na-breast. There\u2019s another Bridge near this, call\u2019d the _Yncas_, laid\nover by Art, betwixt 2 Rocks, as some say, but our Author thinks it is\nthe Work of Nature: It is so very high from the River, that he could not\nhear the Stream, which runs with great Rapidity, and though it be a\nlarge River, it appear\u2019d like a Brook when he look\u2019d down from the\nBridge, which he could not do without being struck with Horror.\n[Sidenote: _Chili Described._]\n[Sidenote: _Chili Described._]\nHe comes next to describe the particular Rivers which run from these\nMountains; but I shall only mention the chief of them; and tho\u2019 most of\nthem don\u2019t run above 30 Leagues, yet some of them, towards their Mouths,\nare navigable by Ships of the greatest Burthen. The first is that which\nrises in the Confines of _Peru_, about S. Lat. 25. \u2019tis call\u2019d the\nRiver of Salt, because \u2019tis so salt that it can\u2019t be drank, and\npetrifies what\u2019s thrown into it. 2. _Copiapo_, which rises in Lat. 26.\nruns 20 Leagues from E. to W. and forms a Bay and a Harbour, at its\nEntrance into the Sea. 3. _Guasco_ rises in Lat. 28. and forms likewise\na Bay and Harbour. 4. The River of _Coquimbo_, which rises in Lat. 30,\nforms a noble Bay and a Port, with beautiful Myrtles, and other Trees on\nthe Bank, that make a noble and a pleasant Grove. 5. _Aconcagua_, a\nlarge deep River that rises about Lat. 33. runs thro\u2019 several fruitful\nValleys. 6. _Maypo_ rises about Lat. 33 and a half. It is so rapid, that\nit admits no Bridge but one made of Cables; it enters the Sea with so\nmuch Force, that its Waters form a Circle, and are distinguished a great\nWay. It is brackish, noted for excellent Trouts, and the Sheep which\nfeed on its Banks, afford Mutton of a curious Relish. There are several\nother Rivers which fall into it; the first is, that of St. _Jago_, alias\n_Mapocho_; \u2019tis divided into several Streams, to water the District of\nSt. _Jago_, which sometimes it over-flows: Not far from the City it\nsinks under Ground, and rises again in a Grove, about 2 or 3 Leagues\ndistant. 2. The River _Poangue_, its Water is extraordinary clear and\nsweet, and flowing thro\u2019 Veins of Metal, very much helps Digestion. It\nruns for several Leagues under Ground, fructifies the Valley which lies\nover it, and produces excellent Corn and Melons. The Banks of this River\nare adorn\u2019d with beautiful Trees. 3. The Rivers _Decollina_ and _Lampa_,\nwhich unite together within 10 or 12 Leagues off their Rise, and form\nthe noted Lake of _Cudagues_. It is so deep, that great Vessels may sail\nin it, is about 2 Leagues long, and its Banks cover\u2019d with Trees that\nare verdant all the Year. It abounds with excellent Trouts and Smelts,\nwhich are a great Conveniency to the City of St. _Jago_. 7. _Rapel_ is\nnothing inferior to _Maypo_, enters the Sea about Lat. 34. and a half,\nand receives several other rapid Streams. The adjacent Country has\nexcellent Pastures for fattening of Cattle. 8. _Delora_ rises in Lat. 34\nthree quarters, and is exactly like the former. 9. _Maul_, a great\nRiver, which rises in Lat. 35. and bounds the Jurisdiction of St.\n_Jago_. The Natives call all the Country betwixt those Rivers,\n_Promocaes, i.e._ a Place of Dancing and Delight, which our Author says\nis very just, for he never saw a more pleasant Country, nor one better\nfurnish\u2019d with Provisions of all sorts. The _Spaniards_ have many noble\nFarms in these Parts. Near the Mouth of this River, there\u2019s a Dock for\nbuilding of Ships, and a Ferry belonging to the King for the Conveniency\nof Passengers. 10. _Itata_; \u2019tis 3 times as large and deep as the\n_Maul_, and enters the Sea about Lat. 36. In most Places they pass it on\nRafts, and in some it is fordable. 11. _Andalien_, a River which runs\nslow, and enters the spacious and pleasant Bay of _Conception_, at Lat.\n36 three quarters. There\u2019s another small River, which runs through the\nmiddle of the City of _Conception_, a little above which it falls from a\nhigh Rock, and gives the Inhabitants an Opportunity to form all sorts of\nWater-works from it, among pleasant Groves of Lawrels, Myrtles, and\nother odoriferous Plants. 12. _Biobio_, a famous River, which enters the\nSea, in Lat. 37. \u2019tis the largest in _Chili_, and is from 2 to 3 Mile\nbroad at its Mouth. Our Author says its Waters run thro\u2019 Veins of Gold,\nand Fields of Sarsaparilla, which make them very wholesom, and good\nagainst several Distempers. This River is the Boundary betwixt the\n_Indians_ who are Friends to the _Spaniards_, and those who are their\nEnemies, and make frequent Incursions upon them. This obliges the\n_Spaniards_ to keep many Garrisons in those Parts, but the Natives trust\nto their Mountains. This River swells so much in the Winter, that it\nbecomes unpassable, and occasions a Cessation of Arms on both sides.\nThese People, says _Ovalle_, have given the _Spaniards_ more trouble\nthan all the other Natives of _America_; so that they are forced to\nmaintain 12 Forts, well provided with Men and Cannon, besides the City\nof _Conception_ and _Chillam_, to over-aw the Natives. 13. _Imperial_, a\npleasant River, which falls into the Sea, about Lat. 39. after having\nreceiv\u2019d many other Rivers, and among \u2019em two which run into the famous\nLake of _Buren_, where the _Indians_ have an impregnable Fortress. 24.\n_Tolten_, about 30 Miles from the River _Imperial_, is deep enough for\ngreat Ships, where it enters the Sea. 15. About 8 Leagues farther, the\nRiver _Quenale_ enters the Sea, and is capable of small Barks. 16.\n_Valdivia_, so called from _Pedro de Valdivia_, one of the Conquerors\nand Governors of _Chili_, who built a Port and City, near the Mouth of\nit, where great Ships may come up about 3 Leagues from the Sea. This\nRiver opens to the North, and over-against the City lies the pleasant\nIsland of _Constantine_, with two others; the River is navigable on both\nsides of the Island, but deepest on the South side. 17. _Chilo_, which\nrises from a Lake at the Foot of the _Cordillera_, where there are Baths\ngood against the Leprosy and other Distempers. Our Author says so\nlittle of the Rivers on the East side of the _Cordillera_, that we pass\nthem over.\n_Ovalle_ gives an Account of many remarkable Fountains, both hot and\ncold, good against most Distempers; but I shall not insist on them. He\nsays, they have many Sea Lakes or Bays, which bring great Profit to the\nOwners, because their Fisheries are more certain than those of the Sea;\nand furnish most part of the Lenten Fair to the Inhabitants, and in the\nhot Season abundance of Salt.\nHe adds, that in the Valley of _Lampa_, near St. _Jago_, there\u2019s an\nHerb, about a Foot high, resembling Sweet _Basil_. In Summer it is\ncover\u2019d with Grains of Salt, like Pearl, which is more savoury, and has\na finer Flavour than any other Salt. Our Author comes next to treat of\nthe Fertility of the Coast, which, he says, among other Fish produces\nShell-Fish in greater Quantities, larger than any where else, and 1.\nOisters, valuable both for their Meat and Pearls. 2. Choros, a fine Sort\nof Shell-fish, which also breed Pearl. 3. Manegues, which have 2 round\nShells, the inside of which resembles Mother of Pearl. In short, he\nsays, the Sea throws up Shell-fish, in such Quantities, upon some Parts\nof the Coast, that Ships may be loaded with them, and their Shells are\nof such Variety of Colours and Shapes, that our _European_ Virtusos\nmight from hence have a curious Collection, whereas the _Indians_ only\nburn them for Chalk. There are other Sorts of Fish on these Coasts, some\nof which they call Sea-Stars, others Suns and Moons, because they\nresemble those Planets, as they are usually painted, which are common\nelsewhere, but not so large as here. These Fish reduc\u2019d into Powder, and\ndrank in Wine, are an infallible Remedy against Drunkenness, and\nfrequently us\u2019d for that end, because it creates an Abhorrence of Wine\nin those who drink it, says our Author. He adds, that great Quantities\nof Amber are found on this Coast, particularly, the grey sort, which is\nthe best. They have all other sorts of Fish, common to us in _Europe_,\nbesides others, peculiar to themselves.\nHe comes next to their Birds, and besides those which are common in\n_Europe_, there are 1. Flamencos, bigger than Turkeys, their Feathers of\na white and scarlet Colour, of which the Natives make Ornaments, and\ntheir Legs are so long that they walk thro\u2019 Lakes and Ponds. 2. The\nChild Bird, so call\u2019d, because they look like a swadled Child, with its\nArms at Liberty: They are very good Meat. 3. Airones, so much valued\nfor the Feathers, to make Tufts, that formerly, they say, every Feather\nupon their Heads cost 2 Reals. These Birds are rare. There are others\ncall\u2019d Garcolos, whose Feathers are generally us\u2019d by Soldiers. 4.\nVoycas, from whose Notes the _Indians_ pretend to foretel Death,\nSickness, or other Misfortunes; the Feathers on their Breasts are of a\ndeep scarlet Colour, and the rest brown. 5. Pinguedas, their Body is of\nthe size of an Almond; they feed upon Flowers, and shine like polish\u2019d\nGold, mix\u2019d with green; the Males have a lively Orange Colour, like Fire\non their Heads, and the Tails of those Birds are a Foot long, and 2\nInches broad. 6. Condores, which are white as Ermin; their Skins are\nextreme soft and warm, and therefore us\u2019d as Gloves. They have abundance\nof Ostriches, and Variety of Hawks in this Country.\n_Ovalle_ comes next to treat of their Beasts. He says, they had no Cows,\nHorses, Sheep, Hogs, House-Cats, nor common Dogs of any sort, Goats,\nAsses, or Rabbits, till they were brought hither by the _Spaniards_, but\nnow all these are increas\u2019d to a wonderful Degree by the Richness of\ntheir Country and Pasture, so that one Cow frequently yields 150 lb\nWeight of Tallow. _Herrera_ says, that when the _Spaniards_ came first\nhither, a Horse was commonly sold for 1000 Crowns, but now they are so\nplenty that they send them yearly to _Peru_. The most remarkable\nAnimals, which are not common with us, are, 1. Their Sheep, mention\u2019d\nbefore, shap\u2019d like Camels, tho\u2019 not so large: The Natives us\u2019d them for\nPloughing and Carriage, before they had _European_ Cattle: Their upper\nLips are slit, with which they spit at those who vex them, and wherever\ntheir Spittle falls, it causes a Scab. They govern\u2019d them by a kind of\nBridle put thro\u2019 their Ears, and they would kneel like Camels, to take\non their Burden. 2. Wild Goats, which very much resemble those Sheep,\nbut are all of a red clear Colour, so very swift that they out-run\nHorses, and are never to be tamed. They feed in great Herds, and are\nhunted by Dogs, which easily catch the young ones, that are excellent\nMeat. The Flesh of the old ones, dried and smoaked, is reckon\u2019d the best\nof its kind. These Creatures, especially the oldest, have Bezoar Stones,\nin a Bag under their Belly. Our Author says, he brought one of those\nStones to _Italy_, which weigh\u2019d 32 Ounces, and was as perfect an Oval\nas if it had been form\u2019d by a Turner; he gave the _Indian_ who found it\n70 Pieces of 8 for it.\n[Sidenote: _Chili Described._]\nTheir most remarkable Trees, besides what are common to _Europe_, are 1.\nThe Cinnamon Tree, so call\u2019d, because the Bark resembles Cinnamon, in\nsuch Plenty, that they cover their Houses with them: They keep their\nLeaves all the Year, and resemble the _Italian_ Lawrel Royal. 2. The\nGuyac Tree grows in the _Cordillera_, is as hard and heavy as Iron: The\nDecoction is good against many Diseases. 3. The Sandal Tree, that is\nvery odoriferous, a Preservative against infectious Distempers, and\ntherefore us\u2019d by the Priests when they visit the Sick. 4. The Maguey,\nwhose Leaves are admirable against Burnings; the Fruit is like\nMyrtle-Berries, and of an excellent Relish. 5. The Quelu, of whose Fruit\nthey make a very sweet Drink. 7. Iluigan, the _Spaniards_ call it\n_Molde_, \u2019tis of the Shape and Colour of Pepper: It grows on a small\nTree, and makes an agreeable Liquor, coveted by those of Quality. 8. The\nMyrtilla which grows on the Mountains, from Lat. 37. and upwards:\n_Herrera_ says, its Fruit is a common Good to the Natives, not unlike a\nGrape, and of this they make a Wine that exceeds all other Liquors. \u2019Tis\nof a bright gold Colour, will bear more Water than any other Wine,\nchears the Heart, and never offends the Stomach, but increases Appetite.\nThe Vinegar made of it exceeds all other sorts. Our Author adds, that\ntheir Cypress, Cedar and Oak Trees are extraordinary good.\nHe comes next to the Islands of _Chili_. The first are those of _Juan\nFernandez_, already describ\u2019d. The second are the Islands of _Chiloe_,\nwhich lie about Lat. 43, and form an Archipelago of 40 Islands. He says\nthe Nature of the Climate is such, that it rains almost all the Year, so\nthat only Maiz or such other Grain can ripen here, as need little Sun.\nThe chief Diet of the Inhabitants is the Root _Papas_, which is larger\nhere than any where else. They have excellent Shell-fish, very good\nPoultry and Hogs, some Beeves and Sheep. The Capital of this Country is\nthe City of _Castra_, which lies in the chief Island, and is garrison\u2019d\nby the _Spaniards_. Here they have great Store of Honey and Wax, and\nsome Gold Mines on the Coast. Their chief Manufacture is Clothing for\nthe _Indians_, and they have vast Woods of Cedar Trees of a prodigious\nsize, with the Planks of which they drive a great Trade to _Chili_ and\n_Peru_. 3. The Islands of _Chonos_, in Lat. 45. but of little Use,\nbecause of the excessive Rains which drown the Soil. 4. The Fine Island,\nwhich lies almost in the same Latitude with _Val Paraiso_ and _St.\nJugo_: It has a safe Harbour for Ships, where they may ride in 20 or 30\nFathom Water. The _Spaniards_ say \u2019tis a very beautiful Island, abounds\nwith Trees, wild Boars, and other Game, and excellent Water; and there\u2019s\nPlenty of Fish on the Coast. 5. The Island of _Mocha_, where the\n_Dutch_, under _Spilberg_, found a very generous Reception by the\nNatives, who furnish\u2019d them with Plenty of Sheep, and other Provisions,\nin exchange for Clothes, Axes, _&c_. The North side of it is plain and\nlow, but the South side rocky. 6. The Island of _St. Maria_, 13 Leagues\nS.W. from the City of _Conception_, and 3 from _Arauco_: It is very\nfruitful and temperate, lies about Lat. 37, and is well inhabited. 7.\nThe Islands of _Pedro de Sarmiento_, so call\u2019d, because he discover\u2019d\nthem, when in Pursuit of Sir _Francis Drake_. They are about 80 in\nNumber, and lie about Lat. 50. so that we suppose them to be those now\ncall\u2019d _The Duke of York\u2019s Islands_, which lie a little to the Northward\nof the Straits of _Magillan_.\n[Sidenote: _Sailing towards the Island of Guam._]\nOur Author comes next to _Guio_, the third Quarter of _Chili_, which\nlies on the other side of the _Cordillera_, towards the East. \u2019Tis\ndivided into several Provinces, and quite differs in Temperature from\n_Chili_. The Summer is excessive hot, and the Inhabitants so annoy\u2019d\nwith Bugs and Muskettos, that they lie abroad in their Gardens and\nYards. They have almost perpetual Thunders and Lightnings, and are\nmightily infested with poisonous Insects: These are the bad Qualities of\nthe Country, to compensate which, the Soil, in many places, if possible,\nexceeds that of _Chili_ in Fruitfulness; the Crops are richer, the\nFruits larger, and of a better Taste, because of the greater Heats. They\nhave Store of Corn, Wine, Flesh, and all the Fruits, Roots, and Herbs of\n_Europe_, with large Plantations of Olives and Almonds. The Cold is not\nso sharp in Winter as that of _Chili_, and the Air much clearer, so that\nthe Season is then very temperate: they have great Quantities of large\nexcellent Trouts, and other River Fish. Their peculiar Fruits are, 1.\nAlgaroba, of which they make a Bread so sweet, that Strangers can\u2019t eat\nit. They supply _Tucuman_ and _Paraguay_ with Figs, Pomgranates, Apples,\ndry\u2019d Peaches and Grapes, and excellent Wine and Oil. _Ovalle_ says,\nThat in his time there were rich Mines of Gold and Silver discover\u2019d\nhere, which were reckon\u2019d to be better than those of _Potosi_, and that\nin short it had all Necessaries for Life in as great abundance as any\nother Country, and in general is very healthful. The Provinces of\n_Tucuman_ and _Paraguay_, which bound this Country we have already\ndescrib\u2019d.\n_Jan. 10._ I now go on with my Journal, being on our Departure from\n_California_, and returning to _Great Britain_. I shall not trouble the\nReader with every Day\u2019s particular Transactions in this long and tedious\nPassage, but only take notice of such Occurrences as are worth remark,\nand to satisfy the Curious, shall subjoin a particular Table of each\nDay\u2019s Run, with the Latitude, Longtitude and Variation betwixt Cape _St.\nLucas_ on _California_, and _Guam_, one of the _Ladrones_ Islands. We\nresolved to keep an exact Account of the Distance and Variation not\nbeing certainly known to us from any former Voyagers.\n_Jan. 11._ We weigh\u2019d from Port _Segura_ last Night, but were becalm\u2019d\nunder the Shore till the 12_th_ in the Afternoon, when there sprung up a\nBreeze, which soon run us out of sight of the Land. We took our\nDeparture from Cape _St. Lucas_, which bore N. by E. at 12 a Clock,\ndistant about 15 Leagues. We were forc\u2019d to go away with little or no\nRefreshment, having but 3 or 4 Fowls, and a very slender Stock of\nLiquor, which we got out of the _Batchelor_. Several of our Men were in\na weak Condition, besides my self, Mr. _Vanbrugh_, and the rest that\nwere wounded. We were forc\u2019d to allow but 1 Pound and half of Flower,\nand 1 small Piece of Meat to 5 in a Mess, with 3 Pints of Water a Man\nfor 24 Hours, for Drink and Dressing their Victuals. We struck down 10\nof our Guns into the Hold, to ease the Ship; for being out of the way of\nEnemies, they are altogether useless betwixt this and the _East Indies_.\nOn the 16_th_ the _Batchelor_ made a Signal to give us some Bread, they\nhaving found a good Quantity of Bread and Sweet-meats aboard her, but\nlittle of Flesh-kind: We had 1000 Weight of Bread for our Share, the\n_Dutchess_ as much, and the _Marquiss_ 500 Weight; in lieu of which we\nsent back to the Prize 2 Casks of Flower, one of _English_ Beef, and one\nof Pork, they having but 45 Days Provision aboard in Flesh. This Morning\n_Thomas Conner_, a Boy, fell overboard, but the Launch being a-stern, we\ncut her Moarings, and took him up just as he was tired with Swimming,\nand ready to sink.\nOn the 26_th_ in the Morning the Water was very much discolour\u2019d, at\nwhich being surprized, we immediately sounded, but found no Ground. We\nspoke with the _Dutchess_, and agreed to go away W.S.W. till we got into\nthe Lat. of 13\u00b0, because our _Spanish_ Pilot told us it was dangerous\ngoing in 14, by reason of Islands and Shoals, where a _Spanish_ Vessel\nwas lost some time ago, ever since which the _Manila_ Ship, in her\nReturn from _Acapulco_, runs in Lat. 13. and keeps that Parallel till\nthey make the Island of _Guam_.\nOn the 28_th_ the Steward missing some Pieces of Pork, we immediately\nsearch\u2019d, and found the Thieves, one of \u2019em had been guilty before, and\nforgiven, on promise of Amendment, but was punish\u2019d now, lest\nForbearance should encourage the rest to follow this bad Practice;\nProvisions being so short, and our Run so long, may prove of ill\nconsequence. I order\u2019d \u2019em to the Main Jeers, and every Man of the Watch\nto give \u2019em a Blow with a Cat of Nine-tails, and their Messmates being\nprivy to the Theft, were put in Irons.\n_Feb. 1._ We buried one _Boyce_, betwixt 40 and 50 Years of Age, whom we\nbrought from _Guiaquil_, where and in other Parts of _New Spain_ he had\nbeen a Prisoner above 7 Years, since he was taken in the Bay of\n_Campeachy_.\nOn the 5_th_ a Negro we named _Deptford_ died, who being very much\naddicted to stealing of Provisions, his Room was more acceptable than\nhis Company at this time. On the 6_th_ we spoke with the _Dutchess_; I\nwas for augmenting the Mens Allowance in Meat, since we had such a\nfavourable Gale, which was like to continue; but Capt. _Courtney_\nobjected against it, alledging that if we miss\u2019d _Guam_, we should all\nbe starved; so we deferr\u2019d it a Week longer. We have had very bad luck\nin fishing hitherto, having took only one Albicore since we came from\nCape _St. Lucas_.\n[Sidenote: _Arrival at the Island of Guam._]\nOn the 11_th_ I agreed with Capt. _Courtney_ to continue a W. by S.\nCourse till we get clear of the Rocks call\u2019d the _Bartholomews_, which\nare laid down in 13\u00b0 and a half; but the Distance of them being\nvariously computed, makes us the more cautious, and keep a constant good\nLook-out. On the 13_th_ the _Spanish_ Pilot we took in the _Batchelor_\ndied; we kept him, thinking he might be of use to us, if he recover\u2019d of\nhis Wounds; but he was shot in the Throat with a Musket-ball, which\nlodg\u2019d so deep, the Doctors could not come at it. On the 14_th_ we\nagreed with Capt. _Courtney_ to give half a Pound of Flower or Bread\nmore to a Mess. That same Day, in Commemoration of the ancient Custom in\n_England_ of chusing _Valentines_, I drew up a List of the fair Ladies\nin _Bristol_, that were any ways related to or concern\u2019d in the Ships,\nand sent for my Officers into the Cabbin, where every one drew, and\ndrank the Lady\u2019s Health in a Cup of Punch, and to a happy Sight of \u2019em\nall; this I did to put \u2019em in mind of Home. On the 17_th_ I was troubled\nwith a swelling in my Throat, which incommoded me very much, till this\nMorning I got out a Piece of my Jaw Bone that lodg\u2019d there since I was\nwounded. Our Ship began to make more Water, so we clapt on a new Bonnet\nwhere we took the old one off; but after many fruitless Attempts, were\nforc\u2019d to keep one Pump continually going, every two Men in the Watch\ntaking their Posts once an Hour; which Labour, with the want of\nsufficient Food, make our People look miserably.\nOn the 18_th_ we threw a Negro overboard, who died of a Consumption and\nWant together. Our Men began to be very much out of order, and what adds\nto their Weakness is our continual Pumping, nor can we pretend to make\nany further Addition to their Allowance.\nOn the 25_th_ _Tho. Williams_, a _Welch_ Taylor, died; he was shot in\nthe Leg at engaging the 2_d_ _Manila_ Ship, and being of a weak\nConstitution, fell into a Dysentery, which kill\u2019d him. On the 26_th_ we\ncaught a Couple of fine Dolphins, which were very acceptable to us,\nhaving had but very indifferent Luck of Fish in this long Passage.\nOn _March_ the 3_d_ we buried a Negro call\u2019d _Augustine_, who died of\nthe Scurvy and Dropsy. We agree to give 6 Negroes the same Allowance as\nfive of our own Men, which will but just keep those that are in health\nalive.\nOn the 10_th_ we made Land, being the Island _Serpana_, which bore N.W.\ndistant about 8 Leagues. The _Dutchess_ made another Island to the\nWestward, which bore W. by S. distant about 10 Leagues; the latter they\ntook to be the Island _Guam_, so we clapt upon a Wind, and stood for it.\n_March 11._ This Morning we had sight of both Islands, the Northermost\nbearing N.N.W. distant about 7 Leagues, and the Body of the Westermost\nW.S.W. 5 Leagues. The _Spaniards_ say there is a great Shoal between\nthese Islands, but nearest to _Serpana_. We ran along the Shore, being\nsatisfied it was the Island of _Guam_, from whence there came several\nflying Prows to look at the Ships; they run by us very swift, but none\nwould venture aboard. At Noon the Westermost part of the Island bore\nWest, and at the same time we made a small low Island joining to _Guam_,\nwith a Shoal between it and _Guam_; the Island appear\u2019d green and very\npleasant, off of it there runs a Spit of Sand to the Southward, but\nkeeping it a good Birth from you as you near it, there\u2019s no Danger,\nbeing gradual Soundings to the Shoal. After we were clear of it we\nsprung our Luff, and stood in for the Harbour, which lies mid-way\nbetwixt this and the North part of the Island. There came heavy Flaws of\nWind off Shore, sometimes for us, and at other times against us; but we\ngot to an Anchor in the Afternoon in 12 Fathom Water, about half a Mile\noff Shore, where there was a little Village. The small Island to the\nSouthward bore South of us, distant about 3 Leagues, and another small\none to the Northward bore N. N. W. about 2 Leagues. The Necessity of our\nstopping at these Islands to get a Refreshment of Provisions, was very\ngreat, our Sea Store being almost exhausted, and what we had left was\nvery ordinary, especially our Bread and Flower, which was not enough for\n14 Days at the shortest Allowance. In order to recruit quietly, we\nendeavour\u2019d to get some of the Natives aboard that were in the Prows, to\nkeep \u2019em as Hostages in case of sending any of our Men to the Governour:\nOne of \u2019em, as we were turning into the Harbour with _Spanish_ Colours,\ncame under our Stern. There were 2 _Spaniards_ in the Boat, who asked\nwhat we were, and from whence we came? Being answer\u2019d in _Spanish_, that\nwe were Friends, and came from _New Spain_, they willingly came aboard,\nand ask\u2019d if we had any Letter to the Governour? We had one ready, but\nbefore we could get it signed by all the Commanders, there came a\nMessenger from the Governour, who demanded the same Account of us. We\nimmediately sent him away with 2 of our Linguists, detaining one of the\n_Spaniards_ till they return\u2019d. The Letter was thus:\n     [Sidenote: _At the Island of Guam._]\n     _We being Servants to Her Majesty of_ Great Britain, _and stopping\n     at these Islands in our Way to the_ East Indies, _will not molest\n     the Settlement, provided you deal friendly by us. We will pay for\n     whatever Provisions and Refreshments you have to spare, in such\n     manner as best agrees with your Conveniency, either in Money, or\n     any Necessaries you want. But if after this civil Request you deny\n     us, and do not act like a Man of Honour, you may immediately expect\n     such Military Treatment, as we are with ease able to give you. This\n     we thought fit to confirm under our Hands, recommending to you our\n     Friendship and kind Treatment, which we hope you\u2019ll esteem, and\n     assure your self we then shall be with the strictest Honour_,\n_Your Friends and humble Servants_,\n     To the Honourable Governour of the Island of _Guam, March 23. 1709_\n  W. Rogers.\n  S. Courtney.\n  E. Cooke.\n_March 11._ In the Morning we and the _Dutchess_ mann\u2019d our Pinnace, and\nsent her ashore with a Flag of Truce, where they were entertained\ncurteously by the Natives, who promis\u2019d to supply us with such\nProvisions as they could spare, provided the Governour would give \u2019em\nleave. About Noon our Linguist return\u2019d, and brought with him 3\n_Spanish_ Gentlemen from the Governour, who in answer to our Letter sent\nanother, expressing all Readiness imaginable to accommodate us with what\nthe Island afforded, and that he had sent those Gentlemen to treat with\nus. I immediately sent for Capt. _Dover_, _Courtney_, and _Cooke_, &c.\nbeing not able to stir out of the Ship, and desir\u2019d they would come and\nconsult with me how to act.\n_March 13._ This Morning we had 4 Bullocks, 1 for each Ship, with some\nLimes, Oranges, and Cocoa Nuts. Our Misunderstandings at _California_\nhave been very much augmented since by our Want of Provisions, one\nShip\u2019s Company being jealous the other had most and best; but now being\narriv\u2019d at a Place of Plenty, we are all indifferently well reconciled,\nand an Entertainment was provided aboard the _Batchelor_ for the\n_Spanish_ Gentlemen, where most of our Officers appointed to meet. I\nbeing not able to move my self, was hoisted in a Chair out of the Ship,\nand also out of the Boat into the _Batchelor_; there we had a good\nEntertainment, and agreed, that on Thursday next a Representative for\neach Ship should wait upon the Governour, and make him a handsome\nPresent for his Civility and Readiness to supply us.\n_March 15._ This Morning we had another Entertainment aboard the\n_Marquiss_, where I likewise went in the same manner as before.\n_March 16._ This Morning our Pinnace went with several of our Officers\nto accept of the Governour\u2019s Invitation ashore, who received them with\nall imaginable Friendship and Respect, having near 200 Men drawn up in\nArms at their Landing, and the Officers and Clergy of the Island to\nconduct them to the Governour\u2019s House, which was a very handsome Seat,\nconsidering where we are: They entertain\u2019d them with at least sixty\nDishes of several sorts, the best could be got on the Island, and when\nthey took their Leaves, each fired a Volley of Small Arms. They\npresented the Governour, according as we had agreed, with 2 Negro Boys\ndress\u2019d in Liveries, 20 Yards of Scarlet Cloth-Serge, and 6 Pieces of\nCambrick, which he seem\u2019d wonderfully pleas\u2019d with, and promis\u2019d to\nassist us in whatever lay in his Power.\n_March 17._ This Day we got our Dividend, being about 60 Hogs, 99 Fowls,\n24 Baskets of _Indian_ Corn, and 14 Bags of Rice, 44 Baskets of Yams,\nand 800 Cocoa Nuts.\n_March 18._ There was an Entertainment aboard us to day, where we had\nmost of our Officers, and 4 _Spanish_ Gentlemen from the Governour. I\nmade \u2019em as welcome as Time and Place would afford, diverting \u2019em with\nMusick, and our Sailors Dancing till Night, when we parted very\nfriendly. We got some more Bullocks on board, being small lean Cattle,\nbut what we gladly accepted of; each Ship had 14 in all.\n_March 20._ This Morning each Ship had 2 Cows and Calves more, being the\nlast we are like to get. We had a Meeting on board the _Marquiss_, where\n\u2019twas agreed to make a handsome Present to the Governour\u2019s Deputy, who\nhad the Fatigue to get our Provisions together, wherein he us\u2019d all\npossible dispatch. We gave him and the rest of the Gentlemen what they\nesteem\u2019d double the Value of what we received of them, which they\ncertify\u2019d under their Hands, and that we had been very civil to them. We\nalso gave them the like Certificate, sign\u2019d by all our Officers, to shew\nto any _English_ that might have occasion to recruit there, and parted\nvery friendly. Having finish\u2019d that Affair, it was agreed, that we\nshould steer from hence a West and by South Course to go clear of some\nIslands that lie in our way, and then thought it proper to steer\ndirectly for the South East part of _Mindanao_, and from thence the\nclearest Way to _Ternate_. It was also agreed, that our Ship being very\nleaky, I should deliver to Capt. _Courtney_ one Chest of Plate and\nMoney, to be put on board the _Dutchess_.\n[Sidenote: _The Island of Guam Described._]\n_March 21._ At Break of Day we hoisted our Colours, and fired a Gun for\nour Consorts to unmoar. In the meantime, with the Consent of the other\nOfficers I put an old _Spaniard_ ashore, call\u2019d _Ant. Gomes Figuero_,\nwhom we took in the 1_st_ Bark in the _South Seas_, and design\u2019d to\ncarry him to _Great Britain_, to condemn all our Prizes took there; but\nhe being now in all appearance not likely to live, we agreed to dismiss\nhim, he giving us a Certificate that he saw us attack and take several\nPrizes, all Subjects to _Philip_ V. King of _Spain_, &c. I gave him some\nClothes and other odd things to help him in his Sickness, then put him\nashore to the Deputy Governour, and the rest of the _Spanish_ Officers,\nwho gave us a Certificate, that they receiv\u2019d such a Person.\nI shall here give a Description of the Isle of _Guam_.\n_The Island of_ Guam _Describ\u2019d_\nThis Island is about 40 Leagues round; the Anchoring Place is on the W.\nSide, and about the Middle there\u2019s a large Cove, with several Houses\nbuilt after the _Spanish_ Mode, with Accommodations for the Officers and\nCrew of the _Acapulco_ Ship, the Settlement being made here on purpose\nfor that Ship to recruit at, in her Way to _Manila_. There are about 300\n_Spaniards_ on this and the Neighbouring Islands; most of the Natives\nare their Converts. They told us they have 8 Fathers, 6 of whom teach\nSchool, besides performing their Offices as Clergymen. They have also\nSchools taught by _Mullattoes_ and _Indians_, who have learn\u2019d the\nLanguage, so that most of the Natives understand _Spanish_. The\n_Spaniards_ inform me, that there\u2019s a Range of Islands from hence to\n_Japan_. Among which there are several abound with Gold, and they were\nnow building a small Vessel to discover them, in order to get a Trade.\nThe Island of _Guam_ it self abounds with Oranges, Lemons, Citrons, Musk\nand Water Melons, which were brought hither by the _Spaniards_. The\nOrange Trees thrive very well here. The Island is full of Hills and\nDales, and Streams of good Water. They have Plenty of Cattle, but small,\npoor, and generally white. The _Indico_ Plant grows wild in such\nAbundance, that were they industrious, and had Coppers to boil it up,\nthey might have great Quantities of that Commodity; but being so remote\nand out of the Way of Trade, they make no Use of it, nor do they improve\nany thing but what contributes to their present Subsistance; and having\nthat, they are easie. Money is of so little Use, and so scarce among\nthem, that they could not raise 1000 Dollars in the whole Island to\npurchase Commodities from us, which they would gladly have done. Here\nare about 200 Soldiers, who receive their Pay from _Manila_ by a small\nShip once _per Ann._ This Ship brings them Cloaths, Sugar, Rice, and\nLiquor, for which she carries back most of the Money again. This has\nmade them of late sow Rice in their Valleys, and make other\nImprovements. They abound with Hogs, which are the best Pork in the\nWorld, because they feed altogether on Cocoa-Nutts, and Bread-Fruit,\nwhich are plentiful here; and were not the _Spaniards_ slothful, they\nmight have most Necessaries of their own Growth for the Maintenance of\nLife.\nTheir Bread Fruit I thought the most remarkable Thing on the Island. I\nsaw some of it which was as large as Oranges, and much resembled them.\nThey tell me, that when ripe they are three Times as large, and grow in\nmany other Places near the Equinox in the _East Indies_. The Leaves are\nalmost as large as those of Figs, something like them, but of a brown\nColour. The Tree is large, and they have such Plenty of this Fruit in\nthe Season, that they fatten their Hogs with them. The Fruit has no\nStone, and by the Account they gave, the Inside resembles a dry Potato\nor Yam, with which they likewise abound.\nThe Wind blows constantly a S. E. Trade here, except during the Westerly\nMonsoons, which last from the Middle of _June_ to the Middle of\n_August_.\nThe Governour lives on the N. side of the Island, where there\u2019s a small\nVillage, and a Convent, being the chief Habitation of the _Spaniards_.\nThey marry with the Natives, and had not above four _Spanish_ Women on\nthe Island. The _Indians_ are tall and strong, of a dark olive Colour,\ngo all naked, except a Clout about their Posteriors, and the Women have\nlittle Petticoats. The Men are dextrous at flinging of Stones, which\nthey make of Clay, of an oval Form, burning them, till as hard as\nMarble, and are so good Marks-men, that the _Spaniards_ say, they seldom\nmiss hitting any Mark, and throw it with such a Force, as to kill a Man\nat a considerable Distance. I heard of no other Weapons that they used,\nbut a Stick or Lance made of the heaviest Wood in the Island.\n[Sidenote: _At the Island of Guam_.]\nThe Governour presented us with one of their flying Prows, which I shall\ndescribe here because of the Odness of it. The _Spaniards_ told me\n\u2019twould run 20 Leagues _per_ Hour, which I think too large; but by what\nI saw, I verily believe, they may run 20 Miles or more in the Time, for\nwhen they viewed our Ships, they passed by us like a Bird flying. These\nProws are about 30 Foot long, not above 2 broad, and about 3 deep; they\nhave but one Mast which stands in the Middle, with a Mat Sail, made in\nthe Form of a Ship\u2019s Mizen. The Yard is slung in the Middle, and a Man\nsits at each End with a Paddle to steer her, so that when they go about,\nthey don\u2019t turn the Boat as we do to bring the Wind on the other side,\nbut only change the Sail, so that the Tack and Sheet of the Sail are\nused alike, and the Boat\u2019s Head and Stern are the same, only they change\nthem, as Occasion requires, to sail either Way; for they are so narrow\nthat they could not bear any Sail, were it not for Booms, that run out\nfrom the Windward Side, fasten\u2019d to a large Log shap\u2019d like a Boat, and\nnear half as long, which becomes contiguous to the Boat. On these Booms\na Stage is made above the Water, on a Level with the Side of the Boat,\nupon which they carry Goods or Passengers. The greatest inconveniency in\nsailing these Boats is before the Wind, for by the Out-layer, which is\nbuilt out on one Side, if the Wind presses any thing heavy on the\ncontrary Side, the Boat is over-set, which often happens; having brought\none of these Boats to _London_, it might be worth fitting up to put in\nthe Canal in St. _James_\u2019s Park for a Curiosity, since we have none like\nit in this Part of the World.\nAs soon as the Boat return\u2019d from landing Senior _Figuro_, we put under\nSail, having a fine Breeze of Wind at E.N.E. We had generally fair\nWeather here in the Day Time, and Showers commonly in the Night, but\nvery sultry. The Wind always off Shoar betwixt the E. and N.E. Our Decks\nare filled with Cattle and Provender.\nAccording to Promise, I have here inserted my Run from _California_ to\n_Guam_.\n_A Table of each Days Run between Cape_ St. Lucas _in_ California, _and\nthe Island of_ Guam.\n[Sidenote: _A Table of Runs._]\n1709/10   |   |  _Course._  |_Dist._| Reck. &  |  from_  | from Cape_|Easterly._\nAt 3 a Clock in the Afternoon the Island of _Guam_ bore W. by S. distant\n10 Leagues.\n[Sidenote: _From the Island of Guam towards Ternate._]\n_1710 March 22._ At 6 last Night, the Body of the Island _Guam_ bore E.\nN. E. Dist. 8 Leagues, from whence we took our Departure, designing for\n_Ternate_, one of the _Melucca_ Islands belonging to the _Dutch_, and\ndistant from _Guam_, about 400 Leagues. We had a fresh Gale of Wind at\nN. E. and N. E. by E. with fair Weather, but very sultry. Lat. 12. 45.\n_April 11._ Nothing remarkable has occurr\u2019d worth noting, but that we\nhave generally had a strong Current setting to the Northward. At Two\nYesterday Afternoon we made Land, bearing S. E. distant about 5 Leagues,\nbeing a low flat Island, all green, and full of Trees. Lat. 2. 54. N.\nThis Island is not laid down in any Sea Chart; our Ship continues very\nleaky.\n_April 14._ Yesterday in the Afternoon we saw Land, bearing W. S. W. 12\nLeagues, being very high. The Current has set to the Northward this 24\nHours very strong. Lat. 1. 54.\n_April 15._ Yesterday in the Afternoon we made other Land, which bore W.\nN. W. distant about 10 Leagues, and suppos\u2019d it to be the N. E. Part of\n_Celebes_. We saw 3 Water-Spouts; one of which had like to have broke on\nthe _Marquiss_, but the _Dutchess_ by firing two Shot, broke it before\nit reach\u2019d her. We saw a very large Tree a-float, with a Multitude of\nFish about it; and 2 large Islands, the Southermost bearing S. W.\ndistant about 8 Leagues, and the Northermost W. N. W. 7 Leagues, both\nbeing the same Land we saw Yesterday; and the latter we now suppose to\nbe the S. E. Part of _Moratay_ [Mortai] and the other the N. Part of\n_Gilolo_. At Noon the Southermost Land bore S. W. by S. 10 Leagues, and\nthe Westermost 5 Leagues. N. Lat. 02. 13.\n_April 17._ We having a Westerly Gale, and the Current setting against\nus, we gained little Ground in turning to get about _Moratay_. We had\nindifferent fair Weather all Night and Morning, but standing pretty much\nto the Southward, lost Sight of the Land, a strong Current setting to\nthe Northward.\n_April 23._ We had very stormy Weather for most Part since the 17_th_,\nthe _Marquiss_ and we suffer\u2019d both in our Rigging. So that we begin to\ndespair of getting to Windward of this Island _Moratay_, to reach\n_Ternate_, which is now near us; but we are obliged to keep Company with\nthe _Marquiss_ and _Batchelor_, who sail but very indifferent upon a\nWind; and it\u2019s the hardest upon our Ship\u2019s Company, who are wearied\nalmost to Death with continual Pumping, the Leak having encreas\u2019d upon\nus since we came out of _Guam_, so that it is as much as 4 Men are able\nto keep her free Half an Hour, all the Watch being oblig\u2019d to come to it\nonce in 4 Hours.\n_April 29._ We got 292 _Lib._ Weight of Bread from the _Batchelor_\nYesterday Afternoon, in Exchange for Meat we sent \u2019em, which with what\nwe had before, will last us about 20 Days, and not much longer. We begin\nto be very much disheartned, because Captain _Dampier_, who has been\ntwice here, tells us, that if we can\u2019t get _Ternate_, or find the Island\n_Tyla_ [Tulur], we can reach no Port or Place to recruit at, and that it\nwill be impossible to get Provisions for us on the Coast of _New\nGuinea_, should we be forc\u2019d to go thither; upon which I sent my Opinion\naboard of our Consorts, and desir\u2019d they would call a Committee, and\nagree how to proceed next; which they did as follows.\n     At a Committee held on Board the _Batchelor_ Frigat, _April 29,\n_It is agreed to make the best of our Way to the Island of_ Tula, _where\nwe are in Expectation of supplying our selves with Wood, Water and\nProvisions, to cruize_ 10 _or_ 12 _Days for this Island, being uncertain\nof its Scituation; and in Case the Wind should present sooner, that we\ncan fetch_ Ternate, _then to make the best of our Way for it; but if the\nWind should not present for_ Ternate, _nor the Island_ Tula, _then, if\nwe see Occasion, to make the best of our Way to some Port in_ Mindanao.\n_And for all Opportunities in going about and carrying a Light, we leave\nit to Captain_ Courtney _in the_ Dutchess.\n_May 2._ We shaped our Course for _Ternate_ a second Time, being in all\nProbability to the Westward of _Gillolo_, having made by our Reckoning 3\nDegrees of Longitude to the Westward of _Moratay_.\n_May 3._ About 8 this Morning we made Land, which we took to be some of\nthe Islands lying off the N. East Part of _Celebes_. It bore W. S. W. of\nus, distant about 15 Leagues.\n_May 7._ Fair Weather till 4 this Morning, when there came up a violent\nShower, with great Flashes of Lightning. At Break of Day we saw Land\ntrending from S. E. by S. to S. S. W. which at first appear\u2019d like 5\nIslands, but after it clear\u2019d up, we plainly perceiv\u2019d it was one\ncontinued Land; we also saw other Lands to the Westward of that, which\nbore W. by S. distant about 10 Leagues, and were of Opinion, that we\nwere got to the Eastward of _Gillolo_ a second Time. We were the more\ninclinable to believe this, because whenever we try\u2019d the Current, we\ngenerally found it set to the Eastward very strong, tho\u2019 we little\nthought it could have driven us so far back.\n[Sidenote: _Sailing towards Gillolo, etc._]\n_May 9._ Yesterday in the Afternoon all the Officers met aboard us to\nconsult about the Land, and what Course to take; but being divided in\nOpinions, we defer\u2019d coming to a Resolution, till such Time as we were\nbetter satisfy\u2019d. We try\u2019d the Current at 4 a Clock, when it set N. N.\nW. after the Rate of 20 Miles in 24 Hours. We made no other Land all Day\nthan that we first saw, so stood on and off all Night, expecting a Gale\nto run in with it in the Morning, but having Calms for the most Part,\nand a Current setting against us, we still lost Ground, and made another\nround high Hummock about Noon, which bore S. E. by E. distant 8 Leagues;\nthe Southermost Land bearing at the same Time S. by E. 7 Leagues, and\nthe Westermost W. by S. 8 Leagues.\n_May 10._ I sent the Pinnace aboard the _Marquiss_ with 12 Hogsheads and\na Barrel of Water, their Stock being almost spent, and in their Way\norder\u2019d \u2019em to speak with the _Batchelor_ and _Dutchess_, to be\nsatisfy\u2019d what Allowance of _Pady_ (being Rice in the Husk) their Men\nwere at; because ours had a Notion they had more than we, I having\norder\u2019d \u2019em but a Pound and a Quarter for 5 Men, whereas before they had\ntwo Pound. Upon Enquiry I found the Ship\u2019s Companies far\u2019d all alike;\nbut to make \u2019em easie, agreed with Capt. _Courtney_ and the rest to make\nit 2 Pound again; at which Allowance we have not above 12 Days at most,\nbeing all the Bread Kind we have in the Ship.\n_May 12._ We were satisfied that the many Islands and Land that we saw\nfor these several Days was the Straights of _New Guinea_; we spoke with\nthe _Dutchess_, who had been near that Land where we perceived the\ngreatest Opening, and they told us the Reason of their keeping in with\nthe Shore was with a Design to have anchored, but meeting with irregular\nSoundings, did not think fit to adventure it. They sent their Boat\nashore to the Eastermost small Island, to see what they could meet with.\nWe stood within a Mile and half of the Shore, when the Water began to\ndiscolour. We sounded and had 30 Fathom Water, and presently after but\n6; so we went about, and stood off till the _Dutchess\u2019s_ Boat return\u2019d,\nwho gave us an account that they had seen the Tracks of Turtle, and Mens\nFeet, with Fire-places lately made. These Islands are in the same\nClimate with the Spice Islands, and no doubt would produce Spice, if\nplanted. I went on board the _Dutchess_, and agreed with Capt.\n_Courtney_ to send the Pinnace ashore, standing on and off with our\nShips all Night. Lat. 00. 24. S. Long. 236. 25. West from _London_.\n_May 13._ We kept turning to Windward this 24 Hours, betwixt the\nSouthermost long Track of Land we made first of all, and the Islands to\nthe Eastward of it, where we expected to find the Passage betwixt\n_Gillolo_ and _New Guinea_.\n_May 15._ We being jealous of each other, who had the most Provisions,\nwe this Day met aboard the _Batchelor_, and carried an Account with us\nof what each Ship had left, and on making a strict Rummage there, we\nfound more Rice than we expected; so that with the shortest Allowance we\nmay subsist at Sea above 3 Weeks longer. Each Ship\u2019s Proportion of the\nProvisions we had left being weigh\u2019d, we then return\u2019d to our Ships in a\nbetter state than we expected.\n_May 18._ We have passed several Islands, and are now in sight of what\nwe account the Point or Cape of _New Guinea_, and the South End of\n_Gillolo_, which appears about 8 Leagues asunder, with some Islands near\neach side; we have commonly little Wind, and very verable. This being\nthe Time that the S. East Monsoon begins, which made the Weather and\nWind very uncertain. Lat. 2. S.\n_May 20._ The _Dutchess_ generally kept a-head in the Night, with her\nPinnace a-head of her, because the Currents are so very uncertain, and\nbeing in an unknown Track, we cannot be too careful in the Night. We are\nstill in sight of the High Lands of _New Guinea_, and several Islands to\nthe Northward, which we find laid down in no Draught, so we noted them\nas we past by. This Way into _India_ would not be half so dangerous as\nit is imagined, were it well known. While we had any Breeze of Wind, in\nthe Day we towed our Prize. We made another long high Island trending\nfrom S. by E. to W.S.W. distant about 12 Leagues, and crowded along\nShore to make what it was, judging it to be the Island _Ceram_. We\nlikewise made another Island to the Northward, which bore N. by W.\ndistant about 7 Leagues. S. Lat. 03.\n_May 21._ Being close under it, I sent the Pinnace aboard the _Dutchess_\nyesterday Afternoon to know what they made of the Land, and what they\ndesign\u2019d to do; their Boat met ours, and told \u2019em Capt. _Dampier_ was of\nthe same Opinion with us, that it is the Island _Ceram_.\n[Sidenote: _Sailing towards the Island of Bouton._]\n_May 22._ Had an ugly Gale of Wind, which drove us clear off the Island\nwe took to be _Ceram_. Since the 18_th_ that we past the Streights of\n_New Guinea_, we have had a Westerly Current, but before the Current\ngenerally set to the Eastward. We have now dark gloomy Weather, with a\nstrong Gale of Wind at S. E. and S. E. by E. runs us out of sight of all\nthe Land. Our Ship is still very leaky, and we begin to be in the utmost\nwant of all manner of Refreshments and Necessaries, and doubtful where\nto harbour or refit, the Land being unknown to us for want of good\nDrafts, or an experienc\u2019d Pilot. Lat. 3. 40. S. Long. 237. 21. W. from\n_London_.\n_May 24._ We were in expectation of making Land this Morning, being in\nthe Latitude of the Island _Bouro_, which is about 20 Leagues to the\nS.W. of _Ceram_, and near the same Distance in a parallel with\n_Amboyna_; the latter of which we design\u2019d to have touch\u2019d at, had the\nWind been favourable; but the S. E. Monsoon being now set in, we are\nalmost out of hopes of fetching it, and still doubtful what Islands we\npass\u2019d by last, not agreeing whether it was _Ceram_ or _Bouro_. We found\nby our Observation at Noon, that we were in the Latitude of the\nSouthermost part of _Bouro_, and the Reason of our not seeing of it we\nimpute to the Current\u2019s setting us to the Westward of it. S. Lat. 04.\n30. Long. 237. 29. West from _Lond._\n_May 25._ I spared the _Dutchess_ a But of Water, they having little or\nnone but what they catch when it rains. We came to a Resolution to spend\nno more Time in search of _Bouro_, nor to wait for a Wind to carry us to\n_Amboyna_, but to make the best of our way for the Straights of\n_Bouton_, where if we arrived safe, we might get Provisions enough to\ncarry us to _Batavia_; pursuant to which Agreement we hall\u2019d away S.W.\nby S. for \u2019em, having a fresh Gale of Wind at East; but by 2 in the\nMorning we fell in with a parcel of Islands to the Eastward of _Bouton_,\nand had infallibly been ashore upon one of \u2019em, had not the Weather\ncleared up at once. We made a Shift, and wore the Ships, then stood off\nN. E. from the Land till Day-break, when we saw it trenting from S. by\nE. to S. W. by S. about 6 Leagues distant, which made like a fine large\nBay, but as we stood in perceived an Opening, and that there were 2\nIslands, with 3 lying thwart the Out-let to the Southward of both. We\nhoisted out our Pinnace, and sent her ashore, the _Dutchess_ did the\nsame; from whence they brought off some Cocoa Nuts, which were very\nplentiful here, and told us there were _Malayan_ Inhabitants, who seem\u2019d\nto be very friendly. We kept turning in with our Ships, and our Boats\nsounding a-head, designing to anchor, if we could find any Ground, but\nfound none with 60 and 80 Fathom Line. We saw Land to the N.W. of us,\nwhich we took to be the Island _Bouton_, being pretty high, and distant\n_May 26._ We could get no Anchor Ground all Yesterday Afternoon, tho\u2019 we\nrun our Boltsprit almost ashore, and having the Current setting against\nus, made it a tiresome Piece of work to fetch within the reach of the\nHouses. At last some of the Inhabitants came off in a Canoe to our\nBoats, as they were sounding a-head; they brought \u2019em aboard, and by\nSigns we understood there was plenty of Provisions ashore. So I sent the\nPinnace and Yawl to see what they could meet with. In the mean time came\nseveral Canoes full of _Malayans_, with Cocoa Nuts, Pumpkins, _Indian_\nCorn, Fowls, _&c._ to truck with our People. Ashore they had Sheep and\nBlack Cattle in plenty. The Officers I sent were admitted into the\nPresence of their King and Nobles, who were all bare-foot, and most\nnaked, save a Clout about their Posteriors; they seem\u2019d to be very\ncourteous, and ready to supply us with what we wanted. We lay by and\ndrove till Morning (having little Wind) that we might be nearer the\nother Ships, and resolve what to do. We found no Anchor-ground, but too\nnear the Shore, and the Current setting strong to the S. W. and driving\nus out; which together with our having no Anchor-ground, if the Wind\nshould take us out of the Sea, made us desist to attempt any farther\nhere. We agreed to stand over for the Land to the Westward of us, the\nNorthermost part of which bore W. N. W. distant 9 Leagues, and the\nWestermost W. by S. 10 Leagues. The Inhabitants call\u2019d the Eastermost of\nthese Islands _Vanseat_, the other next to it _Capota_, and the\nWestermost _Cambaver_. S. Lat. 05. 13. Long. 238. 11. W.\n_May 27._ We stood from these Islands to the Westward, and ran along\nShore as near as we durst, to weather the Westermost Point of Land,\nwhere we expected to find a Harbour, but as we near\u2019d it, found a long\nTract of High Land, trending to the Southward, as far as S.W. by S.\n[Sidenote: _At the Island of Bouton._]\nWe agreed in Opinion that \u2019twas the Island _Bouton_, but that we had\nover-shot the Straights. We made Sail to see if we could discover any\nLand further to the Southward; but finding none, we jogg\u2019d on, keeping\nthe Wind as near as possible, because of the Current, which sets strong\nto the S.W. By 2 a Clock in the Morning we were hors\u2019d near a small\nIsland, that bore S. S. W. of us about 2 Leagues; but having clear\nWeather, we stood from it till Day-break, there being no other Land near\nit that we saw, except that we came from, which we had open\u2019d 5 Points\nfarther to the Westward. I was unwilling to act any farther without the\nConsent of the Committee; so the major part of us met aboard the\n_Dutchess_, where we agreed to stand back and make the Land plain, so as\nto be fully satisfied what it was, and withal to find a Recruit of Water\nand Wood before we proceed any farther, being in want of every thing. S.\nLat. 05. 50. Long. W. from _London_, 238. 38.\n_May 28._ According to Agreement we stood back, and having a fresh\nBreeze of Wind at East, came up with the Land, which trended from N. E.\nby E. to N. We stood away with the Northermost, and by 6 a Clock brought\nit to bear E. by N. distant about 2 Leagues, having open\u2019d Land farther\nto the Northward, which made like a Bay, and trimming to the Westward as\nfar as W. N. W. distant about 10 Leagues. We made little or no Sail all\nNight, because the _Batchelor_ and _Marquiss_ were a-stern, and we were\nnot willing to run too far in with the Land in the Night. In the Morning\n\u2019twas calm, and being clear Weather, we made all the Land very plain\nfrom W. S. W. to the E. S. E. making high double Land, with Islands\nunder it. Most of it look\u2019d as if it was inhabited, being pretty thick\nof Wood, and promised fair for other Refreshments, but we could find no\nAnchor-ground hitherto.\n_May 29._ A Breeze sprung up, and we ran farther in, keeping nearest the\nSouthern Shore, where we open\u2019d a sandy Spit, off which we could\nperceive blue Water like Shold-ground running a-cross the Bay near half\na League. A little to the Westward of this we got Ground in betwixt 30\nand 40 Fathom Water, with good gradual Soundings, where we let go our\nAnchor. The _Dutchess_ and the rest standing over to the other side of\nthe Bay, could meet with no Ground, so they came back, and anchored by\nus. S. Lat. 05. 41. Long. 238. 34. W. from _London_. A little before\nthis, our Boat we had sent returned from the Shore, having by Presents\nengag\u2019d a Canoe with some _Malayans_ to come aboard with them, but for\nwant of a _Linguist_ we were little the better. I sent to the\n_Batchelor_, who had one, but Capt. _Dover_ refus\u2019d to let him come to\nme, altho\u2019 he had no use for him; then I sent a second time, that I\nmight know the best anchoring Place for our Ships, and treated the\nPeople (who were impatient to be gone) with Sweet-meats and other things\nthey fancy\u2019d, but could not keep \u2019em, or send them aboard the\n_Batchelor_ to secure her, seeing white Shole Water near us. But they\npass\u2019d by us in danger of running on the Sholes, not knowing the best\nanchoring Place, for want of the Linguist I so earnestly desir\u2019d, to\nunderstand the _Malayans_ that had now left us. At parting they made\nSigns, and pointed to the Land to the Northward, which they call\u2019d\n_Booloo_. Our Pilot, Capt. _Dampier_, says he has been formerly thro\u2019\nthe Streights, and in his Book tells us of a Town near the South part of\n\u2019em, where the King resided, but he knew nothing of it now, except the\nbare Story. Upon this we agreed to send one of the Pinnaces along with\nhim and the Linguist to find out the Town, being willing to venture him\nto wait on his Majesty the King of _Bouton_ to solicit for a Supply of\nProvisions, which we would gladly pay for; and to make the better\nAppearance, we sent Mr. _Vanbrugh_ and Mr. _Connely_ along with him. The\nWater flows here above 15 Foot; there are Places near to the Town which\nlie to the Northward about 6 Leagues, from whence we rode where a Ship\nmight, on Occasion, be laid a-shoar to refit; and we should have carry\u2019d\nthe _Duke_ there to stop her Leak, but were not willing to loose Time,\nsince we found it did not encrease more than one Pump could vent, which\nwe had Men enough to keep continually going.\nThe King of _Bouton_ has several Galleys built after a peculiar Form,\nand other small Imbarkations, on which, they say, he can imbark eight\nThousand Men on any Expedition; our People that were upon the Island\ntell me, all their Towns are built on Precipices, and hard to get at,\nand that the Chief City was built on the Top of a Hill, to which there\nwas only one Passage very steep. We found a watering Place from a Spring\nout of the Rocks, but difficult to fill out of, because of its Ebbing\nand Flowing here, almost 3 Fathom, which dries the Rock near the Shoar.\n[Sidenote: _At Anchor at the Island of Bouton._]\n_May 30._ This Morning a Messenger came from the King, with a Letter\nfrom our Officers that went to wait upon him, who were receiv\u2019d very\ncourteously, and promis\u2019d a Supply of Provisions, in Case we could come\nto an Agreement. We show\u2019d the Gentlemen Samples of what we had to\ndispose of, which they seem\u2019d very well pleas\u2019d with, and having made\n\u2019em a Present of some odd Things, and entertain\u2019d \u2019em as well as we\ncould, we dispatch\u2019d \u2019em with a Letter of Directions to our Officers\nwhat to do, and at their going off saluted \u2019em with 5 Guns and 3 Huzza\u2019s\nfrom each Ship. We made a Present to the King of a Bishop\u2019s Cap, being\nof little or no Value to us, but what he highly esteem\u2019d and gratefully\naccepted of. The Inhabitants began to come off fast enough with _Indian_\nCorn, Cocoa-Nutts, Pumpkins, Fowles, _&c._ to truck with our People, but\nthey were very dear, compar\u2019d with the other Islands we had been at.\n_June 1._ We supply\u2019d our selves indifferent well with Wood and Water,\nand our Pinnace return\u2019d from the Town, with a mysterious Account of\ntheir Proceedings, and presently after Captain _Dampier_ came with a\nsmall Quantity of Provisions, as a Present to the Commanders, having\nleft our other two Officers to dispatch away what they could agree for.\n_June 2._ This Morning there came 3 or 4 of the better Sort from the\nTown, with a _Portuguese_ Linguist that belong\u2019d to _Batavia_, under\nPretence of looking upon Goods, and carrying Samples of \u2019em to their\nKing, but by their Trifling, we are afraid we shall get nothing of \u2019em\nat last. We made much of the _Portuguese_, and gave him a small Present,\nhoping he would influence the People to dispatch our Business. We sent\nthe _Dutchess_ Pinnace with a Letter to our Officers, to hurry away as\nfast as possible with what Provisions they had got, and to agree if they\ncould with the _Portuguese_ Linguist for a Pilot, if they should give\nhim 10 or 20 Dollars or more for a Present.\n_June 3_ and _4_. Our Ships have done Watering and Wooding, and the\nCountry People have brought off much Provisions: so we conclude we are\npretty well supplied for a Fortnight or Three Weeks; which, with what we\nhad before, may carry us to _Batavia_, without any further Recruit from\nthe Town; so that if we had our Boat and Men, it would be much more for\nour Interest to be gone, than to lie here, and spend time to no Purpose.\nAn Officer aboard our Ship, and other Officers and Men aboard Capt.\n_Courtney_, began to be mutinous, and form a Conspiracy against us; but\nwe prevented it, by chastising their Leaders, whom we put in Irons, on\nboard different Ships, to break the Knot, which might otherwise have\nruin\u2019d the Voyage.\n_June 5._ The _Dutchess\u2019s_ Pinnace return\u2019d with Mr. _Connely_, who\nacquainted us with the dilatory Proceedings of the King of _Bouton_, who\nhaving got a Quantity of Provisions together, would have oblig\u2019d us to\ntake it at an extravagant Price, and detain\u2019d Mr. _Vanbrugh_, till such\ntime as the Money was paid. In the Morning, there came some of his\nNobility, with about 4 Last of Rice, which (for Dispatch-sake) we\nimmediately agreed for, and a Cask of Rack, and after we had entertain\u2019d\n\u2019em as well as Time and Place would afford, we sent \u2019em off in our\nPinnance. This Morning, the _Portugueze_ Linguist came with some\nProvisions of his own, to sell, without any News from our People, which\nmade us suspect they had some ill Design upon us, therefore we design\u2019d\nto keep him till the Boat return\u2019d, but he got out of the Ship, before\nwe were aware, (he being jealous by his cold Reception, that we were\nuneasy) and rowed away as fast as possible. I sent the Yawl after him,\nwhich overtaking his Canoe, the Men all jumpt over board, but the\n_Dutchess\u2019s_ Pinnace took \u2019em up, and our Boat brought the _Portugueze_\nLinguist aboard us, where seeing he was likely to be confin\u2019d, he sent\nthe Boat with the Men up to the Town, to desire our People might be\ndismiss\u2019d as soon as possible.\n_June 7._ This Morning our Pinnace return\u2019d with Mr. _Vanbrugh_, and all\nour Men, having parted very friendly with his Majesty, but could not get\na Pilot for Money; however we resolv\u2019d to stay no longer, and to trust\nwholly to Almighty Providence for our future Preservation. We dismiss\u2019d\nthe _Portugueze_ Linguist, and began to unmoor our Ships.\nWe weigh\u2019d on the 8th, about 4 in the Afternoon, and by six a Clock the\nWestermost Land in sight bore W. N. W. 9 Leagues, and the Southermost\nS.W. by S. distant 5 Leagues.\nBouton _Describ\u2019d_.\n[Sidenote: _Sailing from Bouton to Batavia._]\nThe Island of _Bouton_ is in Lat. 05. 20. S. and near about 30 Leagues\nlong; the King, they say, can raise fifty Thousand Men, and has all the\nadjacent Islands under him; they boast of not valuing the _Dutch_, but I\nam satisfied, their Poverty is their greatest Security; they speak the\n_Malayan_ Language, which is universal amongst all the Islands of\n_India_. They are a well-set People, of a middle Stature, or rather\nsmall, of a dark Olive Colour, with the most indifferent Features of any\nPeople, that ever I saw; they profess the _Mahometan_ Religion, but know\nlittle of it, save Bathing; a few other Ceremonies, as Forbearance of\nHogs Flesh, keeping many Wives, _&c._ Here were several _Mahometan_\nMissionaries that came from _Arabia_ and _Persia_ to propagate their\nDoctrine; the _Dutch_ have no Settlement here, but trade for Slaves and\na little Gold, the Climate being near the same with the _Dutch_ Spice\nIslands, I admire, they don\u2019t raise Quantities of Spice, but no Sort of\nit grows here, save a few Nutmegs.\n_June 9._ In the Morning we made Land, from S. W. to N. W. by W. distant\nabout 8 Leagues, which we took to be the Islands of _Zalayer_ [Salayer],\nS. Lat. 5. 45. Long. W from _Lond._ 240\u00b0. 21\u00b4\u00b4. We likewise saw a Sail\nto Windward of us, and taking it to be a _Dutch_ Vessel, we hall\u2019d\nnearer the Wind, till 8 a Clock, then the _Dutchess_ and we made Sail at\nonce, to speak with her, but the Wind abating soon after, and she making\nthe best of her Way from us, we mann\u2019d our Pinnace, and sent it after\nher. We made 3 Islands to the Northward of _Zalayer_, and the Looming of\nother Land to the Westward of all, which we took to be the Southermost\npart of _Celebes_.\n_June 10._ Our Pinnaces came up with this small Vessel, who told them\nthey were bound for _Macassar_, a _Dutch_ Factory on the South Part of\n_Celebes_: The Pinnace took the Master of her aboard, (being a\n_Malayan_) who promis\u2019d to pilot us not only through the Streights of\n_Zalayer_, but to _Batavia_, if we would keep it secret, for fear of the\n_Dutch_. He sent his Vessel to lie in the narrow Passage, between the\nIslands, till such Time as our Ships came up. About 4 a Clock we enter\u2019d\nthe Streight, and came betwixt the Islands that are next to _Zalayer_.\nAnd another little one to the Northward of that being the middlemost of\nthe three; where we found a good Passage, 3 Leagues over, all deep\nWater, steering through N. W. by W. to give the Larboard Islands a good\nBirth; then we made the Southermost Part of _Celebes_.\n_June 11._ The Pilot promis\u2019d to carry us thro\u2019 the Channel the great\n_Dutch_ Ships generally went for _Batavia_, and by that Means avoid the\nShoals call\u2019d the _Brill_ and _Bunker_ Ground; the _Brill_ has very\nuneven Soundings, and in many Places but 3 Fathom Water and less, so we\nhall\u2019d away to the Northward, keeping the Islands _Celebes_ aboard, the\nS. W. Part of which trents away in low Land, with high Mountains at the\nback of it; and off the Point their lies a Rock pretty high and\nremarkable; at 4 a Clock we came into Soundings, and had 10 Fathom the\nfirst Cast; the Rock off the S. W. Point bore then N. distant about 6\nLeagues, and we had an Island a head of us, from N. W. by W. to N. N. W.\nbeing low and level, about 3 Leagues long, and near the same Distance\nfrom the main as we enter\u2019d betwixt \u2019em, it grew narrower. We stem\u2019d\nwith the North Part of the Island, till we came within a League and half\nof it, then steer\u2019d North a little to weather a Spit of Sand, lying off\nthe Island, by which Means we open\u2019d 3 small Keys; after we were clear\nof the Shoal, we hall\u2019d up N.W. about 7, and came to an Anchor under the\nIsland, behind the Spit of Sand, in 10 Fathom Water, very good clean\nGround. The Rock of _Celebes_ then bore N. E. by N. 4 Leagues; the\nNorthermost of the Keys, W. 2 Leagues; and the middlemost W. S. W. 3\nLeagues: The other being shut in with the long Island. We kept the Lead\ngoing all the way constantly through, and had never less than 6 Fathom,\nnor more than 10. As soon as it was Day we weigh\u2019d, and went betwixt the\ntwo small Keys, keeping nearest the Northernmost, sounding all the Way,\nand had no more than 10 Fathom. The Water still deepning, being clear of\nthem, we hall\u2019d away West, and then S. W. having a fresh Gale of Wind at\nS. E. and S. E. by E. no Land in sight at Noon but Part of the high Land\nof _Celebes_, which bore East, distant about 12 Leagues. It is well for\nus, that we met with this Pilot, for having no good Charts, nor any one\nacquainted with those Seas, we had run greater Hazards.\n_June 13._ We made Land a second time, which bore S. W. by W. distant 6\nLeagues.\n_June 14._ We ran by the Island _Madura_, which is about 40 Leagues\nlong, lying East and West, on the N. Side of _Java_, the Land we made in\nthe Morning, being the N. E. part of it, which agreeing with the Pilot\u2019s\nKnowledge made us the more certain.\n[Sidenote: _Sailing from Bouton towards Batavia._]\n_June 15_. In the Morning we fell in with the Coast of _Java_, near the\nhigh Land of _Japara_, which bore W. by S. distant about 5 Leagues. We\nhad Soundings betwixt 10 and 20 Fathom good easy Ground, and saw\nabundance of Fishing-boats, but all kept at a Distance. We got our Guns\nout of the Hold, and scal\u2019d them, in order to be in a Readiness against\nwe come to _Batavia_, where in all Probability we shall get in 2 or 3\nDays more, it being not above 90 Leagues from this Place: By Noon we\nbrought the Land of _Japara_ to bear S. by E. distant 4 Leagues, having\nopen\u2019d a large deep Bay, with other high Land, further to the Westward,\nwhich bore W. N. W. distant 9 Leagues, Lat. 6\u00b0. 19\u00b4\u00b4. S. Long. 248\u00b0.\n47\u00b4\u00b4. W. from _London_.\n_June 16._ We made a small high Hummock to the Westward of the high Land\nwe set yesterday Noon, which, at 6 a Clock bore W. by S. distant 5\nLeagues. We hall\u2019d off N. W. by W. and W. N. W. and in the Morning made\nthe Islands of _Caraman Java_ [Crimon Java], which bore N. E. by N.\ndistant 3 Leagues, as also a ragged Island to the Eastward of it,\nbearing E. N. E. 5 Leagues, and 5 small Keys to the Westward, which are\nall call\u2019d _Caraman Java_ [Crimon Java]. We had Soundings most part of\nthis 24 Hours, betwixt 20 and 30 Fathom ouzy Ground. Lat. 6. 7. S. Long.\n250. 14. W. from _London_.\n_June 17._ We made the high Land of _Cheribon_, which bore S. W. In the\nMorning we saw a great Ship right a head, and being very eager to hear\nNews, I sent our Pinnace aboard to know what she was. She prov\u2019d a\n_Dutch_ Ship, about 600 Tuns, and 50 Guns, belonging to _Batavia_, and\nwas plying to some of the _Dutch_ Factories for Timber. They told us of\nPrince _George\u2019s_ Death, which we heard of in the _South Seas_, but gave\nno Credit to it then; That the Wars continued in _Europe_; and that we\nhad good Success in _Flanders_, and but little else where. They likewise\ntold us, that \u2019twas about 30 _Dutch_ Leagues from hence to Batavia; but\nno Danger. We borrowed a large Draft, which was very useful to us, and\nleft \u2019em at Anchor. Towards Noon we made the Land, being very low, but\nhad gradual Soundings, by which we was satisfied in the Night how to\nsail by the Sand.\n_June 20._ In the Afternoon we saw the Ships in the Road of _Batavia_,\nbetwixt 30 and 40 Sail, great and small, and got happily to Anchor just\nafter Sun set, betwixt 6 and 7 Fathom Water, at the long desired Port of\n_Batavia_. Lat. 6. 10 S. Long. 252. 51. W. from _London_. By our\nReckoning here, we alter\u2019d our Account of Time, having, as customary,\nlost almost one Day in running West so far round the Globe.\n_June 22._ We waited on his Excellency the Governour-General, whom we\nacquainted with the Necessity we lay under to refit our Ships. He was\npleased to see and approve of our Commissions, as Private Men of War,\nand promis\u2019d he would meet the Council, and soon resolve us how far he\ncould afford such Assistance as we desired.\n_June 30._ I am still very weak and thin, but I hope to get Time and\nLeisure to recover my Health. During these 10 Days, I was not able to go\nmuch on board, and whenever I went, found, that till then I was a\nStranger to the Humours of our Ship\u2019s Company. Some of them were hugging\neach other, others blessing themselves that they were come to such a\nglorious Place for Punch, where they could have Arack for 8 Pence _per_\nGallon, and Sugar for 1 Peny a Pound; others quarrelling who should make\nthe next Bowl, for now the Labour was worth more than the Liquor,\nwhereas a few Weeks past, a Bowl of Punch to them was worth half the\nVoyage. 8 Days ago the Doctor cut a large Musket Shot out of my Mouth,\nwhich had been there near 6 Months, ever since I was first wounded; we\nreckon\u2019d it a Piece of my Jaw-bone, the upper and lower Jaw being much\nbroken, and almost closed together, so that the Doctor had much ado to\ncome at the Shot, to get it out. I had also several Pieces of my Foot\nand Heel-bone taken out, but God be thanked, am now in a fair way to\nhave the Use of my Foot, and to recover my Health. The Hole the Shot\nmade in my Face is now scarce discernable. I propos\u2019d the calling of a\nCommittee to regulate our Affairs, wherein we agreed as follows.\nAt a Committee, held on board the _Batchelor_ Frigat, _June 30. 1710._\nin the Road of _Batavia_.\n     Impr. _It is agreed to pack and repack all Goods that appear\n     damag\u2019d, and to let other Bails, that are not, nor have not been\n     apparently damag\u2019d, to be only new cover\u2019d with Wax cloth, or\n     Tarpawlins, if necessary, in every Ship, and that Mr._ Vanbrugh\n     _and Mr._ Goodall _be at every Place, and the rest of the Agents be\n     accountable to \u2019em, and they to leave a Duplicate of the whole with\n     the other two, and be always ready to give an Account to a general\n     Committee._\n     [Sidenote: _Transactions in Batavia Road._]\n     2dly, _That Capt._ Courtney _do provide the Ships with all manner\n     of Necessaries, as fast an wanting; and as soon as Captain_ Rogers\n     _is in Health, that he assist in it, and that every one give a List\n     to \u2019em of what they want from time to time; that Mr._ Charles Pope\n     _do continue a-shore, and send off Provisions for all the Ships,\n     and keep a Book of the whole. Let every Ship take their daily turn\n     to divide the Meat, and send it off as early as possible, in a\n     Country Boat, and as near at he can no more nor less than_ 350 lb\n     _weight; every other Day, or as often as he can conveniently. Let\n     him send off Greens, Carrots, Eggs, or any other small Refreshment,\n     more than the common Allowance, to be equally divided with the\n     3dly, _That a suitable Quantity of Rack and Sugar be sent aboard\n     each Ship, to give a Quart a Mess to the Ships Companies, but\n     whilst on the careen, the Allowance may be enlarg\u2019d as the\n     commanding Officers think convenient._\n     4thly, _If any thing not included is necessary to the Dispatch and\n     Out-set of our Ships, considering the Trouble and Loss of Time, to\n     meet in a whole Committee, we to prevent dilatory Proceedings,\n     unanimously leave such things to Capt._ Thomas Dover, _Capt._\n     Woodes Rogers, _Capt._ Stephen Courtney, _and Capt._ Edward Cooke,\n     _who are to agree on a Time and Place to meet, and have the same\n     Power in this Affair as a whole Committee. That if any thing\n     required such Dispatch that the four cannot be present at a time,\n     then any three of them together, agreeing and signing what they\n     have done for the Satisfaction of the rest shall be sufficient; but\n     otherwise we desire them to act in conjunction._\n     5thly, _We agree to continue Mr._ Carleton Vanbrugh _Agent of the_\n     Duke. _Mr._ James Goodall _Agent of the_ Dutchess, _to make Mr._\n     John Viger _Agent of the_ Batchelor, _and Mr._ Joseph Parker _Agent\n     of the_ Marquiss, _to keep a strict Account of what they can in\n     each Ship, and to preserve and take Care of the general Interest,\n     to the utmost of their Power._\n     6thly, _We likewise agree to divide the Plunder on board the_\n     Batchelor, _and in order thereto, we appoint Capt._ William\n     Dampier, _and Mr._ Thomas Glendall, _to be Judges what ought to be\n     divided as Plunder, who are to govern themselves as near as\n     possible by our Resolutions, in a Committee of the 9th of_ July,\n     1709. _And in order to dispatch Matters quietly without loss of\n     time, we appoint Mr._ John Ballett, _Mr._ Lancelot Appleby, _Mr._\n     Alexander Selkirk, _and Mr._ Joseph Smith, _to act for the\n     Officers, in apprising and dividing the said Plunder, and we allow\n     the Sailors to agree on a Man from each Ship, who is to act in\n     conjunction with them, and in the whole to promote the general Good\n     with the utmost Sincerity and Dispatch. We also appoint Mr._\n     Carleton Vanbrugh, _and Mr._ James Goodall _to be in the Place when\n     the Plunder is open\u2019d or divided, and to receive what belongs to\n     the Cargo._\n     7thly, _It\u2019s farther resolved for our general Safety that all\n     trading be prohibited by any of us with the Inhabitants of this\n     City of_ Batavia, _or this Island of_ Java, _or any part of_ India.\n     _And to the End that no Person may plead Ignorance, a Protest shall\n     be drawn up and published at the Mast of each Ship, prohibiting the\n     aforesaid Commerce, and protesting against all Damages arising\n     through the same, and the Person found guilty of it._\n     8thly, _It is also agreed, That a Reward of 100 Rix-Dollars shall\n     be given to the Pilot we made use of from the Streights of_ Zelaya\n     _to this Port._\n     9thly, _It is further agreed, That the_ Marquiss _shall go first\n     upon the careen; and then to be next followed by the_ Duke; _the_\n     Dutchess _to be the last._\n     10thly, _We have consider\u2019d the Charge and Method of our Out-sett,\n     and do agree, in order to promote Dispatch, that 10000 Pieces of 8\n     be deliver\u2019d to Capts._ Dover, Rogers, Courtney, _and_ Cooke, _to\n     morrow being the 1st of_ July, 1710.\n     Sign\u2019d by the Majority of our Council.\nThe Committee did likewise resolve on a Supply of Money to the Officers,\nas follows.\nAt a Committee held in _Batavia_ Road, _July 1. 1710_.\n     _We have resolved to supply these Officers of the_ Duke, Dutchess,\n     Marquiss, _and_ Batchelor, _with the following Sums, to provide\n     themselves with Necessaries in our long Passage to_ Europe.\n[Sidenote: _Transactions at Batavia._]\n_Captain_ Rogers, _and Captain_ Courtney, _for their_ }\n_Mr._ Tho. Bridge, _and Mr._ Milbourne                    100\n_To the Three Doctors of the_ Duke, Dutchess, _and_   }\n_To the Doctor of the_ Batchelor                           20\n     _All these Sums we order\u2019d Mr._ Vanbrugh _and Mr._ Goodall _to\n     discharge out of the Money on Board the_ Duke _or_ Dutchess, _as\n     either Commanders shall think convenient, whenever the\n     above-mentioned Officers shall demand it, and the Receipts to Mr._\n     Vanbrugh _and Mr._ Goodall, _so far as is here order\u2019d, shall be\n     sufficient. Witness our Hands_, July 1, 1710.\nSigned by the\nMajority of\nour Council.\n_July 2._ From the _22d_ of the last Month we lay leaky and in a very\nordinary Condition, not knowing when and how the General would please to\norder us Assistance, according to our present Necessities, which were\nthen laid open to him; and this Day, to shew that we could sufficiently\nvindicate and justifie all our Proceedings like honest Men, we gave in\nan Abstract of our Voyage, from the Day we set sail out of _King_ Road,\nto the Day we arrived in _Batavia_, which they desir\u2019d to see, before\nthey would assist us; so we gave it \u2019em as short as possible.\n_July 7._ To Day our Men finished appraising and dividing the\nPlunder-Cloth in the _Batchelor_; which being tolerable good, amounts to\nabout 400 _l._ _Sterling_.\n_July 8._ This Day, after a great many dilatory Answers, we were at last\npermitted to make Preparations for careening at _Horn_ Island, which is\nabout 2 or 3 Leagues to the Northward of the Road, (but were by no Means\nsuffer\u2019d to go to the Island _Unrest_, where all the _Dutch_ Ships are\nclean\u2019d) being only allow\u2019d 8 or 10 _Malayan_ Caulkers and small Vessels\nto put our Goods in. The _Marquiss_ began to careen aboard her; but the\nCarpenters having view\u2019d her betwixt Wind and Water, finding her very\nbad, and that she had but a single Bottom, eat to a Honey-comb by the\nWorms, they judg\u2019d her altogether unfit to go to _Europe_; whereupon I\ndesir\u2019d the Committee to meet and agree to dispose of her, as follows.\n     _It is agreed, that having now discharged the_ Marquiss _of her\n     Cargoe brought from the_ South _Sea, and finding great Part thereof\n     perish\u2019d thro\u2019 the Weakness of the Ship, and Damage of the Worms,\n     which had eaten thro\u2019 her Bends, and good Part of her Bottom like a\n     perfect Honey-Comb; we have consider\u2019d our present Condition, with\n     the great Charge and Lost of Time to repair her here, and judging\n     our 3 Ships sufficient, and capable to carry the remaining Part of\n     her Cargoe: We, according to the best of our Judgment and\n     Information from a View made by the Carpenters, do believe it for\n     our Safety and Benefit for the Concern\u2019d, to sell she said Ship\n     the_ Marquiss _here, as soon as possible, for the most she will\n     yield; and we do appoint Capt._ Woodes Rogers, _Capt._ Steph.\n     Courtney, _Capt._ Edw. Cook, _and Capt._ Tho. Dover, _to treat of\n     and conclude the Sale, letting the Purchaser have sufficient Power\n     (as far as we are capable) to condemn her._\nSign\u2019d by the Officers of the Committee.\n_July 20._ The _Marquiss_ being condemned to Sale, we had the Caulkers\naboard us to make all Manner of Dispatch for careening. Our Ship being\nvery leaky, we thought it high Time to wait on the Governour with the\nfollowing Representation, which we got put into _Dutch_, but could not\nget the _Sabandar_ to introduce us, as the Custom is here, therefore we\nwent our selves, and gave Presents to the _Dutch_ Guards to let us in to\nsee the General; after an Hours waiting we were admitted, and deliver\u2019d\nhim a Copy of our Commissions, and were promis\u2019d Assistance, but find\nit\u2019s no more than what he can\u2019t have a Pretence to deny us.\nOur Memorial was as follows.\n     To His Excellency the Governour-General and Council of the _Dutch\n     East-India_ Company.\n     _About four Weeks ago we arriv\u2019d here, and waited upon your\n     Excellency, acquainting you with our Circumstances, which according\n     to your Order we delivered the same Day in Writing to your_\n     Sabandar, _and have daily waited upon him for your Resolution\n     thereupon. He has since visited our several Ships, and we question\n     not but all Things appear\u2019d to him agreeable to our\n     Representation._\n     _We have lain some time ready with leaky Ships to go to the Place\n     appointed us to careen at, only waiting for a careening Vessel to\n     heave down by. Which we humbly crave you will be pleas\u2019d to order\n     _Delays are very prejudicial to our Ships, that have been long\n     without the Benefit of a Friend\u2019s Port. Which we earnestly request,\n     you\u2019ll please to consider._\n     _We have deferr\u2019d troubling you, in daily Hopes of an Order for our\n     Assistance by the proper Officer, till we can no longer account for\n     our Loss of Time, without a direct Application._\n     _We hope for a Continuance of the common Benefits and Refreshments,\n     and on our Parts shall persevere to behave our selves with all due\n     Regard and Respect to the Government and Customs of this City._\nWoodes Rogers.\nSteph. Courtney.\nThe Governour immediately order\u2019d us a Vessel to careen, and we took our\nLeaves.\n_July 23._ We went over to _Horn_ Island, having a Pilot to direct us,\nand a Sampan[149] ready to heave down by, and take in our Guns,\nCarriages, _&c._ anchor\u2019d on the South side of the Island, in 5 Fathom\nWater, about a Stone\u2019s Cast off Shore, where we careen\u2019d.\nWe continued refitting our Ships, and re-packing our Goods, with a great\ndeal of difficulty, till the 13_th_ of _September_, during which time\nnothing remarkable happen\u2019d, but that, after I had refitted as well as I\ncould on _Horn_ Island, I return\u2019d to the Road of _Batavia_. Many of our\nMen fell ill of Fevers and Fluxes, occasion\u2019d, as I was inform\u2019d, by\ntheir drinking the Water upon the Island. We buried here _John Bridge_\nour Master, as also the Gunner of the _Dutchess_, with another of her\nCrew, and one belonging to the _Batchelor_. The Season being so far\nspent, and the Wind blowing fresh on _Horn_ Island, I could not go again\nthither to careen my Ship, tho\u2019 she needed it much; therefore we try\u2019d\nto get an Order to careen at _Unrest_, where the _Dutch_ careen their\nown, as we might have done ours, in a few Days, and with little Trouble.\nI wrote from hence on the 21_st_ of _August_ to my Owners by the\n_Nathanael_, an _English E. India_ Ship bound directly for _England_, to\nlet them know of our safe Arrival here with our Effects, and that we\nhoped to be with them in a very short time.\nOn the 15_th_ we called a Committee, and came to the following\nResolutions.\n     _At a Committee held then, it it agreed to divide the Money\n     received for a Quantity of Plate sold amongst the several Ships\n     Company, being what had been adjudged Plunder. Also that we should\n     make out a Request, and deliver it the first Opportunity to the\n     General, to the following Purpose_, viz. _to gain Leave, if\n     possible, to careen the_ Duke _at_ Unrest, &c. _Also for Leave to\n     set up the_ Marquiss _for Sale here, and for a Supply of 10\n     Hogsheads of_ Dutch _Beef and Pork, with a Permission to buy and\n     carry aboard some Rack and Sugar for the 3 Ships Stores for our\n     Company, &c._\n     _It is also agreed to allow the following Particulars for the use\n     of the Officers in the Great Cabbin of each Ship_, viz.\n  _To each Ship as followeth._\n  _Two Firkins of Butter._\n  _Two Gallons of Sweet Oil._\n  _400 Cask of Bread or Rusk._\n  _100 Pound Weight of Flower._\n  _400 Pound Weight of_ Tamarinds.\n  _Half a Leaguer_[150] _of_ Spelman\u2019_s_ Neep, _or the best sort of\n  _3 Cheeses._\n  _The Third part of a Leaguer of Cape Wine._\n  _3 Peckel of fine Sugar._\n  _Also 60 Dollars of_ Spanish _Money to buy small Necessaries._\n  Tho. Dover, _Pres._ William Dampier,\n  Woodes Rogers,      Cha. Pope,\n  Steph. Courtney,    William Stretton,\n  Edw. Cooke,         John Connely.\nRummaging to day in the Powder room, we found a Leak 3 or 4 Foot under\nWater, which we did our best to stop.\nAll _English_ Ships are allowed by the Government here half a Leaguer of\nArrack a Man for the Ships Use, and \u2019tis counted as part of the\nProvisions, but our Boats are not suffer\u2019d to bring the least thing off\nShore, without being first severely searched. This, tho\u2019 we pay more,\nwill likewise hinder all manner of Traffick with any one here. Our chief\n[Sidenote: _Transactions at Batavia._]\nOfficers have also prevented it aboard, and narrowly watch our Crews; so\nthat I doubt they\u2019ll want several Necessaries that this Place affords.\nThis we do to avoid giving the _India_ Company in _England_ any Pretence\nto clamour against us at home, on account of our trading here without\ntheir Permission. We requested the Governour to have Liberty to sell the\n_Marquiss_ by Inventory to the highest Bidder at a publick Sale; but the\nSabandar, or chief Custom-house Officer for Foreigners, told us it was\nthe Governour and Council\u2019s Resolution to publish at the Sale, that if\nany _Dutch_ Freeman should purchase the Ship, they must either rip her\nup or burn her. This we thought another great Hardship, that we could\nnot get _Dutch_ Carpenters at Liberty to careen and refit her at\n_Unrest_, nor get Freedom of Sale; so we drew up a Request, and got it\nput in _Dutch_, resolving to wait on the General, to set forth the\nHardships we were under; and likewise requested to careen the _Duke_ at\n_Unrest_, where we might have _Dutch_ Carpenters, that being the only\nfit Place; now the Weather and Wind was changeable, and we could not do\nit at any other Island: But when Capt. _Courtney_ and I came to the\nCastle, to wait on the General, the Guards told us, They had Orders,\nthat no _Englishman_ should be admitted without the _Sabandar_, and that\nthey durst carry no Paper or Message from us to the Governour-General.\nWe waited till past the middle of the Day, and then address\u2019d our selves\nto one of the Rads of _India_, who us\u2019d to listen to the _English_, when\nany was impos\u2019d on: He treated us very handsomly, with our Linguists,\nMr. _Vanbrugh_ and Mr. _Swart_, at his House, and said, He believed we\nhad not Justice done us; but the _Sabandar_ being the General\u2019s near\nRelation, he should make Enemies, if he appear\u2019d in our Affair, and\ncould advise us no better than to try what we could do again with the\n_Sabandar_, who we knew was inflexible; so we were forced to be silent\nand let this drop, that we might dispatch for the Cape of _Good Hope_,\nas fast as possible; the best Season for our Passage being now at hand.\n_July 30._ The Plunder-Money was shar\u2019d on the 24th Instant, which\namounted to 26 _Shillings_ a-share, being what was adjudg\u2019d as Plunder,\nwhen at the Island _Gorgona_, to which I refer.\n_Octob. 7._ This Week we made all Preparation for sailing, having got\nmost of our Stores aboard, and discharged the _Marquiss_, which was so\nleaky that we sold her to Capt. _John Opey_, Commander of the _Oley_\nFrigate, lately arriv\u2019d from _London_, for 575 _Dutch_ Dollars, being an\nextraordinary Bargain; we had been offer\u2019d much more before by another\nPerson, but then I could not prevail with the Majority of our Council to\nconsent to the Sale.\n_Octob. 12._ At Day-break this Morning, we, our Consort and Prize,\nweigh\u2019d out of the Road, taking the first of the Land Breeze: About Noon\ncame too again, in 11 Fathom Water, about a Mile to the Northward of\n_Horn_ Island. We had several _English_ Gentlemen a-board our Ships, who\nfavour\u2019d us with their Company out of the Road, there being several that\narriv\u2019d during our Stay here.\nEnglish _Ships that arriv\u2019d and sail\u2019d hence during our Stay_.\n     _Frederick_, Capt. _Phrip_, arriv\u2019d _June 23._ sail\u2019d _July 29._\n     from _Bencouli_, bound to _ditto_.\n     _Rochester_, Capt. _Stains_, arriv\u2019d _July 6._ sail\u2019d the _21st_,\n     from _England_, bound to _China_.\n     _Nathanael_, Capt. _Neagers_, arriv\u2019d _July 27._ sail\u2019d _Aug. 27._\n     from _Bencouli_, bound to _England_.\n     _Stringer_, Capt. _Pike_, arriv\u2019d _Aug. 30._ from _England_, bound\n     to _China_. We left her there, she having lost her Passage for\n     _Oley_, Capt. _Opie_, arriv\u2019d _Sept. 9._ from _England_, left there\n     behind us.\nHere follows,\n_A Description of_ Batavia.\n[Sidenote: _A Description of Batavia._]\n[Sidenote: _A Description of Batavia._]\n[Sidenote: _Sailing from Batavia._]\nAltho\u2019 this Place is well known, and has been so frequently describ\u2019d,\nyet being such a noble Settlement, and a Proof of the Industry of the\n_Dutch_ in these Parts; I can\u2019t omit giving the following Account of it.\nThe Town lies on the N. W. side of the Island of _Java_, Lat. 5\u00b0. 50\u00b4\u00b4.\nS. The Time we were here it was not very healthy. The East and West\nWinds blow all the Year along the Shore, besides the ordinary Land and\nSea Winds, which qualifie the Air, and makes it pleasant, otherwise it\nwould be excessive hot. Their Summer begins in _May_, with continual\nBreezes from the East, and a very clear Sky till the latter End of\n_October_, or Beginning of _November_, when the Winter begins with hard\nRains, which holds sometimes 3 or 4 Days without Intermission. In\n_December_ the West Winds blow very violently, so that then there\u2019s\nlittle Trade on the Coast of _Java_. In _February_ \u2019tis changeable\nWeather, with sudden Thunderstorms. In _March_ they begin to sow: _June_\nis their pleasantest Month; in _September_ they gather in their Sugar\nand Rice; and in _October_ they have Plenty of Fruit and Flowers, Plants\nand Herbs of most Sorts: There\u2019s a large fenny plain Country before the\nCity, but it\u2019s well improv\u2019d by the _Dutch_, and to the Eastward, \u2019tis\nvery full of Woods and Morasses. The City is four square, with a River\nrunning through it, and fortified by a Stone Wall and 22 Bastions. About\n10 Years past there was an Earthquake, which broke down part of the\nMountains, in the Country, and alter\u2019d the Course of the River, so that\nthe Canals in and about _Batavia_, are not near so commodious as they\nhave been, nor the Entrance into the River so deep, and for want of a\nstrong Current of Water, to keep it open, they are forced to employ a\nlarge Engine work\u2019d with Horses, to preserve the Entrance of the River\nnavigable for small Vessels to come into the Canals of the City. It lies\non a Bay in and about which there are 17 or 18 Islands, which so break\noff the Sea, that tho\u2019 the Road is very large, yet it is safe. The Banks\nof the Canals through the City are fac\u2019d with Stone on both Sides, as\nfar as the Boom, which is shut up every Night, at 9 a Clock, and guarded\nby Soldiers; there\u2019s Channels cut out of the main River for smaller\nVessels, and every one that passes the Boom pays Custom. All the Streets\nrun in a streight Line, most of them being above 30 Foot broad, on each\nside clear of the Canals, and pav\u2019d next the Houses with Bricks. All the\nStreets are very well built and inhabited, 15 of which have Canals, and\nthey reckon 56 Bridges on them, most of them made of Stone. The Country\nSeats and Buildings round the City, are generally neat and well\ncontriv\u2019d with handsom Gardens for Fruit and Flowers, and adorn\u2019d with\nSprings, Fountains, Statues, _&c._ The vast Quantity of Coco nut Trees,\nevery where afford delightful and profitable Groves. They have fine\nStructures here, particularly the Cross Church, built of Stone, and the\ninside very neat. There are 2 other Churches for the _Dutch_, and 2 for\nthe _Portugueze_ Protestants; who are a mixed Breed of People. There is\none Church also for the Protestant _Malayans_. The Town-house is built\nof Brick, in a Square, about the Center of the City; \u2019tis two lofty\nStories high, and very finely built, where all Courts of Advice are\nheld, and all Matters relating to the Civil Government of the City are\ndetermin\u2019d, and the Senators and Directors of military Affairs meet.\nThere\u2019s an inner Court inclos\u2019d with a high Wall, and a double Row of\nStone Pillars, where the Officers of Justice live. Here are Hospitals,\nSpin-houses, and Rasp-houses, the same as in _Amsterdam_, with all other\npublick Buildings, equal to most Cities in _Europe_. The _Chinese_ have\nalso a large Hospital in this City for their Aged and Sick Persons, and\nmanage their Charity so well, that you never see a _Chinese_ look\ndespicable in the street. The _Dutch_ Women have greater Privileges in\n_India_ than in _Holland_, or any where else; for on slight Occasions\nthey are often divorc\u2019d from their Husbands, and share the Estate\nbetwixt them. A Lawyer told me at _Batavia_, he has known out of 58\nCauses, all depending in the Council-Chamber, 52 of them were Divorces.\nGreat Numbers of the Natives, who are Criminals, and not executed after\nCondemnation, are chain\u2019d by Pairs, and kept at hard Labour under a\nGuard, perpetually clearing the Canals and Moats round the City, or any\nother Labour for the publick. Three Leagues West from the Town, is the\nIsland _Unrest_, where all the Company\u2019s Ships are refitted. There are\ngreat Magazines of Naval Stores, defended by Platforms of Guns; and the\nCastle at _Batavia_ is Quadrangular, lies in a Level, and has 4 Bastions\nand Courtins, fac\u2019d with white Stones, and provided with Watch-houses.\nIn this Castle, or rather Citadel, the _Dutch_ Governour-General, and\nmost of the Members of the Council of _India_, with the other Officers\nof _Batavia_, have their Residence. The Governour\u2019s Pallace is of Brick,\nlarge and well built. In this Pallace is the Council-Chamber, the\nSecretary\u2019s Office and Chamber of Accounts. The great Hall is hung with\nbright Armour, Ensigns, Flags, _&c._ taken by the _Dutch_ here. The\nGovernour gives Audience to Strangers who are introduc\u2019d to him by the\n_Sabandar_, who is chief Custom-master. Here is also a Church within the\nCastle, and an Armory with Apartments for all the Artificers belonging\nto the Castle, which has 4 Gates, and all the Avenues well defended, the\nwhole being surrounded with Ditches and the Works well mounted with\nBrass Cannon, as are the Bastions of the Town with Block-houses within\nthe Walls, so that they can fire upon Mutineers within, as well as upon\nan Enemy without. The Out-works of the Town, of which there are several\nevery way at 4 Leagues Distance, are made of Earth, surrounded with\nDitches and Quick-set Hedges, which render them Arbours for Beauty, and\nsome of them fac\u2019d with Brick. The Garrison on Duty is generally about\n1000 strong, and all the Out-works are said to be furnish\u2019d with a good\nStock of Provisions as well as the Castle; but the Soldiers are kept\nmuch under, except the Governour\u2019s Guards, who have large Privileges,\nand make a fine Appearance. The Governour-General lives in as great\nSplendor as a King; he has a Train and Guards, having a Troop of Horse,\nand a Company of Foot, with Halberds, in Liveries of yellow Satin,\nrichly adorn\u2019d with Silver Laces and Fringes, to attend his Coach when\nhe goes abroad. The Guards are as well equipp\u2019d as most Princes in\n_Europe_: His Lady has also her Guards and Train. He is chosen but for 3\nYears, out of the 24 Counsellors call\u2019d Rads of _India_, 12 of whom must\nalways reside in the City. The _Chinese_ have the greatest Trade here,\nfarm most of the Excise and Customs, live according to their own Laws\nand idolatrous Worship, and have a Chief that manages their Affairs with\nthe Company, who allow them great Privileges, and particularly a\nRepresentative in Council, who has a Vote when any _Chinese_ is tried\nfor Life: But these Privileges are allow\u2019d only to such _Chinese_ as\ninhabit here, for others are not admitted to stay above 6 Months in the\nTown, or on the Island _Java_. The other Strangers, who inhabit here,\nbesides _Europeans_, are _Malayans_, with some People from most part of\n_India_. The _Javanese_, or ancient Natives are numerous, and said to be\nbarbarous and proud, of a dark Colour, with flat Faces, thin short black\nHair, large Eye-brows and Cheeks. The Men are strong limb\u2019d, but the\nWomen small; the former have a Wrapper of Callicoe, 3 or 4 times round\ntheir Bodies, and the latter from their Arm-pits to their Knees. The Men\nhave 2 or 3 Wives besides Concubines, and the _Dutch_ say, they are much\naddicted to lying and stealing: Those on the Coast are generally\n_Mahometans_, but the others _Pagans_. The Women are not so tawny as the\nMen, and many of them handsom, but in general amorous, and unfaithful to\ntheir Husbands or others, being very apt to give Poison, which they do\nvery cunningly. It would be too tedious for me to describe all the\nremarkable Things I saw at _Batavia_. In short, I was perfectly\nsurpriz\u2019d, when I came hither, to see such a noble City, and _Europeans_\nso well settled in the _Indies_. The Town is very populous, but not one\nSixth of them _Dutch_. The _Chineze_ here go all bare-headed, with their\nHair roul\u2019d up, and long Gowns, carrying Fans in their Hands. The\n_Dutch_ say they are more industrious and acute in Trade than\nthemselves. The Discipline and Order of the _Dutch_ here, both in Civil\nand Military Affairs, is admirable. They have all Necessaries for\nBuilding and Careening Ships, as well as in _Europe_, and their Officers\nas regular as in her Majesty\u2019s Yards; whereas we have nothing like it in\n_India_. They keep the Natives very much in Awe, being perfectly\ndespotical in their Government over them, because they say the Natives\nare naturally so treacherous that they are obliged to punish them\nseverely, for small Faults; but they are favourable to the _Chineze_,\nbecause of the great Trade they have by their Means, and that they pay\ngreat Rents for their Shops, besides large Taxes, and from 16 to 30 _per\nCent._ for Money, which they frequently borrow of the _Dutch_. I was\ntold, there are about 80000 on the Island, who pay the _Dutch_ a Dollar\na head, each Month, for Liberty to wear their Hair, which they are not\nallow\u2019d to do at home, since they were conquer\u2019d by the _Tartars_. There\ncomes hither from _China_ 14 or 16 large Junks yearly, being flat\nbottom\u2019d Vessels, from 3 to 500 Tuns a-piece. The Merchants come along\nwith their Goods, which are lodg\u2019d in different Partitions in the\nVessel, like Ware-houses, for which they pay a certain Price, and not\nfor the Weight or Measure of their Cargo, as we do; so that they fill\nthem with what they please. They come in with an Easterly Monsoon, and\ngenerally arrive in _November_ or _December_, and return the Beginning\nof _June_, so that the _Dutch_ have all _Chineze_ Commodities brought to\nthem cheaper than they can fetch them; and being conveniently situated\nfor the Spice Trade, they have all in their own Hands. _Batavia_ wants\nno Commodities that _India_ affords. \u2019Tis Pity our _East India_ Company\nhas no Settlement to which the _Chineze_ might resort; which I presume\nwould turn to a much better Account than our going to _China_ does,\nwhere our Traders are but indifferently us\u2019d. \u2019Tis about 5 Years since\nwe quitted _Benjar_, in the Island of _Borneo_, which, by all the\nAccounts I had here, might, if well improv\u2019d, have been as serviceable\nto our _East India_ Company as _Batavia_ is to the _Dutch_, who have\nseldom less than 20 Sail of Ships at the Isle of _Java_, from 30 to 50\nand 60 Guns each, with Men enough for them on all Occasions, so that\nthey might easily drive us out of most Parts, if not all _India_, should\nwe ever have an unfortunate War with them. Their Soldiers are very well\ntrain\u2019d, and there\u2019s a Company always on Duty at every Gate of the City\nand Citadel; and they have 7 or 8000 disciplin\u2019d _Europeans_ in and\nabout the City, who can be ready for Action, at a very short Warning:\n\u2019Tis the Metropolis of their _Indian_ Settlements, and sends Governours\nand Officers to all the rest: The late General, before we came hither,\nhad War with the _Indians_, which, I was inform\u2019d, had like to have\nspoil\u2019d their Settlements; but at last, they divided the Natives amongst\nthemselves, brought them to a Peace on advantageous Conditions, and are\nnow pretty secure of the Sea-Coasts. There are many pleasant Seats about\nthe City, and the adjacent Country abounds with Rice, Sugar-Cane-fields,\nGardens and Orchards, Mills for Sugar, Corn, and Gun-powder; so that\nthis City is one of the pleasantest in the World. I don\u2019t think it so\nlarge as _Bristol_, but \u2019tis more populous: They have Schools for\n_Latin_, _Greek_, _&c._ and a Printing House. They have lately begun to\nplant Coffee here, which thrives very well, so that in a little time\nthey may be able to load a Ship or two; but I am told it is not so good\nas that of _Arabia_.\n_Octob._ 12. We, according to Order from our Owners to keep our Ships\nfull mann\u2019d, if the War continued till our Return, ship\u2019t here seventeen\nMen, most of them _Dutch_; the _Dutchess_ and _Batchelor_ near the same\nNumber, so that we are all well mann\u2019d; and tho\u2019 we look\u2019d upon our\nHardships to be over, several ran from us here that came out of\n_England_ with us, being stragling Fellows that can\u2019t leave their old\nTrade of Deserting, tho\u2019 now they have a good Sum due to each of them,\nso that their Shares are by Contract due to those that continu\u2019d.\n_Octob._ 17. We got to the watering Place on the Main, within _Princes_\nIsland to _Java_ Head. The Chief of our Business here, was to get Water\nand Wood for our Passage to the Cape of _Good Hope_, which we compleated\nin 4 Days Time: But in the Interim a Misfortune befel us, which\noccasion\u2019d our Stay longer on Account of a Boat lent us by Capt. _Pike_,\nCommander of the _Stringer_ Gally, who followed us hither from\n_Batavia_, after a Servant of his who was brought away by Captain\n_Dover_ in the _Batchelor_.\n_Octob._ 23. The Boat was missing, but came back with all the Men safe,\nand we return\u2019d her to Captain _Pike_, who had his Servant, and took his\nLeave of us.\nWe held the following Council just before we came to sail.\n     In a Committee on Board the _Duke_, _Octob._ 23. 1710. at _Java_\n     Head.\n     _It is agreed, that we make the best of our Way from hence to the\n     Cape of_ Good Hope _; and if through Misfortune any Ship should loose\n     or part Company, either by bad Weather or otherwise, they are to go\n     to the Cape of_ Good Hope, _and if they don\u2019t find the other Ships,\n     to stay there 20 Days: But if within that Time the missing Ship or\n     Ships don\u2019t appear, then to make their utmost Dispatch for the\n     Island St._ Hellena _; and if not there, to proceed thence according\n     to the Owners Orders for_ Great Britain _._\nSigned by the Majority of our Council.\n_Octob._ 24. At 4 in the Afternoon _Java_ Head bore N. E. by E. distant\n10 or 12 Leagues, which being the last Sight we had of it, from that we\ntook our Departure.\n_Octob._ 25. A fresh Gale of Wind at S. E. with fair Weather, but an\nugly swelling Sea. This Morning in Stowing our best Anchor, _Joseph\nLong_, a Sailor, fell over Board, and being no Swimmer, before we could\nget the Boat out to his Assistance, was lost.\nNothing remarkable happen\u2019d till the 27th of _December_, but that my\nShip prov\u2019d so leaky, that on the 31st of _October_ she had near 3 Foot\nWater in the Hold, and our Pumps being choak\u2019d, we were in such Danger,\nthat we made Signals, and fir\u2019d Guns for our Consorts to come to our\nRelief, but had just suck\u2019d her as the _Dutchess_ came up. The 10th of\n_October_, she sprung a new Leak, which we could not fully stop, tho\u2019 we\nus\u2019d all our Endeavours, and at the same time I had been for the most\nPart confin\u2019d to my Cabbin by Illness, ever since I left _Batavia_. The\n28th of _December_, Mr. _James Wase_ our chief Surgeon died, and we\nburied him decently next Day, with our Naval Ceremonies as usual, being\na very honest useful Man, a good Surgeon, and bred up at _Leyden_, in\nthe Study of Physick as well as Surgery. We made Land the 15th of\n_December_, came in with the Shoar the 18th, and had Soundings in 60 and\n70 Fathom, the Ground grey Grett, with small Stones and Shells; had a\nstrong Southerly Current, S. Lat. 34. 2. Lon. W. from _London_ 334. 34.\n[Sidenote: At the Cape of Good Hope.]\nThe 27th of _December_, we came up with Cape _Falso_, betwixt which and\nthe Cape of _Good Hope_, there\u2019s a deep Bay, and about a 3d over from\nthe Cape, there\u2019s a Shold which breaks for a good Distance, but plain\nenough to be seen. By Noon we were a-breast of the Cape, and saw the\nTable-Land S. Lat. 34. 14.\nThe 28th We had very hard Flaws of Wind off the High Land, till we came\nwithin Sight of the _Lions Head_ and _Rump_, two Hills over the Cape\n_Toun_. This Day we arriv\u2019d in the Harbour of the Cape, saluted the\n_Dutch_ Fort with 9 Guns, and were answer\u2019d by 7. We anchor\u2019d in 6\nFathom Water, about a Mile off Shoar, and found only one _English_ Ship,\ncall\u2019d the _Donegal_, Capt. _Cliff_ Commander, homeward bound from\n_Mocha_, and 2 _Middleburgers_ outward bound for _Batavia_ in the\nHarbour, besides the Guard-Ship, and 2 or 3 Galliots.\nThe 29th. We moor\u2019d our Ship, and got down our Yards and Topmasts to\nguard against the hard Flaws of Wind off the Table-Land, which\nfrequently blow very fresh betwixt E. S. E. and S. E. We sent 16 sick\nMen a-shoar. We spent till the 18th of _January_, 1710-11. in watering\nand re-fiting, and then held the following Committee.\nOn the 18th the Committee met a-shoar, and agreed as follows.\n_The Three Ships wanting several Necessaries and Provisions, we agree,\nthat Captain_ Rogers _and Captain_ Courtney _do bring 100 Weight of Plate\na-shoar from either_ Duke _or_ Dutchess _, and 60 Ounces of unwrought Gold,\nwith all the coined Gold or Silver that is in both Ships. We likewise\nempower them, in Conjunction with Captains_ Dover _and_ Cook _, to purchase\nwhat Necessaries are wanting for the Whole, and to sell what Goods are\nfit to be dispos\u2019d of here, if not too much to our Disadvantage, rather\nthan exchange more Gold or Silver. We also desir\u2019d they would agree for\na Cable and Anchor, now wanting for the_ Duke _, in Place of her Sheet\nAnchor and Cable, lately put aboard the_ Batchelor _for her Security._\n  Tho. Dover, _Pres._\n  Woodes Rogers,\n  Steph. Courtney,\n  Wm. Dampier,\n  Robert Fry,\n  John Connely,\n  Lan. Appleby.\nOn the 1st of _February_, I offer\u2019d some Proposals in Writing to\nCaptains _Dover_ and _Courtney_, with the rest of the Committee, wherein\nI told them \u2019twas my Opinion we should loose too much Time to stay for\nthe _Dutch_ Fleet, in order to have the Benefit of their Convoy to\n_Holland_, which would not only be out of our Way, but very tedious and\nchargeable; and we having large Quantities of decaying Goods on Board,\nthe Time we should loose by waiting for the _Dutch_, might be\nadvantagiously imploy\u2019d in _Brazile_, where we could lie in very little\nDanger of the Enemy, and vend them at great Rates, and thence get to\n_Bristol_ through the _North_ Channel, having the Summer before us.\nContinuing in the Lat. of 55 or 56 Degrees, 2 or 300 Leagues, before we\nget the Length of the North of _Ireland_, and by that Means might avoid\nthe Track of the Enemy. I earnestly press\u2019d, that if they could not\nagree to this, one of our Privateers might take this Run alone, and the\nother keep with the _Batchelor_ and _Dutch_ Fleet, but the Majority was\nagainst any Thing, but going Home with the _Dutch_ Fleet altogether, so\nthat all I could do more was to remind them of examining the Goods\naboard the _Batchelor_, and to take out of her so much Goods in safe\nPackage, as would lie in the like Room of _European_ Goods on Board the\n_Dutchess_, That if any Accident should happen to the _Batchelor_, we\nmight have Part of her Value in another Bottom. I desir\u2019d, if any\namongst them were not of this Opinion, they would give their Reasons to\nthe contrary in Writing; but we could agree to nothing. So I was forced\nto yield to the Majority of a Committee to go home with the _Dutch_\nFleet, and having a good Conveyance by two Ships to advise our Owners, I\nwrote \u2019em a full Account of all our Transactions since we left _Grande_,\nand other Matters relating to the Voyage. And also sent what we had\nagreed in the Committee to our Owners, which was as follows.\nGentlemen,\n[Sidenote: _At the Cape of Good Hope._]\n     _This is to acquaint you of our safe Arrival at the Cape of_ Good\n     Hope, _December, 29, 1710. with our Prize the_ Acapulco _Ship, call\u2019d\n     _Nuestra Se\u00f1ora de\u2019l Incarnation y Disengano _, commanded by Monsieur\n     _John Pechberty _, and now call\u2019d by us the_ Batchelor _Frigat, mounted\n     with 20 Great Guns, and 20 Brass Pattereroes, and mann\u2019d with 116\n     Men, a firm Ship, and each of our Ships are mann\u2019d with 120 Men\n     each, in Company with 3_ English East-India _Ships, and do expect 3\n     Sail more every Day. The_ Dutch _Ships from_ Batavia _(which are 12\n     Sail of stout Ships) are expected here every Hour, and six Sail\n     more from_ Ceilon _, which Fleet we are resolved in Council to\n     accompany to_ Holland _, except we have an Account of Peace, or\n     happen to meet with an_ English _Convoy in crossing our Latitudes.\n     Our Ships are all fitted with every thing necessary, and only wait\n     for the Fleet, which we expect will sail by the last of_ March _.\n     Hoping God will so direct us, that we shall come with Speed and\n     Safety to yourselves, and the rest of our Friends, to whom we\n     render all due Respects, and remain,_ Gentlemen _,_\n     Your most humble and most obedient Servants,\n  Tho. Dover, _Pres_.\n  Woodes Rogers,\n  Steph. Courtney,\n  Edward Cook,\n  Wm. Dampier,\n  Robert Fry,\n  William Stretton,\n  Charles Pope,\n  Tho. Glendall,\n  John Connely,\n  John Ballett.\nWe being now likely to spend so much Time here, and the _Duke_ having\nbeen very leaky all the way betwixt _Batavia_ and this Place, and\nconsidering the long Passage we had to _England_, I moved to the Council\nthat we might go to _Sardinia_ Bay to careen. \u2019Twas debated some time\nbefore betwixt me and Capt. _Courtney_ _pro_ and _con_; and to be\nfarther satisfy\u2019d, on the 13_th_ Capts. _Cook_, _Fry_ and _Stretton_\nwere appointed to come aboard, and we had a Survey of Carpenters\nconcerning the Leak. After some Rummage, they agreed \u2019twould be very\ndangerous to attempt any thing within-board, and no other way but\nCareening would do, which Capt. _Dover_ and the Majority would not\nconsent to; so that we are forc\u2019d to lie in as bad a condition as ever,\nonly now and then mitigate the Leak with a Bonnet,[152] which is of no\nlong continuance in the Harbour, much less when we come to Sea. This Day\nabout Noon the _Batavia_ Fleet came in, being 11 Sail. The Fort saluted\nthe Flag with 21 Guns, and all the _English_ Ships saluted likewise,\nexcept mine, which being upon the Heel,[153] could not do it.\n_Feb._ 26. Having been very weak, and kept my Chamber for several Days,\nbut now something better, I sent for most of my Officers ashore, that I\nmight be thoroughly satisfied what was wanting aboard, in order to go\nhome with the _Dutch_ Fleet; and being too weak, and made uncapable of\nassisting to get any thing, I deliver\u2019d in the said Account to Capts.\n_Dover_, _Courtney_ and _Cooke_, with the rest of the Committee, that\nwe might not be hurried to Sea without Necessaries for Subsistance.\nOn the 27_th_ we made a Rummage for Bale Goods to dispose of ashore,\nhaving Leave of the Governour, and provided a Store-house, where Capt.\n_Courtney_, with the Owners Agent took their turns weekly during the\nSale of them.\nNothing remarkable happen\u2019d till the 3_d_ of _April_, but that on the\n13_th_ of _March_ 4 _Dutch_ Ships came in from _Ceylon_, 3 of them\nhaving lost their Main Masts, and being otherwise much damaged by a\nviolent Storm they met with in Lat. 18. S.\nI took in more Water and Provisions, sent more Goods ashore to the\nStorehouse, and disposed of 12 Negroes.\nOn the 28_th_ of _March_ a _Portuguese_ Ship from _Brasile_ came in with\nadvice, that 5 Stout _French_ Ships attempted _Rio Janiero_, but were\nrepuls\u2019d, and had a great Number of Men kill\u2019d, and 400 taken Prisoners\nby the _Portuguese_.\n_April_ 3. Being in a readiness to sail, the Flag came off Shore, was\nsaluted first by the _Dutch_, and then by all the _English_ Ships; but a\ncontrary Wind prevented our sailing. Most of the Goods sold at the Cape\nwere taken out of the _Duke_, being in much worse Package than those\naboard the _Dutchess_ and _Batchelor_; so that most of our Bales that\ncould be come at, have been open\u2019d, and we find abundance of Damage, our\nShip having been so long leaky, that we have not a tight Place in the\nShip fit to secure dry Goods.\n_April_ 5. At Day-break this Morning the Flag hoisted a blue Ensign,\nloos\u2019d his Fore-top-sail, and fired a Gun as a Signal to unmoor: As we\nwere heaving in our Cable, it rubb\u2019d against the Oakham, which had got\ninto the Leak, and occasion\u2019d the Ship to be as leaky again as ever, she\nhaving been indifferent tight for some time, and we were in hopes it\nwould have continu\u2019d. About Noon I came aboard very thin, and in no\nbetter Health than I was when I went first ashore at our Arrival here.\nPresently after I went aboard the Flag, there being a Signal made for\nall the _English_ Commanders. We had before received our Orders, which\nwere very particular, and as obligatory to be punctually observed. About\n4 in the Afternoon the Flag, Vice and Rear Admirals weigh\u2019d, with part\nof the Fleet, and fell down to _Robins_ or _Penguin_ Island, where they\nlay for the rest of the Ships.\n_April_ 6. In the Afternoon we all weigh\u2019d from _Penguin_ Island, 16\n_Dutch_ and 9 _English_ Ships, having a fresh Breeze at S. S. E.\n[Sidenote: _At the Cape of Good Hope._]\nWe buried ashore here, _George Russel_, a Foremast-man, _Dec._ 30. 1710.\n_John Glasson_, d^o. 5 _Jan._ Mr. _Carleton Vanbrugh_, Owners Agent, 3\n_Feb._ Mr. _Lancelot Appleby_, 2_d_ Mate, 21 d^o. and four deserted.\nHere follows a List of the Ships that arrived during our Stay at the\nCape; all those homeward bound are now in company with us, except Capt.\n_Opie_ in the _Olie_, and a _Dane_ that sailed in _February_, designed\nhome before us.\n     _The Ships that arriv\u2019d at the Cape while we were there._\n     _Donnegall_, Capt. _Cliff_, found here, from _Mocha_ bound to\n     _England_.\n     A _Dutch_ Ship, arriv\u2019d _Jan._ 6, from _Batavia_, and bound\n     thither.\n     _Loyal Bliss_, Capt. _Rob. Hudson_, arriv\u2019d _Jan._ 10. from\n     _Bengall_, bound to _England_.\n     A _Dane_, arriv\u2019d _Jan._ 15. from _Trincombar_, bound to _Denmark_.\n     A _Dutch_ Ship, arriv\u2019d _Jan._ 16. from _Zealand_, bound for\n     _Batavia_.\n     _Blenheim_, Capt. _Parrot_, _Jan._ 22. arriv\u2019d from _Mocha_, bound\n     to _England_.\n     _Oley_, Capt. _Opie_, arrived _Jan._ 25. from _Batavia_, bound for\n     _England_.\n     A _Dutch_ Ship, arrived _Feb._ 4. from _Holland_, bound to\n     _Batavia_.\n     The _Batavia_ Fleet, 11 Ships, arrived _Feb._ 22. bound to\n     _Holland_.\n     The _Ceilon_ Fleet, 4 Ships, arrived _March_ 7. bound for\n     _Holland_.\n     _Loyal Cook_, Capt. _Clark_, arrived _March_ 12. from _China_,\n     bound for _England_.\n     _Carleton_, Capt. _Litton_, arrived _March_ 17. from _Batavia_,\n     bound for _England_.\n     King _William_, Capt. _Winter_, arrived _March_ 26. from _Bengall_,\n     bound to _England_.\n_A Short Description of the Cape of_ Good Hope.\nI Shall not trouble the Reader with what has been writ by others\nconcerning this noted Place: And since I had neither Time, Health, nor\nPermission to ramble the Country, I can relate no Adventures that we had\nwith Bears, Tygers or _Hottentots_; but what I shall say is from my own\nObservation.\n[Sidenote: _A Description of the Cape of Good Hope._]\nThe _Dutch_ have here a well built small Town, containing about two\nhundred and fifty Houses, with a Church, and several fine Gardens and\nsmall Vineyards near it. There are divers Villages in the Country, from\n10 to 30 Miles distance, and scattering Plantations near a hundred Miles\nfrom the Cape; so that from the whole they are supposed to be capable of\nraising 3000 well armed Horse and Foot at a short warning. The Climate\nbeing in about 35 S. Lat. is excellent and healthful, and the Soil very\nfruitful. They have many pleasant Seats in the Neighbourhood, with\nGardens, Vineyards, and Plantations of young Oaks, and other Trees\nraised by themselves; there being no large Timber nearer than 50 Miles\noff the Cape. I was inform\u2019d that these Farms and Plantations bring in\ntheir _East India_ Company a considerable Sum _per Annum_, besides\nMaintenance for the Garrison. They let the Land so cheap, for\nEncouragement of Planters, and it produces such a large Increase of\nCorn, Wine and Cattle, that it enables the People to pay a great Excise\nfor their Commodities, which are also continually exported for the\n_Dutch_ Settlements in _India_, and spent in recruiting their Fleets\nthat stop here; so that in a few Years they hope this Place will be so\nconsiderable, as to afford them Recruits on any Occasion for their\nGarrisons in _India_; and if they be pressed by a War there, they may\nalways lodge such a Number of Men at this noble Settlement, which they\nesteem a second Fatherland, as may arrive at _India_ in so good a\nCondition, that no _European_ Power can be so capable of holding the\n_India_ Trade as themselves. This makes me think it to have been a great\nOmission in our _East India Company_ to quit this Settlement for _St.\nHellena_, which is no way comparable to it, nor able to answer the same\nEnd. Amongst other Advantages, the _Dutch_ have here a noble Hospital,\nfurnished with Physicians and Surgeons as regularly as any in _Europe_;\nand this Hospital is capable of entertaining 6 or 700 sick Men at one\ntime; so that as soon as the _Dutch_ Ships arrive here, their\ndistemper\u2019d Men are put ashore, and they are supplied with fresh Men in\ntheir stead. They have all sorts of Naval Stores here, with proper\nOfficers to attend on all Occasions, which is a mighty Addition to their\nStrength, and enables them to preserve their _India_ Trade. An Express\ncomes hither annually from _Holland_ by a small Ship, to meet their\nhomeward bound _E. India_ Fleet, which is generally from 17 to 20 great\nShips. The Express brings a private Order to the Commander in chief, who\nis appointed by the Government in _India_; so that none knows where they\nare to meet their Convoy in the North Seas, but himself; and he gives it\nsealed up to each Ship, to be open\u2019d in a proper Latitude near home. By\nthis Method their Fleets have for many Years escaped the Enemy, and\narrived safe in _Holland_. Their Form of Government, their Industry and\nNeatness abroad, is justly to be admired, and worthy to be imitated. I\nsaw nothing I could blame, unless it be their Severity, for which no\ndoubt they have very good reason, tho\u2019 it seemed harsh to me, who was\nborn with _English_ Liberty. They have an Island call\u2019d _Robin_, which\nlies at the Entrance of the Cape Bay, about 3 Leagues from the Town,\nwhere they confine Mutineers, or other heinous Offenders, to hard Labour\nduring Life, by Sentence of the Fiscal.\nThe _Dutch_ generally send a Ship every Year from hence to _Madagascar_\nfor Slaves, to supply their Plantations; for the _Hotentots_, who are\nvery numerous, and love their Liberty and Ease so much, that they cannot\nbe brought to work, even tho they should starve.\nI spoke with an _English_ and an _Irish_-man, who had been several Years\nwith the _Madagascar_ Pirates, but were now pardoned, and allowed to\nsettle here: They told me, that those miserable Wretches, who had made\nsuch a Noise in the World, were now dwindled to between 60 or 70, most\nof them very poor and despicable, even to the Natives, among whom they\nhad married. They added, that they had no Embarkations, but one Ship,\nand a Sloop that lay sunk; so that those Pirates are so inconsiderable,\nthat they scarce deserve to be mentioned; yet if Care be not taken after\na Peace to clear that Island of them, and hinder others from joining\nthem, it may be a Temptation for loose stragling Fellows to resort\nthither, and make it once more a troublesome Nest of Free-booters.[154]\nThe _Dutch_ have seldom less than 500 Soldiers in the Cape Castle, which\nis very large, built with Stone, and has 70 Guns well mounted on its\nRamparts, with convenient Dwellings for the Officers and Soldiers; but\nit lies too deep in the Bay to protect the Ships in the Road; therefore\nthey talk of erecting a Battery on the Starboard sandy Point, as you\nenter the Bay. The Road is so much exposed to the sea, that in the\nWinter Months, when the Wind blows strong from thence, it is unsafe\nRiding, and Ships are very often lost here; so that whoever comes hither\nin that Season, ought to be well provided with Cables and Anchors to\nride out a Storm: But in the Summer it seldom blows from the Sea; yet\nscarce a Day passes without very strong Flaws at S. E. which come down\nfrom the Table Mountains that lie over the Fort, so violently, that\nBoats cannot go to or from the Ships, but in the Morning and Evening,\nwhen it is generally very moderate and calm.\nThe _Dutch_ have found out a noble hot Spring of Water above 100 Miles\nup in the Country, which is of excellent virtue against all Distempers\ncontracted in _India_; so that few have been carried thither, tho\u2019 in a\ndesperate Condition, but they have recover\u2019d to admiration by drinking\nand bathing in that Water.\nThis Place having been so frequently describ\u2019d by others, I shall only\nadd, that I found the Character of the _Hotentots_ to be very true, and\nthat they scarce deserve to be reckon\u2019d of the Human Kind, they are such\nill look\u2019d stinking nasty People: Their Apparel is the Skins of Beasts,\ntheir chief Ornament is to be very greasy and black, so that they\nbesmear themselves with stinking Oil, or Tallow and Soot, and the Women\ntwist the Guts of Beasts or Thongs of Hides round their Legs, which\nresembles a Tobacco-roll. Here\u2019s plenty of all sorts of Beasts and Fowl,\nwild and tame; and in short, there\u2019s nothing wanting at the Cape of\n_Good Hope_, for a good Subsistence; nor is there any Place more\ncommodious for a Retirement to such as would be out of the Noise of the\nWorld, than the adjacent Country in possession of the _Dutch_.\nNothing remarkable happen\u2019d till the _1st_ of _May_, only I continued\nvery ill, as my Ship did leaky, and sometimes we\n[Sidenote: _Sailing from the Cape towards Europe._]\nhad Thunder, Lightning, Rain, and Squalls of Wind. Yesterday Afternoon\nwe had sight of the Island _St. Hellena_, bearing N. W. by N. about 6\nLeagues, lying in S. Lat. 16.\nOn the _7th_ we made the Island of _Ascension_, S. Lat. 8. 2. Longit. W.\nfrom _London_ 13. 20.\nOn the _14th_ at Noon we found we had just cross\u2019d the Equator, being\nthe _8th_ time we had done so in our Course round the World. There was a\nstrong Current setting to the Northward, after the rate of about 1 Mile\nan Hour, Longit. W. from _London_. 21. 11. So that we have run much\ncontinually to the Westward, over and above the Circumference of the\nGlobe.\nThe _17th_ in Lat. 3. 13. we found the Current still continuing to set\nto the N.W. 20 Miles in 24 Hours. The _Dutch_ Commadore was very civil\nto us, and because our Prize sailed heavy, he allow\u2019d her to keep a-head\nin the Night, which he did not to any other Ship. We and the _Dutchess_\noften tow\u2019d her in the Day, to keep her up with the Fleet.\n_June 7._ In the Lat. of 24\u00b0. 55\u00b4\u00b4. The 3 Admirals hall\u2019d down their\nFlags, and hoisted Pennants at their Main topmast Heads, to appear more\nlike Ships of War, every _Dutch_ Ship doing the same. Now we draw near\nhome, they scrape and clean their Ships, bending new Sails, so that they\nlook as if newly come out of _Holland_.\n_June 13._ Yesterday Afternoon the Flag made a Signal for all the\n_Dutch_ Commanders to go aboard with their Latitude and Longitude. We\ntook the _Batchelor_ in towe this Morning, having a fine moderate Gale\nat E. by N. with smooth pleasant Weather.\n_June 14._ We cast the _Batchelor_ off about 5 Yesterday Afternoon, I\nbeing unwilling to run too far a head with her, now we are got so far to\nthe Northward, where we may expect not only the Danger of the Enemy, but\nalso veerable Winds and thick Weather, by which means she may loose the\nFleet. I advis\u2019d Capt. _Courtney_ the same in the Evening by a Letter.\nThis Morning we rummaged our Hold, and found very little new Damage\namongst the Bails, but all in general much decay\u2019d by lying so long in\nordinary Package.\n_June 15._ The Admiral made a Signal this Morning for all the _English_\nCommanders, and some of the _Dutch_ Skippers to come aboard him, where\nwe found an excellent Entertainment, and the good Humour of the _Dutch_\nAdmiral soon made all the Company understand each other without a\nLinguist, tho\u2019 we had much ado to get one at first Meeting. We parted\nbefore the Sun set, and had a fine Day.\n_June 28._ Being got into the Latitude of 51 N. we had thick foggy\nWeather, so that the Flag fired two Guns every half hour; each Ship\nanswer\u2019d with one. This continu\u2019d several Days, which consumed a great\ndeal of Powder, but by the Noise of the Guns it was easy to keep\nCompany, tho\u2019 sometimes so thick for several Hours, that we could not\nsee three Ships Lengths.\n_July 14._ This Morning we fancied we saw Land, and some of the _Dutch_\nShips made the concerted Signal, but none was positive, having sounded,\nand found no Ground with above 100 Fathom of Line.\n_July 15._ We saw 2 Ships Yesterday Afternoon, one of which we spoke\nwith, being a _Dane_ bound for _Ireland_. She told us the Wars still\ncontinued, but gave a very imperfect Account of any other News: She\ninformed us of the _Dutch_ Men of War, that were cruizing for us off\n_Shetland_ (being 10 Sail) whom she saw 4 or 5 Days ago, and reckon\u2019d\nher self now about 40 Leagues from the Land. We had Soundings then in 70\nFathom Water, brown gravelly Ground. I just had time to send the Owners\na Copy of my Letters from the Cape of _Good Hope_, and to let \u2019em know\nwe were now got so far safe towards the Conclusion of a fatiguing\nVoyage. In the Morning we made _Fair Island_ and _Foul Island_ lying off\nof _Shetland_, presently after we saw the Men of War; but having little\nWind, and they a good way distant from each other, we could join but one\nof them by Noon. _Fair Island_ then bore S.S.E. distant about 2 Leagues.\n_July 16._ All the Men of War join\u2019d us Yesterday Afternoon, but one or\ntwo with the fishing Doggers, who were cruizing off to the North East of\n_Shetland_. After mutual Salutations both by the _Dutch_ and _English_\nShips, one of the Men of War was sent out to see for the missing Ships.\nMean while the Fleet lay by, and having little Wind, the Boats came to\nand fro all Night, and supply\u2019d us with what we wanted. The Inhabitants\nof those Islands came aboard with what Provisions they had, being very\npoor People, who subsist most by Fishing.\n[Sidenote: _Arrival at the Texel._]\n_July 17._ In the Morning we had a small Breeze, with which the Men of\nWar got into the Fleet again, having met with the other. About Noon we\nall made Sail, steering away betwixt the S.S.E. and S.E. and the Wind at\nS.W. and S.W. by S. I wrote a single Letter to the Owners in general,\nby a _Scots_ Fishing Boat belonging to _Shetland_, advising them of our\njoining the Men of War, who are order\u2019d with the Fleet to the _Texel_,\nwhere I hope we shall soon meet an _English_ Convoy. The _Dutch India_\nAdmiral, tho\u2019 but a Company\u2019s Ship, wears his Flag, and gives Signals\nand Orders to the _Dutch_ Men of War, which is not suffer\u2019d among the\n_English_, and in the whole Run from the Cape have kept an exact\nDiscipline in the Fleet, not suffering any of the Commanders to go out\nof the Ships to visit each other at Sea without his Signal or Leave.\n_July 21._ This Morning one of the Men of War was order\u2019d away for the\n_Texel_, to give notice of the Fleet\u2019s coming; I again wrote to the\nOwners, for fear of any Miscarriage by the former Conveyances.\n_July 23._ The Weather being close, the Commadore made a Signal about 10\na Clock for seeing Land; presently after all the Fleet answer\u2019d him with\ntheir Colours. The Pilot-Boats coming off aboard the Ships, we had 2\naboard, who told us the _Texel_ bore about S.E. by E. distant 15 or 16\nMiles. Presently after Noon we parted with the _Rotterdam_ and\n_Middleburgh_ Ships, most of the Men of War going with \u2019em to see \u2019em\nsafe in. The Flag and all the _English_ Ships saluted the Commadore, and\nafterwards we saluted the Flag himself to welcome him in sight of\n_Holland_; and as soon as they got over the Bar, the _Dutch-men_ fir\u2019d\nall their Guns for joy of their safe Arrival in their own Country, which\nthey very affectionately call _Father-land_. All the Ships bound into\nthe _Texel_ lay by from 2 till 5 a Clock, waiting for the Flood to carry\nus up. About 8 at Night we all came safe to an Anchor in 6 Fathom Water\nabout 2 Miles off Shore.\nOn the _24th_ in the Morning the _Dutch_ Flag weigh\u2019d, in order to go up\nto the unlivering Place. As he pass\u2019d by us, we gave him 3 Huzza\u2019s and 9\nGuns. In the Afternoon I went up to _Amsterdam_, where we had Letters\nfrom our Owners, to direct us how to act and proceed from hence. On the\n_28th_ the _English East India_ Ships had Orders to be in a readiness\nfor sailing with the first _Dutch_ Convoy for _London_. We got some\nProvisions aboard from _Amsterdam_ on the _30th_. When I came aboard, on\nthe 1st of _August_, by Consent of our Council, we discharg\u2019d what Men\nwe ship\u2019t at _Batavia_ and the _Cape_, and afterwards went away from\n_Amsterdam_. On the 4th the _Dutchess_ and _Batchelor_ went up to the\nRoad, call\u2019d the _Vlicter_, being a better Road than the _Texel_. In\nthe Evening we had News of some of our Owners being at the _Helder_: Mr.\n_Pope_ went to wait upon \u2019em, and in the Morning came aboard with them.\nAfter a short Stay they went for the _Dutchess_ and _Batchelor_,\ndesigning thence for _Amsterdam_; we welcom\u2019d \u2019em with 15 Guns at their\ncoming and going; the _English East-India_ Ships and others bound for\n_England_ weigh\u2019d with the _Dutch_ Convoy to Day, having a fine Gale at\nN. E. On the 6th we weigh\u2019d from the _Texel_, and went up to our\nConsorts, it being by a particular Order from the Owners for our better\nSecurity; we being oblig\u2019d to wait there, fearing the _India_ Company\nwould be troublesome, altho\u2019 we had dealt for nothing but Necessaries in\n_India_.\nOn the 10th in the Afternoon, the Owners with the Chief Officers came\ndown, and the next Day went a-shoar to the _Texel_, where having an\nAbstract of our Voyage ready drawn up, we went before a Notary Publick,\nand took our Affidavits, that what was therein contain\u2019d was true to the\nbest of our Knowledge, and that we had been at no other Places than\ntherein mention\u2019d. This was desir\u2019d of us by _James Hollidge_, Esq; one\nof our Owners, to justifie our Proceedings to the Queen and Council, in\nAnswer to what the _East-India_ Company had to alledge against us, they\nbeing, as we were inform\u2019d, resolved to trouble us, on Pretence we had\nencroached upon their Liberties in _India_. On the 12th, we return\u2019d\naboard again; and to keep up a Form of Government, tho\u2019 the Owners were\nhere, we held a Committee, where \u2019twas agreed to carry a Quantity of\nGold to _Amsterdam_, to exchange for a Supply of our Men and Ships,\n_viz._ 20 Guilders to a Sailor, 10 to a Land-man, and to every Officer\nin Proportion as his Occasions requir\u2019d. On the 13th we went away for\n_Amsterdam_, but did not carry any Gold out of our Ships, upon\nConsideration it might be prejudicial to the Insurance made on our\nShips, if we took any Value out, and an Accident should afterwards\nhappen, so we agreed again, \u2019twould be better to take up the Money at\n_Amsterdam_.\nWe had several Stores and Provisions from _Amsterdam_ this Week, and\nlikewise Money for the Officers and Men, which was paid \u2019em, and they\nhad Liberty to go a-shoar by turns.\n[Sidenote: _Transactions in Holland._]\nOn the 23d in the Afternoon, the Owners came down from _Amsterdam_, and\nthe next Day examin\u2019d the Prisoners aboard Us and the _Batchelor_, about\ntaking the said Ship and other Prizes, having Notice of our going over\nfor _England_, and that a Convoy was appointed to come for us.\nWe got all the Men off Shoar, who had been very troublesome to the\nOwners at _Amsterdam_, and every thing in Readiness for Sailing. On the\n31st Mr. _Hollidge_ came aboard (the rest of the Owners being gone over\nfor _England_) and took Account of what Plate, Gold, Pearl, _&c_. was in\nthe Ship. The same being done aboard the _Dutchess_, he likewise took a\nList of our Men to get Protections for them, from being impress\u2019d after\nour Arrival in the River of _Thames_. The next Day he went to the\n_Texel_ to discharge the Custom due from our Ships, and on the 5th in\nthe Morning he took his Leave of us.\nOn the 19th in the Afternoon, we had News of our Convoys lying without\nthe _Texel_, which was very acceptable to the Crews of each Ship, who\nwere in the utmost Uneasiness at our long Stay, being just at Home, so\nthat we had much ado to keep the Companies aboard till now. We got every\nthing in Readiness, in order for falling down to them.\nOn the 20th, about 5 in the Afternoon, we got down to the _Texel_, where\nwe found our Convoy at Anchor, being the _Essex_, _Canterbury_,\n_Medway_, and _Dunwich_ Men of War.\nOn the 22d in the Morning, the Wind being at N. E. we weigh\u2019d from the\n_Texel_, and by 10 of the Clock got clear of the Channel. In the\nAfternoon the _Commodore_ took the _Batchelor_ in Towe, and next Morning\nthe Wind being against us, we bore away again for the Harbour, as did\nlikewise 4 _Dutch_ Men of War that came out with us, bound for _London_;\nafter seeing us safe in, he stood off to the Northward with the\n_Canterbury_ and _Medway_, but came in the next Morning.\nOn the 25th our Officers met, where consulting that our 3 Ships wanted\nseveral Necessaries to keep the Sea, in case we should meet with bad\nWeather, we requested Captain _Roffey_ our Commodore, that he would\nplease to stay, should the Wind be fair, till such Time as we could be\nprovided with the said Necessaries from _Amsterdam_, which was granted.\nOn the 13th the Wind continuing at S. E. by S. and S. E. at Break of Day\nwe weigh\u2019d, as did likewise 4 _Dutch_ Men of War.\nOn the 1st of _October_, about 11 of the Clock we came to an Anchor in\nthe _Downs_, where several of our Owners came aboard, and after they had\nvisited every Ship, went a-shoar with some Prisoners to examine \u2019em\nabout our Capture, _&c_.\nAt 3 this Morning the _Essex_ made a Signal to unmoar, and betwixt 9\nand 10 weigh\u2019d, he being order\u2019d up to the _Buoy in the Noar_, and we to\nmake the best of our Way to the _Hope_.\n_Octob. 14._ This Day at 11 of the Clock, we and our Consort and Prize\ngot up to _Eriff_ [Erith], where we came to an Anchor, which ends our\nlong and fatiguing Voyage.\n_FINIS._\nAcapulco, 110, 241\nAcapulco galleon, _see_ Manila galleon\nAddison, Joseph, xxvi, xxvii\nAlbacore, a fish, 151\nAlcatros, a large bird, 74\nAlexander, Joseph, 19, 21\nAlgaroba bread, 260\nAmazons, River of the, 43 _et seq._\nAmsterdam, 311\nAndirova tree, 52\nAngre de Reys, 28, 31 _et seq._\nAnnete, Peru, 52\nAnson, Admiral Lord, xx _n_, xxv, 98 _n_.\nArrack, 292 _n_.\n_Arundel_, man-of-war, 3\nAssumption, Paraguay, 55\nAthul Island, Oronoco, 74\nAugur, John, a pirate, xxx\nAustralis, Terra, 237\nBahama Islands, xxvi _et seq._, xl _et seq._\nBalboa, Vasco Nu\u00f1es de, 80\nBands, the ships\u2019, 31\nBatavia, 285, 294 _et seq._\nBatchelor, Alderman, 8\n_Batchelor_, the Acapulco prize, 224\n_Beecher_, galley, 2, 3\n_Berkely_, galley, 2, 3\nBezoar stones, 258\n_Bigonia_, Acapulco galleon, 221\nBilboes, 25 _n_.\nBiobio River, 256\nBishop of Chokeaqua, 111, 116\n_Blenheim_, 305\nBonnet, 303 _n_.\nBouton Island, 277 _et seq._\nBowden, John, 6\nBoyse, an English prisoner, 243, 262\nBrazil, 26, 38 _et seq._\nBread, inventory of, 195, 211\nBread Fruit, 268\nBristol, vii, ix, xxvi\n_Bristol_, galley, 2, 3\nBuccaneers, 150, 196\nBuenos-Ayres, 55, 57\nBull, Thomas, 244\nBulls, Papal, 167\nBurnes, Bartholomew, 6\nCabbage Trees, 99\nCabot, Sebastian, 54, 83\nCadiz, xxxviii\nCalchaquin Indians, 73\nCalifornia, 204, 228 _et seq._\nCallao, 106\nCamalaha, 74\nCanary Islands, 11 _et seq._\nCanes, as Spanish insignia, 132\nCantons, in S. America, 62\nCap, on the mast, 213 _n_.\nCape Horn, 80\nCape of Good Hope, 300, 306 _et seq._\nCape Verd Islands, 18 _et seq._\nCaraman Java, 285\nCardonnel, Adam, xxviii, xxxii\nCardoso, Don Juan, 156, 164\nCareening, 158 _n_.\nCaribbe cannibals, 74\n_Carleton_, 305\nCash, Giles, 6, 10, 11\nCassado bread, 38\nCavendish, Thomas, 82, 205, 209\nCelebes Islands, 273, 274, 284\nCeram Island, 276\nCessares, of Tierra del Fuego, 85\nCheribon Island, 285\nChild-birth, on board ship, 204\nChili, 248 _et seq._\nChiloe, Islands, 259\nChinese, at Batavia, 297\nChopa, Mexico, 245\nCincon, a bird, 234\n_Cinque-ports_ (Dampier\u2019s ship), 91, 106\nClark, Captain, 305\nCliff, Captain, 305\nClothing, scarcity of, 78\nCloves, 53\nClovet, Charles, 6\nCohorn mortar, 130 _n_.\nColebrooke, John, xliii\nCordilleras of Chili, 252\nCordova, La Plata, 65\nCorientes, Cape, 195\nCork, Ireland, 3 _et seq._\nCourtney, Capt. Stephen, x, 2, 6, 7, 9, 12 et seq., 16, 17,\nCouvade, a curious custom, 42 _n_.\n_Crown_ galley, 8, 11\nD\u2019Acugna, a Jesuit, 52\nD\u2019Almagro, Diego, 249\nDarien, 80\nDavies, William, 46\nDavis, Captain Edward, 155, 194\nDavis, John, 83\nDefoe, Daniel, xvi\n_Delicia_, man-of-war, xxviii, xxxviii\nDe Solis, Juan Dias, 54\n_Diamond_, sloop, 2, 3\nDispute between Captain Rogers and  Captain Dover, 224\n_Donnegall_, 305\nDowns, The, 313\nDrake, Sir Francis, 82, 190\n_Duke_, privateer, x, 2 _et seq._\nDutch: Africa, 306 _et seq._\n  East Indies, 290 _et seq._\n  S. America, 39\n_Dutchess_, privateer, x, 2 _et seq._\nDutch Fleet convoy, 301\nEdwards, Captain, 7\nEdwards, Richard, 5\nEffigy, a miraculous, 169\nEl Pongo, straits on Amazon, 53\nEnglish prisoners of Spain, 165, 243\nEquator, crossing the, 17, 309\nErith, 314\n_Essex_, man-of-war, 313\nFalkland Islands, 76\nFalkner, Thomas, a prisoner, 244\nFestivities, on board and ashore, 11, 31, 32, 262, 265\nFiguero, Ant. Gomes, 266\nFinch, John, 6\nFish, on mast, 219 _n._\nFlamingoes, 257\nFlip, 5 _n._\n_Frederick_, 294\nGabriel, John, a Dutchman, 135\nGallapagos Islands, 190\nGallo Island, 156\nGaming, rules against, 205, 207\nGardner, Mr., 133\nGeorge, Prince of Denmark, 182, 207, 285\nGiants, in Patagonia, 81\nGillolo Island, 274, 275, 276\nGlendall, Thomas, 5, 9, 17, 104,\nGoats, on Juan Fernandez, 93, 94, 96, 98\n_Golden Sun_, prize, 156\nGold mines, 29, 252\nGorgona Island, 156 _et seq._, 178 _et seq._\nGouin, de Beauchesne, viii, 86\nGranadillo flower, 71\nGrande, Brazil, 26, 27 _et seq._\nGuaicurean Indians, 72\nGuaira, Paraguay, 71\nGuembe fruit, 71\nGuiaquil, 112 _et seq._, 119 _et seq._, 143 _et seq._\nGuio, Chili, 260\nGuzman, Ferdinando de, 51\nHarris, Dr. John, 54 n.\n_Hastings_, man-of-war, 3, 6\n_Havre de Grace_ (_Marquis_), 116 _et seq._, 273\n_Hey Boys up we Go_, song, 31 _n._\nHilo, 88\nHollidge, James, 312, 313\nHomagues, of the Amazon, 45\nHopkins, William, 6\nHorn Island, 289, 291\nHosier, Vice-admiral, xxxviii\nHotentots, 308\nHudson, Captain Robert, 305\n_Increase_, privateer, 108\nIndians: Amazon, 45 _et seq._\n  Brazil, 41\n  California, 208, 229\n  Frontones, 70\n  La Plata, 60\n  Mexico, 236\nIndigo, 267\nInquisition, the, 147\n_Jamaica_, privateer, 164\nJapan, 238\nJapara Island, 284\nJears, 25 _n._\nJesuit Missionaries in S. America, 58 _et seq._\nJohnson, John, 6\nJones, John, 6\nJuan Fernandez, xvi, 90 _et seq._\nJustice, Spanish methods of, 146\nKendall, Michael, a free negro, 165, 181, 198\nKingroad, Bristol, 2\n_King William_, 305\nKinsale, 3\nKnethel, Howel, 5\nKnowlesman, Robert, 6, 118, 158, 174\nLadies searched at Guiaquil, 131\nLadrones Islands, 81, 212\nLancy, John, 6\nLa Plata, river, 54 _et seq._\nLazaretto, 210 _n._\nLe Maire, straits, 85, 88\nLiboya serpent, 38\nLieutenancy at Guiaquil, 148\nLitton, Captain, 305\nLlamas, 258\nLobos de la Mar, island, 101, 107, 108\nLondon, Chili, 70\nLouis le Grand Island, 87\n_Loyal Bliss_, 305\n_Loyal Cook_, 305\nMacaqua birds, 71\nMachiparo, Amazons, 47\nMadagascar, xxxviii, 307\nMadura Island, 284\nMagaillans, Ferdinando, 81\nMagellan, straits of, 80 _et seq._\nMaguey, a S. American tree, 233, 259\nMalaga Island, 157\nMalagita pepper, 93\nMagarita  Island, 50, 51\nMaria wood, 161\n_Marquis_, see _Havre de Grace_\nMasts, timber for, 160, 161\nMaurice, Prince, in Brazil, 41\nMay, Charles, 6\nMaypo River, Chili, 255\nMelo, Leus de, 50\nMendoca, Chili, 254\nMendoza, Don Pedro, 54\nMexican customs, curious, 235\nMexico, 232 _et seq._\nMexico City, 239\nMilitary men, Spanish, 147\nMinehead, 2\nMocha Island, 260\nMoney paid to officers, 288\nMonk\u2019s Rock, St. Vincent, 18, 19\nMortal Island, 273\nMosquitoes, 122\nMullattoes, 149\nMustees, 149\nNarborough, Sir John, 84\nNassau, Bahamas, xxviii, xxx\n_Nathanael_, 294\nNeagers, Captain, 294\nNegroes, in crew, 181, 198, 204\nNew Guinea, 275\nNewhoff (Nieuhof), Jan, 38 _et seq._\nNewkirk, Henry, 6\nNew Providence, Bahamas, xlii\nNew Year\u2019s Day at sea, 78\n_Nostra Seniora de la Incarnacion Disenganio_, 214\nOliphant, Henry, 6\nOpey, Captain John, 294\nOrellana, Francisco de, 46, 47 _et seq._\nOronoco, river, 73\nOrotava, 12 _et seq._\nOrsua, Pedro de, 50\nOunce, a Mexican beast, 245\nPachma silver mines, 238\nPalacios, Juan de, 51\nPalma Maria tree, 178\nParaguay, 68\nParaguay (Mat\u00e9) herb, 69\nParaguay, river, 55, 68\nParanapan River, 71\nParker, John, 5\nParrot, Captain, 305\nParsons, Benjamin, 5\nPartridge-shot, 117 _n._\nPatagonia, 81, 85, 90\nPatterero, a gun, 105\nPaul, Captain John, xii _n_, 7\nPayta, 110 _et seq._\nPecaries, of Chili, 252\nPenguin Island, 304\nPeterborough, Lord, 156\n_Peterborough_, frigate, 2\nPhenney, George, xxxvii, xl, xlii\nPhrip, Captain, 294\nPichberty, Sir John, 214, 216, 223\nPike, Captain, 294, 299\nPiemento tree, 84, 93, 94\nPillar, John, 6\nPirates, xxvii _et seq._, 307\nPizarro, Francisco, 81\nPlunder, from prizes, xxv, 21, 103,\nPoangue River, Chili, 255\n_Pompey_, galley, 2\nPoole, Dorset, vii\nPorcupine, S. American, 29\nPorpoises, black, 75\nPort Famine, Tierra del Fuego, 86\nPort Galand, 87\nPotosi, 67, 246\n_Prince Eugene_, privateer, 2, 3\nPritchard, Mrs., xxxii\nPrizes on the high seas, 9, 11, 21, 76,\nProcession at Angre de Reys, 31\nProvisions, shortage of, 261, 274 _et seq._, 292\nProw, a boat of Guam, 268\nPuna Island, 119 _et seq._, 140, 145\nPunishments on board, 25, 28, 205, 210\nQuito, 52\nRaccoons, 201\nReformado, 5 _n._\nRelics, prayer-books, etc., capture of, 169\nRica, 88\nRingrose, Basil, 95\nRio Janeiro, 28, 36\nRio Negro, 44\nRoads cut by Incas, 233\nRoberts, Captain Edward, 165\n\u201cRobinson Crusoe,\u201d xvi\n_Rochester_, 294\nRogers, Noblett, xi, 4, 5\nRogers, Captain Woodes, vii _et seq._, xxvii _et seq._, xlv,\nRoove, 29 _n._\nRounsivell, George, xxxi\nRuns, table of, 270.\nSabandar at Batavia, 290, 293\nSt. Antonio, Cape Verd Islds., 19, 20\nSt. Elizabeth Island, 86\nSanta-Fe, La Plata, 66\nSt. Jago Island, 23, 24\nSt. Jago de l\u2019Istero, La Plata, 66\n_Santa Josepha_ (_Increase_), a prize, 108\nSt. Lucas, Cape, 204 _et seq._\nSt. Magdalen\u2019s Island, 87\nSt. Maria de l\u2019Aquada Island, 193\nSt. Mary Island, Chili, 90\n_St. Thomas de Villa Nova_, prize, 155\nSt. Vincent, Cape Verd Islds., 18\nSal, Island of, 18\nSalvages Island, 11\nSampan, 291 _n._\nSansome, John, xxxiii\nSanson maps, 43\nSaunders, Sir George, 4\n_Scipio_, privateer, 2, 7\nScorch, Nathaniel, 6\nSea Lions on Juan Fernandez, 100\nSeals on Juan Fernandez, etc., 100, 108, 109, 194\nSebald de Wert Island, 88\nSepp, a Jesuit, 55, 58\nSerpana Island, 263\nSham fight, 182\nShares, difficulties over, 173\nShepard, John, 6\n_Sherstone_, galley, 2, 3, 6\nShetland, 310\n_Shoreham_, man-of-war, 4\nSignals between vessels, 101\nSilver mines, 238, 246\nSinfuegos, Don Pedro, 142\nSloane, Sir Hans, xxvi, xli\nSloth, found at Gorgona, 179\nSouth Sea, discovery of, 80 _et seq._, 237\nSpain, war with, xxxviii\nSparrey, Francis, 73\nSpilberg, Dutch navigator, 84\nStains, Captain, 294\nStays, 75 _n._\nSteele, Sir Richard, xxviii, xxxi\nStradling, Captain, 91, 106, 242, 247\n_Stringer_, 294\nSucking Fish, 32\nSwann, Captain, 196\nTapoyars of Brazil, 42\nTeach, Captain (Blackbeard), xxix\nTecames, 183 _et seq._, 188 e_t seq._\nTeneriff, 11, 16\nTerceroons, 149\nTernate, 273\nTexeira, Portuguese explorer, 52\nTexel, 311\nTheft on board, 210, 262\nThompson, Captain James, 244\nTierra del Fuego, 85, 86\nTres Marias Islands, 195, 201 _et seq._\nTrestle-tree, 28 _n._\nTucuman, Brazil, 69\nUnderhill, George, 103, 154\nUnrest Isle, Batavia, 289, 293\nUruguay River, 60\nValentine\u2019s Day on board, 262\nValparaiso, 259\nVanbrugh, Carleton, 5, 7, 9, 12 _et seq._, 17,\nVandenhende, Peter, 6\nVane, Charles, a pirate, xxix\nVaughan, Alexander, 5\nVeale, John, 79\nVigor, John, 5\nVirgin Mary, image of, 169\nVultures, 109\nWarden, Samuel, 103, 104\nWasse, James, Surgeon, 6, 204, 300\nWatling, Captain John, 95\nWhetstone, Sir William, viii\nWhite Indians on Amazon, 48\nWhitney, Captain, xxxiii\nWilliam, a Moskito Indian, 95\nWilson, David, 103\nWinter, Captain, 305\nWithrington, Captain, 50, 54\nWomen prisoners, 178\nYoung, Thomas, 6\nZalayer Island, 283\nPrinted in Great Britain by Butler & Tanner Ltd., Frome and London\nFOOTNOTES:\n [1] This information is derived principally from \u201cNotes and Queries,\u201d\n vol. 149 (28 Nov. 1925), pp. 388-89. Robert Rogers was Mayor of Poole\n in 1550; John Rogers in 1572 and 1583.\n 108-12. This supposition is supported by the fact that Dampier sailed\n under Rogers in 1708. If the supposition is correct, Rogers may have\n been born prior to 1679.\n [3] On 24 January, 1704/5, a marriage licence was issued from the\n Faculty Office of the Archbishop of Canterbury for:--\u201cWoodes Rogers,\n of the City of Bristol, Merchant, bachelor, about 25, and Mrs.\n Sarah Whetstone, spinster, 18, with consent of her father the Hon.\n Rear-Admiral William Whetstone ... at St. Mary Magdalen, Old Fish\n Street, London\u201d (Harleian Soc, xxiv, 247).\n [4] \u201cNotes and Queries,\u201d Ser. ix, vol. i, 69.\n [6] Stark, \u201cAbolition of Privateering,\u201d p. 69.\n [7] Nixon, \u201cThomas Dover,\u201d 1909, p. 2.\n [8] Born 1662. He appears to have been of a very quarrelsome nature,\n and was afterwards transferred to the _Dutchess_. He died in 1742.\n [9] Cooke like Rogers possessed literary ability. In 1712 he published\n an account of the expedition, \u201cA Voyage to the South Sea and Round the\n World.\u201d The book is inferior to the account given by Rogers.\n [10] Born 1652, a famous navigator and hydrographer. Served in the\n R.N. 1673, and joined the Buccaneers six years later. Returned to\n England in 1691, and in 1699-1700 conducted a voyage of discovery to\n the South Seas. In 1703 appointed to command two privateers, and it\n was during this voyage that Selkirk was marooned on Juan Fernandez by\n Capt. Stradling. Dampier returned to England in 1707. A good pilot but\n a bad commander. He died in London, 1715.\n [11] John Paul, 3rd Lieutenant of the _Chichester_, 1696. Captain,\n 1706, and promoted to the _Hastings_. Employed on the Irish station\n for many years, and among other duties convoyed the outward bound\n merchant ships to the westward. Died 1720.\n [12] During the voyage Rogers paid particular attention to the\n religious requirements of the men. Even his prisoners were \u201callowed\n liberty of conscience,\u201d and they had \u201cthe Great Cabbin for their\n Mass, whilst we used the Church of England service over them on the\n Quarter-deck,\u201d and in consequence he humorously remarks that \u201cthe\n Papists were the Low Church men.\u201d\n [13] Over thirty years later Anson experienced the same difficulty,\n and he records that not finding the island \u201cin the position in which\n the charts had taught us to expect it\u201d they feared they had gone too\n far to the westward.\n [14] Rogers\u2019s account of Selkirk created an appetite that was speedily\n fed by other writers. In the same year Captain Edward Cooke (who\n sailed with Rogers) brought out his \u201cVoyage to the South Sea,\u201d in\n which he included an account of Selkirk. In 1712 there also appeared a\n tract entitled \u201cProvidence Displayed; or a surprising account of one\n Alexander Selkirk,\u201d which is practically a verbatim transcript from\n Rogers. In \u201cThe Englishman\u201d for the 3rd December, 1713, Sir Richard\n Steele, who was a friend of Rogers, and had met Selkirk, published\n an account of Selkirk which follows in the main the story given by\n Rogers. Before the publication of the first part of Defoe\u2019s \u201cRobinson\n Crusoe\u201d in 1719, two editions of Rogers\u2019s book had been published.\n It is possible that the introduction of the character of Friday into\n \u201cRobinson Crusoe\u201d was inspired by the incident of the Mosquito Indian\n mentioned on p. 95 of Rogers\u2019s book. Selkirk returned to his native\n Largs in Fifeshire in the spring of 1712, and eventually went to sea\n again. In 1720 he was Master\u2019s Mate of H.M.S. _Weymouth_. He died in\n the following year.\n [15] A piece-of-eight was equivalent in value to 4_s._ 6_d._\n [16] Anson emulated Rogers by capturing the galleon in 1743.\n [17] She was named _Nuestra Se\u00f1ora de la Incarnacion Disenganio_, and\n was of 400 tons burden. Her Commander was Don John Pichberty, by birth\n a Frenchman, and brother-in-law of the French Governor in Hispaniola.\n [18] The Spanish prisoners were released, including the Commander,\n Pichberty, and after providing them with provisions, they were\n despatched to Acapulco, and \u201cparted very friendly.\u201d\n [19] The actual value of the plunder is stated in a contemporary\n petition to have amounted to \u00a3800,000 (Mariner\u2019s \u201cMirror,\u201d 1924, p.\n 377). Two large silver candlesticks taken during the cruise are now in\n Bristol Cathedral.\n [20] Cooke, \u201cVoyage to the S. Sea,\u201d i, 345, and Introduction to\n vol. i. The shares were apportioned as follows: Captain 24 shares,\n Second Captain 20, First Lieutenant 16, Master and Surgeon 10,\n Pilot 8, Boatswain, Gunner and Carpenter 6, Cooper 5, Midshipmen 4,\n Quartermasters 3, Sailors 2-1/2, Landsmen 1-1/2.\n [21] It is interesting to note that the South Sea Company was\n incorporated in 1711, under the title of \u201cThe Governor & Company of\n the Merchants of Great Britain, trading to the South Seas & other\n parts of America.\u201d\n [22] Rogers\u2019s original log book was, in 1828, in the possession of\n Gabriel Goldney, Mayor of Bristol, whose ancestor helped to fit out\n the expedition.\n [23] B.M. Sloane MSS. 4044, fol. 155. See also his \u201cVoyage,\u201d p. 307.\n [24] \u201cPolit. State of Gt. Britain,\u201d xiv, 1717, p. 295.\n [25] Public Record Office: C.O. 23, 12.\n [28] Addison, \u201cWorks,\u201d 1856, vi, 496. Anson in 1740 complained\n bitterly that his land forces consisted of pensioners from Chelsea.\n [30] Aitken, \u201cLife of Steele,\u201d ii, 162.\n [31] \u201cPolit. State,\u201d xv, 447.\n [32] For a copy of this proclamation, see Dow; \u201cPirates of New\n England,\u201d pp. 381-2.\n [33] Johnson, C., \u201cGeneral History of the Pirates,\u201d 1726, ii, p. 274.\n [34] Johnson, \u201cPirates,\u201d 1726, ii, 363.\n [35] In February of the following year Vane was shipwrecked near the\n Bay of Honduras. He was captured soon after, taken to Jamaica, tried,\n convicted and executed.\n [36] Polit. State, xvi, 551.\n [40] Following on his reprieve Rounsivell worked for some time ashore,\n but afterwards served in a Privateer. Here he distinguished himself\n by refusing to escape in a small boat, when the ship was wrecked, and\n remained with his captain to the last (Johnson, ii, 308-9).\n [41] Public Record Office, C.O. 23, 13.\n [44] Adam Cardonnel, one of the proprietors of the Bahama Islands.\n [45] A reference evidently to the ducking-stool.\n [46] John Sansome, a schoolfellow of Steele, and his assistant in the\n Fish Pool Scheme. Rogers had met him at the Tennis Coffee House in\n November, 1717.\n [49] I.e. Charles Vane. See _ante_ p. xxix.\n [50] Edward Thaitch or Teach, a famous pirate known as \u201cBlackbeard.\u201d\n Killed in action with Robert Maynard of H.M.S. _Pearl_ eighteen days\n after this letter. See also page xxix.\n [52] Cal. Treasury Papers, Vol. 228, No. 24.\n [55] This \u201cMemorial\u201d is printed in J. Ker\u2019s \u201cMemoirs,\u201d pt. 3, 1726,\n [56] _London Magazine_, 12 Aug., 1721.\n [57] Cal. Treasury Papers, vol. 235, No. 49.\n [58] \u201cNotes and Queries,\u201d Ser. 9, vol. 1, p. 68.\n [59] \u201cD.N. Biog.,\u201d article \u201cHosier.\u201d\n [60] Probably the same Captain Dennis who in 1718 conducted an\n expedition to Havana, the Proceedings of which are in the P.R.O. (C.O.\n [62] Runners, i.e. fast ships which risk every impediment as to\n privateers or blockade (Smyth, \u201cSailor\u2019s Word Book,\u201d p. 586). This is\n a very early use of the term.\n [70] The picture is reproduced in this volume. In the will of Sarah\n Rogers, who died 1743, she bequeathed to \u201cMr. Sergeant Eyre, the\n picture of her father, brother, and herself, in one frame.\u201d The\n painting afterwards came into the possession of Samuel Ireland, and\n was bought at his sale in 1801 by \u201cMr. Vernon.\u201d Its present repository\n is unknown. It was engraved in 1799.\n [71] Cal. of Treasury Books, 1729-30, p. 61.\n [76] Just a year after his death, an Order in Council directed the\n Treasury to complete the bargain for the purchase of the Proprietors\n and Lessees\u2019 rights (C.O. 23, 3).\n [80] About this time Rogers transmitted to the Lords Commissioners\n of Trade \u201cA general account and description of the Bahamas,\u201d a most\n important document, occupying 14 folio pages, which is still preserved\n among the Colonial Records in the Public Record Office (C.O. 23, 3).\n [82] The population comprised 256 men, 190 women, 489 white children,\n 275 able negroes, and 178 negro children.\n [83] The landfall of Columbus is known to have been one of the Bahama\n Islands. Opinion is divided between Watling Island and Cat Island.\n Rogers\u2019s letter lends support to the latter.\n [84] In the following year he was chosen as one of the Council of the\n Bahamas. He was afterwards one of the three chief merchants of the\n Royal African Company, and died in 1735 \u201cat Whydah, on the coast of\n Africa.\u201d\n [85] The Sovereigns; two remarkable rocky islets eastward of Kinsale\n Harbour; Big Sovereign (92 ft. high) and Little Sovereign.\n [86] It appears from the will of Francis Rogers, part owner of the\n _Duke_ and _Dutchess_, that Noblett Rogers was his brother. They were\n sons of Robert Rogers of Cork. The relationship to Woodes Rogers is\n uncertain. (\u201cNotes & Queries,\u201d Ser. X, vol. 9, p. 456.)\n [87] Rear-Admiral Sir George Saunders, born about 1671. Entered R.N.\n 1689. Present at the Battle of La Hogue. With Rooke at Cadiz & Vigo.\n Appointed to the _Shoreham_ in 1705 and continued in her till 1710,\n cruising in the Irish Sea. Captain of the _Barfleur_ in defeat of\n the Spanish fleet off Cape Passaro. Knighted 1720 and afterwards a\n Commissioner of the Navy. Died 5 Dec. 1734.\n [88] A mixture of beer and spirit, sweetened with sugar and heated.\n [89] An officer who has been deprived of a command but retains his\n rank and pay. The term was also occasionally employed to designate a\n volunteer.\n [90] i.e. Yawl; a boat usually rowed with 4 or 6 oars.\n [91] The Archduke Charles of Austria, whom the Allies in 1703 proposed\n to make King of Spain, as Charles III.\n [92] For a similar ceremony on entering the Mediterranean, see Teonge\n [93] From now onward Woodes Rogers employs the contraction L. for\n \u201cleague.\u201d\n [94] Long bars or bolts of iron, with shackles sliding on them, and a\n lock at the end, used to confine the feet of prisoners.\n [95] Jears; the tackles by which the lower yards of a ship are hoisted\n or lowered.\n [96] i.e. Trestle-trees; two strong bars of timber fixed horizontally\n on the opposite sides of the lower mast head, to support the frame of\n the top, and the weight of the top-mast.\n [97] Roove or Rove; a weight of about 30 lb. used in the seventeenth\n and eighteenth centuries.\n [98] A favourite song during the Commonwealth, which describes in a\n humorous way the tastes of the Puritans. The words and the tune are to\n be found in D\u2019Urfey\u2019s \u201cPills to Purge Melancholy\u201d (1719) ii, 286-7.\n [99] Jan Nieuhof, a Dutch traveller of the middle of the seventeenth\n century. His \u201cVoyages and Travels into Brasil\u201d were reprinted in\n Churchill\u2019s \u201cCollection of Voyages\u201d, Vol. II.\n [100] Count John Maurice of Nassau Siegen was sent by the Dutch as\n governor of their Brazilian colonies in 1636. His attempts to found an\n empire in S. America were thwarted by the cupidity of the merchants,\n and he resigned his post in 1644.\n [101] An interesting example of the widespread custom of the _couvade_.\n [102] Probably the \u201cDescription de tout l\u2019Univers en plusiers cartes,\n etc.\u201d By Nicolas & Guillaume Sanson, an edition of which appeared in\n [103] Pedro Texeira was the first to ascend the Amazon, in 1638. He\n made his way to Quito by the River Napo.\n [104] Davies (William) Barber-Surgeon of London. His \u201cDescription,\n etc., of the River Amazon\u201d is printed in Purchas \u201cPilgrimes,\u201d 1625,\n vol. IV.\n [105] Francisco de Orellana. For his \u201cVoyage down the Amazons\u201d,\n 1540-1, see Hakluyt Soc., vol. XXIV.\n [106] Robert Harcourt. On 23 March, 1609, he and a company of\n adventurers sailed for Guiana. He published an account of his\n adventures in \u201cA relation of a voyage to Guiana,\u201d 1613. It is\n reprinted in Purchas.\n [107] Robert Withrington and Christopher Lister left the Thames in\n June, 1586, for a voyage to the South Sea. In January, 1587, they\n arrived off the coast of Brazil, and among their captures was a\n Portugese vessel, on board of which was Lopez Vaz, the author of a\n \u201cHist. of the W. Indies and the S. Sea.\u201d Both he and the MS. of his\n book fell into the hands of the English. A translation of it was\n published in Hakluyt\u2019s \u201cVoyages.\u201d\n [108] _Navigantium atque Itinerantium Bibliotheca; or a Compleat\n Collection of Voyages and Travels_, by Dr. John Harris, 1705; a most\n interesting narrative of over 400 voyages.\n [109] \u201cThe Remarkable and Strange Adventures of A. Knivet,\u201d 1591, is\n printed in Purchas.\n [110] Gouin de Beauchesne, a captain in the French merchant service.\n His celebrated voyage occupied nearly three years.\n [111] His account of a \u201cVoyage from Spain to Paraquaria\u201d is reprinted\n in Churchill\u2019s \u201cCollection of Voyages,\u201d vol. IV.\n [112] J. F. Gemelli Careri\u2019s \u201cVoyage Round the World\u201d is printed in\n Churchill\u2019s \u201cCollection of Voyages,\u201d vol. IV.\n [113] F. N. del Techo\u2019s \u201cHist. of the Provinces of Paraguay, Rio de La\n Plata, etc.,\u201d is included in Churchill\u2019s \u201cCollection of Voyages,\u201d vol.\n IV.\n [114] Francis Sparrey, servant to one of Ralegh\u2019s captains, was left\n in Guiana in 1595. Eventually captured by the Spaniards, he escaped to\n England in 1602, Ralegh spoke of him as a man who \u201ccould describe a\n country with a pen,\u201d and his description of Guiana is included in Vol.\n IV of Purchas \u201cPilgrimes\u201d 1625.\n [115] In Stays; i.e. in the act of going about from one tack to the\n other. If a ship misses stays her head she pays off again on the old\n tack.\n [116] The lowest sail on each of the three masts was reefed.\n [117] A popular error; Thomas Cavendish, the second Englishman to\n circumnavigate the globe, was never knighted.\n [118] Edward Fenton, the famous Elizabethan sea captain, commanded the\n _Mary Rose_ against the Armada.\n [119] John Davys or Davis of Sandridge, a famous Elizabethan\n navigator, and discoverer of Davis Strait.\n [120] Sir John Narbrough, a famous Admiral and friend of Pepys, who\n passed through the Straits of Magellan in Nov., 1670.\n [121] Ovalle (Alonso de). His \u201cHist. relation of the kingdom of Chili\u201d\n is reprinted in Churchill\u2019s \u201cCollection of Voyages,\u201d vol. III.\n [122] Sudden bursts or squalls of wind.\n [123] Basil Ringrose, a friend of Dampier, joined the Buccaneers in\n the Gulf of Darien, 1680. His \u201cJournal,\u201d the MS. of which is in the\n British Museum, was published in the second volume of the \u201cHist. of\n the Buccaneers,\u201d 1685. He was killed in action in Feb., 1686.\n [124] John Watling \u201can old privateer and a stout seaman,\u201d was\n appointed to command the Buccaneers in Jan., 1681, at Juan Fernandez.\n Quitting the island in a hurry a Mosquito Indian, named William, was\n left behind. Watling was killed in action at the end of the month.\n Dampier visited the island March 22, 1684, and rescued the Indian.\n [125] Anson, who visited the island in 1741, records that \u201cthe first\n goat that was killed at their landing had its ears slit, whence we\n concluded that he had doubtless been formerly under the power of\n Selkirk. This was indeed an animal of most venerable aspect, dignified\n with an exceeding majestic beard.\u201d\n [126] Perriers, commonly known as Pattereras or Pedereros; a small\n breach-loading swivel-gun.\n [127] Thomas Stradling, formerly Lieutenant of this vessel.\n [128] A charge consisting of a number of missiles (pieces of iron,\n stones, etc.) fired together; similar to case shot.\n [129] Grapling or Grapnel; a sort of small anchor fitted with four or\n five flukes, or claws.\n [130] A small kind of mortar invented by the celebrated engineer,\n Baron Coehorn, to throw small shells or grenades.\n [131] A large species of Tunny fish, similar to the Bonito or striped\n Tunney.\n [132] It was not until Rogers returned to England that he learnt that\n Simon Hatley, after losing company of the _Duke_ and _Dutchess_,\n sailed to the coast of Peru, and after great privations, surrendered\n to the Spaniards. He afterwards returned to England, and served as\n Shelvocke\u2019s second Captain in his \u201cVoyage round the World,\u201d 1719-22.\n An incident in this voyage--the shooting of a black Albatross by\n Hatley--has been immortalized in Coleridge\u2019s \u201cAncient Mariner.\u201d\n [133] Edward Davis, chosen to command the Buccaneers in the South Sea\n [134] The operation of heaving a ship down on one side by strong\n purchase on the masts, so that the bottom may be cleaned.\n [135] Cut-water or Knee of the Head; the foremost part of a ship\u2019s\n prow.\n [136] He died October 28, 1708.\n [137] Captain Swann, one of the most redoubtable pirates of the\n Pacific, with whom Dampier served, 1685-86. In the latter year Dampier\n took advantage of a mutiny to abandon Swann and thirty-six of his crew\n at Mindanao, in the Philippines.\n [138] He had been appointed Lord High Admiral of England on Anne\u2019s\n accession.\n [139] In merchant ships the lazaretto was the fore part of the lower\n deck, parted off for the storage of provisions and stores.\n [140] See note page 25.\n [141] A strong thick block of wood, with two large holes through it\n (one square, the other round) to confine two masts together. (Smyth,\n \u201cSailor\u2019s Word Book\u201d).\n [142] Used in this sense to mean a waving movement.\n [143] Boxes containing cartridges for muskets.\n [144] Two long pieces of hard wood, convex on one side and concave on\n the other, bound opposite to each other to strengthen the masts.\n [145] Evidently a misprint for support.\n [146] A netting extending fore and aft to prevent an enemy from\n boarding.\n [147] J. F. Gemelli Careri. His \u201cVoyage round the World\u201d was included\n in Churchill\u2019s Collection of Voyages, vol. IV.\n [148] Herrara (Antonio de), \u201cGeneral history of the Continent and\n Islands of America\u201d; originally written in Spanish.\n [149] A small vessel used in Far Eastern waters, propelled by an oar\n over the stern, and having a mat shed or hut in which the owner and\n his family live.\n [150] Leaguer; a kind of cask, the exact nature and size of which is\n doubtful.\n [151] A name applied in Eastern countries to any spirituous liquor of\n native manufacture. (N.E.D.)\n [152] The Bonnet was an additional part made to fasten to the foot of\n other sails. In the case of difficult leaks, the bonnet was brought up\n over the keel and so laced over the leak.\n [153] While still heeled over, or careened for cleaning.\n [154] Some years later Rogers proposed a settlement on Madagascar; see\n Introduction, page xxxviii.\nEnd of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Cruising Voyage Around the World, by \nWoodes Rogers\n*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A CRUISING VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD ***\n***** This file should be named 55538-0.txt or 55538-0.zip *****\nThis and all associated files of various formats will be found in:\nProduced by Chuck Greif, Greg Weeks, Kim and the Online\nfile was produced from images generously made available\nby The Internet Archive)\nUpdated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions\nwill be renamed.\nCreating the works from public domain print editions means that no\none owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation\n(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without\npermission and without paying copyright royalties.  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{"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1712, "culture": " English\n", "content": "Produced by Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed\n[The spelling of the original has been retained.]\nOBSERVATIONS\nON THE\nFlorid Song;\nOR,\nSENTIMENTS\nON THE\n_Ancient_ and _Modern_ SINGERS,\nWritten in _Italian_\nBy PIER. FRANCESCO TOSI,\nOf the _Phil-Harmonic_ Academy\nat _Bologna_.\nTranslated into _English_\nBy Mr. _GALLIARD_.\nUseful for all PERFORMERS, _Instrumental_\nas well as _Vocal_.\nTo which are added\nEXPLANATORY ANNOTATIONS,\nand Examples in MUSICK.\n_Ornari Res ipsa negat, contenta doceri._\n_LONDON_:\nPrinted for J. WILCOX, at _Virgil's_ Head, in\nthe _Strand_. 1743.\n_Note_, By the _Ancient_, our Author\nmeans those who liv'd about thirty\nor forty Years ago; and by the\n_Modern_ the late and present Singers.\nN.B. _The Original was printed at_\nBologna, _in the Year_ 1723.\n_Reprinted from the Second Edition by_\nWILLIAM REEVES Bookseller Ltd.,\n1a Norbury Crescent, London, S.W. 16\nMade in England\n[Illustration]\nTO ALL\nLovers of MUSICK.\nLADIES and GENTLEMEN,\nPersons of Eminence, Rank, Quality, and a distinguishing Taste in any\nparticular Art or Science, are always in View of Authors who want a\nPatron for that Art or Science, which they endeavour to recommend and\npromote. No wonder therefore, I should have fix'd my Mind on You, to\npatronize the following Treatise.\nIf there are Charms in Musick in general, all the reasonable World\nagrees, that the _Vocal_ has the Pre-eminence, both from _Nature_ and\n_Art_ above the Instrumental: From _Nature_ because without doubt it was\nthe first; from _Art_, because thereby the Voice may be brought to\nexpress Sounds with greater Nicety and Exactness than Instruments.\nThe Charms of the human Voice, even in Speaking, are very powerful. It\nis well known, that in _Oratory_ a just _Modulation_ of it is of the\nhighest Consequence. The Care Antiquity took to bring it to Perfection,\nis a sufficient Demonstration of the Opinion they had of its Power; and\nevery body, who has a discerning Faculty, may have experienced that\nsometimes a Discourse, by the Power of the _Orator's_ Voice, has made an\nImpression, which was lost in the Reading.\nBut, above all, the soft and pleasing Voice of the _fair Sex_ has\nirresistible Charms and adds considerably to their Beauty.\nIf the Voice then has such singular Prerogatives, one must naturally\nwish its Perfection in musical Performances, and be inclined to forward\nany thing that may be conducive to that end. This is the reason why I\nhave been more easily prevail'd upon to engage in this Work, in order to\nmake a famous _Italian Master_, who treats so well on this Subject,\nfamiliar to _England_; and why I presume to offer it to your Protection.\nThe Part, I bear in it, is not enough to claim any Merit; but my\nendeavouring to offer to your Perusal what may be entertaining, and of\nService, intitles me humbly to recommend myself to your Favour: Who am,\n  LADIES _and_ GENTLEMEN,\n    _Your most devoted,\n      And most obedient\n        Humble Servant_,\n          J. E. GALLIARD.\n[Illustration]\nA\nPrefatory Discourse\nGIVING\n_Some Account of the_ AUTHOR.\n_Pier._ _Francesco Tosi_, the Author of the following Treatise, was an\n_Italian_, and a Singer of great Esteem and Reputation. He spent the\nmost part of his Life in travelling, and by that Means heard the most\neminent Singers in _Europe_, from whence, by the Help of his nice\nTaste, he made the following Observations. Among his many Excursions,\nhis Curiosity was raised to visit _England_, where he resided for some\ntime in the Reigns of King _James_ the Second, King _William_, King\n_George_ the First, and the Beginning of his present Majesty's: He dy'd\nsoon after, having lived to above Fourscore. He had a great deal of Wit\nand Vivacity, which he retained to his latter Days. His manner of\nSinging was full of Expression and Passion; chiefly in the Stile of\nChamber-Musick. The best Performers in his Time thought themselves happy\nwhen they could have an Opportunity to hear him. After he had lost his\nVoice, he apply'd himself more particularly to Composition; of which he\nhas given Proof in his _Cantata's_, which are of an exquisite Taste,\nespecially in the _Recitatives_, where he excels in the _Pathetick_ and\n_Expression_ beyond any other. He was a zealous Well-wisher to all who\ndistinguished themselves in Musick; but rigorous to those who abused and\ndegraded the Profession. He was very much esteemed by Persons of Rank\namong whom the late Earl of _Peterborough_ was one, having often met him\nin his Travels beyond Sea; and he was well received by his Lordship\nwhen in _England_, to Whom he dedicated this Treatise. This alone would\nbe a sufficient Indication of his Merit, his being taken Notice of by a\nPerson of that Quality, and distinguishing Taste. The Emperor _Joseph_\ngave him an honourable Employment _Arch-Duchess_ a Church-Retirement in\nsome part of _Italy_, and the late _Flanders_, where he died. As for his\n_Observations_ and _Sentiments_ on Singing, they must speak for\nthemselves; and the Translation of them, it is hoped, will be acceptable\nto Lovers of Musick, because this particular Branch has never been\ntreated of in so distinct and ample a Manner by any other Author.\nBesides, it has been thought by Persons of Judgment, that it would be of\nService to make the Sentiments of our Author more universally known,\nwhen a false Taste in Musick is so prevailing; and, that these Censures,\nas they are passed by an _Italian_ upon his own Countrymen, cannot but\nbe looked upon as impartial. It is incontestable, that the Neglect of\ntrue Study, the sacrificing the Beauty of the Voice to a Number of\nill-regulated Volubilities, the neglecting the Pronunciation and\nExpression of the Words, besides many other Things taken Notice of in\nthis Treatise, are all _bad_. The Studious will find, that our Author's\nRemarks will be of Advantage, not only to Vocal Performers, but likewise\nto the Instrumental, where Taste and a Manner are required; and shew,\nthat a little less _Fiddling_ with the _Voice_, and a little more\n_Singing_ with the _Instrument_, would be of great Service to Both.\nWhosoever reads this Treatise with Application, cannot fail of\nImprovement by it. It is hoped, that the Translation will be indulged,\nif, notwithstanding all possible Care, it should be defective in the\nPurity of the _English_ Language! it being almost impossible\n(considering the Stile of our Author, which is a little more figurative\nthan the present Taste of the _English_ allows in their Writings,) not\nto retain something of the Idiom of the Original; but where the Sense of\nthe Matter is made plain, the Stile may not be thought so material, in\nWritings of this Kind.\nTHE\nAUTHOR'S Dedication\nTO HIS\nExcellency the Earl of\nPETERBOROUGH, General\nof the Marines\nof _Great-Britain_.\nMY LORD,\nI Should be afraid of leaving the World under the Imputation of\nIngratitude, should I any longer defer publishing the very many\nFavours, which _Your Lordship_ so generously has bestow'd on me in\n_Italy_, in _Germany_, in _Flanders_, in _England_; and principally at\nyour delightful Seat at _Parson's-Green_, where _Your Lordship_ having\nbeen pleased to do me the Honour of imparting to me your Thoughts with\nFreedom, I have often had the Opportunity of admiring your extensive\nKnowledge, which almost made me overlook the Beauty and Elegance of the\nPlace. The famous _Tulip-Tree_, in your Garden there is not so\nsurprising a Rarity, as the uncommon Penetration of your Judgment, which\nhas sometimes (I may say) foretold Events, which have afterwards come\nto pass. But what Return can I make for so great Obligations, when the\nmentioning of them is doing myself an Honour, and the very\nAcknowledgment has the Appearance of _Vanity_? It is better therefore to\ntreasure them up in my Heart, and remain respectfully silent; only\nmaking an humble Request to _Your Lordship_ that you will condescend\nfavourably to accept this mean Offering of my OBSERVATIONS; which I am\ninduc'd to make, from the common Duty which lies upon every Professor to\npreserve Musick in its Perfection; and upon Me in particular, for having\nbeen the first, or among the first, of those who discovered the noble\nGenius of your potent and generous Nation for it. However, I should not\nhave presum'd to dedicate them to a Hero adorn'd with such glorious\nActions, if _Singing_ was not a Delight of the Soul, or if any one had a\nSoul more sensible of its Charms. On which account, I think, I have a\njust Pretence to declare myself, with profound Obsequiousness,\n  YOUR LORDSHIP'S\n    _Most humble_,\n      _Most devoted and_\n        _Most oblig'd Servant_,\n          Pier. Francesco Tosi.\nTHE\nCONTENTS.\nThe Introduction.\nCHAP. I.\nObservations for one who teaches a _Soprano_.\nCHAP II.\nOf the _Appoggiatura_.\nCHAP. III.\nOf the _Shake_.\nCHAP. IV.\nOn _Divisions_.\nCHAP. V.\nOf _Recitative_.\nCHAP. VI.\nObservations for a _Student_.\nCHAP. VII.\nOf _Airs_.\nCHAP. VIII.\nOf _Cadences_.\nCHAP. IX.\nObservations for a _Singer_.\nCHAP. X.\nOf _Passages_ or _Graces_.\nFootnotes.\nTHE\nINTRODUCTION.\nThe Opinions of the ancient Historians, on the Origin of Musick, are\nvarious. _Pliny_ believes that _Amphion_ was the Inventor of it; the\n_Grecians_ maintain, that it was _Dionysius_; _Polybius_ ascribes it to\nthe _Arcadians_; _Suidas_ and _Boetius_ give the Glory entirely to\n_Pythagoras_; asserting, that from the Sound of three Hammers of\ndifferent Weights at a Smith's Forge, he found out the Diatonick; after\nwhich _Timotheus_, the _Milesian_, added the Chromatick, and\n_Olympicus_, or _Olympus_, the Enharmonick Scale. However, we read in\nholy Writ, that _Jubal_, of the Race of _Cain, fuit Pater Canentium\nCithar\u00e2 & Organo_, the Father of all such as handle the Harp and Organ;\nInstruments, in all Probability consisting of several harmonious Sounds;\nfrom whence one may infer, Musick to have had its Birth very soon after\nthe World.\n\u00a7 2. To secure her from erring, she called to her Assistance many\nPrecepts of the Mathematicks; and from the Demonstrations of her\nBeauties, by Means of Lines, Numbers, and Proportions, she was adopted\nher Child, and became a Science.\n\u00a7 3. It may reasonably be supposed that, during the Course of several\nthousand Years, Musick has always been the Delight of Mankind; since the\nexcessive Pleasure, the _Lacedemonians_ received from it, induced that\nRepublick to exile the abovementioned _Milesian_, that the _Spartans_,\nfreed from their Effeminacy, might return again to their old Oeconomy.\n\u00a7 4. But, I believe, she never appeared with so much Majesty as in the\nlast Centuries, in the great Genius of _Palestrina_, whom she left as an\nimmortal Example to Posterity. And, in Truth, Musick, with the Sweetness\nof _his_ Harmony, arrived at so high a Pitch (begging Pardon of the\neminent Masters of our Days), that if she was ranked only in the Number\nof Liberal Arts, she might with Justice contest the Pre-eminence[1].\n\u00a7 5. A strong Argument offers itself to me, from that wonderful\nImpression, that in so distinguished a Manner is made upon our Souls by\nMusick, beyond all other Arts; which leads us to believe that it is part\nof that Blessedness which is enjoyed in Paradise.\n\u00a7 6. Having premised these Advantages, the Merit of the Singer should\nlikewise be distinguished, by reason of the particular Difficulties that\nattend him: Let a Singer have a Fund of Knowledge sufficient to perform\nreadily any of the most difficult Compositions; let him have, besides,\nan excellent Voice, and know how to use it artfully; he will not, for\nall that, deserve a Character of Distinction, if he is wanting in a\nprompt Variation; a Difficulty which other Arts are not liable to.\n\u00a7 7. Finally, I say, that Poets[2], Painters, Sculptors, and even\nComposers of Musick, before they expose their Works to the Publick, have\nall the Time requisite to mend and polish them; but the Singer that\ncommits an Error has no Remedy; for the Fault is committed, and past\nCorrection.\n\u00a7 8. We may then guess at but cannot describe, how great the Application\nmust be of one who is obliged not to err, in unpremeditated Productions;\nand to manage a Voice, always in Motion, conformable to the Rules of an\nArt that is so difficult. I confess ingeniously, that every time I\nreflect on the Insufficiency of many Masters, and the infinite Abuses\nthey introduce, which render the Application and Study of their Scholars\nineffectual, I cannot but wonder, that among so many Professors of the\nfirst Rank, who have written so amply on Musick in almost all its\nBranches, there has never been one, at least that I have heard of, who\nhas undertaken to explain in the Art of Singing, any thing more than the\nfirst Elements, known to all, concealing the most necessary Rules for\nSinging well. It is no Excuse to say, that the Composers intent on\nComposition, the Performers on Instruments intent on their Performance,\nshould not meddle with what concerns the Singer; for I know some very\ncapable to undeceive those who may think so. The incomparable _Zarlino_,\nin the third part of his Harmonick Institution, chap. 46, just began to\ninveigh against those, who in his time sung with some Defects, but he\nstopped; and I am apt to believe had he gone farther, his Documents,\nthough grown musty in two Centuries, might be of Service to the refined\nTaste of this our present time. But a more just Reproof is due to the\nNegligence of many celebrated Singers, who, having a superior Knowledge,\ncan the less justify their Silence, even under the Title of Modesty,\nwhich ceases to be a Virtue, when it deprives the Publick of an\nAdvantage. Moved therefore, not by a vain Ambition, but by the Hopes of\nbeing of Service to several Professors, I have determined, not without\nReluctance, to be the first to expose to the Eye of the World these my\nfew Observations; my only End being (if I succeed) to give farther\nInsight to the Master, the Scholar, and the Singer.\n\u00a7 9. I will in the first Place, endeavour to shew the Duty of a Master,\nhow to instruct a Beginner well; secondly, what is required of the\nScholar; and, lastly, with more mature Reflections, to point out the way\nto a moderate Singer, by which he may arrive at greater Perfection.\nPerhaps my Enterprize may be term'd rash, but if the Effects should not\nanswer my Intentions, I shall at least incite some other to treat of it\nin a more ample and correct Manner.\n\u00a7 10. If any should say, I might be dispensed with for not publishing\nThings already known to every Professor, he might perhaps deceive\nhimself; for among these Observations there are many, which as I have\nnever heard them made by anybody else, I shall look upon as my own; and\nsuch probably they are, from their not being generally known. Let them\ntherefore take their Chance, for the Approbation of those that have\nJudgment and Taste.\n\u00a7 11. It would be needless to say, that verbal Instructions can be of no\nUse to Singers, any farther than to prevent 'em from falling into\nErrors, and that it is Practice only can set them right. However, from\nthe Success of these, I shall be encouraged to go on to make new\nDiscoveries for the Advantage of the Profession, or (asham'd, but not\nsurpriz'd) I will bear it patiently, if Masters with their Names to\ntheir Criticism should kindly publish my Ignorance, that I may be\nundeceiv'd, and thank them.\n\u00a7 12. But though it is my Design to Demonstrate a great Number of\nAbuses and Defects of the Moderns to be met with in the Republick of\nMusick, in order that they may be corrected (if they can); I would not\nhave those, who for want of Genius, or through Negligence in their\nStudy, could not, or would not improve themselves, imagine that out of\nMalice I have painted all their Imperfections to the Life; for I\nsolemnly protest, that though from my too great Zeal I attack their\nErrors without Ceremony, I have a Respect for their Persons; having\nlearned from a _Spanish_ Proverb, that Calumny recoils back on the\nAuthor. But Christianity says something more. I speak in general; but if\nsometimes I am more particular, let it be known, that I copy from no\nother Original than myself, where there has been, and still is Matter\nenough to criticize, without looking for it elsewhere.\nCHAP. I.\nOBSERVATIONS _for one who teaches a_ Soprano.[3]\nThe Faults in Singing insinuate themselves so easily into the Minds of\nyoung Beginners, and there are such Difficulties in correcting them,\nwhen grown into an Habit that it were to be wish'd, the ablest Singers\nwould undertake the Task of Teaching, they best knowing how to conduct\nthe Scholar from the first Elements to Perfection. But there being none,\n(if I mistake not) but who abhor the Thoughts of it, we must reserve\nthem for those Delicacies of the Art, which enchant the Soul.\n\u00a7 2. Therefore the first Rudiments necessarily fall to a Master of a\nlower Rank, till the Scholar can sing his part at Sight; whom one would\nat least wish to be an honest Man, diligent and experienced, without the\nDefects of singing through the Nose, or in the Throat, and that he have\na Command of Voice, some Glimpse of a good Taste, able to make himself\nunderstood with Ease, a perfect Intonation, and a Patience to endure the\nsevere Fatigue of a most tiresome Employment.\n\u00a7 3. Let a Master thus qualified before he begins his Instructions, read\nthe four Verses of _Virgil_, _Sic vos non vobis_, &c.[5] for they seem\nto be made[4] on Purpose for him, and after having considered them\nwell, let him consult his Resolution; because (to speak plainly) it is\nmortifying to help another to Affluence, and be in want of it himself.\nIf the Singer should make his Fortune, it is but just the Master, to\nwhom it has been owing, should be also a Sharer in it.\n\u00a7 4. But above all, let him hear with a disinterested Ear, whether the\nPerson desirous to learn hath a Voice, and a Disposition; that he may\nnot be obliged to give a strict Account to God, of the Parent's Money\nill spent, and the Injury done to the Child, by the irreparable Loss of\nTime, which might have been more profitably employed in some other\nProfession. I do not speak at random. The ancient Masters made a\nDistinction between the Rich, that learn'd Musick as an Accomplishment,\nand the Poor, who studied it for a Livelihood. The first they instructed\nout of Interest, and the latter out of Charity, if they discovered a\nsingular Talent. Very few modern Masters refuse Scholars; and, provided\nthey are paid, little do they care if their greediness ruins the\nProfession.\n\u00a7 5. Gentlemen Masters! _Italy_ hears no more such exquisite Voices as\nin Times past, particularly among the Women, and to the Shame of the\nGuilty I'll tell the Reason: The Ignorance of the Parents does not let\nthem perceive the Badness of the Voice of their Children, as their\nNecessity makes them believe, that to sing and grow rich is one and the\nsame Thing, and to learn Musick, it is enough to have a pretty Face:\n\"_Can you make anything of her?_\"\n\u00a7 6. You may, perhaps, teach them with their Voice----Modesty will not\npermit me to explain myself farther.\n\u00a7 7. The Master must want Humanity, if he advises a Scholar to do any\nthing to the Prejudice of the Soul.\n\u00a7 8. From the first Lesson to the last, let the Master remember, that he\nis answerable for any Omission in his Instructions, and for the Errors\nhe did not correct.\n\u00a7 9. Let him be moderately severe, making himself fear'd, but not hated.\nI know, it is not easy to find the Mean between Severity and Mildness,\nbut I know also, that both Extremes are bad: Too great Severity creates\nStubbornness, and too great Mildness Contempt.\n\u00a7 10. I shall not speak of the Knowledge of the Notes, of their Value,\nof Time, of Pauses, of the Accidents, nor of other such trivial\nBeginnings, because they are generally known.\n\u00a7 11. Besides the _C_ Cliff, let the Scholar be instructed in all the\nother Cliffs, and in all their Situations, that he may not be liable to\nwhat often happens to some Singers, who, in Compositions _Alla\nCapella_,[6] know not how to distinguish the _Mi_ from the _Fa_, without\nthe Help of the Organ, for want of the Knowledge of the _G_ Cliff; from\nwhence such Discordancies arise in divine Service, that it is a Shame\nfor those who grow old in their Ignorance. I must be so sincere to\ndeclare, that whoever does not give such essential Instructions,\ntransgresses out of Omission, or out of Ignorance.[7]\n\u00a7 12. Next let him learn to read those in _B Molle_, especially in\nthose[8] Compositions that have four Flats at the Cliff, and which on\nthe sixth of the Bass require for the most part an accidental Flat, that\nthe Scholar may find in them the _Mi_, which is not so easy to one who\nhas studied but little, and thinks that all the Notes with a Flat are\ncalled _Fa_: for if that were true, it would be superfluous that the\nNotes should be six, when five of them have the same Denomination. The\n_French_ use seven, and, by that additional Name, save their scholars\nthe Trouble of learning the Mutations ascending or descending; but we\n_Italians_ have but _Ut_, _Re_, _Mi_, _Fa_, _Sol_, _La_; Notes which\nequally suffice throughout all the Keys, to one who knows how to read\nthem.[9]\n\u00a7 13. Let the Master do his utmost, to make the Scholar hit and sound\nthe Notes perfectly in Tune in _Sol-Fa_-ing. One, who has not a good\nEar, should not undertake either to instruct, or to sing; it being\nintolerable to hear a Voice perpetually rise and fall discordantly. Let\nthe Instructor reflect on it; for one that sings out of Tune loses all\nhis other Perfections. I can truly say, that, except in some few\nProfessors, that modern Intonation is very bad.\n\u00a7 14. In the _Sol-Fa_-ing, let him endeavour to gain by Degrees the high\nNotes, that by the Help of this Exercise he may acquire as much Compass\nof the Voice as possible. Let him take care, however, that the higher\nthe Notes, the more it is necessary to touch them with Softness, to\navoid Screaming.\n\u00a7 15. He ought to make him hit the Semitones according to the true\nRules. Every one knows not that there is a Semitone Major and\nMinor,[10] because the Difference cannot be known by an Organ or\nHarpsichord, if the Keys of the Instrument are not split. A Tone, that\ngradually passes to another, is divided into nine almost imperceptible\nIntervals, which are called Comma's, five of which constitute the\nSemitone Major, and four the Minor. Some are of Opinion, that there are\nno more than seven, and that the greatest Number of the one half\nconstitutes the first, and the less the second; but this does not\nsatisfy my weak Understanding, for the Ear would find no Difficulty to\ndistinguish the seventh part of a Tone; whereas it meets with a very\ngreat one to distinguish the ninth. If one were continually to sing only\nto those abovemention'd Instruments, this Knowledge might be\nunnecessary; but since the time that Composers introduced the Custom of\ncrowding the Opera's with a vast Number of Songs accompanied with Bow\nInstruments, it becomes so necessary, that if a _Soprano_ was to sing\n_D_ sharp, like _E_ flat, a nice Ear will find he is out of Tune,\nbecause this last rises. Whoever is not satisfied in this, let him read\nthose Authors who treat of it, and let him consult the best Performers\non the Violin. In the middle parts, however, it is not so easy to\ndistinguish the Difference; tho' I am of Opinion, that every thing that\nis divisible, is to be distinguished. Of these two Semitones, I'll speak\nmore amply in the Chapter of the _Appoggiatura_, that the one may not be\nconfounded with the other.\n\u00a7 16. Let him teach the Scholar to hit the Intonation of any Interval in\nthe Scale perfectly and readily, and keep him strictly to this important\nLesson, if he is desirous he should sing with Readiness in a short time.\n\u00a7 17. If the Master does not understand Composition, let him provide\nhimself with good Examples of _Sol-Fa_-ing in divers Stiles, which\ninsensibly lead from the most easy to the more difficult, according as\nhe finds the Scholar improves; with this Caution, that however\ndifficult, they may be always natural and agreeable, to induce the\nScholar to study with Pleasure.\n\u00a7 18. Let the Master attend with great Care to the Voice of the Scholar,\nwhich, whether it be _di Petto_, or _di Testa_, should always come forth\nneat and clear, without passing thro' the Nose, or being choaked in the\nThroat; which are two the most horrible Defects in a Singer, and past\nall Remedy if once grown into a Habit[11].\n\u00a7 19. The little Experience of some that teach to _Sol-fa_, obliges the\nScholar to hold out the _Semibreves_ with Force on the highest Notes;\nthe Consequence of which is, that the Glands of the Throat become daily\nmore and more inflamed, and if the Scholar loses not his Health, he\nloses the treble Voice.\n\u00a7 20. Many Masters put their Scholars to sing the _Contr'Alto_, not\nknowing how to help them to the _Falsetto_, or to avoid the Trouble of\nfinding it.\n\u00a7 21. A diligent Master, knowing that a _Soprano_, without the\n_Falsetto_, is constrained to sing within the narrow Compass of a few\nNotes, ought not only to endeavour to help him to it, but also to leave\nno Means untried, so to unite the feigned and the natural Voice, that\nthey may not be distinguished; for if they do not perfectly unite, the\nVoice will be of divers[12] Registers, and must consequently lose its\nBeauty. The Extent of the full natural Voice terminates generally upon\nthe fourth Space, which is _C_; or on the fifth Line, which is _D_; and\nthere the feigned Voice becomes of Use, as well in going up to the high\nNotes, as returning to the natural Voice; the Difficulty consists in\nuniting them. Let the Master therefore consider of what Moment the\nCorrection of this Defect is, which ruins the Scholar if he overlooks\nit. Among the Women, one hears sometimes a _Soprano_ entirely _di\nPetto_, but among the Male Sex it would be a great Rarity, should they\npreserve it after having past the age of Puberty. Whoever would be\ncurious to discover the feigned Voice of one who has the Art to disguise\nit, let him take Notice, that the Artist sounds the Vowel _i_, or _e_,\nwith more Strength and less Fatigue than the Vowel _a_, on the high\nNotes.\n\u00a7 22. The _Voce di Testa_ has a great Volubility, more of the high than\nthe lower Notes, and has a quick Shake, but subject to be lost for want\nof Strength.\n\u00a7 23. Let the Scholar be obliged to pronounce the Vowels distinctly,\nthat they may be heard for such as they are. Some Singers think to\npronounce the first, and you hear the second; if the Fault is not the\nMaster's, it is of those Singers, who are scarce got out of their first\nLessons; they study to sing with Affectation, as if ashamed to open\ntheir Mouths; others, on the contrary, stretching theirs too much,\nconfound these two Vowels with the fourth, making it impossible to\ncomprehend whether they have said _Balla_ or _Bella_, _Sesso_ or\n_Sasso_, _Mare_ or _More_.\n\u00a7 24. He should always make the Scholar sing standing, that the Voice\nmay have all its Organization free.\n\u00a7 25. Let him take care, whilst he sings, that he get a graceful\nPosture, and make an agreeable Appearance.\n\u00a7 26. Let him rigorously correct all Grimaces and Tricks of the Head, of\nthe Body, and particularly of the Mouth; which ought to be composed in\na Manner (if the Sense of the Words permit it) rather inclined to a\nSmile, than too much Gravity.\n\u00a7 27. Let him always use the Scholar to the Pitch of _Lombardy_, and not\nthat of _Rome_;[13] not only to make him acquire and preserve the high\nNotes, but also that he may not find it troublesome when he meets with\nInstruments that are tun'd high; the Pain of reaching them not only\naffecting the Hearer, but the Singer. Let the Master be mindful of this;\nfor as Age advances, so the Voice declines; and, in Progress of Time, he\nwill either sing a _Contr'Alto_, or pretending still, out of a foolish\nVanity, to the Name of a _Soprano_, he will be obliged to make\nApplication to every Composer, that the Notes may not exceed the fourth\nSpace (_viz._, _C_) nor the Voice hold out on them. If all those, who\nteach the first Rudiments, knew how to make use of this Rule, and to\nunite the feigned to the natural Voice, there would not be now so great\na scarcity of _Soprano's_.\n\u00a7 28. Let him learn to hold out the Notes without a Shrillness like a\nTrumpet, or trembling; and if at the Beginning he made him hold out\nevery Note the length of two Bars, the Improvement would be the greater;\notherwise from the natural Inclination that the Beginners have to keep\nthe Voice in Motion, and the Trouble in holding it out, he will get a\nhabit, and not be able to fix it, and will become subject to a\nFlutt'ring in the Manner of all those that sing in a very bad Taste.\n\u00a7 29. In the same Lessons, let him teach the Art to put forth the Voice,\nwhich consists in letting it swell by Degrees from the softest _Piano_\nto the loudest _Forte_, and from thence with the same Art return from\nthe _Forte_ to the _Piano_. A beautiful _Messa di Voce_,[14] from a\nSinger that uses it sparingly, and only on the open Vowels, can never\nfail of having an exquisite Effect. Very few of the present Singers find\nit to their Taste, either from the Instability of their Voice, or in\norder to avoid all Manner of Resemblance of the _odious Ancients_. It\nis, however, a manifest Injury they do to the Nightingale, who was the\nOrigin of it, and the only thing which the Voice can well imitate. But\nperhaps they have found some other of the feathered Kind worthy their\nImitation, that sings quite after the New Mode.\n\u00a7 30. Let the Master never be tired in making the Scholar _Sol-Fa_, as\nlong as he finds it necessary; for if he should let him sing upon the\nVowels too soon, he knows not how to instruct.\n\u00a7 31. Next, let him study on the three open Vowels, particularly on the\nfirst, but not always upon the same, as is practised now-a-days; in\norder, that from this frequent Exercise he may not confound one with the\nother, and that from hence he may the easier come to the use of the\nWords.\n\u00a7 32. The Scholar having now made some remarkable Progress, the\nInstructor may acquaint him with the first Embellishments of the Art,\nwhich are the _Appoggiatura's_[15] (to be spoke of next) and apply them\nto the Vowels.\n\u00a7 33. Let him learn the Manner to glide with the Vowels, and to drag the\nVoice gently from the high to the lower Notes, which, thro'\nQualifications necessary for singing well, cannot possibly be learn'd\nfrom _Sol-fa_-ing only, and are overlooked by the Unskilful.\n\u00a7 34. But if he should let him sing the Words, and apply the\n_Appoggiatura_ to the Vowels before he is perfect in _Sol-fa_-ing, he\nruins the Scholar.\nCHAP. II.[16]\n_Of the_ Appoggiatura.[17]\nAmong all the Embellishments in the Art of Singing, there is none so\neasy for the Master to teach, or less difficult for the Scholar to\nlearn, than the _Appoggiatura_. This, besides its Beauty, has obtained\nthe sole Privilege of being heard often without tiring, provided it does\nnot go beyond the Limits prescrib'd by Professors of good Taste.\n\u00a7 2. From the Time that the _Appoggiatura_ has been invented to adorn\nthe Art of Singing, the true Reason,[18] why it cannot be used in all\nPlaces, remains yet a Secret. After having searched for it among Singers\nof the first Rank in vain, I considered that Musick, as a Science, ought\nto have its Rules, and that all Manner of Ways should be tried to\ndiscover them. I do not flatter myself that I am arrived at it; but the\nJudicious will see, at least that I am come near it. However, treating\nof a Matter wholly produced from my Observations, I should hope for more\nIndulgence in this Chapter than in any other.\n\u00a7 3. From Practice, I perceive, that from _C_ to _C_ by _B Quadro_,[19]\na Voice can ascend and descend gradually with the _Appoggiatura_,\npassing without any the least Obstacle thro' all the five _Tones_, and\nthe two _Semitones_, that make an _Octave_.\n\u00a7 4. That from every accidental _Diezis_, or Sharp, that may be found in\nthe Scale, one can gradually rise a _Semitone_ to the nearest Note with\nan _Appoggiatura_, and return in the same Manner.[20]\n\u00a7 5. That from every Note that has a _B Quadro_, or Natural, one can\nascend by _Semitones_ to every one that has a _B Molle_, or Flat, with\nan _Appoggiatura_.[21]\n\u00a7 6. But, contrarywise, my Ear tells me, that from _F_, _G_, _A_, _C_,\nand _D_, one cannot rise gradually with an _Appoggiatura_ by\n_Semitones_,[22] when any of these five _Tones_ have a Sharp annex'd to\nthem.\n\u00a7 7. That one cannot pass with an _Appoggiatura_ gradually from a third\n_Minor_ to the Bass, to a third _Major_, nor from the third _Major_ to\nthe third _Minor_.[23]\n\u00a7 8. That two consequent _Appoggiatura's_ cannot pass gradually by\n_Semitones_ from one _Tone_ to another.[24]\n\u00a7 9. That one cannot rise by _Semitone_, with an _Appoggiatura_, from\nany Note with a Flat.[25]\n\u00a7 10. And, finally, where the _Appoggiatura_ cannot ascend, it cannot\ndescend.\n\u00a7 11. Practice giving us no Insight into the Reason of all these Rules,\nlet us see if it can be found out by those who ought to account for it.\n\u00a7 12. Theory teaches us, that the abovementioned _Octave_ consisting of\ntwelve unequal _Semitones_, it is necessary to distinguish the _Major_\nfrom the _Minor_, and it sends the Student to consult the _Tetrachords_.\nThe most conspicuous Authors, that treat of them, are not all of the\nsame Opinion: For we find some who maintain, that from _C_ to _D_, as\nwell as from _F_ to _G_, the _Semitones_ are equal; and mean while we\nare left in Suspense.[26]\n\u00a7 13. The Ear, however, which is the supreme Umpire in this Art, does in\nthe _Appoggiatura_ so nicely discern the Quality of the _Semitones_,\nthat it sufficiently distinguishes the _Semitone Major_. Therefore\ngoing so agreeably from _Mi_ to _Fa_ (that is) from _B Quadro_ to _C_,\nor from _E_ to _F_, one ought to conclude That to be a _Semitone Major_,\nas it undeniably is. But whence does it proceed, that from this very\n_Fa_, (that is from _F_ or _C_) I cannot rise to the next Sharp, which\nis also a _Semitone_? It is _Minor_, says the Ear. Therefore I take it\nfor granted, that the Reason why the _Appoggiatura_ has not a full\nLiberty, is, that it cannot pass gradually to a _Semitone Minor_;\nsubmitting myself, however, to better Judgment.[27]\n\u00a7 14. The _Appoggiatura_ may likewise pass from one distant Note to\nanother, provided the Skip or Interval be not deceitful; for, in that\nCase, whoever does not hit it sure, will show they know not how to\nsing.[28]\n\u00a7 15. Since, as I have said, it is not possible for a Singer to rise\ngradually with an _Appoggiatura_ to a _Semitone Minor_, Nature will\nteach him to rise a Tone, that from thence he may descend with an\n_Appoggiatura to that Semitone_; _or if he has a Mind to_ come to it\nwithout the _Appoggiatura_, to raise the Voice with a _Messa di Voce_,\nthe Voice always rising till he reaches it.[29]\n\u00a7 16. If the Scholar be well instructed in this, the _Appoggiatura's_\nwill become so familiar to him by continual Practice, that by the Time\nhe is come out of his first Lessons, he will laugh at those Composers\nthat mark them, with a Design either to be thought Modern, or to shew\nthat they understand the Art of Singing better than the Singers. If they\nhave this Superiority over them, why do they not write down even the\nGraces, which are more difficult, and more essential than the\n_Appoggiatura's_? But if they mark them that they may acquire the\nglorious Name of a _Virtuoso alla Moda_, or a Composer in the new Stile,\nthey ought at least to know, that the Addition of one Note costs little\nTrouble, and less Study. Poor _Italy_! pray tell me; do not the Singers\nnow-a-days know where the _Appoggiatura's_ are to be made, unless they\nare pointed at with a Finger? In my Time their own Knowledge shewed it\nthem. Eternal Shame to him who first introduced these foreign\nPuerilities into our Nation, renowned for teaching others the greater\npart of the polite Arts; particularly, that of Singing! Oh, how great a\nWeakness in those that follow the Example! Oh, injurious Insult to your\nModern Singers, who submit to Instructions fit for Children! Let us\nimitate the Foreigners in those Things only, wherein they excel.[30]\nCHAP. III.\n_Of the Shake._\nWe meet with two most powerful Obstacles informing the _Shake_. The\nfirst embarrasses the Master; for, to this Hour there is no infallible\nRule found to teach it: And the second affects the Scholar, because\nNature imparts the _Shake_ but to few. The Impatience of the Master\njoins with the Despair of the Learner, so that they decline farther\nTrouble about it. But in this the Master is blameable, in not doing his\nDuty, by leaving the Scholar in Ignorance. One must strive against\nDifficulties with Patience to overcome them.\n\u00a7 2. Whether the _Shake_ be necessary in Singing, ask the Professors of\nthe first Rank, who know better than any others how often they have been\nindebted to it; for, upon any Absence of Mind, they would have betrayed\nto the Publick the Sterility of their Art, without the prompt Assistance\nof the _Shake_.\n\u00a7 3. Whoever has a fine _Shake_, tho' wanting in every other Grace,\nalways enjoys the Advantage of conducting himself without giving\nDistaste to the End or Cadence, where for the most part it is very\nessential; and who wants it, or has it imperfectly, will never be a\ngreat Singer, let his Knowledge be ever so great.\n\u00a7 4. The _Shake_ then, being of such Consequence, let the Master, by the\nMeans of verbal Instructions, and Examples vocal and instrumental,\nstrive that the Scholar may attain one that is equal, distinctly mark'd,\neasy, and moderately quick, which are its most beautiful\nQualifications.\n\u00a7 5. In case the Master should not know how many sorts of _Shakes_ there\nare, I shall acquaint him, that the Ingenuity of the Professors hath\nfound so many Ways, distinguishing them with different Names, that one\nmay say there are eight Species of them.[31]\n\u00a7 6. The first is the _Shake Major_, from the violent Motion of two\nneighbouring Sounds at the Distance of a _Tone_, one of which may be\ncalled Principal, because it keeps with greater Force the Place of the\nNote which requires it; the other, notwithstanding it possesses in its\nMotion the superior Sound appears no other than an Auxiliary. From this\n_Shake_ all the others are derived.[32]\n\u00a7 7. The second is the _Shake Minor_, consisting of a Sound, and its\nneighbouring _Semitone Major_; and where the one or the other of these,\ntwo _Shakes_ are proper, the Compositions will easily shew. From the\ninferior or lower Cadences, the first, or full _Tone Shake_ is for ever\nexcluded.[33] If the Difference of these two _Shakes_ is not easily\ndiscovered in the Singer, whenever it is with a _Semitone_, one may\nattribute the Cause to the want of Force of the Auxiliary to make itself\nheard distinctly; besides, this _Shake_ being more difficult to be beat\nthan the other, every body does not know how to make it, as it should\nbe, and Negligence becomes a Habit. If this _Shake_ is not distinguished\nin Instruments, the Fault is in the Ear.[34]\n\u00a7 8. The third is the _Mezzo-trillo_, or the short _Shake_, which is\nlikewise known from its Name. One, who is Master of the first and\nsecond, with the Art of beating it a little closer, will easily learn\nit; ending it as soon as heard, and adding a little Brilliant. For this\nReason, this _Shake_ pleases more in brisk and lively Airs than in the\n_Pathetick_.[35]\n\u00a7 9. The fourth is the rising _Shake_, which is done by making the Voice\nascend imperceptibly, shaking from Comma to Comma without discovering\nthe Rise.[36]\n\u00a7 10. The fifth is the descending _Shake_, which is done by making the\nVoice decline insensibly from Comma to Comma, shaking in such Manner\nthat the Descent be not distinguished. These two _Shakes_, ever since\ntrue[37] Taste has prevailed, are no more in Vogue, and ought rather to\nbe forgot than learn'd. A nice Ear equally abhorrs the ancient dry\nStuff, and the modern Abuses.\n\u00a7 11. The sixth is the slow _Shake_, whose Quality is also denoted by\nits Name. He, who does not study this, in my Opinion ought not therefore\nto lose the Name of a good Singer; for it being only an affected Waving,\nthat at last unites with the first and second _Shake_, it cannot, I\nthink, please more than once.[38]\n\u00a7 12. The seventh is the redoubled _Shake_, which is learned by mixing a\nfew Notes between the _Major_ or _Minor Shake_, which Interposition\nsuffices to make several _Shakes_ of one. This is beautiful, when those\nfew Notes, so intermixed, are sung with Force. If then it be gently\nformed on the high Notes of an excellent Voice,[39] perfect in this\nrare Quality, and not made use of too often, it cannot displease even\nEnvy itself.\n\u00a7 13. The eighth is the _Trillo-Mordente_, or the _Shake_ with a _Beat_,\nwhich is a pleasing Grace in Singing, and is taught rather by Nature\nthan by Art. This is produced with more Velocity than the others, and is\nno sooner born but dies. That Singer has a great Advantage, who from\ntime to time mixes it in Passages or Divisions (of which I shall take\nNotice in the proper Chapter). He, who understands his Profession,\nrarely fails of using it after the _Appoggiatura_; and he, who despises\nit, is guilty of more than Ignorance.[40]\n\u00a7 14. Of all these _Shakes_, the two first are most necessary, and\nrequire most the Application of the Master. I know too well that it is\ncustomary to sing without _Shakes_; but the Example, of those who study\nbut superficially, ought not to be imitated.\n\u00a7 15. The _Shake_, to be beautiful, requires to be prepared, though, on\nsome Occasions, Time or Taste will not permit it. But on final Cadences,\nit is always necessary, now on the Tone, now on the _Semitone_ above its\nNote, according to the Nature of the Composition.\n\u00a7 16. The Defects of the _Shake_ are many. The long holding-out _Shake_\ntriumph'd formerly, and very improperly, as now the Divisions do; but\nwhen the Art grew refined, it was left to the Trumpets, or to those\nSingers that waited for the Eruption of an _E Viva_! or _Bravo_! from\nthe Populace. That _Shake_ which is too often heard, be it ever so fine,\ncannot please. That which is beat with an uneven Motion disgusts; that\nlike the Quivering of a Goat makes one laugh; and that in the Throat is\nthe worst: That which is produced by a Tone and its third, is\ndisagreeable; the Slow is tiresome; and that which is out of Tune is\nhideous.\n\u00a7 17. The Necessity of the _Shake_ obliges the Master to keep the\nScholar applied to it upon all the Vowels, and on all the Notes he\npossesses; not only on Minims or long Notes, but likewise on Crotchets,\nwhere in Process of Time he may learn the _Close Shake_, the _Beat_, and\nthe Forming them with Quickness in the Midst of the Volubility of Graces\nand Divisions.\n\u00a7 18. After the free Use of the _Shake_, let the Master observe if the\nScholar has the same Facility in disusing it; for he would not be the\nfirst that could not leave it off at Pleasure.\n\u00a7 19. But the teaching where the _Shake_ is convenient, besides those\non[41] Cadences, and where they are improper and forbid, is a Lesson\nreserv'd for those who have Practice, Taste, and Knowledge.\nCHAP. IV.\n_On_ Divisions.\nTho' _Divisions_ have not Power sufficient to touch the Soul, but the\nmost they can do is to raise our Admiration of the Singer for the happy\nFlexibility of his Voice; it is, however, of very great Moment, that the\nMaster instruct the Scholar in them, that he may be Master of them with\nan easy Velocity and true Intonation; for when they are well executed in\ntheir proper Place, they deserve Applause, and make a Singer more\nuniversal; that is to say, capable to sing in any Stile.\n\u00a7 2. By accustoming the Voice of a Learner to be lazy and dragging, he\nis rendered incapable of any considerable Progress in his Profession.\nWhosoever has not the Agility of Voice, in Compositions of a quick or\nlively Movement, becomes odiously tiresome; and at last retards the Time\nso much, that every thing he sings appears to be out of Tune.\n\u00a7 3. _Division_, according to the general Opinion, is of two Kinds, the\nMark'd, and the Gliding; which last, from its Slowness and Dragging,\nought rather to be called a Passage or Grace, than a _Division_.\n\u00a7 4. In regard to the first, the Master ought to teach the Scholar that\nlight Motion of the Voice, in which the Notes that constitute the\nDivision be all articulate in equal Proportion, and moderately distinct,\nthat they be not too much join'd, nor too much mark'd.[42]\n\u00a7 5. The second is perform'd in such a Manner that the first Note is a\nGuide to all that follow, closely united, gradual, and with such\nEvenness of Motion, that in Singing it imitates a certain Gliding, by\nthe Masters called a _Slur_; the Effect of which is truly agreeable when\nused sparingly.[43]\n\u00a7 6. The _mark'd Divisions_, being more frequently used than the others,\nrequire more Practice.\n\u00a7 7. The Use of the _Slur_ is pretty much limited in Singing, and is\nconfined within such few Notes ascending or descending, that it cannot\ngo beyond a fourth without displeasing. It seems to me to be more\ngrateful to the Ear descending, than in the contrary Motion.\n\u00a7 8. The _Dragg_ consists in a Succession of divers Notes, artfully\nmixed with the _Forte_ and _Piano_. The Beauty of which I shall speak of\nin another Place.\n\u00a7 9. If the Master hastens insensibly the Time when the Scholar sings\nthe _Divisions_, he will find that there is not a more effectual way to\nunbind the Voice, and bring it to a Volubility; being however cautious,\nthat this imperceptible Alteration do not grow by Degrees into a vicious\nHabit.\n\u00a7 10. Let him teach to hit the _Divisions_ with the same Agility in\nascending gradually, as in descending; for though this seems to be an\nInstruction fit only for a Beginner, yet we do not find every Singer\nable to perform it.\n\u00a7 11. After the gradual _Divisions_, let him learn to hit, with the\ngreatest Readiness, all those that are of difficult Intervals, that,\nbeing in Tune and Time, they may with Justice deserve our Attention. The\nStudy of this Lesson demands more Time and Application than any other,\nnot so much for the great Difficulty in attaining it, as the important\nConsequences that attend it; and, in Fact, a Singer loses all Fear when\nthe most difficult _Divisions_ are become familiar to him.\n\u00a7 12. Let him not be unmindful to teach the Manner of mixing the _Piano_\nwith the _Forte_ in the _Divisions_; the _Glidings_ or _Slurs_ with the\n_Mark'd_, and to intermix the _Close Shake_; especially on the pointed\nNotes, provided they be not too near one another; making by this Means\nevery Embellishment of the Art appear.\n\u00a7 13. Of all the Instructions relating to _Divisions_, the most\nconsiderable seems to be That, which teaches to unite the _Beats_ and\n_short Shake_ with them; and that the Master point out to him, how to\nexecute them with Exactness of Time, and the Places where they have the\nbest Effect: But this being not so proper for one who teaches only the\nfirst Rules, and still less for him that begins to learn them, it would\nbe better to have postponed this (as perhaps I should have done) did I\nnot know, that there are Scholars of so quick Parts, that in a few\nYears become most excellent Singers, and that there is no want of\nMasters qualified to instruct Disciples of the most promising Genius;\nbesides, it appeared to me an Impropriety in this Chapter on _Divisions_\n(in which the _Beats_ and _Close Shake_ appear with greater Lustre than\nany other Grace) not to make Mention of them.\n\u00a7 14. Let the Scholar not be suffered to sing _Divisions_ with\nUnevenness of Time or Motion; and let him be corrected if he marks them\nwith the Tongue, or with the Chin, or any other Grimace of the Head or\nBody.\n\u00a7 15. Every Master knows, that on the third and fifth Vowel, the\n_Divisions_ are the worst; but every one does not know, that in the best\nSchools the second and fourth were not permitted, when these two Vowels\nare pronounced close or united.\n\u00a7 16. There are many Defects in the _Divisions_, which it is necessary\nto know, in order to avoid them; for, besides that of the Nose or the\nThroat, and the others already mentioned, those are likewise displeasing\nwhich are neither mark'd nor gliding; for in that Case they cannot be\nsaid to sing, but howl and roar. There are some still more ridiculous,\nwho mark them above Measure, and with Force of Voice, thinking (for\nExample) to make a _Division_ upon _A_, it appears as if they said _Ha_,\n_Ha_, _Ha_, or _Gha_, _Gha_, _Gha_; and the same upon the other Vowels.\nThe worst Fault of all is singing them out of Tune.\n\u00a7 17. The Master should know, that though a good Voice put forth with\nEase grows better, yet by too swift a Motion in _Divisions_ it becomes\nan indifferent one, and sometimes by the Negligence of the Master, to\nthe Prejudice of the Scholar, it is changed into a very bad one.\n\u00a7 18. _Divisions_ and _Shakes_ in a _Siciliana_ are Faults, and\n_Glidings_ and _Draggs_ are Beauties.\n\u00a7 19. The sole and entire Beauty of the _Division_ consists in its being\nperfectly in Tune, mark'd, equal, distinct, and quick.\n\u00a7 20. _Divisions_ have the like Fate with the _Shakes_; both equally\ndelight in their Place; but if not properly introduced, the too frequent\nRepetition of them becomes tedious if not odious.\n\u00a7 21. After the Scholar has made himself perfect in the _Shake_ and the\n_Divisions_, the Master should let him read and pronounce the Words,\nfree from those gross and ridiculous Errors of Orthography, by which\nmany deprive one Word of its double Consonant, and add one to another,\nin which it is single.[44]\n\u00a7 22. After having corrected the Pronunciation, let him take Care that\nthe Words be uttered in such a Manner, without any Affectation that\nthey be distinctly understood, and no one Syllable be lost; for if they\nare not distinguished, the Singer deprives the Hearer of the greatest\nPart of that Delight which vocal Musick conveys by Means of the Words.\nFor, if the Words are not heard so as to be understood, there will be no\ngreat Difference between a human Voice and a Hautboy. This Defect, tho'\none of the greatest, is now-a-days more than common, to the greatest\nDisgrace of the Professors and the Profession; and yet they ought to\nknow, that the Words only give the Preference to a Singer above an\ninstrumental Performer, admitting them to be of equal Judgment and\nKnowledge. Let the modern Master learn to make use of this Advice, for\nnever was it more necessary than at present.\n\u00a7 23. Let him exercise the Scholar to be very ready in joining the\nSyllables to the Notes, that he may never be at a Loss in doing it.\n\u00a7 24. Let him forbid the Scholar to take Breath in the Middle of a Word,\nbecause the dividing it in two is an Error against Nature; which must\nnot be followed, if we would avoid being laugh'd at. In interrupted\nMovements, or in long _Divisions_, it is not so rigorously required,\nwhen the one or the other cannot be sung in one Breath. Anciently such\nCautions were not necessary, but for the Learners of the first\nRudiments; now the Abuse, having taken its Rise in the modern Schools,\ngathers Strength, and is grown familiar with those who pretend to\nEminence. The Master may correct this Fault, in teaching the Scholar to\nmanage his Respiration, that he may always be provided with more Breath\nthan is needful; and may avoid undertaking what, for want of it, he\ncannot go through with.\n\u00a7 25. Let him shew, in all sorts of Compositions, the proper Place where\nto take Breath, and without Fatigue; because there are Singers who give\nPain to the Hearer, as if they had an Asthma taking Breath every Moment\nwith Difficulty, as if they were breathing their last.\n\u00a7 26. Let the Master create some Emulation in a Scholar that is\nnegligent, inciting him to study the Lesson of his Companion, which\nsometimes goes beyond Genius; because, if instead of one Lesson he hears\ntwo, and the Competition does not discountenance him, he may perhaps\ncome to learn his Companion's Lesson first, and then his own.\n\u00a7 27. Let him never suffer the Scholar to hold the Musick-Paper, in\nSinging, before his Face, both that the Sound of the Voice may not be\nobstructed, and to prevent him from being bashful.\n\u00a7 28. Let him accustom the Scholar to sing often in presence of Persons\nof Distinction, whether from Birth, Quality, or Eminence in the\nProfession, that by gradually losing his Fear, he may acquire an\nAssurance, but not a Boldness. Assurance leads to a Fortune, and in a\nSinger becomes a Merit. On the contrary, the Fearful is most unhappy;\nlabouring under the Difficulty of fetching Breath, the Voice is always\ntrembling, and obliged to lose Time at every Note for fear of being\nchoaked; He gives us Pain, in not being able to shew his Ability in\npublick; disgusts the Hearer, and ruins the Compositions in such a\nManner, that they are not known to be what they are. A timorous Singer\nis unhappy, like a Prodigal, who is miserably poor.\n\u00a7 29. Let not the Master neglect to shew him, how great their Error is\nwho make _Shakes_ or _Divisions_, or take Breath on the _syncopated_ or\n_binding_ Notes; and how much better Effect the holding out the Voice\nhas. The Compositions, instead of losing, acquire thereby greater\nBeauty.[45]\n\u00a7 30. Let the Master instruct him in the _Forte_ and _Piano_, but so as\nto use him more to the first than the second, it being easier to make\none sing soft than loud. Experience shews that the _Piano_ is not to be\ntrusted to, since it is prejudicial though pleasing; and if any one has\na Mind to lose his Voice, let him try it. On this Subject some are of\nOpinion, that there is an artificial _Piano_, that can make itself be\nheard as much as the _Forte_; but that is only Opinion, which is the\nMother of all Errors. It is not Art which is the Cause that the _Piano_\nof a good Singer is heard, but the profound Silence and Attention of the\nAudience. For a Proof of this, let any indifferent Singer be silent on\nthe Stage for a Quarter of a Minute when he should sing, the Audience,\ncurious to know the Reason of this unexpected Pause, are hush'd in such\na Manner, that if in that Instant he utter one Word with a soft Voice,\nit would be heard even by those at the greatest Distance.\n\u00a7 31. Let the Master remember, that whosoever does not sing to the\nutmost Rigour of Time, deserves not the Esteem of the Judicious;\ntherefore let him take Care, there be no Alteration or Diminution in it,\nif he pretends to teach well, and to make an excellent Scholar.\n\u00a7 32. Though in certain Schools, Books of Church-Musick and of\n_Madrigals_ lie buried in Dust, a good Master would wipe it off; for\nthey are the most effectual Means to make a Scholar ready and sure. If\nSinging was not for the most part performed by Memory, as is customary\nin these Days, I doubt whether certain Professors could deserve the Name\nof Singers of the first Rank.[46]\n\u00a7 33. Let him encourage the Scholar if he improves; let him mortify him,\nwithout Beating, for Indolence; let him be more rigorous for\nNegligences; nor let the Scholar ever end a Lesson without having\nprofited something.\n\u00a7 34. An Hour of Application in a Day is not sufficient, even for one of\nthe quickest Apprehension; the Master therefore should consider how much\nmore Time is necessary for one that has not the same Quickness, and how\nmuch he is obliged to consult the Capacity of his Scholar. From a\nmercenary Teacher this necessary Regard is not to be hoped for; expected\nby other Scholars, tired with the Fatigue, and solicited by his\nNecessities, he thinks the Month long; looks on his Watch, and goes\naway. If he be but poorly paid for his Teaching,--a God-b'wy to him.\nCHAP. V.\n_Of_ Recitative.\n_Recitative_ is of three Kinds, and ought to be taught in three\ndifferent Manners.\n\u00a7 2. The first, being used in Churches, should be sung as becomes the\nSanctity of the Place, which does not admit those wanton Graces of a\nlighter Stile; but requires some _Messa di Voce_, many _Appoggiatura's_,\nand a noble Majesty throughout. But the Art of expressing it, is not to\nbe learned, but from the affecting Manner of those who devoutly dedicate\ntheir Voices to the Service of God.\n\u00a7 3. The second is Theatrical, which being always accompanied with\nAction by the Singer, the Master is obliged to teach the Scholar a\ncertain natural Imitation, which cannot be beautiful, if not expressed\nwith that Decorum with which Princes speak, or those who know how to\nspeak to Princes.\n\u00a7 4. The last, according to the Opinion of the most Judicious, touches\nthe Heart more than the others, and is called _Recitativo di Camera_.\nThis requires a more peculiar Skill, by reason of the Words, which\nbeing, for the most part, adapted to move the most violent Passions of\nthe Soul, oblige the Master to give the Scholar such a lively Impression\nof them, that he may seem to be affected with them himself. The Scholar\nhaving finished his Studies, it will be but too[47] easily discovered\nif he stands in Need of this Lesson. The vast Delight, which the\nJudicious feel, is owing to this particular Excellence, which, without\nthe Help of the usual Ornaments, produces all this Pleasure from itself;\nand, let Truth prevail, where Passion speaks, all _Shakes_, all\n_Divisions_ and _Graces_ ought to be silent, leaving it to the sole\nForce of a beautiful Expression to persuade.\n\u00a7 5. The Church _Recitative_ yields more Liberty to the Singer than the\nother two, particularly in the final Cadence; provided he makes the\nAdvantage of it that a Singer should do, and not as a Player on the\nViolin.\n\u00a7 6. The Theatrical leaves it not in our Election to make Use of this\nArt, lest we offend in the Narrative, which ought to be natural, unless\nin a _Soliloquy_, where it may be in the Stile of Chamber-Musick.\n\u00a7 7. The third abstains from great part of the Solemnity of the first,\nand contents itself with more of the second.\n\u00a7 8. The Defects and unsufferable Abuses which are heard in\n_Recitatives_, and not known to those who commit them, are innumerable.\nI will take Notice of several Theatrical ones, that the Master may\ncorrect them.\n\u00a7 9. There are some who sing _Recitative_ on the Stage like That of the\nChurch or Chamber; some in a perpetual Chanting, which is insufferable;\nsome over-do it and make it a Barking; some whisper it, and some sing it\nconfusedly; some force out the last Syllable, and some sink it; some\nsing it blust'ring, and some as if they were thinking of something else;\nsome in a languishing Manner; others in a Hurry; some sing it through\nthe Teeth, and others with Affectation; some do not pronounce the Words,\nand others do not express them; some sing as if laughing, and some\ncrying; some speak it, and some hiss it; some hallow, bellow, and sing\nit out of Tune; and, together with their Offences against Nature, are\nguilty of the greatest Fault, in thinking themselves above Correction.\n\u00a7 10. The _modern_ Masters run over with Negligence their Instructions\nin all Sorts of _Recitatives_, because in these Days the Study of\nExpression is looked upon as unnecessary, or despised as _ancient_: And\nyet they must needs see every Day, that besides the indispensable\nNecessity of knowing how to sing them, These even teach how to act. If\nthey will not believe it, let them observe, without flattering\nthemselves, if among their Pupils they can show an Actor of equal Merit\nwith _Cortona_ in the Tender;[48] of Baron _Balarini_ in the Imperious;\nor other famous Actors that at present appear, tho' I name them not;\nhaving determined in these Observations, not to mention any that are\nliving, in whatsoever Degree of Perfection they be, though I esteem them\nas they deserve.\n\u00a7 11. A Master, that disregards _Recitative_, probably does not\nunderstand the Words, and then, how can he ever instruct a Scholar in\nExpression, which is the Soul of vocal Performance, and without which it\nis impossible to sing well? Poor _Gentlemen Masters_ who direct and\ninstruct Beginners, without reflecting on the utter Destruction you\nbring on the Science, in undermining the principal Foundations of it! If\nyou know not that the _Recitatives_, especially in the vulgar or known\nLanguage, require those Instructions relative to the Force of the Words,\nI would advise you to renounce the Name, and Office of _Masters_, to\nthose who can maintain them; your Scholars will otherwise be made a\nSacrifice to Ignorance, and not knowing how to distinguish the Lively\nfrom the Pathetick, or the Vehement from the Tender, it will be no\nwonder if you see them stupid on the Stage, and senseless in a Chamber.\nTo speak my Mind freely, yours and their Faults are unpardonable; it is\ninsufferable to be any longer tormented in the Theatres with\n_Recitatives_, sung in the Stile of a Choir of _Capuchin_ Friars.\n\u00a7 12. The reason, however, of not giving more expression to the\n_Recitative_, in the manner of those called _Antients_, does not always\nproceed from the Incapacity of the Master, or the Negligence of the\nSinger, but from the little Knowledge of the _modern_ Composers (we must\nexcept some of Merit) who set it in so unnatural a Taste, that it is not\nto be taught, acted or sung. In Justification of the Master and the\nSinger let Reason decide. To blame the Composer, the same Reason forbids\nme entering into a Matter too high for my low Understanding, and wisely\nbids me consider the little Insight I can boast of, barely sufficient\nfor a Singer, or to write plain Counterpoint. But when I consider I have\nundertaken in these Observations, to procure diverse Advantages to\nvocal Performers, should I not speak of a Composition, a Subject so\nnecessary, I should be guilty of a double Fault. My Doubts in this\nPerplexity are resolved by the Reflection, that _Recitatives_ have no\nRelation to Counterpoint. If That be so, what Professor knows not, that\nmany theatrical _Recitatives_ would be excellent if they were not\nconfused one with another; if they could be learned by Heart; if they\nwere not deficient in respect of adapting the Musick to the Words; if\nthey did not frighten those who sing them, and hear them, with unnatural\nSkips; if they did not offend the Ear and Rules with the worst\nModulations; if they did not disgust a good Taste with a perpetual\nSameness; if, with their cruel Turns and Changes of Keys, they did not\npierce one to the Heart; and, finally, if the Periods were not crippled\nby them who know neither Point nor Comma? I am astonished that such as\nthese do not, for their Improvement, endeavour to imitate the\n_Recitatives_ of those Authors, who represent in them a lively image of\nNature, by Sounds which of themselves express the Sense, as much as the\nvery Words. But to what Purpose do I show this Concern about it? Can I\nexpect that these Reasons, with all their Evidences, will be found good,\nwhen, even in regard to Musick, Reason itself is no more in the _Mode_?\nCustom has great Power. She arbitrarily releases her Followers from the\nObservance of the true Rules, and obliges them to no other Study than\nthat of the _Ritornello's_, and will not let them uselessly employ their\nprecious Time in the Application to _Recitative_, which, according to\nher Precepts, are the work of the Pen, not of the Mind. If it be\nNegligence or Ignorance, I know not; but I know very well, that the\nSingers do not find their Account in it.\n\u00a7 13. Much more might still be[49] said on the Compositions of\n_Recitative_ in general, by reason of that tedious chanting that offends\nthe Ear, with a thousand broken Cadences in every Opera, which Custom\nhas established, though they are without Taste or Art. To reform them\nall, would be worse than the Disease; the introducing every time a final\nCadence would be wrong: But if in these two Extremes a Remedy were\nnecessary I should think, that among an hundred broken Cadences, ten of\nthem, briefly terminated on Points that conclude a Period, would not be\nill employed. The Learned, however, do not declare themselves upon it,\nand from their Silence I must hold myself condemned.\n\u00a7 14. I return to the Master, only to put him in Mind, that his Duty is\nto teach Musick; and if the Scholar, before he gets out of his Hands,\ndoes not sing readily and at Sight, the Innocent is injured without\nRemedy from the Guilty.\n\u00a7 15. If after these Instructions, the Master does really find himself\ncapable of communicating to his Scholar Things of greater Moment, and\nwhat may concern his farther Progress, he ought immediately to initiate\nhim in the Study of Church-Airs, in which he must lay aside all the\ntheatrical effeminate Manner, and sing in a manly Stile; for which\nPurpose he will provide him with different natural and easy _Motets_[50]\ngrand and genteel, mix'd with the Lively and the Pathetick, adapted to\nthe Ability he has discovered in him, and by frequent Lessons make him\nbecome perfect in them with Readiness and Spirit. At the same time he\nmust be careful that the Words be well pronounced, and perfectly\nunderstood; that the _Recitatives_ be expressed with Strength, and\nsupported without Affectation; that in the Airs he be not wanting in\nTime, and in introducing some Graces of good Taste; and, above all,\nthat the final Cadences of the _Motets_ be performed with Divisions\ndistinct, swift, and in Tune. After this he will teach him that Manner,\nthe Taste of _Cantata's_ requires, in order, by this Exercise, to\ndiscover the Difference between one Stile and another. If, after this,\nthe Master is satisfied with his Scholar's Improvement, yet let him not\nthink to make him sing in Publick, before he has the Opinion of such\nPersons, who know more of singing than of flattering; because, they not\nonly will chuse such Compositions proper to do him Honour and Credit,\nbut also will correct in him those Defects and Errors, which out of\nOversight or Ignorance the Master had not perceived or corrected.\n\u00a7 16. If Masters did consider, that from our first appearing in the Face\nof the World, depends our acquiring Fame and Courage, they would not so\nblindly expose their Pupils to the Danger of falling at the first Step.\n\u00a7 17. But if the Master's Knowledge extends no farther than the\nforegoing Rules, then ought he in conscience to desist, and to recommend\nthe Scholar to better Instructions. However, before the Scholar arrives\nat this, it will not be quite unnecessary to discourse with him in the\nfollowing Chapters, and if his Age permits him not to understand me,\nthose, who have the Care of him, may.\nCHAP. VI.\n_Observations for a Student._\nBefore entering on the extensive and difficult Study of the _Florid_, or\n_figured Song_, it is necessary to consult the Scholar's Genius; for if\nInclination opposes, it is impossible to force it, and when That\nincites, the Scholar proceeds with Ease and Pleasure.\n\u00a7 2. Supposing, then, that the Scholar is earnestly desirous of becoming\na Master in so agreable a Profession, and being fully instructed in\nthese tiresome Rudiments, besides many others that may have slipt my\nweak Memory; after a strict Care of his Morals, he should give the rest\nof his Attention to the Study of singing in Perfection, that by this\nMeans he may be so happy as to join the most noble Qualities of the Soul\nto the Excellencies of his Art.\n\u00a7 3. He that studies Singing must consider that Praise or Disgrace\ndepends very much on his Voice which if he has a Mind to preserve he\nmust abstain from all Manner of Disorders, and all violent Diversions.\n\u00a7 4. Let him be able to read perfectly, that he may not be put to Shame\nfor so scandalous an Ignorance. Oh, how many are there, who had need to\nlearn the Alphabet!\n\u00a7 5. In case the Master knows not how to correct the Faults in\nPronunciation, let the Scholar endeavour to learn the best by some other\nMeans; because the not being born[51] in _Tuscany_, will not excuse the\nSinger's Imperfection.\n\u00a7 6. Let him likewise very carefully endeavour to correct all other\nFaults that the Negligence of his Master may have passed over.\n\u00a7 7. With the Study of Musick, let him learn also at least the Grammar,\nto understand the Words he is to sing in Churches, and to give the\nproper Force to the Expression in both Languages. I believe I may be so\nbold to say, that divers Professors do not even understand their own\nTongue, much less the _Latin_.[52]\n\u00a7 8. Let him continually, by himself, use his Voice to a Velocity of\nMotion, if he thinks to have a Command over it, and that he may not go\nby the Name of a pathetick Singer.\n\u00a7 9. Let him not omit frequently to put forth, and to stop, the Voice,\nthat it may always be at his Command.\n\u00a7 10. Let him repeat his Lesson at Home, till he knows it perfectly; and\nwith a local Memory let him retain it, to save his Master the Trouble of\nTeaching, and himself of studying it over again.\n\u00a7 11. Singing requires so strict an Application, that one must study\nwith the Mind, when one cannot with the Voice.\n\u00a7 12. The unwearied Study of Youth is sure to overcome all Obstacles\nthat oppose, though Defects were suck'd in with our Mother's Milk. This\nOpinion of mine is subject to strong Objections; however, Experience\nwill defend it, provided he corrects himself in time. But if he delays\nit, the older he grows the more his Faults will increase.\n\u00a7 13. Let him hear as much as he can the most celebrated Singers, and\nlikewise the most excellent instrumental Performers; because, from the\nAttention in hearing them, one reaps more Advantage than from any\nInstruction whatsoever.\n\u00a7 14. Let him endeavour to copy from Both, that he may insensibly, by\nthe Study of others, get a good Taste. This advice, though extremely\nuseful to a Student, is notwithstanding infinitely prejudicial to a\nSinger, as I shall shew in its proper Place[53].\n\u00a7 15. Let him often sing the most agreable Compositions of the best\nAuthors, and accustom the Ear to that which pleases. I'd have a Student\nknow, that by the abovementioned Imitations, and by the Idea of good\nCompositions, the Taste in Time becomes Art, and Art Nature.\n\u00a7 16. Let him learn to accompany himself, if he is ambitious of singing\nwell. The Harpsichord is a great Incitement to Study, and by it we\ncontinually improve in our Knowledge. The evident Advantage arising to\nthe Singer from that lovely Instrument, makes it superfluous to say\nmore on that Head. Moreover, it often happens to one who cannot play,\nthat without the Help of another he cannot be heard, and is thereby to\nhis Shame obliged to deny the Commands of those whom it would be to his\nAdvantage to obey.\n\u00a7 17. Till a Singer pleases himself, it is certain he cannot please\nothers. Therefore consider, if some Professors of no small Skill have\nnot this Pleasure for want of sufficient Application, what must the\nScholar do? Study,--and study again, and not be satisfied.\n\u00a7 18. I am almost of Opinion, that all Study and Endeavours to sing are\ninfallibly vain, if not accompanied with some little Knowledge of\nCounterpoint. One, who knows how to compose, can account for what he\ndoes, and he, who has not the same Light, works in the Dark, not knowing\nhow to sing without committing Errors. The most famous _Ancients_ know\nthe intrinsick Value of this Precept from the Effects. And a good\nScholar ought to imitate them, without considering whether this Lesson\nbe according to the _Mode_ or not For though, in these Days, one now and\nthen hears admirable Performances, proceeding from a natural Taste, yet\nthey are all done by Chance; but where that Taste is wanting, if they\nare not execrable, at least they will be very bad: For Fortune not being\nalways at their Command, they cannot be sure to agree, neither with Time\nnor Harmony. This Knowledge, although requisite, I would not however\nadvise a Scholar to give himself up to an intense Application, it being\ncertain, I should teach him the readiest way to lose his Voice, but I\nexhort him only to learn the principal Rules, that he may not be quite\nin the Dark.[54]\n\u00a7 19. To study much, and preserve a Voice in its full Beauty, are two\nThings almost incompatible; there is between them such a sort of Amity,\nas cannot last without being prejudicial to the one or the other.\nHowever, if one reflects, that Perfection in a Voice is a Gift of\nNature, and in Art a painful Acquisition, it will indeed be allowed,\nthat this latter excels in Merit, and more deserves our Praise.\n\u00a7 20. Whoever studies, let him look for what is most excellent, and let\nhim look for it wherever it is, without troubling himself whether it be\nin the Stile of fifteen or twenty Years ago, or in that of these Days;\nfor all Ages have their good and bad Productions. It is enough to find\nout the best, and profit by them.\n\u00a7 21. To my irreparable Misfortune, I am old; but were I young, I would\nimitate as much as possibly I could the _Cantabile_ of those who are\nbranded with the opprobrious Name of _Ancients_; and the _Allegro_ of\nthose who enjoy the delightful Appellation of _Moderns_. Though my Wish\nis vain as to myself, it will be of Use to a prudent Scholar, who is\ndesirous to be expert in both Manners, which is the only way to arrive\nat Perfection; but if one was to chuse, I should freely, without Fear of\nbeing tax'd with Partiality, advise him to attach himself to the Taste\nof the first.[55]\n\u00a7 22. Each Manner of Singing hath a different Degree of Eminence; the\nNervous and Strong is distinguished from the Puerile and Weak, as is the\nNoble from the Vulgar.\n\u00a7 23. A Student must not hope for Applause, if he has not an utter\nAbhorrence of Ignorance.\n\u00a7 24. Whoever does not aspire to the first Rank, begins already to give\nup the second, and by little and little will rest contented with the\nlowest.\n\u00a7 25. If, out of a particular Indulgence to the sex, so many female\nSingers have the Graces set down in Writing, one that studies to become\na good Singer should not follow the Example; whoever accustoms himself\nto have Things put in his Mouth, will have no Invention, and becomes a\nSlave to his Memory.\n\u00a7 26. If the Scholar should have any Defects, of the Nose, the Throat,\nor of the Ear, let him never sing but when the Master is by, or somebody\nthat understands the Profession, in order to correct him, otherwise he\nwill get an ill Habit, past all Remedy.\n\u00a7 27. When he studies his Lesson at Home, let him sometimes sing before\na Looking-glass, not to be enamoured with his own Person, but to avoid\nthose convulsive Motions of the Body, or of the Face (for so I call the\nGrimaces of an affected Singer) which, when once they have took Footing,\nnever leave him.\n\u00a7 28. The best Time for Study is with the rising of the Sun; but those,\nwho are obliged to study, must employ all their Time which can be spared\nfrom their other necessary Affairs.\n\u00a7 29. After a long Exercise, and the Attainment of a true Intonation, of\na _Messa di Voce_, of _Shakes_, of _Divisions_, and _Recitative_ well\nexpressed, if the Scholar perceives that his Master cannot teach him all\nthe Perfection of Execution required in the more refined Art of singing\nthe Airs, or if he cannot always be by his Side, then will he begin to\nbe sensible of the Need he has of that Study, in which the best Singer\nin the World is still a Learner, and must be his own Master. Supposing\nthis Reflection just, I advise him for his first Insight, to read the\nfollowing Chapter, in order thereby to reap greater Advantage from those\nthat can sing the _Airs_, and teach to sing them.\nCHAP. VII.\n_Of_ Airs.\nIf whoever introduced the Custom of repeating the first Part of the\n_Air_ (which is called _Da Capo_) did it out of a Motive to show the\nCapacity of the Singer, in varying the Repetition, the Invention cannot\nbe blam'd by Lovers of Musick; though in respect of the Words it is\nsometimes an Impropriety.[56]\n\u00a7 2. By the _Ancients_ beforementioned, _Airs_ were sung in three\ndifferent Manners; for the Theatre, the Stile was lively and various;\nfor the Chamber, delicate and finish'd; and for the Church, moving and\ngrave. This Difference, to very many _Moderns_, is quite unknown.\n\u00a7 3. A Singer is under the greatest Obligation to the Study of the\n_Airs_; for by them he gains or loses his Reputation. To the acquiring\nthis valuable, Art, a few verbal Lessons cannot suffice; nor would it be\nof any great Profit to the Scholar, to have a great Number of _Airs_, in\nwhich a Thousand of the most exquisite Passages of different Sorts were\nwritten down: For they would not serve for all Purposes, and there would\nalways be wanting that Spirit which accompanies extempore Performances,\nand is preferable to all servile Imitations. All (I think) that can be\nsaid, is to recommend to him an attentive Observation of the Art, with\nwhich the best Singers regulate themselves to the Bass, whereby he will\nbecome acquainted with their Perfections, and improve by them. In order\nto make his Observations with the greater Exactness, let him follow the\nExample of a Friend of mine, who never went to an Opera without a Copy\nof all the Songs, and, observing the finest Graces, confin'd to the most\nexact Time of the Movement of the Bass, he made thereby a great\nProgress.[57]\n\u00a7 4. Among the Things worthy of Consideration, the first to be taken\nNotice of, is the Manner in which all _Airs_ divided into three Parts\nare to be sung. In the first they require nothing but the simplest\nOrnaments, of a good Taste and few, that the Composition may remain\nsimple, plain, and pure; in the second they expect, that to this Purity\nsome artful Graces[58] be added, by which the Judicious may hear, that\nthe Ability of the Singer is greater; and, in, repeating the _Air_, he\nthat does not vary it for the better, is no great Master.\n\u00a7 5. Let a Student therefore accustom himself to repeat them always\ndifferently, for, if I mistake not, one that abounds in Invention,\nthough a moderate Singer, deserves much more Esteem, than a better who\nis barren of it; for this last pleases the Connoisseurs but for once,\nwhereas the other, if he does not surprise by the Rareness of his\nProductions, will at least gratify your Attention with Variety.[59]\n\u00a7 6. The most celebrated among the _Ancients_ piqued themselves in\nvarying every Night their Songs in the Opera's, not only the\n_Pathetick_, but also the _Allegro_. The Student, who is not well\ngrounded, cannot undertake this important Task.\n\u00a7 7. Without varying the _Airs_, the Knowledge of the Singers could\nnever be discovered; but from the Nature and Quality of the Variations,\nit will be easily discerned in two of the greatest Singers which is the\nbest.\n\u00a7 8. Returning from this Digression to the abovementioned, repeating the\nfirst Part of the _Air_ with Variation, the Scholar will therein find\nout the Rules for Gracing, and introducing Beauties of his own\nInvention: These will teach him, that Time, Taste, and Skill, are\nsometimes of but small Advantage to one who is not ready at _extempore_\nEmbellishments; but they should not allow, that a Superfluity of them\nshould prejudice the Composition, and confound the Ear.[60]\n\u00a7 9. Let a Scholar provide himself with a Variety of Graces and\nEmbellishments, and then let him make use of them with Judgment; for if\nhe observes, he will find that the most celebrated Singers never make a\nParade of their Talent in a few Songs; well knowing, that if Singers\nexpose to the Publick all they have in their Shops, they are near\nbecoming Bankrupts.\n\u00a7 10. In the Study of _Airs_, as I have before said, one cannot take\nPains enough; for, though certain Things of small Effect may be omitted,\nyet how can the Art be called perfect if the Finishing is wanted.\n\u00a7 11. In _Airs_ accompanied only a Bass, the Application of him who\nstudies Graces is only subject to Time, and to the Bass; but in those,\nthat are accompanied with more Instruments, the Singer must be also\nattentive to their Movement, in order to avoid the Errors committed by\nthose who are ignorant of the Contrivance of such Accompaniments.\n\u00a7 12. To prevent several false Steps in singing the _Airs_, I would\nstrongly inculcate to a Student, first, never to give over practising in\nprivate, till he is secure of committing no Error in Publick; and next,\nthat at the first Rehearsal the _Airs_ be sung without any other\nOrnaments than those which are very natural; but with a strict\nAttention, to examine at the same time in his Mind, where the artificial\nones may be brought in with Propriety in the second; and so from one\nRehearsal to another, always varying for the better, he will by Degrees\nbecome a great Singer.\n\u00a7 13. The most necessary Study for singing _Airs_ in Perfection, and\nwhat is more difficult than any other, is to seek for what is easy and\nnatural, as well as of beautiful Inventions. One who has the good\nFortune to unite such two rare Talents, with an agreeable _putting\nforth_ of the Voice, is a very happy Singer.\n\u00a7 14. Let him, who studies under the Disadvantage of an ungrateful\nGenius, remember for his Comfort, that singing in Tune, Expression,\n_Messa di Voce_, the _Appoggiatura's_, _Shakes_, _Divisions_, and\naccompanying himself, are the principal Qualifications; and no such\ninsuperable Difficulties, but what may be overcome. I know, they are not\nsufficient to enable one to sing in Perfection; and that it would be\nWeakness to content one's self with only singing tolerably well; but\nEmbellishments must be called in to their aid, which seldom refuse the\nCall, and sometimes come unsought. Study will do the business.\n\u00a7 15. Let him avoid all those Abuses which have overspread and\nestablished themselves in the _Airs_, if he will preserve Musick in its\nChastity.\n\u00a7 16. Not only a Scholar, but every Singer ought to forbear\n_Caricatura's_, or mimicking others, from the very bad Consequences that\nattend them. To make others laugh, hardly gains any one Esteem, but\ncertainly gives Offence; for no-body likes to appear ridiculous or\nignorant. This Mimicking arises for the most part from a concealed\nAmbition to shew their own Merit, at another's Expence; not without a\nMixture of Envy and Spight. Examples shew us but too plainly the great\nInjury they are apt to do, and that it well deserves Reproof; for\nMimickry has ruin'd more than one Singer.\n\u00a7 17. I cannot sufficiently recommend to a Student the exact keeping of\nTime; and if I repeat the same in more than one place, there is more\nthan one Occasion that moves me to it; because, even among the\nProfessors of the first Rank there are few, but what are almost\ninsensibly deceived into an Irregularity, or hastening of Time, and\noften of both; which though in the Beginning is hardly perceptible, yet\nin the Progress of the _Air_ becomes more and more so, and at the last\nthe Variation, and the Error is discovered.\n\u00a7 18. If I do not advise a Student to imitate several of the _Moderns_\nin their Manner of singing _Airs_, it is from their Neglect of keeping\nTime, which ought to be inviolable, and not sacrificed to their beloved\nPassages and Divisions.\n\u00a7 19. The Presumption of some Singers is not to be borne with, who\nexpect that an whole _Orchestre_ should stop in the midst of a\nwell-regulated Movement, to wait for their ill-grounded Caprices,\nlearned by Heart, carried from one Theatre to another, and perhaps\nstolen from some applauded female Singer, who had better Luck than\nSkill, and whose Errors were excused in regard to her Sex.----Softly,\nsoftly with your Criticism, says one; this, if you do not know it, is\ncalled Singing after the _Mode_----Singing after the _Mode_?----I say,\nyou are mistaken. The stopping in the _Airs_ at every second and fourth,\nand on all the sevenths and sixths of the Bass, was a bad Practice of\nthe ancient Masters, disapproved fifty Years ago by _Rivani_, called\n_Ciecolino_,[61] who with invincible Reasons shewed the proper Places\nfor Embellishments, without begging Pauses. This Percept was approved by\nseveral eminent Persons, among whom was Signer _Pistochi_,[62] the most\nfamous of our, and all preceding Times, who has made himself immortal,\nby shewing the way of introducing Graces without transgressing against\nTime. This Example alone, which is worth a Thousand (O my rever'd\n_Moderns_!) should be sufficient to undeceive you. But if this does not\nsatisfy you, I will add, that _Sifacio_[63] with his mellifluous Voice\nembrac'd this Rule; that _Buzzolini_[64] of incomparable Judgment highly\nesteemed it: After them _Luigino_[65] with his soft and amorous Stile\nfollowed their Steps; likewise _Signora Boschi_[66] who, to the Glory of\nher Sex, has made it appear, that Women, who study, may instruct even\nMen of some Note. That _Signora Lotti_,[67] strictly keeping to the\nsame Rules, with a penetrating Sweetness of Voice, gained the Hearts of\nall her Hearers. If Persons of this Rank, and others at present\ncelebrated all over _Europe_, whom I forbear to name; if all these have\nnot Authority enough to convince you, that you have no Right to alter\nthe Time by making Pauses, consider at least, that by this Error in\nrespect of Time, you often fall into a greater, which is, that the Voice\nremains unaccompanied, and deprived of Harmony; and thereby becomes flat\nand tiresome to the best Judges. You will perhaps say in Excuse, that\nfew Auditors have this Discernment, and that there are Numbers of the\nothers, who blindly applaud every thing that has an Appearance of\nNovelty. But whose fault is this? An Audience that applauds what is\nblameable, cannot justify your Faults by their Ignorance; it is your\nPart to set them right, and, laying aside your ill-grounded Practice,\nyou should own, that the Liberties you take are against Reason, and an\ninsult upon all those instrumental Performers that are waiting for you,\nwho are upon a Level with you, and ought to be subservient only to the\nTime. In short, I would have you reflect, that the abovementioned\nPrecept will always be of Advantage to you; for though under the\nneglecting of it, you have a Chance to gain Applause of the Ignorant\nonly; by observing it, you will justly merit that of the Judicious, and\nthe Applause will become universal.\n\u00a7 20. Besides the Errors in keeping Time, there are other Reasons, why a\nStudent should not imitate the _modern_ Gentlemen in singing _Airs_,\nsince it plainly appears that all their Application now is to divide\nand subdivide in such a Manner, that it is impossible to understand\neither Words, Thoughts, or Modulation, or to distinguish one _Air_ from\nanother, they singing them all so much alike, that, in hearing of one,\nyou hear a Thousand.----And must the _Mode_ triumph? It was thought, not\nmany Years since, that in an Opera, one rumbling _Air_, full of\nDivisions was sufficient for the most gurgling Singer to spend his\nFire[68]; but the Singers of the present Time are not of that Mind, but\nrather, as if they were not satisfied with transforming them all with a\nhorrible Metamorphosis into so many Divisions, they, like Racers, run\nfull Speed, with redoubled Violence to their final Cadences, to make\nReparation for the Time they think they have lost during the Course of\nthe _Air_. In the following Chapter, on the tormented and tortured\nCadences, we shall shortly see the good Taste of the _Mode_; in the mean\nwhile I return to the Abuses and Defects in _Airs_.\n\u00a7 21. I cannot positively tell, who that _Modern_ Composer, or that\nungrateful Singer was, that had the Heart to banish the delightful,\nsoothing, _Pathetick_ from _Airs_, as if no longer worthy of their\nCommands, after having done them so long and pleasing Service. Whoever\nhe was, it is certain, he has deprived the Profession of its most\nvaluable Excellence. Ask all the Musicians in general, what their\nThoughts are of the _Pathetick_, they all agree in the same Opinion, (a\nthing that seldom happens) and answer, that the _Pathetick_ is what is\nmost delicious to the Ear, what most sweetly affects the Soul, and is\nthe strongest Basis of Harmony. And must we be deprived of these Charms,\nwithout knowing the Reason why? Oh! I understand you: I ought not to ask\nthe Masters, but the Audience, those capricious Protectors of the\n_Mode_, that cannot endure this; and herein lies my Mistake. Alas! the\n_Mode_ and the Multitude flow like Torrents, which, when at their\nHeight, having spent their Violence, quickly disappear. The Mischief is\nin the Spring itself; the Fault is in the Singers. They praise the\n_Pathetick_, yet sing the _Allegro_. He must want common Sense that does\nnot see through them. They know the first to be the most Excellent, but\nthey lay it aside, knowing it to be the most difficult.\n\u00a7 22. In former times divers _Airs_ were heard in the Theatre in this\ndelightful Manner, preceded and accompanied with harmonious and\nwell-modulated Instruments, that ravished the Senses of those who\ncomprehended the Contrivance and the Melody; and if sung by one of those\nfive or six eminent Persons abovementioned, it was then impossible for a\nhuman Soul, not to melt into Tenderness and Tears from the violent\nMotion of the Affections. Oh! powerful Proof to confound the idoliz'd\n_Mode_! Are there in these Times any, who are moved with Tenderness, or\nSorrow?----No, (say all the Auditors) no; for, the continual singing of\nthe _Moderns_ in the _Allegro_ Stile, though when in Perfection That\ndeserves Admiration, yet touches very slightly one that hath a delicate\nEar. The Taste of the _Ancients_ was a Mixture of the _Lively_ and the\n_Cantabile_ the Variety of which could not fail giving Delight; but the\n_Moderns_ are so pre-possessed with Taste in _Mode_, that, rather than\ncomply with the former, they are contented to lose the greatest Part of\nits Beauty. The Study of the _Pathetick_ was the Darling of the former;\nand Application to the most difficult Divisions is the only Drift of the\nlatter. _Those_ perform'd with more Judgment; and _These_ execute with\ngreater Boldness. But since I have presum'd to compare the most\ncelebrated Singers in both Stiles, pardon me if I conclude with saying,\nthat the _Moderns_ are arrived at the highest Degree of Perfection in\nsinging to the _Ear_; and that the _Ancients_ are inimitable in singing\nto the _Heart_.\n\u00a7 23. However, it ought not to be denied, but that the best Singers of\nthese times have in some Particulars refined the preceding Taste, with\nsome Productions worthy to be imitated; and as an evident Mark of\nEsteem, we must publicly own, that if they were but a little more\nFriends to the _Pathetick_ and the _Expressive_, and a little less to\nthe _Divisions_, they might boast of having brought the Art to the\nhighest Degree of Perfection.\n\u00a7 24. It may also possibly be, that the extravagant Ideas in the present\nCompositions, have deprived the abovementioned Singers of the\nOpportunity of shewing their Ability in the _Cantabile_; in as much as\nthe _Airs_ at present in vogue go Whip and Spur with such violent\nMotions, as take away their Breath, far from giving them an Opportunity\nof shewing the Exquisiteness of their Taste. But, good God! since there\nare so many _modern_ Composers, among whom are some of Genius equal, and\nperhaps greater than the best _Ancients_, for what Reason or Motive do\nthey always exclude from their Compositions, the so-much-longed-for\n_Adagio_? Can its gentle Nature ever be guilty of a Crime? If it cannot\ngallop with the _Airs_ that are always running Post, why not reserve it\nfor those that require Repose, or at least for a compassionate one,\nwhich is to assist an unfortunate Hero, when he is to shed Tears, or die\non the Stage?----No, Sir, No; the grand _Mode_ demands that he be quick,\nand ready to burst himself in his Lamentations, and weep with\nLiveliness. But what can one say? The Resentment of the _modern_ Taste\nis not appeased with the Sacrifice of the _Pathetick_ and the _Adagio_\nonly, two inseparable Friends, but goes so far, as to prescribe those\n_Airs_, as Confederates, that have not the _Sharp_ third. Can any thing\nbe more absurd? _Gentlemen Composers_, (I do not speak to the eminent,\nbut with all due Respect) Musick in my Time has chang'd its Stile three\ntimes: The first which pleased on the Stage, and in the Chamber, was\nthat of _Pier. Simone_[69], and of _Stradella_[70]; the second is of\nthe best that now living[71]; and I leave others to judge whether they\nare _Modern_. But of your Stile, which is not quite established yet in\n_Italy_, and which has yet gained no Credit at all beyond the _Alps_,\nthose that come after us will soon give their Opinion; for _Modes_ last\nnot long. But if the Profession is to continue, and end with the World,\neither you yourselves will see your Mistake, or your Successors will\nreform it. Wou'd you know how? By banishing the Abuses, and recalling\nthe first, second, and third _Mood_[72], to relieve the fifth, sixth,\nand eighth, which are quite jaded. They will revive the fourth and\nseventh now dead to you, and buried in Churches, for the final Closes.\nTo oblige the Taste of the Singers and the Hearers, the _Allegro_ will\nnow and then be mixed with the _Pathetick_. The _Airs_ will not always\nbe drowned with the Indiscretion of the Instruments, that hide the\nartful Delicacy of the _Piano_, and the soft Voices, nay, even all\nVoices which will not bawl: They will no longer bear being teased with\n_Unisons_[73], the Invention of Ignorance, to hide from the Vulgar the\nInsufficiency and Inability of many Men and Women Singers: They will\nrecover the instrumental Harmony now lost: They will compose more for\nthe Voice than the Instruments: The part for the Voice will no more have\nthe Mortification to resign its Place to the Violins: The _Soprano's_\nand _Contr'Alto's_ will no more sing the _Airs_ in the Manner of the\nBass, in Spight of a thousand _Octaves_: And, finally, their _Airs_ will\nbe more affecting, and less alike; more studied, and less painful to the\nSinger; and so much the more grand, as they are remote from the Vulgar.\nBut, methinks, I hear it said, that the theatrical Licence is great,\nand that the _Mode_ pleases, and that I grow too bold. And may I not\nreply, that the Abuse is greater, that the Invention is pernicious, and\nthat my Opinion is not singular. Am I the only Professor who knows that\nthe best Compositions are the Cause of singing well, and the worst very\nprejudicial? Have we not more than once heard that the Quality of the\nCompositions has been capable, with a few Songs, of establishing the\nReputation of a middling Singer, and destroying That of one who had\nacquired one by Merit? That Musick, which is composed by one of Judgment\nand Taste, instructs the Scholar, perfects the Skilful, and delights the\nHearer. But since we have opened the Ball, let us dance.\n\u00a7 25. He that first introduced Musick on the Stage, probably thought to\nlead her to a Triumph, and raise her to a Throne. But who would ever\nhave imagined, that in the short Course of a few Years, she should be\nreduced to the fatal Circumstance of seeing her own Tragedy? Ye pompous\nFabricks of the Theatres! We should look upon you with Horror, being\nraised from the Ruins of Harmony: You are the Origin of the Abuses, and\nof the Errors: From You is derived the _modern_ Stile and the Multitude\nof Ballad-makers: You are the only Occasion of the Scarcity of judicious\nand well-grounded Professors, who justly deserve the Title of\nChapel-Master[74]; since the poor Counterpoint[75] has been condemned,\nin this corrupted Age, to beg for a Piece of Bread in Churches, whilst\nthe Ignorance of many exults on the Stage, the most part of the\nComposers have been prompted from Avarice, or Indigence, to abandon in\nsuch Manner the true Study, that one may foresee (if not succoured by\nthose few, that still gloriously sustain its dearest Precepts) Musick,\nafter having lost the Name of Science, and a Companion of Philosophy,\nwill run the Risque of being reputed unworthy to enter into the sacred\nTemples, from the Scandal given there, by their Jiggs, Minuets, and\nFurlana's[76]; and, in fact, where the Taste is so deprav'd, what would\nmake the Difference between the Church-Musick, and the Theatrical, if\nMoney was received at the Church Doors?\n\u00a7 26. I know that the World honours with just Applause some, tho' few\nMasters, intelligent in both Stiles, to whom I direct the Students in\norder to their singing well; and if I confine the Masters to so small a\nNumber, I do beg Pardon of those who should be comprehended therein;\nhoping easily to obtain it, because an involuntary Error does not\noffend, and an eminent Person knows no other Envy but virtuous\nEmulation. As for the Ignorant, who for the most part are not used to\nindulge any, but rather despise and hate every thing they do not\ncomprehend, they will be the Persons from whom I am to expect no\nQuarter.\n\u00a7 27. To my Misfortune, I asked one of this sort, from whom he had\nlearned the _Counterpoint_? he answered immediately from the Instrument,\n(_i.e._, the Harpsichord)--Very well. I asked farther, in what _Tone_\nhave you composed the Introduction of your Opera?----What _Tone_! what\n_Tone_! (breaking in upon me abruptly) with what musty Questions are you\ngoing to disturb my Brains? One may easily perceive from what School\nyou come. The _Moderns_, if you do not know it, acknowledge no other\n_Tone_ but one[77]; they laugh, with Reason, at the silly Opinion of\nthose who imagine there are two, as well as at those who maintain, that\ntheir being divided into _Authentick_ and _Plagal_, they become Eight,\n(and more if there were need) and prudently leave it to everybody's\nPleasure to compose as they like best. The World in your Time was\nasleep, and let it not displease you, if our merry and brisk Manner has\nawakened it with a Gayety so pleasing to the Heart, that it incites one\nto dance. I would have you likewise be lively before you die, and,\nabandoning your uncouth Ideas, make it appear, that old Age can be\npleased with the Productions of Youth; otherwise you will find, that\nyou will be condemned by your own Words, that Ignorance hates all that\nis excellent. The polite Arts have advanced continually in Refinement,\nand if the rest were to give me the Lie, Musick would defend me Sword in\nHand; for she cannot arrive at a higher Pitch. Awake therefore, and, if\nyou are not quite out of your Senses, hearken to me; and you will\nacknowledge that I speak candidly to you; and for a Proof be it known to\nyou----\n\u00a7 28. That our delicious Stile has been invented to hide with the fine\nName of _Modern_ the too difficult Rules of the _Counterpoint_, cannot\nbe denied.\n\u00a7 29. That there is an inviolable Rule amongst us, to banish for ever\nthe _Pathetick_, is very true; because we will have no Melancholy.\n\u00a7 30. But, that we should be told by the old _Bashaws_, that we strive\nwho can produce most extravagant Absurdities never heard before, and\nthat we brag to be the Inventors of them ourselves, are the malign\nReflections of those who see us exalted. Let Envy burst. You see, that\nthe general Esteem which we have acquired, gives it for us; and if a\nMusician is not of our Tribe, he will find no Patron or Admirer. But\nsince we are now speaking in Confidence and with Sincerity, who can sing\nor compose well, without our Approbation? Let them have ever so much\nMerit (you know it) we do not want Means to ruin him; even a few\nSyllables will suffice: It is only saying, He is an _Ancient_.\n\u00a7 31. Tell me, I beseech you, who, without us, could have brought Musick\nto the Height of Happiness, with no greater Difficulty than taking from\nthe _Airs_ that tiresome Emulation of the first and second Violin, and\nof the Tenor? Is there any that ever durst usurp the Glory of it? We, we\nare those, who by our Ingenuity have raised her to this Degree of\nSublimity, in taking also from her that noisy murmuring of the\nfundamental Basses, in such Manner,----(mark me well, and learn) that\nif in an _Orchestre_ there were an hundred Violins, we are capable of\ncomposing in such a Manner, that all and every one shall play the very\n_Air_ which the Voice sings. What say you to that? Can you have the Face\nto find Fault with us?\n\u00a7 32. Our most lovely Method, that obliges none of us to the painful\nStudy of the Rules; which does not disquiet the Mind with the Anxiety of\nSpeculation, nor delude us with the Study of reducing them into\nPractice; that does not prejudice the Health; that enchants the Ear _\u00e0\nla Mode_; that finds those who love it, who prize it, and who pay for it\nthe Weight in Gold; and dare you to criticise upon it?\n\u00a7 33. What shall we say of the obscure and tedious Compositions of those\nwhom you celebrate as the Top of the Universe, tho' your Opinion goes\nfor nothing? Don't you perceive that those old-fashioned Crabbednesses\nare disgustful? We should be great Fools to grow pale, and become\nparalytick in studying and finding out in the Scores, the Harmony, the\n_Fugues_, their _Reverses_, the _Double Counterpoint_, the\nMultiplication of Subjects, to contract them closer, to make _Canons_,\nand such other dry Stuff, that are no more in _Mode_, and (what is\nworse) are of little Esteem, and less Profit. What say you now to this,\n_Master Critick_? Have you comprehended me?----Yes, Sir. Well, what\nAnswer do you make me?----None.\n\u00a7 34. Really, I am astonished, O beloved Singers, at the profound\nLethargy in which you remain, and which is so much to your Disadvantage.\n'Tis You that ought to awaken, for now is the Time, and tell the\nComposers of this Stamp, that your Desire is to Sing, and not to Dance.\nCHAP. VIII.\n_Of_ Cadences.[78]\nThe _Cadences_, that terminate the _Airs_, are of two Sorts. The\nComposers call the one _Superior_, and the other _Inferior_. To make\nmyself better understood by a Scholar, I mean, if a _Cadence_ were in\n_C_ natural, the Notes of the first would be _La, Sol, Fa;_ and those of\nthe second _Fa, Mi, Fa_. In _Airs_ for a single Voice, or in\n_Recitatives_, a Singer may chuse which of these _Closes_ or _Cadences_\npleases him best; but if in Concert with other Voices, or accompanied\nwith Instruments, he must not change the Superior for the Inferior, nor\nthis with the other.[79]\n\u00a7 2. It would be superfluous to speak of the broken _Cadences_, they\nbeing become familiar even to those who are not Professors of Musick,\nand which serve at most but in _Recitatives_.[80]\n\u00a7 3. As for those _Cadences_ that fall a fifth, they were never composed\nin the old Stile for a _Soprano_, in an _Air_ for a single Voice, or\nwith Instruments, unless the Imitation of some Words had obliged the\nComposer thereto. Yet these, having no other Merit, but of being the\neasiest of all, as well for the Composer as for the Singer, are at\npresent the most prevailing.[81]\n\u00a7 4. In the Chapter on _Airs_, I have exhorted the Student to avoid that\nTorrent of _Passages_ and _Divisions_, so much in the _Mode_, and did\nengage myself also, to give my weak Sentiments on the _Cadences_ that\nare now current; and I am now ready: But, however, with the usual\nProtestation of submitting them, with all my other Opinions, to the\nTribunal of the Judicious, and those of Taste, from whence there is no\nAppeal; that they, as sovereign Judges of the Profession, may condemn\nthe Abuses of the _modern Cadences_, or the Errors of my Opinion.\n\u00a7 5. Every _Air_ has (at least) three _Cadences_, that are all three\nfinal. Generally speaking, the Study of the Singers of the present Times\nconsists in terminating the _Cadence_ of the first Part with an\noverflowing of _Passages_ and _Divisions_ at Pleasure, and the\n_Orchestre_ waits; in that of the second[82] the Dose is encreased, and\nthe _Orchestre_ grows tired; but on the last _Cadence_, the Throat is\nset a going, like a Weather-cock in a Whirlwind, and the _Orchestre_\nyawns. But why must the World be thus continually deafened with so many\n_Divisions_? I must (with your leave, _Gentlemen Moderns_) say in Favour\nof the Profession, that good Taste does not consist in a continual\nVelocity of the Voice, which goes thus rambling on, without a Guide, and\nwithout Foundation; but rather, in the _Cantabile_, in the putting forth\nthe Voice agreeably, in _Appoggiatura's_, in Art, and in the true Notion\nof Graces, going from one Note to another with singular and unexpected\nSurprizes, and stealing the Time exactly on the true _Motion_ of the\nBass. These are the principal and indispensible Qualities which are most\nessential to the singing well, and which no musical Ear can find in your\ncapricious _Cadences_. I must still add, that very _anciently_ the Stile\nof the Singers was insupportable, (as I have been informed by the\nMaster who taught me to _Sol-fa_) by reason of the Number of _Passages_\nand _Divisions_ in their _Cadences_, that never were at an end, as they\nare now; and that they were always the same, just as they are now. They\nbecame at last so odious, that, as a Nusance to the Sense of Hearing,\nthey were banished without so much as attempting their Correction. Thus\nwill it also happen to These, at the first Example given by a Singer\nwhose Credit is established, and who will not be seduced by a vain\npopular Applause. This Reformation the succeeding Professors of Eminence\nprescribed to themselves as a Law, which perhaps would not have been\nabolished, were they in a Condition to be heard; but the Opulency of\nsome, Loss of the Voice, Age and Death of others, has deprived the\nLiving from hearing what was truly worthy our Admiration in Singing. Now\nthe Singers laugh at the Reformers, and their Reformation of the\n_Passages_ in the _Cadences_; and on the contrary, having recalled them\nfrom their Banishment, and brought them on the Stage, with some little\n_Caricatura_ to boot, they impose them on the Ignorant for rare\nInventions, and gain themselves immense Sums; it giving them no Concern\nthat they have been abhorr'd and detested for fifty or sixty Years, or\nfor an hundred Ages. But who can blame them? However, if Reason should\nmake this Demand of them, with what unjust Pretence can you usurp the\nName of _Moderns_, if you sing in a most _Ancient_ Stile? Perhaps, you\nthink that these overflowings of your Throat are what procure you Riches\nand Praises? Undeceive yourselves, and thank the great Number of\nTheatres, the Scarcity of excellent Performers, and the Stupidity of\nyour Auditors. What could they answer? I know not. But let us call them\nto a stricter Account.\n\u00a7 6. _Gentlemen Moderns_, can you possibly deny, but that you laugh\namong yourselves, when you have Recourse to your long-strung _Passages_\nin the _Cadences_, to go a begging for Applause from the blind Ignorant?\nYou call this Trick by the Name of an _Alms_, begging for Charity as it\nwere for those _E Viva's_, which, you very well know, you do not deserve\nfrom Justice. And in return you laugh at your Admirers, tho' they have\nnot Hands, Feet, nor Voice enough to applaud you. Is this Justice? Is\nthis Gratitude?----Oh! if they ever should find you out! My beloved\nSingers, tho' the Abuses of your _Cadences_ are of use to you, they are\nmuch more prejudicial to the Profession, and are the greatest Faults you\ncan commit; because at the same time you know yourselves to be in the\nWrong. For your own Sakes undeceive the World, and employ the rare\nTalent you are endowed with on Things that are worthy of you. In the\nmean while I will return with more Courage to my Opinions.\n\u00a7 7. I should be very desirous to[83] know, on what Foundation certain\n_Moderns_ of Reputation, and great Name, do on the superior _Cadences_\nalways make the _Shake_ on the third in _Alt_ to the final Note; since\nthe _Shake_ (which ought to be resolved) cannot be so in this Case, by\nreason of that very third, which being the sixth of the Bass hinders it,\nand the _Cadence_ remains without a Resolution. If they should go so far\nas to imagine, that the best Rules depended on the _Mode_, I should\nnotwithstanding think, they might sometimes appeal to the Ear, to know\nif That was satisfied with a _Shake_ beaten with the seventh and the\nsixth on a Bass which makes the _Cadence_; and I am sure it would\nanswer. No. From the Rules of the _Ancients_ we learn, that the _Shake_\nis to be prepared on the sixth of the Bass, that after it the fifth may\nbe heard, for that is its proper Place.\n\u00a7 8. Some others of the same Rank make their _Cadences_ in the Manner of\nthe Basses, which is, in falling a fifth, with a Passage of Swift Notes\ndescending gradually, supposing that by this Means they cover the\n_Octaves_, which, tho' disguised, will still appear.\n\u00a7 9. I hold it also for certain, that no Professor of the first Rank, in\nany _Cadence_ whatsoever, can be allowed to make _Shakes_, or\n_Divisions_, on the last Syllables but one of these\nWords,--_Confonder\u00f2_--_Amer\u00f2_, &c. for they are Ornaments that do not\nsuit on those Syllables which are short, but do well on the\nAntecedent.[84]\n\u00a7 10. Very many of the second Class end the inferior _Cadences_ in the\n_French_ Manner without a _Shake_[85], either for want of Ability to\nmake one, or from its being easy to copy them, or from their Desire of\nfinding out something that may in Appearance support the name of\n_Modern_. But in Fact they are mistaken; for the _French_ do not leave\nout the _Shake_ on the inferior _Cadences_, except in the _Pathetick\nAirs_; and our _Italians_, who are used to over-do the _Mode_, exclude\nit every where, tho' in the _Allegro_ the _Shake_ is absolutely\nnecessary. I know, that a good Singer may with Reason abstain from the\n_Shake_ in the _Cantabile_; however, it should be rarely; for if one of\nthose _Cadences_ be tolerable without that pleasing Grace, it is\nabsolutely impossible not to be tired at length, with a Number one after\nanother that die suddenly.\n\u00a7 11. I find that all the _Moderns_ (let them be Friends or Foes to the\n_Shake_) in the inferior _Cadences_ beforementioned go with an\n_Appoggiatura_ to the final Note, on the penultimate Syllable of a Word;\nand this likewise is a Defect, it appearing to me, that on such\nOccasions the _Appoggiatura_ is not pleasing but on the last Syllable,\nafter the Manner of the _Ancients_, or of those who know how to\nsing.[86]\n\u00a712. If, in the inferior _Cadences_, the best Singers of these Days\nthink they are not in the wrong in making you hear the final Note before\nthe Bass[87], they deceive themselves grossly; for it is a very great\nError, hurts the Ear, and is against the Rules; and becomes doubly so,\ngoing (as they do) to the same Note with an _Appoggiatura_, the which\neither ascending or descending, if not after the Bass[88], is always\nvery bad.\n\u00a7 13. And is it not worst of all, to torment the Hearers with a thousand\n_Cadences_ all in the same Manner? From whence proceeds this Sterility,\nsince every Professor knows, that the surest way of gaining Esteem in\nSinging is a Variety in the Repetition?\n\u00a7 14. If among all the _Cadences_ in the _Airs_, the last allows a\nmoderate Liberty to the Singer, to distinguish the end of them, the\nAbuse of it is insufferable. But it grows abomable, when the Singer\npersists with his tiresome Warbling, nauseating the Judicious, who\nsuffer the more, because they know that the Composers leave generally in\nevery _final Cadence_ some Note, sufficient to make a discreet\nEmbellishment; without seeking for it out of Time, without Taste,\nwithout Art, and without Judgment.[89]\n\u00a7 15. I am still more surprised when I reflect, that the _modern_ Stile,\nafter having exposed all the _Cadences_ of the theatrical _Airs_ to the\nMartyrdom of a perpetual Motion, will likewise have the Cruelty to\ncondemn to the same Punishment not Those in the _Cantata's_ only, but\nalso the _Cadences_ of their _Recitatives_. Do these Singers pretend, by\ntheir not distinguishing the Chamber-Musick from the immoderate\n_Gargling_ of the Stage, to expect the vulgar _E Viva's_ in the Cabinet\nof Princes?\n\u00a7 16. Let a sensible Student avoid this Example, and with this Example\nthe Abuses, the Defects, and every other Thing that is mean and common,\nas well in the _Cadences_ as elsewhere.\n\u00a7 17. If, the inventing particular _Cadences_ without injuring the Time,\nhas been one of the worthy Employments of the _Ancients_ (so call'd) let\na Student revive the Use of it; endeavouring to imitate them in their\nSkill of somewhat anticipating the Time; and remember, that Those, who\nunderstand the Art of Gracing, do not wait to admire the Beauty of it in\na Silence of the Bass.\n\u00a7 18. Many and many other Errors are heard in the _Cadences_ that were\n_Antique_, and which are now become _Modern_; they were ridiculous then,\nand are so now; therefore considering, that to change the Stile is not\nalways to improve it, I may fairly conclude, that what is bad is to be\ncorrected by Study, and not by the _Mode_.\n\u00a7 19. Now let us for a while leave at Rest the Opinions of the aforesaid\nAncients, and the supposed _Moderns_, to take notice what Improvement\nthe Scholar has made, since he is desirous of being heard. Well then,\nlet him attend, before we part with him, to Instructions of more Weight,\nthat he may at least deserve the Name of a good Singer, though he may\nnot arrive at that of an eminent one.\nCHAP. IX.\n_Observations for a Singer._[90]\nBehold the Singer now appearing in Publick, from the Effects of his\nApplication to the Study of the foregoing Lessons. But to what Purpose\ndoes he appear? Whoever, in the great Theatre of the World, does not\ndistinguish himself, makes but a very insignificant Figure.\n\u00a7 2. From the cold Indifference perceived in many Singers, one would\nbelieve that the Science of Musick implored their Favour, to be\nreceived by them as their most humble Servant.\n\u00a7 3. If too many did not persuade themselves that they had studied\nsufficiently, there would not be such a Scarcity of the Best, nor such a\nSwarm of the Worst. These, because they can sing by Heart three or four\n_Kyrie's_[91], think they are arrived at the _Non plus ultra_; but if\nyou give them a _Cantata_ to sing, that is even easy, and fairly\nwritten, they, instead of complying as they ought, will tell you with an\nimpudent Face, that Persons of their Degree are not obliged to sing in\nthe vulgar Tongue at Sight. And who can forbear laughing? For a Musician\nknowing that the Words, let them be either _Latin_ or _Italian_, do not\nchange the Form of the Notes, must immediately conclude, that this pert\nAnswer of the great Man proceeds from his not being able to sing at\nSight, or from his not knowing how to read; and he judges right.\n\u00a7 4. There are an infinite Number[92] of others, who wish and sigh for\nthe Moment that eases them from the painful Fatigue of their first\nStudies, hoping to have a Chance to make one in the Crowd of the second\nRate; and stumbling by good Luck on something that gives them Bread,\nthey immediately make a Legg to Musick and its Study, not caring whether\nthe World knows they are, or are not among the Living. These do not\nconsider that _Mediocrity_ in a Singer means _Ignorance_.\n\u00a7 5. There are also several who study nothing but the Defects, and are\nendow'd with a marvelous Aptness to learn them all, having so happy a\nMemory as never to forget them. Their Genius is so inclined to the Bad,\nthat if by Gift of Nature they had the best of Voices, they would be\ndiscontented if they could not find some Means to make it the worst.\n\u00a7 6. One of a better Spirit will endeavour to keep better Company. He\nwill be sensible of the Necessity of farther Discoveries, of farther\nInstructions, and even of another Master, of whom, besides the Art of\nSinging, he would be glad to learn how to behave himself with good\nBreeding. This, added to the Merit acquired by his Singing, may give him\nHopes of the Favour of Princes, and of an universal Esteem.\n\u00a7 7. If he aims at the Character of a young Man of Wit and Judgment, let\nhim not be vulgar or too bold.\n\u00a7 8. Let him shun low and disreputable Company, but, above all, such as\nabandon themselves to scandalous Liberties.\n\u00a7 9. That Professor ought not to be frequented, though excellent in this\nArt, whose behaviour is vulgar and discreditable, and who cares not,\nprovided he makes his Fortune, whether it be at the Expence of his\nReputation.\n\u00a7 10. The best School is the Nobility, from whom every thing that is\ngenteel is to be learned; but when a Musician finds that his Company is\nnot proper, let him retire without repining, and his Modesty will be to\nhis Commendation.\n\u00a7 11. If he should not meet with a Gratification from the Great, let him\nnever complain; for it is better to get but little, than to lose a great\ndeal, and that is not seldom the Case. The best he can do, is to be\nassiduous in serving them, that at least he may hope for the Pleasure of\nseeing them for once grateful, or be convinced for ever of their being\nungrateful.\n\u00a7 12. My long and repeated Travels have given me an Opportunity of being\nacquainted with most of the Courts of _Europe_, and Examples, more than\nmy Words, should persuade every able Singer to see them also; but\nwithout yielding up his Liberty to their Allurements: For Chains,\nthough of Gold, are still Chains; and they are not all of that precious\nMetal: Besides, the several Inconveniencies of Disgrace, Mortifications,\nUncertainty; and, above all, the Hindrance of Study.\n\u00a7 13.[93] The golden Age of Musick would be already at an End, if the\nSwans did not make their Nests on some Theatres in _Italy_, or on the\nroyal Banks of the _Thames_. O dear _London_!----On the other Streams,\nthey sing no more as they used to do their sweet Notes at their\nexpiring; but rather sadly lament the Expiration of those august and\nadorable Princes, by whom they were tenderly belov'd and esteemed. This\nis the usual Vicissitude of Things in this World; and we daily see, that\nwhatever is sublunary must of Necessity decline. Let us leave the Tears\nto the Heart, and return to the Singer.\n\u00a7 14. A discreet Person will never use such affected Expressions as, _I\ncannot sing To-day;--I've got a deadly Cold;_ and, in making his Excuse,\nfalls a Coughing. I can truly say, that I have never in my Life heard a\nSinger own the Truth, and say, _I'm very well to-day_: They reserve the\nunseasonable Confession to the next Day, when they make no Difficulty to\nsay, _In all my Days my Voice was never in better Order than it was\nYesterday_. I own, on certain Conjunctures, the Pretext is not only\nsuitable, but even necessary; for, to speak the Truth, the indiscreet\nParsimony of some, who would hear Musick for Thanks only, goes so far,\nthat they think a Master is immediately obliged to obey them _gratis_,\nand that the Refusal is an Offence that deserves Resentment and Revenge.\nBut if it is a Law human and divine, that every Body should live by\ntheir honest Labour, what barbarous Custom obliges a Musician to serve\nwithout a Recompence? A cursed Over-bearing; O sordid Avarice!\n\u00a7 15. A Singer, that knows the World, distinguishes between the\ndifferent Manners of Commanding; he knows how to refuse without\ndisobliging, and how to obey with a good Grace; not being ignorant, that\none, who has his Interest most at Heart, sometimes finds his Account in\nserving without a Gratification.\n\u00a7 16. One who sings with a Desire of gaining Honour and Credit, cannot\nsing ill, and in time will sing better; and one, who thinks on nothing\nbut Gain, is in the ready way to remain ignorant.\n\u00a7 17. Who would ever think (if Experience did not shew it) that a Virtue\nof the highest Estimation should prejudice a Singer? And yet, whilst\nPresumption and Arrogance triumph (I'm shock'd to think on't) amiable\nHumility, the more the Singer has of it, the more it depresses him.\n\u00a7 18. At first Sight, Arrogance has the Appearance of Ability; but,\nupon a nearer View, I can discover Ignorance in Masquerade.\n\u00a7 19. This Arrogance serves them sometimes, as a politick Artifice to\nhide their own Failings: For Example, certain Singers would not be\nunconcern'd, under the Shame of not being able to sing a few Barrs at\nSight, if with Shrugs, scornful Glances, and malicious shaking of their\nHeads, they did not give the Auditors to understand that those gross\nErrors are owing to him that accompanies, or to the _Orchestre_.\n\u00a7 20. To humble such Arrogance, may it never meet with that Incense\nwhich it expects.\n\u00a7 21. Who could sing better than the Arogant, if they were not ashamed\nto study?\n\u00a7 22. It is a Folly in a Singer to grow vain at the first Applauses,\nwithout reflecting whether they are given by Chance, or out of Flattery;\nand if he thinks he deserves them, there is an End of him.\n\u00a7 23. He should regulate his Voice according to the Place where he\nsings; for it would be the greatest Absurdity, not to make a Difference\nbetween a small Cabinet and a vast Theatre.[94]\n\u00a7 24. He is still more to be blam'd, who, when singing in two, three, or\nfour Parts, does so raise his Voice as to drown his Companions; for if\nit is not Ignorance, it is something worse.\n\u00a7 25. All Compositions for more than one Voice ought to be sung strictly\nas they are written; nor do they require any other Art but a noble\nSimplicity. I remember to have heard once a famous _Duetto_ torn into\nAtoms by two renown'd Singers, in Emulation; the one proposing, and the\nother by Turns answering, that at last it[95] ended in a Contest, who\ncould produce the most Extravagancies.\n\u00a7 26. The Correction of Friends, that have Knowledge, instructs very\nmuch; but still greater Advantage may be gain'd from the ill-natur'd\nCriticks; for, the more intent they are to discover Defects, the greater\nBenefit may be receiv'd from them without any Obligation.\n\u00a7 27. It is certain, that the Errors corrected by our Enemies are better\ncur'd, than those corrected by ourselves; for we are apt to indulge our\nFaults, nor can we so easily perceive them.\n\u00a7 28. He that sings with Applause in one Place only, let him not have\ntoo good an Opinion of himself; let him often change Climates, and then\nhe will judge better of his Talent.\n\u00a7 29. To please universally, Reason will tell you, that you must always\nsing well; but if Reason does not inform you, Interest will persuade you\nto conform to the Taste of that Nation (provided it be not too deprav'd)\nwhich pays you.\n\u00a7 30. If he that sings well provokes Envy, by singing better he will get\nthe Victory over it.\n\u00a7 31. I do not know if a perfect Singer can at the same time be a\nperfect Actor; for the Mind being at once divided by two different\nOperations, he will probably incline more to one than the other; It\nbeing, however, much more difficult to sing well than to act well, the\nMerit of the first is beyond the second. What a Felicity would it be, to\npossess both in a perfect Degree![96]\n\u00a7 32. Having said, a Singer should not copy, I repeat it now with this\nReason; that to copy is the part of a Scholar, that of a Master is to\ninvent.\n\u00a7 33. Let it be remembered by the Singer, that copying comes from\nLaziness, and that none copy ill but out of Ignorance.\n\u00a7 34. Where Knowledge with Study makes one a good Singer, Ignorance with\none single Copy makes a thousand bad ones; however, among these there\nare none that will acknowledge her for a Teacher.\n\u00a7 35. If many of the female Singers (for whom I have due Respect) would\nbe pleased to consider, that by copying a good one, they are become very\nbad ones, they would not appear so ridiculous on the Stage for their\nAffectation in presuming to sing the _Airs_ of the Person they copy,\nwith the same Graces. In this great Error, (if it does not proceed from\ntheir Masters) they seem to be governed by Instinct, like the inferior\nCreatures, rather than by Reason; for That would shew them, that we may\narrive at Applause by different ways, and past Examples, as well as one\nat this present make us sensible, that two Women would not be equally\neminent if the one copy'd the other.[97]\n\u00a7 36. If the Complaisance, which is due to the fair Sex, does not excuse\nthe Abuse of copying when it proves prejudicial to the Profession, what\nought one then to say of those Men, who, instead of inventing, not only\ncopy others of their own Sex, but also Women. Foolish and\nshameful!----Supposing an Impossibility, _viz._ that a Singer has\narrived at copying in such a Manner as not to be distinguished from the\nOriginal, should he attribute to himself a Merit which does not belong\nto him, and dress himself out in the Habits of another without being\nafraid of being stripp'd of them?\n\u00a7 37. He, that rightly knows how to copy in Musick, takes nothing but\nthe Design; because that Ornament, which we admire when _natural_,\nimmediately loses its Beauty when _artificial_.\n\u00a738. The most admired Graces of a Professor ought only to be imitated,\nand not copied; on Condition also, that it does not bear not even so\nmuch as a Shadow of Resemblance of the Original; otherwise, instead of a\nbeautiful Imitation, it will become a despicable Copy.\n\u00a7 39. I cannot decide, which of the two deserves most to be despised,\none who cannot imitate a good Singer without _Caricatura's_, or He that\ncannot imitate any well but bad ones.\n\u00a7 40. If many Singers knew, that a bad Imitation is a contagious Evil,\nto which one who studies is not liable, the World would not be reduc'd\nto the Misfortune of seeing in a _Carnaval_ but one Theatre provided\nwith eminent Performers, without Hopes of[98] an approaching Remedy.\nLet them take it for their Pains. Let the World learn to applaud Merit;\nand (not to use a more harsh Expression) be less complaisant to Faults.\n\u00a7 41. Whoever does not know how to steal the Time in Singing, knows not\nhow to Compose, nor to Accompany himself, and is destitute of the best\nTaste and greatest Knowledge.[99]\n\u00a7 42. The stealing of Time, in the _Pathetick_, is an honourable Theft\nin one that sings better than others, provided he makes a Restitution\nwith Ingenuity.\n\u00a7 43. An Exercise, no less necessary than this, is That of agreeably\n_putting forth_ of the Voice, without which all Application is vain.\nWhosoever pretends to obtain it, must hearken more to the Dictates of\nthe Heart, than to those of Art.\n\u00a7 44. Oh! how great a Master is the Heart! Confess it, my beloved\nSingers, and gratefully own, that you would not have arrived at the\nhighest Rank of the Profession if you had not been its Scholars; own,\nthat in a few Lessons from it, you learned the most beautiful\nExpressions, the most refin'd Taste, the most noble Action, and the most\nexquisite Graces: Own, (though it be hardly credible) that the Heart\ncorrects the Defects of Nature, since it softens a Voice that's harsh,\nbetters an indifferent one, and perfects a good one: Own, when the Heart\nsings you cannot dissemble, nor has Truth a greater Power of persuading:\nAnd, lastly, do you convince the World, (what is not in my Power to do)\nthat from the Heart alone you have learn'd that _Je ne s\u00e7ai quoy_, that\npleasing Charm, that so subtily passes from Vein to Vein, and makes its\nway to the very Soul.\n\u00a7 45. Though the way to the Heart is long and rugged, and known but to\nfew, a studious Application will, notwithstanding, master all Obstacles.\n\u00a7 46. The best Singer in the World continues to study, and persists in\nit as much to maintain his Reputation, as he did to acquire it.\n\u00a7 47. To arrive at that glorious End, every body knows that there is no\nother Means than Study; but That does not suffice; it is also necessary\nto know in what Manner, and with whose Assistance, we must pursue our\nStudies.\n\u00a7 48.[100] There are now-a-days as many Masters as there are Professors\nof Musick in any Kind; every one of them teaches, I don't mean the first\nRudiments only, (That would be an Affront to them;) I am now speaking of\nthose who take upon them the part of a Legislator in the most finished\npart in Singing; and should we then wonder that the good Taste is near\nlost, and that the Profession is going to Ruin? So mischievous a\nPretension prevails not only among those, who can barely be said to\nsing, but among the meanest instrumental Performers; who, though they\nnever sung, nor know how to sing, pretend not only to teach, but to\nperfect, and find some that are weak enough to be imposed on. But, what\nis more, the instrumental Performers of some Ability imagine that the\nbeautiful Graces and Flourishes, with their nimble Fingers, will have\nthe same Effect when executed with the Voice; but it will not do[101]. I\nshould be the first to condemn the magisterial Liberty I take, were it\nmeant to give Offence to such Singers and instrumental Performers of\nWorth, who know how to sing, perform, and instruct; but my Correction\naims no farther than to the Petulancy of those that have no Capacity,\nwith these few Words, _Age quod agis_; which (for those who do not\nunderstand _Latin_) is as much as to say,-----Do You mind your _Sol-fa_;\nand You, your Instrument.\n\u00a7 49. If sometimes it does happen, that an indifferent Master should\nmake an excellent Disciple, it is then incontestable, that the Gift of\nNature in the Student is superior to the Sufficiency of the Instructor:\nand it is not to be wonder'd at, for, if from time to time, even great\nMasters were not outdone, most of the finest Arts would have sunk before\nnow.\n\u00a7 50. It may seem to many, that every perfect Singer must also be a\nperfect Instructor, but it is not so; for his Qualifications (though\never so great) are insufficient, if he cannot communicate his\nSentiments with Ease, and in a Method adapted to the Ability of the\nScholar; if he has not some Notion of Composition, and a manner of\ninstructing, which may seem rather an Entertainment than a Lesson; with\nthe happy Talent to shew the Ability of the Singer to Advantage, and\nconceal his Imperfections; which are the principal and most necessary\nInstructions.\n\u00a7 51. A Master, that is possessed of the abovementioned Qualifications,\nis capable of Teaching; with them he will raise a Desire to study; will\ncorrect Errors with a Reason; and by Examples incite a Taste to imitate\nhim.\n\u00a7 52. He knows, that a Deficiency of Ornaments displeases as much as the\ntoo great Abundance of them; that a Singer makes one languid and dull\nwith too little, and cloys one with too much; but, of the two, he will\ndislike the former most, though it gives less Offence, the latter being\neasier to be amended.\n\u00a7 53. He will have no Manner of Esteem for those who have no other\nGraces than gradual _Divisions_[102]; and will tell you, Embellishments\nof this Sort are only fit for Beginners.\n\u00a7 54. He will have as little Esteem for those who think to make their\nAuditors faint away, with their Transition from the sharp Third to the\nFlat.\n\u00a7 55. He'll tell you, that a Singer is lazy, who on the Stage, from\nNight to Night, teaches the Audience all his Songs; who, by hearing them\nalways without the least Variation, have no Difficulty to learn them by\nHeart.\n\u00a7 56. He will be affrighted at the Rashness of one that launches out,\nwith little Practice, and less Study; lest venturing too far, he should\nbe in great Danger of losing himself.\n\u00a7 57. He will not praise one that presumes to sing two Parts in three of\nan Opera, promising himself never to be tiresome, as if that divine\nPrivilege of always pleasing were allowed him here below. Such a one\ndoes not know the first Principle of musical Politicks; but Time will\nteach it him. He, that sings little and well, sings very well.\n\u00a7 58. He will laugh at those who imagine to satisfy the Publick with the\nMagnificence of their Habits, without reflecting, that Merit and\nIgnorance are equally aggrandized by Pomp. The Singers, that have\nnothing but the outward Appearance, pay that Debt to the Eyes, which\nthey owe to the Ears.\n\u00a7 59. He will nauseate the new-invented Stile of those who provoke the\ninnocent Notes with coarse Startings of the Voice. A disagreeable\nDefect; however, being brought from[103] beyond the _Alps_, it passes\nfor a _modern_ Rarity.\n\u00a7 60. He will be astonished at this bewitched Age, in which so many are\npaid so well for singing ill. The _Moderns_ would not be pleas'd to be\nput in Mind, that, twenty Years ago, indifferent Singers had but mean\nParts allotted them, even in the second-rate Theatres; whereas at\npresent, those, who are taught like Parrots, heap up Treasures beyond\nwhat the Singers of the first Degree then did.[104]\n\u00a7 61. He will condemn the Ignorance of the Men most, they being more\nobliged to study than the Women.\n\u00a7 62. He will not bear with one who imitates the Women, even in\nsacrificing the Time, in order to acquire the Title of _Modern_.\n\u00a7 63. He will marvel at that[105] Singer, who, having a good Knowledge\nof Time, yet does not make use of it, for want of having apply'd himself\nto the Study of Composition, or to accompany himself. His Mistake makes\nhim think that, to be eminent, it suffices to sing at Sight; and does\nnot perceive that the greatest Difficulty, and the whole Beauty of the\nProfession consists in what he is ignorant of; he wants that Art which\nteaches to anticipate the Time, knowing where to lose it again; and,\nwhich is still more charming, to know how to lose it, in order to\nrecover it again; which are the Advantages of such as understand\nComposition, and have the best Taste.\n\u00a7 64. He will be displeased at the Presumption of a Singer who gets the\nWords of the most wanton _Airs_ of the Theatre rendered into _Latin_,\nthat he may sing them with Applause in the[106] Church; as if there\nwere no Manner of Difference between the Stile of the one and the other;\nand, as if the Scraps of the Stage were fit to offer to the Deity.\n\u00a7 65. What will he not say of him who has found out the prodigious Art\nof Singing like a _Cricket_? Who could have ever imagin'd, before the\nIntroduction of the _Mode_, that ten or a dozen Quavers in a Row could\nbe trundled along one after the other, with a Sort of _Tremor_, of the\nVoice, which for some time past has gone under the name of _Mordente\nFresco_?[107]\n\u00a7 66. He will have a still greater Detestation for the Invention of\nLaughing in Singing, or that screaming like a Hen when she is laying her\nEgg. Will there not be some other little Animal worth their Imitation,\nin order to make the Profession more and more ridiculous?\n\u00a7 67. He will disapprove the malicious Custom of a Singer in Repute,\nwho talks and laughs on the Stage with his Companions, to induce the\nPublick to believe that such a Singer, who appears the first time on the\nStage, does not deserve his Attention; when in reality he is afraid of,\nor envies, his gaining Applause.\n\u00a7 68. He cannot endure the Vanity of that Singer, who, full of himself\nfrom the little he has learned, is so taken with his own Performance,\nthat he seems falling into an Extasy; pretending to impose Silence and\ncreate Wonder, as if his first Note said to the Audience, _Hear and\nDie_: But they, unwilling to die, chuse not to hear him, talk loud, and\nperhaps not much to his Advantage. At his second Air the Noise\nencreases, and still encreasing, he looks upon it as a manifest Injury\ndone him; and, instead of correcting his conceited Pride by Study, he\ncurses the deprav'd Taste of that Nation that does not esteem him,\nmenacing never to return again; and thus the vain Wretch comforts\nhimself.\n\u00a7 69. He will laugh at one who will not act unless he has the Choice of\nthe Drama, and a Composer to his liking; with this additional Condition,\nnot to sing in Company with such a Man, or without such a Woman.\n\u00a7 70. With the like Derision, he will observe some others, who with an\nHumility worse than Pride, go from one Box to another, gathering Praises\nfrom the most illustrious Persons, under a Pretence of a most profound\nObsequiousness, and become in every Representation more and more\nfamiliar. Humility and Modesty are most beautiful Virtues; but if they\nare not accompanied with a little Decorum, they have some Resemblance to\nHypocrisy.\n\u00a7 71. He will have no great Opinion of one, who is not satisfied with\nhis Part, and never learns it; of one, who never sings in an Opera\nwithout thrusting in one _Air_ which he always carries in his Pocket; of\none, who bribes the Composer to give him an _Air_ that was intended for\nanother; of one, who takes Pains about Trifles, and neglects Things of\nImportance; of one, who, by procuring undeserved Recommendations, makes\nhimself and his Patron ridiculous; of one, who does not sustain his\nVoice, out of Aversion to the _Pathetick_; of one, who gallops to follow\nthe _Mode_; and of all the bad Singers, who, not knowing what's good,\ncourt the _Mode_ to learn its Defects.\n\u00a7 72. To sum up all, he will call none a Singer of Merit, but him who is\ncorrect; and who executes with a Variety of Graces of his own, which his\nSkill inspires him with unpremeditately; knowing, that a Professor of\nEminence cannot, if he would, continually repeat an _Air_ with the\nself-same _Passages_ and _Graces_. He who sings premeditately, shews he\nhas learn'd his Lesson at Home.\n\u00a7 73. After having corrected several other Abuses and Defects, to the\nAdvantage of the Singer, he will return with stronger Reasons to\npersuade him to have Recourse to the fundamental Rules, which will\nteach him to proceed on the Bass from one Interval to another, with sure\nSteps, and without Danger of erring. If then the Singer should say, Sir,\nyou trouble yourself in vain; for the bare Knowledge of the Errors is\nnot sufficient; I have need of other Help than Words, and I know not\nwhere to find it, since it seems that there is at present such a\nScarcity of good Examples in _Italy_: Then, shrugging his Shoulders, he\nwill answer him, rather with Sighs than Words; that he must endeavour to\nlearn of the best Singers that there are; particularly by observing two\nof the fair Sex,[108] of a Merit superior to all Praise; who with equal\nForce, in a different Stile, help to keep up the tottering Profession\nfrom immediately falling into Ruin. The one is inimitable for a\nprivileg'd Gift of Singing, and for enchanting the World with a\nprodigious Felicity in executing, and with a singular Brilliant (I know\nnot whether from Nature or Art) which pleases to Excess. The delightful,\nsoothing _Cantabile_ of the other, joined with the Sweetness of a fine\nVoice, a perfect Intonation, Strictness of Time, and the rarest\nProductions of a Genius, are Qualifications as particular and uncommon,\nas they are difficult to be imitated. The _Pathetick_ of the one, and\nthe _Allegro_ of the other, are the Qualities the most to be admired\nrespectively in each of them. What a beautiful Mixture would it be, if\nthe Excellence of these two angelick Creatures could be united in one\nsingle Person! But let us not lose Sight of the Master.\n\u00a7 74. He will also convince the Scholar, that the Artifice of a\nProfessor is never more pleasing, than when he deceives the Audience\nwith agreeable Surprizes; for which reason he will advise him to have\nRecourse to a seeming Plainness, as if he aim'd at nothing else.\n\u00a7 75. But when the Audience is in no farther Expectation, and (as I may\nsay) grows indolent, he will direct him to rouse them that Instant with\na _Grace_.\n\u00a7 76. When they are again awake, he will direct him to return to his\nfeigned Simplicity, though it will no more be in his power to delude\nthose that hear him, for with an impatient Curiosity they already expect\na second, and so on.\n\u00a7 77. He will give him ample Instructions concerning _Graces_ of all\nsorts, and furnish him with Rules and profitable Documents.\n\u00a7 78. Here should I inveigh (though I could not enough) against the\nTreachery of my Memory, that has not preserved, as it ought, all those\npeculiar Excellencies which a great Man did once communicate to me,\nconcerning _Passages_ and _Graces_; and to my great Sorrow, and perhaps\nto the Loss of others, it will not serve me to publish any more than\nthese few poor Remains, the Impressions of which are still left, and\nwhich I am now going to mention.\nCHAP. X.\n_Of_ Passages _or_ Graces.\n_Passages_ or _Graces_ being the principal Ornaments in Singing, and the\nmost favourite Delight of the Judicious, it is proper that the Singer be\nvery attentive to learn this Art.\n\u00a7 2. Therefore, let him know, that there are five principal\nQualifications, which being united, will bring him to admirable\nPerfection, _viz._ _Judgment_, _Invention_, _Time_, _Art_, and _Taste_.\n\u00a7 3. There are likewise five subaltern Embellishments _viz._ the\n_Appoggiatura_, the _Shake_, the _putting forth of the Voice_, the\n_Gliding_, and _Dragging_.\n_The principal Qualifications teach,_\n\u00a7 4. That the _Passages_ and _Graces_ cannot be form'd but from a\nprofound _Judgment_.\n\u00a7 5. That they are produced by a singular and beautiful _Invention_,\nremote from all that is vulgar and common.\n\u00a7 6. That, being govern'd by the rigorous, but necessary, Precepts of\n_Time_, they never transgress its regulated Measure, without losing\ntheir own Merit.\n\u00a7 7. That, being guided by the most refined _Art_ on the Bass, they may\nThere (and no where else) find their Center; there to sport with\nDelight, and unexpectedly to charm.\n\u00a7 8. That, it is owing to an exquisite _Taste_, that they are executed\nwith that sweet _putting forth_ of the Voice, which is so enchanting.\n_From the accessory Qualities is learned,_\n\u00a7 9. That the _Graces_ or _Passages_ be easy in appearance, thereby to\ngive universal Delight.\n\u00a7 10. That in effect They be difficult that thereby the Art of the\nInventor be the more admired.\n\u00a7 11. That They be performed with an equal regard to the Expression of\nthe Words, and the Beauty of the Art.\n\u00a7 12. That They be _gliding_ or _dragging_ in the _Pathetick_, for They\nhave a better Effect than those that are mark'd.\n\u00a7 13. That They do not appear studied, in order to be the more regarded.\n\u00a7 14. That They be softened with the _Piano_ in the _Pathetick_, which\nwill make them more affecting.\n\u00a7 15. That in the _Allegro_ They be sometimes accompanied with the\n_Forte_ and the _Piano_, so as to make a sort of _Chiaro Scuro_.\n\u00a7 16. That They be confin'd to a _Group_ of a few Notes, which are more\npleasing than those which are too numerous.\n\u00a7 17. That in a slow _Time_, there may be a greater Number of them (if\nthe Bass allows it) with an Obligation upon the Singer to keep to the\nPoint propos'd, that his Capacity be made more conspicuous.\n\u00a7 18. That They be properly introduc'd, for in a wrong Place They\ndisgust.\n\u00a7 19. That They come not too close together, in order to keep them\ndistinct.\n\u00a7 20. That They should proceed rather from the Heart than from the\nVoice, in order to make their way to the Heart more easily.\n\u00a7 21. That They be not made on the second or fourth Vowel, when closely\npronounc'd, and much less on the third and fifth.\n\u00a7 22. That They be not copied, if you would not have them appear\ndefective.\n\u00a7 23. That They be stol'n on the _Time_, to captivate the Soul.\n\u00a7 24. That They never be repeated in the same place, particularly in\n_Pathetick Airs_, for there they are the most taken Notice of by the\nJudicious.\n\u00a7 25. And, above all, let them be improv'd; by no means let them lose in\nthe Repetition.\n\u00a7 26. Many Professors are of Opinion, that in _Graces_ there is no room\nfor the marked _Divisions_, unless mix'd with some of the aforesaid\nEmbellishments or some other agreable Accidents.\n\u00a7 27. But it is now time that we speak of the _Dragging_, that, if the\n_Pathetick_ should once return again into the World, a Singer might be\nable to understand it. The Explanation would be easier understood by\nNotes of Musick than by Words, if the Printer was not under great\nDifficulty to print a few Notes; notwithstanding which, I'll endeavour,\nthe best I can, to make myself understood.\n\u00a7 28. When on an even and regular Movement of a Bass, which proceeds\nslowly, a Singer begins with a high Note, dragging it gently down to a\nlow one, with the _Forte_ and _Piano_, almost gradually, with\nInequality of Motion, that is to say, stopping a little more on some\nNotes in the Middle, than on those that begin or end the _Strascino_ or\n_Dragg_.[109] Every good musician takes it for granted, that in the Art\nof Singing there is no Invention superior, or Execution more apt to\ntouch the Heart than this, provided however it be done with Judgment,\nand with putting forth of the Voice in a just _Time_ on the Bass.\nWhosoever has most Notes at Command, has the greater Advantage; because\nthis pleasing Ornament is so much the more to be admired, by how much\nthe greater the Fall is. Perform'd by an excellent _Soprano_, that makes\nuse of it but seldom, it becomes a Prodigy; but as much as it pleases\ndescending, no less would it displease ascending.\n\u00a7 29. Mind this, O my beloved Singers! For it is to You only, who are\ninclined to study, that I have addressed myself. This was the Doctrine\nof the School of those Professors, whom, by way of Reproach, some\nmistaken Persons call _Ancients_. Observe carefully its Rules, examine\nstrictly its Precepts, and, if not blinded by Prejudice, you will see\nthat this School ought to sing in Tune, to put forth the Voice, to make\nthe Words understood, to express, to use proper Gesture, to perform in\n_Time_, to vary on its Movement, to compose, and to study the\n_Pathetick_, in which alone Taste and Judgment triumph. Confront this\nSchool with yours, and if its Precepts should not be sufficient to\ninstruct you, learn what's wanting from the _Modern_.\n\u00a7 30. But if these my Exhortations, proceeding from my Zeal, have no\nWeight with you, as the Advice of Inferiors is seldom regarded, allow at\nleast, that whoever has the Faculty of Thinking, may once in sixty Years\nthink right. And if you think, that I have been too partial to the Times\npast, then would I persuade you, (if you have not a shaking Hand) to\nweigh in a just Ballance your most renowned Singers; who you take to be\n_Moderns_ (but are not so, except in their _Cadences_;) and having\nundeceived yourselves, you will perceive in them, that instead of\nAffectations, Abuses, and Errors, They sing according to those powerful\nLessons that give Delight to the Soul, and whose Perfections have made\nImpressions on me, and which I shall always remember with the greatest\nPleasure. Do but consult them, as I have done, and they will truly and\nfreely tell you, That They sell their Jewels where they are understood;\nThat the Singers of Eminence are not of the _Mode_, and that at present\nthere are many bad Singers.\n\u00a7 31. True it is, that there are some, tho' few, very good Singers, who,\nwhen the Vehemence of their youthful fire is abated, will by their\nExamples do Justice to their delightful Profession, in keeping up the\nSplendor of it, and will leave to Posterity a lasting and glorious Fame\nof their Performances. I point them out to you, that, if you find\nyourselves in an Error, you may not want the Means to correct it, nor\nan Oracle to apply to whenever you have occasion. From whence I have\ngood Grounds to hope, that the true Taste in Singing will last to the\nEnd of the World.\n\u00a7 32. Whoever comprehends what has been demonstrated to him, in these\nand many other Observations, will need no farther Incitement to study.\nStirred up by his own Desire, he will fly to his beloved Instrument,\nfrom which, by continued Application, he will find he has no Reason to\nsit down satisfied with what he has learn'd before. He will make new\nDiscoveries, inventing new Graces, from whence after comparing them well\ntogether, he will chuse the best, and will make use of them as long as\nhe thinks them so; but, going on in refining, he will find others more\ndeserving his Esteem. To conclude, from these he will proceed on to an\nalmost infinite Number of _Graces_, by the means whereof his Mind will\nbe so opened, that the most hidden Treasures of the Art, and most\nremote from his Imagination, will voluntarily present themselves; so\nthat, unless Pride blinds him, or Study becomes tiresome to him, or his\nMemory fails him, he will increase his Store of Embellishments in a\nStile which will be entirely his own: The principal Aim of one that\nstrives to gain the highest Applause.\n\u00a7 33. Finally, O ye young Singers, hearken to me for your Profit and\nAdvantage. The Abuses, the Defects, and the Errors divulged by me in\nthese Observations, (which in Justice ought not to be charg'd on the\n_Modern_ Stile) were once almost all Faults I myself was guilty of; and\nin the Flower of my Youth, when I thought myself to be a great Man, it\nwas not easy for me to discover them. But, in a more mature Age, the\nslow Undeceit comes too late. I know I have sung ill, and would I have\nnot writ worse! but since I have suffered by my Ignorance, let it at\nleast serve for a Warning to amend those who wish to sing well. He that\nstudies, let him imitate the ingenious Bee, that sucks its Honey from\nthe most grateful Flowers. From those called _Ancients_, and those\nsupposed _Moderns_, (as I have said) much may be learn'd; it is enough to\nfind out the Flower, and know how to distill, and draw the Essence from\nit.\n\u00a7 34. The most cordial, and not less profitable Advice, I can give you,\nis the following:\n\u00a7 35. Remember what has been wisely observed, that Mediocrity of Merit\ncan but for a short time eclipse the true Sublime, which, how old soever\nit grows, can never die.\n\u00a7 36. Abhor the Example of those who hate Correction; for like Lightning\nto those who walk in the Dark, tho' it frightens them, it gives them\nLight.\n\u00a7 37. Learn from the Errors of others: O great Lesson! it costs little,\nand instructs much. Of every one something is to be learned, and the\nmost Ignorant is sometimes the greatest Master.\n_FINIS_.\nPLATES\nPl. I\nChap. 1.st\n[Illustration: \u00a7 11 Page 17 N\u00ba. 1]\n[Illustration: Page 17 N\u00ba. 2]\n[Illustration: \u00a7 12 Page 18 N\u00ba. 3 Exachords Transposed a Fifth lower]\n[Illustration: \u00a7 29 Page 28 N\u00ba. 4 Messa di Voce]\nPl. II\nChap. 2d.\n[Illustration: \u00a7 2 Page 32 N\u00ba. 1 Semitones Major Semitones Minor]\n[Illustration: \u00a7 3 Page 32 & 33 N\u00ba. 2]\n[Illustration: \u00a7 4 Page 34 N\u00ba. 3]\n[Illustration: \u00a7 5 Page 34 N\u00ba. 4]\n[Illustration: \u00a7 6 Page 34 N\u00ba. 5]\n[Illustration: \u00a7 7 Page 35 N\u00ba. 6]\nPl. III\n[Illustration: \u00a7 8 Page 35 N\u00ba. 7.]\n[Illustration: \u00a7 9 Page 35 N\u00ba. 8.]\n[Illustration: \u00a7 14 Page 37 N\u00ba. 9.]\n[Illustration: Page 37 N\u00ba. 10.]\n[Illustration: Page 37 N\u00ba. 11.]\n[Illustration: Page 37 N\u00ba. 12.]\n[Illustration: Page 37 N\u00ba. 13.]\n[Illustration: \u00a715 Page 38 N\u00ba. 14.]\n[Illustration: Page 38 N\u00ba. 15. per Messe di Voce]\nPl. IV\nChap. 3d.\n[Illustration: \u00a7 6 Page 43 N\u00ba. 1.]\n[Illustration: \u00a7 7 Page 43 N\u00ba. 2.]\n[Illustration: Flat Key]\n[Illustration: sharp key Page 43 N\u00ba. 3.]\n[Illustration: \u00a7 8 Page 45 N\u00ba. 4.]\n[Illustration: \u00a7 9 Page 45 N\u00ba. 5.]\n[Illustration: \u00a7 10 Page 45 N\u00ba. 6.]\n[Illustration: \u00a7 11 Page 46 N\u00ba. 7.]\n[Illustration: \u00a7 12 Page 46 N\u00ba. 8.]\n[Illustration: \u00a7 13 Page 47 N\u00ba. 9.]\nChap 4th\n[Illustration: \u00a7 29 Page 62 N\u00ba. 10. Bad]\nChap. 5th\n[Illustration: \u00a7 13 Page 74 N\u00ba. 1. affann:, N\u00ba. 2. affan-ni]\nChap 8th\n[Illustration: \u00a7 1 Page 126 N\u00ba. 3. Superior Cadence\nLa Sol Fa\nInferior Cadence\nFa me Fa]\n[Illustration: \u00a7 3 Page 127\nnel fondo]\n[Illustration: \u00a7 7 Page 132 N\u00ba. 6., not Resolved N\u00ba. 7 Resolved]\n[Illustration: \u00a7 9 Page 134 N\u00ba. 8 Confond[ve]-ro am[ve]-r\u00f2]\nFOOTNOTES:\n[1] When Arts and Sciences were retrieving from the Barbarism in which\nthey were buried, Musick chiefly took its Rise in _Flanders_, and the\nComposers of Musick of that Nation were dispersed all over _Europe_, to\nthe Improvement of others. In _Italy_ there arose from that School,\namong several others, _P. Alis. Palestrina_, a Genius so extraordinary,\nthat he is looked upon as the _Raphael_ among the Musicians. He lived in\nPope _Leo_ the Tenth's Time; and no Musick, that we know of, is\nperformed at the Pope's Chapel, to this Day, but of his Composition,\nexcept the famous _Miserere_ of _Allegri_, who liv'd a little time after\n_Palestrina_.\n[2] Our Author seems to be a little too partial in Favour of the Singer,\nall momentary Productions being the same; though it must be allowed,\nthat by reason of the Expression of the Words, any Error in Singing will\nbe more capital, than if the same were committed on an Instrument.\n[3] The Author directs this for the Instruction of a _Soprano_, or a\ntreble Voice, because Youth possesses that Voice mostly, and that is the\nAge when they should begin to study Musick. It may not be amiss to\nmention, that the _Soprano_ is most apt to perform the Things required\nby your Author, and that every different Scale of Voice has something\npeculiarly relative to its Kind as its own Property; for a _Soprano_ has\ngenerally most Volubility, and becomes it best; and also equally the\nPathetick. The _Contr'Alto_ more of the Pathetick than the Volubility;\nthe _Tenor_ less of the Pathetick, but more of the Volubility than the\n_Contr'Alto_, though not so much as the _Soprano_. The _Bass_, in\ngeneral more pompous than any, but should not be so boisterous as now\ntoo often practised.\n[4] By this section, and mostly throughout the Work, one sees, the\nAuthor calculated this Treatise chiefly for the Advantage of Professors\nof Musick; but, notwithstanding, it appears in several Places, that his\nIntention is, that all Lovers of Musick should also be the better for\nit.\n[5] _The Explanation of_ Sic vos non vobis, _&c._, _for the Satisfaction\nof those who do not perfectly remember it_.\n_Virgil_ having composed a Distich, containing the Praise of _Augustus_,\nand a Compliment on his good Fortune, fix'd it on the Palace Gate,\nwithout any Name subscrib'd. _Augustus_, making strict Enquiry after the\nAuthor, and _Virgil's_ Modesty not suffering him to own the Verses, one\n_Bathillus_, a Poet of a mean Reputation, owned himself the Author, and\nreceived Honour and Reward from the Emperor. _Virgil_, somewhat\nscandalized at this Accident, fixed an Hemistich in these Words (_Sic\nvos non vobis_) four times repeated under the other, where he had placed\nthe former Verses. The Emperor was as diligent to have these Hemistichs\nfilled up, but no-body appearing to do it, at length _Virgil_ supplied\nthem thus:\n    _Hos ego Versiculos feci, tulit alter Honores;\n      Sic vos non vobis nidificatis aves.\n      Sic vos non vobis vellera fertis oves.\n      Sic vos non vobis mellificatis apes.\n      Sic vos non vobis fertis aratra boves._\ni.e. These Verses I made, but another has taken the Applause of them.\n    _So ye Birds build not your Nests\n        For yourselves.\n    So ye Sheep bear not your Wool\n        For yourselves.\n    So ye Bees make not your Honey\n        For yourselves.\n    So ye Oxen submit to the Plow\n        Not for yourselves_.\nUpon this Discovery, _Bathillus_ became the Ridicule of _Rome_, and\n_Virgil_ acquired a double Reputation.\nThe Distich, which _Bathillus_ claim'd for his, was this:\n  _Nocte plut tot\u00e2, redeunt spectacula man\u00e8,\n  Divisum Imperium cum Jove C\u00e6sar habet._\ni.e. It rain'd all Night; in the Morning the publick Shews return:\n_Jove_ and _C\u00e6sar_ divide the Rule of the World. The Compliment is, that\n_C\u00e6sar_ designing to exhibit Sports to the People, though the preceding\nNight was rainy and unpromising, yet such Weather returned with the\nMorning, as did not disappoint the Solemnity.\n[6] _Alla Capella_, Church-Musick where the Flats and Sharps are not\nmark'd.\n[7] Seven Cliffs necessary to be known. Pl. I. Numb. 1. By the Help of\nthese Cliffs any Line or Space may be what Note you please. Pl. I. Numb.\n[8] It is necessary to understand the _Sol-Fa_-ing, and its Rules, which\nshew where the two Semitones lie in each Octave, Pl. I. Numb. 3. Where\nFlats or Sharps are marked at the Cliff, the Rule is, if one Flat, That\nis _Fa_; if more Flats, the last. If one Sharp, That is _Mi_; if more\nSharps, the last.\n[9] His meaning is, that the _French_ are not in the right.\n[10] See \u00a7 2, and the following, in Chap. III. where the Difficulty of\nthe _Semitone Major_ and _Minor_ are cleared.\n[11] _Voce di Petto_ is a full Voice, which comes from the Breast by\nStrength, and is the most sonorous and expressive. _Voce di Testa_ comes\nmore from the Throat, than from the Breast, and is capable of more\nVolubility. _Falsetto_ is a feigned Voice, which is entirely formed in\nthe Throat, has more Volubility than any, but of no Substance.\n[12] _Register_; a Term taken from the different Stops of an Organ.\n[13] The Pitch of _Lombardy_ or _Venice_, is something more than half a\nTone higher than at _Rome_.\n[14] A _Messa di Voce_ is the holding out and swelling a Note. Vide Pl.\nI. Numb. 4. This being a Term of Art, it is necessary to use it, as well\nas _Piano_ for soft, and _Forte_ for loud. _N.B._ Our Author recommends\nhere to use any Grace sparingly, which he does in several other Places,\nand with Reason; for the finest Grace too often repeated grows tiresome.\n[15] See for _Appoggiatura_ in the next Chapter.\n[16] This Chapter contains some Enquiries into Matters of Curiosity, and\ndemands a little Attention. The Reader therefore is desired to postpone\nit to the last.\n[17] _Appoggiatura_ is a Word to which the _English_ Language has not an\nEquivalent; it is a Note added by the Singer, for the arriving more\ngracefully to the following Note, either in rising or falling, as is\nshewn by the Examples in Notes of Musick, Pl. II. Numb. 2. The _French_\nexpress it by two different Terms, _Port de Voix_ and _Appuyer_; as the\n_English_ do by a _Prepare_ and a _Lead_. The Word _Appoggiatura_ is\nderived from _Appoggiare_ to lean on. In this Sense, you lean on the\nfirst to arrive at the Note intended, rising or falling; and you dwell\nlonger on the Preparation, than the Note for which the Preparation is\nmade, and according to the Value of the Note. The same in a Preparation\nto a Shake, or a Beat from the Note below. No _Appoggiatura_ can be made\nat the Beginning of a Piece; there must be a Note preceding, from whence\nit leads.\n[18] Here begins the Examination of the _Semitones Major and Minor_,\nwhich he promised in \u00a7 15. Ch. 1. It may be of Satisfaction to the\nStudious, to set this Matter at once in a true Light; by which our\nAuthor's Doubts will be cleared, and his Reasoning the easier\nunderstood. A _Semitone Major_ changes Name, Line, and Space: _A\nSemitone_ Minor changes neither. Pl. II. Numb. 1. To a _Semitone Major_\none can go with a Rise or _a_ Fall distinctly; to a _Semitone Minor_ one\ncannot _N.B._ From a _Tone Minor_ the _Appoggiatura_ is better and\neasier than from a _Tone Major_.\n[19] These are all _Tones Major_ and _Minor_, and _Semitones Major_. Pl.\nII. Numb. 2.\n[20] Because they are _Semitones Major_. Pl. II. Numb. 3.\n[21] Because they are _Semitones Major_. Pl. II. Numb. 4.\n[22] Because they are all _Semitones Minor_, which may be known by the\nabovementioned Rule, of their not changing Name, Line, nor Space. Pl.\nII. Numb. 5. and which makes it manifest, that a _Semitone Minor_ cannot\nbear an _Appoggiatura_.\n[23] For the same Reason, these being _Semitones Minor_. Pl. II. Numb.\n[24] Because one is a _Semitone Major_, and the other a _Semitone\nMinor_. Pl. III. Numb. 7.\n[25] Because they are _Semitones Minor_. Pl. III, Numb. 8.\n[26] The _Tone_, or _Mood_, you are in, will determine which is a _Tone\nMajor_ or _Minor_; for if you change the _Mood_ or _Tone_, that which\nwas the _Tone Major_ may become the _Tone Minor_, and so _Vice Vers\u00e2_:\nTherefore these two Examples from _C_ to _D_, and from _F_ to _G_, do\nnot hold true.\n[27] His Perplexity comes from a wrong Notion, in not distinguishing\nthose two _Semitones_.\n[28] All Intervals, rising with an _Appoggiatura_, arise to the Note\nwith a sort of _Beat_, more or less: and the same, descending, arrive to\nthe Note with a sort of _Shake_, more or less. Pl. III. Numb. 9, 10. One\ncannot agreeably ascend or descend the Interval of a third _Major_ or\n_Minor_, Pl. III. Numb 11. But gradually very well. Pl. III. Numb. 12.\nExamples of false or deceitful Intervals. Pl. III. Numb. 13.\n[29] So in all Cases where the Interval is deceitful. Pl. III. Numb. 14.\nWith a _Messa di Voce_. Pl. III. Numb. 15. See for _Messa di Voce_,\nChap. I. \u00a7 29, and its Note.\n[30] In all the modern _Italian_ Compositions the _Appoggiatura's_ are\nmark'd, supposing the Singers to be ignorant where to place them. The\n_French_ use them for their Lessons on the _Harpsichord_, &c., but\nseldom for the Voice.\n[31] See for the several Examples of the _Shakes_, Pl. IV.\n[32] The first _Shake_ of a _Tone_, Pl. IV. Numb. 1.\n[33] See for the Meaning of superior and inferior _Cadences_, Chap.\nVIII. \u00a7 1. Pl. V. Numb. 3. _N.B._ Prom the inferior or lower Cadences,\nthe first, or full, _Tone Shake_, is not always excluded; for in a sharp\nKey it is always a _Tone_, and in a flat Key a _Semitone_, Pl. IV. Numb.\n[34] The second _Shake_ of a _Semitone Major_, Pl. IV. Numb. 2.\n[35] The third the short _Shake_. Pl. IV. Numb. 4.\n[36] The fourth the rising _Shake_. Pl. IV. Numb. 5.\n[37] The fifth the descending _Shake_. Pl. IV. Numb. 6.\n[38] The sixth the slow _Shake_. Pl. IV. Numb. 7.\n[39] The seventh the redoubled _Shake_. Pl. IV. Numb. 8.\n[40] The eighth the _Trillo-Mordente_, or _Shake_ with a _Beat_. Pl. IV.\nNumb. 9.\n[41] _Shakes_ are generally proper from preceding Notes descending, but\nnot ascending, except on particular Occasions. Never too many, or too\nnear one another; but very bad to begin with them, which is too\nfrequently done. The using so often _Beats_, _Shakes_, and _Prepares_,\nis owing to Lessons on the Lute, Harpsichord, and other Instruments,\nwhose Sounds discontinue, and therefore have Need of this Help.\n[42] The _mark'd Divisions_ should be something like the _Staccato_ on\nthe Violin, but not too much; against which a Caution will presently be\ngiven.\n[43] The _Gliding Notes_ are like several Notes in one Stroke of the Bow\non the Violin.\n[44] The pronouncing _Eror_ instead of _Error_; or _Dally_ instead of\n_Daly_. The not distinguishing; the double Consonants from the single,\nis an Error but too common at present.\n[45] See for the _syncopated_, _Ligatura_, or _binding_ Notes, Pl. IV.\nNumb. 10.\n[46] _Madrigals_ are Pieces in several Parts; the last in Practice were\nabout threescore Years ago; then the Opera's began to be in Vogue, and\ngood Musick and the Knowledge of it began to decline.\n[47] _Musica di Camera._ Chamber, or private, Musick; where the\nMultitude is not courted for Applause, but only the true Judges; and\nconsists chiefly in _Cantata's_, _Duetto's_, &c. In the Recitative of\n_Cantata's_, our Author excelled in a singular Manner for the pathetick\nExpression of the Words.\n[48] _Cortona_ liv'd above forty Years ago. _Balarini_, in Service at\nthe Court of _Vienna_, much in Favour with the Emperor _Joseph_, who\nmade him a Baron.\n[49] See Broken Cadences, Pl. V. Numb. 1.\n----Final Cadences, Pl. V. Numb. 2.\n[50] _Motets_, or Anthems.\n[51] The Proverb is, _Lingua_ Toscana _in bocca_ Romana.--This regards\nthe different Dialects, in _Italy_; as _Neapolitan_, _Venetian_, _&c._\nthe same, in Comparison, _London_ to _York_, or _Somersetshire_.\n[52] The Church-Musick in _Italy_ is all in _Latin_, except\n_Oratorio's_, which are Entertainments in their Churches. It is\ntherefore necessary to have some Notion of the _Latin_ Tongue.\n[53] The first Caution against imitating injudiciously the Instrumental\nwith the Voice.\n[54] The _Italians_ have a Saying, _Voce di Compositore_, to denote a\nbad or an indifferent Voice.\n[55] _Cantabile_, the Tender, Passionate, Pathetick; more Singing than\n_Allegro_, which is Lively, Brisk, Gay, and more in the executive Way.\n[56] Suppose the first Part expressed Anger, and the second relented,\nand was to express Pity or Compassion, he must be angry again in the _Da\nCapo_. This often happens, and is very ridiculous if not done to a real\nPurpose, and that the Subject and Poetry require it.\n[57] It is supposed, the Scholar is arrived to the Capacity of knowing\nHarmony and Counterpoint.\n[58] The general dividing of _Airs_ described, to which the Author often\nrefers.\n[59] With due Deference to our Author, it may be feared, that the\nAffectation of Singing with Variety has conduced very much to the\nintroducing a bad Taste.\n[60] Continuation of the general dividing _Airs_ in \u00a7 4. The End of this\nSection is a seasonable Corrective of the Rule prescribed in the\nforegoing fifth Section.\n[61] _Rivani_, called _Ciecolino_, must have written some Treatise on\nTime, which is not come to us, therefore no further Account can be given\nof him.\n[62] _Pistochi_ was very famous above fifty Years ago, and refined the\nManner of singing in _Italy_, which was then a little crude. His Merit\nin this is acknowledged by all his Countrymen, contradicted by none.\nBriefly, what is recounted of him, is, that when he first appeared to\nthe World, and a Youth, he had a very fine treble Voice, admired and\nencouraged universally, but by a dissolute Life lost it, and his\nFortune. Being reduced to the utmost Misery, he entered into the Service\nof a Composer, as a Copyist, where he made use of the Opportunity of\nlearning the Rules of Composition, and became a good Proficient. After\nsome Years, he recovered a little Glimpse of Voice, which by Time and\nPractice turned into a fine _Contr'Alto_. Having Experience on his Side,\nhe took Care of it, and as Encouragement came again, he took the\nOpportunity of travelling all _Europe_ over, where hearing the different\nManners and Tastes, he appropriated them to himself, and formed that\nagreeable Mixture, which he produced in _Italy_, where he was imitated\nand admired. He at last past many Years, when in an affluent Fortune, at\nthe Court of _Anspach_, where he had a Stipend, and lived an agreeable\neasy Life; and at last retired to a Convent in _Italy_. It has been\nremark'd, that though several of his Disciples shewed the Improvement\nthey had from him, yet others made an ill use of it, having not a little\ncontributed to the Introduction of the _modern_ Taste.\n[63] _Sifacio_, famous beyond any, for the most singular Beauty of his\nVoice. His Manner of Singing was remarkably plain, consisting\nparticularly in the _Messa di Voce_, the putting forth his Voice, and\nthe Expression.\nThere is an _Italian_ Saying, that an hundred Perfections are required\nin an excellent Singer, and he that hath a fine Voice has ninety-nine of\nthem.\nIt is also certain, that as much as is allotted to Volubility and\nTricks, so much is the Beauty of the Voice sacrificed; for the one\ncannot be done without Prejudice to the other.\n_Sifacio_ got that Name from his acting the Part of _Syphax_ the first\ntime he appeared on the Stage. He was in _England_ when famous, and\nbelonged to King _James_ the Second's Chapel. After which he returned to\n_Italy_, continuing to be very much admired, but at last was waylaid,\nand murthered for his Indiscretion.\n[64] _Buzzolini_, the Name known, but no Particulars of him.\n[65] _Litigino_, in the Service of the Emperor _Joseph_, and a Scholar\nof _Pistochi_.\n[66] _Signora Boschi_ was over in _England_ in Queen _Anne's_ Time; she\nsung one Season in the Opera's, returned to _Venice_, and left her\nHusband behind for several Years; he sung the Bass. She was a Mistress\nof Musick, but her Voice was on the Decay when she came here.\n[67] _Santini_, afterwards _Signora Lotti_. She was famous above forty\nYears ago, and appeared at several Courts in _Germany_, where she was\nsent for; then retired to _Venice_, where she married _Signor Lotti_,\nChapel-Master of St. _Mark_.\nAll these Singers, though they had a Talent particular to themselves,\nthey could, however, sing in several sorts of Stile; on the contrary,\none finds few, but what attempt nothing that is out of their Way. A\nmodern Singer of the good Stile, being asked, whether such and such\nCompositions would not please at present in _Italy_? No doubt, said he,\nthey would, but where are the Singers that can sing them?\n[68] Those tremendous _Airs_ are called in _Italian_, _un Aria di\nBravura_; which cannot perhaps be better translated into _English_, than\na _Hectoring_ Song.\n[69] _Pierre Simone Agostini_ lived about threescore Years ago. Several\n_Cantata's_ of his Composition are extant, some of them very difficult,\nnot from the Number of _Divisions_ in the vocal Part, but from the\nExpression, and the surprising Incidents, and also the Execution of the\nBasses. He seems to be the first that put Basses with so much Vivacity;\nfor _Charissimi_ before him composed with more Simplicity, tho' he is\nreckoned to be one of the first, who enlivened his Musick in the\nMovements of his Basses. Of _Pierre-Simone_ nothing more is known but\nthat he loved his Bottle, and when he had run up a Bill in some\nfavourite Place, he composed a _Cantata_, and sent it to a certain\nCardinal, who never failed sending him a fixed Sum, with which he paid\noff his Score.\n[70] _Alessandro Stradella_ lived about _Pier. Simone's_ Time, or very\nlittle after. He was a most excellent Composer, superior in all Respects\nto the foregoing, and endowed with distinguishing personal\nQualifications. It is reported, that his favourite Instrument was the\nHarp, with which he sometimes accompanied his Voice, which was\nagreeable. To hear such a Composer play on the Harp, must have been what\nwe can have no Notion of, by what we now hear. He ended his Life\nfatally, for he was murthered. The Fact is thus related. Being at\n_Genoa_, a Place where the Ladies are allowed to live with more Freedom\nthan in any other Part of _Italy_, _Stradella_ had the honour of being\nadmitted into a noble Family, the Lady whereof was a great Lover of\nMusick. Her Brother, a wrong-headed Man, takes Umbrage at _Stradella's_\nfrequent Visits there, and forbids him going upon his Peril, which Order\n_Stradella_ obeys. The Lady's Husband not having seen _Stradella_ at his\nHouse for some Days, reproaches him with it. _Stradella_, for his\nExcuse, tells him his Brother-in-Law's Order, which the Nobleman is\nangry with, and charges him to continue his Visits as formerly; he had\nbeen there scarce three or four Times, but one Evening going Home,\nattended by a Servant and a Lanthorn, four Ruffians rushed out, the\nLady's Brother one among them, and with _Stiletts_ or Daggers stabb'd\nhim, and left him dead upon the Place. The people of _Genoa_ all in a\nRage fought for the Murtherer, who was forced to fly, his Quality not\nbeing able to protect him. In another Account of him, this Particularity\nis mentioned; that the Murderers pursued him to _Rome_, and on Enquiry\nlearned, that an _Oratorio_ of his Composition was to be performed that\nEvening; they went with an Intent to execute their Design, but were so\nmoved with his Composition, that they rather chose to tell him his\nDanger, advised him to depart, and be upon his Guard. But, being pursued\nby others, he lost his Life. His Fate has been lamented by every Body,\nespecially by those who knew his Merit, and none have thought him\ndeserving so sad a Catastrophe.\n[71] When _Tosi_ writ this, the Composers in Vogue were _Scarlatti_,\n_Bononcini_, _Gasparini_, _Mancini_, &c. The last and modern Stile has\npretty well spread itself all over _Italy_, and begins to have a great\nTendency to the same beyond the _Alps_, as he calls it.\n[72] The _Moods_, here spoken of, our Author has not well explained. The\nFoundation he goes upon are the eight Church _Moods_. But his Meaning\nand Complaint is, that commonly the Compositions are in _C_, or in _A_,\nwith their Transpositions, and that the others are not used or known.\nBut to particularise here what the _Moods_ are, and how to be used, is\nimpossible, for that Branch only would require a large Treatise by\nitself.\n[73] The _Airs_, sung in Unison with the Instruments, were invented in\nthe _Venetian_ Opera's, to please the _Barcaroles_, who are their\nWatermen: and very often their Applause supports an Opera. The _Roman_\nSchool always distinguished itself, and required Compositions of Study\nand Care. How it is now at _Rome_ is doubtful; but we do not hear that\nthere are any _Corelli's_.\n[74] _Maestro di Capella_, Master of the Chapel, the highest Title\nbelonging to a Master of Musick. Even now the Singers in _Italy_ give\nthe Composers of Opera's the Title of _Signior Maestro_ as a Mark of\ntheir Submission.\n[75] _Contrapunto_, Counterpoint, or Note against Note, the first\nRudiments of Composition.\n[76] _Furlana_. A sort of Country Dance, or _Cheshire_-Round.\nIt is reported, that the Church-Musick in _Italy_, far from keeping that\nMajesty it ought, is vastly abused the other way; and some Singers have\nhad the Impudence to have other Words put to favourite Opera _Airs_ and\nsung them in Churches. This Abuse is not new, for St. _Augustine_\ncomplains of it; and _Palestrina_ prevented in his Time Musick from\nbeing banished the Churches.\n[77] _Tono_, or _Mood_, and sometimes means the Key. Our Author in this\nSection is fond of a Pun, which cannot well be translated. _Tono_ is\nsometimes writ _Tuono_ and _Tuono_ signifies Thunder; therefore the\nIgnorant answers, he knows no other _Tuono_ but that which is preceded\nby Lightning.\n[78] _Cadences_; or, principal Closes in _Airs_.\n[79] For superior and inferior _Cadences_, see Pl. V. Numb. 3.\n[80] Broken _Cadences_, see Example, Chap. V. \u00a7 13, and its Note.\n[81] _Cadences_ that fall a Fifth, with and without Words, Pl. V, Numb.\n[82] By the _Final Cadences_ here mentioned, the first is at the End of\nthe first Part of the _Air_; the Second at the End of the second Part:\nand the Third at the end of the first Part when repeated again, or at\nthe _Da Capo_, as it is always expressed in _Italian_.\n[83] For the resolved and unresolved _Cadences_, see Pl. V. Numb. 6 and\n[84] See for the Examples, Pl. V. Numb. 8.\n[85] See Example, Pl. VI. Numb. 1.\n[86] See Example, Pl. VI. Numb. 2.\n_N.B._ An _Appoggiatura_ cannot be made on an unaccented Syllable.\n[87] See for Examples, Pl. VI. Numb. 3.\n[88] See for Examples, Pl. VI. Numb. 4.\n[89] Some, after a tender and passionate _Air_, make a lively merry\n_Cadence_; and, after a brisk _Air_, end it with one that is doleful.\n[90] Though this Chapter regards Singers who make it their Profession,\nand particularly those who sing on the Stage, yet there are many\nexcellent Precepts interspersed, that are of Use to Lovers of Musick.\n[91] _Kyrie_, the first Word of the Mass-Musick in the Cathedral Stile,\nis not so difficult to them as the _Cantata's_; and the _Latin_ in the\nService, being familiar to them, saves them the Trouble of attending to\nthe Words.\n[92] _Thomas Morley_ (who lived above an hundred Years ago) in the third\nPart of his Treatise, pag. 179, speaking of _Motetts_ or Anthems,\ncomplains thus:--'But I see not what Passions or Motions it can stir up,\nbeing as most Men doe commonlie Sing,--leaving out the Ditty--as it were\na Musick made onely for Instruments, which will indeed shew the Nature\nof the Musick, but never carry the Spirit and (as it were) that lively\nSoule which the Ditty giveth; but of this enough. And to return to the\nexpressing of the Ditty, the Matter is now come to that State, that\nthough a Song be never so wel made, and never so aptly applyed to the\nWords, yet shall you hardly find Singers to expresse it as it ought to\nbe; for most of our Church-men, (so they crie louder in the Quire then\ntheir Fellowes) care for no more; whereas, by the contrarie, they ought\nto study how to vowel and sing clean expressing their Words with\nDevotion and Passion, whereby to draw the Hearer as it were in Chaines\nof Gold by the Eares to the Consideration of holy Things. But this, for\nthe most part, you shall find amongst them, that let them continue never\nso long in the Church, yea though it were twentie Years, they will never\nstudy to sing better than they did the first Day of their Preferment to\nthat Place; so that it seems, that having obtained the Living which they\nsought for, they have little or no Care at all, either of their own\nCredit, or well discharging of that Dutie whereby they have their\nMaintenance.'\n[93] In _Italy_, the Courts of _Palma_, _Modena_, _Turin_, &c. and in\n_Germany_, the Courts of _Vienna_, _Bavaria_, _Hanover_, _Brandenbourg_,\n_Palatine_, _Saxony_, &c.\n[94] There have been such, who valued themselves for shaking a Room,\nbreaking the Windows, and stunning the Auditors with their Voice.\n[95] The renowned Abbot _Steffani_, so famous for his _Duetto's_, would\nnever suffer such luxuriant Singers to perform any of them, unless they\nkept themselves within Bounds.\n[96] _Nicolini_, who came the first time into _England_ about the Year\n1708, had both Qualities, more than any that have come since. He acted\nto Perfection, and did not sing much inferior. His Variations in the\n_Airs_ were excellent; but in his _Cadences_ he had a little of the\nantiquated Tricks. _Valentini_, (who was here at the same Time) a\nScholar of _Pistochi_, though not so powerful in Voice or Action as\n_Nicolini_, was more chaste in his Singing.\n[97] The two Women, he points at, are _Cuzzoni_ and _Faustina_.\n[98] The _Carnaval_ is a Festival in _Italy_, particularly celebrated at\n_Venice_ from _Christmas_ to _Lent_, when all Sorts of Diversions are\npermitted; and at that Time there are sometimes three different Theatres\nfor Opera's only.\n[99] Our Author has often mentioned Time; the Regard to it, the\nStrictness of it, and how much it is neglected and unobserv'd. In this\nPlace speaking of stealing the Time, it regards particularly the Vocal,\nor the Performance on a single Instrument in the _Pathetick_ and\n_Tender_; when the Bass goes an exactly regular Pace, the other Part\nretards or anticipates in a singular Manner, for the Sake of Expression,\nbut after That returns to its Exactness, to be guided by the Bass.\nExperience and Taste must teach it. A mechanical Method of going on with\nthe Bass will easily distinguish the Merit of the other Manner.\n[100] A farther Animadversion against imitating Instruments with the\nVoice.\n[101] Many Graces may be very good and proper for a Violin, that would\nbe very improper for a Hautboy; and so with every Species of Instruments\nthat have something peculiar. It is a very great Error (too much in\nPractice) for the Voice, (which should serve as a Standard to be\nimitated by Instruments,) to copy all the Tricks practised on the\nseveral Instruments, to its greatest Detriment.\n[102] _Passo_ and _Passagio_. The Difference is, that a _Passo_ is a\nsudden Grace or Flight, not uniform. See Pl. VI. Numb. 5. A _Passagio_\nis a Division, a Continuation, or a Succession of Notes, ascending or\ndescending with Uniformity. See Pl. VI. Numb. 6.\n[103] This alludes to the _French_ Manner of Singing, from whence that\nDefect is copy'd.\n[104] The Time he alludes to, is at present between thirty and forty\nYears ago.\n[105] Compare this Section with Section 41 in this Chapter and the Note.\n[106] This is a Fault more than once heard of, in _Oratario's_ or\n_Motetts_.\n[107] See Example, Pl. VI. Numb. 7.\n[108] _Faustina_ and _Cuzzoni_, they both having within these few Years\nbeen in _England_, there needs no other Remark to be made on them, but\nto inform Futurity, that the _English_ Audience distinguish'd them Both\nand at the same time, according to their Merit, and as our Author has\ndescrib'd them.\nIt may be worth remarking, that _Castilione_, who lived above two\nhundred Years ago, in his _Cortegiano_, describes _Bidon_, and\n_Marchetto Cara_, two famous Singers in his Time, with the same\ndistinguishing Qualifications.\n[109] See Examples, Pl. VI. Numb. 8 and 9.", "source_dataset": "gutenberg", "source_dataset_detailed": "gutenberg -  Observations on the Florid Song; Or, Sentiments on the Ancient and Modern Singers\n"},
{"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1712, "culture": " English\n", "content": "THE\n                     DISEASES incident to that SEX,\n                   _Virgins_, _Wives_, and _Widows_;\n   With their _Causes_ and _Symptoms_, their _Degrees_ of DANGER, and\n              respective _Methods_ of PREVENTION and CURE:\n               The Whole ART of _New improv\u2019d_ MIDWIFERY;\nThe necessary _Qualifications_ of a MIDWIFE, and particular _Directions_\n for _laying Women_, in all _Cases_ of _Difficult_ and _Preternatural_\n BIRTHS; together with the _Diet_ and _Regimen_ of both the MOTHER and\n             Printed for JAMES HOLLAND, at the _Bible_ and\n               _Ball_, in St. _Paul\u2019s-Church-Yard_. 1724.\n[Illustration]\n  _To all Learned and Judicious_ Professors _of_ PHYSICK, _as well as\n         Ingenuous and Experienced_ Practisers _of_ MIDWIFERY.\n  _Most Excellent_ SOCIETIES,\nI Have generally observ\u2019d, that _Men_ address their WORKS to improper\nHands; _some_ aim at _Personages_ too great, to regard them; _others_\nstoop to _Men_ too unlearned, to defend them: _Some_ again make their\n_Court_ and apply to Persons in Vogue or in Place, and _others_ cringe\nand creep after _Purse-proud Patrons_: But as I pursue not the common\nDesigns of DEDICATORS, so I have studied no subterfuges of _Flattery_,\nnor Flourishes of _Panegyrick_ in this DEDICATION. I know, that,\nwhatever my _Performance_ may prove, a _substantial_ WORK will stand\nsecurely upon its own Bottom, and make its way into the World, without\nany _secondary Helps_; whereas a slight _Defective Piece_ will fall and\nbe quash\u2019d, tho\u2019 it should even _strut_ with MAJESTY itself in its\nglaring _Front_.\nHad I then presum\u2019d upon any particular VOUCHER for the FEMALE\nPHYSICIAN, it would have look\u2019d like acknowledging _Guilt_ and seeking\nfor _Defence_; Because _You_, and none else, are the _competent Judges_\nin Affairs of this Nature: GOD having entrusted _you_ only with the\n_Lives_ of Men; and _you_ (under HIM) being the Sole _Preservers_ of\nLIFE and the great _Distributers_ of HEALTH, I have thought it my _Duty_\nto make this solemn Application to _your August Societies_ in general;\nand in this manner to render you some small _Account_ of the _TALENT_,\nwhich some of your selves have entrusted me with for _Improvement_.\nIn fine, your _famous Fraternities_ being universally celebrated for\nencouraging of _Learning_ and promoting _Ingenuity_, You are still the\nmore highly entitled to my _Endeavours_ in both respects; and I my self\nin all points of _Humanity_ the more secure of your candid\n_Interpretation_. The _undertaking_ then being yours by _Birth_, it has\na Natural Claim to your _Care_; And it being the _Duty_ of Men to\nprovide for their _Off-Spring_, it has a peculiar Right to your\n_Patronage_. Wherefore, with all due _Deference_ and becoming\n_Submission_ to your _wiser Judgments_, I lay the DEDICATION as well as\nthe WORK it self entirely at your Feet, in Hopes of your courteous\n_Reception_ and benign _Tutelage_ both at Home and Abroad: Upon which\n(in short) I beg Leave to Subscribe my self, with profound _Veneration_,\n[Illustration]\nAs the Study of _Physick_ has differ\u2019d in every Age, according to the\nprevailing Opinions and Ambiguous Determinations of _Philosophers_, so\nthe Practice of _Midwifery_ has also varied, according to the Judicious\nExperiments and successful Operations of _Professors_; until of late\nYears, by the many happy Discoveries and strict Inquiries made into the\nSecrets of Nature, and Natural Causes, these Healing and obstetricious\n_Arts_ are so much improv\u2019d and advanc\u2019d, that, they now seem to be\narriv\u2019d at their very Height of _Perfection_: Insomuch that both the\n_one_ and the _other_ stand this Day upon as sure a Foundation, and as\ncertain Principles, as most other _Sciences_ do, which notwithstanding\nare not exempted from the Fate of _Casualties_.\nTHE Case then being so, it becomes all Men of Ingenuity and Integrity,\nto be also _Communicative_ of such Things, as may tend to the Welfare of\ntheir Neighbours and to the Common Good of Mankind; since according to\nthe Excellent _Poet_,\n        _Scire tuum nihil est, nisi te scire hoc, sciat alter._\nTHIS was the Principle of the _Ancients_, who, as they discover\u2019d the\nNatural Debility of the _Female Sex_, and that Women were not only\nSubject to all Diseases in common with Men, but also obnoxious to a vast\nmany Distempers peculiarly singular to themselves, were first mov\u2019d to\nwrite particular _Books_, and respective _Treatises_, upon these Heads:\nThe most wise and divine _Hippocrates_, first breaking the Ice, after\nhim _Diocles_, next _Aetius_, and at last many _others_; For the more\nLearned and Ingenious that any one found himself in his respective Age,\nthe more readily he exercis\u2019d himself in these difficult Points.\nBUT now a-days _Women_ may well complain, and cry out with _Soranus_,\n\u201c_O mal\u00e8 Occupatum virorum Genus, occidimur nos, non Morimur: Et ab\nillis, qui inter vos peritissimi existimantur, perperam curat\u00e6, vos vero\nde qualibet vel levissima vestrarum Affectionum, Libros ex Libris\nfacientes, Bibliothecas voluminibus oneratas, de Nostris inter ea diris\nac difficillimis Cruciatibus, nulla vel exigua, & ea quidem satis\noscitanter mentione fact\u00e2_\u201d: That _Men_, in short, study their own Good,\nand take more Care of Themselves than of the _Women_.\nBECAUSE then there are so many Faults and Defects in this part of\n_Physick_; in that the _Antients_, by reason of their precise Gravity,\nrendred their _Works_ either obscure, or at least difficult to be\nunderstood: As _some_ of the more _modern Authors_ have, treated them\nbut Partially and Defectively in most respects; _others_ but transiently\nand indifferently, or as if they were otherways employ\u2019d: _Some_ again\ndarkly and briefly; _others_ so confusedly and prolixly, that we may\njustly say to them, as the _Lacedemonians_ did to the _Samian Legats_ of\nold; \u201c_Prioris orationis vestr\u00e6 partis sumus obliti, postremam ob prim\u00e6\noblivionem non intelleximus_\u201d: We have forgot the Beginning of your\nDiscourse, and for that reason, cannot understand the latter Part.\nTHESE being the Reasons of this Undertaking, I shall trouble you with no\nfarther _Apologies_ in its behalf, save only that I thought it my Duty,\nnotwithstanding the Considerable _Charge_ and immense _Labour_, not only\nso far to endeavour to imitate my _Predecessors_, but also to deserve\nwell of Humane Kind, and particularly of _English Women_: FIRST by\ncollecting these things, which I have found clearly written by the most\napproved _Authors_, together with what I have conceiv\u2019d to be true and\nRational by my own painful Study, frequent Speculation, and assiduous\nPractice; and SECONDLY by publishing this _Praxis_ and _Analysis_ of\nWomen\u2019s Distempers, as they are accurately, tho\u2019 succinctly comprehended\nin this small _Volume_: Yet not so briefly neither, but that most Things\nare consider\u2019d and explain\u2019d for removing _Obscurity_; nor so prolixly,\nthat any Head is swell\u2019d with Trifles or empty Words: And that not only\nin our vernacular _Tongue_, but also in a certain middle _Style_,\nadapted to the Capacity of the meanest _Reader_; so that if it be\npossible, where the _Flowers_ are thinnest Sown, there the _Fruit_ may\nappear the thickest; Because I have all along consider\u2019d this to be no\nWork of _Eloquence_, but of _Midwifery_, or _Physick_, or _both_\ntogether, if you please, in which I have studied the common Good, but no\nvain Glory.\nIN composing the WORK, I have follow\u2019d such Methods as seem\u2019d to me the\nmost conducive towards its Use and Design, and insisted only upon such\n_Topicks_, as can be most serviceable to the World, and absolutely\nnecessary in the Practice of either of these _Arts_; without touching\nupon any of the pompous Superfluities, with which _Physick_, as well as\nother _Professions_, is now a-days over-run and embarrass\u2019d: The _one_ I\napprehended to concern my Integrity, and the _other_ only an empty\nApplause. But that you may be at no Loss in conceiving the Regularity of\nmy Method, because of the variety of Subjects to be met with, I shall\nhere delineate or draw out the _Lines_ of the WORK, and give you some\ndistant _Idea_ of it, if possible, by a general Hint upon every _Part_\nor _Section_ of the BOOK, _Viz._\nIN the _first Part_, I have explain\u2019d the History of the _Formation_ and\n_Animation_ of Man, together with the _Maturation_, _Nutrition_, and\n_Position_ of the Infant in the Womb; to which I have subjoin\u2019d the\n_Anatomical_ Account of the _Membranes_ and _Waters_, as well as of the\n_After-Birth_ and _Navel-String_. I have likewise in this place\npreviously set forth the Dignity and Excellency of _Man_, together with\nthe Faculties of our _Souls_, and the Qualities of our _Bodies_; And,\nhaving initiated the whole with the Natural Proofs of a GOD, and a short\nDissertation upon _Nature_, I hope none will take that amiss, because my\nBelief in the _one_, and the small Knowledge I have acquir\u2019d of the\n_other_, are to be my _Guide_ throughout the Course of my Life, as well\nas my _Directory_ in the present Performance.\nIN the _Second Part_, I have not only explain\u2019d the Natural _Philosophy_\nof the _Maiden-State_, and set forth the Passions, as well as the\nDiseases familiar to _Virgins_; but also defin\u2019d the Power of\n_Imagination_, and added the Natural Reasons for the various\n_Likenesses_ of Children.\nIN the _Third_, I have expounded the Mystery of _Conception_, together\nwith its Diagnostick Signs: I have directed the _Regimen_ of the\nPregnant Woman, and particularly set forth the various _Symptoms_ of the\nMonths of Gestation, together with the _Acute Diseases_ incident to her\nin that Time. I have in the same place insisted at Large upon\n_Miscarriage_, and explain\u2019d at length the _Mystical Theory_ of Birth in\ngeneral.\nIN the _Fourth Section_, I have defin\u2019d the _Art of Midwifery_, and the\nContemplation of its _Theoretical_, as well as its _Practical_\nKnowledge: And, that _Women_ practising this _Art_, may not mistake me\nin what is said or recommended to them, I have also addressed my self to\n_Men_ professing the same _Science_; and, with all imaginable\nImpartiality, told them both their _Faults_ and their _Duties_, however\nwithout any intended particular _Reflection_. To which I have subjoin\u2019d\na compleat _Anatomical Description_ of the Parts of _Generation_ proper\nto Women; together with the Natural History of the _Matrix_ and its\namazing Faculties.\nIN the _Fifth_, I have ingenuously laid open the whole Mystery of\n_Midwifery_, as to all Sorts of BIRTHS, whether _Natural_ or\n_Preternatural_, and faithfully laid down the Fundamental Principles and\nmost certain Rules of this _Profession_; and that not only according to\nthe best _Notions_ of my own Application and Study, or the real\n_Dictates_ of my proper Practice and Experience; but also according to\nthe most ingenious Precepts and infallible _Maxims_ of the ablest and\nmost polite _Professors_ of this excellent _Art_, and that also\naccording to its newest and latest _Improvements_: And in these _Cases_,\nI have neither fear\u2019d the Invectives of the \u00c6mulous _Zoilus_, nor\nregarded the Snarlings of the reprehensive _Momus_: For Wise Men are not\nany longer to be entertained with _\u00c6nigmas_, since GOD hath said, _Fiat\nLux_.\nIN the _Sixth Part_, I have not only prescrib\u2019d the due _Regimen_, and\nprovided for the Safety and happy _Recovery_ of the _Child-Bed-Woman_,\nbut also taken a suitable and corresponding Care of her _Babe_; As I\nhave farther instilled particularly upon the various Disasters incident\nto both _Mother_ and _Child_, in their respective tender Conditions of\n_Child-Bed_ and _Infancy_.\nIN the _Seventh_, I have dilucidated the _Philosophical History_ of all\nthe different Sorts of _Preternatural Conceptions_ as well as BIRTHS;\nand insisted at large upon the Theme of Women\u2019s _Sterility_ or\n_Barrenness_.\nIN the _Eighth_ and last _Section_, I have not only defin\u2019d the\n_Widow-State_, as far as it concern\u2019d my Purpose, but also diligently\npursued the _Subject-Matter_, and traced down the Particulars of their\ncommon _Grievances_.\nTHESE, I say, are the general Heads of the WORK, which are all again\nsub-divided into their proper respective Particulars; and consequently\nevery general _Head_ or _Section_ assign\u2019d its own relative _Chapters_,\nfor the singular Benefit and more easy Comprehension of the _Reader_.\nAnd these _Chapters_ consisting of 130 in Number, I have, with respect\nto every singular _Distemper_ mentioned in them, FIRST, defin\u2019d the\nNature of the _Disease_; SECONDLY, accounted for its _Causes_; THIRDLY,\nI have given the _Diagnostick Signs_ or _Symptoms_; FOURTHLY, the\n_Prognosticks_ or Degrees of Danger; to which I have FIFTHLY and lastly\nadded the Method of _Prevention_ in many Cases, and That of CURE in All:\nSo that there is almost not one _Disease_ which can affect the Woman\nfrom her _Birth_ to her _Death_, in _Child_, _Maiden_, _Wife_, or\n_Widow-hood_, whose _Essence_, _Species_, _Differences_, _Causes_,\n_Signs_, and _Prognosticks_, we have not sufficiently clear\u2019d up.\nALL these Things I have endeavour\u2019d to be most particular in, to the end\nthat any _Woman_, who reads, so as to be conversant with this BOOK, may\nknow before She sends for her _Physician_, not only her _Distemper_, but\nalso the _Danger_, with which she is threatned upon every Sickly\noccasion. And in these Things I flatter my self that this WORK will\nprove Acceptable, where such a Number of _Diseases_ and _Symptoms_ are\nset forth in so clear a Light, that any Person, making use of their Eyes\nand Reason only, without being any ways vers\u2019d in the Practice of\n_Physick_, or _Midwifery_, may evidently see, perceive, and by\nExperience find, every individual _Case_ to answer these Ends, and the\nwhole to correspond exactly with its _Title_ and _Contents_.\nBUT upon the whole, if here and there a brief _Philosophical_ way of\nReasoning has crept in, I would have you consider, that it could not be\navoided; because the _Proofs_ relating to Natural Things are sometimes\ntaken from very minute _Instruments_; And that the Design of such an\n_Interspersion_, is only to assist your Understanding, and conduct your\nThoughts through the WORK. However in such _Cases_ the _Reader_ may go\non, or pass by what does not suit with his _Taste_, as he pleases. Again\nif here and there, I have retain\u2019d a _Term of Art_, which the common\n_Reader_ may call a hard Word, I declare it is out of no Design to amuse\nany one, but out of mere Necessity, since otherways I should have been\nridiculously singular, and far less understood: In the mean time I have\ntaken what Care I could to explain the most, or at least the most\nrequisite of _These_, insomuch that whatever _Words_ or _Sentences_ of\nthis Kind are not fully interpreted, you may slip over, without losing\nany thing Material of the Purport of the Matter, such Things concerning\nthe _Practitioner_ more than the common _Reader_.\nHOWEVER yet, if the Measures I have pursued in handling this\nuncultivated _Subject_, should not appear so exactly Methodical as some\nof you may expect, I shall only say for _Excuse_, that, as it belongs to\nhard Labour to cut out new Paths and Ways thro\u2019 _Woods_ and _Desarts_,\nand where _Guides_ are wanting, to find out the shortest _Cut_; so it is\nonly by frequent _Travelling_, that such _Roads_ can become smooth and\neasy, however exactly plan\u2019d. Again farther, I would have you also to\nconsider the Difficulty of the _Task_, to contract Much in a Little; to\nomit Nothing which ought to be animadverted; to join Perspicuity with\nBrevity; and after all, finally to reduce the whole to the certain\n_Precepts_ of ART.\nI have incessantly perus\u2019d the vast _Volumes_ of others, _Ancients_ as\nwell as _Moderns_; and whatever may be found there variously dispers\u2019d,\nover-strain\u2019d, or collected profusely, without either Order, or\nCoherence, you\u2019ll find here manifestly disposed, and neatly contracted\nin this small WORK. I have sever\u2019d the _Grain_ from the CHAFF, winnowed\nthe _Seeds_ from the HUSKS, and purged the _Gold_ from the ORE, to the\nend that I might again successfully _Sow_ what I have thus laboriously\n_reaped_; and digest all Things into such an easy and clear _Method_,\nthat you\u2019ll be at no Loss here for what you want, but may turn to it at\nonce, whatever the _Case_ may be; you\u2019ll read nothing twice, nor will\nyou fall into any _Trifles_, which might either confuse, or detain you.\nBUT that I may not be misconstrued or misrepresented here, give me Leave\nto affirm that the Design of this WORK, is not to reprehend or find\nFault, with any former _Writer\u2019s Performance_; but only to render these\nThings, which _others_ have either treated negligently, or\nindifferently, confusedly, or obscurely, the more Clear and Evident.\nTHIS, candid _Reader_, being the Design as well as the Reason of my\n_Undertaking_, according to the _Fruit_ you receive by it, Pray, repress\nthe Minds of the Invidious; and according to the Judgment you make of\nits Worth, let it stand or fall in your Esteem. Not that I am so vain in\nthe _interim_ to imagine, that the Work can stand upon the Foot of its\nown _Merit_; and far less can I expect that it will escape the ordinary\nFate of _Censure_: No, I shall take it well, considering its\n_Imperfections_, if it undergoes no worse Fate, than what is common to\nBOOKS; especially considering that it is no ways set off with a great\n_Figure_, under the splendid appearance and modish Trappings of\nflourishing _Hypotheses_, so common among our _Modern Writers_.\nTHERE are many Things altogether New in our _Midwifery_, which I would\nhave none rashly to stumble at, tho\u2019 I know that _New Opinions_ are\nalways suspected and generally opposed, merely because they are not\nalready _Common_: But as I am not in any respect to press my _Notion_ of\nThings upon the Belief of _others_, so I desire not to establish any\n_Maxims_ of mine in other Peoples _Opinions_, farther than they think\nfit. I know the Relish of the _Understanding_, is often as different as\nthat of the _Palate_; Hence it is that _some_ Men condemn, what _others_\napprove; and _some_ despise what _others_ admire: Yea such is the\nUncertainty of Men\u2019s _Judgments_, concerning the Excellency of Things,\nthat no _Nut_ of Learning was ever yet open\u2019d, whose _Contents_ were\nallowed by all to be pure _Kernel_: And no more has any _Truth_ been yet\ndiscover\u2019d, either in _Physick_ or _Midwifery_, which has not been\nquestion\u2019d, and the _Detector_ exclaim\u2019d against as a pedantick\n_Innovator_: But all that I shall say to these _Things_ is, that, as\n_Antiquity_ will never protect an _Error_ in Judgment, so _Novelty_\nshall never prejudice me against TRUTH, whether of my own or other\nPeople\u2019s _Invention_.\nUPON the whole, I would in fine recommend my self to the candid\n_Reader_\u2019s Benevolent and Charitable Opinion, and if in any particular\nPoint or Respect (because we are but MEN) I may not have had the\nHappiness to please, or to give Satisfaction, Pray impute it not to\n_Sloth_ or _Idleness_, but to _Peregrination_ and _Travelling_; in which\nit may be well suppos\u2019d that _Studies_ are too often interrupted.\nRemember also _that_ of _Pliny_, \u201c_haud ullo in genere veniam Justiorem\nesse, si mod\u00f2 mirum non est, Hominem Genitum non omnia Humana novisse_.\u201d\nFor as none of us can do all Things, nor is sufficient for All; so it is\nNatural for _Man_ to fall, to err, and to be deceiv\u2019d: And as we see\nsome _Blemishes_ in the most beautiful _Bodies_, so there is nothing\naltogether _Perfect_, among the Works of Men.\n  _Farewell._\n    _From my House, in_\n      New-Bond-street, _over\n      against_ Benn\u2019s-Coffee-House,\n      _near_ Hannover-Square. 1724.\n[Illustration]\n[Illustration]\n[Illustration]\n       10. _Of the Nutrition and Posture of the Infant._              30\n       13. _Of the Umbilical Vessels, or Navel-String._               34\n Chap.  1. _Of the Symptoms peculiar to the State of\n        3. _Of the Virgin-Disease, commonly call\u2019d the\n        7. _Of the Power of the Imaginative Faculty._                 57\n        3. _Of the Diet and Regimen of the Pregnant Woman._           74\n        4. _Of the Symptoms of the first three Months._               77\n       13. _Of the Symptoms of the Middle Three Months._              92\n       15. _Of Heart-Beatings and Swooning-Fits._                     94\n       20. _Of the Symptoms of the last three Months._               101\n       21. _Of Dysuries, Ischuries, and Stranguries._                102\n       25. _Of the Inflations and Tumours of the Legs._              107\n       28. _Of Acute Diseases incident to the Child-Bearing\n       29. _Of the Debility and Weakness of the F\u0153tus._              115\n       37. _Of an Eleven-Months, and all posterior Births._          147\n       38. _Of the Reasons why one Number of Months, Weeks and\n             Days, is more Auspicious to Birth than another._        150\n       39. _Of the Diet and Regimen of the Woman, before and\n       40. _Of the Natural Causes of Birth, and Pains of Labour._    161\n       41. _Of the Causes of a sooner, or later Birth._              163\n        2. _Of the Qualifications of the ordinary Midwife._          171\n        3. _Of the Theoretical and Practical Knowledge of the\n        4. _Of the Qualifications of the Extraordinary Midwife._     178\n        5. _Of the External Parts of Generation._                    183\n        6. _Of the Internal Parts of Generation._                    186\n       10. _Of the Extensive Faculty of the Womb._                   199\n       11. _Of the Substantial Density of the Womb._                 200\n       12. _Of the various Local Motion of the Womb._                203\n       13. _Of the oblique Situation of the Womb._                   204\n       15. _Of the various Uses and Advantages of the Touch._        208\n       16. _Of the Genuine and Spurious Labour-Pains._               213\n       17. _Of the True Method of Laying the Woman._                 216\n       18. _Of the Method of Extracting the Secundine, &c._          220\n        4. _Of Difficult Births, proceeding from External\n        5. _Of Difficult Births, proceeding from Causes of the\n        6. _Of Difficult Births, proceeding from Causes of the\n        7. _Of Difficult Births, proceeding from Causes of the\n        8. _Of Difficult Births, proceeding from the Causes of\n        9. _Of Difficult Births, proceeding from Causes of the\n       10. _Of Difficult Births, proceeding from Causes of the\n       11. _Of Difficult Births, proceeding from the Causes of\n       13. _Of Preternatural Births, by the Face\u2019s being turn\u2019d\n             upwards; or bent forwards, and the Crown backwards._    257\n       14. _Of Preternatural Births, by the Hand, Elbow,\n             Shoulder, Knees, or Buttocks, presenting first._        259\n       15. _Of Preternatural Births, by the Breast, Belly, or\n             Back presenting first; and the Infants, lying\n       16. _Of Preternatural Births, by the Feet presenting\n       17. _Of Preternatural Births, by Two, or more Infants\n       18. _Of Preternatural Births, proceeding from Causes of\n       19. _Of Preternatural Births, from the Womb\u2019s inclining\n       20. _Of Preternatural Births, from the Womb\u2019s inclining\n       21. _Of Preternatural Births, from the Womb\u2019s inclining to\n       22. _Of Preternatural Births, proceeding from the Median\n       23. _Of Preternatural Births, proceeding from complicated\n             Causes, of both the Infant and the Womb._               294\n       24. _Of Preternatural Births, proceeding from the\n             Navel-String\u2019s coming first, and that either alone,\n       25. _Of Preternatural Births, from the After-Birth\u2019s\n       26. _Of Preternatural Births, proceeding from the Death of\n  Chap. 1. _Of the Diet and Regimen of the Puerperial or\n        3. _Of the Suppression of the Lochia, or\n        4. _Of the immoderate Flux of the Lochia._                   317\n        5. _Of the Acute Distempers incident to Child-Bed-Women._    319\n        6. _Of the various other Accidents, incident to the\n        7. _Of the Constriction of the Navel-String, and the\n        8. _Of the Nurse and her Regimen, together with the\n        9. _Of the Diet and Ablactation, together with the\n       10. _Of the various Symptoms and Indispositions, wherewith\n       11. _Of the Sundry Symptoms, and Diseases, peculiarly\n             incident to the Infant after Birth._                    346\n  Chap. 1. _Of Preternatural Conceptions._                           355\n  Chap. 1. _Of the Symptoms incident to the State of Widow-hood._    391\n            With a conclusive Application of the whole Work.\n[Illustration]\n[Illustration]\nREASON, and the mere Contemplation of _Nature_ (abstracted from the\nLight and Assistance of _Revelation_ or _Faith_) afford us sufficient\nconvincing Arguments, for the _Existence_ of this great and\nincomprehensible BEING; as _Heathens_ themselves do testify.\nACCORDING to _Plato_ (that most excellent Heathenish _Divine_)\nPhilosophical Demonstrations are the only _Catharticks_ (_i. e._\nPurgers) of the _Soul_; being the most proper means to cleanse it from\n_Error_, and give us an exact Relish of Sacred _Truths_. Wherefore I\nshall strictly confine myself to _These_, in proving the BEING of this\n_Existence_, from the _Maxims_ of all the four principal _Sects_ of\nHeathen Philosophers; which I shall discuss in the briefest _Terms_, by\nonly touching upon a few of their respective _Proofs_; _viz._\nTHE _Naturalist_ insists chiefly upon three Heads; That of _Motion_, the\n_Final_, and the _Efficient Cause_.\nUPON the Axiom of _Motion_, that _Sect_ could not exceed, or go beyond\nthe _Primum Mobile_ among _created Beings_; and therefore allows, that\nthere is something _above_ it, which moves _itself_ and is not moved by\n_Another_.\nUPON that of the _Final Cause_, they could find no _created Being_\ncapable of directing that _Nature_, which directs and appoints all\n_Creatures_ to aim at some peculiar END; and thence conclude, that this\n_Nature_ is directed by something _superior_ to itself.\nUPON that of the _Efficient Cause_, they confess, from the many\nVicissitudes of _created Beings_, that they\u2019ve all had a _Beginning_:\nand (because no _Beginning_ can be without an _Efficient_) acknowledge,\nthat _something_ more excellent than all _created Beings_, hath created\nthem.\nTHE _Metaphysician_ useth a vast Variety of sublime _Arguments_; whereof\nI shall only give a few Instances: _viz._\nI. THAT every _finite Being_ must needs proceed from _something_ else,\nlimiting it in that _Finiteness_, in which its _Nature_ conflicts.\nII. THAT all _Multitude_ must proceed from _Unity_, as the _Motions_ of\nthe _lower Orbs_ proceed from that of the _one highest_; or as the many\nparticular distinct _Actions_ and different _Motions_ of the Man,\nproceed from (their _Superior_) the SOUL.\nIII. THAT the _Subordination_ of the _Creatures_, one serving another,\nand all concurring to the _Common Good_, must needs proceed from the\n_Disposal_ of some most wise GOVERNOUR.\nIV. THAT the wonderful and incomparable ART, observable in the _Make_\nand _Form_ of every the minutest Part of the least and most despicable\n_Creature_, must necessarily proceed from some very great and omnipotent\nARTIFICER.\nV. THIS _Sect_ acknowledges also the _Immortality_ of the SOUL, as\n_Cicero_ witnesses; because it is an _immaterial Substance_, and\nindependent of the _Body_: And consequently they allow it to proceed\nfrom an _immortal Author_, and to return to the _same_, after a\n_Dissolution_ from the Body.\nAS to the _Moralist_, his way of _Reasoning_ is plainer to our common\nCapacities.\nI. HE proves this _Argument_ from the _natural Disposition_ and\n_Propensity_ of the worst of Men, even _Atheists_ themselves, upon the\nApproach of Death or any heavy _Calamity_, to acknowledge some superior\ndivine Power; as _Seneca_ witnesseth of _Caligula_, &c.\nII. FROM the _ultimate End_ and chief _Good_ of Man; which (according to\n_Plato_) is nothing _Terrestrial_: Our _Souls_ being _insatiable_ in\nthis Life, have a constant _Tendency_ to that particular END, for which\nwe are _created_; which (in his Words) consists only in being\n_inseparably_ united to GOD.\nIII. FROM _Virtue_ and _Vice_, the _Rewards_ and _Punishments_ due to\nthese from _Nature_ and _Reason_; which agree with _Equity_ and\n_Justice_, that they, who _live well_, should be _rewarded_ with this\ntheir _ultimate End_ and _final Felicity_: And those who live\n_otherwise_, should be _punished_ by the LOSS thereof forever. Thence\nthey (of consequence) acknowledge, that there must be a just and\npowerful JUDGE, above all _created Beings_, to inflict this impartial\nSENTENCE.\nTHE _Mathematician_ acknowledges _That_ to be some _Being superior_ to\nall others; whose _Center_ he finds every where, and whose\n_Circumference_ he can limit or discover no where. But because this\n_Sect_ borrows the better Part of their _Proofs_ from the other _three_\nmentioned, I shall go no farther; designing nothing but _Brevity_\nthro\u2019out this Work, especially upon a THESIS so manifest as _This_:\nWhich indeed I should not so much as have touched upon, considering how\nelegantly and copiously many very _learned Divines_, and other eminent\n_Writers_, have treated that _Subject_; were it not that some subsequent\n_Hypotheses_ depend immediately upon it. Wherefore I proceed to\n[Illustration]\nHOWEVER _extensive_ this Word NATURE may be, and whatever secundary\n_Definitions_ it may admit of; it is (in effect) nothing else than the\n_Denouncer_ of the Divine Will and Pleasure, the _Efficient_ CAUSE of\nnatural _Works_, and the _Conservant_ of real _Existences_: Or, the\n_Order_ and _Series_ of Sacred Works, obeying the Divine Will, Power,\nand Commands. At least I think all other _Definitions_ of this Word,\ntaken in whatsoever Sense, may be _reduced_ to _These_ following; _viz._\n  _NATURE_ is the implanted and _innate Quality_ of Things.\n  _NATURE_ is the _Faculty_ and _Propensity_ of every Mind.\n  _NATURE_ is the _Mixture_ and _Temperature_ of the four Elements.\n  _NATURE_ is the Philosopher\u2019s _Axiom_ of Motion and Rest.\n  _NATURE_ is _that_ which giveth _Form_, by a specifick Difference, to\n    every thing.\nWHICH _Power_ (in either Definition) can only be ascribed to that Great\nGOD, whose _infinite Existence_ I\u2019ve been hinting upon: Who is the\n_Author_ of Nature and _Framer_ of the Universe; who by his own _Breath_\nand _Word_, without any _material Help_, and at his own _Will_ and\n_Pleasure_, created all Things. In whom all Things _live_, _move_, and\nhave their _Being_. By whom a vivacious _Faculty_ is infused through all\nThings; so as that (by and through HIM) all Things subsist of their own\n_peculiar Natures_ and _natural Qualities_; and by these _implanted\nQualities_ increase, maintain, and defend themselves: And _that_ so,\nthat in such an immense _University_, and such a vast _Variety_ of\nThings, nothing is indeed _idle_, _useless_, or _unprofitable_. Nothing\nis made _rashly_, _fortuitously_, or _in vain_; but every Thing appears\nappointed to some certain _Use_ and _Purpose_, and determined to some\nsettled _Course_ and _Sphere_ of ACTION: Every _Being_ answering the END\nof its _Design_, and the _Design_ of its CREATION.\nAS _Man_ was set on the _Theatre_ of this World, to the _End_ that he\nmight admire, delight, and confide in GOD his great _Creator_; so was\nthe _Humane Body_ made for the _Divine Soul_, and the _respective\nMembers_ for the _Body_: which all voluntarily concur in the Discharge\nof their _peculiar Functions_, for the Benefit and Use of the WHOLE.\nAND so was every _Stem_ endued with its own _Faculty_, and every\n_Creature_ with its own _Nature_; which made _Aristotle_[1] most\npertinently say, \u201c_That there\u2019s nothing so minute in the Nature of\nThings, nothing so abject or despicable, but may reasonably afford Men\nsomething of Admiration._\u201d\nNOW, I think, we may be soon brought to this _Admiration_, when we only\n_view_ those Things which are so evidently exposed to our Eyes: such as\nthe _Elements_, the _Heavens_, the _Rising_ and _Setting_ of the _Sun_,\n_Moon_, and _Stars_, the _Diurnal_ and _Nocturnal Vicissitudes_, the\n_four Seasons_ of the Year, comprehending the two _\u00c6quinoctials_ of\nSpring and Fall, and the two _Solstices_ of Summer and Winter; by whose\n_Decourse_ or Descent _Grass_ fades, and _Herbs_ decay; and again, by\ntheir Ascent or _Influence_, spring up and revive.\nAND again, when we consider the _Animals_, the _Faculties_ and\n_Propension_ of their respective _Natures_, how they are endued with\npeculiar _Sense_, because denied particular _Reason_; and how wisely\nthey are all dispos\u2019d, some inhabiting the _Waters_, some enjoying the\nfree _Air_, and others possessing the _Desarts_; some _reptile_ and\ncreeping, some _gradient_ and walking, some _solivagant_ and wandering,\nsome _wild_ and fierce, and others innocent and _tame_: I say the\nmarvellous and inimitable _Artifice_ of _Nature_ in these, and all other\n_natural Works_, is not only to be admir\u2019d; but also the _Majesty_,\n_Glory_, _Fullness_, and _Magnificence_ of the Great CREATOR and\nInstitutor of this Nature is to be most highly ador\u2019d; in whom all\nthings originally _center_, as their common _Source_ and Divine\n_Fountain_, and to whom all things are finally _reduced_, as the\nPrimigenious _Essence_ and _Archetype_ of NATURE.\n[Illustration]\nMAN, to whom all _sublunary Beings_ were subjected, is most excellently\nqualified, far above all other _Creatures_ of this World: In him is not\nonly the vegetative Life of _Plants_, and the sensitive Life of\n_Animals_, but also the _Angelical Reason_, the Divine _Understanding_,\nthe true _Conjunction_ and glorious _Possession_ of all Things: He is\nnot only endued with _Reason_ and the _Gift of Speaking_, but also with\na _Mind_ and a SOUL, which participates of a _Celestial Nature_ and\n_Divinity_ itself; which can relate to the Nature of nothing else, and\nbe compared to none but GOD himself: In and thro\u2019 _whom_ he has a\n_Similitude_ with all things, an _Operation_ with all, and\n_Conversation_ with all: He symbolizeth with all Matters in proper\n_Subjects_; with the _Elements_ in a fourfold Body; with _Plants_ in a\nvegetative Virtue; with _Animals_ in a sensitive Faculty; with the\n_Heavens_ in an Etherial Spirit; with _Angels_ in Wisdom and\nUnderstanding, and with GOD himself (as it were) in containing and\ncomprehending all things, except the Divine Being. Hence nothing can so\nexpresly represent GOD as the _Soul_ of Man, by which he is dignified\nand railed to the very _Image_ and _Similitude_ of himself. And in _MAN_\nthe mirificent _Wisdom_ shines the more conspicuously; in that the whole\n_World_, and the _Fabrick_ of all its Contents, however concise and\nartificial, can in no respect compare with the noble Structure of this\n_Microcosm_, MAN. It is so marvellously concise, and so wonderfully\nartificial, that it seems no otherways, than as if the MAKER (designing\n_this_ for his _Master-piece_) would have his chief Glory, Esteem, and\nReputation to depend upon it, and derive itself from _Hence_; or, as if\nthe _Maker_ (designing this for one signal Instance of his _Divinity_ to\nMen) would have us brought, merely by the Understanding and Knowledge of\nourselves, to the true _Knowledge_ and due _Reverence_ of HIMSELF, our\ngreat _ARTIFICER_.\nTHAT we may be the more duly and sensibly affected towards _him_, and\nthe more admire and reverence the _Wisdom_ of his Nature, as he\nbountifully produced all things for the Use and Utility of _MAN_; so he\nmost appositely disposed the _Herbs_ of the Field, some to our\n_Nourishment_, some to our _Remedies_, and some to _both Necessities_:\nassimilating and assigning them to our singular _Members_, so that their\n_Powers_ and _Virtues_ are _physically_ convey\u2019d to such _Parts_ of our\n_Bodies_, as they are adapted to by _Nature_.\nAND in the same manner he imbued the _Roots_ of the Ground with such\n_natural Qualities_, that they by their respective innate _Faculties_,\nsuccour and relieve those _Members_, to which they are _specifically_\ndestinated; and such _Members_ sensibly attract and imbibe from them,\nnot only wholesome _Nutriment_, but also healthful _Remedies_ peculiarly\nappropriated to themselves by _Nature_.\nBUT the immortal _SOUL_, which is only peculiar to _MAN_, whereby he so\nperfectly assimilates and resembles GOD; and its _Gifts_ and _Graces_,\nwhereby he excels and out-shines all other sublunary _Creatures_; is\nmore properly the SUBJECT of the _Divine_, than the _Physician_;\nwherefore I shall but touch it transiently.\n[Illustration]\nTHE _SOUL_ is a certain _divine Light_, created after the Image of GOD;\nfigured by a _Seal_, whose Character is the _eternal Word_.\nTHE _SOUL_ is a certain _divine Substance_, individual, and entirely\npresent in _every Part_ of the Body, depending only upon the Power of\n_Him_, who is the ultimate END, and efficient _Cause_ of all things;\nwhose _Body_ (according to _Plato_) is _Truth_, whose _Shadow_ is\n_Light_, and whose _Name_ is GOD.\nAND this divine Substance of _Light_, the _SOUL_, immediately proceeding\nfrom that divine Fountain of all Things, GOD, (according to the Opinion\nof the _Platonists_) is join\u2019d, by competent _Means_, to the grosser\nMatter of the _Body_. Which _Means_ these _Heathens_ account for in\nmanner following: _viz._\nTHE _SOUL_, in its Descent, is involved in an _etherial Body_, which\nthey call the _celestial Vehicle_, or _Chariot_ of the SOUL; thro\u2019 which\n_Medium_, by the Command of GOD, (who is the _Center_ of the World) it\nis first _infus\u2019d_ into the middle _Punct_ of the _Heart_, which is the\n_Center_ of the _Body_; whence it is _diffus\u2019d_ thro\u2019 all the Parts and\nMembers of the _Body_, joining itself to the _natural Heat_. As a\n_Spirit_, generated by _Heat_ from the _Heart_, it plungeth itself into\nthe _Humours_; and thus inhering in all the respective _Parts_, it\nbecomes equal in degree of _Proximity_ to all the _Members_.\nTHUS the immortal _SOUL_ is, by an immortal _Engine_, convey\u2019d to, and\nincluded in the mortal _Body_: But when by _Diseases_, or otherways,\nthese _Mediums_ (the _Heat_ and _Humours_) begin to dissolve, the _Soul_\nrecollects itself, and flies back betimes to its first _Receptacle_, the\n_Heart_: When the _Spirit_ of the _Heart_ also fails, the _Heat_\nextinguishes, and the _Spirit_ leaves the _Man_; He dies, and the _SOUL_\nflies away in its _original Vehicle_: When the _Body_ returns to Earth,\nwhence it came, and the _Spirit_ to GOD, who gave it a _sacred Nature_\nand _divine Offspring_: which _Spirit_ judging the _SOUL_, if it has\nliv\u2019d ill, subjects it to some general and some particular _Torments of\nHell_, abandoning it also to the Pleasure of the _Devil_: Whereas, if it\nhas _done well_, it mounts its _celestial Chariot_, rejoicing together\nwith the _Spirit_, and passes freely to the Choirs of _Heaven_; where it\nenjoys all its pure _Senses_ and _Faculties_, the perfect _Knowledge_ of\nall things, a perpetual blessed _Felicity_; and at last, the divine\n_Vision_, the _Possession_ of the eternal Kingdom, _&c._\nTHUS far I have prosecuted the _Platonick Doctrine_ of the _SOUL_; so\nthat even by _This_, the gross Opinion of such as deny the _Existence_\nof so _divine_ a SPARK in Man, may be confuted.\nAND _this_ being sufficient for that purpose, I need not introduce any\n_Christian Arguments_ to second it; which, however important, are\ncommonly deem\u2019d light by an obstinate _Sett_ of Men. Wherefore I shall\nonly add, that from the Disparity of _Manners_, _Affections_,\n_Dispositions_, _Capacities_, _Judgments_, _Opinions_, and _Passions_ of\nMen, it appears most probable and evident, that every _one of us_ is\nindividually indued with a SOUL, and that with a proper SOUL, peculiar\nto our respective _Bodies_, according to the wise _Proverb; So many Men,\nso many Minds_: as well as _Horace_\u2019s[2] Saying,\n           _\u201cMillia, Quot Capitum vivunt, totidem Studiorum._\n           _\u201cMille hominum Species, & rerum discolor Usus;\n           \u201cVelle suum cuique est, nec voto vivitur uno._\nTO which Assertion the great Prophet _David_ assents, in that GOD\nfashioned and made the _Hearts_ and _Minds_ of Men one by one, enduing\nthem with peculiar _Dispositions_, and assigning every SOUL its proper\nnatural _Conditions_. Hence _Solomon_[4] says, _I was a witty Child, and\nhad a good Spirit; yea, rather being good, I came into a Body\nundefiled_: That is, adapted to the _Disposition_ of his _SOUL_. As we\nsee some _Torches_ or _Candles_ burn brighter, and some _Fuel_ cast more\n_Heat_ and _Light_ than others; so the _Splendour_ of every _SOUL_\nshines in a different way, and produces different _Distinctions_ of\n_Minds_: as is evident in _Youths_, who (however accurately taught, and\npainfully instructed) are not equally capable of learning _Arts_,\n_Discipline_, or any sort of _Erudition_.\nBUT notwithstanding that some curious _Physicians_ (who have strictly\nscrutiniz\u2019d the Works of Nature) would have the _SOUL_ to center in the\nBRAIN, whence all its _Senses_, _Faculties_, and _Actions_ proceed; yet\nsome _Philosophers_ have justly assign\u2019d the _Center_ of the HEART to\nits Residence: which Doctrine is also approved by the wise _Solomon_[5],\nsaying; _Keep thy Heart with all Diligence, for out of it are the Issues\nof Life_.\nHOWEVER yet, if any should still obstinately persist in denying the\nBEING of the _SOUL_, I advise such to go no farther, but look into\n_themselves_, and call their own _Minds_ to Counsel; for even there they\nwill have a full _View_, not only of its BEING, but also of its\nsupernatural _Excellency_; If they but seriously weigh the eximious\n_Gifts_, and unlimited _Faculties_ of _Nature_, together with the\negregious _Ornaments_ of _Reason_, _Understanding_, _Judgment_,\n_Memory_, and many other Accomplishments, with which every _Mind_ is\nabundantly endued; they will clearly perceive something of a\nsuperexcellent _Nature_, and Supernatural _Quality_ in themselves; which\nis nothing else but what I call the SOUL, and which is also of a more\nnoble and excelling _Substance_, than any _corporeal Matter_ liable to\n_Corruption_ can be.\nTHIS _Being_, only and alone, vivifies, rules, and governs the _Body_;\nfurnishing it with innumerable _Actions_, and exercising it with as many\ncurious _Offices_. Hence, from its manifold _Effects_, and different\n_Operations_, it has various _Appellations_, according to St.\n_Augustine_\u2019s Saying: \u201c_C\u00f9m Corpus animat, Vit\u00e2q; imbuit, Anima dicitur:\nDum vult, Animus: dum Scienti\u00e2 ornata est, ac Judicandi peritiam\nexercet, Mens: dum recolit ac reminiscitur, Memoria: dum ratiocinatur,\nac singula discernit, Ratio: dum Contemplationi insistit, Spiritus: dum\nSentiendi vim obtinet, Sensus._\u201d Which are all the principal _Functions_\nof the SOUL, whereby it demonstrates its _Power_, and performs its\nrelative _Offices_. In the Execution whereof, St. _Cyprian_ asserts,\nthat the _SOUL_ makes use of the _Body_, as the _Workman_ does of the\n_Mallet_, _Hatchet_, or _Anvil_: tho\u2019 (I think) the _Simile_ may be\ndrawn much nearer, the _SOUL_ being inclosed and dwelling in the _Body_,\nas the _Fish_ or the _Snail_ in the _Shell_; without which _Receptacle_,\nor _Rampart_ of Defence, it cannot subsist: Which is evident in that, as\nsoon as the _Body_ labours under any _Grief_, the _SOUL_ is also\naffected; not with a primary _Affection_ (as some would have it) but by\na _Law_ of the most strict _Alliance_, and nearest _Affinity_; and hence\nit is, that the _Vices_ and _Virtues_ of the _one_ are transfus\u2019d, and\nflow into the _other_.\nTHIS is the only reason why, when the _corporeal Organs_ or\n_Instruments_ are vitiated or impeded, the _SOUL_ cannot explicate its\nown _Faculties_, according to the Words of _Solomon_[6]; _The\ncorruptible Body presseth down the Soul, and the earthly Tabernacle\nweigheth down the Mind_. Which _Truth_ may serve to obviate two\nObjections; _viz._ _That_ of _Childrens_ being destitute of the _SOUL_,\nand _that_ of the _SOUL_\u2019s growing up with _Youth_, and declining with\n_Age_, or _Sickness_: Since, tho\u2019 it less displays itself in _Infancy_,\n_Sickness_, and _Dotage_, yet it still is, and continues furnished with\nits proper _Faculties_, and that from the _Beginning_ of Life, until its\n_End_; neither does the _SOUL_ in its _Substance_ ever suffer the least\n_Diminution_, but only by the _Ineptitude_ of the Instrument or _Organ_,\nit may be hindered in the _Discharge_ of its Functions, and _Execution_\nof its Offices.\nAND tho this _divine Substance_ can contract nothing of _Vice_, _Spot_,\nor _Contagion_ from the _Concretion_ of the corruptible _Body_: yet as a\nthick _Cloud_ obscures the _Sun-Beams_, and overcasts its _Light_; or,\nas by holding a _versicolour Glass_ to our Eyes, Matters appear\n_different_ from what they really are: So the _Intemperature_ of the\n_Body_ obscures the _Light_ of _Reason_, and overshadows the\n_Intellects_ of the _Mind_, which of course obstructs the _Functions_ of\nthe SOUL. Hence it is, that a _delirious_ or _drunken_ Man thinks he\nsees double, or _two things_, tho\u2019 _one_ be the only _Object_ of his\nEyes: And as, for this reason, _melancholick_ Persons imagine\n_Absurdities_, and feign _Dreams_ to themselves; so _cholerick_ Persons\ngrow insensibly _hot_, and are suddenly _incensed_ by the Fumes of\n_noxious Humours_ oppressing the _Brain_.\nBUT there is another _Sett_ of Miscreants, who don\u2019t so much deny the\n_Existence_, as the _Immortality_ of the SOUL. This I esteem a Piece of\nthe grossest _Impiety_, to think _that_ spiritual Substance _Mortal_ and\n_Frail_, which is inspir\u2019d in _Man_ by the Divine _Will_ and _Command_,\nproceeding immediately from the very Substance of GOD himself: Since if\nMan be made after the _Image_ of GOD, to express his _Similitude_, he\nmust needs participate of his _Nature_, and consequently be a\n_Fellow-Sharer_ of Eternity: And if the _human_ SOUL be Partaker of the\ndivine _Essence_ or _Substance_, as GOD is _eternal_ and incapable of\n_Decay_, so it must needs be _eternal_, and free from all _Corruption_.\nMOREOVER, GOD form\u2019d and made all other _Things_ for the sake of _Man_,\nbut _Him_ he made for his _own sake_, and therefore like unto HIMSELF;\nfor which reason, he was pleas\u2019d to agglutinate _Immortality_ to\n_Mortality_, and _Divinity_ to _Humanity_: By which Means, the _divine_\nNATURE incorporates, as it were, with the _human_, and the _human_ is\nunited to the _divine_.\nHENCE we may clearly see how marvellously GOD has been affected towards\nus from the _Beginning_; how much he delighted in us, and desired the\nentire _Fruition_ and full Enjoyment of our perpetual _Familiarity_, and\neternal _Fellowship_; which _Truth_ Christ[7] (the Wisdom of the\n_Father_) confirms by his own _Testimony_.\nAND such is still the great Love and Propension of GOD towards _Man_,\nthat all Things (thro\u2019 his _Grace_) are communicated to _him_ by his\nonly _SON_;[8] and that more especially because we are conditional\n_Sharers_, equal _Inheritors_, and _Joint-Heirs_ with him, agreeable to\nthe[9] _Apostles Phrase_; and whatever is express\u2019d in _CHRIST_, may\nalso be in _Man_: Since as _he_ is _eternal_, and lives for ever, so\n_Man_ (by his _Grace_ and _Merits_) does the same; for _he_ having\nsufficiently bruised _Satan_\u2019s Head, led _Captivity_ Captive, and\nconquer\u2019d _Death_, rose again, and became the _Prince_ and _Captain_ of\nso glorious a _VICTORY_, that all _Men_, by virtue of that _Triumph_,\nmight be raised up again at the Last Day, and _that_ to participate of\nan IMMORTALITY of _Welfare_ or _Woe_.\n[Illustration]\n                   _Of the_ FACULTIES _of the SOUL_.\nP_lato_, _Alcinous_, and many other learned Men, do agree, that the\n_heavenly Spirit\u2019s Composition_, mixing _Fire_, _Air_, _Earth_, and\n_Water_, made of them all, put together, _one_ BODY; which they\nsubjected to the Service of the _SOUL_, assigning the several\n_Provinces_ of the _one_, to the sundry _Faculties_ of the _other_: To\nthe _meaner_ of them, mean and low _Places_; as to _Anger_, the\n_Midriff_; to _Lust_, the _Womb_, &c: but to the more _noble Senses_,\nthe _HEAD_, as the _Tower_ of the whole _Body_.\nAS they divide these SENSES into _external_ and _internal_; so they\nsubdivide the _external Senses_ into _five_: To which are allotted as\nmany proper _Organs_ or _Subjects_, being so order\u2019d, that they which\nare placed in the more eminent _Parts_ of the _Body_, have the greater\nDegree of _Purity_.\nFOR the _Eyes_, placed in the uppermost part, are the most _pure_, and\nhave an Affinity with the Nature of _Fire_ and _Light_. The _Ears_ have\nthe second Order of _Place_ and _Purity_, and are compar\u2019d to the _Air_.\nThe _Nostrils_ take the third Order, and have a middle Nature betwixt\n_Air_ and _Water_. Then the _Organ_ of _Tasting_, which is _grosser_,\nand most like to the Nature of _Water_. And, lastly, _Touching_ being\ndiffus\u2019d through the whole _Body_, is compar\u2019d to the _Grossness_ of\n_Earth_.\nAND of these, the more _pure SENSES_, are those which perceive their\n_Objects_ farthest off; as first _Seeing_, then _Hearing_, then\n_Smelling_, which are all more pure than _Taste_, which doth not\nperceive but what is _nigh_: whereas the _Touch_ perceives _both Ways_;\nit perceives _Bodies nigh_: And as _Sight_ discerns by the _Medium_ of\nthe _Air_; so the _Touch_ perceives, by the _Medium_ of a _Pole_, Bodies\n_hard_, _soft_, _dry_, _moist_, &c.\nNOW this Sense of _Touching_, is common indeed to all _Animals_:\nHowever, \u2019tis certain that _Man_, in this, as well as in the Sense of\n_Tasting_, excels all others: whereas, in the other _three_, he is\nexceeded by some _Brutes_, as by a _Dog_, which _hears_, _sees_, and\n_smells_ much more acutely than MAN. Besides, the _Lynx_, and _Eagle_,\nsee more acutely than _Man_, or any other _Creature_ in the World.\nAS to the _interiour SENSES_, they are (according to _Averroes_) divided\ninto _Four_; whereof the _first_ is called the _Common Sense_, because\nit collects and perfects such _Representations_ as are drawn-in by the\n_external SENSES_. The _second_ is the _Imaginative Faculty_, which\nretains those receiv\u2019d _Representations_, and presents them to the\n_third Faculty_ of _internal SENSE_; which is call\u2019d the _Cogitative\nFaculty_, _Phantasy_, or _Power_ of _Judging_: Because it perceives and\njudges by the _Representations_ received, what Nature or Kind of Thing\nthat is, of which the _Representations_ are made; and commits those\n_Things_ thus discerned and adjudged, to the _fourth Faculty_ of _Inward\nSENSE_, the _Memory_, to be kept there, and retain\u2019d by it.\nAND these _Four SENSES_ have their respective _Organs_ in the _Head_:\n_Common Sense_ and _Imagination_ possess the two former _Cells_ of the\nBRAIN, as the _Cogitative Faculty_ doth the highest, and middle Part of\nthe _Head_; the _Memory_ taking up the hindmost Part thereof.\nTHE _Organs_ of SPEECH and VOICE are as many as the inward _Muscles_ of\nthe THORAX, betwixt the _Ribs_, _Breasts_, _Lungs_, _Arteries_,\n_Wind-pipe_, the Bending of the _Tongue_, and all Parts and _Muscles_,\nserving for Respiration, or Breathing: But the proper and immediate\n_Organ_ of SPEECH, is the _Mouth_, in which are fram\u2019d _Words_ and\n_Sentences_, by the _Tongue_, _Teeth_, _Palate_, _Lips_, &c. above the\n_sensitive_ SOUL, which expresseth its _Powers_ by the _Organs_ of the\nBody. The _incorporeal Mind_ possesseth the highest Place, and hath a\n_double Nature_; the _one_ called the _Contemplative_, the _other_ the\n_Active Intellect_, because of their respective _Faculties_.\nACCORDING to the _three-fold Order_ of its Faculties there are _three\nAPPETITES_ in the SOUL. The _first_ is _natural_, which is an\nInclination of Nature unto its End. The _second_ is _Animal_, which is\ndivided into _irascible_ and _concupiscible_, relating to _Anger_ and\n_Desire_. The _third_ is _intellective_, and is call\u2019d the WILL; which\n(from its own deprav\u2019d Quality) is affected with _four PASSIONS_, as the\n_Body_ sometimes also is. The _first_ is called _Oblectation_; the\n_second_, _Effusion_; the _third_, _Ostentation_; the _fourth_, and\nlast, is what we commonly call ENVY. And\nTHESE _four PASSIONS_ arising from a deprav\u2019d _APPETITE_ of _Pleasure_;\nits _Grief_ or _Perplexity_ doth occasion as many contrary _PASSIONS_:\nviz. _Horror_, _Sadness_, _Fear_, and _Sorrow_ at another\u2019s _Good_,\nwithout its own _Hurt_; which is call\u2019d ENVY, being a _Sadness_ at\nanother\u2019s _Prosperity_, as _Pity_ is a certain kind of _Sadness_ at\nanother\u2019s _Misery_ or _Adversity_.\nBUT not to insist on these _Topicks_, I shall only add a few Words upon\nthe _PASSIONS of the Mind_; which are nothing else than certain\n_Motions_ or _Inclinations_, proceeding from the _Apprehension_ of any\nThing, as of _Good_ or _Evil_, &c.\nTHESE APPREHENSIONS are of three different Sorts, _viz._ _Sensual_,\n_Rational_, and _Intellectual_. And according to _them_, there are\n_three_ Sorts of PASSIONS in the _Soul_; the _first_, following the\n_sensual_ APPREHENSION, respects a temporal _Good_ or _Evil_, under the\nNotion of _Profit_ or _Loss_, _Defence_ or _Offence_, &c: and they are\ncalled _Natural_ or _Animal Passions_.\nTHE _second_ following the _Rational_ APPREHENSION, respects _Good_ or\n_Bad_, under the Notion of _Virtue_ or _Vice_, _Praise_ or _Disgrace_,\n&c: and they are called _Rational_ or _Voluntary Passions_.\nTHE _third_, following the _Intellectual_ APPREHENSION, respects _Good_\nor _Evil_, under the Notion of _Truth_ or _Falsehood_, _Justice_ or\n_Injustice_, &c: and this Sort is call\u2019d _Intellectual Passions_.\nBUT these _three_ different Sorts proceed all from the _Energy_ of the\nSOUL; which is divided into _Concupiscible_ and _Irascible_, both\nrespecting _Good_ and _Evil_, tho\u2019 under different Notions: which\nDivision affords us _eleven_ PASSIONS of the Mind, _viz._ _Love_,\n_Hatred_, _Desire_, _Horror_, _Joy_, _Grief_, _Hope_, _Despair_,\n_Boldness_, _Fear_, and _Anger_; all which might be particularly\ndefin\u2019d: But as _that_ is more the _Philosopher_\u2019s than the\n_Physician_\u2019s Business, I shall proceed to that which is more strictly\nmy _Province_.\n[Illustration]\nBESIDES what has been said in the preceding _Chapters_, touching the\n_SOUL_, its _Powers_ and _Faculties_; when we duly consider the\nbeautiful _Form_ and amiable _Figure_ of the BODY, so nicely adapted to\nthe sublime _Qualities_ of the SOUL, with its curious _Structure_, and\nmajestick _Stature_, erected to _Heaven_, whither its natural Tendency\nleads; besides the proportionable _Symmetry_ and exact _Commensuration_\nof all its _Parts_: Surely we cannot, I hope, without the greatest\nAmazement, contemplate and admire the incomparable _Art_, and\nincomprehensible _Skill_, of the great ARTIFICER: And with magnificent\n_David_[10], break out in _Eulogies_ of Praise, and ardent\n_Exclamations_ of Love and Admiration.\nBUT more especially: _first_, when we distinctly view the slender\n_Filaments_, the minute _Vessels_, the elaborate _Contextures_, and\nvarious _Configurations_ of the different ORGANS of this BODY.\n_Secondly_, When we duly consider the Power of its natural _Faculties_,\nthe Situation of the _Entrails_, the Rise of the _Nerves_ from the\n_Brain_, the Ducts or Conduits of the _Arteries_ from the _Heart_, and\nthe Original of the _Veins_ from the _Liver_. _Thirdly_, When we call to\nremembrance, and ponder what I have been hinting upon, to wit, the\n_Power_ of the natural _Faculties_ of the SOUL, by which they execute\ntheir relative _Functions_; besides, the _\u00c6therial Spirit_ (the Seat and\nVehicle of our _natural Heat_) dividing it self into a _three-fold\nDiversity_, and appropriating to itself as many _Residences_, viz. the\n_Animal_ in the _Brain_, the _Vital_ in the _Heart_, and the _Natural_\nSpirit in the _Liver_: And then again, how these _three_, by a\nFomentation of _native Heat_, and _nutritious Humours_, cherish and\nrefresh the whole BODY supplying every _Part_ with requisite Strength\nand Vigour. _Fourthly_, When at last we contemplate that Piece of\nincomprehensible _Artifice_, which gives a respective _Species_ and\n_Form_ to every particular _Part_, and implants a peculiar _Faculty_ in\nevery distinct _Member_, inducing such an Excellency into the whole\nBODY; that is, the _Formation_ and _Delineation_ of the FOETUS in the\n_Womb_.\nTHIS is such a great and curious _Master-piece_, that all _Others_, as\nwell as the _Physician_, will find it not only their _Duty_, but also\ntheir great Satisfaction and Pleasure, to know and examine into this\ninimitable MACHINE of the divine _Architect_.\nTHE great _Galen_ was converted at a _Dissection_, and durst not but\nacknowledge a _Supreme Being_, upon that Survey of his admirable\n_Handy-work_; saying,[11] \u201c_How much is it our special Duty therefore to\nadmire the Wisdom and Providence of the Workman? Since, tho\u2019 it is far\nmore easy to set forth in Words the Beginning of Things, than to form\nthe Work; yet our Expressions and Words fall so much short of the Wisdom\nof him that made us, that we are not able to explain, what gave him so\nlittle trouble to make._\u201d\nAND as _this_ was a Man who had not been too _devout_, so if the most\n_Profligate_ would seriously weigh and consider the elegant\n_Constitution_ of such a vast Variety of different _Textures_, the\nNicety of these _Organical Works_, the Curiosity of these\n_Embroideries_, and the Exactitude of these _Figures_, which appear and\nseem rather to be fitted for Admiration than Use; they would readily\nconclude with that great _Naturalist_, that these Things are the evident\n_Characteristicks_ of some divine and omnipotent POWER, in that they are\nno ways to be accounted for by such _natural Causes_, as may be thought\nsufficient to explain the _Ph\u00e6nomena_ of ignobler Beings.\nTHIS BODY, therefore, being the Vessel and Receptacle of the SOUL, the\nEngine and Instrument, in and through which it operates; I judge it to\nbe our incumbent _Duty_, to take special Care, and nice Observation of\nboth SOUL and BODY: Since (in this Life) the _one_ cannot consist\nwithout the _other_, or discharge its respective _Offices_; the _one_\nalways requiring the _Ministry_ and _Assistance_ of the _other_, which\nthe _omniscient_ ARTIFICER has so wisely ordered and ordained from all\nEternity.\nHOWEVER yet, I cannot agree with St. _Cyprian_, that the animated and\nsensible Body is only used by the SOUL, as mechanical _Instruments_ are\nby the _Workman_; since I think a more proper _Simile_ may be drawn from\nthe _Sun_ and _Moon_: For tho\u2019 the _Moon_ borrows LIGHT of the _Sun_,\nshe is not altogether devoid of such a _Power_ or _Influence_ as is\nproper to herself, being guided and sustained by a _peculiar Motion_,\nwhilst she absolves her _own Circle_; taking LIGHT from the _Sun_, no\notherways than as a _Looking-Glass_, polish\u2019d _Brass_, or _Copper_,\ntakes Splendor or _Refulgency_ from an opposite _Fire_ or _Light_: For\nnotwithstanding she exhibits no _Light_, unless illuminated by the\n_Sun_; however yet, she is not idle or desidious in accomplishing her\n_monthly Course_, and measuring her own _Space_ of the Heavens, and that\nwithout any Assistance of the _Sun_. So the SOUL invigorates and affords\nStrength to the BODY, which however is not altogether without its own\nimplanted _Faculties_ and natural _Powers_; the _four Qualities_ of\n_Humours_, with which ev\u2019ry BODY abounds, capacitating and adapting it\nto all Things within its own _Sphere_.\nFARTHER, as the _Sun_ suffers ECLIPSES, and is obscured by the\nIntervention of the _Moon_; and the _Moon_ again (in like manner) is\neclipsed and obscured by the Objection or Interposition of the _Earth_,\nthe _Sun_ always running thro\u2019 the _Ecliptick Line_ in the same Degree,\nand the Moon in _opposite Degrees_: So BODY and SOUL are subject to\ntheir own Impediments and _Eclipses_; sometimes _defending_, and\nsometimes _offending_ one another; both _sympathizing_ mutually, and\n_participating_ equally of one another\u2019s _Portion_. As it is evident\nfrom the very Words of our _dying_ SAVIOUR, who, by reason of his Human\nWeakness, broke out into these[12]Words, _My Soul is exceeding\nsorrowful, even unto Death_: Which _Death_, in the next _Verse_, he, in\na manner, deprecates of the FATHER. For though he was not yet insulted,\nor laid hands upon, yet his whole _Mind_ and _Thoughts_ running upon his\napproaching _Danger_, he was seiz\u2019d with such Horror and Trepidity, as\nexpress\u2019d a _bloody Sweat_, which streamed from his _whole Body_: so\nthat the Acerbity of his _Grief_ must (of consequence) have been\ncommunicated to _both Parts_; and beginning in the SOUL, did thence\nredound into the BODY.\nHENCE arises a rational and natural _Argument_, that as SOUL and BODY do\nnot only _act_ in and thro\u2019 one another, but also _suffer_ mutually,\nalways _sympathizing_ with each other, and bearing equal _Share_ in the\n_Troubles_, _Misfortunes_, and _Inquietudes_ of this Life; and that as\nthey _both_ inseparably constitute the MAN: So, by reason of that\nnatural _Sympathy_, and proximous _Affinity_, as the SOUL enjoys\n_Immortality_, the renew\u2019d BODY (by the Mystery of the RESURRECTION)\nwill be a future _Partaker_ of the _same Reward_; and consequently the\n_whole Man_ must enjoy _one_ and the _same State_ of _Beatitude_; or\n_otherways_, as he shall have promerited. Whence I proceed to\n[Illustration]\n                   _Of the Formation of the_ EMBRYO.\nTHE _spirituous Substance_ of both SEEDS, by its own generative and\nactive _Qualities_, in a well disposed WOMB, produceth a small\n_Consistence_ within the Space of _Seven Days_, call\u2019d the GENITURA;\nwhich contains three[13] _Bull\u00e6_ (so term\u2019d by _Physicians_)\nsuperlatively MINUTE, design\u2019d for the _three Spermatick Members_: The\n_one_ containing the purer Part of the _Seed_, full of _Vital Spirit_,\nfor the _Heart_; the _other_, the more thick and pinguid Part, full of\n_Natural Spirit_, for the _Liver_; and the _third_, the more cold and\ncrude Part, full of _Animal Spirit_, for the _Brain_.\nACCORDING to[14] _Hippocrates_\u2019s Definition of the GENITURA, it appears\nthe _likest_ of any Thing to a raw immature EGG, inclosing a certain red\n_Liquor_, with some pale-colour\u2019d _Fibres_, of the finest _Contexture_,\nnot unlike the _Filaments_ of a small _Spider\u2019s Web_, wrap\u2019d up with the\nsaid red thick BLOOD in the _Pellicule_.\nBUT in this place I must farther observe, that the abovesaid _spirituous\nSubstance_, in which the effective Virtue of CONCEPTION resides, is\nendued with _four_ distinct _Faculties_, which perfect as _many_\ndifferent _Operations_, all subordinately effected in the _Constitution_\nof the CONCEPTION, _viz_.\nI. THE _animat\u00efve_ or _vivificating_ Faculty of the MENSTRUUM, called by\nsome the first _Constitutive Faculty_ of _Conception_, operating, as\nabove, in _Seven Days_; which is otherwise term\u2019d the Time of\n_Spumification_, _Lactation_, or _Coagulation_.\nII. THE _separative_ or _severing Faculty_ of the Parts of the grosser\n_Materials_ of the _Conception_, destinated for the respective\n_Constitution_ of the different _Organical Members_; which, being the\nWork of the next _Eight_ or _Ten Days_, is perfected about the 15th or\n17th _Day_ from CONCEPTION; and this is called the Time of _Lineation_\nor _Ramification_, when the GENITURA receives the Name of EMBRYO.\nIII. THE _collocative_ or _ordinating Faculty_ of all the severed\nmaterial Parts of the different _Members_, disposing and placing them\naccording to the _Law of Nature_, in due Order, Figure, and Situation;\nwhich, happening the following[15] _Twelve_ or _Fifteen Days_, about the\n27th or 32d Day from _Conception_, is called the Time of\n_Carnification_; when the Embryo receives the Name of FOETUS.\nNOW according to the Maxims of _Astrology_, as all _inferiour Bodies_\nare govern\u2019d and influenced by _Superiours_, so the _Seven Planets_ have\nDominion over the _Man_, not only from the Day of _Birth_, but also from\nthe Moment of _Conception_; yet not _All_ at one and the same Time, but\nevery _one_ in their _Order_, reigning each its _peculiar Month_.\nAccording to which Principles, SATURN reigns the _first_ Month,\nsuppeditating the humid and liquid _Substance_ of the GENITURA and\nEMBRYO, through his frigid and siccid _Quality\u2019s_ due _Coagulation_ for\ngenerating the _Man_; by virtue of whose _Siccity_ the _uterine\nRetentions_ also happen.\nIV. THE _formative_ and _figurating Faculty_ of all the _Members_ of the\nBody, imparting their respective _Shape_, _Figure_, and natural _Form_,\nto every particular _one_; which being the Work of the next _Eight_ to\n_Eighteen Days_, is perfected about the 35th, to the 50th Day from\nCONCEPTION, and is called the Time of _coarticulate Formation_, when the\nFOETUS, or CYEMA, is stil\u2019d _Infant_.\nAND in this, the _second Month_, JUPITER is supposed to exert his Power\nin the _Seed_, by his calid and humid _Qualities_; and thereby to vivify\nthe _Spirits_, strengthen the _Members_, and give Augmentation and\nGrowth to the whole FOETUS: So that the _interior Members_ are not[16]\nonly conspicuous, but also _Legs_ and _Arms_ appear perfectly\ndelineated, and are (at this time) distinctly _visible_; when also the\n_Head_ takes its Distance from the _Shoulders_, the _Arms_ from the\n_Sides_, and the _Legs_ are plainly parted.\nBUT, however, the above-mention\u2019d _Four remarkable Times_ may be also\nthus distinguished; _viz._ The _first_ perfects the Work of\n_Spumification_ and _Coagulation_; the _second_ the _Vegetative_; the\n_third_ the _Sensitive_; and the _fourth_ begins the _Rational\nOperation_: Altho\u2019 _this_ cannot yet be discern\u2019d, because of the\n_Redundancy_ of HUMOURS.\nFROM the beginning of this _Chapter_, \u2019tis evident that the more\n_noble_, or _three chief Parts_ take the _first beginning_ to FORMATION,\ntho\u2019 perhaps last _perfected_, which forthwith distribute their\nrespective _Branches_ to the whole _Body_; as the HEART sends forth the\n_Arteries_, the LIVER the _Veins_, and the BRAIN the _Spinal Marrow_,\nwith all their other _Dependencies_: And according to _Aristotle_, (who\nsays, _there must be a different_ MATTER _to every different_ FORM); So\nindeed every distinct _Part_ of the Body is _form\u2019d_ of a different\nSubstance, according to the different _Nature_ and singular\n_Disposition_ of every particular _Part_.\nHOWEVER, I shall not here pretend to go much farther in describing the\nFORMATION, it being more the _Philosopher\u2019s_ than the _Physician\u2019s_\nBusiness: But whatever farther Progress _others_ may attempt, I judge it\na most difficult and ambiguous Matter; for who can be so well vers\u2019d in\nthose _Indiscoverables_? Or, who can pretend to know sufficiently what\nis done in those _Obscurities_? The _Series of Nature_ being profounder\nthan our _Understandings_, is consequently above our nicest and exactest\n_Scrutinies_: Which Consideration makes me astonished at the _Logical\nDissertations_ that some Men offer on these _Principles_, even on the\nmost minute _Particles_, and smallest _Proportions_, rashly and\ninconsiderately assigning every respective _one_ of these, a _precise\ndefinite Time_ for their FORMATION.\nI HAVE often been inclin\u2019d to think, that such SCIOLISTS have not read,\nor at least not consider\u2019d the Words of the[17] _Preacher_; _As thou\nknowest not what is the Way of the_ SPIRIT, _nor how the Bones do grow\nin the Womb of her that is with Child; even so thou knowest not the\nWorks of_ GOD _that maketh all_. Neither do I find that the wise[18]\n_Hebrean_ ever enter\u2019d upon such _Syllogisms_, who (to the contrary)\ntestifies that _the Counsel of_ GOD _is not to be known_; _that our\nThoughts are miserable, and our Devices uncertain_. Upon which\nAuthority, I say, in this Case, as _that Labour_ is commendable which\ncan be compar\u2019d to _Possibilities_, so to dive into those _Things_,\nwhich exceed our _Judgments_, and admit of no possible _Comparison_, is\nnothing better than _Folly_. Wherefore All that is further requisite, or\npossible for us, is to contemplate and admire the _Greatness_ and\n_Elegancy_, the _Sublimity_ and _Profundity_ of this wonderful and\namazing Work of FORMATION; which _Subject_ (we find) hath been the\nfrequent Contemplation of _the Royal Prophet_[19], particularly\nexpressing himself, in the most eloquent and sublime Terms, according to\nthe _divine Light_ of his illuminated Understanding: Saying, _Thou hast\npossessed my Reins: Thou hast ordered me in my Mother\u2019s Womb. I will\npraise thee, for I am fearfully and wonderfully made, marvellous are thy\nWorks, and that my Soul knoweth right well. My Substance was not hid\nfrom thee, tho\u2019 I was made in secret, and curiously fashioned in the\nlowest Parts of the Earth. Thine Eyes did see my Bones, yet being\nimperfect; and in thy Book were all my Members written; which Day by Day\nwere formed, when as yet there was none of them._ Whence I proceed in\norder, to\n[Illustration]\n                   _Of the Animation of the FOETUS._\nTHE _human F\u0153tus_ being duly form\u2019d and organiz\u2019d about the 50th Day at\nthe latest, as we observed in the preceeding _Chapter_, it remains to be\n_animated_, and that with a three-fold SOUL, _viz._ a _vegetative_, a\n_sensitive_, and a _rational Soul_.\nTHE _First_ of which, according to the most learned _Fortunius[20]\nLicetus_, &c. may be ascribed to the MOTHER, as chiefly proceeding from\nthe Power of her _Menstruum_. The _Second_ may (by the same Authority)\nbe ascribed to the _Power_ and _Spirit_ of the _Paternal Seed_; but it\nis the more generally received Opinion, that the _vegetative Soul_ is\ngenerated from the _Commixture_ of both Seeds with the _Menstruum_, and\ntherefore as much to be ascribed to the _one_, as to the _other_,\nPARENT: And that also the _sensitive SOUL_ proceeds from the proper\n_natural Faculty_ of the organiz\u2019d _F\u0153tus_, as the _rational SOUL_ doth\nfrom the immediate _Infusion_ of the great CREATOR. Touching which\n_Infusion_, I desire not to meddle with the _Controversy_ that has so\nlong subsisted betwixt _Philosophers_ and _Divines_: Only as I have\nnoted in _Chap._ iv. the Opinion of the greatest _Masters of Nature_; so\nif, in _this_, we could, from the Dictates of _Faith_ and _Religion_, as\nwell as from the Maxims of _natural Philosophy_, set the Matter in a\nclearer _Light_, I humbly presume it would not be _disagreeable_: Since\nthe _Principles_ of EITHER, taken separately, are in themselves\n_mysterious_, and can never be fully comprehended by _some_; whereas,\n_both_ taken jointly, I mean, the Arguments of the _one_, to reinforce\nthe Positions of the _other_, may be satisfactory to _all_.\nIN order to which, I _first_ observe; That the _Influx_ of celestial\nBodies exerts its Power very efficaciously in all _Sublunaries_ and\n_Inferiours_. Hence, touching the _four Humours_ of our Bodies, MARS is\nthought to excite the _yellow Bile_, as SATURN exasperates _Melancholy_;\nand LUNA to encrease _Phlegm_, as SOL and JUPITER govern the _Blood_.\nSECONDLY, I observe, That the Power and _Influence_ of the PLANETS lies\neffectually in _Metals_, _Stones_, _Gems_, _Herbs_, _Roots_, and all\n_Subterranean Bodies_; as _Gold_, _Silver_, _Copper_, _Iron_, _Tin_,\n_Lead_, and whatever is contained in the _Bowels of the Earth_, whether\nit tend to _Use_ or _Necessity, Profit_ or _Pleasure_; the _Virtues_ and\n_Increase_ of them all proceeding from their _peculiar_ STARS.\nTHIS we may easily conceive, by considering that GOD, who made all\nthings for his singular, great, and good Ends, would never have\nexhibited to us such a fair and spacious _Heaven_, such a _Course_,\n_Order_, _Continuation_, and _Series_ of STARS to delight and feed our\n_Eyes_, like an empty _Shadow_, or an idle _Picture_: But, to the\ncontrary, the _Trees_, the _Roots_, the _Branches_, the _Seas_, the\n_Rivers_, the _Streams_, and whatever runs thro\u2019 the Veins of the\n_Earth_, or graces the Surface of _Sea_ or _Land_; yea, whatever is, or\nmay be distinguished by the Variety of _Things_ or _Names_, together\nwith our _Bodies_, and their implanted _Humours_, HE subjected to the\n_Heavens_, that they might perceive some superiour _Impulse_, _Motion_,\nand _Agitation_ from the STARS, and experience the Utility of their\n_Effects_.\nHENCE the learned _Arabians_ ascribed the _Bodies_, _Actions_, and\n_Dispositions_ of Men to STARS and SIGNS: As _Proclus_ teacheth, that\n_Superiours_ and _Inferiours_ are manifestly _one_ in the _other_. But\nthese _Inferiours_ are defin\u2019d, some to be SOLAR, others LUNAR; on which\nthe SUN and MOON make strong _Impressions_, like those of the STARS and\nSIGNS they are under. In reference to which, they distribute the _human\nBody_ among the _Planets_ and _Signs_ of the ZODIACK; and most\ningeniously demonstrate, that as the _Triplicities_ of those _Signs_\nanswer one another, and agree in _Celestials_, so they also concur in\nthe _Members of the_ BODY; which Observation, daily _Experience_ also\nconfirms. As for example: By a _Coldness_ of the FEET, the _Belly_ and\n_Breast_ are affected; and these _Members_ answering to the same\n_Triplicity_, any proper _Medicine_ apply\u2019d to the _one_, helps the\n_other_; as by warming the _Feet_, the Pain of the _Belly_ ceaseth.\nWHEREFORE, if we consider the many _occult Qualities_, and _secret\nInfluences_ of celestial Bodies, besides these _three_ which are\nmanifest to us, namely, _Heat_, _Light_, and _Motion_, we shall readily\nand rationally agree with _Astrologers_, as well as _Philosophers_, in\nthis Point; that the _celestial Bodies_ concur with other _natural\nCauses_, in the regular _Procession_ of all the different Steps of the\n_Conformation_ and _Constitution_ of human CONCEPTION.\nMOREOVER, in the Work of _Animation_, they concur not only _physically_,\nbut _efficiently_; not as formal, final, or material _Causes_, but\nmeerly by _Action_; upon which Great _Efficient_, all other _Causes_\ndepend. And yet they concur _efficiently_ not as the only particular,\nimmediate, and proximous _Agents_, but as the common remote, physical\n_Agents_, moving _physically_. Now this _Aristotle_ also plainly\nteacheth, saying; that, \u201cAs this _inferiour World_ hath Existence from\n_superiour Beings_, so all worldly Existences must necessarily be\nordered and directed by _those_, as the common _efficient Cause_ of all\n_Sub-celestials_.\u201d\nBUT I would farther observe, that the only ACTION of _those Bodies_ in\nthis Work, is to dispose and govern all proper, special, and singular\n_Causes_ pertaining to _Nature_, preserving them _physically_; that is,\nby their _Motion_, _Light_, and _Heat_.\nTHE reason I call _those Bodies_ the remote, not the proximous _Agents_\nin the Work, is, because they do not in _Substance_, _Motion_, or\n_Light_, immediately reach or touch the FOETUS; but only, by their\nsecret _Qualities_ and _Influences_, extended to these inferiour ORBS,\npenetrate through, and affect the WOMB, tho\u2019 never so closely shut up:\nBy which means, the _Spirit_ and _Power_ of the SEEDS, the _Faculties_\nof the _Womb_, and all concurring _Causes_ are fomented, govern\u2019d,\npromoted, preserv\u2019d, and determin\u2019d.\nHOWEVER, in this _Constitution_, (whatever _natural Causes_ may be\nadvanc\u2019d) the great GOD is indisputably and undeniably the prime and\nprincipal _Efficient_: for all other _Causes_, whether proximous or\nremote, without his _Concurrence_, would be but vain and insufficient,\nfor the following Reasons.\nI. HE is the only primary AGENT, not _physical_, because not acting\n_physically_; not operating by _Motion_, because _immoveable_: but\nwithout _Motion_, and all other _physical Helps_, he powerfully and\nclearly displays HIMSELF, most eminently officiating by his own\n_All-sufficiency_, and Appointment of _Nature_.\nII. HE likewise, as the prime, common, remote, and physical CAUSE,\ngoverns and directs all _other secundary Causes_ supereminently, which\nare subjected to, and dependent upon HIMSELF; in constituting,\norganizing, and fomenting the _CONCEPTION_.\nIII. HE finally, as the proper, proximous, and immediate CAUSE, or\nAGENT, directing _none else_, nor using any _other Assistance_ in the\nWork, neither being _directed_ nor _assisted_ by any _other_, gives to\nthe organiz\u2019d human FOETUS its greatest Completion; and the _ultimate\nfinishing Stroke_ of consummate _Perfection_, by infusing and\ncommunicating to it a _Mind_ in a rational _SOUL_, by which the FOETUS\nbecomes _MAN_.\nAND this _Infusion_ comes immediately from, and of HIMSELF, who is (in\n_Aristotle_\u2019s Words): \u201cThe _Form_ and _Former_ of the UNIVERSE, the\nultimate _End_, the final and efficient _Cause_ of all _celestial\nBodies_, and _created Beings_.\u201d\nBUT now, as to the _Time_ of this great Work of ANIMATION, _Naturalists_\nagree, that it requires double the _Space_ that FORMATION had from\n_Conception_: which seems so far probable, because at _that time_, and\nno sooner, the _Infant_ may be sensibly perceiv\u2019d to move; and _that_ by\nthe _Influence_ of calid and siccid MARS, who (according to\n_Astrologers_) now takes charge of it in the _third Month_. For by\nvirtue of his _hot Quality_, he perfecteth the _three_ principal\nMembers, separating the _Legs_, _Arms_, and _Head_ (in due proportion)\nfrom the _rest_: Wherefore this _auspicious Planet_ is called the AUTHOR\nof the _Infant\u2019s Motion_. So that, in fine, conformable to what is laid\ndown in the preceeding _Chapter_, the Work of ANIMATION is perfected, at\nsoonest, about the 70th, and at latest, about the 100th Day from\n_CONCEPTION_. Which being done, I proceed to the next _principal Work_\nin constituting the MAN.\n[Illustration]\n                   _Of the MATURATION of the INFANT._\nNATURALISTS allow the _Infant_, for its ripening in the _Womb_, and to\nthe legitimate _Time of Birth_, treble the _Space_ that ANIMATION had;\nas _Physicians_ agree in allowing _this_ treble the Time that the _first\nMotion_ had from _Conception_: and from hence the 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th,\n_&c._ are called _ripening Months_.\nIN the _fourth Month, Astrologers_ will have the _Planet_ SOL to reign\nover the INFANT; whose _calid Quality_ gives it entire LIFE, fully\nperfecting the _Members_, excavating the _Bones_, and amplifying the\n_Pores_ and _Passages_ of the Body.\nAS, in the _Fifth_, VENUS presides over the INFANT; who, by her\n_Frigidity_ and _Humidity_, mitigates the _Heat_ and _Siccity_ impressed\non it by the _superiour Planets_, absolutely perfecting the _Lineaments_\nof the _external Members_. According to which Principles, she, in a\nword, forms the _Privities_ of both _Sexes_; and adds Beauty and\nOrnament to the _Nose_, _Mouth_, _Hands_, _Fingers_, and all the rest of\nthe _visible Parts_.\nAS also, in the _sixth Month_, MERCURY takes his Turn to assist the\nINFANT, which puts the last finishing Hand to the _Work_; perfecting the\n_Organs_ of the _Voice_, enlarging the _Eyes_, _Eye-lids_, _Brows_, and\n_Nails_; promoting and confirming the _Instruments_ of _Motion_; and at\nlast, absolving and compleating whatever the _others_ have commenced.\nI shall only farther _hypothetically_ observe, that, if the INFANT was\nperfectly _form\u2019d_ about the 35th _Day_, it was _animated_ about the\n70th, and consequently will be _born_ about the 210th _Day_, the last of\nthe 7th _Month_.\nIF the _Formation_ was perfected about the 40th _Day_, the _Animation_\nhappen\u2019d about the 80th, and the _BIRTH_ will (unluckily) happen towards\nthe close of the 8th _Month_.\nIF _Formation_ happen\u2019d the 45th, _Animation_ follow\u2019d the 90th _Day_,\nand the _BIRTH_ will succeed about the close of 9 _Months_.\nIF _Formation_ was compleated the 50th, _Animation_ follow\u2019d the 100th\nDay, and consequently the _BIRTH_[21] will appear about the last of 10\n_Months_; and so of any other certain _Time_, definite _Day_, or stated\n_Hour_.\nIT is, in all the above-mentioned _Cases_, to be farther animadverted,\nthat the MALE, as he proceeds from the more _calid_, _siccid_, and\n_spirituous Seed_, arrives sooner to Perfection in _Formation_ and\n_Animation_; and is consequently _sooner born_ than the FEMALE, whose\n_Nature_ is more _cold_, _flaccid_, and _weak_, even in the WOMB: Hence\nan Allowance of a few Days more or less[22], may be justly made,\naccording to the SEX.\n[Illustration]\n             _Of the NUTRITION and POSTURE of the INFANT_.\nTHIS is manifest, that the FOETUS is nourished in the _first Months_, by\nthe _Umbilical Vessels_ only: But the several following _Reasons_ engage\nme to think; that, in the _latter Months_, it is alimented by the\n_Mouth_ also, and _That_ by a glutinous _limpid Liquor_: Which, being\n(probably) secreted from the AMNION for that Purpose, is found to\nsurround it.\nI. BECAUSE this _Liquor_, which seems very proper for that _Use_, is\nfound not only in the _Mouth_, but also in the OESOPHAGUS and _Stomach_\nof the _INFANT_.\nII. IT is found _changed_ in the smaller _Intestines_[23]; and being\n_chylify\u2019d_ in the _Ventricle_, it turns to _Excrements_, call\u2019d\nMECONIUM, in the RECTUM, or _strait Gut_.\nIII. WE find a _large_ Quantity of this _Liquor_, surrounding the F\u0152TUS\nin the _first Months_, and but _little_ in the _last_; which cannot\nprobably be consum\u2019d any _other_ way, than by the _INFANT_.\nIV. BECAUSE[24] that the _Oesophagus_, _Intestines_, _lacteal Vessels_,\nand _thoracick Duct_, may continue open, and be gradually accustomed to\ntheir respective _Functions_.\nTHE Infant\u2019s _Situation_, in the _first_ and _middle Months_, is\nvarious; but, in the _latter_, it is commonly observ\u2019d to be of an _oval\nFigure_: Sitting, with the _Head_ hanging down, and the _Chin_ upon the\n_Breast_; the _Neck_ bending forwards, the _Back_ is round; embracing\nthe _Knees_, which are drawn up towards the _Cheeks_ with its _Arms_;\nthe _Hands_ commonly hanging down, seem to embrace the _Feet_; the\n_Heels_ cling close to the _Buttocks_; and while the _Head_ is\nuppermost, the _Face_ is towards the _Mother\u2019s Belly_.\nBUT about the Time of _Birth_; the HEAD, which was always before\n_Lighter_, becomes considerably _Heavier_ than any other Part. And its\nponderous _Bulk_ bearing much smaller Proportion to its _Substance_ than\nit did before, must needs (consequently) tumble Heels over Head, in the\n_Waters_ of the MEMBRANES; and the _Head_ falling downwards, the _Feet_\nget uppermost, and the _Face_ is turn\u2019d towards the _Mother\u2019s Back_.\nBUT because this is a painful and irksome _Posture_, however favourable\nfor its EXIT; the _Motions_ it makes for its Relief, occasion frequent\n_Pains_ to the MOTHER, which cause a Contraction of the _WOMB_, for the\nExpulsion of the _Infant_.\nAND, in short, this being the _natural Posture_ of the _Infant_ in the\n_WOMB_, its _preternatural Positions_ may from thence be easily\nconceived.\n[Illustration]\n                    _Of the_ MEMBRANES _and_ WATERS.\nTHE _MEMBRANES_ of the _Infant_, are _Two_ in number, the one\n_exteriour_, call\u2019d _CHORION_; the other _interiour, AMNION_: which are\nso contiguously joined _one_ to the _other_, that they appear like one\nand the same _MEMBRANE_; and, because they are only separable by _Art_,\nas a _Silk-Lining_ from a _Cloth_, are sometimes call\u2019d the _double\nMEMBRANE_.\nTHE _Chorion_ is rough and unequal on the _Outside_, but smoother\n_within_; where it closely unites itself to the thinner and transparent\n_Amnion_.\nTHIS _Amnion_ covers the _Placenta_, and is fixed to the _Inside_ of the\n_Womb_, by its _Circumference_ on all Sides.\nTHESE MEMBRANES contain the WATERS, in which the _Infant_ swims; which\nWATERS encrease along with the _Infant_, generating by degrees, and\nproceeding from the _moist Humours_, exhal\u2019d (by way of _Transpiration_)\nfrom the tender _Infant\u2019s_ porous Body.\nTHESE WATERS are of infinite Service to the _Infant_, during the time of\n_Maturation_: As they are to both _Mother_ and _Child_ in the time of\n_BIRTH_; which hereafter will more amply appear. And as in Conception,\nthese MEMBRANES are form\u2019d before the EMBRYO; being, as they are\ncommonly call\u2019d, the _Coats of the Egg_: So, in time of _Labour_, they\nalways present themselves, with their peculiar WATERS, to the _ORIFICE_,\nbefore the _Infant_ approaches.\nIN Case of _TWINS_ or more _Children_; each has its proper MEMBRANES and\nWATERS apart, in which they are separately wrap\u2019d up.\n[Illustration]\n                  _Of the SECUNDINE, or AFTER-BIRTH._\nTHE _SECUNDINE_ is a thick carnous _Mass_, of a soft _vasculous\nSubstance_, compos\u2019d of the _maternal Menstrua_; which _waxes_ upon the\noutside of the _Chorion_ in proportion with the Growth of the FOETUS;\nencreasing (as the _Waters_ do) together with the _Infant_. It is also\ncalled the _Womb-Cake_, or _Placenta Uterina_; but most commonly the\n_Woman\u2019s AFTER-BIRTH_.\nIT is call\u2019d _Placenta_, because of its flat circular _Figure_,\nresembling a pretty thick round Cake; being about eight Inches\n_Diameter_, and one _Thick_; a little thicker in the _Middle_, where the\n_Umbilical Vessels_ are fixed, than at the _Edges_.\nITS _thickest spongious Part_ (properly call\u2019d the _Placenta_) adheres\nto the Bottom of the _Womb_ by innumerable _Vessels_, and the\nInterposition of a very thin _Membrane_, which is a Continuation of the\n_Chorion_.\nITS _Concave Part_ towards the _Infant_, is join\u2019d to the\n_Navel-String_, and encompass\u2019d with a smooth _Membrane_, which it\nderives from the _Chorion_ and _Amnion_.\nTHE _Vessels_ terminating in the _Navel-String_, are inserted at _one\nEnd_, almost in the Center of the _Placenta_; as the _other End_ adheres\nto the _Navel_ of the INFANT.\nTHE _SECUNDINE_ is rough and unequal on the _Outside_, and smooth and\nsoft on the _Inside_; and cannot be extracted, without breaking the\nmentioned _Vessels_: From hence an Effusion of _Humours_ and Fluxion of\n_Blood_ always follows it; which (according to the _Woman\u2019s State of\nHealth_) is of a _fairer_, or _darker_, red _Colour_.\nTHE Use of the _SECUNDINE_, is to receive and absorb the _Nutritious\nJuice_ from the WOMB; (as the _Intestines_ imbibe the _Chyle_) which it\nafterwards transmits to the _Infant_, by the _Umbilical Vein_.\nIN Case of TWINS, or more _Children_, if conceived at _one Time_, they\nhave but _one common SECUNDINE_, (notwithstanding the contrary Opinion\nof _others_) which adheres to the _Fund_ of the WOMB, by the _Placenta_,\nas above: Wherefore I must needs reject the _Testimony_ of such\nMIDWIVES, who give out that they have found the _SECUNDINE_, _fix\u2019d_ to\nany _other Part_ of the WOMB; tho\u2019 I experimentally know, that it is\nsometimes found in the _Hinder Part_ near the LOINS, sometimes in the\n_Forepart_, sometimes near the _Diaphragma_, sometimes in the _Right_,\nand sometimes in the _Left Side_.\nBUT however, we should be grossly mistaken, if from hence, we did\nconclude, that the _SECUNDINE_ adher\u2019d to _any other Part_, than the\n_Bottom_ of the WOMB: Since such erroneous _Apprehensions_ are merely\noccasion\u2019d by the various _Motion_, or oblique _Position_ of the WOMB;\nas hereafter will appear more at large.\n[Illustration]\n              _Of the UMBILICAL VESSELS, or NAVEL-STRING._\nTHE three _Umbilical Vessels_ consist of _one Vein_ and _Two Arteries_;\nwhich compose the _NAVEL-STRING_, and are wrap\u2019d up in one strong\n_Membrane_, proceeding from the CHORION and AMNION, between the _Navel_\nand _Placenta_.\nTHE _Vein_ arises in the _Placenta_, from innumerable minute _Vessels_;\nproceeding thence with _Spiral Contortions_ between the _Arteries_,\nthro\u2019 the _NAVEL-STRING_, and _Navel_, to the _Liver_ of the _Infant_;\nterminating in the _Sinus_ of the _Vena Porta_, into which it pours the\n_Blood_ and _nutritious Juice_ received in the _Placenta_; which\nimmediately proceeds to the _Vena Cava_, and _Heart_, thro\u2019 a\n_Cylindrical Canal_ (call\u2019d VENOSUS) opposite to the _Umbilical Vein_.\nTHE _Arteries_, which are scarce half so large as the _Vein_, arise from\nthe ILIACS of the _Infant_, or from the AORTA. They pass both Sides of\nthe _Bladder_ to the _Navel_, and thence through the _NAVEL-STRING_, by\nthe like _Spiral Windings_, to the _Placenta_: where, after distributing\nsome _Branches_ to the AMNION and CHORION; they are divided into a very\ngreat Number of _Sprigs_, transferring the _Blood_ from the _F\u0153tus_ to\nthe _SECUNDINE_.\nTHESE _Two Arteries_, with the above-mentioned _one Vein_, make up a\ncertain _Part_, twisted like a _Rope_, about one Inch thick, and near a\nYard long, call\u2019d the _NAVEL-STRING_; which is so ordained of this\n_Length_, that the _Infant_, by its _Motion_, may not pull the\n_Placenta_ from the WOMB; and that, by its _Means_, the _SECUNDINE_ may\nbe commodiously extracted after the _Birth_.\nIN Case of TWINS, or more _Children_, every one has its proper\n_NAVEL-STRING_; the chief Use of which is, to convey the _Maternal\nBlood_ and _nutritious Juices_ by the _Veins_ to the FOETUS, for its\n_Aliment_: The _Arteries_ carrying back that which is unfit for this\n_Use_, to the _Placenta_; whilst the _F\u0153tus_ is still supply\u2019d with more\nby the _Vein_: So that there\u2019s a _continual Circulation_, or\nCommunication, between the MOTHER and her INFANT.\n[Illustration]\n[Illustration]\n[Illustration]\n        _Of the SYMPTOMS peculiar to the State of MAIDEN-HOOD._\nSUCH _Distempers_ as are incident to this SEX in _Childhood_, are\ngenerally common to the _Other_; wherefore I shall take another\nOpportunity to treat of them more _particularly_, and conduct the\n_Child_, whether MALE or FEMALE, thro\u2019 all the _Indispositions_, to\nwhich its tender _Age_, or flexile _Nature_, may subject it, from the\nMoment of _Birth_, until the Time of _Puberty_: At which _Age_, the more\ndelicate _Constitution_ of FEMALES, takes a quite different _Turn_ from\nThat of the _other Sex_.\nAT this _Crisis_, or Juncture of Time, the _Imbecility_ of their\n_natural Dispositions_ begins to display itself, by various and\ndifferent _SYMPTOMS_; to which, some are more, and some less, expos\u2019d\nfrom Henceforward; very few being altogether exempted from what is so\npeculiar to their _State_: Wherefore (in the first place) I shall\nundertake to lay down the _Causes_, the _Symptoms_, the _Degrees_ of\nDanger, and the respective _Methods of Curing_ such _Diseases_ as are\nincident to VIRGINS: Which leads me previously to define the\nVIRGIN-STATE, in\n[Illustration]\nVIRGINITY is an entire _State of Nature_ in this Point; and nothing\nelse, than the _Integrity_ of the _Muliebrian Parts_ from the Violence\nof _Virile Congress_.\nTOUCHING the real _Signs_ of _VIRGINITY_, many learned _Controversies_\nhave risen; particularly as to the _Membrane_, call\u2019d HYMEN: _Some_\ngreat _Anatomists_ and _Physicians_[25] strenuously denying its\n_Existence_, and representing it as some _preternatural Production_; and\n_Others_[26] as vigorously maintaining the contrary Opinion. Upon which\n_Contention_, if I may humbly offer my _Sentiment_; the _later\nAuthorities_ are so commonly receiv\u2019d, that (I think) this _Dispute_\nsufficiently decided.\nWE find the _Reality_ of it has been abundantly confirm\u2019d by the\n_Greeks_, as it was discover\u2019d by the _Arabians_ of old: And the\n_Gentiles_, for that very Reason, call\u2019d their _Nuptial God_, HYMENEUS.\nBut, moreover, being since so positively asserted, by so many _famous_\nand _learned Men_, who openly vouch and aver that they have found and\nseen it; I do not see why we should longer doubt of this _Membrane\u2019s_\nbeing to be found in _Most_, if not in _All_, _VIRGINS_, to distinguish\nthem from the rest of their _Sex_: Especially since \u2019tis certain, that\nsomething _extraordinary_ happens in the first COITION, which made\n_Terentius_ call it, _Coitio Acerrima_. Upon which Notion, _Catullus\u2019s_\nVerses are very elegant and _\u00e0 propos_: viz.\n           _\u201cUt flos in Septis secretus nascitur hortis,\n           \u201cIgnotus pecori, nullo contusus Aratro;\n           \u201cQuem mulcent Aur\u00e6, firmat Sol, educat Imber,\n           \u201cMulti illum Pueri, mult\u00e6 optav\u00eare Puell\u00e6:\n           \u201cIdem c\u00f9m tenui carptus defloruit ungui,\n           \u201cNulli illum Pueri, null\u00e6 optav\u00eare Puell\u00e6.\n           \u201cSic Virgo dum intacta manet, tum chara suis; sed\n           \u201cC\u00f9m Castum amisit polluto Corpore florem,\n           \u201cNec Pueris jucunda manet, nec grata Puellis._\nThis I take to be a notable _Emblem_ both of the _HYMEN_ and of\n_VIRGINITY_ itself.\nOTHERS again affirm, that the _Effusion of Blood_, in the first ACT, is\ncommon to all _VIRGINS_; founded upon the _Authority_ of the 22d Chap.\nof _Deut_. &c: By which \u2019tis plain, that _this Criterion_ or _Mark_, has\nbeen of the nicest _Consequence_ among the JEWS; as also in several\nother _Nations_: according to _Claudianus_ in the _Epithalamium_ of\n_Honorius_, viz.\u2014\n                  _\u201cEt vestes Tyrio Sanguine fulgidas\n                  \u201cAlter Virgineus nobilitet Cruor:\n                  \u201cTum Victor madido prosiliat Thoro,\n                  \u201cNocturni referens vulnera pr\u00e6lii._\nIn short, many _Philosophers_, as well as _Poets_, hold _This_ for an\ninfallible Symptom.\nHOWEVER, tho\u2019 I must confess _This_ to be a certain _Sign_ of\n_VIRGINITY_, when it does appear; yet, if it don\u2019t, the _VIRGIN_ is not\ntherefore to be _suspected_: especially if she be more _adult_, in which\nCase the _Parts_ grow both larger and firmer, by the long _Flux_ of the\n_Menstrua_; and consequently this _Effusion_ cannot well be expected;\nneither can it be supposed in case of any violent _Procatarctick_ or\n_Primary Cause_ (and from _That_ she can be no more _secure_, than\nanother Person) which may break the HYMEN, and dilate the _Parts_ before\nCOITION. But besides,\nNEITHER can the _Mosaical Law_, nor the _Customs_ of other Countries,\nimply any thing _farther_; than, that _This_ is the indubitable _Mark_\nof _VIRGINITY_ when it appears, without drawing any _suspicious\nConsequences_ from its accidental _Non-appearance_: especially\nconsidering, that their _VIRGINS_ married always very _young_, and\ncommonly about the 12th or 13th Year of their _Age_; when they could\nscarce possibly be without some evident _Effusion_.\nOTHERS will have the _Astriction_ of the VAGINA, to be a certain _Sign_\nof _VIRGINITY_; which, (tho\u2019 I confess, is more astrict in _VIRGINS_,\nthan in such as have _copulated_) I deny, to be any _certain Sign_:\nSince all know, That _Part_ to differ (in this Point) according to\n_Age_, _Habit_, and other _Circumstances_ of Body and Health: But\nbesides, some _astringent Medicines_ would also easily answer this\n_End_.\nOTHERS again have disputed the _Possibility_ of a _VIRGIN_\u2019s generating\n_Milk_; affirming _Milk_ in the _Breasts_, to be a certain _Sign_ of\nlost _VIRGINITY_: And (I think) there is some Reason for this Opinion;\nfor my part, I would inform myself better, before I should credit _Her_,\nwho would give herself out for a _VIRGIN_, having this _Symptom_;\nnotwithstanding the contrary Opinion of _others_, founded upon the\nAuthority of _Hippocrates_[27]: Since, according to the Judgment of the\nmost learned _Mauritius Cord\u00e6us_[28], it very seldom happens. But if\nafter All, a _VIRGIN_ chances to have _Milk_ in her _Breasts_, it\ndiffers in _Quantity_ as well as _Quality_, from _That_ of a Woman who\nhas conceiv\u2019d: For which Reason, he distinguishes and describes _Two\nSorts_ of MILK: _viz._\nTHE _One_, which belongs to _this Case_, he says, is generated of\n_Blood_ flowing to the _Breasts_, when deny\u2019d an _Exit_ by the WOMB; and\nis nothing but the _superfluous Aliment_ of the _Breasts_, by their\n_peculiar Faculty_, turn\u2019d into MILK: Which may happen to _VIRGINS_\nirregular in their _Menstrua_; and according to this Interpretation,\n_Hippocrates_ is to be rightly understood. The _other_ MILK, he calls\n_Puerperial_; which does not generate without a _Big-Belly_, and _That_\npretty far _Gone_: Which MILK is communicated from the WOMB directly to\nthe _Breasts_.\nHE teaches us also, that this _Difference_ of MILK, proceeds from the\nDiversity of _Blood_, of which _both Sorts_ are generated; and likewise\nfrom the Variety of the _Veins_ and _Passages_, by which they are\nconvey\u2019d and carry\u2019d to the _Breasts_.\nWHICH _Veins_ are _Two-fold_; namely, _Common_ and _Proper_. The\n_Common_ are called _External_, and these are such as only carry the\n_Blood_ from the _Vena Cava_, for the Nutrition of the BREASTS; which,\nif _superfluous_, or more than is _sufficient_ for that _Use_, is\nconverted (by the _Glands_ of the BREASTS) into a kind of MILK: Which,\naltho\u2019 _white_, is of a _thinner Substance_, not so _sweet_, nor so\n_plentiful_, as true MILK. Whereas the proper _Mammary Veins_ carry that\nvery _Blood_, of which MILK is generated for the Nourishment of the\n_Infant_, from the WOMB directly[29]; which happens, by what the\n_Greeks_ call an _Anastomosis_, or Conjunction of the _Mammary_ and\n_Epigastrick Veins_.\nFROM hence we have the Difference of these _two sorts_ of BLOOD and\nMILK: Wherefore it is to be concluded, that altho\u2019 the _One_ be found in\nthe _Breasts_ of _VIRGINS_, they are not therefore to be rashly\nsuspected of _Pollution_; since, according to _Aristotle_[30], the\n_same_ may happen sometimes also to MEN.\nBUT, besides what is mention\u2019d, there are many different external\n_Methods_ propos\u2019d by _Authors_[31], to distinguish a _Real_, from a\n_Supposititious_ _VIRGIN_: Which however I shall not enter upon, lest\nwhat I have intended for the _Benefit_ of All in _general_, might tend\nto the _Detriment_ of some in _particular_. And thus having briefly\ndescribed the _MAIDEN_ and _MAIDEN-HEAD_, I come now to treat of such\n_Indispositions_, as are either _Peculiar_, or more _Familiar_ to her\n_STATE_. And, _First_, in order\n[Illustration]\n      _Of the Virgin-Disease, commonly called the GREEN-SICKNESS._\nTHIS _Malady_ is an _Indisposition_ visibly discolorating the\nComplexion, and nothing else, but a _Complication_ of divers _Diseases_\nand _Symptoms_: Wherefore it is variously represented and taken,\nsometimes for a _Disease_, and sometimes for a _Symptom_.\nBE that as it will; it is so Familiar, or rather Peculiar to _Mature\nVIRGINS_, that most _Physicians_ call it the _Virgin-Disease_, or\n_Virgin-Fever_; as _others_ call it _Febris Alba_, or pale Fever: Not\nthat it is always join\u2019d with a _Fever_; but because the _affected\nParty_ represents (in most Respects) a _Feverish Person_, by the\nCelerity and Frequency of Her PULSE, _&c._\nIT is also call\u2019d _Febris Amatoria_; I suppose, (partly) because of the\n_Colour_, according to the _POET_; _Palleat omnis Amans_, _Color hic eft\naptus Amanti_: And (partly) because of the _Age_, which may be the\nfittest _Time_ for LOVE; which made _Diogenes_ say, at sight of a\ncertain _Patient_, That _she was dead in her OWN_, _but alive in ANOTHER\nBody_: As it is otherwise denominated _Icterus Albus_; because, as in an\n_Icterus_ or _JAUNDICE_, the whole _Body_ is tinctur\u2019d _yellow_: So in\nthis _Disorder_, it is changed _Pale_ and _Wan_; and from hence it is\ncommonly call\u2019d the _GREEN-SICKNESS_, because of the _Colour_ and\n_Aspect_ inclining a little that way. As it is likewise also term\u2019d,\n_F\u0153dus seu pallidus Virginum Color_, or the _ugly pale Colour of\nlanguishing VIRGINS_.\nHOWEVER yet I have known many _Women_, in _France_, and _Germany_, who\nhave been so far from thinking it an ugly _Colour_, that they have\nesteem\u2019d it most _Beautiful_; and have used very _pernicious Things_ to\ngain and appropriate this _Colour_ to Themselves: Esteeming\n_Fresh-looking-Women_, of a fine sanguine _Complexion_, mere _RUSTICKS_.\nTHIS disagreeable _Affection_ of the Body, however it is _titled_, most\ncertainly implies a _Complication of several different Maladies_;\nannoying all the _Actions_ of the _Natural_, and _Motions_ of the\n_Animal Faculty_: Or, in short, perverting the whole OECONOMY of the\n_Body_. And because it is always join\u2019d with _Most_, if not with _All_\nthe following SYMPTOMS, I think it may be regularly thus defin\u2019d.\nTHE _VIRGIN-DISEASE, is a Change of the natural Colour of the Face into\na pallid greenish Tincture; with a Dejection of Strength, Gravity of all\nthe Members and Parts of the Body, Fastidy of Victuals, Malacia or Pica,\nHeaviness and Palpitation of Heart, Difficulty of Breathing, a slow\nFever, Pains of the Head, Melancholy, Inflations, and Oedematous Tumours\nof the Feet, Legs, Eye-lids, and the whole Face; with a frigid\nIntemperature, and Cachexy of the whole Body; proceeding from a deprav\u2019d\nNutrition, and the abundance of crude Humours, ingender\u2019d from a\nperverse Disposition of the_ LIVER, SPLEEN, _or_ VENTRICLE.\nHENCE proceed the _OBSTRUCTIONS_ of the _Uterine Vessels_, and\nneighbouring _Parts_, of the _Veins_ of the _LIVER_, and _SPLEEN_; but\nespecially, of the _MESENTERY_: So that the _natural Calidity_ of the\nwhole _Body_ being thus suffocated, and oppressed, by those _crude\nHumours_, an Irregularity, or Suppression of the _MENSTRUA_, must needs\nensue.\nBY this _Definition_, the _DISEASE_ may easily be known; tho\u2019 in some\n_Circumstances_, it may differ, according to the different _Quality_ of\nthe predominant _Humour_: Especially considering, that if all the\nforemention\u2019d _Signs_, or _Symptoms_, do not concur in all _PATIENTS_;\nyet _Most_ of them commonly do happen in most _Persons_, and ALL in\n_Some_. Whence I come _methodically_ to denote more particularly its\nCAUSES.\nIN order to which, I may justly premise, that the _Proximous Cause_ is a\n_Collection_ of deprav\u2019d _crude Humours_ in the Body: As the _Remote\nCause_, is a _Suppression_, or _Irregularity_ in the Course of the\n_Menstruous Blood_.\nNOW this _Blood_ flowing to the WOMB, as soon as the _VIRGIN_ is\n_Mature_; if the _Passages_ are not capacious or patent enough, it\n_regorges_ to the _Major Veins_, and thence to the very BOWELS;\nextinguishing the _Heat_, and obstructing the _Vessels_ of the _LIVER_,\n_SPLEEN_, and _MESENTERY_: From whence proceeds a vicious _Concoction_\nand _Sanguification_; and consequently a _Collection of crude Humours_,\nwhich excite various _Symptoms_ thro\u2019 all Parts of the Body. And it\ncommonly happens, that an irregular or improper _Way of Living_,\nespecially about the Time of _Puberty_, or in the Time of the _natural\nCourse_, engenders a pituitous and viscid _Blood_; which, together with\nthe aforesaid _Humours_, totally obstructs the _Uterine Vessels_.\nTHIS _Distemper_ is very dangerous, if not timely _cur\u2019d_; because if\nthe _Heart_ be very much affected, and the _Vital Faculty_ quite\noppressed with it, the _Patient_ often dies suddenly: Or, otherways, it\ncommonly turns to a _Dropsy_; and, when the _Humours_ fly into the HEAD,\nit causes a _Frenzy_.\nNOW as I come gradually to set forth the CURE of this _Distemper_, I\nshall _First_ observe; that, as various _Diseases_ and _Symptoms_ do\nconcur towards its _Complication_, all _These_ are to be discreetly\nremov\u2019d by proper _Means_ and _Methods_. But that I may be better\nunderstood, _SOME_ are more prudently (perhaps) to be remov\u2019d _singly_;\nand _OTHERS_, _jointly_: As for Instance, if any one _Symptom_ be more\ntroublesome and dangerous than the _Rest_, it ought to be chiefly\nregarded above All _others_; and, if not _remov\u2019d_, at least _mitigated_\nin the First Place.\nSECONDLY, That a proper _Regulation_ of DIET and _Regimen_ of BODY, is\nto be judiciously directed, as another initial necessary _Step_ towards\nthe CURE; which we have hereafter more fully treated of.\nTHIRDLY, That this _Distemper_ is more easily and sooner _cur\u2019d_, in\n_Spring_ or _Summer_-Time, than in _Autumn_ or _Winter_; because when\nthe proper _Constitution_ of _WEATHER_ and _AIR_ concurs with the\n_medicinal Means_, more may be done towards effecting its CURE in a\n_Week_, than otherways can be expected in a _Month_. Wherefore _These_\nbeing premised, the CURE will most rationally depend upon the four\nfollowing methodical _STEPS_; _viz._\nI. THAT the vitious _Humours_ lodged in the _Body_, especially in the\n_Bowels_, be duly _prepar\u2019d_ for Expurgation, and then effectually\n_evacuated_.\nII. THAT the _Intemperature_ and _Obstructions_ of the _VENTRICLE_,\n_LIVER_, _SPLEEN_, and _WOMB_, be All carefully and regularly removed.\nIII. THAT the _Menstrua_ be duly rectify\u2019d, and physically reduc\u2019d to a\n_Natural Course_, by the best _Conduct_ of Art and Judgment.\nIV. THAT the Rest of the morbifick _Humours_, whether _Crude_,\n_Aqueous_, or _Serous_, lurking behind in the _Body_, be in due manner\ndischarg\u2019d.\nBUT more particularly; The CURE may be begun with a gentle _Evacuation\nof the Belly_, and, if Strength and other Circumstances shall permit,\nwith repeated _VEN\u00c6SECTIONS_[32], or _Blood-letting_ in the _Foot_, not\nonly for removing the _Plenitude_, but also for resolving the\n_Obstructions_ of the _MENSTRUA_.\nAND because the HUMOURS are _Thick_ and _Frigid_, proper _warming_ and\n_attenuating_, or preparing and purging _Medicines_ are to be used in\ntheir Turns; or _rarefying_ and _inciding Matters_ may be mixed with the\n_Purgatives_. As also in Case the HUMOURS lodge about the _Ventricle_\nand _Mesentery_, a gentle VOMIT may be convenient.\nBUT because divers _Parts_ suffer _OBSTRUCTIONS_ in this sickly\n_Affection_, proper _Aperitives_ are to be made use of; and _Those_\nchiefly, which have a _natural Affinity_ with every respective _affected\nPart_: As for Example; _Hepaticks_, for the _LIVER_; _Spleneticks_, for\nthe _SPLEEN_; _Uterines_, for the _WOMB_, &c. Wherefore the _Physician_\nought to weigh and consider well, whether the _Veins_ about the\n_VENTRICLE_ and _MESENTERY_, or _LIVER_ and _SPLEEN_, be most\n_obstructed_; since the most special Regard must be had to the _Part\nmost affected_.\nIN the _Beginning_, such _Medicines_ as serve best to open the\n_Obstructions_ of the _MESENTERY_, _SPLEEN_, and _LIVER_, sparingly\nmix\u2019d with such as provoke the _MENSTRUA_ or _MONTHS_, are to be\ndiscreetly used: But afterwards, in _Progress_ of the CURE, the\n_Uterines_ may (by Degrees) be prudentially _augmented_.\nHOWEVER, at last it often happens, that tho\u2019 the _grosser HUMOURS_ are\nevacuated: yet some _watry, serous Humours_ remain in the Circuit of the\nBody, too much refrigerating and infesting it still; which are most\nconveniently remov\u2019d by _Sudorificks_.\nBUT because the compleat _CURE_ of this _Disease_ requires some Length\nof Time, I would advise proper _Preparatives, Purgatives_, and\n_Corroboratives_, to be exhibited by Turns; as also the very _Form_ and\n_Composition_ of the _MEDICINES_ to be varied in their Courses, for the\npreventing of _Nauseousness_.\nTHE _Patient\u2019s REGIMEN_, must likewise be well prescrib\u2019d, and curiously\n_regulated_; especially her DIET. She ought to live upon Victuals of the\nbest _Nutrition_, and easiest _Concoction_, carefully avoiding all\n_others_ that are not so agreeable: Especially such as are of a _frigid\nor humid Quality_; such as _Pot-herbs_, _Garden-Fruits_, _Milk_ _Fish_,\n&c. She may drink generous _Wine_, or good _Ale_ cautiously abstaining\nfrom all _small Drinks_, and other such like noxious _Liquids_, as much\nas possible.\nMOREOVER, _Motion_ and _Exercise_ are very convenient, not only in the\n_Beginning_, but also in the _Declension_ of this _DISEASE_; especially\nby strongly _Chafing_ and _Rubbing_, with warm _Flannels_, every Morning\nin _Bed_.\nBUT _Sleep_ is not to be too much indulged, especially not in the\n_Mornings_; altho\u2019 _she_ be _Then_ more propense to it, by reason of the\nabundance of _VAPOURS_ ascending to the _Brain_.\nLASTLY, to perfect and confirm this _CURE_, I would recommend[33]\n_Hippocrates_\u2019s sound Advice to the _Patient_; which is to the following\n_Purpose_, of _marrying_ betimes for the sake of _Health_, and to\nprevent all the future ill Consequences of this growing _Malady_.\n\u201cEGO, _inquit, Autor sum, ut Virgines hoc malo affect\u00e6 qu\u00e0m celerrim\u00e8\nviris conjungantur; iisq; cohabitent: Si enim conceperint, convalescent.\nSi ver\u00f2 in pubertate hoc malo non corripiantur, tum paulo post eas\ninvadit._\u201d\nUPON which excellent _Sentence_, the two following _Observations_ may,\n(I hope) appositely here follow and take place, _viz._\nI. _Quod etiam Ratione & Experienti\u00e2 confirmatur[34]: Venere etenim\nUterus & partes circa Uterum incalescunt, vi\u00e6q; aperiuntur & laxantur,\nut sanguis Menstruus postea facili\u00f9s ad Uterum confluere & per eundem\neffluere possit._\nII. _Rectissim\u00e8 etiam dictum, convalescent, si concipiant; quia Sanguis,\nqui pr\u00e6ter Naturam antea retinebatur, jam in F\u0153t\u00fbs Formationem\nabsumitur; & si quid vitiosorum humorum in Utero cumulatum sit, id post\npartum evacuatur._\nI have thought it proper to insist the _more_ upon this HEAD; because I\nknow _none_ else among all the _Indispositions_ of Life, which can\nproperly be accounted _peculiar_ to VIRGINS.\nSOME however may think perhaps, that I had a fair Opportunity in this\n_Place_, to introduce the various _Diseases_ and _Symptoms_ of the\n_WOMB_, _VAGINA_, and _PUDENDUM_; the divers _Symptoms_ of the\nMENSTRUOUS FLUX, together with _Those_ which are incident to all _Women_\nafter PUBERTY.\nWHICH _Objection_ I humbly beg leave briefly to answer, that a _twofold\nReason_ dissuaded me from undertaking to treat of _Those Heads_ in this\nPlace.\nI. BECAUSE _They_ are _common_ to all WOMEN in general, and incident to\nthe _Wife_, or _Widow_, as well as to the _Virgin_; wherefore, I hope,\nanother _Place_ in this _BOOK_ may be assigned to _Them_, more proper\nand convenient than _This_, without any _Digression_.\nII. BY reason the several _Branches_ of these HEADS are so very many and\ndifferent, that to discuss \u2019em all _Here_, as I ought to do, would too\nmuch swell the _Bulk_ of the _Volume_, and enhance the _Price_ of this\n_BOOK_; which I design for the Good of the _poorer_ Sort of _Women_, as\nwell as the Benefit of the _Rich_. However, what is most _Essential_ and\nnecessarily _Requisite_, shall not be omitted (at least _coincidently_)\nin its _proper Place_. Wherefore I shall leave the VIRGIN, after a\ndigressive Hint in the following _Section_, upon her darling _Passion_,\n[_LOVE_]: and supposing her to have _alter\u2019d_ her _Condition_, I shall\nthenceforward treat her as a WIFE.\n[Illustration]\n_LOVE_ is the _first Impression_ that affects the APPETITE; proceeding\nfrom the _Pleasure_ conceiv\u2019d in a _Real_ or _Imaginary GOOD_.\nIT is the _CEMENT_ of _Affections_, and the _Effect_ of a certain\n_Congruity of Minds_; sympathetically arising from the _DIASTOLE_ and\n_SYSTOLE_ of _affected Hearts_.\nIT is (as a certain _Author_ defines it) a sacred _Frenzy_ of the\n_Soul_, and a _Divine Madness_, elevating _Men_ to the Pitch of\n_Saints_, and rendring them the Care of Benigner D\u00c6MONS: so far that\nthey are every where _safe_, being under the Protection of _GODS_ and\n_Men_; as the _Poet_ familiarly expresses it, _Quisquis Amore tenetur,\neat tut\u00fasq; sac\u00e8rq_;\u2014\u2014\nIT is a kind of a wonderful satisfactory _Death_, and a voluntary\n_Separation_ of SOUL and BODY. The LOVER\u2019S _Mind_ is in _one Place_; his\n_Body_, in _Another_; and _He_ himself is _No Where_, if he be not with\nthe _Object_ of his _LOVE_: So that (in a manner) it transforms the\n_LOVER_ into the _Object beloved_; and all this without any _evident\nTrouble_, or if there be any _Trouble_, still the _Trouble_ is _lov\u2019d_,\nwith apparent Satisfaction and Delight. As it is ingeniously said, _Ubi\nAmatur, non laboratur; & si laboratur, labor Amatur_.\n_LOVE_ always springs and blooms with fresh _Desires_, with young and\nvigorous _Inclinations_. It is so riveted in our _Natures_, that our\n_Blood_ must first grow cold and be congeal\u2019d by _Death_, before this\n_FLAME_ can be extinguish\u2019d: Nay, sometimes it is more _fervent_, tho\u2019\nof shorter Duration, in our _latest Hours_, than in our _Prime_. For\nlike as the _OIL_ which feeds a _Lamp_, when almost spent, the _startled\nFlame_ begins to rouze itself, and _burn afresh_, as if it would fain\nsubsist a _little longer_; tho\u2019 on the very DREGS of its accustomed\nFuel, it crackles and flashes with greater _Noise_ and _Lustre_ than\nbefore, but presently _expires_: So does the _Amorous Fire_, when we are\nnearest our _Dissolution_, begin to trouble us most, and makes our SOUL\nto blaze with greater FEVERS of _Desire_ and _Grief_, knowing its\n_Period_ to be near at hand.\n_LOVE_ is like the _Palm-Tree_, the more oppressed with _Weights_, the\n_Higher_ it grows. It always desires to encrease, dilate, and stretch\nitself farther still, leading to an _Harmonious Union_ of HEARTS.\n_Riches_ cannot purchase _Love_. Neither _Threats_ nor _Violence_ can\neither force or restrain it; which being free by _Nature_, as proceeding\nfrom the _Freedom of the Will_, disdains all COMPULSION; _subduing_ all,\nand _unsubdued_ by any Opposition. In short, it is so generous, that\nwhereas all other _Affections_ and _Actions_ aim at different _Rewards_;\n_LOVE_ only is contented with _Love_, holding nothing else as a\n_sufficient Recompence_.\n_LOVE_ made _Ulysses_, rather than forsake his dear _Penelope_, refuse\n_IMMORTALITY_ itself at _Calipso_\u2019s hands.\n_LOVE_ is the oldest of our _Passions_, in that it came into the World\nwith us; and from thence it becomes _habitual_ to a _good NATURE_, and a\n_brave SOUL_.\n_LOVE_ is the most noble and generous of our _Passions_, it soon removes\nall puny Obstacles in its way. It is ready, prompt, and dexterous to\nfind _Excuses_ or _Forgiveness_ for the greatest _FAULTS_, and much more\nto palliate the _Peccadillo_\u2019s of the BELOVED. It does by a peculiar\nForce and Virtue extirpate all _Revenge_, and blot out the _MEMOIRS_ of\n_past Unkindnesses_.\n_LOVE_ triumphantly _overcomes all Things_. All things yield to its\nPower; and the more we oppose it, the stronger _Resistance_ it makes. It\nconquers the greatest _Hearts_, and victoriously subdues the most\nmagnanimous _Souls_. _Alexander_ the Great, was not exempted from this\ninsuperable _Passion_, at the sight of _Darius_\u2019s fair _Daughters_. No,\n_LOVE_ made _Hercules_, the Son of _JUPITER_ himself, stoop and truckle\nto the _Female Conqueror_; according to the following known _Distich_,\n              _\u201cLenam non potuit, potuit superare Le\u00e6nant,\n              \u201cQuem Fera non potuit vincere, vicit Hera._\nIN fine, I think it is also ingeniously well defin\u2019d in this ensuing\n_Hexastick_, by Mr. _Howel_[35],\n    _\u201cFax grata est, gratum est vulnus, mihi grata Catena est,\n      \u201cMe quibus astringit, l\u00e6dit & urit Amor;\n    \u201cSed Flammam extingui, sanari Vulnera, sulvi\n      \u201cVinc\u2019la, etiam ut possem non ego posse velim:\n    \u201cMirum equidem Genus hoc Morbi est, Incendia & Ictus\n      \u201cVinc\u2019laq; vinctus adhuc, l\u00e6sus & ustus Amo._\n    Grateful\u2019s to me the _Fire_, the _Wound_, the _Chain_,\n    By which LOVE _burns_, LOVE _binds_, and giveth _Pain_:\n    But for to quench this _Fire_, these _Bonds_ to loose,\n    These _Wounds_ to heal, I would not, could I, choose:\n    Strange _Sickness_, where the _Wounds_, the _Bonds_, the _Fire_\n    That _burns_, that _bind_, that _hurt_, I must desire.\nTHE Omniscient CREATOR, at the Beginning, implanted in the Nature of\n_Both Sexes_ this Faculty of LOVE, accompanied with a fervent Desire of\n_Procreation_; furnishing them (for this Purpose) with proper adapted\nORGANS, and other suitable MEANS of _Generation_: which, in themselves,\nare no less _wise_ and _wonderful_, than the great DESIGN of propagating\nthe World by successive _Generations_, is _profound_ and _miraculous_;\nas will more manifestly appear, by explaining their _Order_,\n_Propriety_, and _Disposition_, in _Sect_. 4. _Chap. 5, 6, &c_.\nAND to compensate many subsequent _Griefs_ thereupon, NATURE added to\n_Man_ and _Woman_ an ardent Desire of mutual _Embraces_, concomitated\nwith certain alluring _Enticements_ to _Multiplication_; to the end that\nin _Congression_ they might be so delightfully charme\u2019d, as to forget,\nor at least vilipend and slight all other trifling _Annoyances_.\nTHUS, in short, _Nature_ hath cared and provided for _Propagation_ and\n_Posterity_; not only in the _Human Race_, but also in all other\n_Species_ of Creatures, according to the excellent _Poet_[36];\n           _\u201cOmne adeo genus in terris homin\u00famq; Ferar\u00famq;\n           \u201cEt genus \u00c6quoreum, pecudes, pict\u00e6q; Volucres,\n           \u201cIn furias ignemq; ruunt_: AMOR _omnibus idem.\u2014\u2014\n           Thus ev\u2019ry _Creature_, and of ev\u2019ry _Kind_,\n           The secret Joys of sweet COITION find:\n           Not only _Man_\u2019s imperial Race; but they\n           That wing the liquid _Air_, or swim the _Sea_,\n           Or haunt the _Desart_, rush into the _Flame_:\n           For LOVE is Lord of all; and is in all the _same_.\n           \u2019Tis with this Rage, the _Mother-Lion_ stung,\n           Scours o\u2019er the Plain; regardless of her Young:\n           Demanding _Rites of Love_, she sternly stalks;\n           And hunts her LOVER, in his lonely Walks.\n           \u2019Tis then the shapeless _Bear_ his Den forsakes;\n           In Woods and Fields a vast Destruction makes.\n           _Boars_ whet their Tusks, to battle _Tygers_ move,\n           Enrag\u2019d with Hunger, more enrag\u2019d with LOVE.\nBUT all ludicrous Diversions apart! I proceed hence to a necessary\n_Consequence_ of this Noble Natural _PASSION_; _viz._\n[Illustration]\nTHIS _Conjunction_ of both SEXES, is the _Consummation_ of LOVE, and the\n_Pinnacle_ of the _Lover_\u2019s natural Felicity. It is the Sum and\nsuperlative Degree of their _terrene Happiness_; above which the\n_Lovers_ cannot aspire, naturally speaking, in _Human Society_.\nTHIS is also the utmost _Height_ of their eager Desires, and the\ngreatest _Extent_ of their languishing Wishes. It is the _Abatement_, as\nwell as the _Completion_ of their unbounded _Passions_, and the\n_Tranquillity_ of their restless _Minds_. However yet\u2014\u2014\nTHIS ACT is _Two-fold_; _F\u00e6cund_ and successful, or _Sterile_ and\nunsuccessful in the Event.\nI. AS to the _First_, some most famous AUTHORS have written their Minds\nfreely and copiously upon it, and have given certain pertinent\n_Instructions_, touching the _Time_, and _Manner_, as well as _Conduct_\nof the _Parties_ concern\u2019d, both before and after the ACT: Particularly\n_Avicenna_[37] (no _Proletarian Writer_, but a most Illustrious and most\nLearned _Prince_) has insisted at large upon every Case belonging to\nthis Head, together with the _Way_ and _Manner_, as well as the proper\n_Time_ of begetting either SEX; _\u201cUbi, inquit, menses defluxerint, sitq;\nabstersus Uterus, quod quinto fer\u00e8 die usu venit, aut septimo; Si Vir\nMulieri congrediatur, \u00e0 primo qu\u00e0m est purgata die ad quintum, MAREM\nproduci: \u00e0 quinto ver\u00f2 ad octavum, F\u00c6MELLAM: rursus ab octavo ad\nduodecimum denuo, MASCULUM, &c.\u201d_\nWHICH excellent Opinion is fully proved by _Levinus Lemnius_ (another\ngreat _Master_ of NATURE): According to whose authentick Judgment also,\nthere are likewise many things[38] of an _occult specifick Quality_, and\n_secret Effect_, for answering the same ENDS, as well as _Fecundity_\nitself: which both common _Reason_ and daily _Experience_ confirm for\nTRUTH.\nBUT because I lie under the Disadvantage (at present) of writing in our\n_vernacular Tongue_, it may be proper to pass by, what (otherways) might\nbe plentifully said on this _Head_: However I shall observe, that the\n_Generality_ of RULES are most commonly calculated for _Persons_ of a\ndiscording Constitution of natural _Temperaments_ and _Faculties_; which\n_Difference of Constitution_ brings often false and ungrounded\n_Reproaches_ upon the Reputation of fruitful WOMEN. From whence it is\njustly to be remarked, that, tho\u2019 few or no _Children_ are got meerly by\nART; yet if a little _Dexterity_ or ingenious _Subtilty_ was used with\nsome WOMEN, there would not (perhaps) _One_ in _Three_ of those, who are\nrashly accounted so, be found _BARREN_.\nII. AS to the _unsuccessful_ ACT of _Coition_, I shall refer what may be\noffer\u2019d on _that Point_, until I come to treat of _Sterility_, in\nSECTION viii: And therefore I shall only farther observe _Here_, that\nthe _Parties_ ought not to encounter with full _Stomachs_, _Bellies_, or\n_Bladders_; much less when BOTH, or EITHER, are _weary_, _fatigu\u2019d_,\n_depriv\u2019d of Sleep_, _angry_, _troubled in Mind_, or in any other real\nrespect _out of Order_. For in these _Cases_, it is very detrimental to\nthe Health[39] of such imprudent _Parents_; and (if _Conception_\nfollows) it infallibly _intails_ some respective EVIL upon the _Innocent\nProduction_: Because all the _Affections_ or _Disturbances_ of their\nMINDS, virtually devolve upon the EMBRYO. And besides, as (by such\nperverse Means) the _Conception_ becomes _irregular_; so also does the\n_Maturation_, _Nutrition_, and _Birth_ carry the same _Impression_: For\nfrom the least _Perturbation_ of _SPIRIT_, the _Infant_ may contract\nvarious _Blemishes_ of BODY, as well as _Errors_ of MIND.\nWHEREFORE, in fine, as this _Affair_ is to be undertaken with a serene\nand contented _Mind_, a chearful and undisturbed _Heart_, so it ought to\nbe perform\u2019d with _Moderation_ and _Decency_: Not in any _brutal Manner_\nor _Posture_; but according to the rational _Law_ and proper _Instinct_\nof _Nature_.\n[Illustration]\n                       _Remarks upon COPULATION._\nSupposing now this amicable _Engagement_ of NATURE to be over, I may be\nmodestly allow\u2019d (I hope) to add a few Words upon its necessary\n_Consequences_; and _First_, of what has happen\u2019d in the ACT,\n_Retention_, and _Conception_ following.\nFIRST then, If the WOMAN has contributed most _Seminal Matter_, it may\nreasonably be concluded, that the CHILD will favour the MOTHER most: If\nthe MAN predominantly, the FATHER: If _Both_ equally, it will resemble\n_Both_, or in part the FATHER, and partly the MOTHER.\nAND according to _Anaxagoras_, if the SEED has flown into the _Right\nSide_ of the WOMB, from the Right _Rein_ of the Man, a _Male_ will be\nconceiv\u2019d; if into the _Left_, from the Left _Rein_, a _Female_; by\nreason of the _Frigidity_ and _Humidity_ of that Place. Which _Notion_\nmay seem _probable_; considering, that tho\u2019 the WOMB has but one\n_Cavity_, yet it has two _Sinuses_[40] for conceiving the _Two different\nSexes_: As _Nature_ has in other Respects accordingly given the WOMAN\ntwo _Breasts_.\n_LACTANTIUS_ also observes[41], That, if peradventure a _Male_ should be\nconceiv\u2019d of the SEED fallen to the _left Side_, the Place destinated\nfor the _Female_, he will make but a SEMIVIRILE MAN; distinguishable by\nsome _Womanish Qualities_, such as a _weak_ or _tender Heart_, _small\nVoice_, a _smooth_, or _unbearded Face_, &c: And so, on the contrary, if\na _Female_ should be conceiv\u2019d of the SEED fallen to the _right Side_,\nshe will have some distinguishable _Marks_ of VIRILITY; such as a _large\nStature_, _robust Members_, _dusky Colour_, _rough hairy Face_, _coarse\nVoice_, &c: And that because the _Conception_ happen\u2019d in that Place,\nwhich _Nature_ had appropriated to the _Male_.\nTHIS likewise seems to be the best Reason which may be given why _some\nWomen_, like _Hector\u2019s_ WIFE, mentioned in _Homer\u2019s Iliads_, are\nnaturally inclin\u2019d to intermeddle with MEN\u2019S _Affairs_; for having thus\n(as it were) _originally_ invaded his RIGHT _ex traduce_, they are\nalways for maintaining their _wrong Conquests_, and defending their\n_unjust Possessions_ in future Progress of Time.\nBUT I should rather in this Topick agree with _Velthuysius_[42], that\n_Both_ SEEDS are each of them naturally endued with the _Faculty_ of\ngenerating its _Like_: I mean, the MAN\u2019S, to produce a _Male_; and the\nWOMAN\u2019S, a _Female_: And that therefore by a natural _Predominancy_,\nwhere the _Masculine Faculty_ has prevail\u2019d, a MAN-CHILD is begot; and a\nGIRL, where the _Feminine Virtue_ has exceeded it.\nTHIS, in short, is the best and only Reason I know, why _Children_ like\nto either _Parent_ in SEX, may yet differ in _Physiognomy_, _Manners_,\n&c: the SEED of the _one_ perhaps prevailing in _making_ the SEX, and\nThat of the _other_, in _determining_ the rest of the Parts. Hence it\nis, in all Probability, that a CHILD like his _Father_ in SEX, may be\nlike his _Mother_ in natural _Disposition_ and Tenderness of\n_Constitution_. Although by the way (without doubt) the _Place_ or\n_Sinus_ of the WOMB, _Matter_, _Heat_, and _Imagination_ of the WOMAN,\ncontribute very much to the _Difference_ of the SEX; as will hereafter\nmore plainly appear at large. AND, in fine, _This_ is the only _Cause_\nof the _Conception_ of HERMAPHRODITES, that the emitted _Substance_ of\nBOTH PARENTS containing the full respective _Faculty_ of EACH, is\nsufficiently prolifick and prevalent to constitute and distinguish each\nproper SEX, in one and the same _personal Production_. But before I\nproceed farther on the _Similitude of Children_, I beg leave previously\nto describe the _Force_ of _IMAGINATION_.\n[Illustration]\n               _Of the Power of the IMAGINATIVE FACULTY._\nTHE _Imagination_ is the strongest and most efficacious of all the\nSENSES; for the _Vivacity_ of all the _others_ (mention\u2019d in Sect. I.\nChap. 5.) in some measure, depend upon it.\nIT works upon, and affects, _others_ as well as _ourselves_, and\noperates in the very _Soul_, as well as _Body_ of Man; moving the Powers\nof all the _Passions_ of the Mind.\nAS it happens frequently by reason of the _Similitude_ of things; that\nby _seeing_ or _imagining_ ONE to eat some sharp or sour Matter, or\n_hearing_ it only mention\u2019d, ANOTHER\u2019S _Teeth_ may be set on edge, and\nhis _Tongue_ wax tart; so by seeing _One_ gape, _Another_ often falls a\nyawning. In like manner, as the _sight_ of any _filthy_ Thing causeth\n_Nauseousness_; so the _sight_ of Man\u2019s _Blood_, makes many Persons fall\na-swooning.\n_GUILLAUME de Paris_ writes, that he saw a Man, who at the _SIGHT_ of a\n_Medicine_, went to _Stool_ as oft as he pleas\u2019d, tho\u2019 it neither in\n_Substance_, _Odour_, or _Taste_, did affect him; but only by an\n_Apprehension_ of a kind of _Resemblance_. Which is much the same Case\nof one in a _Dream_, who thinks he _burns_ and is in a _Fire_, or as\nmuch tormented, as if he did _really burn_, tho\u2019 far enough from any\nSubstance of _Fire_; only because of a _Resemblance_ apprehended by the\nStrength of _IMAGINATION_.\nAND besides, this _IMAGINATION_ hath not only such Power over the\n_Body_, but also over the very _Soul_ of Man; which Power of the _Soul_,\nhath its respective _Influence_ upon the _Body_: As _Avicen_ remarkably\ndescribes a certain _Man_, who (when he pleas\u2019d) could affect his _Body_\nwith the PALSY.\nIT is wonderfully related of _Gallus Vibius_, that he became _Mad_, not\ncasually, but on purpose; for whilst he imitated Mad-Men, he so\nassimilated their _Madness_ to himself by the _Counterfeit_, that he\nfell at last into _real_ MADNESS.\nST. _AUSTIN_ mentions _some Men_, who could move their _Ears_; and\n_others_ who could move the _Crown_ of their Heads to their _Foreheads_,\nand _replace_ them at Pleasure. He writes of _Another_ also, who could\nsweat whenever he had a mind.\nI have likewise known some _Persons_ myself, who could weep and shed\nabundance of _Tears_ at Will and Pleasure; _others_, who could bring up\nwhat they had _swallow\u2019d_ of any kind, as _Gold_, _Silver_, &c; and\n_others_ again, who could so naturally _imitate_ and express the VOICES\nof _Birds_, _Cattle_, _Dogs_, &c; that they could not easily be\ndistinguished.\nYEA, and farther yet, many _Learned Authors_[43] testify by divers\nExamples (of _Cajetava_, _\u00c6milia_, &c.) that _Women_ have been turn\u2019d\ninto _Men_: Which some would persuade us to believe, to be an _Effect_\nof the Force of a vehement _IMAGINATION_, acting upon the _Soul_, with\nwhich it is of a near _Affinity_, beyond all the Power of SENSE.\nAS to this Point, I am no ways to question the _Veracity_ of what so\nmany excellent Men have confirmed; but (granting it to be so) I think we\nmay find more probable _Reasons_ for it, than all the _Powers_ of\n_IMAGINATION_, how great soever and marvellous they may be: Whereof I\nshall mention _That_, which seems to be the most _rational Cause_; viz.\nAn extinguish\u2019d or latent _forming Faculty_[44], which (however)\nsometimes has _exerted_ itself again, like the BLAZING of a raked or\nresuscitated _Fire_.\nFOR as our _Teeth_ take their Beginning _in_ the WOMB, but are perfected\n_without_, as _Bartholom\u00e6us Eustachius_ teacheth; and as the _Teeth_,\ncall\u2019d _Dentes sapienti\u00e6_, are generated, and break out, even after the\n30th Year of our Age: So it may be, that the _virile Genitals_ have been\nimperfectly begun in the WOMB, and that this _forming Faculty_ has only\nperfected them by little and little; so that at last they have sprung\nforth and appear\u2019d, after shaking off the _Pudendum_. And consequently\nsuch WOMEN as _Those_ (upon _Dancing-Bouts_, or the like, when the\n_Blood_ and _natural Heat_ had been strongly exagitated) have turned\ninto MEN.\nHOWEVER _That_ be, I very well know that when the _Soul_ is elevated and\ninflam\u2019d with a fervent _IMAGINATION_, it may not only _affect_ its own\nproper _Body_, but also _That_ of ANOTHER.\nFOR the _Longing_ of a _Woman_ that has conceiv\u2019d, acts apparently upon\n_Another\u2019s Body_, when it _marks_ the _Infant_ in her WOMB with the\n_Figure_ or MARK of the _Thing long\u2019d for_: Besides, who knows not that\n_one Body_ may be easily affected with the _Vapours_ of _another_\ndiseased Body? As is plain in Cases of _Plague_, _Leprosy_, and several\nother _Distempers_. Thus also in the _Effluvia\u2019s_ or _Vapours_ of the\nEYES, there is so great a _Power_, that they can bewitch and infect the\n_Beholders_ about them; as the monstrous _Catoblepas_, and _Cockatrice_\nor _Basilisk_, kill People with their very _Looks_[45]. So in like\nmanner _Witches_ by their intent Desire to _hurt_, have been thought to\nbewitch Persons most perniciously by their steady malicious _Looks_\nonly, directed and inforc\u2019d by _IMAGINATION_.\nNOW this Force of _IMAGINATION_ affecting other _Bodies_, holds good\neven among _Brute-Creatures_; as One bit by a _Mad Dog_, presently falls\na-raging, and the LIKENESS of _Dogs_ is clearly impressed upon his\n_Urine_. Moreover, by _IMAGINATION_ in time of _copulating_, PEACOCKS\nand other _Birds_, impress a particular _Colour_ upon the _Wings_, &c.\nof their Brood; and from hence it is, that the Curious may have store of\n_white young-ones_, by hanging the _Places_ where they _couple_ with\nwhite _Linnen-Cloths_, _Papers_, &c: As in _Snowy_ Mountainous Countries\nwe find always _white Peacocks_, _Quails_, _Wolves_, _Hares_, and other\n_Creatures_.\nAND _This_ holy JACOB[46] was not ignorant of, when he used that\ningenious subtile _Stratagem_ of placing _white-streaked Rods_ before\nLABAN\u2019S _Flocks_; which also answer\u2019d effectually, in the _Cattle_\u2019s\nproducing their _speckled and white spotted Young_. In like manner by\nthe same _Experiment_, the curious Admirers may be supply\u2019d with Variety\nof _spotted Birds_, _speckled Horses_, _Dogs_, &c.\nTHE _Mind_ also being inflam\u2019d with a vehement _IMAGINATION_, may affect\nboth the _Soul_ and _Body_ of ANOTHER: Which we need not wonder at,\nconsidering how much more powerful, fervent, and prevalent the MIND is\nin its _Motion_, than any exhaling VAPOURS; and that it does not want\nits proper and peculiar _Mediums_ by which it may operate.\nTHIS (I think) is also evidently shewn from the many MIRACLES, which we\nfind have been done by _Prophets_, _Apostles_, and other _Holy Men_;\n(not to mention those _Wonders_ of _Pythagoras_, _Apollonius_,\n_Empedocles_, &c. which cannot come in Competition with the _Others_,\nbeing ascrib\u2019d to _Natural Causes_): Whose _Minds_ being firmly fix\u2019d\nupon GOD, with full Intent for _Good_, affected both the SOULS and\nBODIES of _others_, as well as _Themselves_, with what _Divine Gifts_,\nor other _Blessings_, they wanted.\nHENCE it is that _Philosophers_ advise, to shun the _Society_ of wicked\nand impious Men; because their _Souls_, being full (as it were) of\npernicious _Rays_, infect them who are _near_, with a _resembling\nContagion_: As they enjoin likewise on the other hand, to keep and\nfrequent the _Fellowship_ of good and fortunate Men; because (by such a\n_Proximity_) they are diffusive of their own _Good_, and infuse it into\n_Those_ about them. For as BAD of something _bad_, so GOOD of something\n_good_, always descends and adheres to the _nighest_; which virtually\n(like the _Smell of Musk_, or _Assa-F\u0153tida_) continues a long time its\nlasting _Impression_.\nHERE might be indeed a great deal said upon the EFFICACY of the\n_Constancy of the Mind_; but because I\u2019ve already been too prolix on\nthis _Head_, I shall only observe, that in all our _Business_ and\n_Applications_, a strong _IMAGINATION_, zealous _Affection_, firm\n_Hope_, and stedfast _Belief_, are great Advantages, and necessary\nHelps. As some most excellent _Physicians_ have experimentally verified\nthis Notion, that a strong _Belief_, and constant _Hope_, together with\nthe _Love_ and _Confidence_ of the PATIENT towards the _Physician_,\nconduce very much to the Recovery of _Health_, and sometimes perhaps\nmore than the _Medicine_ itself: Because the firm _IMAGINATION_ of the\nhonest _Physician_ concurring (in effect) with the _Medicine_, and\nstrongly hoping it will do him _Good_, he thereby influentially changes\nthe _Symptoms_, and virtually alters the _Qualities_ in the _Body_ of\nthe _Sick_; especially if the PATIENT reposes an _entire Confidence_ in\nhim, by which means he becomes mutually disposed to receive the VIRTUE\nof the _Physician_, as well as _That_ of the PHYSICK.\nTHE[47]_Arabian Philosophers_ join\u2019d in this Opinion, establishing it\nfor a _Fundamental Maxim_ among them; that _whatever the constant Mind_\naffected _with a fervent Desire_, _would be_ effected: As in the Case of\nthe MIND of _Him_, who is vehemently in _Love_, whatever it _affects_,\nhas an _Efficacy_ to cause LOVE; and so in other such like Cases.\nBUT however, to come closer to the _IMAGINATION_ of the Pregnant\n_Woman_, who knows not that it _affects_ the INFANT in the _Womb_?\nWhence is it then that we have so many _deform\u2019d Persons_, _crooked\nBodies_, _ugly Aspects_, _distorted Mouths_, _wry Noses_, and the like,\nin all Countries; but from the _IMAGINATION_ of the _Mother_; while she\neither conceives such shapeless _Phantasms_ in her _Mind_, or while she\nfrequently and intently fixes her _Eyes_ upon such _deform\u2019d Persons_ or\ndisagreeable _OBJECTS_? Wherefore it is very wrong, and highly imprudent\nin _Women_ that have conceived, to please themselves so much in playing\nwith _Dogs_, _Squirrels_, _Apes_, &c. carrying them in their _Laps_ or\n_Bosoms_, and feeding, kissing, or hugging them, as I have both often\nheard, and seen with my own Eyes.\nAND besides, the same is the Case, when the _Natural Faculties_ are all\nat work in _forming_, or ripening the F\u0152TUS; for if the _Woman_ be\n_surpriz\u2019d_ at any sudden Evil, or _frighted_ at any unseemly Sight, the\n_Humours_ and _Spirits_ presently retire downwards, and (as it were)\nabscond themselves in the _Recess_ of the WOMB: From whence immediately\na strong _IMAGINATION_ of the disagreeable _Thing_ (whether _seen_ or\n_heard_ only) seizes her _Mind_; and the _Forming Faculty_ (going on in\nthe _Interim_) quickly impresses the _Imaginary Idea_ of _That_ thing\nheard off, or the _Shape_ and _Form_ of _That_ thing seen, upon the\nF\u0152TUS. The same is the _Reason_, that if a _Mouse_, _Rat_, _Weazel_,\n_Cat_, or the like, leaps suddenly upon a _Woman_ that has conceived, or\nif an _Apple_, _Pear_, _Plum_, _Cherry_, &c. fall upon any part of her\n_Body_; the _MARK_ of the thing (be what it will) is instantly\n_imprinted_, and will manifestly appear on the same _Part_, or _Member_\nof the _CHILD_: unless the _Woman_ (in that very Moment) wipe _That\nPart_ or _Member_, and move her _Hand_ to some more remote, private, or\nconvenient _Place_ of the _Body_: which done, the _MARK_ is actually\naverted, or at least stamped upon the _other Part_ touch\u2019d, where the\ndeep _Impression_ of the _Mind_, directs, and fixes the _IMAGINATION_;\nand whither the _Forming Faculty_ (not so much by any _Virtue_ of the\nsimple TOUCH, as by _Force_ of the strong _IMAGINATION_) infallibly\nconverts it.\nIN fine, having thus briefly defin\u2019d, and variously described the\n_Powers_ of _IMAGINATION_, I come in the next Place, more particularly,\nto treat of the Reasons of SIMILITUDE in _Children_.\n[Illustration]\n                    _Of the SIMILITUDE of Children._\nWHATEVER may be advanced on this _Head_, the most probable and solid\nReason for the _Child_\u2019s _Likeness_ or _Resemblance_, is the\n_IMAGINATION_ of the _Mother_ in the ACT of _Copulation_; together with\nthe _Liberty_ she gives herself in her _Thoughts_ and _Actions_, during\nthe Time of _Formation_, commonly call\u2019d the Time of _Breeding_.\nHENCE it is, that whatever she intentively fixes her _Eyes_ upon, or\n_conceives_ and _impresses_ in her Mind, the INFANT represents the same\nin its _extimous Parts_: And particularly whatever OBJECT she directs\nher _Eyes_ or _Thoughts_ upon, in the Interval between the _Embrace_ and\nthe _Charm_, its _Effigies_ is afterwards manifest in the CHILD. As St.\n_Jerom_ thus relates of a certain _Woman_, who conceiv\u2019d and brought\nforth a _Black-Child_, tho\u2019 both _She_ and her _Husband_ (the real\nFather) were _white_; meerly by eying a _PICTURE_ in the Bed-Chamber at\nthat _critical Juncture_.\nUPON this Chapter[48]_Pliny_ has most elegantly express\u2019d the _Artifice_\nof NATURE, together with all the _Reasons_ and _Causes_ of SIMILITUDE,\nto this Purpose; _viz._ \u201c_The Cogitations of the Mind make much for the_\nSIMILITUDES and RESEMBLANCES _of Children: As many other accidental\nOccurrences are thought to be very efficacious in the same, and that\nwhether they come by_ Sight, Hearing, _or calling to_ Remembrance; _or\nby_ Imaginations _conceiv\u2019d, and deeply apprehended in the very Act of_\nGeneration, _or the very Instant of_ Conception: _The inconstant_ Mind,\n_and wandering_ Thought, _of either_ Parent, _is justly suppos\u2019d to be\none_ Cause.\u201d\nHENCE it is, that some _Children_ favour and resemble their _Fathers_,\nsome their _Mothers_, some their _Grandfathers_, or _Mothers_, and some\ntheir _Kinsmen_: And hence also it is, that there is more Difference and\nDiversity in the _Rational Kind_, than in all _other Creatures_; because\nthe Velocity of their _Thoughts_, the Celerity of their _Minds_, and the\nVariety of their _Dispositions_, impress a far greater _Diversity_ of\nvarious peculiar _MARKS_: While the rest of _irrational Creatures_ have\ntheir _Minds_ continually fixed (in a manner) immoveable, steady, and\nalike: every _One_ of them in its own peculiar Kind, and specifick\nNature.\nINSOMUCH that the _Woman\u2019s_ _IMAGINATION_ frequently induces a strange\n_Likeness_ to her INFANT; that is, in no Part, and in no Respect,\nfavouring the FATHER. From whence it often happens, that a _Woman_\nabusing her HUSBAND\u2019_s_ Bed, and fearing perhaps to be surpriz\u2019d by him\nin the _ACT_, brings forth (in due time) her _CHILD_, no ways\n_resembling_ the _real_ FATHER, (namely the GALLANT); but altogether\n_LIKE_ to the _injur\u2019d_ HUSBAND.\nUPON which Case the following facetious _Epigram_ was occasionally\nwritten by the famous and celebrated Sir _Thomas More_.\n                     _\u201cQuos ante Conjux quatuor\n                     \u201cMult\u00f9m ecce dissimiles tui,\n                     \u201cTuos nec ipse deputas.\n                     \u201cSed quem tibi puellulum\n                     \u201cEnixa jam nuperrim\u00e8 est,\n                     \u201cSolum tibi simillimum,\n                     \u201cPro quatuor complecteris.\n                     \u201cAdulterinos quatuor\n                     \u201cVocas, repellis, abdicas.\n                     \u201cAtqui graves tradunt Sophi,\n                     \u201cQuodcunque matres interim\n                     \u201cImaginantur fortiter,\n                     \u201cDum liberis datur opera,\n                     \u201cMod\u00f3que inexplicabili\n                     \u201cIn semen ipsum congeri.\n                     \u201cQuibus receptis intim\u00e8,\n                     \u201cSim\u00falque concrescentibus,\n                     \u201cA mente Matris insitam\n                     \u201cNatus refert imaginem.\n                     \u201cQuum tot abesses millibus,\n                     \u201cDum gignit Uxor quatuor,\n                     \u201cQu\u00f2d esset admodum tui\n                     \u201cSecura, dissimiles parit.\n                     \u201cSed unus omnium hic Puer\n                     \u201cTui refert imaginem,\n                     \u201cQu\u00f2d mater hunc dum concipit,\n                     \u201cSollicita de te plurim\u00f9m,\n                     \u201cTe tota cogitaverat,\n                     \u201cDum pertimescit anxia,\n                     \u201cNe tu_, SABINE, _incommodus,\n                     \u201cVel\u00fatque lupus in fabul\u00e2\n                     \u201cSupervenires interim._\nHOWEVER, as to what relates to the _Tempers_, _Dispositions_, _Miens_,\n_Manners_, _Qualities_, and _Propensions_ of the MIND, daily _Examples_\nconvince us, that _Children_, after all, generally much resemble _Those_\nof their _Progenitors_; which proceeds merely from the _Efficacy_ of the\nSEED, containing the Power of the natural _Faculties_ of their Minds and\n_vital Spirits_, which are thence infus\u2019d into their _Posterity_.\nBUT I take this _Matter_ to depend much upon the _Passion_, _Indolence_,\nor _Indifferency_ of the Mind, with which the ACT of _Copulation_ is\nperform\u2019d. For as the _Ardour_ and _Fervency_ of the _Parents_, and\ntheir plentiful prolifick _Contribution_, tend much to the _CHILD\u2019s_\naffecting the same _Behaviour_, _Gestures_, _Actions_, _Tempers_, and\n_Motions_ of BODY and MIND; even sometimes to their representing the\nvery _Nature_, and treading the very _Foot-Steps_ of their PARENTS, to\nso nice a degree, of an exact Resemblance, that I\u2019ve more than once\nobserved a MOLE-MARK of a _Father_ plainly impress\u2019d on his _Child_.\nWhich, I think, is also conformable to[49] _Horace_\u2019s Meaning;\n                 _\u201cFortes creantur fortibus & bonis:\n                 \u201cEst in Juvencis, est in equis patrum\n                 \u201cVirtus: nec imbellem feroces\n                 \u201cProgenerant Aquil\u00e6 Columbam._\n     To valiant _Fathers_, valiant _Sons_ succeed;\n     Thus _Bulls_ from _Bulls_ descend, and _martial Horses_ breed.\nAND because the _Institution of Nature_, perfects its own _Gifts_,\nwhich, by the Help of _Education_, corrects _Errors_, and abolishes\n_Blemishes_; the _Poet_ very pertinently adds,\n             _\u201cDoctrina sed vim promovet insitam,\n             \u201cRect\u00edq; Mores pectora roborant._\n             Yet the best _Blood_ by _Learning_ is refin\u2019d,\n               And _Virtue_ arms the _solid Mind_;\n             Whilst _Vice_ will stain the _noblest Race_,\n               And the _paternal Stamp_ efface.\nBUT, however yet, there are many _Parents_ still less salacious and less\nfervid; who rather vilify, than covet, and rather abstain from, than\ndelight themselves in this _Encounter_. In short, there are some of both\nSexes, who, in patiently gratifying their active _Consorts_, esteem it\nrather a sort of _Hardship_ and _TASK_ for _Family-Quiet_, than any\nincumbent _DUTY_ of _Nuptial Benevolence_; Which[50]St. _Paul_ seems to\nallude to, by calling it the _defrauding of one the other_.\nFROM hence it is, that _Children_ often degenerate from the _Nature_ and\n_Qualities_ of their PARENTS; from hence also it is, that _brisk Men_\nsometimes have _stupid_, and _wise Men_ frequently beget _foolish\nChildren_. This happens only because of the _Indifferency_, _Indolence_,\nor _Coldness_, either of Mind or Constitution, in their _Conjugal\nPleasures_: The dull heavy _Faculty_ of their _Inclinations_ to the ACT,\nbeing diffus\u2019d and transmitted through the SEED into the _Infant_,\naccording to _Catullus_;\n                 _\u201cNatur\u00e6 sequitur semina quisque su\u00e6._\nBUT farther still, the SEED flowing from the _principal Parts_ of the\nBody, comprehends in itself the _Vigour_ and _Quality_ of their\nrespective Members: Whence it follows, that _Diseases_, _Imperfections_,\n_Blemishes_, or any other _Deformity_, inherent in any _Part_ of the\nPARENTS, becomes commonly _hereditary_ to their CHILDREN.\nTHIS is the Case of the whole Dutchy of upper _Styria_, where all the\n_Natives_ have a huge _Excrescence_ of FLESH, which grows up with the\n_Body_ (however visibly increasing and decreasing with the MOON)\ngenerally lying upon the Left side from the _Jaw-bone_, and hanging\ndownwards: So that the _Women_ giving SUCK of that _Breast_, commonly\ncast this _carnous Excrescence_ (which they call CRAPE) over their\nShoulders. This is so _Natural_ to them, and remarkable, that in a\nJourney once from _Venice_ to _Vienna_, passing thro\u2019 the chief Town of\nthat Country, call\u2019d _Judenburg_, I had the Curiosity to go off the\n_Post-Waggon_, into the _Church_, with five other Gentlemen,\nFellow-Passengers, to be better satisfy\u2019d of the Truth of it. The\n_People_ were at MASS, but the sight of us soon confounded, or at least\ndisturb\u2019d their _Devotion_; for in a Moment, the Eyes of the whole\n_Congregation_ were staring upon us, wondering to see so many _deform\u2019d\nMen_ (as they call\u2019d us) in that Place at one Time.\nAND the same is the only Reason, that most _Children_ in _Spain_ and\n_Portugal_, are born with some SYMPTOMS of the _Venereal Disease_;\nwhich, however, is without any infectious _Malignity_, and so _Natural_\nto them, that they seldom apply to the _Doctor_ for CURE, until the Case\nbecomes more dangerous or desperate by the _Party\u2019s_ own Means: which\ngenerally happens to them in a very few Years, being exceedingly\n_Salacious_ from their INFANCY, because of the stimulating _Acrimony_ of\nthe _putrid Humours_ of the Body, which they only strive to mitigate, or\nallay, by _continual_ WHORING.\nFROM what\u2019s already said, we see that the _Efficacy_ of the _Father\u2019s_\nSEED is very considerable; insomuch, that indeed many calamitous\n_Misfortunes_ may derive from it, to his _Posterity_: But it is,\nhowever, to be strictly observ\u2019d, that what _Disorder_ soever of a\nvitious Nature derives itself this way from the _Mother_, hath yet the\ngreater _Malignity_, and more powerful _Effect_ upon her _CHILDREN_[51];\nthe _Habits_ of her Body, Good or Bad, her _Virtues_ or _Vices_, taking\nstill a deeper _Root_, or firmer _Footing_ in the Constitution of the\nFOETUS. Which _Distinction_, in short, must needs be a most plain\n_Case_, considering that the _Maternal Blood_ is its chief ALIMENT, and\nthe very _secundary ORIGIN_ of its _Procreation_.\nAND this, in fine, is the only _natural Reason_ to be given, why many\n_Things_, no ways commendable in either SEX, are the less excusable in\nthe WOMAN.\n[Illustration]\n[Illustration]\n[Illustration]\nCONCEPTION, in a word, is _Two-fold_; True and _Natural_, or False and\n_Pr\u00e6ternatural_. It is call\u2019d _True_, in opposition to a _False\nConception_; and _Natural_, because it answers to the _Institution of\nNature_. Wherefore I shall begin with _This_, and conduct the _Woman_,\nwho has truly and naturally _conceiv\u2019d_, thro\u2019 the different _Stages_ of\nLife she is to pass; describing plainly, and laying before her the many\nvarious _Scenes_ of every respective _Stage_, which can any ways affect\nher Person.\nIN this nice Affair, like a faithful PILOT, in a _narrow Channel_, I\nshall not only point out the _Barrs_ and _Rocks_, on which she may be\n_Shipwreck\u2019d_; but also direct and prescribe her _Course_, by which she\nmay _sail_ safe into her wish\u2019d-for PORT: Where when I have duly secur\u2019d\n_Herself_ and her _Cargo_ to the Best of my Capacity, I shall thereafter\nproceed in their Order, to treat of the different _Preternatural\nConceptions_; as I shall in this place now discourse only of the\n_Natural_.\nTHIS _Natural Conception_ then, is the first principal _Action_, and\npeculiar _Function_ of the WOMB, in duly commixing and fomenting the\nretain\u2019d SEEDS of _Man_ and _Woman_: Since as the SEED of _Plants_\nrequires the Matrix of the _Earth_, to nourish it well, and safely\ndefend it; so doth _That_ SEMINAL _Virtue_ of _Men_, the WOMB, in this\n_Act_ of _CONCEPTION_.\nBUT as to the _Time_ of _CONCEPTION_, I cannot but differ from _Those_,\nwho protract and put it off till the _seventh Day_ from the first\n_Seminal Retention_, for I am clearly of Opinion with _Lud.\nMercatus_[52], that if the SEED be retain\u2019d _seven Hours_, the _Woman_\nhath CONCEIV\u2019D: Neither can I find sufficient Reason to think _Nature_\none Moment _Idle_, much less _seven Days_. Therefore _CONCEPTION_ ought\nto be reckoned, from the very _Day_[53] of the _First Retention_.\nHOWEVER yet, it is certain that, if the _Debility_ of the SEED, or WOMB,\nor _Both_, happen to hinder or impugn the Work, _Nature_ ejects the\nGENITURA, or _Thing conceiv\u2019d_, on the _seventh_ Day; which Time is the\ncommon _Crisis_ of all _Diseases_, and _Morbifick Accidents_: Whereas if\nno such _Effluxion_ happens about that Time, _CONCEPTION_[54] is\ncertain, and _Formation_ goes on.\nTHIS _True CONCEPTION_ is likewise known by many various _Signs_;\nwhereof I shall mention a _Few_, not out of any vain Curiosity, but meer\nNecessity: Because, supposing a _Woman_ to labour under any dangerous\n_acute Disease_, it is of the greatest _Importance_, to be certain,\nwhether she hath conceiv\u2019d, or not; by reason that the Means of her\n_future Relief_ must (of Necessity) be adapted to her _present\nCondition_.\n[Illustration]\n                     _Of the Signs of CONCEPTION._\nTHE _Signs_ of CONCEPTION are many and various, and accordingly some\nmore, some less _certain_, as hereafter set forth; whereof I shall only\nmention such as are most common and familiar to the _Generality_ of\nWOMEN: _viz._\nI. THE _Retention_ or _Suppression_ of the MENSTRUA; when not occasion\u2019d\nby some other _Indisposition_.\nII. SUDDEN _Weakness_, _Feebleness_, and _Imbecility_ of the Body and\nLimbs.\nIII. LAZINESS, _Weariness_, and _Sleepiness_, with a _Heaviness_ of the\nwhole Body; but especially of the _Reins_ and the _Thighs_.\nIV. A sort of little SPOTS, or hard WARTS, arising in the _Face_ and\n_Forehead_.\nV. A small _Pain_ about the NAVEL, and _Commotions_ in the _lower_\nBELLY.\nVI. COLD Shivering, and trembling _Fits_; wandring _Pains_, and\n_Head-Aches_.\nVII. LOSS of wonted _Colour_, sunk _Eyes_, discolour\u2019d _Eye-Balls_: A\nsparkling _Dimness_, and _Glimmering_ of the EYES; the _Ball_ growing\nless, and the _White_ larger.\nVIII. A _Protuberancy_ or Swelling of the VEINS, and BREASTS; their\ngrowing _Hard_, and giving _Pain_: As the NIPPLES become firm, large,\nand dark-colour\u2019d, with a _livid Circle_ around them.\nTHESE and many other _Signs_ often occur upon _CONCEPTION_; but except a\n_Plurality_ of them meet in _one Person_, they are not absolutely to be\nrely\u2019d on: It being a _Vulgar Error_ among _Women_, to calculate\nprecisely from the Time of _missing_ their MONTHS; for as _These_ are\noften suppress\u2019d, without any such manifest _Cause_; so I have known\nsome _Plethorick_ Persons, who have had them several repeated times\nafter Conception.\nYEA, I was once given to understand by a LADY of Distinction, in the\nCity of _Berlin_, that she never had _Them_, till she first _conceiv\u2019d_\nin the 19th Year of her Age; and then they came in _regular Course_,\nwithout any _Detriment_, during the whole FOETURA, or time of\n_Gestation_: After which, she had _Them_ no more, till she _conceiv\u2019d_\nagain, when _They_ return\u2019d, and continued as formerly; and thus it\nconstantly happen\u2019d to her, till she had done _Child-bearing_.\nTHERE are _other_ more certain _Signs_ of _CONCEPTION_; touching which,\nlet it suffice, that the _Physician_ knows them, from the _Relation_ of\nthe PATIENT: And to these may be added the _Symptoms_ of the _MONTHS_.\nBUT notwithstanding all the positive _Diagnosticks_, which most Men have\nbeen, hitherto, guided by; I have met with so many _Fallibilities_ in\nthis Point, that I shou\u2019d readily have come into the Opinion of[55]\n_Paulus Sacchias_, and deny\u2019d the _Certainty_ of _PREGNANCY_, even at an\n_advanc\u2019d Time_, had I not been better instructed by Those most\nexcellent _Physicians_ and MEN-MIDWIVES, Sig. _Garofanzzo_ of _Padua_,\nand _Pfizerus_ of _Wittenberg_; who agree in certain _infallible Signs_,\nwhich put an end to all my _Doubts_, as well as to the grand\n_Controversy_, touching _CONCEPTION_.\nAS to those common _Signs_, which discover the _CONCEPTION_ of a _Boy_\nfrom a _Girl_, or _Vice Versa_; finding _them_ tend only to _Curiosity_,\nand to no real _Advantage_, I cannot think it worth while to allow them\nany Place _Here_.\n[Illustration]\n            _Of the DIET and REGIMEN of the Pregnant Woman._\nI Come now, agreeable to my Promise, in the _First Chapter_ of this\nSECTION, to direct and prescribe to the _Woman conceiv\u2019d_ her due\nCOURSE: Whom I would have to consider, _First_, that she is in a very\nnarrow and dangerous SEA; and, _Secondly_, that, as the PILOT cannot be\nalways upon the _Watch_; so the Safety of SHIP and CARGO depends\nentirely upon the _Care_, _Conduct_, and _Steady Hand_ of the skilful\nSTEERSMAN.\nWHEREFORE the _Woman_ being now satisfy\u2019d of her _CONCEPTION_, she is to\nobserve a quite different _Oeconomy_ in her _Way of Living_, from what\nshe formerly practis\u2019d: Since a _double Mischief_ may be the Result of\none _single Fault_ in this Case; the _INFANT_ always participating of\nwhat affects the _MOTHER_. And therefore she is now not only to take\nCare of _Herself_, but also of her _Embryo_, or the _Fruit_ of her WOMB;\nespecially in the _First Months_, when it may be justly compared to the\ntender BLOSSOMS of _Trees_, which are easily _blasted_, or _shaken-off_\nby the least Accident of _Wind_ or _Rain_.\nTHIS _Regimen_, which I am about to speak of, is _Two-fold_; the _One_\nfor such _Women_ as find themselves in a good _State of Health_, by way\nof _Prevention_: The _Other_ for those of the _tenderer Sort_ of\nConstitutions, who begin to suffer immediately under the common\n_Symptoms_: Upon which Affair I shall give a few necessary _Precautions_\nadapted to _Both_, with all possible Discretion and Judgment.\nI. THE _Conceiv\u2019d Woman_ then is to observe a good, wholesome, and\nregular _DIET_; since _Errors_ committed that way, with respect either\nto _Quantity_ or _Quality_, may be of _double Damage_; I mean, both to\nthe MOTHER and the INFANT. She should therefore eat rather _Often_, than\n_Much_ at a _Meal_; especially at _Nights_, without fasting too long at\nany Time.\nII. SHE is discreetly to avoid all unwholesome, or intemperate _Air_,\nand not expose herself to any EXCESS of _Heat_ or _Cold_.\nIII. SHE must not desire rashly to walk much abroad in _Moon-Shine_, nor\nto _wash_ her Head in _Sun-Shine_.\nIV. SHE ought not to frequent _Gardens_; and that for the following\n_Two-fold Reason_: FIRST, lest perchance she happen to sit or tread upon\nsome _Herb_ of a pernicious _Quality_; as divers are, in provoking\n_Abortion_: SECONDLY, lest she covet some _Fruit_ or _Herbs_, which may\nbe of Damage or Inconveniency if _allow\u2019d_, and the same if _deny\u2019d_\nHer.\nV. SHE is prudently to avoid all _Odoriferous_ or _Perfum_\u2019d, as well as\n_Stinking Nauseous_ SMELLS.\nVI. SHE must carefully shun _sitting_ or _lying hard_, and also\n_lifting_ any heavy _Weight_, or her _Arms_ above her _Head_.\nVII. SHE ought purposely to forbear all _hard Labour_, and _violent\nEmotions_ of Body.\nVIII. SHE is prudently to avoid all Apprehensions of _Fears_ and\n_Frights_, and not to be _surpriz\u2019d_ at any thing she hears or sees.\nIX. SHE is cautiously to decline _Watchings_, and sitting up late at\n_Nights_; but must indulge _moderate Sleep_.\nX. SHE must not _lace_ herself (as _before_) with _Whalebone-Stays_, nor\nuse _Busks_; which may not only spoil her _Breasts_ and _Belly_, but\nalso _mis-shape_ the INFANT, if _Abortion_ does not immediately follow.\nXI. SHE ought discreetly to suppress all _Anger_, _Passion_, and other\n_Perturbations_ of Mind, and avoid entertaining too _serious_ or\n_melancholick Thoughts_; since all _such_ tend to impress a _Depravity_\nof Nature upon the INFANT\u2019S _Mind_, and _Deformity_ on its _Body_.\nXII. SHE is not to be too _Busy_, or _Attentive_, fixing her _Eyes_ too\nmuch upon any one OBJECT; especially on deformed _ugly Persons_, or any\nsuch accidental _disagreeable Sight_.\nXIII. AS to her _Appetite_, she ought to set the _Delphick Oracle_\nbefore her (_Nil nimium cupito_) and _desire_ nothing but what _she can\nhave_ to her Satisfaction.\nXIV. SHE must carefully avoid all strong _purging Medicines_,[56]\nespecially before the _fourth_, and after the _sixth Month_: And even\n_Then_ also, unless a Necessity of turgid _Matter_, or unfix\u2019d\n_Humours_, oblige her to it, or require _Evacuation_. She is also\nlikewise to abstain from all PHLEBOTOMY[57], especially in the _latter\nMonths_.\nXV. AS to her _Exercise_, of what kind soever, the following general\n_Rule_ may suffice; _viz._ the _first Month_ she ought not to _exercise_\nherself at all: The _second_, but seldom and slowly: The _third_, oftner\nand briskly: The _fourth_, _fifth_, and _sixth_, moderately and boldly:\nThe _seventh_, _eighth_, and to the middle of the _ninth_, she should\nstudy by degrees to reduce Herself discreetly, and abstain from all her\nwonted _Exercise_, and act very circumspectly in all Regards;\nespecially[58] the _eighth Month_, which is the most dangerous and\ntroublesome of all the Time of _Pregnancy_.\nXVI. LASTLY, Let her _State of Health_ be never so good, she ought to\ntake proper _Medicines_ to strengthen the WOMB, as well as the F\u0152TUS, in\norder to prevent _Accidents_, which may happen to the _strongest Woman_.\nBUT as to _Women_ of more _tender Constitutions_, they are not only\nsubject to the _common Symptoms_, but often liable also to _acute\nDiseases_; such as _Fevers_, _Pleurisies_, _Squincies_, _Inflammations_,\n_Epilepsies_, _Apoplexies_, _Convulsions_, _Contractions_ of the Limbs,\nJoints, _&c._ In which _Cases_, I may reasonably recommend the PATIENT\nto the ablest _Physician_; since none but the most Judicious ought to\nundertake them in such critical Conjunctures. Because it is no ways SAFE\nto use the _same Means_ and _Medicines_ with the _Pregnant Woman_ (which\nthose incident _Diseases_ would otherways regularly require;) without a\ndue _Distinction_ and a nice _Regard_ had to her other HABITS of _Body_.\nTHESE _tender Women_ are also sometimes seiz\u2019d with _Chronical\nDistempers_; such as _intermitting Fevers_, _lingring Coughs_, &c: But,\nin those _Cases_, PRESCRIPTIONS are not so Proper or Convenient, unless\nthe _Distemper_ be very severe and extremely prejudicial to the FOETUS,\nbecause they commonly wear off before the DELIVERY.\nHOWEVER, be the _Constitution_, or Condition, of the _Woman_ as it will,\nI mean, _Strong_ or _Weak_, _Healthy_ or _Sickly_, all prudent PARENTS,\nwho desire to be bless\u2019d with comely, tractable, and hopeful _Children_,\nought not only to perform their _Nuptial Duties_ with great _Serenity of\nMind_, but also to take mutual _Care_ to prevent and suppress all\n_Family-Tumults_ or _Domestick Storms_: For there never ought so much as\na _Cloud_ to appear in their _Conjugal Society_; since all such unhappy\n_Accidents_ strongly affect the growing INFANT, and intail the same\n_Qualities_ of DISPOSITION almost indelibly imprinted upon it.\n[Illustration]\n              _Of the SYMPTOMS of the first three Months._\nTHE _Prolifick Seed_ being duly coagulated by a gentle _Ebullition_ of\nits own _vegetative Faculty_, by the Power of the _Plastick Virtue_ of\nthe vital _Spirits_, and by the peculiar innate _Quality_ of the MATRIX;\nthis inlivened Substance produceth an _Organical Body_, of a perfectly\nform\u2019d, and delineated FOETUS: Which FOETUS, according to the various\n_Steps_ of its Progression in _Formation_, _Animation_, and\n_Maturation_, occasions as many various and different _Effects_ upon the\nBEARING WOMAN; as necessary _Consequences_ of the said three principal\nACTS of the _Infant\u2019s_ Constitution.\nNOW these consequential _Effects_ may be properly divided into _Three_\nCLASSES; which are accordingly call\u2019d SYMPTOMS of the _First_, _Second_,\nor _Middle_; and of the last _Three Months_.\nBUT it is to be observ\u2019d by the Way, that all _Women_ are not alike\nsubjected to them; SOME being more troubled with _Those_ of the _First_;\nOTHERS also with _Those_ of the _Second_; and OTHERS again with the\nSYMPTOMS of the _last Three Months_. But there are _some Women_, in\nfine, that continue to be troubled, in the _Middle Months_, with the\nSYMPTOMS of the _First_; and in the _Latter_, with some of _Those_ of\nthe _Second_: All which happens according to their various _Regimens_,\n_Dispositions_ and _Habits_ of Body.\nHOWEVER, to proceed methodically, with all Submission, according to what\ncompetent _Knowledge_ and _Experience_ I have of the CONCEIV\u2019D WOMAN;\nthe SYMPTOMS most common to _Her_, in the _First Three Months_, may be\nbriefly reduced to the following principal _Eight_ in Number; namely,\n(1.) _Vomiting or Nauseating_. (2.) _Fastidy_ or _Loathing_. (3.) _Pica_\nor _Longing_. (4.) _Painful Cholicks_ or _Gripes_. (5.) _Diarrhea_ or\n_Looseness_. (6.) _Tooth-Aches_. (7.) _Head-Aches_. And, (8.) _Swimmings\nof the Head_. Of all which, I shall now separately treat in their Order.\n[Illustration]\n                     _Of VOMITING, or NAUSEATING._\nVOMITING is a strong and sudden _Contraction_ of the whole _Stomach_,\noccasion\u2019d by the _Animal Spirit\u2019s_ being preternaturally _expanded_ in\nits _orbicular_ as well as _oblong Fibres_, and the too quick and\nviolent _Exertion_ of their _Elastick Power_: Or otherwise, it is a\n_Convulsive Motion_ of the _Stomach_, whereby, when the _Fibres_, which\ncompose its middle or _muscular Tunick_, are all at once strongly\ncontracted, it endeavours to eject through the _Oesophagus_ and _Mouth_\nthe Contents of its _Cavity_; to which the _Gullet_ itself (being of a\npiece with the _Stomach_) and the _Muscles_ of the _Belly_ contribute\nnot a little.\nWHICH _Definition_ comprehends the _immediate Cause_ of all _Vomitings_;\nand tho\u2019 there be many external and internal _mediate Causes_, yet, I\nthink, in the present Case of the _pregnant Woman_, the Cause of this\nSYMPTOM proceeds chiefly from the _Vapours_ of the exhaled HUMOURS, and\nthe worse Part of the BLOOD; infesting the _Tunicks_ of the _Orifice_ of\nthe VENTRICLE, and flying into the _Cavity_ of the STOMACH.\nWHICH, if _slightly_ affected, occasions only a _nauseous Spitting_, or\n_gentle Vomiting_; but if more _severely_, it excites a far worse\n_Vomiting_, with a certain grievous _Pain_ and _Torment_ of the Person\nafflicted. Now if those _Vapours_ be of a _calid Quality_, they commonly\noccasion a stinking and burning kind of _Belching_; but if _frigid_,\nperhaps, on the contrary, a troublesome sour, acid, _breaking of Wind_:\nBoth of which promote _frequent Vomiting_, that carries off the _vicious\nJuices_; so that the SYMPTOM commonly ceases (of itself) in the _second_\nor _third Month_. Wherefore this ill _Habit_ need not be industriously\nrestrain\u2019d, unless very _Troublesome_; as in the above-mention\u2019d _Case_,\nwhen attended with extreme _Severity of Pain_: For _then_ it is not\nwithout _Danger_, and therefore requires immediate _Remedy_ or CURE.\nWHICH _Cure_, I humbly conceive, maybe judiciously effected by expelling\nthe _Cause_, and strengthening the _Ventricle_; so that it may be\ncapable to repel those _Vapours_, or _Humours_, ascending from the WOMB;\nand may either entirely subvert or repress _Those_ previously receiv\u2019d.\n[Illustration]\nTHE _Cause_ of this SYMPTOM proceeds from the worse Sort and more\nignoble Part of the BLOOD; which, in concert with the _Humours_,\nperverts the _Temperature_ of the STOMACH, by flowing towards its\nOrifice: And _This_, upon emitting _Vapours_ to the _same_, strongly\nimpresseth such _vicious Qualities_ upon it, as doth occasion sometimes\na LOATHING of _All Meats_, and sometimes only an _Aversion_ to some\ncertain _particular Dishes of Meat_.\nWHICH last _Case_ happens most commonly, and especially at the Time of\n_New_ and _Full-Moon_. Now this LOATHING may be _thus_ distinguished: To\nwit; if it rises from _bilous_ or _cholerick Humours_, the WOMAN feels a\ngnawing or biting of the _Ventricle_, and is afflicted with a frequent\n_great Thirst_: If from _putrid Humours_, she is (at several Times)\n_feverishly inclined_: And if from _moderate gross Humours_, the only\nSIGN is a _frequent Spitting_.\nTHIS _Symptom_ ceases (of itself) in due Progress of Time: For as the\nFOETUS (which as yet is only _sustain\u2019d_ by the better and nobler Part\nof the BLOOD) grows _bigger_, it requires the _larger Quantity_, and at\nlast the WHOLE of the _Menstruous_ BLOOD for its _Sustenance_; at which\nTime also the accumulated _Humours_ likewise are lodg\u2019d in their proper\nPlace: _Both_ which _Causes_ being thus remov\u2019d, the _Effect_ ceases of\ncourse by degrees. However it is prudent, to prevent this _Evil_, from\nthe beginning of Conception, by proper _Medicines_; but otherways\n(whenever it happens) unless the FOETUS be endanger\u2019d for want of\nsufficient Aliment, Time and Patience are the fitted _Remedies_.\n[Illustration]\nWOMEN subject to this SYMPTOM, are indeed desirous of _Meat_ and\n_Drink_; yet commonly of _such_, as is not only _disagreeable_, but also\n_offensive_ and _prejudicial_ to NATURE.\nTHE violent _Excess_ of this _vicious_ or _degenerate Appetite_ is\nwonderful; as frequently appears by many _unnatural Instances_, which I\nshall forbear mentioning in this Place, for fear of ill Consequences; so\nthat I can only recommend the _Curious_ to the[59]_Authorities_ of the\nMARGIN.\nTHE _Cause_ of this _SYMPTOM_ proceeds from the various _Humours_ of\ndeprav\u2019d _Qualities_, inherent in the _Tunicks_ of the _STOMACH_,\nvitiating the _Ferment_ of the _VENTRICLE_; and so affecting the\n_Orifice_, that it becomes the very _Seat_ and _Source_ of this _Evil_:\nfrom whence arises the _Variety_ of the _Humours_, exciting a strange\nand uncommon _Variety_ of APPETITE.\nTHE _Nature_ and _Quality_ of these _HUMOURS_, have occasion\u2019d many\nlearned _Disputes_, which yet remain undecided. But tho\u2019 _Platerus_\ntakes upon himself to call them _Malignant_ and _Poisonous_, yet it is\nthe _Opinion_ of many _learned Men_, and as excellent _Authors_, that\n_They_ are not to be justly accounted for, any farther than that they\nare of an _occult perverse Quality_, generated in the _STOMACH_, from\nirregular _Diet_, improper _Food_, and bad _Concoction_, attended with\nan _erroneous Regimen_ in other Cases.\nTHIS _Symptom_ begins commonly about the 40th _Day_ from _Conception_,\nand continues to the 4th _Month_: Against which time, part of the\n_vitious Humours_ are excreted or thrown up by _Vomiting_, and the\nRemainder (by degrees) imbib\u2019d by the _growing Infant_; which _Humours_\nbeing so consum\u2019d, the _Distemper_ ceases of Course.\nTHIS _Effect_ is more extreme and disorderly in bearing a GIRL than a\nBOY; the _pituitous Humours_ having less _Concoction_, because of the\nwant of requisite _Heat_: Which for the same Reason also occasions\ndisagreeable _Flatulencies_, _Belchings_, and _Fluctuations_.\nI have, in the Course of my Experience, observ\u2019d this _Evil_ to be most\ncommon in _Holland_; partly because of the _thick_ condensed _Air_ of\nthe Country, and partly because the _Commonalty_ of the _Women_ live but\non gross and cold Food, Fruit, Acids, _&c._ and are consequently of a\ncold humid _Temperature_, very subject to this Evil.\nTHE _Diagnostick Signs_ of this _SYMPTOM_, are Weakness of _Body_,\nDissolution of _Limbs_, Gnawing of _Stomach_, Loathing of _wholesome\nFood_, (and even _That_ very often which the _Party_ lov\u2019d before)\n_Anxiety_, _Pensiveness_, frequent _Spittings_, and (at several times)\n_Vomitings_.\nIF the _Ventricle_ or _Stomach_ is only slightly affected with some sort\nof _viscous_ and _frigid Humours_, the _Party_ generally _longs_ for\n_sharp_ and _tart Meats_; if with _calid_ and _hot_ ones, she craves for\nthose which are _bitter_ and _biting_: But if more severely affected,\nwith _Humours_ of some perverse _occult Quality_, she longs for _strange\nunaccountable Matters_; and hence it is that all _monstrous APPETITES_\nproceed.\nBUT if such _Humours_ become _Connatural_ to the _Woman_, by the _deep\nImpression_ of Diuturnity, she longs for things _resembling_ the very\nsame _Nature_ of the _Humours_: As for Example, if they be of a\n_burning_ or _parching Nature_, she covets to eat _COALS_, _CINDERS_,\n&c. if of a _gross_ and _thick Quality_, _CHALK_, _LIME_, &c. if of a\n_Saltish_ Kind, _SALT_ itself: if of a _Melancholick_ Temper, _EARTH_,\n_CLAY_, _DUST_, &c. For because, as the Thing _containing_ changes the\n_Contents_, so the _Contents_ (in process of time, by Force of _constant\nImpression_) change the Thing _containing_. In like manner as _deprav\u2019d\nWine_ imparts a vitious _Taste_ or _Savour_ to the _CASK_, so those\n_Humours_ convert the Temperature of the _STOMACH_ into their own\n_Natural Qualities_.\nTHE Similitude and Dissimilitude of _Humours_ and _Temperature_, may be\nthus known and distinguished, _viz._ The APPETITE, longing for things of\na _like_ or _resembling Nature_ (as above), remains still _unsatisfy\u2019d_,\ntho\u2019 plentifully indulg\u2019d with the Thing desir\u2019d: Whereas the APPETITE\nof _different_ or[60]_discording_ Things, having obtain\u2019d the Thing\n_long\u2019d_ for, is easily _satiated_, and immediately ceaseth.\nTHIS _Malicious_ or _Lusting SYMPTOM_, is most _dangerous_; degenerating\ncommonly into a _Cacochymy_, _Dropsy_, _Phthisick_, or some other heavy\n_Disease_.\nBUT the greatest Hardship or Misfortune, after All, is _This_; that, if\nthe _Woman_ doth not indulge her corrupt _APPETITE_, she _languishes_\nand _pines_ to such a degree, that her[61]Life is often endanger\u2019d,\ntogether with the FOETUS, by the Disappointment: and if she does so\ngratify herself, _This_ often proves of the worst of Consequences, even\nsometimes to a mortal Fatality.\nHOWEVER, in short, this _SYMPTOM_ is like many _Others_, more easily\n_prevented_, than _cur\u2019d_: Wherefore all _Women_, as soon as they\n_conceive_, ought (at repeated Times) to use proper _Anti-kittean\nMedicines_ (that is, against _PICA_ or _Longing_) and be very careful of\ntheir _Regimen_ and _Diet_: But when, perhaps, by neglect of those\n_Means_, the _Distemper_ appears inordinate, the Method of CURE consists\nin evacuating the Humours, and in absterging, alterating, and\ncorroborating the STOMACH.\n[Illustration]\nTHO\u2019 the _Cholick_ derives its Name from the Gut _Colon_, I mean by it\nnot precisely that _Pain_ which affects _This_ only, but that also which\nusually invades other _Guts_, whether thin or thick; because one _Gut_\nseems not to be more subject than another to this Pain; the _Contexture_\nof all of _them_ being the same every where. So that the _Cholick_ is\nnothing else than a sorrowful _Sensation_ of a very sharp _Pain_,\ninfesting the _Guts_, or the Nervous _Plexus_, or _Membranes_ in their\nNeighbourhood, proceeding from wandering _Winds_ and _Flatulencies_ in\nthe ABDOMEN, or lower Belly; arising from the _Humours_ aggregated about\nthe WOMB: which, dissipating themselves, distend the _Intestines_, and\nexcite most severe _Pains_ about the NAVEL.\nTHESE _Effects_ may also proceed from indurated _Excrements_ in the\nRECTUM; or from any _other Matter_, which either compresses, obstructs,\nor erodes the _Intestines_: Hence _Physicians_ commonly take notice of\n_Three_ different Sorts of _Cholicks_; namely, the _Flatulent_, the\n_Bilous_, and the _Pituitous_.\nNOW _These_ are All thus distinguished: The _Wind-Cholick_ traverses the\nBelly, and gives an excruciating wandring _Pain_ in the VISCERA, or\n_Bowels_, &c. The _Bilous_ induces a certain Pain, with a very sensible\n_Mordacity_; and is generally attended with _Thirst_ and a _Bitterness_\nin the MOUTH: The _Pituitous_ gives a most sharp penetrating fixed\n_Pain_, resembling (as it were) a driven _Stake_, or perforating\n_Instrument_; attended with a _Nausea_, _Vomiting_, and _Retention_ of\nExcrements, _&c._ This last Sort _Galen_ calls the most cruel CHOLICK.\nHOWEVER I take it to be the _First_ of these, which most commonly\nafflicts the _Conceiv\u2019d Woman_; generated of improper _Diet_, or\nproceeding from an irregular _Regimen_: And _This_ is also sometimes so\nexcessive, that I\u2019ve seen the _PATIENT_ fall by its Extremity into a\n_Lipothymia_, or _Swooning-Fit_, which generally presages _ABORTION_, if\nnot seasonably prevented by proper _Discutients_, and convenient _Diet_,\n[Illustration]\n                     _Of a DIARRHEA, or LOOSENESS._\nA _Looseness_, in my Sense, is an immoderate, frequent and sudden going\nto STOOL: in which the _liquid_ and _diluted_, as well as _sharp_ and\n_peccant_, _Excrements_ are voided, which is commonly preceded by the\n_Belly-ach_ and _Gripes_.\nIT differs from a LIENTERIA, in that the _Excrements_ are not\nindigested, unaltered, or _Chylous_, nor the STOOLS so quick after\nMeals: As it also differs from the _bloody Hepatick_, and _Hemorrhoidal\nFlux_, in that no _Blood_, _Matter_, or _Liquor_ like that, in which\nMeat may have been wash\u2019d, is voided with the _Excrements_.\nSOME _Loosenesses_ are call\u2019d _Bilous_, when so much of the sharp _Gall_\nis expell\u2019d as tinges the _Excrements Yellow_, however mix\u2019d with other\n_serous Matter_: _Others_ are call\u2019d _serous_ and _pituitous_, in which\nviscous watery _Humours_, less impregnated with GALL, are frequently and\ncopiously voided.\nTHIS _Symptom_ may proceed from a great Variety of _Causes_: For an\n_Error_ committed accidentally in _eating_ or _drinking_, or any\n_Irregularity_ in the way of Living may occasion it. [62] _HIPPOCRATES_\nand many _others_, justly observe this _Case_ to be dangerous; because\nit not only relaxes and debilitates the _Body_ of the WOMAN, and\n_Ligaments_ of the INFANT; but also necessarily impairs its requisite\n_Nourishment_, and provokes _Nature_ to an _untimely Expulsion_ of the\ntender Fruit. Which unhappy _Consequence_ ought (by all means) to be\nprevented, if possible, and the grievous _Affection_ to be cured without\nany Loss of Time: Now I presume _That_ may be done _first_, by gentle\n_Abstergents_ and _Corroborants_; and _Then_ afterwards by proper\n_Restringents_ and _Strengthners_.\n[Illustration]\nTHE _Cause_ of this SYMPTOM, proceeds from the sharper part of the\n_Humours_; which, ascending to the _Head_, vitiates the BLOOD, and\nthence occasions a _effluxion_ of _Rheum_ upon the TEETH: So that _This_\nvitious _Rheum_ fixing itself at some of their _Roots_, affects the\n_Membranous Parts_ so sensibly, that instead of a small _Ach_, it proves\na great _Pain_, and almost intolerable _Torment_ to the SUFFERER.\nTHIS ill _Affection_ may also proceed from some _Frigid_ or _Calid_,\n_Serous_ or _Salt-Humour_, falling down upon the _Membrane_ of the JAWS,\nor _Nerves_ of the TEETH: Where, if it corrupts and lies putrefying, it\ncommonly engenders WORMS.\nIN all which _Cases_, I humbly conceive, it may be _cur\u2019d_ by Variety of\nrespective _Means_, according to the different Quality of the CAUSE,\nwhether _Frigid_, _Calid_, _Serous_, _Saltish_, or _Acrimonious_:\nOtherways it ceases (of itself) in process of Time, by good Conduct and\nkeeping warm, &c.\n[Illustration]\nOF all the _Parts_ of the Body, the HEAD is most expos\u2019d to _Pains_;\nthat is, to a troublesome and grievous _Sensation_ of the _Membranous\nParts_; proceeding from _Vapours_ of the noxious _Humours_; which\nascending to the HEAD, distend and rend, in a manner, the _Membranes_ of\nthe BRAIN.\nTHE _Parts_ most commonly affected, are the _Hairy Scalp_, the\n_Pericranium_, and the _Diploe_; That is, the medullous _Duplicature_ of\nthe CRANIUM, otherways call\u2019d the _Meditullium_: For these _Parts_, by a\ncontinual _Solution_, when it happens so, are always most severely\npain\u2019d. But besides, in a _Woman_ that has conceiv\u2019d, the _Pains_\ncommonly shift and move from one Place, to another, of the HEAD; and\ntake certain _Intervals_, longer or shorter, betwixt their _Access_ and\n_Recess_.\nBUT as the _Infant_ grows, and exhausts a greater Quantity, or at last\nthe _whole_ of the BLOOD; and as the _Humours_ fix in their proper\nPlace: So this SYMPTOM gradually goes off, and quite ceases.\nHOWEVER, in case the _Accesses_ be long and violent, they may be\ndiscreetly _cur\u2019d_ by repelling and mitigating _Applications_, or by\npeculiar _Corroboratives_ and _Discutients_, or proper _Alteratives_,\naccording to the _Nature_ and _Quality_ of the CAUSE. I refer what may\nbe farther added on this Head, to _Sect._ IX. _Chap._ 3.\n[Illustration]\n                      _Of the MEGRIM, or VERTIGO._\nTHIS _Symptom_ begins with a _Swimming_, _Giddiness_, or _Dizziness_ of\nthe HEAD, and proceeds (in the _conceiv\u2019d Woman_) from _Vapours_ of the\n_Humours_; which, ascending partly thro\u2019 the _Veins_ and _Arteries_\ntending to the BRAIN, and partly thro\u2019 the OESOPHAGUS or _Gullet_,\ndisturb the Animal Spirits.\nNOW This _Distemper_ is _Two-fold_, and distinguished by the Words\nVERTIGO and TENEBRICOSA; which last the _Arabian Physicians_ have call\u2019d\n_Scotomia_, I suppose from the _Greek_ Word \u03a3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, _Tenebr\u00e6_, Darkness;\nand is now generally receiv\u2019d by that Name.\nBUT because this sad _Affection_ is too common to both _Sexes_, young\nand old, I shall proceed to a farther Dilucidation of it, for the\nuniversal Good and Benefit of All.\nFIRST then, the[63]_VERTIGO_ is a deprav\u2019d _Imagination_, attended with\nthe vitiated SENSES of _Hearing_ and _Seeing_; proceeding from the\nviolent Commotion of the _Animal Spirits_. _Secondly_, The _SCOTOMIA_ is\nalso a deprav\u2019d _Imagination_, accompany\u2019d with loss of _Sight_, and\nsometimes of the _Motion_ of the _Animals_ affected with it, because of\nsome _Interruption_ in their circular Passage. In the _first Case_, the\n_PATIENT_ imagines his Head only to be turn\u2019d round, or winded about: In\nthe _other_, he thinks that _circular Motion_ to consist in the\n_external Objects_.\nNOW the _VERTIGO_ is attended with the vitiated SENSE of _Hearing_, as\nwell as _Seeing_: Because, as something like a _Cloud_, _Smoak_, or\n_Web_, seems to appear before the PATIENT\u2019s _Eyes_; so there is a\ncertain _Whistling_, _Hissing_, or Tinkling always in his _Ears_. The\nSCOTOMIA, in like manner, is attended with Loss of _Sight_, and\n_Motion_; because of some _Disorder_ of the _Ventricles_ of the BRAIN\nobstructing or impeding the _Transition_ of the SPIRITS.\nIN the VERTIGO, an _Agitation_ happens in the _Membranes_ of the VEINS\nand ARTERIES, as also in the _Membranes_ of the BRAIN; by which violent\n_Motion_, the very _Continent Parts_ are vehemently shaken and\nconcuss\u2019d, and at length so disquieted, that the PATIENT thinks his HEAD\nwheels round about.\nIN the SCOTOMIA, the _Animal Spirits_ having in themselves the _Species_\nof all Sensibles, and those _Species_ being presented to the\n_Imagination_: As such _Images_ of external _Objects_ are moved in it,\nso the _Party_ thinks the same _real Objects_ to be moved. For,\naccording to _Avicen_, it is the same thing, whether that which is\n_seen_, or that by which we _see_, is moved: As seeing _Land_ from on\nboard a _Ship_, in a smooth Sea, being insensible of the _Ship\u2019s Way_,\nwe imagine (and sometimes very strongly too) that the LAND is in\n_Motion_.\nTHAT by which we _see_, is the _visible Species_ reserved in the\n_Spirit_: Hence when this _Species_ is moved, the _external Object_\nseems also to be _moved_.\nBUT in explaining the _Circular Motion_ of the _Animal Spirits_, we must\nconsider it to be _twofold_; namely, _Natural_ and _Preternatural_: The\n_Natural Motion_ is that which begins in the _Carotide Arteries_, thence\ntending to the _Plexus Choroideus_, or the _anteriour Ventricles_ of the\nBRAIN; from _These_ to the _middle_; from the _middle_ to the\n_Posteriours_; and from the _posteriour Ventricles_ of the BRAIN, the\n_Spirits_ are imparted to the NERVES. The _Preternatural Motion_ is just\nthe _Reverse_ of this Case.\nTHE _Causes_ of both these Cases and Conditions are either _immediate_\nor _mediate_. The _immediate Causes_ may be reduced to _Three Classes_;\nto wit, _Causes_ of an _inordinate Motion_ of the Animal Spirits,\n_Causes_ of the _Circular Motions_, and _Causes_ of lost _Sense_,\n_Sight_, and _Motion_.\nTHE _Causes_ of the _Spirits_[64] moving inordinately, are either\n_External_ or _Internal_. The _Externals_ are the _Sun_, _Hot Baths_,\n_Frictions_, and _Concussions of the_ HEAD; or a _Fall_, _Blow_,\n_Contusion_, and all inordinate and immoderate _Motions_ of the whole\nBody: such as _Running_, _Leaping_, _Riding_, _Dancing_, too much\n_Venery_, or hard _Drinking_; as also the Use of _Acids_, or acrimonious\nThings, and all Things replenishing or stuffing the HEAD; such as\n_Garlick_, _Mustard_, _Anise_, _Parsley_, _Leeks_, _Onions_, _Radish_,\nstrong _Snuffs_, _Drinks_, &c.\nTHE _internal immediate Causes_ are the _Imagination_ of the PATIENT,\n_Vapours_ of the whole Body, frigid _Flatulencies_, and[65]a sudden\n_Fluxion_ of the _vital Spirits_ into the HEAD.\nTHE _mediate Causes_ are _Material_; and this _Matter_[66] (almost all\n_Physicians_ agree) is _frigid_. From hence it is certain, that the\n_Distemper_ proceeds from _Crudities_, and _Victuals_ of a crude Juice;\nsuch as _Pulses_, _Cheese_, _Tarts_, _Fish_, and all _other Sorts_ of\nthe like frigid and humid _Qualities_: But _these_ are only to be\nreckon\u2019d _concurring_, not _efficient Causes_.\nTHE most common _material Cause_ is, according to _Galen_[67], the BILE;\nwhich, seeking for Vent at the _Mouth of the Stomach_, is the _Cause_ of\nthese _Symptoms_, and is[68]properly to be educed or evacuated by a due\n_Vomit_.\nBUT in Case of VAPOURS, _Heat_ is always the _efficient Cause_,\nelevating them from the peccant _Matter_; since a _Cold_, or a\nrefrigerated _Body_, can never engender VAPOURS or _Wind_ from any\nMaterial Cause.\nI shall not now enter upon the particular _Diagnosticks_ of this\n_Distemper_, because they are as _Various_, as the _Causes_, and\naffected _Places_ are different. Let me observe only, that the _simple_\nVERTIGO is easily known by the _Imagination_ of the _Circular Motion_ of\nthe _Patient\u2019s_ HEAD, or That of _external Objects_, or by vitiated\n_Seeing_ and _Hearing_.\nBUT the SCOTOMIA differs from the VERTIGO, in that besides the\n_Imagination_ of the _circular Motion_, the PATIENT often loses his\n_Sight_, staggers, tumbles, or falls to the Ground. And yet the _same_\nis distinguished from the _Epilepsy_, in that the PATIENT retains his\nprincipal _Functions_, and neither _Foams_ at Mouth, nor is\n_Convulsive_.\nHOWEVER, as to the _Distinction_ of Causes, if the _internal Cause_\nproceeds from _Calidity_, it is known by the _hot Temperament_ of the\nwhole Body, as well as by a _Swelling_ and _Pulsation_ of the ARTERIES\nabout the _Throat_: Besides that this VERTIGO easily _accedes_ and\n_recedes_, it is always attended with _Calidity_ and _Redness_ of Face\nand Eyes; with _Watchings_, _Deliriums_, &c: And it commonly follows\n_Fevers_, _Watchings_, _Anger_, the _Use of Calids_, hot Things, _&c._\nIn which _Cases_, it is always to be helped by the _Use of Frigids_, or\nCoolers.\nIF it arises from _frigid Flatulencies_, the _Paroxysms_ or Fits are\npreceded by a _Hissing_ or _Tingling_ in the EARS; the PATIENT turns\n_pale_ and _wan_, and is taken with an odd extensive _Pain_ of the HEAD:\nAnd if these _Flatulencies_ generate in the HEAD, the _Party_ feels it\n_ponderous_, _lumpish_, and _heavy_; and is consequently much inclin\u2019d\nto _Sleep_, _Stupidity_, _Dullness_, and _Inactivity_.\nIF the _Distemper_ is derived from a _flatulent Stomach_, the _PATIENT_\nis troubled with _Rifting_ and _Rumbling_ of the Belly; with _Sobbing_\nand _Sighing_, with _Hickups_, _Yawnings_, _Extensions_, _Inflations_,\nand frequent _Spittings_.\nIF it comes from a _Mordacity_ of the _Mouth of the Stomach_, the\n_Party_ is infested with a _Nausea_, _Loathing_ and _Fastidy_; with a\nDejection of _Appetite_, a lasting or frequent _Thirst_, and a\n_Bitterness_ of the Mouth. But this _Affection_ also very often proceeds\nfrom the WOMB, and that either because of the suppress\u2019d _Menstrua_, or\nlongretain\u2019d _Seed_; as will hereafter more fully appear in _Sect._ ix.\n_Chap. 8_.\nAS to the _Prognosticks_ of this _Distemper_, it does not always seem\n_Dangerous_, much less _Lethal_, at first; but its _Consequences_ are\n(however) very _Fatal_[69], if not timely prevented: For it often turns\nto _Inflammations_[70] of the HEAD, or _Convulsions_; sometimes to\n_Melancholy_ or _Madness_; and sometimes to _Epilepsies_ or\n_Apoplexies_.\nNOW because this _Affection_ observes _Lunar Periods_, and in extreme\nCases, is near a-kin to the _Falling-Sickness_;[71] _C\u0153lius Aurelianus_\ninforms us, That it was call\u2019d by the _Ancients_ the _little Epilepsy_:\nAnd as it admits of _periodical Accessions_ and _Circulations_ (I mean\ncoming and going _Fits_) which depend chiefly upon the Power and\nInfluence of the _New_ and _Full-Moon_; so it is to be treated with\nrespect to _Cure_, in a different manner; one way in the _Access_,\nanother in the _Interval_.\nBUT this _Cure_ is as different, as the Causes and Degrees of the\n_Distemper_ are various; wherefore I can, by no means, enter upon it in\nthis place, for Brevity-sake.\n[Illustration]\n             _Of the SYMPTOMS of the middle Three Months._\nTHE FOETUS having receiv\u2019d a distinct FORM, constituted of various\n_Organical Members_, and produced of divers _substantial Matters_, takes\na various _Situation_; the different _Members_ possessing different\n_Places_, according to the _Institution of NATURE_.\nAFTER an absolute and compleat _Conformation_ of ORGANS, the rational\n_Soul_ is infus\u2019d and adapted; which is the ultimate Perfection of the\n_Human_ FOETUS: By which it becomes MAN and receives _Life_, living and\nsubsisting henceforward by its own vivacious _Faculties_, distinct from\nthose of the MOTHER. Now the Great and All-wise CREATOR undoubtedly is\nthe only _Supream_, _Efficient_, and Immediate _Author_ and _Finisher_\nof this noble _Work_; which, according to the nicest _Calculation_ of\nthe greatest _Masters_ of _Nature_, is most commonly accomplished about\nthe _Beginning_ of these _Middle Months_: At which time, the usual _Turn\nof Nature_ necessarily occasions different _Effects_ to the\n_Child-bearing Woman_; which are call\u2019d _SYMPTOMS_ of the _Middle\nMonths_.\nAND these _SYMPTOMS_, in short, I reduce to the following _Seven_ in\nNumber; _viz._ 1. _Coughs_; 2. _Palpitations_ or _Heart-Beatings_; 3.\n_Swoonings_ or _Syncopes_; 4. _Watchings_; 5. _Pains_ in the _Hips_ and\n_Loins_; 6. _Hemorrhages_ or _Bleedings_; and, 7. _Fluxes_ of _Blood_.\nOf which, in their due Order.\n[Illustration]\nCOUGHS are either _Humid_ or _Siccid_: They are call\u2019d _Humid_, when the\n_Humours_ contain\u2019d in the _Aspera Arteria_, of whatsoever Nature, are\nexpell\u2019d by its own Force thro\u2019 the _Mouth_. And _Siccid_, or dry\nCOUGHS, when, notwithstanding great Pains and Trouble, nothing is\n_excreted_, only the whole Body fatigued by a continual irritated\nEndeavour to _Cough_ and _spit-out_; whence arise Pains of the _Head_,\n_Hypochondriacks_, and other Parts.\nTHE _Cause_ of which _SYMPTOM_ is _Four-fold_, and proceeds either from\nthe sharp acid _Vapours_ of the _Humours_ flying towards the _Lungs_,\n_Wind-pipe_, and _Jaws_; irritating the natural Faculty to _Expulsion_:\nOr, from the finer Part of the _Blood_, converting itself to the\n_pectoral Veins_: Or, from the _Humours_ themselves ascending to the\n_Head_, and relapsing upon the _Breast_: Or, in fine, from the\nsuppressed _Albedines_ or WHITES, and whatsoever may vellicate the\n_Aspera Arteria_, or in any respect oppress or irritate the _same_.\nTHIS _Symptom_ (however slighted or lightly esteem\u2019d) is very Dangerous;\nforasmuch as it attenuates and weakens the _whole Body_, enervates or\ndestroys its _Strength_ and _Vigour_, causes difficult _Respiration_,\nexcites _Head-Aches_, hinders _natural Rest_, occasions _Watchings_,\npromotes Defluxions, and finally gives _Origin_ to _Fevers_, as well as\nmost other _Diseases_: Besides that, it continually exagitates and\ndistresses the _Muscles_ of the ABDOMEN, or lower Belly; and thereby too\ncommonly provokes _Miscarriage_.\nFOR these Reasons this _SYMPTOM_ ought to be carefully _mitigated_, if\nnot _cur\u2019d_, without any loss of Time: But the CURE itself, in my humble\nOpinion, may be easily effected, by evacuating the _peccant Humours_, by\npurging and corroborating the _Head_, and by the right _Use_ of proper\n_Thoracick Medicines_.\n[Illustration]\n                 _Of HEART-BEATINGS and SWOONING-FITS._\nTHESE Beatings or _Palpitations_ are nothing else but a sudden Loss of\nall the Strength, with an immoderate _Concussion_, by a vehement\n_Diastole_, and molestous _Systole_ of the _HEART_: From hence this\n_SYMPTOM_ easily turns to a _Cardialgia_, _Lipothymia_, or _Syncope_;\nwhich are _All_ of near _Affinity_, in the Case of the _Pregnant Woman_,\nso that I shall treat of them _conjunctly_, and first observe; that\nTHE _Cause_ of all such _SYMPTOMS_ are but _Two-fold_, and proceed\neither from a _flatulent_ Substance of the _Humours_, ascending, thro\u2019\nthe _Arteries_, or the _Vena Cava_, to the _HEART_: Or from the\n_Abundance_ of BLOOD, which (not finding passage by the WOMB) seeks to\nthe _superiour Parts_, and thence oppresses the _HEART_ and _vital\nFaculty_.\nTHIS _Last_ is the most dangerous _Condition_, being (in such\n_Plethorick Women_) the certain _Prognostick_ of imminent _ABORTION_: To\nprevent which unhappy _Accident_, the principal Part of the CURE,\ndepends very much on cautious _Ven\u00e6-Sections_, or letting Blood, proper\n_Diet_, &c: Whereas, in the _First Case_, proper _Discutients_,\n_Cordials_, and _Corroborants_, are the most convenient and successful.\n[Illustration]\nTHIS _Symptom_ is nothing else, more than an immoderate _Exercitation_\nof the SENSES, from too great a _Motion_ of the _Animal Spirits_:\nProceeding from some acrimonious and siccid _Vapours_ of the _Humours_,\nascending to the BRAIN, and there disturbing the _Spirits_, by exciting\ntheir vehement Motion; which so exagitates the SENSES, that the vigilant\nrestless _Woman_ gets either none at all, or but very _short Sleep_.\nTHIS watchful _Affection_ is distinguished by a _siccid_, or _calid_ and\n_siccid Intemperature_; attended sometimes with a _Melancholick_,\n_Bilous_, or _Pituitous_, _Saltish_ Matter; which is either essentially\nlodg\u2019d in the HEAD, or communicated to it from the _Mouth of the\nStomach_, or the Veins of the whole Body.\nSOME have been so overtaken with this _SYMPTOM_, that they have not only\ncontinued _Awake_ for some Days and Nights, but also Weeks and Months:\nInsomuch that _Hercules Saxon_[72] relates of his own _Father_, that He,\nbeing melancholick, suffer\u2019d such like WATCHINGS, without the least\nSLEEP, _seven Months long_.\nHOWEVER in the _Child-bearing Woman_, the least Degree of such\nimmoderate _WATCHING_[73] is dangerous; insomuch that it often occasions\n_Deliriums_, and _Convulsions_, by the continual Stretch and _Tension_\nof the FIBRES.\nHOWEVER the CURE of this _SYMPTOM_ may (I hope) be well perform\u2019d both\nby _external_ and _internal Means_; externally, by proper _Lotions_,\n_Inunctions_, and _Frictions_; internally, by proper Soporiferous\n_Medicines_ adapted to the Quality of the Intemperature.\n[Illustration]\n                   _Of PAINS in the Hips, Loins_, &c.\nALTHOUGH these _PAINS_ (in general Terms) are the _Effects_ of the\n_Compression_ of the extended WOMB, hanging on, and bearing too much\nupon the neighbouring _Parts_, by its Gravity and Weight: Yet the\nparticular _Cause_ of such _SYMPTOMS_ (in my Opinion) is _Two-fold_; and\nproceeds either from the Abundance of BLOOD lodging in the _Veins_ of\nthose Parts; or from the growing FOETUS, so extending the _Ligaments_ of\nthe WOMB, as to oblige the neighbouring Parts to sympathize. From hence\nthe _broad Ligaments_ cause the _PAINS_ of the _Back_ and _Loins_,\nanswering to the _Reins_, to which _Parts_ they are strongly fixed; as\nthe _round Ones_ affect the _Groins_, _Hips_, and _Thighs_, where they\nterminate. Which _Ligaments_ are sometimes so violently extended,\nespecially in the first Time of _Pregnancy_, that (by the Concurrence of\nany slight _procatarctick Cause_) they have been often known to break.\nTHE _Cure_ of these _SYMPTOMS_, in the _first Case_ above-mentioned,\ndepends chiefly upon cautious _Phlebotomy_, and good _Repose_ in Bed;\nand in the _Second_, upon proper _Swathes_, _Unguents_, &c.\n[Illustration]\n                    _Of H\u00c6MORRHAGIES, or BLEEDINGS._\nTHESE _Symptoms_ are to be understood to happen only from the superiour\nParts; as _Nostrils_, _Mouth_, or _Ears_: And the _Cause_ seems to be\n_Three-fold_: proceeding either from a more than ordinary _Plenty_ of\nBLOOD; or from a gross Mixture of _Humours_ and BLOOD, prompting Nature\nto _Excretion_; or, lastly, from a _Debility_ and _Weakness_ of the\nINFANT, when not able to attract the due Quantity of BLOOD to its\n_Subsistence_.\nIN the _first Case_, the _Woman_ usually looks _sanguine_ and\nwell-colour\u2019d, and hath more _Plethorick Marks_ upon her; which, if it\nhappens, without any great _Inconvenience_, as it is without _Danger_,\nthe _Woman_ may easily bear and dispense with it.\nIN the _second Case_, the BLOOD so lost falls dropping away, and with\n_Pain_; it is ugly and _ill-colour\u2019d_, of an _acid Quality_, and\n_stinking Smell_: And the PATIENT hath more _Cacochymic Signs_ upon her,\nwhereby she is threatned with _Abortion_ and imminent Danger.\nIN the _third Case_, the SIGNS of a _Debilitated F\u0153tus_, and instant\n_Abortion_, are evidently presented; as mention\u2019d in Chap. 29, and 30,\nof this _Section_: When, if she chance to escape _Miscarriage_, (which\nmost commonly happens in this _Condition_, if not timely and artfully\nprevented) a difficult and laborious BIRTH is the certain _Consequence_;\nand sometimes a protracted Time of BEARING to the _Close_ of the 10th,\nor (as I have observ\u2019d) to the _Beginning_ of the 11th _Month_.\nTHIS _Symptom_ is to be judg\u2019d of, and _cur\u2019d_ according to the\nabove-mention\u2019d, and what other concomitating _Diagnostick Signs_\nappear.\n[Illustration]\nTHIS _Symptom_ is to be understood to happen from the _inferiour Parts_;\nnamely, by way of the _H\u00e6morrhoidal Veins_, or by the _Passage_ of the\nWOMB, but most commonly by the _Last_.\nTHE _Cause_ then of this _SYMPTOM_, happening by the _H\u00e6morrhoids_, is\n_Three-fold_; and proceeds, either from too great a _Quantity_ of BLOOD\nabounding; or from the disorder\u2019d and deprav\u2019d _Quality_ of that BLOOD;\nor from _Both_ these _Indispositions_ jointly: And this sanguine\n_Affection_ is commonly without any great Danger (tho\u2019 not without some\nTrouble) to the _Woman_; ceasing gradually (of itself) after a safe and\nsuccessful _DELIVERY_.\nTHIS _Symptom_ from the WOMB, happens _Four_ different Ways; to wit,\neither by the _Vessels_, which run to the _Neck_ of the WOMB; or by\n_Those_, which tend to the _Body_ and _Cavity_ of the SAME; or by\n_Those_, that adhere to the _Membrane_ call\u2019d CHORION, and to the\n_Infant_, by which it attracts its _Nutriment_; or by _Those_, that\n_Nature_ hath reserv\u2019d for a _Superf\u0153tation_, or the _Necessity_ of\nexpurging this BLOOD when it chances to be Superfluous.\nWHATEVER way this FLUX happens, its _Cause_ is _Three-fold_; and\nproceeds, either from an _Apertion_ of some of the mentioned _Uterine\nVessels_; or from their _Dilatation_; or from a _Rupture_ of those\nVessels.\nTHEY are _open\u2019d_ by a _Redundancy_ or _Superfluity_ of BLOOD; which\n_Wise Nature_ takes this _Method_ of fiercing and throwing-off, the\n_Natural Evacuation_ being stopped. They are _dilated_ by the _Acrimony_\nof the _Humours_, or by their own rarefy\u2019d and thin _Contexture_, And,\nin fine, they may be _bursten_ or _broken_, by a great Variety of\n_Accidents_; such as _Running_, _Leaping_, _Falling_, _Striking_,\n_Lifting_ a heavy Weight, violent _Motion_, _Coughs_, great _Pains_,\n_Vapours_, _Costiveness_, _Looseness_, immoderate _Heat_, or _Cold_; as\nalso by any violent _Perturbation_ of Mind.\nTHE _First Case_ (being the Work of _Nature_) happens with great Ease,\nand without any Pain or Trouble; it _flows_ moderately and regularly, is\nof _short Continuance_, and not attended with any immediate _Danger_, so\nlong as the _Woman_ enjoys her _Health_, and continues well-colour\u2019d in\n_Complexion_.\nTHE _Second Case_ is called an ANASTOMOSIS; and what happens by such\nirregular _Dilatations_, falls _Drop_ by _Drop_ away; and is All _Acid_,\n_Ill-colour\u2019d_, _Stinking_, _Thin_, _Pale_, _Serous Stuff_.\nTHE _Third Case_ is known by an immoderate and irregular _Flooding_, as\nit were in _Heaps_; attended with PAINS of the _Groins_, _Loins_, &c:\nAnd at last aggravated with _Faintings_ and _Convulsions_. The true\nSTATE of which _Case_ is particularly noted in Sect. V. Chap. 7. Only\ngive me leave to add here, that the _Procatarctick Cause_, is always\nsufficiently known, from the _Relation_ of the PATIENT.\nBUT however, it is also proper to know in all the above-mention\u2019d\n_Cases_, from what _Place_, and by what _Vessels_ this _Flux_ happens:\nWhich may be rightly thus distinguished; for if from the _Neck_ of the\nWOMB, it flows orderly and moderately; as it likewise does, if it comes\nfrom _Vessels_ no ways adhering to the INFANT: but if it arises from the\n_Bottom_ of the WOMB, it flows in less _Order_, and greater _Quantity_;\nand if it happens, in fine, from the _Vessels_ fixed to the INFANT, and\nthe CHORION, then it does _flow_ most irregularly of all, and in very\ngreat _Quantities_.\nTHE _Prognosticks_ of this _SYMPTOM_ are, either a[74] weak debilitated\nINFANT, or an approaching _Abortion_: But besides also, it sometimes\nportends a _hard_, _laborious_, and _protracted BIRTH_, perhaps even to\nthe 11th _Month_.\nWHICH _Prognosticks_ are indeed founded upon sufficient relative\n_Reasons_: The _First_, because the _INFANT_ is not able to convert the\n_whole_ of the _superabundant_ BLOOD, to its _Aliment_: The _Second_,\nbecause the _INFANT_ (tho\u2019 perhaps Strong and Able enough) is depriv\u2019d\nof its requisite _Sustenance_: The _Third_, because (according to\n_Hippocrates_, &c.) a _sickly Gestation_ always indicates a difficult\nand laborious _BIRTH_: And besides the reason of a _protracted Birth_\n(beyond the _ordinary Time_) is very plain and perspicuous; because, if\na _strong healthy CHILD_ requires _two Months_, to recover itself after\nthe first _Onset_ or _Attempt_ of the _7th Month_, (as is more amply\nexplain\u2019d in _Chap._ 34. of this Section) it is but highly reasonable to\nthink, that a _weak sickly One_, requires a _longer Time_ of Gestation.\nTHE _first Case_ of this _SYMPTOM_, seems to be the most favourable of\nthe _Three_; yet I would advise such _Sanguine_ or _Plethorick Women_,\nto guard against _one ill Consequence_, which I have known sometimes to\nhappen in the same burthensome _Condition_: Namely, that from too great\na _Plenty_ or _Superfluity_ of BLOOD, it sometimes runs through the\n_interiour Veins_ into the _Cavity_ of the WOMB, which renders the\n_Case_ by far the most dangerous; because this BLOOD[75] (being out of\nits proper _Canal_ or _Center_) irregularly extravas\u2019d, immediately\n_corrupts_ and _suppurates_; which corrupted BLOOD, in Concert with the\n_INFANT_, (whose _Aliment_ is thereby impair\u2019d) always obliges the WOMB,\nto dilate and yield up its _Contents_: So that, in short, this\nparticular _SYMPTOM_[76] is, in all its different Cases or Conditions,\nthe most Pernicious and Dangerous.\nWHEREFORE it is, that the respective CURES of these sundry _Cases_,\nbelong only to the Ablest _Physician_, and _That_ (most properly) to\n_Him_ who professes and practices MIDWIFERY: Because, when _Medicinal\nHelps_ fail, and cannot prevent _Misfortunes_, HE will at least know\nbest then, how to _Compose_, and _Mitigate_ them, by delivering the\nWoman, if Necessity so require.\n[Illustration]\n              _Of the SYMPTOMS of the last three Months_.\nTWO _third Parts_ of the common Duration and Conjuncture of\nCHILD-BEARING, being, by this time faithfully, if not so fully,\naccounted for; it remains now, that we also more particularly consider\nthe MOTHER and her INFANT throughout the last _Three Months-Travail_.\nThese are the _Finishing Maturating Months_ of the _INFANT_: I mean\npeculiarly, as to its _Strength_ and _Vigour_; since in other respects,\nthe _Middle Months_ have duly _perfected_ the Ornaments of the\n_particular Members_, and gracefully compleated the SHAPE and FORM of\nthe whole Body.\nWHEREFORE, as, in these _latter Months_, the _CHILD_ encreases in\n_Bulk_, _Vigour_, and _Activity_, it then affords the tender MOTHER\nincredible _Uneasinesses_, and grows sometimes almost _Obstreperous_:\nWhich _Augmentation_ of the FOETUS (of natural Consequence) occasions in\nher Constitution of Body various different _Effects_; call\u2019d _SYMPTOMS_\nof the last _Three Months_.\nNOW these _SYMPTOMS_, I hope I may pertinently reduce to the following\n_Nine_, in Number; namely, 1. _Dysuries_; 2. _Ischuries_; 3.\n_Stranguries_; 4. _Costiveness_; 5. _Tenesms_; 6. _Varices_; 7.\n_Inflations_ of the _Legs_; 8. _Fissures_ of the Belly; and 9. and\nlastly, _Water-Fluxes_. Of which I shall take leave to treat separately,\nin their proper Order.\n[Illustration]\n               _Of DYSURIES, ISCHURIES, and STRANGURIES._\nTHE _Dysuria_ is a painful and difficult _Excretion_ of _Urine_; as the\n_Ischuria_ is an entire _Suppression_ of the SAME: And the _Stranguria_\nnothing but an _Effect_ of the other TWO; being an _Excretion_ made Drop\nby Drop, with a continual _Stimulation_ or _Propensity_ to make Water,\nhowever without any acute _Pain_, tho\u2019 not without some _Uneasiness_.\nNOW these _three SYMPTOMS_ have all their respective _Causes_, which I\nshall not particularly enter upon here at large; but only, take notice\nby the By, that in the _Pregnant Woman_, they most commonly proceed from\n_One_ and the same _Original_: Wherefore I shall in this Place discourse\nof them _conjunctly_; and observe that all three _SYMPTOMS_ may proceed\nfrom the _ponderous_ WOMB, lying upon, and depressing the _Neck of the\nBladder_; and _that_ the more heavily, the nearer the _Woman_ is to her\nTIME. The _pungent Acrimony_ of the URINE sometimes also occasions\n_Incontinence_, or want of _Retention_; as its _Inflammatory Heat_\ncauseth almost a total _Suppression_. However, in short, such _SYMPTOMS_\nmay likewise proceed from some _crude_ and _unconcocted Matter_,\nobstructing and oppressing the _Sphincter-Muscles_.\nBE _That_ as it will, in the present _Case_, the CURE is but very seldom\nof great _Difficulty_; being frequently effected, by lifting up the\n_Bottom of her Belly_ with both Hands when she is about to _make Water_:\nOr, by wearing a convenient large SWATHE. But if Need require, the\n_Region_ of the BLADDER may be cherished with proper _emollient\nFomentations_, _Injections_, or _Cataplasms_; as (upon any _Extremity_\nat last) a CATHETER may be prudently used.\nIF the _SYMPTOM_ however proceeds from any _Inflammatory_, or\n_Acrimonious Quality_ of the URINE; it may be sufficiently helped by a\nproper, regular, cooling _Diet_: As, if it arises from any _undigested_,\n_crude Matter_; it may be assisted or reliev\u2019d by a good _Draught_[77]\nof _warm_ generous _WINE_; which not only helps _Concoction_, but also\nfacilitates and promotes _URINE_: But in case of absolute _Necessity_,\nafter all, gentle PHLEBOTOMY ought to be carefully used.\n[Illustration]\nTHE _Belly_ discharges it self sometimes more _seldom_ or infrequently;\nsometimes with more _Pain_ and _Difficulty_; and sometimes in less\n_Quantity_ than is convenient for _Nature_.\nTHERE have been many _Instances_ given of this _Disorder_, by[78]Learned\nMen, where some PATIENTS have gone to _Stool_ but once in _Eight_, once\nin _Fourteen_, and once in _Twenty_ or more _Days_.\nYEA,[79]_Dominicus Panarolus_ relates of a certain Friend of his, whose\n_Belly_ was so exsiccated, that he sometimes liv\u2019d three _Months_\nwithout going to _Stool_.\nBUT what I mean by _Costiveness_, is not that Distemper, where there is\na total Suppression, for that rather belongs to the _Iliack Passion_;\nbut that only, where the _Excrements_ lodging longer than their due\nnatural _Time_, perhaps three or four Days more or less, are at last\nvoided hard and dry with some small Straining.\nWhich irregular _Accident_ may proceed from many different _Causes_.\nAlthough in the _pregnant Woman_, I take the following to be the most\n_Common_: That is to say, the _Calidity_ and _Siccity_ of the _LIVER_,\nor _SPLEEN_; occasion\u2019d by the _Lusty Child\u2019s_ attracting too much of\nthe _Radical_ and Succid _Moisture_ of the _MOTHER_, and compressing the\n_Intestines_.\nTHIS _Symptom_ proves often of dangerous _Consequence_: For by the\npressing _Force_, commonly us\u2019d in such a _Case_ to ease the BELLY, some\n_Vessels_ or _Ligaments_ may be easily and readily _broken_. And not\nonly so, but the retain\u2019d _F\u00e6ces_ always affect the HEAD, and\ncontaminate the BLOOD with noxious _Vapours_; and thereby impede or\nhinder the _Concoction_ of the _Ventricle_, and the Separation of the\nbetter and purer, from the grosser and impurer part of the _Chyle_:\nWhence proceed many other various _Disorders_ to the whole _Body_, from\nthe long Retention of the _Excrements_.\nTHE _Cure_ consists in temperating the _Calidity_ of the _VISCERA_, and\nrelaxing the _BELLY_ by proper _Diet_, _Dissolvents_, &c. And in _Case_\nof any sudden _VOMITING_, which sometimes happens upon _Costiveness_,\nhumectant and emollient _Clysters_ may be most properly and cautiously\nused, to restrain and prevent all such _Revulsions_.\n[Illustration]\nA TENESMS is an irregular _Retention_ of NATURE, and nothing else but a\ncontinual _Desire_ or _Inclination_ of going to _STOOL_; attended with\n_Pain_, without voiding any thing but _Slime_, or an indigested\nMUCOSITY: And this is in the ANUS, what a _Strangury_ is in the BLADDER;\nbeing _Both_ a violent _Contraction_ of the FIBRES, or _Disorder_ of the\nSPHINCTER-MUSCLES.\nWHICH tenacious _Symptom_ proceeds from a great Variety of _Causes_,\noccasionally provoking the _expulsive Faculty_ of the _strait Gut_,\ncall\u2019d the RECTUM, without a _Power_ to expel; such as may happen to\nbe an unusual _Exulceration_, or _Constriction_ of, or an\n_Acid-Salt-Humour_ in the same INTESTINE: So likewise a _Stone_ in the\nNeck of the BLADDER, a _Tumour_ of the adjacent _Parts_, or seminal\n_Vessels_, a frigid _Intemperature_, the _Hemorrhoides_, a\n_Dysenteria_, _Dysuria_, _Ischuria_ or _Stranguria_, &c. may very\nshrewdly occasion the TENESMUS.\nWHICH binding _SYMPTOM_ is of the same dangerous _Nature_\nand[80]_Consequence_ with the preceding _Case_; both having an equal\n_Effect_ of Power, if not prevented, to expel and dislodge the INFANT.\nWhich _Notion_ cannot be otherways better maintain\u2019d; for the WOMB being\nsituated upon the _Intestinum Rectum_, must suffer great _Commotions_ by\ncontinual _Needings_ and _Strainings_ in both Cases.\nBUT the safest CURE, in short, in my humble Opinion, is to be perform\u2019d\nby proper _Decoctions_, _Fomentations_, and absterging _Clysters_.\n[Illustration]\n                   _Of the VARICES, or Vein-Tumours._\nTHIS _Symptom_ is nothing else, than a _Distention_ or _Dilatation_ of\nthe HIP, THIGH, and LEG-VEINS: Which however chiefly appears about the\nHAM; and it happens most commonly to _Plethorick Women_, who walk much,\nor exercise themselves more freely upon any Occasion.\nTHE _Cause_ proceeds only from a _Plenty_, or _Superfluity_ of the\nsuppressed BLOOD, more than the _Infant_ can consume: which being\ncarry\u2019d by the _Arteries_ to the _lower Parts_, is thence received by\nthe _Crural_ and _Saphene_ or _Ankle-Veins_. Insomuch that the WOMB,\nbeing (by this time) both _Ponderous_ and _Bulky_, so presseth the\nILIAC-VEINS, that it hinders the BLOOD in its _Course_, and obstructs\nits free _Motion_ and _Circulation_; whereby (of consequence) these\n_inferiour Veins_ must swell and distend themselves proportionably.\nHOWEVER, the _Danger_ of the _SYMPTOM_ is not great; because after a\nsafe _BIRTH_, when the super-abounding BLOOD and _Humours_ are\nevacuated, these preternatural _Tumours_ settle, and the VEINS return to\ntheir _Pristine State_.\nWHEREFORE the only necessary _Relief_ of this Malady, consists chiefly\nin the _Woman\u2019s_ abstaining from too much _Walking_, and all other\nextravagant _Exercises_; upon indulging her _inferiour Limbs_, by\nkeeping them rais\u2019d upon a _Couch_ or _Stool_, that the BLOOD may not\nsettle too much to these _lower Parts_: Or (which is far better) let her\nprudently keep her _Bed_; in which _Posture_, the BLOOD can meet with no\nsuch _Difficulty_ in returning by these _Veins_ to the HEART, as it will\nfind when it must ascend by the _Woman\u2019s SITTING_ or _STANDING_ upright;\nso that consequently it must needs _circulate_ the more readily and with\nmore _Ease_. Hence in short, it is, that from this more Free and Easy\nCIRCULATION in _Bed_, such _Women_ are always more easy, or better\ndispos\u2019d, and far less _pain\u2019d_ or troubled in the _Mornings_, than at\n_Nights_, in This Condition.\nBUT if, after All, the _PATIENT\u2019s_ Convenience will not permit such\n_Indulgences_, Then a proper _Swathe_ of three or four Fingers Breadth,\nis most adviseable; beginning to _swathe_ this _Varicose_, or _Swelling\nPart_, from the _Bottom upwards_, as far as the _Varices_ or _Tumours_\nextend. But in Case of more _Plethorick Marks_, at last, in the _other\nParts_ of the Body, _Phlebotomy_ may be most safely made Use of.\n[Illustration]\n              _Of the INFLATIONS and TUMOURS of the LEGS._\nTHESE bloating _Symptoms_ not only happen to some _Women_ before, but\nalso after _BIRTH_; especially when the LOCHIA, or Child-bed Cleansings,\ndo not flow in a regular _Measure_ or sufficient _Quantity_.\nTHE _Cause_ of the present disorder\u2019d _Case_, proceeds either from the\nSuppression of some _Aqueous Flux_ of the WOMB; or from some such\n_watery serous_ BLOOD descending to the LEGS; or from the Abundance of\nretain\u2019d _Menstruous_ BLOOD, more than the INFANT can dispense with:\nwhich, being of no Service either to _MOTHER_ or _CHILD_, settles\ndownwards to these aggriev\u2019d _Parts_. But _these Things_ are to be\nconsidered with this Distinction and Difference, that if the _LIVER_ be\ndebilitated, and the BLOOD becom\u2019s _Pituitous_ or _Aqueous_, the\n_Woman_\u2019s LEGS are so _Oedematous_ or _Tumid_, that when pressed with\nthe Finger, it leaves the Impression of a _Dent_ and _Hollowness_: But\nif the BLOOD grows _corrupted_ and _bilous_, her LEGS are _inflam\u2019d_,\nand sometimes occasionally _exulcerated_, as in _Scorbutick Cases_: And\nif none of _These_ happen, then a gross thick BLOOD only abounds,\ntending vitiously downwards. Upon which there are only some _Livid_ or\n_Blueish Marks_[81] to be discover\u2019d with those _Tumours_, such as the\n_VARICES_ or _Swellings_ occasion in the preceeding _Case_.\nIN fine, the _Woman_ troubled with these _Symptoms_, commonly bears a\n_Female_; as all _Women_, having sickly times of _GESTATION_, generally\ndo. However yet, tho\u2019 this swelling _Affection_ is very troublesome, its\n_Danger_ is not great; because it ordinarily ceases of it self with good\nCare after the _BIRTH_. Wherefore in this Condition a _CURE_ is not\nalways to be attempted, lest the _Humours_ recoiling upwards, affect\nsome _nobler Part_. Nevertheless, if the _SWELLING_ be too considerably\nPainful or Troublesome, proper _Digerents_ and _Discutients_ may be\napply\u2019d, and the LEGS fomented with a convenient _Lixivy_, _Decoction_,\nor _Cataplasm_.\n[Illustration]\n                  _Of FISSURES or CHOPS of the BELLY._\nTHIS _Symptom_ only happens to _Women_ bearing their _first_ or _second\nCHILD_; whole _lower BELLIES_ have not yet been sufficiently _extended_\nby frequent _CONCEPTION_.\nTHE _Cause_ proceeds only from the _natural Lenitude_ and _Constriction_\nof the Skin of the _ABDOMEN_ or _lower Belly_; which (in proportion to\nthe _Growth_ of the _INFANT_) must dilate and distend itself: So far as\nthat towards the _latter Months_, it gives way to such a large degree,\nthat it appears not otherways than as if the _SKIN_ was to be divided,\nand almost crack or break by its thin _Attenuation_.\nHOWEVER it occasions also very often great _Pain_, as well as a\n_permanent wrinkled_ DEFORMITY of that _Part_. Wherefore _Laxative\nLiniments_, and proper _Unguents_, are pertinently to be made use of by\nway of _Precaution_, from the _fourth Month_, until the Time of\nDelivery.\n[Illustration]\nTHE _Water_ which is gather\u2019d in the Time of _GESTATION_, between the\n_Membranes_ involving the _INFANT_, is at last upon the approaching\n_BIRTH_ effus\u2019d: For the _CHILD_ having broke the AMNION, feels these\n_WATERS_ troublesome, and consequently obliges the CHORION also to give\nway. From whence proceeds naturally a _copious Effusion_ of the same\nWATERS.\nBUT of this natural _Flooding_, I am not properly to treat in this\nPlace; only of _that_ preposterous FLUX, which happens before the due\ntime of _BIRTH_, the _immediate Cause_ of which proceeds from some\n_Procatarctick Accident_: Such as a _Perturbation of Mind_, an unlucky\n_Fall_, a _Leap_, a _Stroke_, or any other Violence.\nTHIS _Symptom_ happens _Two ways_, either by a _Disruption_, or\n_Dilatation_ of the _MEMBRANES_: the _first_ by _external_, the other\ncommonly by _internal Causes_. In the _first Case_, the FLUX comes\nsuddenly, irregularly, and in a great _Quantity_; in the _second_, by\nlittle and little, or by degrees, and less in _Quantity_.\nTHE _first Case_ is most dangerous, being the infallible _PROGNOSTICK_\nof instant _Abortion_, if not timely and judiciously prevented. The\n_second Case_ is of the following bad _Consequence_, that this WATER,\nwhich has hitherto defended the INFANT from the _Rigidity_ of the\ncircumjacent _Parts_, being at last (how leisurely soever) exhausted and\nspent; the CHILD is soon sensible of its _Loss_, and finding its wonted\nSEAT become uneasy, it thereupon being restless or discontented,\nendeavours to move and seek for a _Better_: By which means (if\n_Abortion_ does not presently ensue) it falls into a _preternatural\nSituation_, which (of course) occasions a _preternatural BIRTH_. But\nabstracting from _This_, the bare _Deficiency_ of the WATERS, for\nmoistening the _Passages_ in time of _LABOUR_, is enough to effect the\nsame Unhappiness.\nHOWEVER, the _Cure_ of this _SYMPTOM_ depends chiefly upon a good\n_Regimen_ of _DIET_, and _external_, as well as _internal\nCorroboratives_.\nIN short, having thus discuss\u2019d the several _SYMPTOMS_ of the Nine\n_Months_, and such as are most common and familiar to the _Woman_ during\nher FOETURA, or the whole Time of her _CHILD-BEARING_; I shall proceed\nnow in the next Place with all due _Method_ and peculiar _Regard_ for\nher GOOD.\n[Illustration]\n        _Of Acute DISEASES incident to the CHILD-BEARING WOMAN._\nIT sometimes, and more than too often, happens, that besides the common\n_SYMPTOMS_ of the _Months_, the _conceiv\u2019d Woman_ is also suddenly taken\nwith some _acute DISEASE_ or other; upon which I shall offer my sincere\n_Opinion_, and according to the best of my Judgment, give a brief\n_Account_ of _Those_ several _Maladies_, with their _Definition_ and\n_Cause_, _Nature_ and _Quality_, _Danger_ and CURE.\nFIRST then, the great _Galen_ defines _acute DISEASES_ to be such, whose\n_Motion is swift_, attended with sudden and immediate _Danger_.\nTHE learned _Brassavole_ calls such _DISEASES Acute_, as come\n_suddenly_, continue a _short Time_, and have very severe or violent\n_SYMPTOMS_.\nTHE ingenious _Blancard_ calls those _DISEASES Acute_, which are _over\nin a little Time_, but not without _imminent Danger_. Now _Those_ are\ndeem\u2019d either _very Acute_, or _most Acute_; the _latter_ is meant when\nthe _Distemper_ is over the 4th _Day_; but the _former_ is that which\ncontinues till the 7th _Day_: For the more _acute_ the _DISEASE_ is, the\nsooner follows its _Determination_, either for Life or Death. Again, a\nDisease is call\u2019d _simply acute_, when it lasts 14 or 21 _Days_; or\nlastly, it is term\u2019d _Acute ex decidenti\u00e2_, which lasts 42 Days at\nleast.\nAND according to the diligent Dr. _Sydenham_[82], the _Despumation_ of\n_Acute DISEASES_ happens in 336 _Hours_; which he also justly applies to\n_intermitting FEVERS_, reckoning 5 Hours and a half for a _Paroxysm_:\nBecause what we call DAYS in _Acute Fevers_, are so many PERIODS in\n_intermitting Fevers_: The only difference of _Those_ consisting in that\nthe _one_ perfects its _Fermentation_ at _once_, which the _other_\naccomplishes at reiterated _Times_, and divers _Turns_, by the same Duct\nof _Nature_. He farther still, observes that _Autumnal Quartan Fevers_\ncontinue six Months; in which Time, if the Number of the recurrent\n_Paroxysms_ be summed up, they will exactly amount to the aforesaid 336\nHours, or 14 Days, which is the _Term_ or _End_ of the regular and\n_continual Fevers_ of that Season.\nAND the wise HIPPOCRATES observes[83] that as an exquisite _continual\nFever_ ceases within the 7th Day, so an exquisite _Tertian_ has seven\n_periodical Circuits_; because every _Access_ in the latter, makes up a\n_Day_ in the former Case. Hence it is manifest that all _Epidemick\nDiseases_ have their due and regular _Times_[84] of encreasing,\ncontinuing, and decreasing; and that These _Laws_ of _Nature_ are so\nconstant and permanent, that however _Fevers_ differ in other\nCircumstances, they are equal as to the Duration of _Time_; counting\naccording to the _Periods_ or Fits of the _intermitting_, and the\ncontinued Number of _Days_ of the never _intermitting Fever_.\nGALEN[85] further explains _Acute DISEASES_, and calls them _Two-fold_:\nThe _one_ attended with a continual FEVER; such as are _burning Fevers_,\n_Frenzies_, _Lethargies_, _Pleurisies_, _Squincies_, _Inflammations_,\n&c. The _other_ without any Fever, such as _Epilepsies_, _Apoplexies_,\n_Convulsions_, _Palsies_, _Contraction of LIMBS_, _JOINTS_, &c. Now\nthe[86] _Accesses_ and _Crises_ of all _These_ proceed from the\n_Influence_ of the MOON; which in over-ruling terrestrial Things,\nsurpasses all the other PLANETS and STARS, not so much because of her\n_Power_, as by her _Approximation_ or _Vicinity_.\nTHE _Cause_ of both the _one_ and the _other_ seems to be the _same_;\ntho\u2019 it _affecteth differently_, according to the various _Regimen_ and\n_Disposition_ of the Woman: And it most probably proceeds either from\nthe _vitious Humours_, which have abounded in the Body before\n_Conception_; or from such _Humours_ as have been congested afterwards\nby the _suppressed_ MENSES, or _Months_: Which being irritated by\nimproper or depraved _Food_, by bad or negligent _Regimen_, either\nbefore or after _Conception_; those _Humours_ (like _Yest_ in _Ale_)\nferment the BLOOD, to such a Degree, that (all on a sudden) the PATIENT\nis violently taken with one or other of those _Acute_ DISEASES, which\nare determined by a certain _Lunary_ CRISIS; that is to say, by a\ncertain _Motion_ of NATURE, accelerated by the _Power_ of the MOON, to a\ngradual _Expulsion_ of the _peccant Matter_ thro\u2019 the PORES of the Body.\nBut this CRISIS, in short, happens always with most Ease and Safety upon\nthe _New_ or _Full-Moon_, because the ambient _Air_ does not at that\ntime so much affect the _Superficies_ of the Body, nor so violently\nrepress the _Motion_ of the FLUIDS.\nHOWEVER, this melancholy _Accident_ can never happen worse than to the\n_Conceiv\u2019d Woman_; and the _farther_ she is gone in her Time, the more\n_Danger_ still. And that because of the _Scarcity_ or _Want_ of _pure_\nBLOOD, which ought to be imbibed by the _Infant_, either in part or in\nwhole, according to its Age and Strength: Or, because of the _Plenty_ of\n_vitious_ BLOOD, which tends to no other end, than to _imbecilitate_ the\nWoman, and render her _incapable_ of suffering the _Insults_ of such\n_acute_ DISEASES. For _Nature_ may (perhaps) be able to bear up against\n_one simple Effect_, but when it is joined and aggravated by _another_,\nthe PATIENT is too often obliged to _succumb_, and yield herself up to\nbe _overpower\u2019d_ in the Struggle of Life.\nBUT, after all yet, _acute_ DISEASES are not always _mortal_ to the\n_Conceived Woman_; for, as Experience teaches, SOME have the good\nFortune to _escape_, tho\u2019 indeed the Odds[87] are very great on the\nother Side. But of such sharp MALADIES, _those_ without any _Fever_ are\nreckoned most _dangerous_; because they are not only _Acute_, but also\n_most Acute_: And by _those_ the MOTHER is more immediately endangered\nthan the INFANT; whereas by _those_ which come with a _Fever_, the\ntender INFANT is first and chiefly endangered, because of the MOTHER\u2019s\ninternal _Calidity_ and _Depravation_, which easily affects, and soon\nsuffocates or stifles it in a short time.\nHOWEVER, it is very observable, that a _Woman_[88], bearing a FEMALE, is\nmore readily seized, and more easily freed or cured of _acute_ DISEASES,\nthan _she_ who bears a MALE: And that because FEMALES are naturally more\nobnoxious to _Distempers_, proceeding from the _Retention_ of the\nMENSTRUA, and consequently more _favourably affected_, because of the\n_natural Affinity_ and _Familiarity_ of the Case.\nAND this is the Reason that FEMALES, after the _first Months_, do bear\nand sustain more _Pains_ than the MALES; as daily Experience confirms,\nin that a _Female Miscarriage_[89] seldom happens after the _first\nMonths_: whereas the _Male Abortion_ is most of all to be feared, after\nthe TIME of _Motion_ or _Animation_, because the ACETABULA, or\n_Cavities_, being then more _siccid_, are the more easily broken by its\n_stronger Motion_.\nIN Cases of _Acute_ DISEASES, the worst is, that the necessary _Helps_,\nwhich such incident _Distempers_ otherways absolutely require, are not\nalways safe and convenient for the _Child-bearing Woman_: which\nCondition, (with respect to the CURE) renders the CASE one of the\n_nicest Points_ in the ART of _Physick_. Wherefore I would, with\nSubmission, advise, that _none_ but the ablest and well-qualified\n_Physician_ should undertake either the _Care_ or the CURE of such a\nPATIENT. To whom I am not to prescribe _Rules_, and therefore I shall\nonly refer him to his own more _Acute Judgment_, and the _Curious\nSolutions_ of (that most learned PHYSICIAN) _Daniel Senertus_[90], upon\nthe _six following Questions_, thus stated by himself, _viz._\nI. HOW _far slender Diet is convenient for the Child-bearing Woman_,\n_labouring under an acute Disease?_\nII. HOW _far it is convenient to open a Vein or bleed this Woman upon\nsuch an Occasion?_\nIII. HOW _far it may be proper to purge her on the same Occasion?_\nIV. WHETHER _Ven\u00e6-Sections or Purges are most dangerous in such a Case?_\nV. WHETHER _it is practicable_ (_in such a dangerous Case_) _to excite\nAbortion_, _for the Woman\u2019s Health and Recovery?_\nVI. HOW _far Clysters_, _Diureticks_, _and Diaphoreticks are convenient\non such Occasions?_\nHAVING, thus, now, in fine, briefly hinted upon the _sundry_ HEADS of\nthis _Chapter_, I shall, in the next Place, offer a few Words upon THAT,\nwhich (I think) is the most common Consequence of the foregoing EFFECTS,\n_viz._\n[Illustration]\n              _Of the DEBILITY and WEAKNESS of the_ F\u0153tus.\nBESIDES all the enumerated SYMPTOMS, _Acute_ and _Chronical Distempers_,\nto which the _Child-bearing Woman_ is subject; it also happens over and\nabove (too frequently) that the INFANT becomes _Weak_ and _Sick_ in the\nWOMB.\nTHE _Cause_ of which unhappy _Accident_ I take to be _fourfold_: As it\nproceeds, either from a _Debility_ and _Insufficiency_ of the _Parental_\nSEED, or from a _Scarcity_ or _Want_ of requisite _Sustenance_, or from\na certain _Depravation_ of that _Sustenance_, or from some immediate\n_Procatarctick Cause_ of the MOTHER; which may all be thus rationally\ndistinguished, and severally accounted for; _viz._\nTHE _Cause_ certainly lies in the SEED, if the _Woman_ has continued\nalways _healthy_, eating, drinking, and living regularly.\nIT may be imputed to the _Scarcity_ of ALIMENT, if she has often\nlaboured under _Diseases_, or been exposed to _Hunger_, _Want_,\n_Penury_, or any such like manifest retrenching CAUSE.\nIT may be adjudged to a _Depravity_ of ALIMENT, when the _Woman_ (by a\nvitiated Constitution of Body) is subject to some certain _Distempers_;\nand, besides, in short, any _Procatarctick Cause_ is discoverable from\nthe _Relation_ of the PATIENT.\nBUT whatever the _Cause_ may be, the _Diagnostick Signs_ of this unhappy\n_Affection_, are commonly _One_ or _more_ of the following SIX; _viz._\n1. THE turgid swell\u2019d BREASTS of the _Pregnant Woman_, all on a\nsudden[91], fall and extenuate into a _Flabbiness_.\n2.[92]THEY diffuse copiously a thin _Waterish Milk_, not half digested\nto its due Perfection.\n3. THE _Menstrua_ return at an uncommon _Rate_, and in an irregular\n_Manner_.\n4. THE _Woman_ personally is either very frequently _Sick_, or long\nexpos\u2019d to a lasting _Sickness_. Or,\n5. SHE is either subject to a very frequent, or long continu\u2019d\n_Looseness_, and constant _Diarrh\u00e6a_.\n6. THE _Infant_ which used (as it ought) to _move briskly_, is now but\nvery _seldom_, and more _faintly_ perceiv\u2019d in _Motion_.\nON the other hand, the _Prognosticks_ of this CASE, are briefly _Two_:\nFor either _Abortion_ follows, or (which is worse) the _Infant_ dies; if\nnot timely prevented, by removing the _Efficient Cause_ of it, upon\n_comforting_ and _strengthening_ both the WOMAN and the CHILD.\nIN a Word, the _Latter_ of these tragical _Events_ I shall refer to\nSECT. V. _Chap._ last. But the _Former_ leads me more immediately to\nconsider it in the proper Method of my Discourse.\n[Illustration]\nWOMEN _miscarry_ so frequently, that if any curious Persons will\ndiligently observe and examine that _Matter_, they will find the Number\nof MISCARRIAGES to exceed _That_ of _timely_ BIRTHS: Wherefore I have\nreason to think, that this _Head_ deserves to be handled more at large,\nand to be more particularly insisted upon, in the following manner.\nTHE _Modern Practisers_ in _MIDWIFERY_, distinguish MISCARRIAGES, by\n_four_ different _Appellations_; according to the _four_ different\n_Times_ of the _Constitution_ of the _CONCEPTION_. viz.\nA MISCARRIAGE happening in the Time of _Spumification_, is call\u2019d an\n_Effluxion of the GENITURA_: That which happeneth in the _Vegetation_,\nor Time of _Ramification_, or (as some will have it) before the 40th\n_Day_, is call\u2019d a _Deperdition_ of the EMBRYO: _That_ which falls out\nin the _sensitive_ Progression, or Time of _Carnification_, or (as\nothers will have it) before the _90th Day_ from _CONCEPTION_, they call\nan _Abortion_ of the FOETUS. But what so happens afterwards preceding\nthe _7th Month_, is properly call\u2019d an entire _Abortion_ of the INFANT.\nHOWEVER, _Others_ will have a _fifth Distinction_ made; namely, what so\nhappens in the 7th, 8th, and preceding the 20th Day of the 9th _Month_,\nto be call\u2019d an untimely _BIRTH_; because tho\u2019 born with _Life_, they\nalledge it to be very seldom, or never really _Vital_, or likely to\n_Live_: Upon which I shall, in good Time, introduce my own _Sentiment_\nin the subsequent Chapters of this _Section_.\nNOTWITHSTANDING, this _Definition_ signifies but little to the Purpose;\nlet the _MISCARRIAGE_ happen when it will, and under whatsoever _Name_\nor _Denomination_, It is nothing else in general, than an untimely\n_Exclusion_ of an imperfect and immature BIRTH; which unhappy _Accident_\nmay proceed from a vast Variety of _Causes_, stimulating NATURE to such\na violent _Expulsion_.\nIN treating therefore of this _Accidental BIRTH_, I shall make use of\nnone of those _Distinctions_; but rather (to prevent Mistakes) shall\ncall all its several SPECIES, of whatsoever _Time_, by the general (and\nmost common) Name of _ABORTION_.\nAND of this _ABORTION_, happen when it will, the _proximous Cause_ is\nalways the _Expulsive Faculty_ of the WOMB; which being _hurt_, or\nviolently _disorder\u2019d_ in any respect, irritates and debilitates the\n_Retentive Power_: And then again, on the other hand, this _Retentive\nFaculty_ (tho\u2019 not the _proximous Cause_) is sometimes _first hurt_ or\n_injur\u2019d_, and by that means incapacitated to _retain_ the _INFANT_;\nwhich (in that Case) offends and provokes the _Expulsive Power_[93],\nwhich is the proper _proximous Cause_ of all _ABORTIONS_.\nBUT most commonly the _Expulsive_ receives the _First Hurt_; from whence\nthe _Retentive_ is oblig\u2019d to _Sympathize_, and yield to its over-ruling\n_Motions_. And, according to _Galen_[94], the _Expulsive Faculty_ may be\ninjur\u2019d and irritated by _Three_ different _Causes_; viz. 1. By the\n_Bulk_ of the INFANT, when the WOMB cannot distend itself far enough to\ncontain it: 2. By its _Weight_, when heavier than the WOMB and\n_Ligaments_ can bear: And, 3. By the _Humours_ (when the _Membranes_\nbreak) flowing into the WOMB; occasioning a _Mordacious Itching_ there,\nor _putrefying_ the INFANT in its Place.\nTO which _three Efficients_, some Modern Authors have thought it\nsufficient to add the _similar_, _organical_, and _common Diseases_ of\nthe WOMB; together with some _Procatarctick Causes_.\nHOWEVER, because I have generally observ\u2019d _Those_, to be very\npromiscuously and confusedly treated of, I shall (according to my best\nAbility) endeavour to reduce the many different _Causes_ of _ABORTION_\nto such plain _Heads_, and set them in such a clear _Light_, that they\nshall prove evident and manifest to the meanest _Capacity_: That _Women_\n(whose peculiar _Good_ I have only at Heart in the Performance of this\nWork) may readily conceive them, and thereby be enabled (in most\n_Cases_) to prevent their greatest _Misfortunes_. And that whether the\n_Cause_ happens proximously and immediately from a _stimulated\nExpulsive_, or mediately from a _l\u00e6s\u2019d_ and _injur\u2019d Retentive Faculty_.\nWHEREFORE I shall now reduce those _Causes_ to the following _Four\ngeneral Heads_; namely, 1. To the _Constitution_ of the MOTHER: 2. The\n_Constitution_ of the INFANT: 3. The _Symptoms_ of the MONTHS: And, 4.\nTo the various _Procatarctick Causes_ of this Tragical Case.\nFIRST the _Causes of ABORTION_, proceeding from the _Constitution_ of\nthe MOTHER, are _Three-fold_, and respect either her _whole Body_, her\nWOMB only, or its _neighbouring Parts_. THOSE respecting her _whole\nBody_, are,\nI. THE _four Intemperatures_ of the Body; as the CALID, which, by its\n_Hot Quality_, exhausts the _Humours_ (that are naturally necessary) to\nthe Prejudice and Loss of the INFANT.\nII. THE FRIGID; which, by its _Cold Quality_, vitiates and attenuates\nthe INFANT\u2019S _Aliment_, to a starving Condition.\nIII. THE SICCID; which, by its _adust dry Quality_, scorches and\nconsumes the _Ligaments_, that they break, like so many _Strings_ that\nsnap before the _Sun_: Upon which the INFANT (being deprived of those\n_Mediums_, through which NATURE has appointed its _Sustenance_) corrupts\nand decays, like a _PLANT_ in _Arid Sandy Ground_.\nIV. THE HUMID _Intemperature_; which, by its _moist Quality_,\ndebilitates the _Retentive Faculty_, hinders the _Ligaments_ to\nconsolidate and close firmly, and opens the shut _Orifice_ of the WOMB.\nBut besides all This also, by filling the _ACETABULA_ with _superfluous\nHumours_, it may suffocate and stifle the _INFANT_.\nV. A _nimious_ and too great an _Obesity_ or _Fatness_, and too great a\n_Gracility_ or _Leanness_ of the _Woman_\u2019s Body: For the _One_ converts\nthe _CHILD_\u2019s _Nourishment_ to itself; and the _Other_ starves the\n_INFANT_ for want of its _natural Requisites_.\nVI. A _PLETHORY_, or too great a _Repletion_ of BLOOD in her Body; which\nfrequently choaks and suffocates the _INFANT_.\nVII. ALL _Corporeal Causes_, exagitating the _Spirits_ and _Humours_;\nwhich have the same _Effect_ and _Force_ to irritate the _Expulsive\nFaculty_.\nVIII. ALL _Diseases_ incident to the Body, whether they be _Acute_,\n_Remiss_, or _Diuturnal_; which may easily effect _ABORTION_. But\nSECONDLY, The _Causes_ on the part of the WOMB, are not to be lightly or\nslightly considered; because if it be not both naturally well\n_constituted_, and carefully well _dispos\u2019d_, it can neither foment,\ncherish, nor retain the INFANT. For the least _Flaw_ of its _morbifick\nCauses_, stimulates to a great Degree the _expulsive Faculty_: which\n_Causes_ are, in my Opinion, as follow; viz.\nI. THE WOMB\u2019s _Pr\u00e6ternatural SIZE_, either in _Magnitude_, or\n_Exiguity_: The _one_ giving room for the _Infant_\u2019s too much tumbling\nor too frequent Motion; and the _other_ restraining the _CHILD_ too\nmuch, even to the _suppressing_ and _stifling_ of it.\nII. ITS _pr\u00e6ternatural_ _CONSTRICTION_ or _Coarctation_; which may\nresist its necessary due _Extension_, for containing the growing INFANT.\nIII. ITS _pr\u00e6ternatural_ _DENSITY_; which may not only hinder the\nrequisite _Distention_, but also prevent the SECUNDINE[95] from being\nfirmly connected to the _Vessels_.\nIV. ITS _LAXITY_ of the _Orifice_, or _Lavity_ of the interiour\n_Surface_; proceeding from _pituitous_[96] or _viscous Humours_, which\nslacken the _Ligaments_, and give way to the FOETUS.\nV. THE WOMB\u2019S too _frigid_ and _siccid Intemperature_; which Qualities\nare the greatest Enemies to _Nature_ and all the _Actions_ of _Female\nLIFE_.\nVI. ITS _frigid_ and _humid Intemperature_; which (abounding with\n_Mucosities_ or _slimy Humours_) so relaxes the _Ligaments_, that they\ncannot hold or detain the _INFANT_.\nVII. ALL obdurated and confirmed _Tumours_ and _Ulcers_, all\n_Erysipelas_ and _Inflammations_ of the WOMB: Which often prove the\n_Causes_ of the same _Effect_.\nVIII. A _pr\u00e6ternatural Situation_, or an _oblique Position_ may become\nthe _8th_ and _last Cause_ of _ABORTION_, which I shall mention on part\nof the WOMB.\nFROM hence I come, _Thirdly_, in a due Method, to _Those Causes_\nrespecting the _neighbouring Parts_; which I humbly conceive to be as\nfollow.\nI. ALL _Diseases_, _Pains_, and what _Causes_ soever of those _Parts_,\nmay tend much to deject or affect the _Spirits_, and stir up the\n_Humours_ with unusual Alteration.\nII. ALL _Causes_ and bad _Affections_ compressing the _lower Belly_, and\nexagitating or straining its MUSCLES.\nIII. A _pr\u00e6ternatural Site_ and inapt _CONFORMATION_[97] of the\n_Umbilical Vessels_, for their due Operation.\nBUT then again, _Secondly_, It also often happens that, tho\u2019 the\n_pregnant Woman_ labours under no _Disease_ or _Misfortune_, either in\nBODY, WOMB, or _neighbouring_ PARTS, yet notwithstanding the _Expulsive\nFaculty_ is irritated to EJECTION by several _Causes_ of the\n_Constitution_ of the _INFANT_ itself, as follow; _viz._\nI. ITS _pr\u00e6ternatural_ BULK, or vitious _Conformation_, oppressing and\nstraining the WOMB, either in _Whole_ or in _Part_.\nII. ITS _Debility_ and _Weakness_, or contracted, infirm, feeble\n_Constitution_, as mentioned in the preceding _Chapter_.\nIII. THE _Death_ of the _INFANT_, emitting nauseous _Vapours_ and\nputrefy\u2019d _Matter_, stimulates the WOMB sooner or later to _Expulsion_:\nAnd (in this _tragical Case_) the _sooner_ the _Better_; as will\nhereafter appear.\nAND moreover, _Thirdly_, the _SYMPTOMS_ of the _Months_, frequently\nprove _Causes_ of _ABORTION_; of which _SYMPTOMS_, having already\ntreated particularly, I shall in this place repeat little or nothing,\nonly refer the READER to their respective _Chapters_ in the preceding\n_Part_ of this SECTION: And yet under this present _Head_, may be also\ncomprehended all _Acute Diseases_, which (too often) prove of the same\nbad _Consequence_; as is evident from Chap. 28.\nFOURTHLY, There is a great _Variety_ of _Procatarctick Causes_, distinct\nfrom all _those_ above-mentioned, which most frequently occasion\n_ABORTION_: And _Those_ are _Two-fold_, _INTERNAL_ and _EXTERNAL_. Of\nwhich the _Internal_ are as follow, in my Judgment.\nI. THE _Passions_ of the Mind (mentioned in SECT. I. _Chap._ 5.) because\nsuch immoderate _Affections_ too much excite the _Humours_, and incense\nthe _Spirits_.\nII. VICTUALS; if taken _too much_ at a time, suffocate the _INFANT_; if\n_too little_, it is _starved_, and the _MOTHER_ brought to a very low\nCondition of Life; and if _improper_, or of ill _Concoction_, the\n_CHILD_ is thereby either much _weaken\u2019d_, or (which is worse) it dies\nof course.\nIII. DRINKING immoderately, extinguisheth the _natural Calidity_ of the\nWOMB and the _INFANT_; as certainly _strong_ or _hot Liquors_ impress a\nvitious _Intemperature_ upon _Both_.\nIV. WATCHINGS a-Nights, too much exhaust and dissipate the _Spirits_; as\ntoo much SLEEP, on the other hand, dulls, lessens, and obtunds the\n_natural Heat_.\nV. ALL inward disorderly _Causes_ dissolving the _Uterine_ ACETABULA,\n_Ligaments_, or _Vessels_, by which the _INFANT_ attracts its\n_Nourishment_.\nVI. ALL _Venenated_, _Cathartick_, and _Diaphoretick MEDICINES_,\n_Acrimonious Clysters_, _Ven\u00e6-Sections_, _Baths_, &c: Which partly by\nexagitating the _Spirits_ and _Humours_, and partly by diminishing the\n_Aliment_, occasion frequent _ABORTIONS_. Again\nTHE _external Procatarctick Causes_ are These, which ensue in their due\nOrder.\nI. ALL inclement _Constitutions_ or bad _Influences_ of the WEATHER,\nWINDS,[98]and AIR; such as _Cold_, which pinches; or as _Heat_, which\nintercepts the _Breath_, and stifles the _INFANT_, &c.\nII. SMELLING or _Touching_, _Sitting_, or _Treading_ upon some Sorts of\npernicious HERBS.\nIII. ALL violent MOTIONS, immoderate _Exercises_, &c. such as _Running_,\n_Leaping_, _Dancing_, _Riding_, or _Coaching_, _Lifting_, or _Carrying a\nheavy Weight_, also _long Fasting_, _strait Lacing_, a _Fall_, a _Blow_\non the _Back_ or the _Belly_, &c. as I hinted before occasionally.\nIV. ALL _frightful_ OBJECTS, and _sudden Surprizes_ by hasty NEWS, FIRE,\nor such like terrifying Accidents.\nV. ALL _astonishing_ and terrible affecting _NOISES_; such as sudden\nClaps of _Thunder_, _Cannons_, _Guns_ &c.\nVI. ALL nauseous STINKS, on the one hand, and odoriferous SMELLS, _&c._\non the other, being _both_ disagreeable and dangerous.\nTHOSE, and many other _trifling Matters_, such as the SMELL of an\n_extinguished Light_, or _Candle_, are known (too often) to be the\n_Reason_ and _Cause_ of _ABORTION_: which made (that great _Naturalist_)\n_Pliny_[99] justly take occasion to deplore the FRAILTY of Man.\n\u201cHE bewails and is asham\u2019d (as he expresseth it) to think how\n_frivolous_ the _ORIGIN_ of the _proudest of Creatures_ is; such a mere\nTRIFLE (as is mentioned) being frequently the _Cause_ of his _FATALITY_.\nAnd the _Philosopher_ most pertinently adds, that _He_ who now glories\nin so many _VANITIES_, trusting in the _Strength_ of his _Body_,\nvaunting in the _Riches_ of his _Possessions_, and upon every _Smile of\nFortune_, believes himself to be a GOD, _&c._ little considers how many\nways he might have _miscarried_ in coming into the World, or how many\nways he may yet, even to-day, go out of it, and come to his _last GASP_,\nas _Anacreon_, the wanton _Lyrick Poet_, did, who was suddenly choak\u2019d\nwith the STONE _of a Grape_; or as _Fabius_ (that noble _Dictator_ of\nROME) dy\u2019d, who was immediately strangl\u2019d by a _HAIR_ in a _Draught of\nMilk_.\u201d\nI say, _He_ little considers, how many _Trials_ and _Hardships_ he was\nexpos\u2019d to, before he had BEING: or, how many ways he might have been\n_stifled_ before he had BREATH, and have been _dead_ even before he was\nBORN.\nWHICH Consideration leads me to the Thought of _another Cause_ of\n_ABORTION_, mentioned by the holy Prophet[100]_Hosea_, where he says:\n\u201c_Because they have deeply corrupted themselves, and separated\nthemselves unto that Shame at_ Baalpeor, (i. e. defiled themselves at\nthe _Statues_ of PRIAPUS) _their Glory shall fly away like a Bird, from\nthe_ Womb, _from the_ Conception, _and from the_ Birth; _dry Breasts,\nand a miscarrying_ Womb _shall be given them_, &c.\u201d\nAND having thus far briefly defin\u2019d and descanted upon _ABORTION_, and\nthe _Nature_ of its _Efficients_, I come now, in the next place, to shew\nby what _DIAGNOSTICK SIGNS_, every _Woman_ may infallibly know an\napproaching or instant _MISCARRIAGE_, either in _herself_ or _another_:\nAs also to set forth, by what _PROGNOSTICK SIGNS_, she may know the\n_Danger_ she is threatned with upon that Occasion.\nWHICH Undertaking, I hope, may prove _conducive_ to the Welfare of that\ntender SEX; it being too common for _Women_ to neglect the _proper\nMeans_, through a supine _Ignorance_ of the _Nature_, and _Danger_ of\ntheir _CONDITION_. But This, however, is generally owing to indiscreet\nOLD WOMEN about them; (as I have often observ\u2019d, and oft\u2019ner had\nOccasion to hear) who either keep the _PATIENT_ in _Suspence_, wheedling\nand telling her idle Stories, that the CASE is not so _dangerous_, the\n_Pains_, _Floodings_, &c. will go off in good Time, and the like: Or\nafterwards (upon appearance of more severe growing SYMPTOMS) they\nextenuate the _Danger_, telling her to submit with _Patience_, the\ncommon MISFORTUNE cannot possibly be prevented, _&c._\nTO which usual _Suggestions_, I answer; that as the _one_ is an ignorant\nand imprudent _Insinuation_, the _other_ is a downright _Falsity_: For\nin the _first CASE_, the _Woman_ is diverted by foolish _Hopes_ from\napplying for proper ADVICE, until perhaps it is past all REMEDY; and in\nthe _second_, she is misled very often to her utter _RUIN_: Since\nwhatever hath not yet _happen\u2019d_, may peradventure be happily\n_prevented_; and even upon the _last Extremity_ of the most _violent\nOccasion_, the _Severity_ of the CASE may possibly be averted by good\nManagement, and the _Danger_ entirely compounded for by proper Conduct.\nWHEREFORE, I cannot but think, it is worth any _Woman_\u2019s while to know\nthe MARKS of an _approaching_ and _instant ABORTION_: Whereof the\n_DIAGNOSTICKS_ are as follow, _viz._\nI. A sudden EXTENUATION and _Falling_ of the BREASTS[101]; sometimes\nonly of _One_, but more commonly of _Both_: That of _One_ denoting the\n_Woman_ to bear TWINS, of which she is about to lose _One_; and which,\nif the _right_ BREAST falls, is a MALE; but if the _left_, a FEMALE.\nII. A WATERY MILK flows[102] in Abundance from those _FALLEN BREASTS_,\ndiscovering the future Danger.\nIII. PALPITATIONS of the _Heart_, frequently accompany\u2019d with a\n_Coarctation_ of the _Sides_ and _Upper Belly_, very much incommoding\nthe PATIENT.\nIV. A _GRAVITY_ or _Heaviness_ of the _Loins_, and _Thighs_; _Gnawing_\nof the _Stomach_, _Pains_ of the _Head_ and _Eyes_.\nV. A _TREMOR_, or _Trembling_ and _Quaking FITS_, attended with a\n_Frigidity_ of the exteriour _Limbs_.\nVI. A _Rigor_ and Stiffness, or a _Vibration_ and Concussion of the\n_SKIN_ and _MUSCLES_ of the whole Body, with a concomitant _Chilness_.\nVII. HORROUR, _Fevers_, _Faintings_, _Swoonings_, and sometimes\n_Convulsions_, _Cramps_, &c. all foreboding the coming _Malady_. These\nare the usual and principal Marks of an _approaching ABORTION_: Which\nwhen _Instant_, and the _Time_ at Hand, then the\nVIII^{th} _DIAGNOSTICK_ plainly appears; which is a _corrupt WATER_\nflowing _first_, next a _bloody WATER_, then _pure_ BLOOD, after that\nsmall _Clods_ of BLOOD, and at length, the INFANT itself (_form\u2019d_ or\n_inform\u2019d_) follows of Course.\nHENCE I proceed to the usual _Prognosticks_ of _ABORTION_; which take as\nfollow in their proper Order, _viz._\nI. ALL _Women_ are more endanger\u2019d in a MISCARRIAGE, than in a _Natural\nBirth_: because THAT happening at a _preternatural Time_, is of greater\n_Violence_ than THIS. For like as _ripe Fruit_, whose _Stalk_ is so\nloose in its Season from the _Tree_, that the _Fruit_ falls of its own\nAccord: So it is in a _Natural Birth_, for the _Vessels_ and\n_Ligaments_, by which the INFANT adheres to the WOMB, easily loose and\nbreak spontaneously; which in an Abortion, must needs happen by a more\ndangerous painful _Force_ and _Violence_.\nII. THO\u2019 _Women_ (in this _Case_) may frequently escape with their\n_Lives_, yet their _Natural Constitution_ is thereby too often broke at\nleast, and debilitated, or thereupon subjected to one or other heavy\n_SYMPTOM_ or _DISEASE_; if not also rendred quite _BARREN_.\nFOR sometimes, because of the _Pains_, _Flux_, or _Putrefaction_ of the\nretain\u2019d BLOOD, _Fevers_, and other _Distempers_ generally ensue:\nSometimes by the violent _Disruption_ of the _Vessels_, great\n_Floodings_ and Loss of BLOOD happen; upon which _Faintings_,\n_Swoonings_, _Convulsions_, and at length DEATH it self follows: But, in\nfine, _Convulsions_ happening[103] either _at the Time_, or _after\nABORTION_, the _Case_ is most _dangerous_; for then the PATIENT seldom\nescapes.\nIII. THE _first MISCARRIAGE_ is most _dangerous_ to all; because the\n_Genital Parts_ are more streight or constricted, and less acquainted\nwith such severe distending _Pains_: And besides the ORIFICES of the\n_Vessels_ being so violently dilacerated, the _Party_ often continues\nafterwards _Sterile_ or _Barren_ the rest of her Life[104].\nIV. LEAN and _tender Women_ are much endanger\u2019d in _ABORTION_, by Reason\nof their _Debility_ and _Infirmity_: As Women too fat are, on the other\nHand; because of the great _Astriction_ and _Narrowness_ of the\nPASSAGES.\nV. THE _younger_ the ABORTIVE _Production_ happens to be, the less the\n_Woman_ is endanger\u2019d; because the _larger_ the INFANT is, it gives the\ngreater _Pains_ and _Ruption_ of the _Vessels_.\nVI. WHATEVER happens in the 7th or 9th _Month_, may be reckon\u2019d a _safe\nBIRTH_, provided the _Child_ be ALIVE: Whereas if DEAD, it is extremely\ndangerous. But above _All_, the _Eighth_ MONTH is to be most _dreaded_,\nnot only because of the _Largeness_ of the _INFANT_, but also because of\nthe _pernicious Quality_ of _that_ MONTH; as will hereafter more amply\nappear in Chap. 34.\nWHICH Consideration leads me farther to observe; That, from the\nBeginning of the _5th_, until the Middle of the _6th_ _Month_, the\n_INFANT_ is least liable to _Danger_[105]: So next in the _4th_, and\nfrom the Middle of the _6th_, until the Close of the 7_th Month_: Then\nof course it is _safer_ in the _3d_ and _2d_ _Months_, than in the _1st_\nor _9th_. For the least _Cause_ may expell the EMBRYO in the _First_,\nand break the _Mature Ligaments_ of the _INFANT_ in the _Ninth_. But of\nall the whole Time, as I said before, the _8th_ _Month_ is the\n_most_[106] _dangerous_, both to _MOTHER_ and _INFANT_: according to\nwhich Consideration and Order of TIME, the prudent _Physician_ may, with\nmore or less either _Fear_ on the _one hand_, or _Assurance_ on the\n_other_, exhibit or prescribe proper _REMEDIES_ for the _Preservation_\nor _Recovery_ of his PATIENTS.\nFROM whence I come in the next place to offer my serious _Sentiments_\nupon the CURE of this _Malady_, and the _Prevention_ of _ABORTION_:\nWhich difficult _Work_ depends chiefly upon the _Preservation_ of both\n_MOTHER_ and _INFANT_; for when the MISCARRIAGE is once over, the CURE\nthen does not much differ from the _Case_ of a _natural BIRTH_.\nHOWEVER in all _Cases_ of this nature, it is an infallible _Maxim_, that\nit is more easy to prevent MISCARRIAGE, than to relieve or rectify the\n_Miscarrying Woman_; and more proper to begin that _Prevention_ BEFORE,\nthan AFTER _Conception_: Because the most proper _Remedies_ for\nobviating many _Causes_ of _ABORTION_, cannot so well be adhibited to\nthe _Woman_ after she is PREGNANT. And besides, as _those Causes_ are\nvery _Different_ and various (as more fully appears from what has been\nsaid); so the Manner and Method of _Prevention_ cannot be altogether\nexactly _Uniform_; every _Cause_ requiring its respective CURE, before a\n_Prevention_ can be effected.\nWHEREFORE, in my humble Opinion, the _first Step_ towards this\n_Prevention_ is to weigh well and consider carefully the _CONSTITUTION_\nof the yet _unimpregnated Woman_; in order to know and discover the\n_Cause_ or _Causes_ either of BODY, or WOMB, which may or can occasion\nany future _ABORTION_. Now in this CASE, _Women_ having once\n_miscarry\u2019d_, or oftner, methinks they may easily find out the CAUSE\n_Themselves_, by the Help of their _Midwives_; which being done, they\nshould endeavour to have it remov\u2019d, and effectually _cur\u2019d_, before\nthey _conceive_ any more. However, if it chance to be neglected at that\ntime, it may be more prudently undertaken afterwards, with such\n_Precaution_, as the _Nature_ of the _CAUSE_ and _CONSTITUTION_ of the\n_Woman_ require: Always remembring, but especially _before_ or _about_\nthe usual _Time_ of _ABORTION_, to make use of proper _Corroboratives_\nfor strengthening both the _INFANT_ and _WOMB_; since _Women_,\n_miscarrying_ from any one internal _Cause_, commonly bear their\n_Conceptions_ to a certain TIME, which they cannot exceed, unless that\n_Cause_ be judiciously removed beforehand.\nI ONCE had an accidental Opportunity of being fully satisfied of the\nVeracity of this CASE, in a _Woman_ of good Note in the City of\n_Dresden_; who _miscarried fourteen Times_ in less than _eight Years_;\nbeing never able to _go_ beyond the _tenth Day_ of the _fourth Month_,\nand commonly losing the FOETUS about the _last_ of the _Third_.\nAT my Arrival in that _Place_, I found my _Credit_, for my necessary\n_Supplies_, upon a certain MERCHANT; who (with great Concern) gave me\nthis melancholick Account of his SPOUSE, desiring my good _Offices_, if\npossibly any Means could be of Service. Upon which, I first made it my\nBusiness to discover, _that internal Cause_, wherein _she_, and her\nordinary _Midwives_, had been so often mistaken; this being done, I\nhappily performed the CURE, tho\u2019 (as a _Traveller_) I had not the\nSatisfaction of staying there to see the _Consequence_. But, however, by\nmy last Advices from the grateful _Husband_, I find _she_ is now MOTHER\nof two pretty _Boys_ and a fine _Girl_.\nTHE _Cause_ of ABORTION then being duly and discreetly _first_\ndiscovered, if it proceeds from any _Intemperature_ either of the BODY\nor the WOMB; the _same_ may be prevented chiefly by introducing the\n_contrary Temperament_, according to _Hippocrates_\u2019s[107] Judgment, that\n_Contraries are the_ REMEDIES _of Contraries_.\nIF it proceeds from too much FATNESS, her _Body_ is to be reduced; if it\ncomes from too much LEANNESS, a convenient _Diet_ and good _Regimen_,\n&c. will help to restore her.\nIF it happens from a _PLETHORY_, the too much abounding _BLOOD_ is to be\ncircumspectly lessened: As the Humours are to be judiciously evacuated,\nif it arises from a _Cacochymy_; and all Causes affecting the Spirits\nand Humours are to be carefully removed and avoided.\nDISEASES of the whole _Body_ are to be prevented as much as possible, by\na _Regularity_ of proper _DIET_ and _REGIMEN_ of Health; but whenever\n_These_ are incident, they ought to be cured, as the _Nature_ of the\n_DISEASE_ and _CONSTITUTION_ of the _Woman_ will prudentially permit.\nIF _ABORTION_ happens from any _Cause_ on the part of the WOMB, _that_\nmust absolutely be removed before _CONCEPTION_, and resisted afterwards\nduring the _FOETURA_, by the discreet _Use_ of proper Means.\nIF it arises from any _Cause_ of the _Neighbouring Parts_, that is to be\ncarefully managed or avoided, and _prevented_ more easily than _cured_.\nAS to the _Causes_ on the Part of the _INFANT_, I shall refer the\n_READER_ to the preceding _Chapter_ only; as I do likewise if it comes\nfrom any _SYMPTOM_ of the _Months_, or from any _Acute Disease_, to\ntheir respective _Chapters_ in this _SECTION_.\nFINALLY, If it proceeds from any _Procatarctick CAUSES_, either\n_internal_ or _external_, all such are to be sedulously avoided and\nprevented; but whenever _These_ happen, they are generally _cured_ by\nproper _ALTERATIVES_ of an _Astringent Quality_, for confirming the\n_Ligaments_; and _CORROBORATIVES_ for comforting the _INFANT_, and\ncherishing the _WOMB_.\nBUT supposing, at last, the _Case_ desperate, and past all REMEDY,\nthrough _Negligence_ or _Delay_, that the CURE cannot possibly be\neffected, nor the _Misfortune_ of _Instant_ ABORTION prevented; why then\nthe _Woman_ ought to be carefully comforted and strengthened, the\n_Ligaments_ relaxed, the _Passages_ dilated, and the _expulsive Faculty_\nassisted; so that the worse _Consequences_ and greater _Danger_ may be\naverted.\nAND having now, in fine, thus at large treated upon the Subject of\nABORTION, it leads me methodically (of Course) to touch upon all other\nBIRTHS respecting _Time_; I mean _Legitimate_ and _Illegitimate_ BIRTHS:\nWhich (however) I shall discuss in as _Succinct Terms_ as I can, to\noblige the READER. And _first_,\n[Illustration]\nA _Legitimate_ _BIRTH_ respects TIME only, and that is properly so\ncalled, which most frequently happens, according to the _Common Law_ of\nNATURE.\nIT is never sufficiently to be admired as _Wonderful_, that MAN, who is\nborn _HEREDITARY LORD_ of the _Universe_, and invested with _SUPREME\nDOMINION_ over all _Creatures_, should, however yet, be the only one\ndeprived of some certain _definite Time_ for his _BIRTH_[108]; it\nhappening often in the _seventh_, commonly in the _ninth_ and _tenth_,\nand sometimes in the _eighth_ and _eleventh Months_, and _That_ also at\nall Times of the Year: Whereas, on the other hand, all the rest of\n_inferiour Creatures_ have their certain _prefixed Times_, both of\n_carrying_ their _YOUNG_, and _bringing them forth_, beyond which they\ncannot go, nor controul the Order of _NATURE_.\nHOWEVER, this being the _Good Work_ and _Will_ of the Great _CREATOR_,\ndeserves more our silent _Wonder_ and _Admiration_, than our bold\n_Enquiry_, or curious _Scrutiny_, into the _REASON_ of it.\nBUT notwithstanding, I hope, we may easily account for the _Latitude_ of\n_TIME_ allowed our _Births_, when we consider what has been said of the\nTimes of _Formation_ and _Animation_ in their proper Places[109]. If\nthen these require a proportionable _Latitude_, what wonder is it that\nthe _Legitimate Time_ of Birth is of such _Extent_? Not that I mean that\nthe _rational Soul_ is introduced either at different Times, or by\nPiece-meals, only that it is not _done_ this or that Day _precisely_.\nAnd farther (according to _AVERROES_, that great _Commentator_)\n_Man_[110], not only in the Womb, but also after Birth, even until his\n_Juvenile Age_, is but _a-generating_; and from that Time to old Age he\nbegins to _decline_: yet we daily see that _this Change_ is not equal to\nall, in that some Men do but arrive to their most robust and _vigorous\nState_ about the fortieth Year of their Age, whereas others come to that\nLength about the thirtieth, and most about the thirty-fifth.\nAS it is an _Auspicious Crisis_ which happens any Time of the _Critical\nDay_, whether anticipated or postponed by a few Hours: And as the\n_Fruit_ of _Trees_ have their constituted Time of _Maturity_, which\nnotwithstanding some are perfected sooner, and some later; so (I think)\nit may be also in the present Case of _Births_.\nHOWEVER yet, to go a little further, without Offence: As to the\n_Legitimacy_ of _BIRTHS_, I don\u2019t see any Reason why every _Birth_,\nproducing a _vital Child_, may not be justly esteemed timely _lawful_,\nwhether it be of the _seventh_, _eighth_, _ninth_, _tenth_, or _eleventh\nMonth_: But because few of our antient and learned _Predecessors_ have\nbeen inclined to admit any standing _RULE_ of such a large _Extent_, in\nthis _CASE_ we shall be far from desiring to establish any _New One_, or\nadvance any _Paradox_.\nI SHALL therefore (in this Place) only touch upon _That_ which most\n_Authors_ seem to have agreed upon, and reckon the most common\n_Legitimate Birth_; namely, which happens (at the soonest) about the\n_260th_ _Day_ from _CONCEPTION_, being the _first_ of the _38th_ _Week_,\nor the _20th_ of the _ninth Month_; as it doth also sometimes fall out\n(_ten Days later_) about the _270th_, when it is neither _too soon_, nor\n_too late_; and which likewise (at the latest) happens before the\n_280th_ _Day_; that is, the _last_ of the _40th_ _Week_, or the _10th_\n_Day_ of the _10th_ _Month_.\nBUT _This_ (if I may be permitted to speak my Mind) depends much upon\nthe _Time of Conception_; it being my Opinion, that if the Woman did\nconceive when _recently purged_, I mean shortly after the natural Flux,\nshe may _bring forth_ in the beginning[111] of the _9th_ _Month_;\nwhereas, if when the _Menstrua_ were almost ready to _flow_, towards\n_its Close_, or later: And if in the _Interval_ betwixt these Times, she\nmay _produce her Child_ in the _middle_ of the Month: Because as\n_Plants_ or _Corn_ arrive much sooner to _Maturity_ after the _New_ than\nafter the _Full-Moon_, so it may be also with the _F\u0153tus_, because of\nthe more or less _Vigour_ of the _Womb_.\nHOWEVER, in short, it is to be observed, that in all these _Cases_, we\nmay commonly allow a few _more Days_ for the _GIRL_ than the _BOY_, as\nappears from _Sect._ I. _Chap._ 9.\nAND, in fine, according to the Opinion of the most Learned and Curious\n_Practisers_ in _MIDWIFERY_, this _BIRTH_ happens always[112] at the\n_self-same Hour_ of the _Day_ or _Night_, in which the _Woman_\nCONCEIV\u2019D: So that from hence it is, that most _BIRTHS_ happen in the\n_Night_, or Dawning of the _Day_; wherefore they All agree, that a\n_Legitimate BIRTH_ requires not only a certain definite Number of\n_Days_, but also of _Hours_, &c. To proceed therefore to\n[Illustration]\n                      _Of an ILLEGITIMATE BIRTH._\nAS an _Illegitimate BIRTH_ also respects _TIME_, so _That_ is only to be\ncall\u2019d so, which happens _before_ or _after_ the _TIME_ instituted by\nthe _Law_ of _Nature_. Hence all unhappy _ABORTIONS_ belong to this\n_Head_; which being largely handled (apart) in the _Chapter_ just\naforegoing, I shall only here cursorily touch upon _That_, which (in a\ndistinct sense) is accounted an _Illegitimate BIRTH_.\nTHAT I may the better define _This Sort_ of _BIRTH_, I shall _first_\nobserve, that _Nature_ has instituted Nothing _rashly_, nor in _vain_,\nneither does it ever act by CHANCE. _She_ having then limited a certain\nTIME (however at large) within which all _Legitimate BIRTHS_ happen, and\nall _vital Children_ are born; of consequence, whatever happens _before_\nor _after_ that _Time_, is an _Illegitimate BIRTH_, and seldom or never\nproduces a _Living_ or _Lively_ CHILD.\nHOWEVER, _Vallesius_[113], _Cardanus_[114], and some _Others_ relate\ndivers strange Precedents, and affirm that they have known and seen\n_Children_ born in the _fifth_ and _sixth Months_, which have liv\u2019d to\nthe Years of Discretion; It is notwithstanding my Opinion, that _Those\ngreat Men_ giving ear to the frivolous _Relations_ and idle _Reports_ of\n_simple Women_, have suffer\u2019d their _Credulity_ to impose so far upon\ntheir better _Judgments_. And I am besides the more induc\u2019d to think so,\nbecause since _Their days_, we have not heard of any _one Example_ of\nthis wonderful _Kind_, which deserv\u2019d the least _Notice_ or _Credit_.\nBUT there are _Others_ again; who (in a manner) ridiculing these\n_Instances_, fall into grosser _Absurditys_ themselves; denying the\nLEGITIMACY of a _seven_ or _eight-Months BIRTH_; yea, _Some_ even of a\n_Ten Months_, after the _Tenth Day_, as well as of all _posteriour\nBIRTHS_. Upon which erroneous _Mistakes_, (if it may be without Offence\npermitted) I would freely offer my _simple Judgment_, in manner\nfollowing: and thereupon, _First_,\n[Illustration]\nTO prove the LEGITIMACY of this _BIRTH_, and the _Possibility_ of this\n_Month_\u2019s producing a _vital Child_, I need not confine myself to the\n_Judgments_ of the most Wise and Divine _Hippocrates_, _Galen_, and\n_others_, nor to the _Principles_ of PHYSICK in particular: but may\njustly appeal to All the rest of the _Liberal Arts_ and _Sciences_,\nwhich (as far as I am duly acquainted with them) generally agree in\n_Defence_ of This Position.\nIT is (however) certain, that the CHILD born _before_ the _Twentieth\nDay_ of this _Month_ is commonly _weak_ and _infirm_. And for that\nReason the _later_ the _BIRTH_ happens in the _Month_, the more _brisk_\nand _lively_ is the CHILD: As I have more than once observ\u2019d, that the\n_Latter Part_ (about the _210th_ _Day_ from _CONCEPTION_) hath produced\nas sprightly vivacious _Children_ as any at All. Wherefore, in short, I\ncannot help having full as good an Opinion of such a CHILD born about\nthe _last_ of the _SEVENTH_, as of any such born in the beginning of the\n_Ninth Month_, provided it be not expell\u2019d by some _preternatural\nCause_.\nTO examine this nice Matter a little more clearly, let us inspect into\nthe _Nature_ and _Quality_ of the Month: In order to which, I hope, we\nmay rationally observe,\nI. THAT (according to the best _Astrologers_) the latter of the PLANETS,\n(the _Moon_) influentially presides over the INFANT in this _Month_;\nwhose frigid and humid _Qualitys_ are thought to afford the several\n_Parts_ of it a certain _Fatness_, thereby relaxing and easily\ndistending the MATRIX: Which being done, and the CHILD now perfected by\nthe whole Body of the PLANETS, that have _All_ particularly (in their\norder) duly discharg\u2019d their respective _Functions_ towards its\nPerfection; provided it has a Competency of _Strength_ and _Vigour_, it\nforwardly appears about the Close of this _Month_ with great _Ease_ and\n_Facility_, and may continue both _Healthy_ and _Lively_ after its\n_Birth_.\nII. THIS is universally acknowledged to be a _perfect_ and _compleat_\nNUMBER; from whence _Cicero_ calls it _NODUS OMNIUM_, or the _Knot of\nall Things_. As the Wise _Pythagoreans_ justly term it otherwise the\n_Vehicle of Man\u2019s Life_: Not only because that, according to the\n_Violence_ of any DISEASE, and the _Strength_ of the PATIENT, a _CRISIS_\nhappens either in the _Seventh_, or the _multiply\u2019d Seventh Day_; but\nalso because, as CONCEPTION is certain upon _Seven-Hours Retention_; and\nthe Work of _Coagulation_ perfected in _Seven Days_, so may That of full\n_Maturity_ be in _Seven Months_, and accordingly this _MONTH_ may very\nreasonably produce _vital Children_. But by the way,\nHOWEVER fictitious such things as savour of _Astrology_, may be reckon\u2019d\nby _Some_, yet who knows not that the _Seventh Hour_, and _Seventh Day_\nafter its _BIRTH_, determines the CHILD either to _Life_ or _Death_? Who\ndoes not well know, That in the _Seventh Month_, its TEETH begin to\nbreak out and appear? That in the _Seventh Year_ (according to\n_Plutarch_) it changes its TEETH? Who does not find, That[115] the _Age\nof Man_ depends upon _SEPTENARY Mutations_? That the _First Seven Years_\nconclude his INFANCY; as the _Second_ finish his PUERITIA, or\n_Childhood_; and the _Third_ compleat his ADOLESCENTIA, or _Youthful\nGrowing Age_? To which his JUVENTUS, or more vigorous _Youthfulness_,\nsucceeds; which is absolv\u2019d in _twice Seven Years_ more: For in _This\nJuvenile_ Age, the _Body_ attains to its full STATURE; as the _Bones_,\n_Membranes_, and _Fibres_ arrive to their due Solidity.\nTHIS again is succeeded by the _Fifth_, call\u2019d VIRILITAS, the _Virile_\nor _Manly Age_; consisting of _twice Seven Years_ more, being in all\n_Seven times Seven Years_: In which MANHOOD, the _Facultys_ of the MIND,\nas well as the _Strength_ of the BODY, are most resplendent and perfect;\ntho\u2019 in almost All _Women_, the _Generative Power_ begins to cease at\nthis AGE, as their TERMS commonly do, however, not without a great\n_Disorder_ of the Motion of the BLOOD.\nTHE _Sixth Age_ of Man, or the SENECTUS, is compos\u2019d of _twice Seven\nYears_ more, and extends itself to _Sixty Three_: In _This Old Age_ the\n_Natural VIGOUR_ very much declines, the _BODY_ waxes both _dry_ and\n_lean_, the _MEMORY_ begins to fail, and the _PERSON_ grows more\n_Anxious_, _Careful_ and _Covetous_. As in the _Seventh_ and _Last Age_,\n(or DOTAGE, as it were) he becomes _Feeble_ and _Decrepit_; which\ngenerally consists of _Seven Years_ more. So that, in fine, according to\nthis very rational and plausible _Computation_, of the Learned and most\nIngenious Dr. _Sprengell_, the AGE and LIFE of MAN is commonly reckon\u2019d\nto amount to _Seven times Ten Years_.\nIT is also farther observable, that as the SOUL of Man has _seven_\ndifferent _Appellations_, according to its seven principal _Offices_,\n(as amply appears by _Sect._ I. _Chap._ 4.) so there are _SEVEN Degrees_\nin the BODY, to compleat its _Dimensions_; viz. _Marrow_, _Bone_,\n_Nerve_, _Vein_, _Artery_, _Flesh_, and _Skin_: As there are also\n_SEVEN_ in Number, which (according to _Macrobius_) the _Greeks_ call\n_BLACK MEMBERS_; viz. the _Tongue_, _Heart_, _Lungs_, _Liver_, _Spleen_,\nand _Two Kidneys_, to consummate the _Compositum_. Yea,\n_Hippocrates_[116] himself confirms the _Efficacy_ and _Pr\u00e6stancy_,\n_Fulness_ and _Perfection_ of this Number.\nI have also remarkably observ\u2019d, that the Number _Seven_ is most\npowerful and signally predominant in _C\u0153lestials_; as the _Seven\nCircles_ in the HEAVENS, according to the _Longitude of the Axle-Tree_:\nThe _Seven Stars_ about the _Artick-Pole_, called CHARLES\u2019S-WAIN: The\n_Seven Stars_ also call\u2019d PLEIADES: The _Seven Planets_, giving Names to\nthe _Seven Days of the_ WEEK: The _Periodical Revolution_ of the MOON\nevery _Seventh Day_, running round the Compass of the whole ZODIACK in\n_Four Times Seven Days_; that is, considering her _Phases_ as obverted\nto the SUN. And _Linus_, a most ancient celebrated Poet, sings thus:\n         _\u201cSeptima c\u00f9m venit Lux, cuncta absolvere c\u0153pit\n         \u201cOmnipotens Pater, atque bonis, & Septima, & ipsa,\n         \u201cEst etiam rerum cunctarum Septima Origo;\n         \u201cSeptima prima eadem perfecta, & Septima Septem,\n         \u201cUnde etiam C\u0153lum stellis errantibus aptum\n         \u201cVolvitur, & Circ\u2019lis totidem circum undique fertur._\nTHIS _Number_ seems likewise to be of the greatest Esteem in _Religion_;\nand from hence among the _Hebrews_, to swear, is call\u2019d\n_SEPTENARE_[117], (that is, to _protest_ by _Seven_:) So _Abraham_\nmaking the COVENANT with _Abimelech_, appointed _Seven Ewe-Lambs_ for a\nTestimony: The _Seventh Day_ the Great _CREATOR_ rested from his Work:\n_Jacob_ served _Seven Years_: _Seven Days_ the People bewail\u2019d the Death\nof _Jacob_: _Elisha_ (the Prophet) said unto _Naaman_ (the _Syrian_\nCaptain) Go and wash thy self _Seven Times_ in _Jordan_, and thou shalt\nbe made whole, and thy Flesh become clean: And, in fine, _David_ said,\n_Seven Times_ a day do I praise _THEE_, because of thy righteous\nJudgments.\nTHESE, and innumerable such like _Sentences_ are not only couch\u2019d in the\n_Books_ of _Moses_, and the whole _Volume_ of the _Old Testament_; but\nalso expresly contain\u2019d in the GOSPEL, and interspers\u2019d through the\nwhole _Bulk_ of the _New_: As the _Seven Beatitudes_, the _Seven\nVirtues_, the _Seven Vices_, the _Seven Petitions_ of the _LORD\u2019s\nPRAYER_, the _Seven Words_ of our _SAVIOUR_ upon the _Cross_, &c. But\nbesides, in the _Apocalypse_ or _Revelation_ of St. _JOHN_, this\nmysterious _NUMBER_ is most frequently mention\u2019d, to denote its\n_Efficacy_ and _Excellency_ of representing some _\u00c6nigmatical_ Truth or\nEmblem.\nMOREOVER, the _Divine Apostle_ signifies and sets forth there, the\n_Persecution_ of the _CHURCH_ (under the Tyrants, _Domitian_, _Trajan_,\n&c. which began in the _Primitive CHURCH_ in his own Days, and continued\nfor three hundred Years, even to the Reign of _Constantine_ the Great)\nby the _Allegory_ of[118]_SEVEN SEALS_. He figures out the _Heresys_ of\nthe _ARIANS_, &c. (from the Time of _Constantine_ to the Reign of\n_Theodosius_, being three hundred Years more) by that of[119]_SEVEN\nTRUMPETS_. And, in fine, he mystically alludes to the future _Plagues_\nof _ANTI-CHRIST_ (from the Time of _Pope Bonifacius_, to these our\npresent Days) by[120]_SEVEN VIALS_, according to the Interpretation of\nthat most Learned Divine, _Peter Palladius_ Bishop of _Rochel_.\nI say, with Submission to wiser Heads, that _These_ and the whole Train\nof those Sacred _Allegorical Allusions_ used in this _Book_, might have\nbeen as pertinently express\u2019d by any _other Number_, as the _SEPTENARY_;\nwere it not that, this _Number_ better implies a certain _FULNESS_ of\n_Sacred Mysterys_: As I think that _Number_ likewise (in all rational\nprobability) may properly portend here, _PERFECTION_ in _Maturity_, and\n_COMPLETION_ in _Vitality_ to every _Full Seven-Months_ CHILD.\n[Illustration]\n                      _Of an Eight-Months BIRTH._\nAS to this Point, the _Case_ indeed differs much in my Judgment from the\n_Former_: For tho\u2019 I have heard some loquacious _Women_ strenuously aver\nthe _contrary_, because of their own rash _Mistakes_; yet I cannot help\nbeing of the same Opinion still, that this MONTH seldom or never\nproduces a _living_, or _lively_ CHILD: And that because, if the INFANT\nhath _Strength_ enough, it must needs appear about the _Close_ of the\n_Seventh Month_; but if not, the _Attempts_ are the same, according to\nits greater or less _Abilitys_; (as most MOTHERS may very sensibly\nobserve in their own Conditions, by its extraordinary _Motions_ and\nStruggles at that _Time_) whereby it is so _weaken\u2019d_ and _debilitated_,\nthat it requires the _Eighth full Month_, and Part of the _Ninth_, to\nrecover itself, and recollect its _exhausted Strength_ and _Vigour_.\nANOTHER Natural _Reason_ besides may be given for _This_; because that\nthis MONTH is peculiar to the _Planet_ SATURN, which is an Enemy to all\n_Creatures_ that breath LIFE: For he now returns not with the same\n_Meekness_ and _Lenity_ of Influence that he used in the _First Month_\nof the _CONCEPTION_, but with a far greater _Severity_ of Tyranny and\nEnmity; as by his _Frigidity_, lessening and extinguishing the _Native\nHeat_ of the _INFANT_, rendering it Unactive and Slow to _Motion_; so by\nhis _Siccity_, constringing the _Passages_ and _Orifice_ of the WOMB:\nwhich, if so, must (of necessity) very much endanger both the _MOTHER_\nand the _INFANT_.\nBE this as it will, yet it is most certain, that the CHILD born in this\nMONTH is always very _Weak_ and _Sickly_; However if, by chance, it\nsurvives the _14th_, it may live till about the _40th Day_, when it most\ncommonly _breathes its Last_: Yet if it also survives this _Time_, the\ngreatest _Danger_ being then over, it may, by the means of tender CARE\nand ART, be brought up as _others_ are usually reared: But how\n_long-liv\u2019d_ soever, or well-governed its _Health_ may be, it will still\ncontinue of a _weakly_ and _tender Constitution_ of Body, if not also\nhalf-witted[121] in Mind.\nUPON this _Head_ some _Egyptian Writers_ mention, that because\n_Dionysius_, who was born in the _EIGHTH MONTH_, lived in the _Island_\nof _NAXOS_; therefore both this _Number_ and the _Island_ were dedicated\nto his everlasting _Memory_; Whereupon, they say, he obtained the\n_Prerogative_ and _Privilege_ from the _GODS_, that the _Women_ of\n_NAXOS_ only, in this _MONTH_, should bring forth in _Safety_, and their\n_CHILDREN_ only enjoy _Vitality_.\nWHICH _Fable_ may however serve to satisfy us, that they have had no\nbetter Opinion of an _Eight-Months BIRTH_, in those _Antient Days_, than\nthe Generality of _Learned Men_ yet have in these _Modern_ Times:\nsignifying in the main, by this comical _Allusion_ to that _little\nIsland_ in the _\u00c6gean Sea_, that if, peradventure, an _Octimestrian\nBIRTH_, by its more propitious _Destiny_, should be determined to\n_Life_; _that_ ought to be looked upon as something _Extraordinary_, and\nnot laid down for any general _Hypothesis_: especially for this manifest\nReason, because in all _other Nations_, such _CHILDREN_ are commonly\nobserved to be but short-liv\u2019d; as the _Women_, labouring with _CHILD_\nat that critical[122] or fatal _TIME_, are absolutely exposed to the\nseverest of _excruciating PAINS_, and the greatest of _imminent\nDANGERS_.\nMOREOVER, _Hippocrates_ himself testifies, that the very\n_Gestation_[123] of the _eighth Month_ is the most _onerous_ and\n_difficult_ of all the Time, as well on account of the _Indisposition_\nof the _Womb_, as by reason of the _Mother\u2019s_ being affected by the\n_disturbing Motions_ of the _Infant_: Wherefore if the _Birth_ then\ndraws on, it receives a double Damage, and suffers as well because of\nthese _Affections_ of the _Mother_ and _Womb_, as by its own proper\n_Motions_ in precipitating itself.\nFROM what is said, we may easily comprehend what _HIPPOCRATES_ means by\nthat obscure[124] _\u00c6nigma_, which some have formerly reckoned more\ninextricable than any _Herculean Knot_, viz. _An Octimestrian Birth is\nand is not_; signifying thereby nothing else than that the _Child born_\nin the _eighth Month_ (in some respect) may be supposed in _Being_, but\nreally and indeed _is not_, because it soon vanishes and _dies_.\n[Illustration]\nTHE Generality of _Modern Writers_ have too strictly confined a\n_Legitimate_ BIRTH, and tied it down to this very MONTH only; and _some_\neven restrain it to the narrow _Limits_ of its _Latter Half_: Both\nequally affirming _That_ TIME to produce the most vigorous and lively\n_Children_, and strenuously alledging it to be the _only_ appointed TIME\nof _Nature_; because (as they say) _it happens most frequently_.\nBUT unless they could produce some better _natural Reasons_ than THIS,\nor any _others_ indeed that I have yet heard of, they shall scarce\n_influence_ me to agree with their popular _Notions_ or vulgar Errors:\nFor their fond Opinion seems not to be so much supported by any\n_Arguments_ of _Natural Reason_, as by an _imaginary Experience_,\nfounded upon _Hearsay_, or the _general Misconstruction_ of WOMEN.\nHOWEVER, in Condescension and Good-Manners to _Female Authority_ (to\nwhich I owe all imaginable _Deference_) I shall not launch out into any\nimmodest or disagreeable _Contradictions_; but, on the contrary, I shall\nendeavour to make it evidently appear from the _Nature_ of the MONTH\nitself, that it indisputably induceth both _Perfection_ and _Vitality_\nto the CHILD, whether it be _born_ at this _Time_ or not: For I must\nfrankly own this _Truth_ indeed, that many _Auspicious_ BIRTHS happen in\nthis very same MONTH, for several good Reasons.\nI. BECAUSE _then_, if we will believe _Astrologers_, JUPITER now returns\nwith his _Serene Aspect_, by his pure healing _Heat_ and _Humidity_,\ncherishing and renovating the _Life_ of the INFANT (which consists of\nthose two _vital Qualities_) and quite effacing the former _Mischiefs_\nand _Injuries_ of noxious SATURN: whereby he renders _This ninth Month_\nnot only most conducive to the BIRTH, but also to the future _Welfare_\nand _Prosperity_ of the INFANT.\nII. BECAUSE this auspicious _Number_ NINE is dedicated to the MUSES,\naccording to the Order of the Celestial SPHERES: Hence as we have _nine\nmoveable Spheres_, _viz._ the _Primum Mobile_, the _Starry Heaven_, and\nthe _Spheres_ of _SATURN_, _JUPITER_, _MARS_, _SOL_, _VENUS_, _MERCURY_,\nand _LUNA_; so there are _Nine_ MUSES appropriated to them, to\naccomplish their _Harmony_ or _Consort_.\nIII. BECAUSE to denote the _Sufficiency_ of this NUMBER, there are also\n_nine_ ORDERS and CHOIRS of blessed ANGELS; namely, _Seraphims_,\n_Cherubims_, _Thrones_, _Dominations_, _Powers_, _Virtues_,\n_Principalities_, _Archangels_, and _Angels_: Which the _Prophet\nEZEKIEL_[125] emblematically figures out by Nine STONES; as the\n_Saphire_, _Emerald_, _Carbuncle_, _Beril_, _Onyx_, _Chrysolite_,\n_Jasper_, _Topaz_, and the _Sardis_.\nBUT besides the _Nine_ internal and external SENSES, mentioned in\n_Sect._ I. _Chap._ 5. more plainly and familiarly denote the\n_Perfection_ of this NUMBER: As, in like manner, the most learned\n_Authors_ of all Ages take great Notice of it in the AGE of _Man_,\ncalling _this Ninth_, together with the _Seventh_, CLIMACTERICAL\n_Years_.\nNOT to mention the _Ninth Hour_, in which our Blessed SAVIOUR breathed\nout his Holy Spirit; the _Ninth Day_ the _Antients_ buried their DEAD,\nand many such remarkable Instances. Yet however, in most _Natural_ and\n_Philosophical Cases_, this NUMBER implies still some _Imperfection_;\nbecause it comes short of the _Complement_ of the Great _Number_ TEN\n(being deficient by ONE) as St. _Austin_ interprets it of the TEN\nLEPERS. Wherefore not to go too far in these MYSTICAL _Matters_, I\nproceed to\n[Illustration]\nAS to this Point, it is not only True in _Part_; to wit, _during the\nFirst Ten Days_ of the _10th Month_, as SOME would have it, but rather\n(in my Opinion) _Altogether_, and at any time of it, as LEGITIMATE as\nthe _9th Month_; according to _Plautus_ the Comick _Poet_; _Tunc illa\nquam compresserat, decimo post exacto Mense hanc peperit Filiam_.\nFOR altho\u2019 _Women_ commonly reckon their BIRTHS more frequent in the\n_Ninth Month_; yet many _Learned Men_ have left it (as a doubtful\nControversy) undecided whether THAT or THIS be the most proper natural\nTime: Whereas _Some_ of the _first_ RANK[126] have more positively\ndetermined a _Legitimate BIRTH_ to happen in the _Tenth Month_ ONLY,\naccording also to _Virgil_\u2019s excellent Poetical Computation\u2014\n            \u201c_Matri longa decem tulerunt fastidia Menses._\u201d\nMOREOVER, for a farther Proof of this Argument, I need only refer to\n_Solomon_, the wisest of _Kings_; who being the greatest _Master of all\nARTS_, cannot be supposed to have been ignorant of This _Truth_: And\nwhose express Decision of this Doubt, we have set down in the Beginning\nof the 7th _Chapter_ of his _Book_ of _WISDOM_; saying, \u201c_I myself also\nam a mortal Man, and the Offspring of him that was first made of the\nEarth_, _and in my Mother\u2019s Womb was fashioned to be Flesh in the time\nof TEN MONTHS_, &c.\u201d\nBUT farther yet, as to the _Nature_ of this _Month_, _MARS_ is presumed\nto succeed in it, who indulges the INFANT by his _amicable Qualities_,\nor _benign Influences_: For _He_ is deemed a Friend to _LIFE_, as he\naffords _Vitality_ to the _BIRTHS_ happening in it.\nAND again, this _Number_ TEN is reckoned a _Compleat_ and _Universal_\nNUMBER in all _Sciences_; because we cannot account beyond it, but by\n_Replication_, a _Re-assumption_ of the UNIT, or _Repetition_ of the\n_Nine Figures_, to perfect the Progression. But farther still, to denote\nthe Excellency and Perfection of this MONTH, there are TEN _Singers_ of\n_Psalms_ mentioned in Holy Scripture; namely, _ADAM_, _ABRAHAM_,\n_MELCHISEDECH_, _MOSES_, _ASAPH_, _DAVID_, _SOLOMON_, and the _three\nSons of CHORAH_: TEN _Musical Instruments_: TEN _Strings_ in the\n_Psaltery_: TEN _Curtains_ in the _Temple_: TEN _Commandments_\ninstituted and given directly by GOD himself: AND, in fine, the TENTH\nDay after _Ascension_ the _HOLY GHOST_ came down, _&c._\nTHERE are besides also TEN _Parts_, of which MAN himself consists\nintrinsically; _viz._ the _Spirit_, _Brain_, _Lungs_, _Heart_, _Liver_,\n_Gall_, _Spleen_, _Kidneys_, _Testicles_, and _Matrix_: And likewise TEN\n_Simple Integral Parts_ constituting the MAN, to wit, _Bone_,\n_Cartilage_, _Nerve_, _Fibre_, _Ligament_, _Artery_, _Vein_, _Membrane_,\n_Flesh_, and _Skin_. In short just so, after this manner, there are TEN\n_Months_ required to form and maturate the _MAN_, in the substantial\n_Completion_ of THESE to Perfection.\nBUT, after All, lest I should be thought, by this way of Reasoning on\nthe _Numbers_ of the _MONTHS_, to vend some fictitious _Notions_ for\nmechanical _Causes_, or vain _Fictions_ for the _Laws of Nature_, I\nshall in this Place, to avoid that Censure or Reproach, make a small\n_Digression_, and that upon _NUMBERS_ in general.\nFIRST then, I think it appears very Plain from the _Three preceding\nChapters_, that _NUMBERS_ are of a certain wonderful Efficacy and Virtue\neven in SUPERNATURALS.\nSECONDLY, In _Natural Things_ also the Virtues of _NUMBERS_ (so\n_mystically_ constituted and _mysteriously_ intended) are conspicuously\nmanifest: As is evident in the _Herb_, call\u2019d PENTAPHYLLON, which is\nsaid to resist _Poisons_ by Virtue of _Number FIVE_; as _one Leaf_ of it\ntaken _twice_ a day in _Wine_, cures the QUOTIDIAN; _three_, the\nTERTIAN; and four, the QUARTAN _Fever_. So likewise in the _Herb_\nHELIOTROPIUM TRICOCCON[127], _three Grains_ whereof cures the TERTIAN:\nand _four_, the QUARTAN _Ague_. In like manner, as a _Serpent_, if\nstruck ONCE with a _Spear_, _dies_; but if TWICE, is said to recover\n_Strength_. So much for the Curious.\nHOWEVER, These and many other Things might be mentioned, both in\n_Natural_, and _Supernatural Beings_, upon the wonderful _Power_ and\n_Efficacy_ of _NUMBERS_: Which plausible _Doctrine_ not only the most\nEminent _Philosophers_, but also the most Learned _Catholick DOCTORS_,\nnamely, St. _Jerom_, _Austin_, _Origen_, _Ambrose_, _Athanasius_, &c.\nAll unanimously teach; as well as the most famous Dr. _Rabanus_\n(Archbishop of _Mentz_) who in his Time compos\u2019d an excellent _Book_ to\nthis purpose chiefly upon the _Virtues_ of Numbers.\nBUT notwithstanding all This, I am far from believing that there is any\npeculiar _Virtue_ in _NUMBERS_, considered _abstractedly_: Only, I would\nhereby demonstrate, that as the _Omniscient CREATOR_ has appointed every\nthing a _certain TIME_ for its _Production_, _Augmentation_,\n_Perfection_, _Declension_, and _Duration_; so in all probability, the\nsame _Decree_ or Good-Will of _Divine Providence_ may have ordered\n_NUMBERS_, and _Sett-Days_ or _Times_ to concur with the apparent\nNecessity of _Corporeal_, _Natural_, and _Mechanical_ CAUSES. For in\nTruth, at last, I cannot think that, unless there had been some great\nand distinct _Mysterys_ of _GOD_ and _Nature_ comprehended in _NUMBERS_,\nthe Great DIVINE[128] would otherwise have recommended That _Search_ to\nthe World of Understanding to count the _NUMBER_ of the _Beast_: saying,\n_It is the Number of a Man_. But to proceed:\n[Illustration]\n           _Of an Eleven-Months, and all posteriour BIRTHS._\nAs to this MONTH, many _Authors_[129] agree to legitimate its _BIRTH_;\nbecause of several repeated _Instances_ that really happen\u2019d in their\nDays: To which I can add _ONE_ of my own proper _Experience_, during my\nitinerant _Practice_ in the City of _Prague_. Where, as I came\nrecommended to the Acquaintance of some Eminent _Physicians_ of the\nPlace, I happen\u2019d once to be call\u2019d (by _one_ of them) to a _Lady_ in\nLABOUR; whom I had the good Fortune to deliver immediately, of a fine,\nlusty, and lively _Girl_. After which, I had the Honour to attend her in\n_Child-Bed_; I mean, to visit and prescribe for her, by the concurring\nAdvice of my Honoured _Friend_ (the most Learned and Ingenious Dr. _Von\nOverberg_, who was her near Relation) in order to prevent some\n_Disasters_ under which she had formerly suffer\u2019d on the like Occasion.\nUpon This, she was pleas\u2019d to tell me out of her own Mouth, that, before\nthe _Day_ of her DELIVERY, her _Husband_, (who was a _Colonel_ in the\nImperial Service) had been gone to the _Army_, then in _Sicily_, TEN\nMONTHS and _two Days_; so that this _Proculean_ CHILD was born (at\nsoonest) the _Third Day_ of the _Eleventh Month_. And in this _Case_, I\ndare say, I was no ways mistaken, or impos\u2019d upon; that _Lady_ being\nendued with no less true _Honour_ and strict _Virtue_, than she was\notherways deservedly esteem\u2019d, of a singular good _Character_, and great\n_Distinction_ in that Place.\nUPON which happy Occasion, I was the first Time fully satisfy\u2019d, and\nconvinc\u2019d, as to the due Proportion and Distinction of the _Four\ncontroverted Terms_; _viz._ that, by how much the _latter Part_ of the\nTENTH MONTH is preferable to the _Beginning_ of the NINTH; by so much is\nthe _Beginning_ of the ELEVENTH, preferable to any _BIRTH_[130]\nhappening in the _latter Part_ of the SEVENTH MONTH: So that, upon the\nwhole Matter, I can find no plausible Reason why All _Those_ may not be\naccounted _Legitimate terms_ of Time in _Child-Bearing_, as well as the\n_latter Part_ of the NINTH, and _Beginning_ of the TENTH MONTH.\nWHICH probable Opinion we may the more readily agree to, and acquiesce\nin; especially because (if what has been said of the rest of the\nPLANETS, in the respective _Chapters_ of _This_ and the _First SECTION_,\nbe true) the SUN in this ELEVENTH MONTH returns to take care of the\nINFANT (yet unborn;) by virtue of whose vivacious _Influence_ and\nbeneficent _Quality_, _BIRTHS_ of this MONTH are accounted no less\n_vital_ and _successful_, than any _others_ differently time\u2019d.\nTHERE are also many _Authors_, over and above, who make mention of\n_BIRTHS_, in the _Twelfth_, _Thirteenth_, _Fourteenth_, and _Fifteenth_\nMONTH. Yes verily, and there is _one remarkable Instance_, of the\nPhysical _College_ at _Montpelier_, where a grand _Consultation_ was\nheld about the Year 1590, in _Favour_ of a certain MARCHIONESS; who\n(after some fair _Legitimate BIRTHS_) had _Two_[131] running\nsuccessively, the _one_ in the _Eighteenth_, the _other_ in the\n_Twentieth_ MONTH: upon which, divers curious _Reasonings_ happened, and\nvarious _Sentiments_ were deliver\u2019d. However, because such _Precedents_\nare so very few and uncommon, I shall take up no more _Time_ about them.\nOnly\nAS to what is said in this, and the preceding Chapters, touching the\n_Months_, I desire to be understood, as meaning _Solar_, not _Lunar_\nMonths: By _Solar_ Months, I mean that Space of Time, which the _Sun_\ncontinues in either, or every, _Sign_ of the _Zodiack_, comprehending\nthirty Days.\nBUT it may (perhaps) be objected, that the _Antients_ (especially the\n_Greeks_) reckon\u2019d their Years by _Lunar Revolutions_ only, and had none\nelse but _Lunar Months_. To which I answer, that the _Wise_ and _Divine\nHIPPOCRATES_ computes[132] the Time of _Birth_ by _Decads of Weeks_;\nwhich _Decad_ contains Seventy, as every Week consists of Seven full\nDays: Hence _He_ makes out the Legitimacy of a _Seven-Months Child_;\nbecause that _Term_ comprehends _three Decads_ of Weeks, or 210 Days:\nAnd hence it is evident, that he has measur\u2019d that Time of _Gestation_\nby _Solar_ Months, of which each contains 30 Days, answering alike in\n_Births_ of all Months. For if we _divide_ those 210 Days by 7, for the\nNumber of Months, we shall find a _Quotient_ of 30 Days to each; or if\nwe _multiply_ 30 by 7, we\u2019ll find a _Product_ of 210 Days in all. And\nthis _Computation_ he farther elucidates, saying[133], _As thirty Suns\nform the F\u0153tus, so seventy move it, and two hundred and ten perfect it_.\nHence it is evident and certain, that HIPPOCRATES also considered and\nregarded the _Circuits_ of the _Sun_. Which leads me farther, to\n[Illustration]\n   _Of the Reasons why ONE Number of Months, Weeks, and Days, is more\n                  Auspicious to BIRTH, than ANOTHER._\nWHAT has been said in the _Seven preceeding Chapters_ particularly,\nconcerning _Months_, _Weeks_, &c. leads me directly to descant upon\n_THESE_ in general: Which _Topick_, tho\u2019 I could willingly resign it to\nthe more _Judicious_ to enter upon, and recommend to the more _Learned_\nto discuss; yet lest I may be thought to evade or omit any material\n_Point_ which I have undertaken, I shall endeavour (according to the\nBest of my weak _Capacity_) to explain, _en passant_, and to unfold this\n_Mystery_, by declaring the most plausible _Orthodox Reasons_ why _ONE\nNumber of Days, Weeks and Months, is more Auspicious to the BIRTH_, and\naffords more _Vitality_ to the CHILD than _ANOTHER_.\nIN handling of which _Subject-Matter_, as I propose to be very _Brief_,\nso I shall only observe in short, that such _Reasons_ are chiefly\nfounded upon a _double Principle_; That is, of daily _Experience_, and\nnatural _Knowledge_.\nI. UPON daily _Experience_; in that it is notoriously well known that\nCHILDREN born in _different Months_, are not equally _Vital_ or\n_Lively_; and in that it is evidently manifest, that the _7th_, _9th_,\nand _10th_, and perhaps the _11th Month_ also, are endued with some\ncertain _Virtues_, and prevalent _Qualitys_ before all OTHERS in this\nCase.\nII. UPON Natural _Knowledge_; insomuch that it is the Opinion of all\nJudicious _Naturalists_ (either _Philosophers_ or _Physicians_) that\nthis _inferiour World_ is moved and govern\u2019d by _superiour Bodys_, and\nthat all _Terrestrial Vicissitudes_ and _Changes_ depend upon\n_C\u00e6lestials_, and those chiefly upon the SUN and MOON: which both\npossess great _influential Virtues_, and exercise great directing\n_Powers_ over all _Inferiour Bodys_. From hence the _Antients_ always\nmaintain\u2019d, that the _Periodical Accessions_ and _Circulations_ of many\nDISTEMPERS depended entirely on their noxious _Influences_; especially\nupon that of the Moon, because of her _Proximity_.\nNAY, some _Authors_ have advanced so far, as to ascribe the only _Cause_\nof them to the _Powers_ of the STARS and PLANETS. But tho\u2019 I am no ways\nto countenance _These Notions_ to this ridiculous Length, nor in the\nleast to defend the vain _Fictions_, or foolish _Ostentations_ of the\nvulgar _ASTROLOGERS_; yet I shall make no scruple to assert that both\nthe STARS and PLANETS are concurring or co-operating, tho not sole\n_efficient Causes_, in these _Cases_: And This, I hope, I may rationally\nbe allow\u2019d to do, supposing I had not the direct _Authority_ of such a\nGreat Man, as the most Learned and Excellent Dr. _Mead_[134], over and\nabove to back me; who says, \u201c_It is moreover to be consider\u2019d, that the\nrest of the_ STARS _and_ PLANETS _have each their Power and Influence,\nwhich tho\u2019 they be not Equal to that of the_ SUN _and_ MOON; _yet\nnotwithstanding they conspire to augment or diminish their Powers on\nhuman Bodys; and this Concourse is of so great Consequence_ (says this\nEminent Author) _that we must refer to it the sudden and hidden Power of\nmost Distempers in all Countries_, &c.\u201d\nBUT the _Powers_ of the two great and glorious LUMINARYS, we are more\n_sensible_ of, as they are more manifestly _conspicuous_; and _These_ we\nmay in many other _Cases_, (as well as in _BIRTHS_) hold for _efficient\nCauses_.\nFOR who knows not that the Influence of the SUN fructifies all sorts of\n_Grain_, and ripens _Fruit_, _Corn_, &c? Who knows not that by its\n_Force_ or _Influx_ only, divers _Animals_, _Insects_, &c. engender and\nspring out of the _Dust_ and the _Earth_? Or, who knows not that its\n_Power_ prompts all Creatures to _Coition_, and excites them to\npropagate their respective _Species_, each one its own _Kind_, &c.\nNEITHER is the _Influence_ of the MOON less evident: For does it not\nchange the _Constitution_ of the WEATHER, raise the AIR, heighten the\nWINDS, swell and exagitate the _Surface_ of the SEA, and finally,\naugment and increase the very _Tides_ of the OCEAN? Do not all\n_Animals_, as well as the _Menstruous_ and _Pregnant Woman_ sensibly\nfeel the _Power_ of the LUNAR _Influence_? Yes verily, as my last quoted\n_Author_ justly[135] observes, _unless their REGIMEN be perverted, by\nwhich means the Body may be disqualify\u2019d or rendred unapt to receive the\nImpression_.\nNOW _this_ does not only happen to _Four-footed Beasts_, and all that\npossess the dry _LAND_; but also more especially to the _Inhabitants_ of\nthe _SEA_: And how remarkable is it, that the very _Shell-Fish_, (how\nclosely soever shut up, and how low soever buried, as it were, in the\nvery _ABYSS_ of the _Deeps_) cannot be exempted from the sensible\nImpression of this LUNAR _Power_? To this Point and Purpose (I think)\n_Lucilius_[136], that Learned Poet, manifestly alludes, saying,\n             _\u201cLuna alit Ostrea, & implet Echinos, Muribus\n             \u201cFibras & Pecui addit._\nAnd after _Him_, _Manilius_[137], that great _Astronomer_, writes _\u00e0\npropos_ upon this _Topick_, when he says,\n            _\u201cSic submersa fretis Concharum & Carcere clausa\n            \u201cAd Lun\u00e6 motum variant Animalia Corpus._\nTHESE Things then being evidently so, and it being a most certain and\nundeniable _Truth_, that the SUN and MOON have each their respective\n_Influence_ upon all _Inferiour Bodys_: (as has also been already shewn\nin _Sect._ I. _Chap._ 8.) I come now to observe that such _Mutations_ as\nare _Quick_ and _Brief_, or such _Changes_ as are accomplished in a _Few\nDays_, may be entirely ascribed to the _Power_ of the MOON: As in the\n_Reverse_ of these _Cases_, which cannot be determin\u2019d under a _Long\nTime_; the _Course_ of the SUN is more chiefly to be consider\u2019d and\nprincipally regarded.\nSO _Acute Fevers_ (because _SHORT_) are generally assuaged and dissolved\nin _14 Days_: Whereas _Quartans_ (because _LONG_) on the contrary are\nonly determin\u2019d in _six Months_. It\u2019s true indeed, the _Antients_\nascribed these _Laws_ of NATURE, to _Pythagorean Numbers_, and\ndistinguish\u2019d the _Times_ of FEVERS according to their _Critical Days_,\nwhich they strictly animadverted, as they laid great _Stress_ upon that\nCeremonious Observation.\nHOWEVER, _Galen_ made a far stricter _Disquisition_ in this Matter, and\nconceiv\u2019d (as the _Truth_ indeed is) that the _Accessions_ and _Crises_\nof FEVERS had no _Connexion_ with any _NUMBERS_ or _odd Days_, but took\n_Origin_ only from the _Efficacy_ of the MOON: (as is more fully\nexplain\u2019d in _Chap._ 28. of this _Section_.) According to which\n_MAXIM_[138], _Acute Distempers_ have their _Circulations_ in _Seven\nDays_, and take their _Accesses_ and _Declinations_ from the _Course_ of\nthe MOON; which every _Seventh Day_, when NEW, HALF-FULL, or FULL, has\nher greatest _Influence_.\nHE farther observes that the _Quarter-Day_ of the MOON may fall upon the\n_6th_ or _8th_ Day of the DISTEMPER, and consequently _either_ of _these\nDays_ may determine it as well as the _SEVENTH_. For (according to Dr.\n_Mead_\u2019s excellent Judgment) the _Dissolution_ of a FEVER sometimes\nhappens _To-day_, which according to the ordinary _Course_ of the\nDISTEMPER ought to happen _To-morrow_; or, on the contrary, the _same_\nmay be procrastinated till _To-morrow_, which might be expected\n_To-day_: And _That_ for the various _Reasons_[139] most ingeniously by\nhim alledg\u2019d and irrefragably established.\nIN fine, such _Mutations_ and _Circulations_ of Things as are perfected\nand perform\u2019d in a _few Days_, are directed by the _Property_ of the\nMOON: whereas such _Changes_ and _Alterations_ as require the\nDissolution and Determination of _Months_, refer only to the\n_Government_ of the SUN. Which I would have thus candidly understood,\n_viz._\nAS from the beginning of the _Month_ to the FULL-MOON are almost _14\nDays_, which accomplish half the _Lunar Circuit_, and comprehend two\n_Quarter-Changes_; so from the Beginning of _Spring_ to the End of\n_Summer_ are six _Months_, which comprehend _two Seasons_ or half of the\nYear: And so that _Mediety_ or _Half of the Month_, from _FULL-MOON_, to\nthe Time of _Occultation_ or _NEW-MOON_, answers to the other _six\nMonths_, from the beginning of _Autumn_ to the last of _Winter_, which\nconclude the other Half of the Year.\nFOR as we divide the _Course_ of the _MOON_ by _4 Weeks_, according to\nits 4 quarter _Changes_; so we distribute the _Course_ of the _SUN_ into\n_4 Stations_, according to the _four Seasons_ of the Year: Hence it is\nthat all _Times_ of the _Year_ answer in proportion to the different\n_Weeks_ of the _Month_, and all _Stations_ of the _SUN_ (in like manner)\nto the different _Changes_ of the _MOON_. Wherefore as the _7th Day_,\nwhich is the 4th Part of the _Lunar Month_, determines _acute\nDistempers_; so the _Change_ of the _Season_ of the Year dissolves\n_Diuturnal Diseases_. The _SPRING_ commonly shakes off any _Malady_\ngenerated in _WINTER_, as the _SUMMER_ does what is begun in the\n_SPRING_; and the _AUTUMN_ discusseth any _Affection_ excited in\n_SUMMER_, as the _WINTER_ does what happen\u2019d in _AUTUMN_.\nTHESE Things being thus cleared-up by the way, we have now only to\nconsider, that the Time of _GESTATION_ is no _Acute_, but a _Diuturnal\nEffect_; and that BIRTH is nothing else but the CRISIS of the same\n_Affection_, according to[140]_Hippocrates_\u2019s Sense. Which, if so, it is\nevidently manifest that, in defining the _Time_ of BIRTH, we ought\nchiefly to regard the _Course_ of the _SUN_, and strictly observe the\n_Number_ of _MONTHS_; However so, as not to neglect the _Motions_ of the\n_MOON_, and consequently, we ought also to consider duly the neat\n_Number_ of _DAYS_: Wherefore (I say) in BIRTH we are to have a just\nRegard to, and take a strict Observation of, not only the _Changes_ of\nthe _MOON_, but also of the _Mutations_ of the _SUN_; because both the\n_One_ and the _Other_ act very powerfully in _BIRTH_. Which I thus beg\nleave to illustrate as follows, _viz._\nAS the _first seven Days_ have the greatest Power of determining _Acute\nDiseases_, so the _first three Months_ of _GESTATION_ (which answer to\nthose Days) determine the _CONCEPTION_: And as of _those_ the _7th Day_\nis the most powerful, so of _these_ the _third Month_ is the most\nprevalent. From hence it is that the FOETUS suffers such manifest\n_Alterations_ and _Changes_ of Nature in this MONTH: For it is now\nmetamorphos\u2019d or chang\u2019d from an _Inanimate_ into an _Animate Being_: It\nnow becomes a _Living_ and _Moving Body_, subsisting henceforward by its\nown proper vivacious _Faculties_; yet not so however, that _this_ MONTH\ncan be presum\u2019d to produce a _vital Birth_: No, because as every perfect\nand plausible _CRISIS_ of the _7th Day_, requires the _Concurrence_ of\nthe digested _Humour_, together with the _Ability_ and _Strength_ of the\n_PATIENT_; so in BIRTH, the _Disposition_ of the _INFANT_ must\nnecessarily concur with all _These_, which it can never be suppos\u2019d to\ndo in the short Space of _Three Months_.\nMOREOVER again, as the _Days_ of the Interval from the _7th_ to the\n_14th_, have but small _Power_ in dissolving _acute Diseases_; so\nneither have the _4th_ or _5th Months_ (which assimilate _these Days_)\nany _Efficacy_ tending to BIRTH. Wherefore if an unlucky _Ejection_ of\nthe _Foetus_ happens in _these Months_, it can be no otherwise judged\nof, than as when _Symptomatical_ (not _Critical_) _Excretions_ fall out\non DAYS not _Decretory_: Hence we (of consequence) may collect, that the\nvery _First Time_, in which a _legitimate Term_ can be suppos\u2019d to\nconcur effectually, together with the _Disposition_ and _Strength_ of\nthe _INFANT_, in case of BIRTH, will be (as _Hippocrates_ has well\nobserved[141]) about the _182d Day_, or at the _half Year\u2019s End_: Which\n(however) he calls a _Septimestrian_ BIRTH, because the _Ancients_\nreckon\u2019d their Year by _Lunar Months_, as they did their _Months_ by the\nCourse of the MOON; whereof 13 with some _Days_ of the _14th Month_\nconstitute the _Solar Year_: Not that I mean they in the Interim were at\nall ignorant of the _Solar Periods_. And however, tho\u2019 this _Number of\n182 Days_ make but up _six Solar Months_; yet, as it comprehends _seven\nLunar Months_, and almost constitutes three DECADES of _Lunar Weeks_,\nthere can be no _Repugnancy_ in that _Wise Man\u2019s Meaning_, whatever some\nliteral _Interpreters_ may imagine to the contrary.\nNOW this _sixth Month_ being the _second Solar Mutation_, in it the WOMB\nbegins to be more severely oppress\u2019d with the _Weight_ and _Bulk_ of its\nBurthen; for now the _INFANT_ has assum\u2019d _Perfection_, and (perhaps)\ngot _Strength_ sufficient to undergo its _Fatigue_ in LABOUR, and\n_Power_ enough to support _Life_, after its BIRTH; especially if\nprocreated of the more vivid, valid, or excellent SEED; whose powerful\n_Faculty_ and vigorous _Quality_ may perhaps have perform\u2019d the Work of\n_Formation_ in 30, which otherwise would require 35, or _more Days_: In\nthis _Case_ (of consequence) the BIRTH will succeed at the\nabove-mentioned _happy Time_; as appears more amply from what has been\nalready set forth in SECT. 1. _Chap._ 9.\nNOW from what has been said, I hope it appears highly reasonable to\ncompute the _legitimate Time_ of BIRTH, not only by _Months_ and\n_Moons_, but also by _Weeks_ and _Days_: Which however yet, I look not\nupon to be any very full, exact, or sufficient satisfactory\n_Calculation_; because (I think) we have also just Reason to compute\nthis _Time_ even by _Hours_ and _Minutes_. Therefore how just soever\n_Aristotle_\u2019s Observation (mentioned by _Pliny_[142]) may be, _that no\nAnimal expires but in the Reflux or Ebb of the Sea_; I am yet positive,\nthat Monsieur _Paschal_\u2019s Notion (mentioned by Doctor _Mead_[143]) _that\nall Births as well as Deaths fall out in the Reflux, and that no Animal\nis born or dies in the Flux_, may be rationally controverted: For I must\nneeds assert that, without any regard to his _Senarian Fluxes_ and\n_Refluxes_, BIRTHS happen at every _Hour_ of the DAY or NIGHT: and\nperhaps more naturally too in the FLUX, than in the REFLUX of the _Sea_.\nAnd this, I think, may appear evident, even from the self-same Reasons\nby which he endeavours to make out the Contrary[144]; namely, that\nintermitting _Fevers_ have their greatest _Paroxisms_ in the Time of the\nFLUX, whereas they cease in the REFLUX by _sweating_: collecting from\nhence, that the Motion, Vigour, and Force of _Distempers_ are chiefly\nadvanc\u2019d in the _Senary_ of the FLUX; and on the contrary, that they are\ndissolved in the _Senary_ of the REFLUX. Which Observation, with respect\nto _Fevers_, this most excellent _Doctor_ has found experimentally[145]\n_True_, as a great many others have also done.\nBUT in the _Case_ of a Woman in LABOUR, as (with Submission) I judge the\n_Paroxisms_ to differ from the Nature of those in a _Fever_, so I humbly\nconceive that the _Effect_ must prove the REVERSE. For the _Paroxisms_\nin BIRTH, are nothing else than the _Pains_ or _Pangs_ of LABOUR; and\nwho knows not that (in Case of a _natural Situation_ of the _INFANT_ and\nthe _WOMB_) the greater _These_ are, the more _Success_ and _Expedition_\nattends the BIRTH? And who again knows not, that in this Case, the more\nvigorous _Motion_ the _INFANT_ makes, and the more _Force_ and\n_Strength_ that attends the _Pains_, the sooner the DELIVERY is\nperfected? Which, of consequence, according to his own Opinion, will\nfall out in the _Senary_ of the FLUX? In fine, again I farther observe,\nthat, as the REFLUX may be the appointed Time of Nature destinated to\n_Death_, so may the FLUX be allotted to BIRTH; which (in my Mind) is as\nopposite to _Death_, as the FLUX is to the REFLUX of the _Tide_ of the\nSea.\nWHEREFORE I am obliged to repeat it again here, that we ought to\ncalculate the _Legitimate Time_ of BIRTH, not only by _Months_, _Weeks_,\nand _Days_, but perhaps also by _Hours_ and _Minutes_; and _that_\nbecause, according to the Great _Galen_\u2019s Observation[146], as the\n_Year_, _Month_, or _Week_ does not consist of entire _Days_, so neither\ndoes the DAY of entire _Hours_: For as the _Year_ consists of 365\n_Days_, six _Hours_, and a few _Minutes_; and the _Month_ of thirty\n_Days_, ten and a half _Hours_; and the _Week_ of seven _Days_, two\n_Hours_, and twenty-seven _Minutes_; so the _Day_ (in proportion)\nconsists of 24 _Hours_ and 21 _Minutes_: From whence I conclude (with\nthat wise _Man_) that we can make no very nice _Computation_ in this\nAffair, by _full Days_, without FRACTIONS.\nWHEREFORE it is that the most Learned and Inquisitive _Boethogynists_,\nor _Female Physicians_ maintain, that they have always observed their\nWOMEN to bring forth the self-same HOUR of the _Night_ or _Day_, in\nwhich they conceived: And _This_ also daily Experience seems to confirm\nfor _Truth_; because it is certain, that most BIRTHS happen in the\n_Night-Time_, or _Dawning of the Day_; at which _Times_, we may very\nprobably suppose the Generality of _Parents_ to be most employ\u2019d that\nway: Whereupon, if This be True, Mr. _Paschal_\u2019s Position will fall of\ncourse; and then that _Assertion_ of a _Legitimate BIRTH_\u2019s requiring,\nnot only a certain and prefinite Number of _Days_, but also of _Hours_\nand _Minutes_, will more rationally be establish\u2019d in its Room:\nNotwithstanding that Saying of _Hippocrates_[147] himself, after having\ndistinguished upon the _Times_ of _BIRTH_, _That these Things fall out\nin a few Days more or less_.\nHOWEVER, in fine, from what has been said, (I hope) the _Reasons_ I have\ngiven here, why _one Number_ of _Months_, _Weeks_, and _Days_ is more\nauspicious to the _BIRTH_, and more fortunate to the CHILD, than\n_another_, are by this Time made manifestly clear and self-evident. Now\nthese Things being thus briefly accounted for, I must proceed in the\nnext place (with the READER\u2019s good Leave) to provide for and prepare the\n_Pregnant Woman_, against the _Expiration_ of these _Months_, _Weeks_,\nand _Days_.\n[Illustration]\n  _Of the DIET and REGIMEN of the Woman, before and about the Time of\nTHO\u2019 the _Woman_ ought to be cautious of her _DIET_ and _REGIMEN_ during\nthe whole time of _Pregnancy_, as advis\u2019d in _Chap._ 3. of this SECTION;\nyet she is now oblig\u2019d in the _first place_ (especially from the\nbeginning of the _9th_ MONTH) to be much more circumspect; to use\nnothing but FOOD of good _Nutrition_ and easy _Concoction_, of an\n_Aperitive_ and _Laxative_ Quality, _little_ at a time, but frequently\ntaken.\nII. SHE ought to _stir_ often, and exercise herself _moderately_,\nwithout _stooping_ or _bending_ the Body too much, lest the _UMBILICALS_\nmay entangle the _Infant_.\nIII. SHE should discreetly rest herself at certain Times, and indulge\nherself in composing _Sleep_; lying altogether on her BACK, not on\neither _Side_, that the INFANT may freely turn itself.\nIV. FROM the _tenth Day_, proper Emollient and Laxative _Decoctions_ by\nway of BATHS, may necessarily be used twice or thrice a _Week_, for\nmoistening the _Passages_, and facilitating the BIRTH: Or otherwise, the\nBELLY and proper _Parts_ need only be fomented with _Cloths_, or\n_Spunges_ dipp\u2019d in such _Decoctions_, and the neighbouring _Places_\nanointed with apposite _Liniments_ or requisite _Ointments_: But no\n_Laconick_ or _Sweating_ BATHS or BAGNIO\u2019S, ought to be used at this\n_Juncture_; notwithstanding some contrary _Opinions_.\nV. THE _Infant_ is to be cherish\u2019d, and strengthen\u2019d by proper\n_Cordials_ inwardly taken, as well as by outward _Applications_.\nVI. THE _Room_ or _Chamber_ in which the Woman is to undergo her TRAVAIL\nand _Lying-In_, ought to be conveniently _temperate_, neither too _cold_\nnor too _hot_: By reason that the _one_ certainly constringes and shuts\nthe WOMB; as the _other_ dissipates and debilitates the _Spirits_.\nIn short, I have known _Women_, who have often had most painful,\nlingring, and laborious BIRTHS before; to have been LAID _afterwards_\nwith the greatest Ease imaginable in a very short time, by only\ncarefully observing the _above-prescrib\u2019d REGIMEN_. Wherefore I shall\ntake leave to go on farther, to\n[Illustration]\n         _Of the Natural Causes of BIRTH, and Pains of LABOUR._\nTHE _Causes_ of a _Legitimate_ or timely natural _Birth_, are chiefly\n_Three_; viz. I. The suppressed or defective _Respiration_, by the\nencreasing _Calidity_ of the HEART; which defatigates the INFANT so\nmuch, that it cannot live without more free _Ventilation_.\nII. PENURY or _Scarcity_ of ALIMENT; the INFANT now requiring _More_\nthan it can possibly imbibe from the _Mother_; and therefore it is\nforced to seek, what _Nourishment_ it farther requires, Elsewhere.\nIII. THE strict _CONFINEMENT_ of its narrow _Lodging_; the WOMB being\nnow too little to accommodate and entertain the well-grown-INFANT: Like\nto the YOUNG of _Birds_ or _Fowls_; which neither finding sufficient\n_Aliment_ nor _Room_ in the EGG, restlessly seek for _Both_, and in vain\nendeavour for _Either_, until at last they break the _Pellicules_: Which\nas soon as the _Mother_ perceives, she scratches or pecks the _Shell_,\nand so brings out the oppressed indigent CHICKEN. Thus also in the WOMB,\nit happens not unlike; for, when the _Membranes_ break, the _Humours_\nand _Blood_ flow plentifully; and upon this Occasion various _Pains_\nafflict the Woman: Which are always the greater and more severe in the\n_First BIRTH_; because of the _Coarctation_ of the _Passages_, besides\nthe _Party_\u2019s being unaccustomed to such sorrowful Griefs, and\npenetrating Pains.\nNOW the _Reasons_ why WOMEN only, are so much afflicted with dolorous\n_Pains_ in _BIRTH_ (the rest of the _Creatures_ being in a great measure\nof Proportion exempted from them) ought, as some _Divines_ would have us\nbelieve, to be ascribed only to the _SIN_ of the _First Woman_; GOD\nresolving (for that Reason) to punish her whole SEX, by subjecting them\nto those Calamities mentioned in the holy _Scripture_[148]: \u201c_I will\ngreatly multiply thy Sorrow_, _and thy Conception; in Sorrow thou shalt\nbring forth Children_, &c.\u201d\u2014\u2014\nBUT besides this _Doctrine_, I conceive there are _Four_ very\nconsiderable _natural Causes_ that may be reasonably assign\u2019d for it;\n_viz._\nI. THE _DEBILITY_ of _Human Nature_, which in Time of _Labour_ requires\nsometimes the whole _Strength_ of the WOMAN, and sometimes that of the\n_INFANT_ too; and that commonly above what _Either_ can well afford.\nII. THE dull _Sedentary Life_ which _Women_ generally lead and indulge\nthemselves in; as appears plain from what I have often observed in\n_Germany_ and _Holland_: For the _Women_ of those _Countries_ generally\naccustoming themselves to some sort of active _Labour_ and industrious\n_Exercise_, have much easier _BIRTHS_ than any _Others_ that I know.\nIII. BUT one general and universal _Reason_ of it is, that the _Bone_\ncall\u2019d OS COCCYGIS, which is loosely join\u2019d to the inferiour Extremity\nof the _Bone_ call\u2019d SACRUM, bending outwards during the Time of LABOUR;\nas the _CHILD_ advances, its _Head_ presseth the _Gut_ call\u2019d RECTUM\nhard against it; which causeth most severe, acute, and extreme _PAINS_.\nIV. ANOTHER principal and universal _Reason_ of it, is, the BULK of the\n_Head_ of the _INFANT_; which (according to _Albertus Magnus_) is equal\nin the time of _BIRTH_, to the rest of the _Whole Man_; causing a\nviolent _Dilatation_ of the WOMB, that is very _strait_ in comparison of\nthis BULK; and _That_ being a very sensible _Membranous Composition_,\n_This_ must (of Necessity) occasion most grievous and almost intolerable\n_PAINS_. Whence I come to\n[Illustration]\n              _Of the CAUSES of a sooner, or later BIRTH._\nMANY great Men have written and answer\u2019d promiscuously on this _Head_,\nsuggesting a vast Variety of _Reasons_ for it: But as _Every One_ is\nleft to think and judge the Best he can for Himself, so I shall (in this\nplace) only animadvert upon _Those Causes_, which I most entirely\napprove of; and as they are _Fivefold_, so I think, they either depend\nupon the _Genital Seed_; the _Formative Faculty_; the _Temperature_ of\nthe WOMB; the _Constitution_ of the WOMAN; or the _Influence_ of\n_Superiour Bodies_.\nI. THE _natural Cause_ may depend upon the SEED: Because as there is\namong GRAIN several _sorts_, some of which fructify and ripen in\n_Three_, some in _Four Months_, and others which require much _longer\nTime_; so it may be also in _human_ SEED, that it may differ as much in\nits Kind. Which Truth is very evident from what has been frequently\nobserved, that _Women_ bring forth the _Children_ of different FATHERS,\nat different Times; whereof I shall only mention the remarkable Instance\nof _Vestilia_[149]: who was thus deliver\u2019d of _Three Children_ to her\n_Three several Husbands_, HERDITIUS, POMPONIUS, and ORSITUS, all noble\nCitizens of _Rome_: _viz._ Of the _one_ in the _7th_, of the _other_ in\nthe _11th_, and of the _last_ at the Expiration of _8 Months_.\nII. THE _natural Cause_ may also depend upon the _FORMING FACULTY_; so\nfar, as the _Formation_ and _Perfection_ of the _FOETUS_ depend upon its\n_Strength_ or _Debility_: For as it may be evidently observ\u2019d after the\n_BIRTH_, that _some Children_ grow a-pace and very suddenly; _others_\n(because of a _sickly Constitution_) thrive but very little, and grow\nslowly; so it happens also with the _FOETUS_ in the WOMB: for the\n_stronger_ that this _Faculty_ is, the sooner _Formation_ is perfected,\nand consequently the sooner the _BIRTH_ follows successfully.\nIII. THE Natural _Cause_ again may depend upon the _Temperature_ of the\nWOMB: Because that the _Woman_ (being the only _one_ of all Creatures\nwhich tolerates _Copulation_ during the time of _Pregnancy_) may be, by\nits frequent or immoderate _Use_, disorder\u2019d in that noble _Part_; which\nmay infallibly confound and pervert the regular TIME. For as the BUDS of\n_Vines_ cherish\u2019d in the Bosom of the _Earth_, may be easily cut or\ndissipated by the _Plough_; so as at least to alter the TIME of\n_Fructification_, if not quite to destroy _Them_: So it is not very\nunlikely with the INFANT in the WOMB; and therefore wise _Nature_\n(sollicitous of _Propagation_ and _Preservation_ of the _Human_ FOETUS)\nwill not allow that a _Woman_ should have one _precise Time_ of _BIRTH_.\nIV. THE Natural _Cause_ may also depend upon the _Constitution_ of the\nMOTHER, so far as her _Habits_ of Body, and _Way of Living_, are\nconducive (or _not_) to the _Maturation_, _Perfection_, _Strength_, or\n_Debility_ of the _INFANT_.\nV. AND finally, the _Cause_ may depend upon a _superiour Influence_, in\nso far that, as we see with our _Eyes_, such _Grain_ as is _sowed_, and\nsuch _Plants_ or _Trees_ as are _planted_ in the _Interlunium_, or\n_silent Moon_, and before _Full-Moon_, to fructify and _ripen_ sooner\nthan others: Or, as we see and perceive our very _Nails_ and _Hair_\nwhich are _cut_ in that Time, to _grow_ faster and sooner, than what is\nso _cut_ after the _Full-Moon_: So we may as easily comprehend by our\n_Reason_, that these _Times_ may have the same Natural _Effect_ in\nthe[150]_Human Seed_. And as then the _Parts_ are more _Succulent_, and\nthe _Generative Virtue_ more _excitated_, not only in the _Human Seed_,\nbut also in all other _Seeds_ and _Roots_, what wonder is it, that the\n_Womb_ be also more _efficacious_ and _prestant_ at the same\n_Conjuncture_?\nThis I take to have been _Pliny_\u2019s[151] Meaning, saying none are _born_\nin the 7th Month, but they who have been _conceiv\u2019d_ in the very\n_Change_ of the _Moon_, or within a Day of it, under or over. Hence I\nmay justly observe, that all _slower Births_ have been _begotten_ at\nopposite Times; for which, I think, I have also sufficient Authority\nfrom[152]_HIPPOCRATES_ himself, saying, when a _Woman conceives_ after\n_Full-Moon_, that _Conception_ must, of Necessity, reach the 11th Month.\nHAVING thus far (according to the Best of my Judgment) dilucidated these\n_Cases_, and having hitherto conducted the _Woman with Child_, and\nbrought her safe this Length, thro\u2019 all the _Difficulties_ she has been\nexpos\u2019d to, and the many _Hardships_ she has met with in her _Gestation_\nor _Bearing-Time_, to the compleat _Number_ of her _MONTHS_, or precise\n_Time_ of her _LABOUR_: It remains now, that I should also direct her\n_Safety_ upon that emergent Occasion; since if we should now lose our\ngood and fruitful _Woman_ at last, all our previous _Pains_ and _Care_\nhave been _Labour in vain_, and nothing but _Frustration_. But, because\nthe _Work_ of _DELIVERY_, does not always depend upon the _Woman_\nherself, and but seldom in these _Countries_, upon the _Physician_;\nbefore I commit her to the _Hands_ of the rude or unskilful, (whether\n_MAN_ or _WOMAN-MIDWIFE_) I shall in the next Place, (with all due\n_Deference_ to my _SUPERIOURS_, especially the eminent _Professors_ of\n_Physick_, and _Practisers_ of MIDWIFERY in the _City_ of _LONDON_)\nendeavour to instruct such Persons in the _Fundamentals_ of their _ART_,\nand to qualify them with the necessary _Knowledge_, and indispensible\n_Duty_ of their _BUSINESS_.\nIN fine, I shall attempt now to perform This _Undertaking_ in the\nplainest and most succinct _Terms_ following.\n[Illustration]\n[Illustration]\n[Illustration]\nBIRTH, and whatever may depend of, take Rise from, or have any\nantecedent, concomitant, or consequent Relation to it, is the only\nproper Business of MIDWIFERY, and justly deemed the common Boundary of\nthe _Knowledge_ and _Practice_ of the MIDWIFE.\nWHICH _Art_ of MIDWIFERY is (in itself) as excellent and ingenious, as\nits _Practice_ is useful, and absolutely necessary to the\n_Commonwealth_; insomuch that this will admit of no _Contradiction_,\nwhen we rightly consider the following few, but important, general\n_Heads_, to which I reduce it throughout this Work, _viz._\nI. THIS _Art_ distinguisheth a _Fertile_ from a _Sterile_ or Barren\nWOMB; it supports and corroborates the _one_, and rectifies and cures\nthe _other_, in most (if not in all) _Cases_.\nII. IT distinguisheth an impregnated from an unconceived WOMB, a real\nfrom a false _Big-Belly_, and a natural from a preternatural\n_CONCEPTION_.\nIII. IT teacheth the _Regimen_ of the conceived Woman, for averting the\nSeverity of the SYMPTOMS of the several _Months_, and all acute\n_Diseases_, in order to strengthen the _Infant_, and prevent any\nMISCARRIAGE.\nIV. IT instructeth by the _Touch_ or _Handling_ only, to discover, from\ntime to time, the true _State_ and Condition of the _Conceived Woman_,\nnot only during the Time of _Pregnancy_, but also before and in the time\nof LABOUR.\nV. IT immediately (in the beginning of LABOUR) discriminates a _Natural_\nfrom a _Preternatural_, and an _easy_ and _speedy_ from a _difficult_\nand _lingring_ future BIRTH.\nVI. IT presently discovers any _one_ or more of the many different,\ngeneral, or particular _CAUSES_ of _difficult_ or _preternatural_\nBIRTHS.\nVII. IT informeth the fair _Practiser_ how to remove and correct those\n_CAUSES_, and deliver the _Woman_, not at all by _butcherly\nInstruments_, but by _Judgment_ and _Help_ of HAND only.\nVIII. IT sheweth not only how to extract _dead Children_, and sometimes\nMONSTERS, but also false _Conceptions_, _Superf\u0153tations_, _Moles_, &c.\nIX. AND Lastly, this ART teacheth the true _Regimen_ of the\n_CHILD-BED-WOMAN_, and her _BABE_, together with the proper _Methods_\nand _Means_ of _HELP_ in all Cases incident to them _Both_.\nTHESE _Heads_ (I think) fully comprehend the whole _Art_ of MIDWIFERY:\nAnd what can be more _ingenious_ now? What can be more _conducive_ to\nthe common Good, or more _serviceable_ to any Country, than the\nPreservation of the _Health_ and _Lives_ of its multiplying _WOMEN_ and\n_CHILDREN_?\nTHIS _Art_ has been in such _Esteem_ among the _ANTIENTS_, that it was\n(in all Ages) the _Study_ of the most Learned PHYSICIANS; tho\u2019 its\n_Practice_ succeeded best only, first in _France_, then in _Italy_, and\nafterwards in _Germany_. For in these _Countrys_ their _Women_ of all\nRanks (the most Precise and Virtuous) have accustom\u2019d themselves (upon\nthis Occasion) to lay aside all _childish Bashfulness_ and _imaginary\nModesty_, in order to secure their _Own_ and their _Childrens_ Safety,\nby inviting the _Assistance_ of _both SEXES_. And indeed _MEN_ (whom I\nmay justly call the truest and best _Boethogynists_) being better versed\nin _Anatomy_, better acquainted with _Physical Helps_, and commonly\nendued with greater _Presence of Mind_, have been always found readier\nor discreeter, to devise something more _new_, and to give quicker\n_Relief_ in Cases of _difficult_ or _preternatural BIRTHS_, than common\n_MIDWIFES_ generally understand; By which means it comes to pass, that\nthis ART is now brought to its greatest _Perfection_ in these\n_Countries_: Insomuch that, if I might be allowed to adopt a _new Term_\ninto our Language, instead of _MAN-MIDWIFE_, which seems to be a\nContradiction in _Terms_, I would call him the ANDRO-BOETHOGYNIST, or\n_Man-Helper of Woman_, for his excellent Skill in _MIDWIFERY_.\nMOREOVER, the _Authors_ of these Countries have not been remiss, in\ncommunicating their _Experience_ and _Methods_ taken to prevent and\nremedy the many various _Difficulties_ which have occurred in this nice\nAffair. No, _Senertus_, _Rod. \u00e0 Castro_, _Viardel_, _Mauriceau_,\n_Portal_, _Daventer_, _Bartine_, _Garofanzzo_, _Pfizerus_, &c. have\npromerited our immortal _Praises_ as well as _Thanks_, for such famous\nand generous Instances as they have given of their great _Beneficence_\nto _MANKIND_.\nTHE _Four latter_ have made vast _Improvements_ of this ART: but\nparticularly, the most Learned, Ingenious, and excellent PHYSICIANS, and\n_Men-Midwives_, (as vulgarly called) Sig. _Garofanzzo_ and _Pfizerus_\n(my most honoured _Instructors_ in this ART) have absolutely perfected\nthe WORK begun by _others_; for their Rules are firmly founded on sound\nAnatomy, and their _Doctrines_ are more extensive, particular, plain,\nand infallible, than all their _PREDECESSORS_ Discoveries.\nTHEY explain this ART upon firm _Mathematical Foundations_, and solid\n_Demonstrations_ of Truth. Besides they give many new, and most\nnecessary _Directions_, in regard to _Touching_ or _Handling_ of Women;\nwhereby _MIDWIVES_ may not only foresee all _Difficulties_, which can\npossibly happen, but also prevent them in due Time.\nTHEIR great _Ingenuity_ and _Dexterity_ in this _ART_, has (to the Glory\nof _GOD_ Almighty\u2019s good _Providence_, and the Honour of their own\n_Profession_) rendred the _Use_ of INSTRUMENTS, not only needless and\nsuperfluous, but also odious and ridiculous. They instruct us how to\nremedy the most difficult _Occurrences_, by a right _Understanding_ of\nthe Business, and a nice subtile skilful _HAND_ only, without any manner\nof other _INSTRUMENT_; excepting only in the Case of a _MONSTROUS_ or\n_dead BIRTH_.\nUPON whose great _Authorities_, and the small _Knowledge_ I myself have\nof the _Parts_ of Generation, if I affirm the imminent and manifest\n_Danger_ of such dilating INSTRUMENTS, as are commonly us\u2019d upon every\ntrifling Occasion, I hope it will not be taken amiss by the _READER_:\nSince my _Design_ is not so much to discourage any in their _Practice_,\nas only to excite such _Practitioners_ to apply themselves to the\nabove-mention\u2019d far more _Safe_, _Easy_, and _Commendable_ METHOD: which\nif they shall think fit to do, the Excellency of the _Profession_ will\nshine as bright _Here_ as in _other Parts_ of the World; and at the same\ntime, the absurd _Imputations_ and false _Suggestions_ of the Ignorant\n(who imagine all _Women_ to be deliver\u2019d either by CHANCE, or by such\nbarbarous USAGE) will be clean wip\u2019d off: For (I am fully satisfy\u2019d)\nthat our ART, no ways depends upon CHANCE or FORTUNE, and running any\n_Risque_ or _Hazard_; but (to the contrary) on as firm a _Foundation_,\nand as infallible _Rules_, as a great many _other Professions_, which\nhowever yet are sometimes subject to _ACCIDENTS_. All which I shall\nendeavour to make evidently appear, in the next _SECTION_; where I shall\ntreat of the CAUSES of _difficult_ and _preternatural BIRTHS_, together\nwith the respective _Methods_ of preventing, correcting, or removing\nthem effectually.\n[Illustration]\n            _Of the Qualifications of the Ordinary MIDWIFE._\nIT is indeed indifferent whether _Men_ or _Women_ practise this ART, so\nthe _Practisers_ be properly adapted, and duly qualified for the Purpose\nof so great a WORK. As for Instance, in _France_, MEN only profess this\nBusiness; in _Italy_, and _Germany_, MEN and WOMEN promiscuously; in\n_England_, _Scotland_, _Holland_, &c. MEN are stiled Extraordinary\nMIDWIVES, being seldom or never call\u2019d but in extraordinary _Cases_ of\ndifficult and preternatural BIRTHS. Wherefore, upon this Account, I\nshall _first_ observe and denote the _Qualifications_ most requisite and\nabsolutely necessary for _WOMEN_ practising this ART.\nNOW as all _Arts_ and _Sciences_ require _Instruction_, _Application_,\n_Pains_, and _Time_, for qualifying any _Person_ to become a MASTER in\nthe _Practice_ of them; so the ART of _Midwifery_ requires not the least\nRegard, Attention, and Information. Wherefore it is quite wrong for any\n_Persons_, who have not a _Body_ and _Mind_ particularly adapted to this\nBusiness, to spend their Time in _qualifying_ themselves for, and\n_applying_ themselves to the Performance of this good Office. For such\nas _These_ ought to leave _This Province_ to THOSE _Persons_, whom\n_Nature_ has more signally mark\u2019d out for the Purpose.\nAND that I may the better distinguish upon what I have here propos\u2019d, I\nshall _first_ speak in the _Negative_, and _then_ in the _Affirmative\nSense_ of the Affair; Or _first_, of her _Natural_, and _then_ of her\n_Acquir\u2019d Qualifications_.\nI. THEREFORE, _She_ who would discreetly undertake MIDWIFERY, ought not\nto begin the _Practice_ too _YOUNG_, nor continue it till grown too\n_OLD_: For the _one_ will want, perhaps, due _Experience_, as well as\ndecent _Gravity_ and _Solidity_; the _other_ will, peradventure, want\nrequisite _Strength_ and _Vigour_ of Body, as well as the Free\n_Exercise_, and ready _Use_ of her _Senses_.\nII. SHE ought to be no _weak_, _infirm_, or _diseased_ Person, incapable\nof undergoing the _Fatigues_ which the Business too often requires: Such\nas _watching Night_ and _Day_; turning the _INFANTS_, when in a wrong\n_Posture_; or extracting them at length; which _Action_ frequently\nrequires the full _Strength_ of a strong _MAN_, instead of a weak\n_Woman_. For _thus_ the most learned and excellent _Fabricius d\u2019\nAquapendente_, testifies of himself, that he has often been so _weary_\nand _tired_, that he has been obliged to leave the Work for his\n_Assistant_ to finish; and as _Daventer_ also (a robust Man) relates of\nhimself, that in the coldest Time of _Winter_, being but thinly\n_cloathed_, and at a Distance from any _Fire_, his _Hair_ has been wet,\nand all his _Body_ in a SWEAT, and both his _Loins_ and his _Limbs_ have\naked egregiously some Days after _delivering_ a Woman.\nIII. SHE ought not to be too _Fat_ or _Gross_, but especially not to\nhave thick or fleshy _Hands_ and _Arms_, or large-_Bon\u2019d Wrists_; which\n(of Necessity) must occasion racking _Pains_ to the tender _labouring\nWoman_.\nIV. SHE ought not to be _lame_ or _maim\u2019d_, nor have stiff or crooked\n_Fingers_, _Hands_, or _Arms_; for these _Parts_ are to be used in\ndifferent _Manners_ and _Postures_, even so that the _Success_ of the\nLABOUR often depends upon their _Readiness_ and _Agility_.\nV. SHE ought not to be, _negatively_ speaking, a _conceiv\u2019d_ or\n_Child-bearing Woman_; because _This_ may be of bad Consequence, not\nonly to the _labouring Woman_; (who depends on her, for more than she\u2019s\nable to _perform_, especially in a _strong_ LABOUR) but also to the\nconceiv\u2019d _MIDWIFE_ herself, and her own _INFANT_.\nVI. SHE ought not to be an _Ignorant_, _Stupid_, _Indolent_, or a _dull_\nPerson; and especially not incapable of conceiving Matters distinctly,\nor judging of Things aright: Neither ought _she_ to be a\n_Self-Indulger_, _Slothful_, or _Lazy_; nor a _Light_, _Dissolute_, or\n_Daring_ Person: _She_ ought not to be _inconsiderate_, _negligent_, or\n_forgetful_; nor _proud_, _passionate_, or _obstinate_: Neither\n_peevish_, _morose_, or _surly_; nor _fearful_, _doubtful_, or\n_wavering-minded_: neither ought _she_ to be a _Tipler_ or _Drunkard_,\nnor a _Tatler_ or _Vagabond_, nor a _covetous_, or _mercenary_ Person.\nBUT on the _other Hand_, in the _Affirmative_, _SHE_ (_First_) ought to\nbe a _Woman_ of a good _middle Age_, of _solid Parts_, of _full\nExperience_, of a _healthy_, _strong_, and _vigorous Body_, with clever\n_small Hands_: Since nothing can be more agreeable and conducive to the\n_Art_ of _MIDWIFERY_, than _slender Hands_, _long Fingers_, and a _ready\nFeeling_.\nII. SHE ought to be _Grave_ and _Considerate_, endued with _Resolution_\nand _Presence of Mind_, in order to foresee and prevent _ACCIDENTS_;\n_Sagacious_ and _Prudent_ in difficult _Cases_, so as not to take _All_\nupon her own Shoulders or _Judgment_, but to have immediate _Recourse_\nto the ablest _Practiser_ in the ART, and freely submit her _Thoughts_\nto the discerning _Faculty_ of the more Learned and Skilful.\nIII. SHE ought to be _Watchful_, _Diligent_, and _Expert_ in all Cases\nand Conditions that can or may occur; so that no _Opportunity_ in the\nBeginning of the LABOUR be lost: Since I have more than once observ\u2019d,\nthat the _Neglect_ or _Mistake_ of improving a _critical_ MINUTE, hath\ncost the MOTHER many violent or heavy _Pains_ afterwards, and the CHILD\nalso its _Life_. For which Reason it is of the greatest _Importance_, to\nnick the _Opportunity_, conformable to _Cato_\u2019s Saying\u2014\u2014\n              _Fronte capillata, post est Occasio calva._\nIV. SHE ought to be a true _Fearer_ of GOD, a _Conscientious_ Person, of\ngood _Life_ and _Conversation_: Since Matters of the greatest _Moment_\nare committed to her _Care_; and depend entirely upon the faithful\n_Discharge_ of her Duty: For _she_ has the first and best _Opportunity_\nof shewing her _Compassion_, and _Tenderness_ to Mankind, in this\n_Infant_ and _Helpless State_. In short, CHARITY ought always to engage\nher, to be as ready to help the _Poor_ as the _Rich_; the LIFE of the\n_One_ being as Dear as the _Other\u2019s_, and the _Image_ of GOD being\nequally stamp\u2019d upon _Both_: For the ineffable _Recompence_ of CHARITY\nfar exceeds all other _Considerations_ of trifling GAIN.\nV. SHE ought to be _Patient_ and _Pleasant_; _Soft_, _Meek_, and _Mild_\nin her _Temper_, in order to encourage and comfort the _labouring\nWoman_. SHE should pass by and forgive her small _Failings_, and peevish\n_Faults_, instructing her gently when she _does_ or says _amiss_: But if\nshe will not follow _Advice_, and Necessity require, the MIDWIFE ought\nto reprimand and put her smartly in mind of her _Duty_; yet always in\nsuch a manner, however, as to encourage her with the _Hopes_ of a happy\nand speedy DELIVERY.\nVI. IN like manner as she ought to be _Modest_, _Temperate_, and\n_Sober_, so she ought to be _Faithful_ and _Silent_; always upon her\n_Guard_ to conceal those Things, which ought not to be spoken of.\nTHESE, in fine, are the chief of the natural _Qualities_ requisite for\n_MIDWIFERY_; from whence I come to the _Theoretical_ and _Practical\nPart_, without which all _Others_ are (in effect) Nothing to the\nPurpose.\n[Illustration]\n      _Of the THEORETICAL and PRACTICAL Knowledge of the MIDWIFE._\nSHE, who finds herself thus (properly) adapted both in _Body_ and\n_Mind_, according to the _Rules_ of the preceding _Chapter_, does a Good\nand Laudable Work, if she also studies to _qualify_ herself well,\n_first_ in the _THEORY_, and then in the _PRACTICE_ of _Midwifery_.\nWHICH, in order that she may most easily and accurately do, I shall\nreduce the whole _Theoretical Part_ (absolutely necessary) to the\nfollowing _Seven general Heads_; of Which she ought not only to have a\ngeneral and superficial, but also a distinct, special, and perfect\n_Knowledge_; viz.\nI. OF the _external_ and _internal Parts_ of Generation, and the\n_adjacent Parts_; together with a competent Skill of the respective\n_Substance_ and _Nature_, _Connexion_ and _Function_ of each of _These_\nin the Time of _BIRTH_.\nII. OF the PELVIS, or _Bason_, and its _Contents_; together with the\ntrue Knowledge of its _Bones_, their _Form_ or _Figure_, _Office_ and\n_Connexion_, &c. upon that Occasion.\nIII. OF that Wonderful _Body_, the MATRIX, and its _Vagina_ or _Neck_;\ntogether with the understanding of its _Substance_ and _Structure_,\n_Duty_ and _Function_ in Time of LABOUR.\nIV. OF the Strange Natural _Qualities_, and amazing singular _Faculties_\nof This _Body_, in distinguishing all its peculiar _Properties_.\nV. OF the TOUCH, or _Handling_ the _Woman_; together with knowing its\nmany various _Uses_, and manifold distinct _Advantages_.\nVI. OF the _Genuine_, and _Real_; as well as of the _Spurious_ or\n_Bastard-Labour-Pains_: How they differ in themselves, and are to be\ncarefully distinguished.\nVII. OF the _Method_ of LAYING the _Woman_, and _Manner_ of extracting\nthe AFTER-BIRTH; together with all the _heterogeneous_ and\n_preternatural Contents_ of the WOMB.\nTHESE _speculative Heads_, in short, shall be the particular _Subjects_\nof the respective _Chapters_, of the consequent Part of this SECTION,\nfor the requisite _Instruction_ and indispensible _Qualification_ of all\nyoung _MIDWIVES_: As the _Practical Part_ shall be the _Subject-Matter_\nof the two next following SECTIONS. Which _Practical Part_, I shall now\nlikewise reduce to the _Three_ subsequent general _Heads_; of which she\nought also to have a full and compleat _Knowledge_, viz.\nI. OF the various _Methods_ to be taken for the present _Ease_, and\nexpeditious _Relief_ of the LABOURING _Woman_.\nII. OF the discreet _Method_ of TURNING an ill-situated _INFANT_,\n(whatsoever the preternatural _Posture_ may be) and drawing it forth\n_safely_ by the FEET.\nIII. OF Her own personal _Duty_ (as _MIDWIFE_) both to the _MOTHER_ and\nthe _CHILD_ after _Delivery_; as also towards all _Labouring Women_, to\nwhom she may be call\u2019d, upon _critical Conjunctures_.\nTHESE I call _practical Heads_, because they depend more upon _Practice_\nand _Experience_, or _Judgment_ and _Charity_, than upon any\n_fundamental Rules_; which however yet ought also to be reckon\u2019d\n_Branches_ of her _THEORY_.\nBUT notwithstanding all these natural and acquir\u2019d _Qualifications_, the\n_young MIDWIFE_ is not to run at once into the _Practice_: Nor to hurry\nherself rashly to lay _Hands_ upon the _ARK_, before she is thoroughly\nwell accomplished for so sacred a _Work_; lest (like _Uzzah_) _she_ be\npunished for her _Temerity_; whereof I have seen several exemplary\n_Precedents_. No, the _Work_ is too important, and the _Concern_ too\nweighty for that hasty indiscreet _Undertaking_; for there is no less\nthan the _Life_ of the MOTHER, and _one_ CHILD at least, (if not\nsometimes _more_) at _Stake_: Both which may be soon saved, or quickly\nlost, according to the Good or Bad _Conduct_ and _Management_ of the\n_MIDWIFE_.\nWHEREFORE, to the End, that she may obtain the necessary _Experience_,\nand perfect her Judgment, _&c._ in due Course, she ought to satisfy\nherself at first to go (for some time) as an _Assistant_ to some\n_skilful Woman_ of good Business, and so by degrees advance herself into\nthe _Practice_: Because _Dexterity_ in this _ART_, is only acquir\u2019d by\n_Time_ and _Exercise_; the _practical Part_ of _MIDWIFERY_ being\nattended with so many complicated Circumstances of _accidental\nDifficulties_, that it is almost impossible for any Persons, who never\napply\u2019d themselves this way, to believe how much it differs from all the\n_THEORY_, that the most ingenious _MAN_ can make himself _Master_ of.\nI SHALL only (in this place) farther explain, what I mean, by the\n_MIDWIFE_\u2019s _Duty_ to all _Women_ in _LABOUR_, to whom she may be call\u2019d\nupon _critical Conjunctures_; as the latter part of the above-mentioned\nlast General _Head_ purports: namely this, That the _MIDWIFE_, in the\nCourse of her _Practice_, ought always to observe carefully, and follow\nstrictly the _Rules_ of _EQUITY_ and _CHARITY_: That is, supposing the\n_MIDWIFE_ to be sent for by a Person in LABOUR, whose _Case_ is Natural\nand all Things likely to go well; and in the mean time, after she has\ntaken her in Hand, is peradventure sent for to _another Woman_, whose\ndifficult or preternatural _Case_ threatens imminent _Danger_.\nIN this _Case_, the _MIDWIFE_ knowing herself to be better qualified\nthan _Others_, and that _Another_ not equally expert is able to lay the\n_Former_, she ought to attend and assist the _Latter_: And _That_ also\nnotwithstanding the _First_ be RICH, and the _Latter_, POOR; since _GOD_\nis no _Respecter of Persons_.\nBUT, if it happen, that _one Rich_, and _another poor Woman_, want HELP\nboth at a time, and are in equal Danger: In _that Case_, without any\nregard to the _one\u2019s WEALTH_, or the _other\u2019s POVERTY_; the _MIDWIFE_ is\nto assist _Her_ first, whom _Divine Providence_ first call\u2019d her to, or\nfirst engag\u2019d her withal. And as the _Cases_ of _Women_ in LABOUR may\ndiffer, so she ought impartially to act and dispose of herself; having\nalways an Eye to something _superiour_ to, and far above that of mean\nLUCRE.\n[Illustration]\n[Illustration]\n         _Of the QUALIFICATIONS of the Extraordinary MIDWIFE._\nTHE _Extraordinary MIDWIFE_, or _Andro-Boethogynist_ (whether\n_Physician_ or _Surgeon_ practicing this ART) ought not only to be\nendued with all the _Qualities_ and _Qualifications_ mentioned in the\n_Two_ preceding _Chapters_, but also to excel the WOMAN-MIDWIFE in many\nspecial _Particulars_, and ingenious _Points_; which no ways belong to\nher _Female Province_.\nFOR it is not enough that He knows how to relieve and _lay_ the\n_labouring Woman_, however difficult or preternatural her _Case_ may be;\nnor is it sufficient that he understands how to _help_ and succour both\nthe _MOTHER_ and the _INFANT_ after such a _Delivery_: No, so much of\nhis Business might be easily learn\u2019d and enhanced by _old Women_, were\nthey but _Docile_, and not such obstinate _Creatures_.\nBUT _He_ ought farther also to know (_first_) how to prevent all\npreternatural _Disasters_ incident to both the _one_ and the _other_, in\ntheir respective _States_ of CHILD-BED and INFANCY: And, _Secondly_, how\nto administer Relief and perform the CURE, in _Case_ of any dismal\n_Accident_ whatsoever to _one_ or _either_ of them in their dangerous\nCondition.\nMOREOVER, his _Knowledge_ ought neither to commence nor terminate in\nthese Things; it being also his _Duty_ over and above to know, how to\nconduct the _Woman_ safely through all the _Months_ of _GESTATION_, and\nto avert from her the _Severity_ of their respective _SYMPTOMS_, to\nwhich she is so much expos\u2019d, as mentioned in their proper _Chapters_,\nSECT. III. And not only so neither, but He ought also to understand\nwell, how to guard against the ACCESSES of all _Acute Diseases_, so as\nat least to avert their ill _Consequences_; and especially (of course)\nto know thoroughly how to prevent _ABORTION_ itself.\nTHESE are the _Cases_ which most commonly require the ingenious\nAssistance of the _Extraordinary MIDWIFE_: And _These_ are they which\ntry his _Skill_ and _Knowledge_ most, as the _Tempest_ or _Storm_ best\ndiscovers the _Judgment_ and _Capacity_ of the MASTER-MARINER.\nAND yet, neither ought even _these Limits_ to be the narrow _Boundary_\nof his STUDIES: Since the more extensive his ART and _Knowledge_ is,\nespecially in what relates to the _natural Constitution_ of WOMEN, the\n_fitter Man_ He is to take upon himself the _Practice_ of this noble and\nmost ingenious _Profession_.\nNOT that I would be thought tacitely to insinuate in this place by the\nBy, as if my own _Knowledge_ was in any degree SUPERIOUR to _other\nMen\u2019s_: No, I am too sensible of my own _Weakness_, to mean so, or to\nentertain any such vain selfish Thought; neither have I any fond\n_Ambition_ to aim at standing in _Competition_ with _others_ in these\nRespects. For it shall suffice me, and sufficiently gratify my Highest\n_Aim_, if possibly a simple Word may drop from my _Pen_, which the more\nIngenious may sometime improve to the common Good of _Women_, and the\nWelfare of their _Children_: And this I would desire the more, because I\nknow no larger _FIELD_, that the _Learned_ can launch out into; nor any\nprofounder _Study_, that they can descant upon, than the _Nature_ and\n_Constitution_ of this tender SEX, which is so peculiarly different from\nall other _Natural Works_, and so singularly discrepant from all other\n_Created Beings_.\nBUT more particularly in order, that the _MAN-MIDWIFE_ or\n_Andro-Boethogynist_ may be thus duly qualify\u2019d and completely\naccomplished;\nI. HE ought not only to be liberally _instructed_ and generously\n_educated_, but also to be a MAN of good _Breeding_ and _Conversation_,\nas well as _Courtesy_ and _Complaisance_.\nII. HE ought not only to be a MAN of diligent _Study_ and sedulous\n_Application_ of Mind, but also of great _Humanity_ and _Integrity_,\n_Temperance_ and _Sobriety_, endued with solid _Resolution_, quick\n_Apprehension_, and great _Presence_ of Mind.\nIII. HE ought not only to be a MAN of _strict Virtue_ and _Chastity_,\nbut also of unspotted _Life_ and _Conversation_, _Charity_ and\n_Companion_; delighting in _Hospitality_, and doing GOOD; acting the\n_Christian_ as well as the _Gentleman_ in all respects.\nIV. HE ought not only to be a Man of known _Discretion_ and _Secresy_,\n_Sagacity_ and _Judgment_, but also of a pleasant _Countenance_; neat\nand clean in _Person_ and _Cloathes_, Agreeable and Decent in _Words_\nand _Actions_, carefully adverting (at all times) to give no Occasion of\n_Shame_ or _Confusion_ to the _Labouring Woman_, or the _By-standers_.\nV. HE ought, in fine, to _handle_ Her _decently_, and treat her\n_gently_; considering _Her_ as the _weaker Vessel_, whose elegant tender\nBODY, will admit of no _rough Usage_: Wherefore upon this Account it is,\nthat I would have all _Practitioners_ whatsoever in this ART, debarr\u2019d\nfrom the _Use_ of _INSTRUMENTS_, which would secure many a MOTHER from\nbeing wounded or mangled, and many an INFANT from being cut or torn to\nPieces.\nNOT that I would be thought for all that to imitate Mr. _Mauriceau_,\nsaying of himself (in some Passages of his _Book_ of _MIDWIFERY_) that\n_he differs from all others_: No, far from it; For I have the\n_Indisputable Authority_ of the most Learned and Polite _Practisers_ on\nmy side, as mention\u2019d before in _Chap._ 1. of this _SECTION_.\nHOWEVER yet, I do not deny, but that _INSTRUMENTS_ have been universally\nused, till of late Years; but the reason of That is Plain: Because in\nformer Times, MEN were only call\u2019d upon _extraordinary Occasions_; some\nof which (however Skilful and Ingenious) had not the Opportunity of\n_Laying a Woman_ perhaps in many Months. For which Reason it could not\nbe otherways, but that they must have been at a loss in not\nunderstanding thoroughly the _Practical Part_, having so few\nOpportunities of improving _manual Operation_: Whereas since the\n_Politer Part_ of the World has call\u2019d them generally to the ordinary\nand common _Practice_ of this _ART_; they have advanced their\n_Dexterity_ by degrees, and are now come to the length of discharging\nthat _Office_ by _Slight of Hand_ only, which formerly required so many\n_frightful INSTRUMENTS_.\nI may well indeed say _frightful_; for what can be more inconsistent\nwith the tender _NATURE_ of _Women_, or more _terrible_ to them, than to\nsee MEN come _armed_ against _Themselves_ and their _tenderer INFANTS_,\nwith _Knives_, _Hooks_, _Iron-Forceps_, &c. thereby (as it were) to\n_help_ them in time of their extremest _Agony_? For my part, I am\nPositive, that let who will use _INSTRUMENTS_, they _kill_ many more\n_INFANTS_ than they _save_, and _ruin_ many more _WOMEN_ than they\n_deliver_ fairly: And this, I think, will be easily agreed to, by all\nthose who have any Knowledge of the _Parts_ of _Generation_ in that SEX;\nas (I believe) it is also sufficiently evident even to _Those_ who have\nno _Judgment_ that way, by the notorious _Fatalities_ and tragical\n_Events_ they daily hear of in Fact.\nHOWEVER I know, some _Chirurgeon-Practitioners_ are too much acquainted\nwith the _Use_ of _INSTRUMENTS_, to lay them aside; no, they do not (it\nmay be) think themselves in their _Duty_, or proper _Office_, if they\nhave not their cruel _Accoutrements_ in Hand: And what is most\nunaccountable and unbecoming a _Christian_, is that, when they have\nperhaps wounded the _MOTHER_, kill\u2019d the _INFANT_, and with violent\n_Torture_ and inexpressible _Pain_, drawn it out by _Piece-meal_, they\nthink no _Reward_ sufficient for such an extraordinary Piece of mangled\nWork.\nBUT, in short, I would advise such to practise _Butchery_ rather than\n_MIDWIFERY_; for in _that Case_, they could _sell_ what they _slay_; but\nin _this_, by _handling_ MAN so, they only bring _Infamy_ upon their\n_Profession_, and expose it to the _Contempt_ and _Hatred_ of OTHERS.\nCOVETOUSNESS is the blackest of _Vices_, and in this _Case_ (I am sure)\nit is an unpardonable SIN, to thirst after sordid _Lucre_ for procuring\nthe _Health_ or preserving the _Life_ of our Neighbour; as, I doubt, is\nbut too common among some mercenary People: Who (as we have been\ncreditably inform\u2019d) have refus\u2019d to take _Women_ in Hand at the very\nPoint of Extremity or Time of Need, before a certain SUM of _Money_ was\nfirst deposited; tho\u2019 perhaps borrow\u2019d upon _Pledge_, or collected\namongst their charitable _Neighbours_ for GOD\u2019Ssake.\nI do not say however, but that the _Workman_ is worthy of his _Reward_,\nand _That_ which ought to be paid according to the _Merit_ and _Dignity_\nof his Performance; not according to the _Time_ he spends about it, as\nhired _Labourers_ are paid their WAGES: No, that fruitless _Labour_\nwould not be worth while; no _Gentleman_ would undertake MIDWIFERY upon\nsuch unprofitable _Terms_: For as it is in his Power to save the _Life_\nof the MOTHER, or the INFANT, or _Both_, (which he often does\neffectually) _He_ undoubtedly deserves an extraordinary _Recompence_\nworthy of so great and good a PIECE of SERVICE.\nBUT notwithstanding all This, an extravagant _Price_ is not to be\narbitrarily demanded, nor ought the Reward to exceed the _Ability_ of\nthe _PATIENT_; neither are _Those_ to be forsaken or left destitute of\n_Help_, and expos\u2019d to imminent _Danger_, at all Hazards of _Life_, who\ncannot afford us MONEY: But rather (on the contrary) they are to be\nforthwith taken in Hand chearfully, attended by Night or Day diligently,\nand a trifle of MONEY _given_ (by us) rather than _taken_ from them,\nwhen our _Fellow-Christian_\u2019s Circumstances so require it. For _this_ is\nthe right way to secure GOD\u2019S _Blessing_ to _Ourselves_, and _Success_\nto all our _Endeavours_.\nAND, in short, I humbly pray, that HE may (out of his infinite\n_Goodness_ and _Mercy_) always enable ME, according to my best\nInclinations, faithfully to perform these good _Offices_, which I know\nto be so much my indispensible and incumbent _Duty_, in that _STATION_,\nhis All-wise _Providence_ hath allotted me, as to the Affairs of LIFE.\nWHENCE I come, in the next Place, by due Order, to treat particularly of\nthe _Contents_ of the preceding _Chapter_; and, _First_, to set forth an\n_Anatomical Description_ of the several PARTS of _Generation_ in manner\nfollowing.\n[Illustration]\n                 _Of the External Parts of GENERATION._\nTHESE _Parts_ are generally so well known, that I would not so much as\nmention them, out of _Modesty_, were it not, that, I presume, the _young\nMIDWIFE_ may find something in the ensuing _Description_ worth her\nsingular _Notice_; which however, I shall not so much insist upon: But\nsuccinctly\u2014\u2014\nBEGINNING with the _First_, call\u2019d the VULVA or PUDENDUM; we find it\nsituated below the OS PUBIS, having a great _Chink_ or _Fissure_ in the\n_Middle_, as it has the FR\u00c6NULUM and PERIN\u00c6UM in the _lower Part_. And\nabove the _Chink_ there is a little _Protuberance_ occasioned by _Fat_\nunder the Skin, call\u2019d MONS VENERIS.\nTHE two LABIA VULV\u00c6 being a little separated, the NYMPH\u00c6 appear, join\u2019d\none to each interior Side of them: _They_ are two small Pieces of red\n_Membranous Flesh_, much resembling _Pullet\u2019s Gills_: _They_ encrease\nthe Pleasure of _Copulation_, and direct the Course of the _Urine_.\nIN the upper Part of the _Chink_, next to the OS PUBIS, are several\nlittle round _Substances_; which the most ingenious _Fallopius_ call\u2019d\nthe CLITORIS, almost hid under the _Skin_ denominated the PR\u00c6PUTIUM.\nA little deeper, or straight below the CLITORIS, is the URETHRA, or\n_Orifice_ of the Neck of the Bladder; being a little _Hole_ as big as a\n_Goose-Quill_; which discovers itself by a small Eminence, and is about\ntwo _Inches long_.\nBETWIXT the _Muscle_, call\u2019d SPHINCTER URETHR\u00c6, and the inner _Membrane_\nof the VAGINA, are several small _Glands_; whose excretory _Ducts_ are\nthe _Holes_ observable about the _URETHRA_, call\u2019d[153]_LACUN\u00c6 GRAFFI_;\nwhich discharge a _Liquor_ for lubricating or making the VAGINA\nslippery, and encreasing the _Venereal Titillation_.\nIN the _Orifice_ of the VAGINA, there is a slender subtile _Membrane_\nsituated a-cross, which is call\u2019d the HYMEN, of a different _Form_ in\ndifferent _Women_; being sometimes _Annular_, and sometimes _Semilunar_:\nIt is almost always to be found in _young Girls_, having a small _Hole_\ninto the VAGINA; which _Hole_ in ADULTS is somewhat larger. In the first\n_Act_ of _COPULATION_ this _Membrane_ is torn, which generally occasions\nan Effusion of a little _Blood_; but this may also happen by many other\n_Procatarctick Causes_[154], and accidental Occasions.\nTHE _GLANDUL\u00c6_ or _CARUNCUL\u00c6 Myrtiformes_ are constituted of the\ncontracted _Fibres_ of the dilacerated _HYMEN_; and are situated on the\nSide opposite to the _URETHRA_, next the _ANUS_, in the _FOSSA Magna_,\nor _Navicularis_; being the same Place where the _HYMEN_ was at first\nestablished. _These_ are small fleshy _Eminences_, and are sometimes\n_Two_ or _Three_, and sometimes _Four_ or _Five_ in Number: _They_ are\ndeficient in _GIRLS_, and _defaced_ in _those WOMEN_ who have had\n_CHILDREN_.\nTHE _VAGINA_ or _Neck_ of the WOMB, is a long and round _Canal_,\nreaching from these _Caruncles_ to the _Orifice_ of the WOMB; not very\nunlike a _strong small Gut_: Its _Orifice_ is narrow in _Virgins_, and\nin _All_ Women much narrower than its _other_ Parts: It\u2019s _Substance_\n(according to _Ruysche_\u2019s Observations) is _membranous_, _nervous_,\n_papillary_, and _wrinkled_ WITHIN; which consequently must be of an\n_exquisitive_ SENSE: In _Virgins_ the _WRINKLES_ are very _Large_,\nespecially in the _Fore-Part_; but after frequent _Embraces_ they are\n_Less_, and after repeated _BIRTHS_, they entirely _disappear_.\nTHE _VAGINA_ lies betwixt the _Bladder_ and the _strait Gut_, or RECTUM;\nwith which last it is wrapt up in the same common _Membrane_, from the\n_PERITON\u00c6UM_, adhering to it, all its _Length upwards_, from its\n_Orifice_ to that of the WOMB, and quite round on the _lower Side_, as\nit does to the Neck of the _BLADDER_ _above_.\nIN MAIDS, the _VAGINA_ is about Five Inches _Long_, and one and a half\n_Wide_: But in _CHILD-BEARING-WOMEN_, it cannot be determin\u2019d; because\nit _lengthens_ in the time of _PREGNANCY_, and _dilates_ in time of\n_BIRTH_; having likewise (in all) some little _Holes_ or _Ducts_ in it,\nwhich discharge a _mucous Liquor_. The _VAGINA_ Serves also, in fine,\nfor a necessary _Conduit_ to the _MENSTRUA_ and _LOCHIA_, as it does for\na proper _Passage_ to the _INFANT_, &c.\nTHESE are, in short, all the _external Parts_ of _GENERATION_ in\n_Women_; and _these_ have all their proper respective _Functions_\nassign\u2019d them by NATURE; contributing conjunctly and severally to the\n_Charms_ of _COPULATION_: Which _ACTION_ alters the very _Course_ of the\nBLOOD, and _Motion_ of the _Animal SPIRITS_; and consequently sets all\nthe describ\u2019d _Parts_ in full _AGITATION_. Namely, thus\nTHE LABIA dilate: the ORIFICE swells: the NYMPH\u00c6 give way: the CLITORIS\n(of exquisite Sensibility) erects: The GLANDS (by a _Protuberancy_ of\nthe Parts) yield their _succous Contents_: The VAGINA draws close: The\n_Fibres_ of the WOMB complicate to open its _Orifice_: The _Branches_ of\nthe _Spermatick_ ARTERY contract to draw the Extremities of the _Tubes_\nto the _OVARIA_, as they carry the SEED to them: The SEED circulating in\nthe _Veins_, which open in the _Cavity_ of the _VAGINA_ and _MATRIX_, it\nferments immediately with the _Mass of Blood_: This _Fermentation_\nswells the _Membranes_ of the TUBES, opens the _Cavity_ of the WOMB, and\ndisposes _All_ perfectly for the right Reception of the _impregnated_\nEGG.\nFROM hence we may plainly see, in what a miraculous _Order_ and\n_Manner_, all _These Parts_ minister, and are subservient unto that (yet\nmore) admirable and wonderful _Body_ the WOMB. Which being thus in brief\n_anatomically_ described, I come next in Course to\n[Illustration]\n                 _Of the Internal Parts of GENERATION._\nIN discoursing of _These_, I shall begin with the chief _Part_, to which\nthe rest are but _Subservients_.\n_FIRST_ then, the _MATRIX_ or _Womb_, is situated in the upper Part of\nthe Cavity of the _PELVIS_, or _Bason_, between the _Bladder_ and\n_Streight Gut_. It is placed there in the Middle of the _HYPOGASTRIUM_,\nfor the Convenience of COPULATION, and the more easy and ready\n_Extrusion_ of the INFANT.\n_SECONDLY_, The _Bones_ of the _PELVIS_ (as described hereafter below)\nstand as a _Rampart_, fencing it against all external _Injuries_; That\nis to say, the _OS PUBIS_ protects it _before_; the _SACRUM behind_; and\nthe _ILIUM_ on _each Side_: Like as the _BLADDER_ and _RECTUM_ on the\nother Hand defend this Noble _Part_ again from the _Rigidity_ of these\nBONES.\n_THIRDLY_, the _Figure_ of the WOMB, from its internal _Orifice_ to its\nBottom, in a _Natural State_, resembles a large compress\u2019d _PEAR_. Its\n_Length_ is about three Inches; its _Breadth_ two in the _Hinder_, and\none in the _Fore-Part_; its _Thickness_ half an Inch large: But I take\nthe _Dimensions_ of it, in general, to differ accord-to the _Age_ and\n_Constitution_ of the BODY.\nIN _MAIDS_ however its _Cavity_ is much _less_, and can scarcely contain\nthe Bigness of a BEAN: whereas in _Women with Child_, the _Dimensions_\nand _Figure_, as well as the _Cavity_ itself differs, according to the\ndifferent _Times_ of _GESTATION_.\nAS I have said before, its _Anterior Part_ coheres _above_ with the\n_BLADDER_, _below_ with the _RECTUM_; the _Hinder Part_ being free: But\nthe _lateral Parts_ are tied by _Four Ligaments_ of different Sorts;\nwhereof _Two_ are placed _Above_, and _Two Below_; the _Superiors_ are\ncalled LIGAMENTA LATA, or broad; the _Inferiors_ ROTUNDA, or round\n_Ligaments_.\nTHE _two broad Ligaments_ are _Membranous_, and call\u2019d AL\u00c6\nVESPERTILIONUM; which spring from the PERITON\u00c6UM, and join the WOMB on\neach Side to the _OSSA ILIA_: So that the _OVARIA_ are fasten\u2019d to _one\nEnd_ of them, and the TUB\u00c6 _Fallopian\u00e6_ lie along the _Other_.\nTHE _two round Ligaments_ arise from the _Fore_ and _lateral Part_ of\nthe Bottom of the WOMB, and pass thro\u2019 the Rings of the _Muscles_ of the\nABDOMEN, terminating in _Fat_ near the GROINS. _They_ are of a hard\n_Substance_, pretty _Big_ at the Bottom of the WOMB; but _smaller_ and\n_flatter_, as they approach the _OS PUBIS_. Now Those _Four Ligaments_\nserve to keep the WOMB streight, steady, and firm in its proper Place\n_before BIRTH_, and to restore it to its natural _Position_, by the Help\nof CONTRACTION, _After_.\nTHE _Orifice_ of the WOMB opening into the _VAGINA_, is of the same\n_Figure_ with the _Nut_ of the _PENIS_: This in _VIRGINS_ is very\n_small_, scarcely admitting a _Specillum_ or _Probe_; in OTHERS it is\nmuch _larger_; but in _Women with Child_, several small _Ducts_ or\nVesicles open among the RUG\u00c6, which discharge a _Glutinous Liquor_ to\nclose and seal up this _Orifice_, till the Time of _BIRTH_.\nTHE _Substance_ of the WOMB is _Solid_ and _Muscular_, composed of a\nvarious PLEXUS, or Web of fleshy _Fibres_, woven like a NET, with the\nInterposition of innumerable _Vessels_, of _ARTERIES_, _VEINS_,\n_NERVES_, &c. _Without_, it is surrounded with a _Thin_ and _Smooth\nMembrane_ from the PERITON\u00c6UM; and _within_ its _Cavity_, furnished with\na _Thick_, _Porous_, and _Nervous one_, call\u2019d the proper _Membrane_ of\nthe WOMB.\nTHE _Veins_ and _Arteries_ of the WOMB, proceed from the _Spermatick\nVessels_, and HYPOGASTRICKS; which _Vessels_ are all inserted in the\nproper _Membrane_. The _Arteries_ convey the BLOOD for its Nourishment;\nwhich accumulating and abounding there in _great Quantity_, at\n_Maturity_ of Years (when no _more_ is requir\u2019d for the _Encrease_ or\n_Growth_ of the Body) it distends the _Vessels_, and distills into the\nBottom of the WOMB: Whence proceeds the _Blood_ which nourisheth the\nFOETUS in the _Pregnant Woman_, and the _Monthly Terms_ or MENSTRUA in\nthe _Woman not with Child_; which _Evacuation_, MEN Themselves are also\nsubject to in a great Measure; (notwithstanding their inconsiderate\n_Detractions_ and vain _Talk_ on this Head) save only that in THEM the\n_Redundant Humour_ passes off a different Way by _Urine_, by the _Nose_,\nand sometimes by the _Hemorrhoidal Veins_, &c.\nTHE _VEINS_ Serve only to reconduct to the _Heart_, the BLOOD which is\nneither wholly evacuated nor consum\u2019d, as I observed more at large\n_Before_. But the NERVES arise from the _Intercostals_, and those of the\nOS SACRUM; remarkable _Branches_ of which run along the Back of the\n_Clitoris_, from whence this _Part_ is susceptible of the very slightest\n_Impression_.\nTHERE are moreover other small _Vessels_, springing one from another,\nwhich tend to this _Orifice_, and serve in _Plethorick Women_ with\n_CHILD_, to carry off the Superfluity of the _Humours_. And, in short,\nprudent _Nature_, seems to have so ordered _These_ to prevent\n_ABORTION_, which might easily happen, if the _pregnant_ WOMB was too\nmuch expos\u2019d, or was to open itself for this Purpose.\nTHE _Seminal_ or _Spermatick Vessels_ are _Four_, like as they are\ncomputed to be also in MEN, and differ only in being _shorter_. The\n_Blood Vessels_ are very winding; and the _Spermatick Arteries_ arising\nwith a narrow Origin from the _Aorta_, form various _Plexus\u2019s_, and\n_Inosculations_, as _These_ do: And the _Spermatick Veins_ (tho\u2019 without\n_Valves_) have the like _Inosculations_ with the _Arteries_, which\nhowever in _These_ are more conspicuous.\nTHE _OVARIA_, or _TESTICLES_, are _Two Bodies_, on each Side _One_,\nannexed to the Bottom of the WOMB, at about Two Fingers Distance, near\nthe _broad Ligaments_: _They_ are fixed to the PERITON\u00c6UM at the ILIA,\nnigh the _Spermatick Vessels_: Their _Figure_ is almost _Oval_, a little\ndepressed on the _Upper Part_, where the SPERMATICKS enter.\nTHEIR _SIZE_ is generally about half as _Big_ as _MEN_\u2019s are; but _this_\ndiffers according to the _Age_ and _Constitution_ of Persons: Their\n_Surface_ is smooth, and even in _Virgins_; but wrinkled, uneven, and\ndry in _old Women_: They are encompass\u2019d with a proper strong\n_Membrane_, deriving its _Original_ from the _PERITON\u00c6UM_; which also\ncovers all the _Spermatick Vessels_.\nTHEIR _Substance_ is Membranous and Fibrous, interwoven with a vast\nNumber of _Vessels_; among which are some round _Vesicles_, containing a\nviscous HUMOUR, when boil\u2019d, of the _Colour_, _Consistence_, and _Taste_\nof the boil\u2019d _White of an Egg_: From whence they are call\u2019d EGGS,\nbecause of this _Analogy_. _These_ also differ in _Size_ and _Number_,\naccording to _Age_ and _Constitution_, although (ordinarily) the\n_Biggest_ of them scarcely equals a PEA; and there are in _some_ Persons\n10 or 12 of them, in _others_ (perhaps) but _One_ or _Two_ discernible.\nTHE TUB\u00c6 FALLOPIAN\u00c6, are _Two winding Canals_, resembling _Two\nTrumpets_, situated on the _Right_ and _Left_ Side of the WOMB, annexed\nclose to its _Bottom_, by their double _Membrane_; which is only a\nContinuation of the _exterior_ and _interior Membranes_ of the WOMB:\nThey in _SIZE_ equal a little _Finger_ about the Middle; tho\u2019 the\n_Cavity_ opening into the WOMB, will scarce admit a _Hog\u2019s Bristle_; but\nthe _other Extremity_, floating loose in the ABDOMEN, will admit the\nPoint or Tip of a little _Finger_: They are of a Membranous and\nCavernous _Substance_, about 5 or 6 Inches long, and have the same\n_Veins_, _Arteries_, and _Nerves_, as the _OVARIA_.\nTHESE _Tubes_, to be brief, (in time of _COITION_) are erected by a\ncopious Influx of _Blood_ and _Spirits_; which also, by the Assistance\nof their _muscular Fringes_, embrace the _OVARIUM_, transmit the\n_prolifick Masculine_ SEED, afterwards receive the _impregnated_ EGG,\nand at last convey it thence into the WOMB. In fine, these are all the\n_internal Parts_, as I conceive, tending to _GENERATION_. But more\nparticularly, to proceed to\n[Illustration]\nTHIS being that _Cavity_ in which the WOMB is placed, and through which\nthe _INFANT_ passes in time of _BIRTH_; it is my Opinion that a distinct\n_Knowledge_ of it is highly necessary for all _MIDWIVES_ to accomplish\ntheir _Practice_: For without that _Qualification_, they cannot help\ncommitting a great many _Blunders_, and being guilty of innumerable\n_Mistakes_; since they must proceed upon gross _Uncertainties_, and use\ntheir _Hands_ like _MEN_ groping in the _Dark_, as hereafter will more\nplainly appear.\nTHIS is that _Cavity_ betwixt the OSSA INNOMINATA and OS SACRUM; which\njoin themselves in the _Posterior Part_ of it on each side, by\n_Cartilages_ and _Ligaments_: so that they, forming there a strong and\nfirm _Juncture_, compose this _Cavity_ of the _PELVIS_, which is\nvulgarly call\u2019d the _Bason_ of the WOMB.\nTHE upper Part of the OSSA PUBIS forms the _Borders_ of this CAVITY\n_before_, and the Hanging forwards or bending down of the OS SACRUM\nmakes _Those_ of it _behind_; as the OSSA ILIA compose the _same_ on\neach side.\nTHESE OSSA ILIA are (by _some_) call\u2019d the _Wings_ and _Bounds_ of the\n_PELVIS_; but they are mightily mistaken, who imagine that they surround\nor encompass the _PELVIS_: For they are only annexed to it on _each\nside_, and more extended towards the _Back_ than the _Forepart_. As they\nare also very much in the _wrong_, who think that the _Cavity_ of the\n_PELVIS_ extends in its _Length_, according to the _Length_ of the\nBACK-BONE: since it rises from the _Bottom_ obliquely, ascending\n_Forwards_, and so proceeds, as if a Person might, through its\n_Passage_, easily touch the NAVEL.\nIN fine, it is here Remarkable also, that we do not always find the\nlargest _PELVIS_ in _Women_ of the largest SIZE, but often the quite\n_contrary_; for it differs as the _INFANT_ does in _Bulk_, exactly\nanswering to the _Bigness_ of its HEAD: And in some _Women_ it is\n_Deeper_, in some _Larger_, in some _Broader_, in some _Flatter_, in\nsome more _Oval_, and in some at last _Rounder_. From whence arise\nsundry _Observations_ both useful and necessary, for the better\n_Information_ of _MIDWIVES_.\n[Illustration]\n                     _Of the BONES of the PELVIS._\nI Doubt not in the least but _This_ and the _proceeding Chapter_ will\nseem needless, and appear superfluous to some Persons, in the _Practice_\nof _MIDWIFERY_; namely, to such as know not the _New Improvements_ of\nthis ART: But especially to such as are accustom\u2019d to the _Use_ of\nINSTRUMENTS, they\u2019ll appear altogether _Useless_ and _Vain_; since such\n_Practitioners_ can easily (upon any Occasion, without the curious\n_Anatomical Knowledge_ of _these Parts_) first slay the _INFANT_, and\nthen either _deliver_ or _kill_ the _WOMAN_, as _Chance_ may _direct_\ntheir _SHARPS_.\nBUT for my Part, because I have no Notion of such sort of WEAPONS, I\nshall endeavour to acquit my self more _honourably_, and teach my\n_Followers_ another way, and _That_ without BLOOD-SHED; as I hope will\nhereafter more amply appear.\nAND FIRST therefore in speaking of the _Bones_ of the _PELVIS_, I shall\nbegin with the _OSSA Innominata_; which are _two_ large _Bones_ joined\nto the _Sides_ of the _OS SACRUM_. _They_ are compos\u2019d of _Three_\ndistinct _Pieces_, each of which has its respective _Name_: The FIRST\nand _superior_ is call\u2019d OS ILIUM; because the _Guts_ ILIA lie upon it\ndirectly. It is _Large_ and almost of a _Semicircular Figure_, a little\n_Convex_ and _Uneven_ on its _External Side_; as it is _Concave_ and\n_Smooth_ on the _Internal_. In short, it is join\u2019d to the _Sides_ of the\n_three Superior_ VERTEBR\u00c6 of the OS SACRUM, and is _Larger_ in _WOMEN_\nthan in _MEN_.\nTHE SECOND and _Anterior_ is call\u2019d OS PUBIS; which is united in the\n_Forepart_ to its _Fellow-BONE_ of the _other Side_, by an intervening\n_Cartilage_: By the Extension of which _Cartilage_, the OSSA PUBIS in\n_Young Women_, sometimes recede a little from _One another_, to\nfacilitate a difficult BIRTH.\nTHE THIRD is the _Inferiour_ and _Posteriour_, call\u2019d OS ISCHIUM, or\nCOXENDIX, which has a large _Cavity_ call\u2019d _Acetabulum Coxendicis_; and\nThis receives the _Head_ of the OS FEMORIS; the _Supercilium_ or _Top_\nof which _Cavity_ joins the OS PUBIS.\nTHESE _Three Bones_, until the Age of _Puberty_, may be seen distinctly,\ntho\u2019 afterwards they grow together, and become _one BONE_, without\nleaving any Mark of _Division_. They adhere on each _side_ to the OS\nSACRUM by _two Strong Ligaments_; the _Upper_ of which passes from the\n_Posteriour Acute Process_ of the ISCHIUM to the SACRUM; as the _Lower_\njoins the _Tuberculum_ ISCHII to the SACRUM.\nTHESE _Bones_ in _WOMEN_ are more distant or separated from _One\nanother_, and are _smaller_ than in _MEN_; especially the OS PUBIS, to\nthe end that the _Cavity_ of the _PELVIS_, and the _Angle_ betwixt the\nOS PUBIS and ISCHIUM, may be the _Larger_, for the more commodious\n_Bearing_ of the INFANT, and the more easy _Exclusion_ of it in BIRTH.\nBut from hence I would no ways infer, that the OSSA PUBIS and ILIA sever\nthemselves in time of _LABOUR_; (notwithstanding the _Opinion_ of _some\nAuthors_) for I am fully satisfied of the _contrary_: Because I have\nconducted more than one _Woman_ in my Time, upon walking out of _one\nChamber_ into _another_, immediately after _DELIVERY_; which could never\nhave happen\u2019d in _Case_ of such a distant or dislocated _Separation_.\nTHESE _Bones_ call\u2019d _Innominata_ are of wonderful _Use_ and _Service_:\nFor besides that they form the _PELVIS_, and defend every Part of its\n_Contents_, they also give _Connexion_ and _Juncture_ of the rest of the\nBody, to the _Thigh-Bones_; as they likewise give _Rise_ and _Origin_ to\nmany MUSCLES, and are the _Basis_ of Support of the SPINE of the _Back_,\nas well as of all the _Superior Parts_. Whence I come _\u00e0 propos_ to\ndescant a little upon this particular _Part_, as far as concerns our\npresent Purpose.\nTHE SPINE then is that _Bony Column_ or _Ridge_, which extends itself\ndown the _Back_ from the HEAD to the _Fundament_, containing the _Spinal\nMarrow_, and resembling the _Letter_ S in figure.\nIN This SPINA therefore we must consider its _Fivefold Division_;\nnamely, into NECK, BACK, LOINS, OS SACRUM, and OS COCCYGIS. The First\n_Three_ consist of 24 VERTEBR\u00c6; whereof the _Neck_ has 7, the _Back_ 12,\nand 5 belong to the _Loins_. _Those_ of the NECK bend _inwards_; those\nof the BACK _outwards_, for enlarging the _Cavity_ of the THORAX;\n_Those_ of the LOINS bend _inwards_ again; and _Those_ of the OS SACRUM\n_outwards_, to enlarge the _Cavity_ of the _PELVIS_.\nTHE VERTEBR\u00c6 of the _two last_ concern us most in this Place; wherefore\nI shall say no more of the _rest_, save only by the By, or coincidently,\nas they fall in my way. _Those_ of the LOINS then are the _Thickest_ and\n_Broadest_, and the _Last_ of them is the _Largest_ of all the VERTEBR\u00c6;\nas their _Cartilages_ are thicker and stronger than any of the _Others_,\nand their _Acute Processes_ are at a greater _Distance_ from one\nanother. From whence it comes to pass, that the greatest _Motion_ of the\nBACK is perform\u2019d by the VERTEBR\u00c6 of the LOINS.\nTHE VERTEBR\u00c6 of the OS SACRUM grow so close together in _Adults_, that\nthey make but one large solid _BONE_, of a _Triangular Figure_; and yet\nnot without the _Mark_ of a four or five-fold _Division_: As in\nCHILDREN, it consists of many more _Pieces_ or _Divisions_. However, its\n_Basis_ is tyed to the last VERTEBR\u00c6 of the LOINS, and the _Upper part_\nof its _Sides_ to the ILIA; as its _Point_ is to the OS COCCYGIS.\nTHE OS COCCYGIS is also in _Adults_, for the most part, but one entire\n_BONE_; tho\u2019 in _younger Persons_ it is compos\u2019d of 3 or 4 small\n_Divisions_; Of which the _Lower_ is still less than the _Upper_; till\nthe _Last_ ends in a small _Cartilage_. It is join\u2019d in its _Glenoide\nCavity_ to the Extremity of the OS SACRUM; being short and bent\n_inwards_: It supports the INTESTINUM RECTUM, and yields to the\n_Pressure_ of the _INFANT_ in _Travail_: But _MIDWIVES_ ought not to\nthrust it back or repel it with _Violence_; No, they should rather\nhandle it _gently_, if they would prevent dangerous _Consequences_, as\nwell as great _Pain_ to the _Woman_ in _LABOUR_.\nFROM hence it is manifest, that _they_ are mistaken who imagine that the\n_Opening_ and _Enlargement_ of the _PELVIS_, in making way for the\n_INFANT_, does depend upon the _Separation_ of the OSSA PUBIS: For it\nmuch more depends upon the _yielding_ of the OS SACRUM, or its giving\nway naturally; especially _This Part_ of it call\u2019d OS COCCYGIS. Neither\ndoth the _Straitness_ of the _Upper Part_ of the _PELVIS_ so much\noccasion a difficult _BIRTH_, as the _small Distance_ that is betwixt\nthe _Points_ of the OSSA PUBIS, call\u2019d OSSA SEDENTARIA or _Seat-Bones_,\nand the OS COCCYGIS: No indeed, neither of _These_ can be any great\n_Hindrance_ to the Passage of the INFANT; since all BONES, never so\nclosely knit together with LIGAMENTS, may be moved _extensively_ upon\noccasion, by carefully and gently _stretching_ the said LIGAMENTS. But,\nin short, it most commonly happens, that the _Ill Position_ of the\nINFANT itself, or the bad _Condition_ and _Situation_ of the WOMB, or\n_Both_, occasion a difficult or preternatural BIRTH.\nBUT I would here farther observe yet, that as these BONES differ\nfrequently both in _Form_ and _Size_, according to the different\n_Constitution_ of the Body; so neither are _they_ always of the _same\nSubstance_: For in _some Women_, we find a great many _Nervous_ and\n_Cartilaginous_ LIGAMENTS, which penetrate into the _solid Substance_ of\nthe BONES themselves; in which the LIGAMENTS are so fast bound together,\nthat it is hard to distinguish whether they are _One_ or _More_ BONES.\nFrom whence, however, it will hereafter appear, that _One Woman_ is more\neasily delivered than _Another_; the BONES in _One_ being more firm and\nimmoveable, altogether resisting any _Relaxation_; which in _Another_\nare more loose and pliable, easily give way and yield freely to the\n_Force_ of the Endeavouring and Struggling _INFANT_.\nTHE _Contents_ of this SECTION will appear more evident, by looking\ncuriously upon a _Female SKELETON_: In which (for Distinction\u2019s-sake I\nrecite _This_) that the lower Parts of the _Seat-Bones_, are generally\nmore _distant_, and not so much bent _inwards_, down towards the Point\nof the OS COCCYGIS, as in a _Male SKELETON_. Which Difference, in short,\nthe Omniscient CREATOR has so order\u2019d, for preventing difficult\n_BIRTHS_; and yet, notwithstanding all this wise Provision of Nature,\nthey happen too often in the World. However, having thus, in fine,\ndescribed the PELVIS and its BONES, as far as is requisite for\n_MIDWIVES_, I come next, more particularly to describe that astonishing\n_Piece_ of GOD\u2019S _Handy-work_, to which all the afore-mention\u2019d _Parts_\nare ordain\u2019d to _minister_, and that both _conjunctly_ and _severally_,\nwithout any _Exception_: viz.\n[Illustration]\nI Say this is that _Body_, which the _Learned Great Men_ of all Ages\nhave esteem\u2019d and look\u2019d upon as the most wonderful MIRACLE of _Nature_,\nnot only because of its singular _Substance_ and _Structure_, but also\nof its peculiar _Qualities_ and _Faculties_.\nAS to the _Substance_ and _Structure_, I have before observed in _Chap.\n6._ of this SECTION, that it is singularly composed, of an innumerable\nMultitude of _Fibrous Vessels_ and _Muscular Parts_; which being _All_\nmost curiously interwoven, are admirably form\u2019d together in its\nConstitution.\nBUT how particular soever I have been on this _Head_, in _Chap. 5_, and\n_6_. I must resume this _Topick_ here, and add, that the WOMB, and its\n_Vagina_ or _Neck_, are closely join\u2019d together: For it terminates in a\nPOINT near its _Orifice_, intrudes itself into the _Vagina_, and hangs\nso down, that in _Women not with_ CHILD, and sometimes also in the first\nMonths of _Pregnancy_, This sharp POINT may be perceiv\u2019d by the _Touch_.\nAND how closely soever this _Orifice_ of the WOMB is shut after\n_Conception_ or during _Pregnancy_; yet in a _BIRTH_ it is so expanded,\nthat the WOMB and _Vagina_ both seem to have but _One_ and the _same\nCavity_, like a BAG of equal Dimensions; there being then no Difference\nperceivable between that _Orifice_ and the _Vagina_, excepting that the\n_VAGINA_ is _Softer_ and _Thinner_.\nTHE WOMB may be otherwise aptly compar\u2019d to the EARTH; because the same\nDegree of _Affinity_ that the EARTH has to the _Seed of Plants_, the\nWOMB bears to the _Seed of Men_: It being the very _Secundary Cause_ in\nthe _Constitution_ of the _Human Conception_; not indeed the\n_Instrumental_ only, but also the _Active Cause_: For whereas the\n_Instrument_ takes _Motion_ from, and _operates_ by Virtue of _Another_,\nthe WOMB only _acts_ of _itself_ and _operates_ by Virtue of its own\n_Active Faculties_.\nBUT more particularly, the WOMB has sundry proper _Actions_ in this\n_Constitution_, which are peculiarly dependent of, and accordingly\ndischarged by ITSELF only; and therefore it is not the sole or pure\nInstrumental _Agent_. But the Reason that I call it the _Secundary_ or\n_Disponent_, not the _Primary Cause_, in constituting the FOETUS, is,\nbecause the _Actions_ of the WOMB do not precisely terminate in this\n_Constitution_, but chiefly in disposing the _Causes_ constituting the\nMAN. And as (I think) there are _Eight_ such _Actions_ belonging to the\nWOMB, I shall undertake to define them all particularly in a few Words.\nAnd,\nI. THE _FIRST Action_ of the WOMB is, that by its _attractive Faculty_,\nit may allure the _Masculine Seed_ infus\u2019d by Coition into the FUND of\nits _Capacity_, after the same manner as a _famishing Stomach_ snatches\nat the Victuals by the _Gullet_ from the _Mouth_ of the Eater.\nII. THE _SECOND_ is like unto the _FIRST_, and consists in _attracting_\n(after the same manner) the _Muliebrian_ SEED from the Vessels of the\nTESTICLES, into the same _Cavity_.\nIII. THE _THIRD Function_ of the WOMB, is the _Copulation_ and mutual\n_Conjunction_ of the SEEDS of both Parents; which it prepares and\nperfects by its innate _Power_, constricting itself in all Parts: And\nthis _Action_, I do not (in this place) call a _Permistion_ of these\nSEEDS, as it is generally term\u2019d, because a _Mixture_ is properly\nperform\u2019d only by the concording _Qualities_ and mutual _Actions_ of two\nor more miscible _Copulatives_, without any _Assistance_ of the _Thing\nContaining_.\nIV. THE _FOURTH Office_ of the WOMB, is an _Effusion_ of the _Menstruous\nBlood_ upon the aggregated _Seed_, from a Relaxation of the little\n_Orifices_ of the VEINS terminating in its interiour _Surface_.\nV. THE _FIFTH Action_ of the WOMB, is, the _Retention_ of those three\nconjoin\u2019d _Bodies_; to effect which _Work_, the WOMB contracts itself on\nall sides, and shuts up all its _Orifices_, even to the sensible\nAnimadversion of the WOMAN.\nVI. THE _SIXTH Function_ of the WOMB, is to excite the Virtue of the\n_Torpent Lifeless_ SEED, and rouze it up from _Idleness_ to _Activity_;\nas the latent Virtue of PHYSICK in the Body is _excited_ to Operation by\nthe _natural Heat_ of the VISCERA.\nVII. THE _SEVENTH Office_ of the WOMB, is (after the FOETUS is Form\u2019d\nand Organiz\u2019d) the _Attraction_ of the BLOOD from the _Maternal Veins_,\ninto the _Umbilical Vessels_, for its _Nutrication_ and Growth.\nVIII. THE _EIGHTH_ and last _Function_ of the WOMB, is _Birth_, which I\nshall remember to speak more particularly of in its proper Place.\nFROM all which we may easily collect the sundry proper _Uses_ of the\nWOMB, and readily comprehend that it is not only destin\u2019d by _Nature_ to\nadmit the SEED, and receive the _impregnated_ EGG from the OVARIUM and\nthe _Fallopian Tube_; but also to contain the _Organizing Matter_, and\nall necessary _Principles_ (_Active_ and _Passive_) for constituting the\n_Conception_; fomenting the receiv\u2019d SEEDS, by its natural _Calidity_,\npreserving the same, and preparing the _Maternal Blood_ by its inherent\n_Temperament_, for the Use of the FOETUS: Which FOETUS it surrounds and\ndefends from external _Accidents_, by its Substantial _Corpulency_;\ncontaining and nourishing the INFANT, about the Space of 9 or 10\n_Months_, by its Faculties of _Extension_ and _Attraction_; and at last\nforcing it into the World, by _that_ of _Expulsion_.\nUPON which Occasion, that the _MIDWIFE_ may the better discharge her\n_Duty_, and assist the _Labouring Woman_ more effectually, without Fear\nor Danger, and without committing any Blunder or Mistake; as I have\nalready taught her in what _Place_ the WOMB is seated, to what _Parts_\nit tends, and how it is _annexed_, &c; so I shall now proceed to\ndescribe its _Qualities_ and _Faculties_, so far as is necessary, and\nabsolutely requisite in the _Practice_ of _MIDWIFERY_. And, FIRST,\nthen\u2014\u2014\n[Illustration]\n                _Of the Extensive Faculty of the WOMB._\nNATURE has endued the WOMB with this _Faculty_, to the end that it may\n(in _Pregnancy_) extend and dilate itself Day by Day, in _Proportion_ to\nthe _Growth_ of the INFANT, _Secundine_, and _Humours_.\nNOW the WOMB in its _lower Part_ being straitly tied to the _Intestinum\nRectum_ and _Bladder_; it is to be understood that the _Distention_\nhappens mostly in its superiour Part or _Bottom_: Which is not only most\n_Free_ and at greatest _Liberty_, but also _Thickest_ and aptest for\n_Dilatation_.\nTHIS will appear more evident, when we consider how the INFANT adheres\nto that Part, the _Bottom_, by means of the _Secundine_: How the INFANT\nalso as it grows, begins to separate the _Humours_ in the _Secundine_,\nwhich (of consequence) encrease as the _Infant_ does: And how again the\nEncrease of the _Humours_ fill up the _Chinks_ and VACUUMS, as I may\ncall them, which the INFANT cannot possess. From hence it is that the\nWOMB extends itself in the _Form_ of a PEAR, only a little _Plainer_ at\nBoth Ends.\nTHUS the _Secundine_ adhering[155] to the _Bottom_ of the WOMB, by its\n_thicker Part_ (call\u2019d the PLACENTA,) thence it is that the WOMB\nencreases and extends itself more in its _Bottom_, than in any\n_inferiour Part_.\nWHEREFORE the WOMB being most extended in its upper Part, call\u2019d the\n_Bottom_; and both the _Bladder_ and RECTUM below being soft loose\n_Parts_, it necessarily follows, that the WOMB may freely _ascend_ and\n_descend_ upon Occasion, as we often find it in the _Cavity_ of the\n_Belly_; which, however, does not happen to All _Women_ alike.\nBUT, in short, these _extensive_ and _ascensive Faculties_ of the WOMB,\nchiefly residing in its _Bottom_; I would have it laid down for a\ncertain _Maxim_ of Truth, that _These_ exert themselves, without any the\nleast _Extenuation_ to the _Uterine Substance_: Which Position leads me\ndirectly to consider\u2014\u2014\n[Illustration]\n               _Of the Substantial Density of the WOMB._\nTOUCHING the _Thickness_ of the _Pregnant_ WOMB, _Authors_ have differ\u2019d\nextremely: _Some_ thinking, that as the WOMB grows _Larger_, it grows\n_Thicker_; and _Others_ the _Reverse_, that as it _extends_, it grows\n_Thinner_.\nNOW these _Opinions_ being both diametrically opposite _One_ to the\n_Other_, as _Both_ (perhaps) may be contrary to _Truth_, I shall freely\nand ingenuously offer my _Sentiments_ in a few Words; not that I vainly\ndesire to engage myself in any _Controversy_: Save only, because the\ntrue _Knowledge_ of this Point, is so Material and Consequential for all\n_MIDWIVES_, especially in _Cases_ of difficult and preternatural BIRTHS,\nthat I cannot well excuse myself, should I pass it by with _Silence_ in\nthis Place.\nMR. _MAURICEAU_, in his _Book_ of the _Diseases_ of Women, contradicting\nthe Authority of _Riolanus_, _Bartholinus_, and the whole Body of the\nmost Renown\u2019d and Ingenious _Anatomists_, both _Ancient_ and _Modern_,\nis at great Pains to make us believe, that the _impregnated_ WOMB is\n(like the _Bladder_) in this Case; _the more it is extended, the thinner\nit grows_.\nBUT as his quoted Authority of _Galen_ and _Carol_. _Stephanus_ cannot\nbe sufficient against so many good _Authors_ of the _contrary Opinion_;\nso neither will his _Demonstrations_ of WAX, nor _Comparisons with the_\nWOMBS of _Animals_, be sufficient to make out his _Argument_, against\nconfirm\u2019d _Experience_, common _Sense_, and current _Reason_. Which\nPoint of _Experience_ I judge this _Author_ to have been deficient in,\notherwise he would certainly have given us some _particular Instance_ or\nother of it, and not had _Recourse_ to _Inconsistencies_ for supporting\nhis new-fashion\u2019d unreceiv\u2019d _Notion_. For what _Comparison_ can there\nbe betwixt an _Animate_ and _Inanimate Body_? Or what _Affinity_ betwixt\nthe _WOMB_ of _Animals_ and that of _Women_, who are form\u2019d after the\n_Image_ of GOD, and (by a _Prerogative_ above all other _Creatures_) are\nfurnished with a _WOMB_ very _different_ from them?\nI ingenuously acknowledge, when I first met with this _Author\u2019s Works_,\nnot daring then to be too _Positive_ in this _Point_, I was put into\nsome _Suspence_ of Judgment; which made me not only consult with the\nbest of _Authors_ and _Professors_ of ANATOMY, but also induc\u2019d me to\nembrace every Opportunity of satisfying myself otherways to a full\n_Conviction_.\nWHEREFORE at all _Dissections_ of _pregnant Women_, where I have been\npresent, I carefully observed and took notice of this particular\n_Point_; upon which I must needs affirm, that I always found the _WOMB_\n(however _Big_ or _Little_) of its _natural Thickness_, and rather\n_thicker_ than _thinner_: For tho\u2019 _It_ is expanded by the _growing\nInfant_, &c. yet _it_ may (most probably) be equally condensed, by the\nImbibition of the _fluent Humours_, which consolidate into _itself_ by\nthe _Pores_ of its _Plexus Body_. Nay, I have not only satisfy\u2019d myself\nin _dead_, but also in _living Bodies_, with respect to this Matter; for\nby passing _One Hand_ into the _WOMB_ to take away the _Secundine_, when\nthe _Other_ laid upon the BELLY, I clearly discerned the _Truth_ by\nSENSE, and have sometimes found the _WOMB_ not only incredibly _Thick_,\nbut also RIGID withal: And in this Matter, I have not been singular; for\nI find the _ingenious Daventer_ writes to the same purpose, upon this\n_Head_, in his Book of _Midwifery_. Having therefore thus, in short,\nperceiv\u2019d the _Thickness_ of the _WOMB_, both with my _Hands_ and\n_Eyes_, I must trust my SENSES, and prefer my _Experience_ before any\n_Man\u2019s bare Conjecture_; for tho\u2019 I often _see not_ those Things which I\n_believe_, yet I must still _believe_ those Things which I _see_.\nWHENCE I conclude, that the _WOMB_, tho\u2019 of a different _Bigness_ from\nthe _Conception_ to the BIRTH, is always, at least, of one _Thickness_\nwith the _unconceiv\u2019d_ WOMB: Which the _Divine Wisdom_ (no doubt) has so\nordered for the _Preservation_ of the MOTHER and INFANT; for if the\n_WOMB_ in Time of _Pregnancy_ did grow _Thinner_, according to its\n_Extension_, it must of Consequence grow _Weaker_, and, in that _Case_\nthe INFANT would be liable to perforate it with _Foot_ or _Hand_, which\nwould infallibly terminate in the _Loss_ of both their LIVES.\nBUT besides, if the _WOMB_ was so _Thin_ and _Weak_ as Mr. _Mauriceau_\nimagines; as the _Pregnant Woman_ would be liable to imminent _Danger_\nevery Moment _Before_, as well as _In Time_ of LABOUR; so the MIDWIFE\nwould be expos\u2019d to the greatest of _Difficulties_: For who then durst,\nwithout _Horror_, offer to turn the INFANT, so closely compress\u2019d in\nthose _thin Membranes_ of the _WOMB_? Or who could have _Resolution_\nenough to separate and pull away the AFTER-BIRTH?\nHOWEVER, I could produce innumerable _Instances_ of most Learned and\nIngenious _Men_ to support my above-mentioned _Opinion_; but I shall\ncontent myself now with ONE, who (I think) is of sufficient Authority:\nFor hearing lately that Mr. _Mauriceau_\u2019s mention\u2019d Book (which I had\nonly read before in its _Original French_) was translated by Dr.\n_Chamberlain_, I doubted not but I should fully discover that Eminent\nTRANSLATOR\u2019S _Sentiment_ upon this single _Point_; whereupon this most\nfamous _Physician_ and _Boethogynist_ marks by way of Observation or a\n_Bene Notandum_, that his _Charity_ for his _Author_ makes him believe\nthat _French-Women_ differ in this _Point_ from _Our English_, with whom\nit is apparently otherwise order\u2019d. And in the farther Explication of\nhis _Author\u2019s Opinion_ on this _Head_, he adds, That _Experience_ will\nconvince any inquisitive Person of the _Contrary_.\nTO which I reply, in short, with all due Submission, that the\n_French-Women_ do not differ one Jot in this respect from _Ours_, nor\n_Ours_ from any _Others_: Which (no doubt) the worthy _Doctor_ was very\nsensible of, notwithstanding his great _Complaisance_ to his _Author_.\n[Illustration]\n               _Of the various Local Motion of the WOMB._\nALTHOUGH the _Ligaments_ are fixed to the _WOMB_ on each side, under the\n_Tubes_, near the _Bottom_, on purpose to keep it duly in the _Middle_,\nfrom falling to either _Side_; yet we may easily perceive, FIRST, That\nthe _Pregnant WOMB_, as it dilates and extends itself most (in the\n_Bottom_) above the _Ligaments_, so it rises _Highest_ and becomes\n_Heaviest_ in that Part; by which means it cannot always be contained in\nthe _narrow Compass_ of the PELVIS, and the _Larger_ the _INFANT_ is,\nthe _Higher_ the _WOMB_ rises (above the _Ligaments_) in the BELLY.\nInsomuch that when the _Cavity_ of the PELVIS is not sufficient to\ncontain a large _WOMB_, fill\u2019d with _One_ or _more_ well-grown\n_INFANTS_, together with the _Secundines_ and _Humours_, it must (of\nnecessity) ascend into the _Cavity_ of the BELLY; as is evident from\nSECONDLY, The _WOMB_ being in Form of a PEAR, much larger _above_ than\n_below_ the _Ligaments_, and that _superiour Bulk_ being only sustain\u2019d\nat the _lower Part_ by subtile _Ligaments_ apt to extend, as well as\nsupported near the _Orifice_ by the _Bladder_ and RECTUM, which are\nsoft, loose, and _extensive Parts_: Hence, I say, we may easily\nconceive, that as _These_ are not sufficient to hinder a large WOMB from\nascending above the Borders of the PELVIS into the _Cavity_ of the\nBELLY; so neither are _they_ able to keep it from leaning or inclining\n_this_ or _that way_, by reason of its _Weight_ in the _Bottom_, which\nis always the farther distant from the _Ligaments_, the more it is\n_extended_: And the _extended_ WOMB being not of the same _Firmness_ and\n_Solidity_ with THAT in a _natural State_, is the more apt and ready to\nmove _aside_, either on the Right or the Left Hand.\nNOW this various _Motion_ of the WOMB, in short, will appear more\nmanifestly _Probable_, when we consider how variously _Women_ with CHILD\nmove their _Bodies_, bending them every way for _Relief_, when oppress\u2019d\nwith _Pain_; both _sitting_ and _lying_ in different _Postures_: All\nwhich may easily give the WOMB a _Tendency_ this or that way, sliding\neither _Forwards_ or _Backwards_, to the right or the left _Side_ of the\nPerson.\n[Illustration]\n                _Of the Oblique Situation of the WOMB._\nI Doubt not in the least but among the _Many_, some will reject _this_\nTHESIS as _False_ or _New-fangled_; but _They_ who are _Ignorant_ of it,\nare meer blind _Novices_ in the _Art_ of MIDWIFERY: For repeated\n_Experience_ has taught _Myself_ and many _Others_ the Certainty of this\n_Truth_; as will more amply appear from the following Discourse.\nTHE _Womb_ having then ascended into the _Cavity_ of the BELLY, if its\n_pointed Parts_ tend perpendicularly into the PELVIS, so as that its\n_Orifice_ may be easily touch\u2019d on every _Side_ with the Fingers, its\n_Bottom_ is placed about the NAVEL; and _This_ I call a right or\n_natural Situation_: But when otherways, the _Posture_ is changed,\ninclining _this_ or _that way_, and the _Orifice_ suspended so _High_,\nthat it can scarce or not at all be touch\u2019d, I call _That_ a wrong and\n_preternatural Position_, or _oblique Situation_ of the WOMB; which may\nnot only be occasion\u2019d (as is said) by the _Weight_ and _Bulk_ of its\n_Bottom_, above the extended and relaxed _Ligaments_, but also by many\nother different _Causes_; such as an obdurated _Gland_, a _Cicatrix_, an\n_Ulcer_, an _Obstruction_ of the _Vessels_ in the _Ligaments_ or\nadjacent _Parts_, &c.\nHENCE it is that the _wrong Positions_ of the _WOMB_ are manifold, which\nwould be very tedious to enumerate exactly here; but only, that I may\nnot pass by what is so _material_, I shall reduce them to a _Four-fold\nDifference_; as the _Ancients_ did the _Winds_, because of the _Four\nRegions_ or _Limits_ of the Heavens. And _Those Four_ will (I hope)\ncomprehend all other _wrong Situations_ of the _WOMB_, not very\nimproperly or _mal-\u00e0-propos_, as _Ovid_[156] has comprehended _These_ in\nthe following elegant _Verses_, viz.\n           _\u201cEurus ad Auroram Nabath\u00e6\u00e1q; regna recessit,\n           \u201cPersid\u00e1q; & radiis Juga subdita matutinis.\n           \u201cVesper & Occiduo qu\u00e6 littora sole tepescunt,\n           \u201cProxima sunt Zephyro, Scythiam sept\u00e9mque triones\n           \u201cHorrifer invasit Boreas. Contraria Tellus\n           \u201cNubibus assiduis, pluvi\u00f3q; madescit ab Austro._\nTHE _first_ bad _Position_ of which is, when the _Bottom_ of the _WOMB_\nis placed on the _left Side_ of the Woman, a little raised or depress\u2019d;\nthe _Orifice_ being turn\u2019d towards the SPINE of the right OS ILIUM or OS\nPUBIS, against which the INFANT in time of BIRTH commonly pushes its\n_Head_, beats out its Brains, and sticks there to Death: Or else passing\nthe said SPINE, it lies _a-thwart_ the PELVIS.\nTHE _Second_ ill _Position_ of the _WOMB_ is, when the _Bottom_ is\nseated on the _right Side_; the _Orifice_ being turn\u2019d towards the _left\nPart_ of the PELVIS, directly opposite to the _other Position_, and\nattended with the same _Inconveniencies_.\nTHE _Third_ is, when, in _Women_ having large _Bellies_, the _WOMB_\nhangs too much _Forwards_; the _Orifice_ being turn\u2019d towards the OS\nSACRUM: So that the INFANT falls down by the _Head_ into the Bent, or\ncrooked _Cavity_ of the OS COCCYGIS, where it fatally sticks fast.\nTHE _fourth Oblique Situation_ of the _WOMB_ is, when its _Bottom_ is\npress\u2019d too near the DIAPHRAGMA, and its _Body_ too near the VERTEBR\u00c6 of\nthe _Loins_; the _Orifice_ being elevated, is thereby turned too near\nthe _OS PUBIS_, where the INFANT striking its _Head_ against these\n_Bones_, remains immoveable and perishes: Or, (which is worse) sliding\nwith its _Head_ upon the _OSSA PUBIS_, it is turn\u2019d on one or other\n_Side_ or _Backwards_; when (commonly with _Hand_ or _Arm_ out of the\nBody) it lies _a-thwart_ the Passage, and infallibly occasions its OWN\nor its MOTHER\u2019S _Death_, or _Both_; unless (as in the _three_ preceding\n_Cases_) it be in due time prevented by the _Assistance_ of some very\nskilful HAND.\nTHOSE are the _Four_ most difficult and principal wrong, or chief\n_preternatural Situations_, of the _WOMB_; from whence we may easily\nframe a competent Conjecture of the _Rest_; to wit, when the _Bottom_ of\nthe _WOMB_ is more or less turn\u2019d to the _right_, or the _left Side_, or\n_forwards_, or _backwards_: Since as _that_ differs more or less from\nthe _natural Position_, so the BIRTH in like manner is (of consequence)\nthe more or less _Difficult_, as will hereafter manifestly appear.\n[Illustration]\n[Illustration]\n                  _Of TOUCHING or HANDLING the Woman._\nTHE _Midwife_ ought to have a special _Knowledge_ in _This_ Matter,\nsince a Thing of so much Moment as LIFE itself often depends upon it;\nyea, and _this Knowledge_ is of absolute Necessity to all Persons\npractising MIDWIFERY, because many different Points of the greatest\n_Importance_, are thereby plainly discover\u2019d: But before I enter upon\nthese Things, I would have it rightly understood, that nothing else is\nmeant here by the _Performance_ of the TOUCH, than (upon having first\npared the _Nails_ short, equal, and smooth) _passing the two\nFore-fingers of either Hand, (previously well anointed with Fat or\nButter, when proper Oils are not to be had) through the_ VULVA _into\nthe_ VAGINA, _in order to reach the Orifice of the WOMB_, and to discern\nits FORM, by feeling it on each Side.\nAND it is not only requisite that the Woman in LABOUR be _touched_,\nbefore her _Pains_ come on, because then the _Membrane_ containing the\n_Humours_ being loose, the INFANT\u2019s _Posture_ may be the better\ndistinguish\u2019d; but the same TOUCH also is to be continued during the\n_Force_ of the _Pains_, the better to know their _Nature_ and _Effects_;\nwhether the INFANT continues still at the _Passage_ or not; and whether\nthe _Humours_ are contracted _length-ways_, or press\u2019d into a _Flat\nForm_, and the like. For after the _Pains_ are over, it is easily to be\nperceiv\u2019d, whether they have _promoted_ the BIRTH or _Not_.\nBUT during this _Performance_ of the TOUCH, great Care must be taken not\nto handle the _Membranes_ containing the _Humours_ too roughly, lest\nthey should break in the Action.\nNOW that the MIDWIFE may the more readily perform her TOUCH, she must\ntake good Heed to what is said of the _Cavity_ of the[157] PELVIS: for\nas it rises from the _Bottom_ obliquely, ascending forwards; so, upon\nthis Occasion, in seeking for the _Orifice_ of the WOMB, she must not\nthrust her _Fingers_ streight along according to the _Length_ of the\nBody, towards the bending of the OS SACRUM; but guide them _upwards_\nfrom the _Bottom_, as if thro\u2019 the VAGINA, she would touch the _Navel_:\nFor Thus her _Hand_ being turn\u2019d inward, and her _Fingers_ tending\ntowards the _Navel_, the _Orifice_ of the WOMB lying directly in the\nway, she meets with it readily at first. Whereas they who go otherways\nto work, seek it in vain, and find it with Difficulty.\nTHIS Observation I thought the more requisite in this Place, because\n_MIDWIVES_ not accurately understanding the _Situation_ of the _Bones_\nof the PELVIS, think that the WOMB and its _Neck_ or VAGINA reach\naccording to the _Length_ of the Woman, and make use of their _Hands_\naccordingly: First hurting the VAGINA and RECTUM in the Bending of the\nSACRUM; and then finding no farther _Passage_ for their _Fingers_; but\nbeing altogether ignorant of the above-mentioned Method of finding the\nsaid _Orifice_, they are very often surpriz\u2019d, fall into great\n_Confusion_ for want of better _Instruction_. Whence I proceed to\u2014\u2014\n[Illustration]\n           _Of the various Uses and Advantages of the TOUCH._\nBY the TOUCH then, to be brief, the _MIDWIFE_ gains the certain\n_Knowledge_ of the following important _Heads_: viz.\nFIRST, Whether a _Woman_ be with _CHILD_ or not: For I must needs own,\nthat some of the most certain _Signs_ of _Pregnancy_ are discover\u2019d by\nthe _TOUCH_; since the WOMB shuts itself close up, immediately after\nCONCEPTION, and its _Orifice_ becomes more _pointed_, _hard_, and\n_solid_, resembling (according to _Mauriceau\u2019s_ just Comparison) the\n_Mouth_ of a _Puppy_ newly pupp\u2019d.\nBUT in time of the _INFANT_\u2019s ripening, this _Orifice_ begins to\n_swell_, and becomes _softer_, _smoother_, and _thinner_ than it was\nBefore.\nSECONDLY, The _MIDWIFE_ discovers by the _TOUCH_, whether the Time of\nBIRTH is near at hand, and how near it is. However, in speaking to this\nPoint, I desire to be rightly understood, not meaning _Miscarriages_, or\n_Illegitimate BIRTHS_, but only such as are intirely _Legitimate_.\nAS then the _INFANT_ advances in _Maturation_, so the _Orifice_ of the\nWOMB from the _Third Month_, grows _smoother_, _thinner_, and _softer_;\nand consequently the more _smooth_, _thin_, and _soft_ it appears at any\ntime afterwards to the _TOUCH_, so much the _nearer_ draws on the _Time_\nof BIRTH.\nIN _some Women_, this _ORIFICE_ begins to open two or three _Months_\nbefore BIRTH; and this _Aperture_ enlarging itself by degrees, becomes\nsoon as wide as a _Shilling-Piece_, when the _Motion_ of the _INFANT_\nmay be distinctly perceiv\u2019d: And in _others_ it is so much more\nenlarged, that one single _Pain_ or two accomplishes the BIRTH.\nBUT as all _Women_ are not _alike_, so this _RULE_ will admit of sundry\n_Exceptions_; for _strong-body\u2019d_ Women, Women of their _First Child_,\nand those somewhat in Years, their WOMBS continue generally shut up to\nthe last, and open not without the severest _Pains_: And not only so,\nbut the _Orifice_ of the WOMB differs also, in all difficult and\n_Preternatural Cases_, as well by reason of its own _oblique Situation_,\nas of the _INFANT_\u2019s ill Posture. For this Reason it is, that an\nExperienced and Judicious _Hand_ is most requisite upon such Occasions;\nsince such an _One_ can clearly distinguish, what _Another_ cannot so\nmuch as guess at.\nTHIRDLY, The _MIDWIFE_ immediately knows by the _TOUCH_, whether the\nWoman be taken with the real and genuine LABOUR-PAINS or _Not_. Which is\na Point of the _greatest Moment_; since as it is of bad Consequence to\n_delay_ the BIRTH, when the Woman is so taken, especially if the _WOMB_\nand _INFANT_ be _Both_ well situated, lest the _Pains_ should vanish,\nand the Opportunity of DELIVERY should thereby be lost: so, on the other\nhand, to force a Woman to LABOUR, unseasonably, when but seiz\u2019d with\n_Bastard-Pains_, is a most pernicious Thing.\nBUT both these _Cases_ too often happen, even to the _Hazard_, if not\nthe _Loss_ also of both LIVES; especially the _Latter_, when the\n_MIDWIFE_ does not know how to distinguish these _False Pains_, either\nthe _Cholick_, or other _Gripes_, from the _genuine Pains_ by the\n_TOUCH_: As will be more fully and amply explain\u2019d in the next following\n_Chapter_.\nGIVE me Leave to say then, that BIRTH is not to be provok\u2019d by any\nMeans, until the _MIDWIFE_, by touching the _Orifice_ of the WOMB, is\ncertain, that the Woman labours under the _True Pains_; which is not to\nbe judiciously suppos\u2019d to happen before the _Seventh Month_ at soonest.\n_BIRTH_ at that Time approaching, the Woman is afflicted with great\nPAINS in her _Groin_, _Loins_, and about the _Navel_, tending downwards\nwith a depressing Force upon the WOMB and other _Private Parts_. But\nthese PAINS are not continual, for they only go-off and come-on by\n_turns_; at which Time, by their violent _Depressure_, the _MIDWIFE_\nfinds the _Orifice_ of the WOMB _open_, or at least _opening_, and upon\nRenewal of the PAIN, she finds it more and more dilated and relaxed:\nwhereas, on the other hand, when the PAINS are _Spurious_, they disperse\nthemselves through the whole _Body_, as well as the _Abdomen_; and then\nthe WOMB (as if it were securing itself) is found more closely\n_contracted_.\nFOURTHLY, It is likewise well known by the _TOUCH_, whether the BIRTH\nwill be _Easy_ and _Speedy_, or _Difficult_ and _Lingring_, on several\nOccasions: 1. When the _MIDWIFE_ finds the _Head_ of the INFANT and the\nlower Part of the WOMB fallen into the _Cavity_ of the PELVIS, so that\n_She_ can touch it in the Confines of the VAGINA: 2. When the _Orifice_\nof the WOMB is very soft, thin, and wide-open, so that (through it) she\nfinds the _Head_ of the INFANT foremost, without any Obstruction by the\n_Arms_ or _Umbilical Vessels_ in the way, between the _Head_ of the\nINFANT, and _Orifice_ of the WOMB; as often happens: And, 3. When the\n_Humours_, by the _right Situation_ of the WOMB and the INFANT, are\nfound compressed into a _Flat Form_. I say, when Matters are found so\n(by the _TOUCH_) in this _Natural Posture_, there is no great doubt\n(under GOD) of a _Speedy_ and _Easy_ DELIVERY.\nWHEREAS, on the contrary, when the _Orifice_ is found by Experience\n_higher_, _little_ or not at all _open_; _sharp_, _hard_, and _thick_,\nwith the _Humours_ pressed up length-ways: _Then_ the _Case_ is quite\nrevers\u2019d, and the _MIDWIFE_, if she _understands_ her Business, must\nresolve to _sweat at her Work_.\nNOW the Reason of such _Difficult_ BIRTHS commonly proceeds, either from\nthe _wrong Situation_ of the INFANT, or _That_ of the WOMB; the _latter_\nof which always occasions the greater _Difficulty_, especially when it\nis accidentally join\u2019d with the _First_, to a vast Degree of\n_Aggravation_: Of which, as follows of course.\nFIFTHLY, Another _Advantage_ of the _TOUCH_, is the truly Knowing\nwhether the INFANT be in a _Natural_, or _Preternatural Posture_. For\nthe _MIDWIFE_ finding the _Orifice_ of the WOMB so _open_, that it\nadmits one or two _Fingers_, she may distinctly feel the _Chin_ of the\nINFANT in a _Natural Position_, lying forwards on its _Breast_, and the\n_Neck_ in the _Middle_ of the _Orifice_, or streight _Before_ it; so\nthat the _Head_ being foremost and lowest within the Borders of the\n_Orifice_, the _Fingers_ cannot pass any _Farther_.\nHOWEVER, supposing the _Clunes_, _Knee_, or _Elbow_, to present\nthemselves _First_ in the _ORIFICE_; It is true, they have their\n_Roundness_, but then they are easily distinguished from the _Head_: For\nthe _Globular Part_ of it is much _broader_ and _smoother_, than either\n_Knee_ or _Elbow_, and _harder_ than the _Buttocks_; which _Fleshy Part_\nis soon distinguished from the _Bones_, or the _soft Membrane_ betwixt\nthe _Bones_ of the HEAD.\nBUT as a capable _MIDWIFE_ can hereby distinguish all _These_ with\nFacility, even before the _Waters_ begin to flow; so I need not mention\nthe _Hands_, which distinguish themselves by the _Fingers_, as the\n_Feet_ do, by the _Toes_ or _Heels_; and the _Navel-string_ discovers\nitself by its _Softness_, _Thinness_, and _Roundness_: All which,\nhowever yet, are more easily known when the _Membrane_ is broke, and the\n_Waters_ have actually flown. For the _Parts_, which were before covered\nwith this _Membrane_, lie now naked in the _ORIFICE_: Hence it often\nunluckily happens, that _few MIDWIVES_ make an exact _Scrutiny_, about\nthe _Situation_ of the INFANT, till this Time of FLOODING; erroneously\nthinking they are then _soon_ enough, which is an unaccountable Mistake;\nas will hereafter abundantly appear.\nSIXTHLY, It is perfectly known by the TOUCH, whether the WOMB be in a\n_Natural_ or _Preternatural Posture_, as is plainly taught more at large\nin the foregoing _Chapter_.\nFINALLY, in short, we most assuredly know by the TOUCH, what is proper\nto be done in all _Preternatural Cases_, upon giving _Assistance_ both\nto the MOTHER and INFANT; as hereafter will fully appear by a more\ncopious _Dissertation_ to that Purpose.\n[Illustration]\n[Illustration]\n              _Of the Genuine and Spurious LABOUR-PAINS._\nTHE sole Reason I add this _Chapter_, is, because our common _MIDWIVES_\nare so often mistaken, and do so frequently err in this _Point_, having\nno thorough-pac\u2019d _Knowledge_ of either sort of these _PAINS_: For when\nshe comes to a Woman, taken ill with severe _PAINS_ in the _Belly_ or\n_Loins_, being ignorant of the accurate Nicety of the TOUCH, she\npresently concludes _These_ to be the true _labouring PAINS_, because\nthey indeed often resemble them very much; and she farther finding\nperhaps the _ORIFICE_ a little _relax\u2019d_ and _open_, expects it to\nenlarge to her Satisfaction. Which, however, not answering her Hopes,\nnor the _PAINS_ encreasing; she endeavours by _stimulating Medicines_\nand other sinistrous _Means_, conformable to the perverse _Rules_ of her\nPRACTICE, to raise and provoke _Them_: So that this, in short, is the\n_Cause_, not only of many an _untimely BIRTH_, but also too commonly of\nmany an _untimely DEATH_.\nNOW the _Wind-Cholick_, either in the Lower or Upper Part of the\n_Belly_, occasions frequent racking _PAINS_, as do also the HUMOURS by\nVirtue of their _Acidity_, corroding the _Intestines_; and these\n_Mordacious PAINS_ are generally attended with a subsequent _Looseness_.\nIn which _Cases_, I always use proper _mitigating_ and _repelling_\nMEANS, (such as a _Carminative_ and _Emollient Clyster_, &c: upon\nextreme Occasions); which proper _Means_ infallibly answer my Ends in\neither Condition. For if the _PAINS_ that afflict the Woman are\n_Spurious_, They are thereby suddenly _laid_ and repressed; and if\n_Genuine_, These very self-same _Means_ most effectually promote and\nadvance _them_ to _BIRTH_.\nBUT again, _some Women_ are taken with a mix\u2019d Complication of _Genuine_\nand _Spurious_, or _Real_ and _False PAINS_, that are properly called\n_Tergiversant_; which one Moment seem to _depress_ the _BIRTH_, and\n_encourage_ the Woman to LABOUR; and the next convert themselves into\nscatter\u2019d CRAMPS, and other contracting _PAINS_: And these dispersed\n_Bastard-Pains_ are always more pernicious to the Woman, than the most\nsevere _natural_ LABOUR-PAINS: _This Case_ is also easily distinguished\nby the TOUCH; which done, the _false wandring Pains_ are first to be\nassuag\u2019d or carry\u2019d off, before the _BIRTH_ can well succeed.\nNOW, as to the real _Natural_ and _Genuine Pains_, They are, (methinks)\nin short, easily to be judged of by the _Manner_ in which they always\nseize the _Woman_; viz.\nI. FROM the _Navel_ downwards to the _Groin_, reflecting towards the\n_Loins_, with a depressing and bearing down upon the WOMB and PRIVITIES,\nas occasionally mentioned in the preceding _Chapter_: And tho\u2019 _These_\nare intermitting (not _continual_) _PAINS_, yet their Severity and\nViolence extenuate the _Umbilical_, and protuberate the _Genital Parts_,\nopening and distending the _Passages_. But besides, as the _Blood_ is\nexagitated and fermented, it excites a Velocity of PULSE, and a _Redness\nof Face_; whilst the BELLY waxes _Fiery-hot_, and a _Feverish Shivering_\nor _Trembling-Fit_ invades the _whole Woman_, especially the inferiour\nLIMBS, but without any _Frigidity_.\nII. THE _Membranes_, with their _Contents_, which _MIDWIVES_ commonly\ncall the _Gathering of the Waters_, now present themselves at the\n_Orifice_ before the _Head_ of the INFANT, resembling (to the TOUCH)\n_Abortive Eggs_ without any SHELL: upon _These_ breaking, the _Waters_\nbegin to flow; at first more _Sparingly_, but by and by more\n_profusely_, and at last a _waterish Blood_ follows, when a _GIRL_ is to\nbe born; or a _pure-colour\u2019d Blood_, when a _BOY_: But I also farther\ndistinguish the _BIRTH_ of an approaching _BOY_ from _that_ of a _GIRL_,\nby the _Labour-Pains_; for in the _first Case_, these are far more\nsevere and penetrating, and accordingly the _BIRTH_ much more\nexpeditious, than in _Case_ of a _GIRL_: In which (however) the _PAINS_\nare more constant and regular.\nIII. AND now, at last, the _OSSA COCCYGIS_ and _COXENDICIS_ begin to\nyield, and give way; while the _Bottom_ contracts, the _Orifice_ of the\nWOMB opens, and the VAGINA dilates itself fully: So that _now_, and not\n_before_, most of the abovesaid _Signs_ evidently appear, I give my\npatient _Woman_ the WORD to _Labour her best_; because if she begins\n_sooner_, she too much debilitates both _Herself_ and fatigues the\n_CHILD_ before its due Time.\nMOREOVER, I have seen _some Women_ in LABOUR taken with a sudden\n_Vomiting_, that I suppose proceeded from the _natural Sympathy_, which\nthe STOMACH bears to the WOMB: Whereupon it discharges a certain\n_Viscous Matter_, which I have always observ\u2019d, upon its turning\n_Bloody_, to presage an easy _LABOUR_, and an expeditious _DELIVERY_.\nFARTHER yet, the _MIDWIFE_ must always remember, that when the commenced\n_real PAINS_ of _Labour_ chance to cease, the Woman\u2019s _Labouring\nEfforts_ must also terminate with them in Course: And as this _Case_\ndenotes a _Debility_ of the _Expulsive Faculty_; so if it be not both\n_Timely_ and _Judiciously_ assisted, It may prove of the worst of\nConsequences. In a word, so much I have thought previously _necessary_\nto my Purpose, before I enter upon\u2014\u2014\n[Illustration]\n[Illustration]\n               _Of the True Method of LAYING the Woman._\nUPON this Occasion, the _MIDWIFE_ ought, in the _first place_, carefully\nto observe the CONTENTS of the foregoing _Chapter_; and, _Secondly_, To\nfollow this general RULE, which I lay down out of absolute _Necessity_:\nviz. _That the Woman be delivered, and the Child brought forth into the\nWorld as soon as possible after_ FLOODING; and _that_ because the WOMB\nimmediately, after _This_ is over, falls, shrinks, and contracts itself\nagain, and of Consequence compresses the _BIRTH_ very closely.\nBUT in order to effect _this_ Matter, as much depends upon the right\n_Situation_ or _Placing_ of the WOMAN; so I advise, in the first place,\nthat, as soon as the WATERS begin to flow, _She_ be commodiously\n_placed_ either in a BED, CHAIR, or STOOL, properly adapted for that\nPurpose, and _laid_ with great Skill and Judgment, not too _Supine_, nor\naltogether _Upright_; but (as it were) between a _standing_ and _lying\nPosture_: having her _Back_ a little erected for the freer\n_Respiration_, and the better LABOUR; with her _Thighs_ at a due Liberty\nand Distance, only separated as much as possibly they may; her _Knees_ a\nlittle elevated; her _Feet_ stayed against something _Firm_, and her\n_Heels_ bending _Backwards_.\nHOWEVER I must farther observe in this place, that the _POSITIONS_ of\n_parturient Women_ are very various and different; _some_ doing this\n_Work_ (as above) in a _Bed_, _others_ in a _Stool_, and _some_ again I\nhave seen deliver\u2019d _standing_, and _leaning_ only a little _Forwards_\nupon the _Bed-stead_. Hence, I say, that the _POSTURES_ in time of\nLABOUR, differ not only according to the _Necessity_, but also sometimes\n(in _Natural Easy Cases_) according to the _Custom_ of the WOMAN.\nBE that as it will, I would advise all _Labouring Women_, FIRST to make\n_Choice_ of a dextrous and ingenious _MIDWIFE_ to attend them at that\n_critical Juncture_, since the poetical _Proverb_ (_Accidit in puncto,\nquod non speratur in Anno_) holds as True in _BIRTH_ as in any _Case_ I\nknow; for _some Women_ after having sundry repeated Natural easy\n_BIRTHS_, come at last to suffer by some difficult or _preternatural\nAccident_, which may happen in a _Moment of Time_.\nSECONDLY, I would advise all _parturient Women_, to give themselves over\ninto the Hands of such a _MIDWIFE_, to be universally _advised_ and\n_entirely_ directed by her Conduct: And thus being under the watchful\n_Eye_ and diligent _Care_ of the prudent and skilful _MIDWIFE_, the good\n_Woman in her Travail_ has Nothing else to do (besides following\n_Instruction_) but only to assume _Courage_ and _Resolution_ to assist\nher own _PAINS_ as she feels them coming on, by _drawing_ and _holding_\nher BREATH, as if she was to _sob_ or _sigh_, by contracting the\n_MUSCLES_ of her _Belly_, as much as possible; insomuch that the\nforcible _Impression_ may bear alike upon each side of the WOMB, and\ndepress the _Diaphragma_, which (of Consequence) suppresses the WOMB.\nBut then again in this _Case_ I would observe briefly, that she is\nstrictly to regard the _TIME_ of a _right true Travail, as at that\nJuncture_ only to use _these_ her best and strongest _Endeavours_.\nBUT now to return to the _Duty_ of the attending _MIDWIFE_; as occasion\nrequires, She is to direct her WOMAN, either to _lie_, _sit_, _stand_,\nor _walk_, keeping her always _Warm_, and as close _cover\u2019d_ in Time of\nTOUCHING as possible; for the least Breath almost of _Cold Air_ may\noccasion _Convulsions_, and _other_ most dangerous _Accidents_.\nBECAUSE I have often observ\u2019d _Women_ to be _Costive_ and bound in their\n_Bellys_ upon this Occasion, which is of dangerous Consequence, I would\ntherefore advise in this _Case_ to adhibite a gentle _Emollient\nClyster_; not only that (by the RECTUM being so emptied) there may be\nthe more _Room_ for the necessary _Dilatation_ of the _PARTS_, but also\nthat the unfortunate _Effects_ of COSTIVENESS may be timely prevented:\nAnd the same _Means_ I would use, in Case of _Heavy_, _Dull_, or\n_Languid PAINS_; ordering the _Clyster_ only in this _Case_ to be made a\nlittle more _Carminative_; as mentioned in the preceeding _Chapter_.\nBUT _this_ however I would have done in the _Beginning_ of the\n_Travail_, and reiterated (if need so require) before the _CHILD_ be\nadvanced too far _Forwards_.\nNOW the _MIDWIFE_ finding all things in a _Natural Posture_, and the\nCHILD in a _Forward way_, is to advance her _Hand_ skilfully, (which at\nevery individual TOUCH ought to be fresh-anointed with the _Oil_ of\nwhite _Lillies_, _Roses_, &c. or _Fresh-Butter_, _Hogs-Lard_, or\nwhatsoever of this Nature is readiest at Hand) entering the _ORIFICE_\nwith the _Fingers-Ends_, dilating it by opening _them_ gently as the\nPAINS come on: Thrusting gradually the _Sides_ of the _ORIFICE_ towards\nthe _OCCIPUT_ or Hinder part of the CHILD\u2019S Head, and moistening these\n_Passages_ also with what she uses for her _Hands_.\nWHEN the _VERTEX_, or _Crown of the Head_, appears without the\n_Privities_, the _MIDWIFE_ most commonly calls out or says the CHILD is\nin the _Passage_; and the _parturient Woman_ then finding these Parts\n(as it were) scratch\u2019d or prick\u2019d with PINS, often groundlessly imagines\nthat her _MIDWIFE_ deals roughly by _Her_ with _Nails_ and _Fingers_;\nwhereas that _Pungency_ is only occasioned by a violent _Distension_, or\nperhaps a _Laceration_, sometimes inevitably made, by the BULK of the\n_Head_ of the _INFANT_.\nHOWEVER that be, and whatever the _Woman_ may think or say, the\n_MIDWIFE_ is only to mind her own Business, and discharge her Duty\nfaithfully upon this _CRISIS_; in order to which, it is now High Time\nthat she also place herself in a convenient _Posture_ to receive the\n_BIRTH_: Which (when advanced as far as the _EARS_, or _thereabouts_)\nshe is to take gentle hold of, by _both Sides_ of the _HEAD_ with _both\nHands_; so that by this _Means_ she may be ready and able, against the\nfirst _Onset_ of the next good PAIN, to draw forth the CHILD. In doing\nwhereof, she must take special _Care_ that the _NAVEL-STRING_ be not\nentangled about the _Neck_, or any other _Part_, lest the _Secundine_ or\nthe _Womb_ itself thereby suffer Violence, and consequently cause either\n_Flooding_, or break the _String_, which may render the _Case_ dangerous\nand the _BIRTH_ difficult.\nBUT in thus attracting the _INFANT_, the _MIDWIFE_ must carefully\nobserve, not to draw the _HEAD_ straight-forwards, but move it gently\nfrom _Side to Side_, that the _Shoulders_ may the more readily and\neasily take Place: For _these_ must immediately follow the _HEAD_\nwithout _Loss of Time_, otherways the _BIRTH_ may be strangled in the\n_Passage_ by the _WOMB_ shutting upon its _Neck_: To prevent which\n_Tragical Catastrophe_, the Cunning Expert _MIDWIFE_ directly slides in\nher _Fingers_ under the _Arm-Pitts_, and then draws discreetly the\n_BODY_ forth without any Difficulty or Danger.\n_THUS_, in fine, We have discreetly deliver\u2019d our good _WOMAN_, in\n_Case_ of a _Natural Easy Birth_; but on the other Side, in difficult\nand _Preternatural Cases_, the several Conditions and Circumstances will\nmightily differ from the Beginning; because in _these_ the _PAINS_ are\nnot always sufficient to produce the _BIRTH_. Hence it is sometimes more\nconvenient for the _WOMAN_ to be _Passive_, rather than _Active_;\nespecially when the POSITION of either the _Womb_, or the _Infant_ is\n_Preternatural_: For then it is the _MIDWIFE\u2019s_ whole Business to\n_labour_ more than the _WOMAN_; then her ingenious TOUCH is of infinite\nService to the _PARTURIENT_, since by that only she can distinguish the\nDegree of the _Ill Situation_ whether of the _CHILD_ or the _WOMB_.\nWhich being dextrously done, _She_ is in the next Place, prudently to\nconsider what kind of _POSTURE_, _Sitting_ or _Lying_, is most\nconvenient, that she may the _better_ discharge her own good _Office_\nand _Duty_: Of which I shall treat more particularly in the following\nrespective _Chapters_; since it still remains here, by the way, that we\nalso deliver our above-mentioned _Woman_ of her AFTER-BIRTH, _&c._\n[Illustration]\n              _Of the Method of Extracting the SECUNDINE_,\nAFTER all, to perfect or finish the _Woman\u2019s DELIVERY_, it still remains\nthat _She_ be freed of her AFTER-BIRTH, or SECUNDINE. Now this I advise\nto be done with all imaginable Speed, after the CHILD _is born_, even\nbefore the _NAVEL-STRING_ is cut: Because the WOMB immediately\n_contracts_ itself, so that _This_ cannot be accomplish\u2019d afterwards\nwithout great _Difficulty_.\nHOWEVER, I know beforehand, that my Method of performing this Work,\nwhich I am about to lay down, will be thought a strange _Innovation_ in\n_Midwifery_; but without any regard to that, in speaking to this\n_Point_, I shall _First_ suppose this _Body_ to be already loosen\u2019d from\nthe WOMB; in which _Case_ the MIDWIFE has nothing to do, but to draw the\n_STRING_ gently, which she holds in _One Hand_, twisted twice or thrice\naround one or more of her _Fingers_, while she passes the _Other Hand_\ninto the WOMB, following always the _STRING_ (as her _Guide_) to the\nPlace where the BURTHEN lies: And where, as in this _Case_, it naturally\npresents itself to the ORIFICE, _She_ stretches her _Hand_ up\nlength-ways, taking hold of it betwixt her _Fingers_; and thus, by the\nAssistance of the _other Hand_ always attracting softly the _STRING_,\nshe brings it at last most commodiously away.\nSECONDLY, I shall suppose, in the mean Time, this _Body_ to continue\n_fixed_ to the WOMB, either in _Part_ or in _Whole_: In which _Case_, if\nin _Part_, the MIDWIFE finding by the TOUCH the other _Loose Part_,\nmoves her _Hand thither_ betwixt _That_ and the WOMB, shaking or\nstirring it gently _backwards_ and _forwards_, until such time as it is\nentirely _loosen\u2019d_, when she proceeds as _Before_: But if in _whole_,\nand that it sticks very _Fast_, then the _MIDWIFE_ places her _Hindmost\nFingers_ on its _Exteriour Part_ against the WOMB, and her\n_Fore-Fingers_ against the _Inside_; so that thus by pulling softly on\nall _Sides_ quite round, it is easily _loosen\u2019d_ and _extracted_ as\nAbove.\nTHIRDLY, I shall suppose this _SECUNDINE_ also (tho\u2019 loosen\u2019d\nsuccessfully) to be so very _Large_, that it cannot pass through the\n_ORIFICE_: In this _Case_, I only desire my _deliver\u2019d Woman_ to concur\nwith me, and behave herself as if she was forcing or expelling the\n_CHILD_; for then whilst I at the same time gently attract the _STRING_,\nit immediately follows.\nI very well know that Mr. _Mauriceau_ and all _others_ either _in_ and\n_before_ his Time, teach quite different _Methods_ of extruding the\n_AFTER-BIRTH_; such as are by the _WOMAN\u2019s blowing in her Fist, putting\nher Finger in her Throat, and the like_; which when the _poor Patient_\nhas done, and stood them All out _ineffectually_, together with their\nmany other various _uncertain Experiments_ to no _Purpose_, and none of\nthem have succeeded (as it has often happen\u2019d): Then at last, and not\ntill then, they direct the aforesaid _Method_ of the _HAND_ to be used.\nBut now-a-days, we know better Things than to run such indiscreet\n_Risques_, when we may go a safer Way to work; or to make use of\n_Uncertainties_, when we know more _Infallible Means_. As I shall, I\nhope, make this _Method_ plainly appear to be; notwithstanding all the\ngreat _Cautions_ of those Authors publish\u2019d, and the Difficulties they\nmake of it in our Practice of _MIDWIFERY_: And that I will endeavour to\ndo from the following _Considerations_, viz.\nI. IF after the BIRTH of the INFANT, the _Hand_ be presently pass\u2019d into\nthe WOMB, it slips in together with Part of the _Arm_, as far as is\nneedful, without the least _Trouble_ or _Inconvenience_ to the WOMAN;\nthe WOMB as well as its ORIFICE continuing always, so long as _this_ may\nbe done, sufficiently _Open_: And thus the BIRTH maybe skilfully\naccomplished or perfected, as it were, in an _Instant_; while _others_\n(trying their vain _Projects_) spend many trifling _Hours_ about it, and\nit is _ten to one_, if at last they succeed.\nII. BY these means, moreover, I presently know whether there be _One_,\n_Another_, or _More INFANTS_ to follow; whether there be a _dead CHILD_,\n_false CONCEPTION_, or any _Foreign Body_ whatsoever, lodged in the\nWOMB; whether any _Part_, or _Pieces_ of the SECUNDINE, or _Membranes_,\nor _Lumps_ of _Clotted Blood_, be left behind and retain\u2019d: All which I\npropose to bring away either _before_, or _after_ the SECUNDINE, as\nOccasion serves, with the greatest _Safety_ as well as _Expedition_.\nIII. AFTER having thoroughly searched on all _Sides_, and thus duly\ncleans\u2019d the WOMB, by continuing my _Hand_ in it, until it contracts\nabout that _Hand_, first _above_ towards the _Bottom_, and then _below_\ntowards the _Orifice_, which happens very quickly: I find myself _then_,\nby great Experience, able to rectify all _Oblique_ and _Preternatural\nSituations_ of the WOMB; as in _Case_ of a PROLAPSUS, (or _Falling\ndown_) I can hereby move it carefully _Up_ again: If it lies too much\n_Backwards_, by elevating it while it gradually contracts, I can easily\nbring it _Forwards_, to its _Natural Position_: If it hangs too much\n_Forwards_, I can quickly reduce it _Backwards_: If it tends to _either\nSide_, I can directly move it to its Center. And thus, in short, I hope\nI may be allow\u2019d gently and gradually to restore the WOMB to its\n_Natural Place_ and _Posture_, how _Preternaturally_ and _Obliquely_\nsoever its _Situation_ may happen to be disorder\u2019d.\nNOW This being so successfully done, I can, in fine, assure and secure\nany _Lying-in-Woman_, that her WOMB is both duly _purg\u2019d_, and naturally\n_shut_ again as it ought to be; which I take to be the greatest\n_Satisfaction_ the CHILD-BED-WOMAN can conceive in her Condition.\nWhereas,\nIV. THEY who leave all these Things to mere NATURE, risque their\nPATIENT\u2019S future _Welfare_, and very often her _Life_ too, as\ninnumerable _Tragical Examples_ witness: For NATURE itself most\nparticularly requires our special _Assistance_ in this _Case_. But\n(according to their indifferent _Notions_) it is _Time_ enough to assist\nNATURE, when it is found _Deficient_; and then, in _Case_ of EXTREMITY,\nthey unanimously agree that there is no other way to help or save the\n_Woman\u2019s_ LIFE, but by this METHOD of _Manual Operation_. To which I\nanswer, that NATURE operates not in an _Instant_, but (in all _Cases_)\nrequires a competent _Time_, to discharge its respective _Functions_;\nand being left too long to itself, for want of Help, is many a-time (by\nintervening _Accidents_) found at last _Incapable_: Upon which, then\n_They_, beginning their Endeavours to _second it_, generally come too\nlate. For if the _Case_ does not prove to be past all _Remedy_, it is at\nleast (by this _Protraction of Time_) often rendred not only\n_difficult_, but also _desperate_; as will evidently appear in the _Case\nin hand_, from what follows, _viz._\nI. WHILE _They_ (conformable to the general and universal _Practice_ of\ncommon _MIDWIVES_) expect the _Performance_ of NATURE, or the _Success_\nof their _trifling Means_, in the mean time, the _Orifice_ of the WOMB\nis so _closely shut up_, that in the space of an Hour or two, it cannot\nbe _penetrated_, without renovating the most severe racking PAINS to the\n_Woman_, who (perhaps) has been sufficiently spent before, by the\nDELIVERY of her INFANT, and is _now_ consequently incapable of standing\nout the renew\u2019d PANGS: whereby of course _She_ must succumb at last, and\n_give up_ the _Ghost_, for want of _Timely Help_; as innumerable\n_Instances_ confirm for an undeniable Truth. But,\nII. SUPPOSING the _Woman_ to be able to undergo the _PAINS_, yet the\nWOMB is however contracted, and the _SECUNDINE_ bound so close up, that\nthis _Body_, which before adher\u2019d _Cake-ways_ to its _Bottom_ in a\n_smooth_ and _broad Form_, is now so squeez\u2019d into a _small_ and _long\nFigure_, that it is even now a _Difficulty_ next to Impossible, to reach\nthe _Bottom_ of the WOMB, and still a _harder Task_ to extract an entire\n_Secundine_, without prejudicing the WOMB.\nIII. THEY who altogether neglect _Manual Operation_, may (I confess)\nsometimes _deliver_ their WOMAN, when _Success_ accidentally answers\ntheir WISH: But without this _Mean_, they cannot possibly restore a\n_prolaps\u2019d_, _fallen-down_, or an _obliquely situated_ WOMB, to its\n_natural Position_. No, to the Contrary, Nothing is more common among\nignorant unwary _MIDWIVES_, than to _invert_ and _draw down_ the\n_Bottom_ of the WOMB itself, by pulling the _Navel-String_, as they\nfoolishly intend by _means_ of it only to extract the _SECUNDINE_.\nNeither does the _Mischief_ always end here, but mistaking this _Body_,\nwhen so found by their TOUCH, they immediately imagine it to be the\n_Head_ of another INFANT; and persevering in this _false Conjecture_,\nthey manifestly expose the poor WOMAN to the Hazard of her _Life_.\nNeither,\nIV. POSSIBLY can _They_, without the _Use_ of the HAND, so cleanse the\nWOMB of the _Reliques_ of the _SECUNDINE_, which may stick up and down\nto the WOMB; or of the _Pieces_ or _Parts_ of the _Membranes_, which may\nremain there; or of the _clotted Blood_, which commonly stays behind.\nFrom hence therefore it necessarily follows, that (without the _Means_\nof the HAND) _They_ cannot be Positive or Certain in any _Circumstance_,\nrelating to the _True State of the Woman_. _They_ can neither assure\nHerself, nor those concern\u2019d, that her WOMB is duly purged; if\n(perchance) of the _SECUNDINE_, which they may guess at by the _Sight_,\nyet not of the _Fragments_ of the _Membranes_, nor of the _clotted\nBlood_, which they can never be certain of, but by this METHOD. I\nmention these _Things_, because the _least Part_ of EITHER being\nretain\u2019d, or left _Behind_ in the WOMB, may cost the WOMAN her _Life_,\nas innumerable _Precedents_ do testify. Nor,\nV. CAN they possibly secure the _Woman_, that her _WOMB_ is _duly shut\nand contracted_; much less can they (without these _Means_) affirm that\nit is orderly _situated_ in its _proper natural_ CENTER: By the Neglect\nor Fault of which _Condition_, she is not only rendred _Barren_\nafterwards, but also most infirm all the Days of her _Life_.\nBUT notwithstanding how _plain_ and _easy_ soever, I have endeavour\u2019d to\nmake out the above-mention\u2019d METHOD, I would over and above recommend\n_It_ only to the _judicious_ and _well-qualify\u2019d MIDWIFE_; by no Means\nto those that are _ignorant_ in the _Parts_ of _GENERATION_, nor to any\n_stiff clumsy-fisted Person_: And that for the _Two following Reasons_;\nviz.\nI. LEST the STRING (by some _Accident_ or other) should break, and she,\nmissing this _Guide_ to the _SECUNDINE_, should take _One Part_ for\n_Another_, and consequently _dislodge_ the WOMB instead of the\nAFTER-BIRTH; which has undoubtedly often happen\u2019d by such blind DOINGS,\nnotwithstanding this very remarkable _Difference_ between _Them_, that\nthe _SECUNDINE_ distinguishes itself from the _Other_, by a great many\nlittle _Inequalities_ on the Outside, occasion\u2019d by the ROOTS of the\n_Umbilical Vessels_. And,\nII. LEST _she_ should unwarily either _break_, _tear_, or _scratch_ the\nWOMB, with her _thick_, _fleshy_, _rough_, and _rigid_ HAND, or with her\n_stiff_ and _crooked_ FINGERS: _Either_ of which _Accidents_, may give\nORIGIN to various _Misfortunes_; such as a PROLAPSUS, or _Falling-down_,\na _preternatural Flooding_, an _Inflammation_, or _Gangrene_, &c.\nBUT we will now, in fine, suppose that the _Ingenuous MIDWIFE_ has after\nAll discharged her faithful _Duty_ in these Respects, with _Care_,\n_Lenity_, and good _Conduct_, as well as with great _Art_ and\n_Judgment_: In which _Case_, it only remains, that _she_ take the\nnecessary and usual _Care_ of the CHILD-BED-WOMAN and INFANT; as\nhereafter will be directed in the respective _Chapters_ of _SECTION_\nVIth, to come.\nIN the mean Time, these curious _Things_ being thus amply premised in\nthis Place, the READER has no more superfluous _Repetitions_ to expect\nconcerning _them_ in the following _Performance_: And therefore with\nthese _Preliminaries_ I conclude my _Fourth SECTION_.\n[Illustration]\n[Illustration]\n[Illustration]\nMAN\u2019s appointed Time may as reasonably allude to his _BIRTH_, as to his\n_DEATH_: His _Days_ and his _Months_ (mentioned by holy JOB[158]) being\nas much determin\u2019d, _naturally_ speaking, in the _One_, as in the _other\nCase_.\nTHE _INFANT_ thus being thoroughly ripen\u2019d, and arrived to full\n_Perfection_ of MATURITY, the _Hour_ approaches, in which it scorns any\nlonger _Confinement_ to such narrow Bounds. For the _Animal Spirits_\nbeing discontented, for want of due _Liberty_ and free _Motion_; the\n_Vitals_, for want of _Refrigeration_ and _Refreshment_; and the\n_Natural Spirits_, for want of sufficient _Respiration_ and _Nutrition_:\n_They_ all concur to make a _Commotion_, and (as it were) a victorious\n_Revolt_ or an _Effort_ pushing for _CONQUEST_.\nTHE _INFANT_ being thus irritated, immediately shakes off its _Fetters_,\nbreaks the _Ligaments_, rents the _Membranes_, thrusts through the\n_Enclosures_, and makes its most vigorous _Attempts_ to enlarge itself\nfrom the _Prison_ of the WOMB, into that of the WORLD.\nWHICH _Enlargement_ depends very much indeed upon _NATURE_, but more\nparticularly on the _Strength_ and _Vigour_ of the _INFANT_, seconded by\na peculiar _Faculty_ of the WOMB, that by degrees is drawn-in to\n_Consent_, and _Endeavour_ to dislodge and expel its troublesome and\nobstreperous _GUEST_.\nNOW the _INFANT_, during the whole Time of _Gestation_, adhering to the\n_WOMB_, by the _Umbilicals_, as the _Fruit_ does to the TREE by the\n_Stalks_, upon this Occasion distends the _WOMB_, and having valiantly\nturn\u2019d itself, breaks the _Membranes_, and dissolves the _Acetabula_:\nWhen also the _Orifice_ of the _WOMB_ is competently open\u2019d; and _That_\n(in _Avicenna_\u2019s memorable Words[159]) at the Command of the great GOD.\nUpon This the _Waters_ flow; the _Umbilicals_ parting from the _WOMB_\nand their proper _Vessels_, and the _Veins_ and _Arteries_ of the\n_SECUNDINE_ severing themselves, in like manner; As ripe _Fruit_, or the\n_Leaves_ of TREES in _Autumn_ fall-off naturally, or break from their\nproper _Stalks_.\nTHUS the _WOMB_, exerting its extensive and expulsive _Faculties_,\nexcludes the Legitimate _INFANT_: To which great _Work_ also, the\n_Painful Labours_, and _Labouring Pangs_ of the _MOTHER_ (in the manner\nthey happen with the contracted _Spirits_, depress\u2019d _Midriff_, and\ncompress\u2019d _Muscles_ of the ABDOMEN) contribute not a little _Help_.\nAnd, in short, this stupendous _Work_ or _Action_ is called _BIRTH_; and\nis nothing else, but an _Exclusion_ of the _mature CHILD_.\nWHICH _BIRTH_ proceeds either from _Causes_ of the _INFANT_, or from\n_Causes_ of the _WOMB_: Of the _INFANT_, because through the strict\n_Confinement_ of a narrow Place, and Defect[160] of _Aliment_, and\n_Refrigeration_, It kicks and spurns for its EXIT: Of the _WOMB_,\nbecause about that _Time_, being overloaded and aggrieved by the _Bulk_\nand _Weight_ of the CHILD, it endeavours, by its own expulsive\n_Faculty_, to disburthen itself, and propel or drive it forth to the\nutmost of its Power. For\u2014\u2014\nAS it is the proper _Function_ of the STOMACH, to eject the _noxious\nHumours_ by Vomit, and deject the _Natural Excrements_ into the\n_INTESTINES_; as it is also the _Office_ of the _RECTUM_ to evacuate the\n_F\u00e6ces_; as likewise the _Profusion of the Urine_ is the _Action_ of the\nBLADDER; as again the _Extrusion_ of all _fuliginous Matters_ is the\n_Work_ of the HEART and LUNGS; and as, at last, the _Effusion_ of the\n_Genital_ SEED (in _Venery_) is the _Operation_ of the _Virile_\nTESTICLES: So the _Exclusion_ of the _Mature FOETUS_ is the\n_Eighth_[161] and last proper _Action_ of the _WOMB_; which is justly\ndeem\u2019d the only _Primary Agent_ and _Active Cause_ of _BIRTH_, as the\nexcluded _FOETUS_ is the _Passive_.\nBUT this _BIRTH_ is not always _Uniform_; for as it differs in _Time_,\nso it does also in _Manner_: From hence we have with respect to the\nTIME, _Legitimate_ and _Illegitimate BIRTHS_, which being already\ndiscuss\u2019d[162], I shall resume nothing by way of _Repetition_ in this\nPlace: And with respect to the MANNER, we have also two general SORTS,\nnamely, _Natural_ and _Preternatural BIRTHS_; which together with their\nparticular _Branches_, I am now to enter upon, without any farther\nDigression.\n[Illustration]\n[Illustration]\nBY a _Natural BIRTH_, I mean nothing else, but that which is perform\u2019d\nwithout any _ART_ or _Artificial Means_; which _BIRTH_ (of itself)\nstrictly observes the Order and Appointment of _Nature_: That is, in the\n_INFANT_\u2019s coming _Head foremost_, _Face downwards_, _Arms following_,\nextended (along the _Sides_) strait _upwards_, towards the _Thighs_.\n_HIPPOCRATES_\u2019s _Reason_[163], in short, for the _CHILD_\u2019s thus turning\nand presenting itself, is very good; _viz._ Because of all the _Parts_,\nthe HEAD is the Heaviest about the Time of _BIRTH_, as appears more at\nlarge from _Sect._ I. _Chap._ 10.\nBUT besides this Argument, I believe Wise _Nature_ has also order\u2019d it\n_thus_; because _This_ indubitably is the most _safe_ and _easy Manner_\nof _EXITION_ both for the _Mother_ and _Infant_: Insomuch that by all\nother _Methods_ of _EXTRACTION_, _One_ or the _Other_, and sometimes\n_Both Lives_ are, or may be, endanger\u2019d, if not very dextrously\nperform\u2019d, according to the best Laws of Art and Judgment, as by and by\nwill more manifestly appear.\nBUT because I have generally observ\u2019d most _Authors_ to treat\npromiscuously of _BIRTHS_, not only accounting some, which are really\n_Natural_, to be _Preternatural_; but also both handling and writing of\nthem as _such_, only because attended with some difficult Circumstances:\nI shall (in this place) take Leave to make an agreeable _Distinction_\nbetwixt the _different Sorts_ of _Natural BIRTHS_, in order to make\nevery thing the more clear and obvious to the _Conception_ of the\nREADER. Upon which Account therefore, I shall reduce _These_ to _two\nHeads_, and that under the TITLES of _Natural Easy_, and _Natural\nDifficult BIRTHS_.\nTHE _FIRST_ of which I include in this _Chapter_; but because in this\n_Case_ (which I call a _Natural Easy BIRTH_), _Nature_ alone always\nperforms the _Work_, without any Help of _ART_ or _Artful Means_; and\nbecause also the MIDWIFE (upon this Occasion) has but little or nothing\nto do, save only to observe the concluding _Chapters_ of the last\npreceding SECTION; and upon receiving the CHILD, immediately to manage\nand provide both for the MOTHER and the INFANT according to their\nseveral _Necessities_, as hereafter shall be inculcated in the\nrespective _Chapters_ of the next following SECTION: I say, for these\n_Reasons_, I have no Room here to insist farther on this present HEAD;\nwherefore I proceed in course to the _SECOND Sort_ of these _BIRTHS_.\nNamely\u2014\u2014\n[Illustration]\n                     _Of Natural Difficult BIRTHS._\nTHO\u2019 indeed every _difficult Expulsion_ of the _INFANT_, from whatsoever\n_Cause_ it may proceed, is verily a _Difficult BIRTH_; yet I shall here\ndistinguish a _difficult One_ from a _preternatural BIRTH_; not only\nthat I may thereby, the better avoid the _Confusion_ which others have\nled themselves into, by treating of BOTH promiscuously, but also that my\n_Method_ may tend the more to the peculiar Benefit and Advantage of the\nIngenious READER.\nWHEREFORE I call that a _Difficult BIRTH_; where, notwithstanding the\n_Figure_ and _Dimensions_ of the _CHILD_, answer in all respects to its\nproper _natural Posture_, in a _Perpendicular_ WOMB, duly situated, yet\nthe _Exclusion_ of the _INFANT_, is retarded, by some certain\n_Opposition_ or _Difficulty_. From hence proceeds the real _Difference_\nbetween _This_ and the _Natural Easy BIRTH_, forasmuch as _This_ always\nrequires _less_ or _more_ skilful _Assistance_, according to various\nCircumstances, and _That_ but _Little_ or _none at all_.\nNOW the _Causes_ of _Difficult BIRTHS_ are very various, and according\nto the _Nature_ of them, _This_ sometimes proves equally as dangerous as\nthe _Preternatural_; but when so it happens, I have commonly observed\nthe _Fault_ to be, for the most Part wholly owing to the arrogant\n_MIDWIFE_, who either knew not how to remove the _Cause_ and facilitate\nthe _BIRTH herself_, or delay\u2019d applying betimes to some _Abler Person_,\nfor the _Relief_ and _Safety_ of her Labouring _WOMAN_.\nHENCE arises a Fundamental MAXIM, which I would lay down for a memorable\n_Rule_ to all such IGNORANTS; that no _MIDWIFE_ ought to keep a WOMAN in\nthis Condition under her _Hands_ (especially in a _Place_ where\nextraordinary _Help_ is to be had) any _longer_, than she finds the\n_Advances_ of _BIRTH_ answer to the Proportion of _Time_ spent about it:\nBut forthwith she ought to deliver her up to the _Care_ of the more\nSkilful and Judicious _Practiser_ in this ART. In which _Case_, of\n_Compliance_ and _Condescension_, she is to be highly commended for her\ntender _Care_, and cautious _Concern_; whereas upon acting contrary to\nthis good _Rule_ out of Pride or Obstinacy, and the _fatal Accident_\nensuing, I have known the _MIDWIFE_ to have been try\u2019d for her _Life_ in\nthe City of _Venice_.\nBUT that I may render every thing _Plain_ and _Easy_ to the\n_Apprehension_ of the weakest READER, by reason that the _Causes_ of\n_Difficult BIRTHS_ are both _different_ and _numerous_, I shall again\nreduce them to _Two_ CLASSES; namely, _External_ and _Internal_: The\n_External_, I shall include in the next following _Chapter_; but the\n_Internal Causes_, requiring a more Curious and Extensive\n_Dilucidation_, may (I hope) be pertinently divided into a _Three-fold\nDifference_; viz. _Causes_ of the MOTHER, of the INFANT, and of the\nPASSAGES; which I propose to handle particularly, all in their due\n_Order_. But _First_,\n[Illustration]\n        _Of Difficult BIRTHS, proceeding from External Causes._\nIN all _difficult Cases_, the CURE or _Remedy_ chiefly depends upon the\ncertain _Knowledge_ of the _Nature of the Case_, and the _Cause_ of the\n_Difficulty_: Since (according to _Celsus_[164], that noble _Roman\nPhysician_) it is not to be suppos\u2019d that _He_ should know how to\n_remedy Diseases_, who knows not their _Original Causes_.\nFOR as in other _Cases_, so also in _MIDWIFERY_, the _Cause_ being\nknown, the _Difficulty_ is easily remov\u2019d; but especially when it only\nproceeds from _External Causes_, it requires no great ART, save only the\n_MIDWIFE_\u2019S particular _Notice_ and discreet _Animadversion_.\nAS, _FIRST_, for Instance, in _Case_ of any _Difficulty_, occasion\u2019d by\nan _Intemperature_, or inclement _Constitution_ of WEATHER and AIR; the\nmore adverse or inclement the WEATHER is, the more tender _Care_ ought\nto be taken of the _Labouring Woman_: Namely, in SUMMER, when the _Heat_\nscorches so much as to dissipate the _Woman\u2019s Strength_, she ought to\nLABOUR in a _Ground-Chamber_ backwards, which may be strewed (for the\nPurpose) with _Vine_ or _Willow-Leaves_, _Rose-Water_, and a little\n_Vinegar_; as it is customary in _hot Countries_.\nIN WINTER, when the _Cold_ pinches so as to condense and astringe the\nWOMB and the _Passages_, she ought to LABOUR in an _Upper-Room_, kept\nmoderately warm with one continued _Fire_; the _MIDWIFE_ rubbing gently\nthe _Hypogastrick_ and _Ischiatick Regions_ every now and then with hot\n_Cloathes_.\nIN SPRING and FALL, when parching dry _Weather_, with _North_ and _East\nWinds_ most abound, the _MIDWIFE_ ought not only to rub these _Inferiour\nRegions_ with hot _Cloaths_; but also to qualify the _Influences_ of the\n_Siccid AIR_, by anointing the _Passages_ with proper _Unguents_.\nA SECOND _External Cause_ may proceed from the _Passions_ of the Will or\nMind, as it often does from _Fear_ and _Despair_, _Dejection_ and\n_Pusillanimity_: In which _Case_, it is the _MIDWIFE_\u2019s Duty to\nencourage her WOMAN by the Hopes of a _Speedy DELIVERY_, and doing well\nunder GOD\u2019s Blessing. When the Cause arises from _Anger_ or _Sorrow_,\nthese are to be assuaged by the repeated _Christian Exhortations_, and\n_Friendly Admonitions_ of the MIDWIFE and GOSSIPS. When it comes from\n_Pride_ and _Obstinacy_, as has been the _Case_ of some _Lofty Women_;\nwho (deeming themselves too good, to be treated after the _common\nCourse_ of Mankind) have refused to undergo or permit the proper\n_Means_, absolutely necessary for their own _Relief_; THIS ought to be\nseverely check\u2019d by the _Company_, especially by the _nearest Friends_;\nthe MIDWIFE (by proper _Remonstrances_) convincing her to her Shame of\nher obstinate SIN. When it proceeds, in fine, from _Bashfulness_ or too\nstrict a _Modesty_, she may be justly reprehended of _Folly_; for no\nWoman of good SENSE (how _Modest_ and _Virtuous_ soever) will expose her\nown _Life_ or her INFANT\u2019s to _Danger_, for the trifling _Fancies_ or\n_Caprices_ of her own vain Imagination, especially in a _Case_ where\n_like things happen to All_ equally of Flesh and Blood.\nBUT when it happens to proceed from the _Woman_\u2019s being ill-affected, or\nowing a private _Grudge_ or _Hatred_ to any in the _Company_, (as I once\nknew it to be the _Cause_ of a difficult and lingring _BIRTH_) _She_\nought to speak her Mind freely, at least to her _MIDWIFE_; who ought to\ngive the _Person_ civil Notice to retire forthwith, for certain Reasons,\nA THIRD _External Cause_ of a _difficult BIRTH_ may proceed from a\n_wrong Position_, or other _sinistrous Methods_ taken to assist the\nWOMAN: In which _Case_, such _Inconveniencies_ are to be alter\u2019d, and\nbetter _Measures_ practis\u2019d; for _thus_ the _Cause_ being removed, the\n_BIRTH_ differs in Nothing from _That_ of the _Natural Easy Case_.\nWHENCE I come, in the next Place, to speak of _Difficult BIRTHS_,\nproceeding from _Internal Causes_; and because they are _Three-fold_, as\nhas been before observed, I shall assign them as many respective\n_Chapters_, treating of _Each_ in their due Order, as mentioned.\n[Illustration]\n      _Of Difficult BIRTHS, proceeding from Causes of the MOTHER._\nIN _this_ (as in the _former Case_) the MIDWIFE must use her most acute\nand nicest _Judgment_, to find out the particular _Cause_ of the\n_Difficulty_. Which being done,\nI. IF _She_ finds it arises from the WOMAN\u2019s being too _Young_, or too\n_Old_, of her _first Child_, or too _Lean_ at last; _she_ is to anoint\nthe _Passages_ with proper _Unguents_, which ought to be done some time\n_before_, as well as in the _Hour_ of _LABOUR_: When _she_ is likewise\nto employ her _subtile Hand_, in assisting and augmenting the\n_Dilatation_ of the _Orifice_; as is requisite also in _Case_ of the\nWOMAN being too _Fat_ or _Gross_.\nII. IF the WOMAN be too _small_, _short_, _crooked_, or _misshaped_, not\nhaving a _Breast_ strong enough to forward and bear down her _PAINS_; or\nif she be over _tender_, _sensible_, and _apprehensive_ of _PAIN_; or\ntoo _weak_, and not _able_ to contribute or assist by her own forcing\n_Endeavours_; or _short-winded_, and not capable to constrain her\n_Spirits_ downwards: In all these _Cases_ she is to be kept _upright_,\nfor the more free _Respiration_, as well as for encreasing her _PAINS_,\n_standing_ or _walking_ about the Room, according to her _Strength_,\nbeing supported under her _Arms_, and not put to BED until at least the\n_WATERS_ are broke. But, in the mean Time, the _weak_ and _tender_ WOMAN\nought to be now and then comforted and refreshed with _fresh soft Eggs_,\ngood _Broths_, _Jellies_, a little _Wine_ and _Toast_, a little _Wine_\nand _Water_, or such like convenient _Things_, as well as with the\n_Hopes_ of a _speedy_ DELIVERY.\nIII. WHEN the _PAINS_ are not _Natural_ or _Genuine_; but _Spurious_,\n_Faint_ and _Languid_; or _Shifting_ and _Tergiversant_; such are to be\nassuaged by proper _Lenitives_ and _Anodynes_; which being regularly\ndone, the _Genuine Pains_ may be excited by proper _Clysters_, and\ndivers other Means. But I would advise none to a _Profuse Use_ of\n_MEDICINES_ in such _Cases_, since I well know that many a WOMAN has\nlost her _Life_ by using _dolorifick Medicines_, prescribed by imprudent\n_MIDWIVES_, without considering, or so much as knowing the true\nCircumstances of the _Condition_: Whereas in most _Cases_, by the\ningenious _Motion_ of an _Experienc\u2019d Hand_ only, the PAINS may be\nsufficiently awaken\u2019d, and the BIRTH safely promoted.\nIV. WHEN the _Difficulty_ proceeds from the _Debility_ of the WOMB, or\nits _Expulsive Faculty_, not being able or capable to _Exclude_ the\n_INFANT_, because of a more strong and valid _Retentive Power_: In this\n_Condition_, if there be no evident _External Cause_ to be obviated, it\ndepends chiefly upon the _Subtile Hand_ of the _MIDWIFE_, to assist the\nWOMB in its _Function_; and otherways the _PATIENT_ is only to be\ntreated as in the _Case_ of the _weak_ and _tender_ WOMAN\nabove-mentioned.\nV. WHEN the WOMAN is taken with any _Acute Disease_, the _BIRTH_ is to\nbe prompted by all safe _Means_; and if a _Natural DELIVERY_ does not\npresently succeed, an _Artificial_ one must (without Loss of _Time_) be\nundertaken. As in the _Case_ of immoderate and continual _Floodings_,\nwith concomitant _Convulsions_, which always proceed from the Separation\nof the _SECUNDINE_ (either in whole or in part) from the WOMB, and\nhappen many different ways, as already mentioned at large[165].\nIN these _Cases_, especially if the SECUNDINE is found (by the TOUCH) at\nthe _Orifice_, there is no Hope of _Stopping_ them by any other _Means_,\nthan by _delivering_ the WOMAN; which now the _sooner_ done, the\n_better_ (for saving two _Lives_) and _that_ whether at full time of\n_Reckoning_ or not. But this _Operation_, I conceive, is to be most\ndiscreetly _Undertaken_ in the manner following, _viz._\nTHE _Woman_ is to be placed in BED, with the _Upper_ and _Lower_ Part of\nher Body almost _equal_, then the MIDWIFE is gently and gradually to\nintroduce her _Fingers_ into the _Orifice_, dilating it cautiously with\n_one_ or _two_, until she can enter them _All_; when opening the MATRIX\nby Degrees, she gets in her _Whole Hand_, and thereby _first_ carefully\ntears the _Membrane_ with her _Nails_, if the _WATERS_ are not\npreviously broke: Then she puts her _Hand_ in the same _Membrane_ to the\nINFANT\u2019s _Feet_, seeking them in their _Place_, where they are to be\nfound, when they don\u2019t present themselves at _First_: Because, the\n_Hold_ by the _FEET_ being _Better_, it is more easy to _deliver_ by\n_Them_, in this Case, than by the _HEAD_, or any _other Part_. After\n_this_ the _FEET_ being found, the CHILD is easily _turn\u2019d_, as long as\nthe WOMB is loose and slippery, and the _Humours_ not quite flown off;\nwhich being nicely done, the _FEET_ are to be drawn out _both together_,\nif possible; but if otherways, _they_ must be drawn down _separately_,\nwith _great_ Caution: And so being conjoin\u2019d or held fast together, they\nare to be drawn forward with _one Hand_, whilst the _other_ is\ncircumspectly thrust towards the _Knees_ or _Buttocks_ of the CHILD, in\norder thereby to turn also the whole Body of the INFANT, so that its\n_Face_, _Belly_, and _Toes_ may tend downwards towards the _RECTUM_.\nIN this _Posture_ the CHILD may be gently and gradually extracted with\nEase; next the _SECUNDINE_ must be fetch\u2019d away in its Turn, and lastly\nthe WOMB is to be thoroughly cleans\u2019d of all _heterogeneous_ Bodies, as\nformerly directed[166]. And thus the WOMB (having yielded up its\n_Contents_) immediately contracts, by which _MEANS_ of divine\nAppointment, the Vessels close and shut firmly, and consequently the\n_FLUX_ ceases, together with all the concomitant _SYMPTOMS_.\nBUT it is to be well remembred, that this _Operation_ ought to be\n_timely_ perform\u2019d; that is, before the WOMAN has lost too much _Blood_,\nor is too much spent; in which _Condition_ such a painful Attempt would\nbut accelerate her _Death_. As to her _Regimen_ next, upon this\nmelancholy Occasion, _She_ must be duly provided for _beforehand_, that\nshe may be able to undergo and stand out such an extream difficult\n_DELIVERY_; and afterwards, that she may recruit her _Spirits_, and\nretrieve her exhausted _Strength_: For which Purposes, she ought to be\nsupplied from time to time with some good _Broths_, _Jellys_, and a\nlittle generous _Wine_, smelling continually _Rose-Vinegar_, and\napplying repeated warm _Toasts_ dipt in _Wine_ (in which _Cinnamon_ has\nbeen infus\u2019d or boil\u2019d) to the _Region_ of her HEART, as also _Napkins_\ndipt in a Mixture of _Water_ and _Vinegar_ about her REINS, in order for\nturning the _Course_ of the FLUX.\nTHESE Things being all duly and artfully perform\u2019d, the PATIENT (under\nGod) will soon _recover_ and be _in Statu quo_. Now _These_, in short,\nare all the _principal_ and most common _Causes_ of _difficult_ BIRTHS\nproceeding from the part of the MOTHER; which being thus discussed with\nall Brevity, I go on to\u2014\u2014\n[Illustration]\n[Illustration]\n      _Of Difficult BIRTHS proceeding from Causes of the INFANT._\nIT sometimes also happens, that the _Difficulty_ in LABOUR arises from\nthe INFANT: And _that FIRST_ when _Two_ or _More_ strive for _Priority_\nin _BIRTH_.\nNOW this _Condition_ the MIDWIFE can no otherways distinguish or\ndiscover, but by the TOUCH; and when the _one_ is more _forward_ than\nthe _other_, \u2019tis not to be done or known, until she has even _touch\u2019d_\nthe very _Fund_ of the WOMB: Because sometimes it so happens, that _One_\nCHILD has its _Hands_ and _Feet_ so intermix\u2019d, that whatever way _She_\nturns her _Hand_, she finds _Legs_ or _Arms_, _Hands_ or _Feet_, which\noften deceives MIDWIVES, believing there are _TWINS_. But in this\nperplex\u2019d _Case_ the most sure and only certain _Sign_, is, when she\nfeels _two Heads_ or _two Backs_; for then she cannot be Mistaken, since\n_one Body_ cannot have _two Heads_, unless it be a MONSTER, which may be\nsoon discover\u2019d by feeling if the _double Head_ be fix\u2019d to _one_ and\nthe _same Body_.\nBUT in the _Case_ of _TWINS_ or _more Children_ (as long as they come\nright) the DELIVERY is perform\u2019d, as if the _Woman_ had but ONE, in the\n_Natural Case_ already Stated; so that I shall repeat or recapitulate\nNothing of what I have said, only that the AFTER-BIRTH, or BIRTHS are\nnot to be _touch\u2019d_, until all the _CHILDREN_ are Born: Upon which\ndrawing gently the _Navel Strings_ (in their Turns) with the _One Hand_,\nthe _Other_ brings them forth easily and orderly; as is set forth more\nfully in SECT. IV. _Chap._ 18.\nA SECOND _difficult LABOUR_ may proceed from the _Weakness_ and\n_Debility_ of the INFANT, or from its being too _Small-grown_; in which\n_Case_, both the WOMAN and the MIDWIFE are to use their best mutual\n_Endeavours_ to promote the _BIRTH_, since the _CHILD_ can do little or\nnothing for itself, and the _Less_ it is, the less it is affected with\nthe _THROWS_ of the _Mother_, and the less _Impression_ her Impulses\nmake upon it: Whereupon _Nature_ is to be assisted in this weak\n_Condition_ by all convenient _Means_, whereof _THAT_ of the _Agile_ or\n_Nimble Hand_ is the most effectual.\nA THIRD _difficult BIRTH_ may proceed from the INFANT\u2019s being too _Big_;\nIn which Place I must previously apprize the _READER_, that I no ways\nmean a _MONSTER_ or _Hydropical CHILD_, but only _One full_, _well_, or\n_Big-grown_, which is only reckoned too _Big_ in regard of the _Maternal\nPassages_, which may be too _Small_ in Proportion.\nIN this _Case_, there is an absolute Necessity for _Manual Assistance_,\nsince the PAINS (however penetrating or forcible) cannot effect the\n_Work_. But and if the _INFANT_ is fallen down (well turn\u2019d) into the\nPELVIS, the MIDWIFE using her best and most skilful Endeavours to\n_dilate_ the _Passages_ below near the OS COCCYGIS, the CHILD may be\neasily brought forth (without any dangerous _Instrument_) by her\ndextrous _Hand_ only accomplishing the _Work_. In the mean Time,\nhowever, it is to be minded always, that _This_ is still more safely and\ncommodiously done by the FEET, than by the HEAD, after carefully\ndilating the OS COCCYGIS, taking this Opportunity in the beginning of\nthe LABOUR, before the _INFANT_ is too much press\u2019d down into the\nPELVIS.\nNOW _these_ are, in fine, the most common _Causes_ on the Part of the\n_INFANT_, whence I come to touch upon _difficult BIRTHS_, proceeding\nfrom _Causes_ of the _Passages_; which, because they are various, I\nsubdivide into a _Fivefold Diversity_; viz. _Difficult BIRTHS_,\nproceeding from _Causes_ of the MEMBRANES, from _Causes_ of the PELVIS,\nfrom _Causes_ of the BONES of the PELVIS, from _Causes_ of the BLADDER\nand RECTUM, and from _Causes_ of the VAGINA: And because all these\nrequire to be singularly explain\u2019d, and particularly insisted upon, I\nshall assign them as many respective _Chapters_. And _First_\u2014\u2014\n[Illustration]\n    _Of Difficult BIRTHS, proceeding from Causes of the MEMBRANES._\nSUCH _Difficulties_ as These, in _BIRTH_, may arise, _FIRST_ from the\n_Strength_ and _Firmness_ of the MEMBRANES; when they happen to be so\n_gross_, _callous_, or _thick_, that the _INFANT_ cannot easily break\nthrough them.\nIn this _Case_, when the _MIDWIFE_ finds the _Orifice_ of the WOMB\nsufficiently dilated, for the _Circumference_ of the HEAD, and the CHILD\nso forward in the _Passage_, that it is ready for _BIRTH_, and only\nimpeded by the rigid or stiff MEMBRANE; then _she_ has just Authority to\nbreak it gently with her _Nails_ and _Fingers_; taking Care in the ACT\nnot to draw the MEMBRANE towards _her_, because thereby the SECUNDINE\n(of which the MEMBRANE, tho\u2019 distinguish\u2019d from the PLACENTA, is in\nEffect, but the _Thinner Part_) would be untimely separated from the\nWOMB, and the _INFANT undone_, unless presently _Born_.\nBUT the _MIDWIFE_, after All, must always remember, not to attempt\n_This_, before these mentioned _Signs_ are obvious to her TOUCH;\notherways the WATERS being too soon discharged, the _CHILD_ is left\nbehind, the _Passages_ grow dry, and _that_ which might have been an\n_Easy_ and _Speedy_, proves a _Difficult_ and _Lingring BIRTH_.\nAND the self-same _Consequences_ arise from the _Weakness_ and _Tenuity_\nof the _MEMBRANES_; when they are so _thin_ and _soft_, that they break,\nand the WATERS (which are destin\u2019d to lubricate and moisten the\n_Passages_) flow before their Time: In both which _Cases_, the _Office_\nof the WATERS must be supply\u2019d by proper _Fomentations_, and _Oils_,\nwhich (however costly) falls far short of the _Effect_ of what is so\n_Natural_. However, in short, neither of these _Conditions_, under the\ndiligent _Hand_ of the expert MIDWIFE, can differ far from the _Case_ of\nan _Easy BIRTH_, as already defin\u2019d; wherefore I proceed regularly to\u2014\u2014\n[Illustration]\n    _Of Difficult BIRTHS, proceeding from the Causes of the PELVIS._\nDIFFICULT _BIRTHS_ on part of the _Passages_, happen frequently, because\nof some perverse _Form_ of the _PELVIS_, in these Respects; as by its\nbeing either too _Large_, too _Narrow_, or too _Smooth_. But that I may\nbe the better understood in this Matter: _FIRST_, by a _PELVIS_ too\n_large_, I mean such an _One_, as is so in comparison with the WOMB or\nINFANT; in which _Condition_, as the Womb can neither be firmly _fix\u2019d_,\ncompactly _inclos\u2019d_, or duly supported, so neither can the HEAD of the\n_Infant_ and the _WATERS_ be exactly depressed upon the _Orifice_: Hence\nit often happens, that (besides the MIDWIFE\u2019S careful _Hand_) the\n_Privities_ are the best, if not the only _Defence_, against both the\nWOMB and the CHILD\u2019S falling out of the Body.\nSECONDLY, By a _PELVIS_ too _small_, I mean, _such_ an _One_ as is so,\nin Consideration of the SIZE of the whole Body; in which _Condition_,\nthe _INFANT_ commonly answering to that _Proportion_, its _Head_ can by\nno Possibility pass thro\u2019 the _PELVIS_, in a WOMB well seated, without\ngreat _Force_, by which Means the WOMB may be easily turn\u2019d _obliquely_:\nAnd thus consequently the _Smallness_ of the _PELVIS_, may sometimes\nprove the _Cause_ of a _Preternatural_, as well as of a _Difficult\nBIRTH_; and not only so, but also the _Death_ of both the _MOTHER_ and\n_CHILD_ may ensue thereupon, unless timely deliver\u2019d by an _Artful\nHand_.\nTHIRDLY, By a _PELVIS_ too _smooth_, I mean such an _One_, whose\n_Distance_ betwixt the _OSSA PUBIS_ and the prominent Part of the _OS\nSACRUM_ is too _narrow_; in which _Condition_, tho\u2019 the WOMB be well\nplaced, it cannot admit the _Head_ (especially if large and well-grown)\nwithout great _Difficulty_: And this _smooth PELVIS_ may also very\neasily turn the WOMB (either way) _obliquely_, and consequently prove of\nthe same dangerous consequential _Effect_ with the preceeding _Case_.\nHENCE (I think) it evidently appears, how necessary it is that all\n_MIDWIVES_ should not only know the _Form_ and _Size_ of the _PELVIS_,\nbut also the _Situation_ and _Connexion_ of its BONES, as already\ndescrib\u2019d at large[167], that _she_ may thereby the better distinguish\nthe _Circumstances_ by plainly discerning the _Causes_, and judge\naccurately of the _Position_ of both the _WOMB_ and the _INFANT_; so\nthat in the beginning of the LABOUR, she may immediately discover how\nthe PELVIS and its _Entrance_ is form\u2019d, whether _Large_ or _Narrow_,\n_Smooth_ or _Round_.\nFOR this Reason, the _first Thing_ that the _MIDWIFE_ ought to do, when\nshe comes to a _Woman_ in LABOUR, is to try by the TOUCH, how all is\ncircumstantiated, with respect to these Things; and _This_ is to be done\nbefore the _WOMB_ and the _CHILD_ are fallen down into the PELVIS, that\nshe may contrive her _Work_ accordingly. Because sometimes the\n_Exclusion_ of the _INFANT_, is to be hoped for, from the PAINS only;\nsometimes _Nature_ is to be prudently assisted; sometimes there is an\nabsolute Necessity for _extracting_ the CHILD (without loss of Time) by\nan _Artful Hand_, as will hereafter more clearly appear; and sometimes\nagain the same Necessity obliges us to _protract_ the _BIRTH_, than we\nmay save _One_ or _Both Lives_: As in the _Case_ of a _smooth_ PELVIS,\nthe OS PUBIS and the VERTEBR\u00c6 of the SACRUM being but little distant,\nthe CHILD\u2019s _Head_ is stopped; when if the MOTHER should labour much, or\nendeavour to force an expeditious _BIRTH_, its tender _Head_ (of course)\nmust suffer in proportion; Or perhaps the BRAIN may break, by so hard a\n_Pressure_ against the _Bones_; or, finally (which is worse) it may be\nso closely squeez\u2019d between the _Bones_, that both the _MOTHER_ and the\n_INFANT_ may peradventure die, before any _BIRTH_ can possibly succeed\nor come happily into the World.\nBUT in this critical _Condition_, the WOMAN is to _labour_ gently, and\nbear her _PAINS_ (how violent soever) patiently; the _MIDWIFE_ always\ndirecting the _Head_, at the same time by her safe _Hand_, into the\n_larger Space_; by which _Means_ at last, it passes gradually through\nthat _narrow Passage_ without the least _Danger_.\nTHE same also is the _Condition_ when the _PELVIS_ is too _small_ or\n_narrow_; for by the _Woman_\u2019s labouring gently and deliberately, the\n_Head_ is depressed softly into an _oblique Figure_, and passes easily\nby Degrees: Whereas, on the other hand, if it is forced by _Violence_,\nit becomes _flat_ and _broad_, and consequently incapable of _Passing_,\nif not also _dash\u2019d to Pieces_, as aforesaid.\nHENCE we clearly see, how easily _Ignorance_ in this Point, may lead\ncommon MIDWIVES into the grossest of _Mistakes_; For what is more\nordinary with them, even in all _Cases_, than to advise the WOMAN to\n_strong Labour_, and to force her to _violent Depressions_: Insomuch\nthat SOME have _Arrogance_ enough to carry their BOTTLES or POWDERS\nabout them, of which they neither know the _Quality_ nor _Virtue_;\ntaking them only as they are told (by the confident QUACKS or _Mercenary\nHands_ which vend them) that they may encrease and promote the PAINS of\nLabour, and _This_ without having any regard to the _Form_ of the\nPELVIS, or the _Position_ of either the _WOMB_, or the _INFANT_.\nIN short, the mature _Consideration_ of this very CASE, was not the\nleast _Motive_ which induced me to the WORK in Hand; since I cannot but\nheartily commiserate so many fine delicate WOMEN, as are _thus_ every\nday miserably handled, tormented, and exhausted, by the _preposterous\nManagement_ of such indiscreet and imprudent _MIDWIVES_. I may well say\n_exhausted_, or _worn-out_; _This_ being too evident, from the vast\nNumber of most beautiful _Women_, who, by this ill-manag\u2019d _Condition_,\n(notwithstanding they have all along heretofore, enjoy\u2019d a good State of\n_Health_, together with the _Affluence_ of other Worldly _Blessings_)\nhave been more dejected and broken both in _Complexion_ and\n_Constitution_, after _one_ or _two BIRTHS_, than some _others_\n(judiciously and expertly _delivered_) have been after _Twenty_: Such is\nthe great _Difference_ betwixt the unskilful _Hands_ or _Conduct_ of\ncommon MIDWIVES, and those Dextrous TOUCHES or ingenious _Operations_ of\nthe more judicious _Andro-Boethogynists_. Whence I come in Course to\u2014\u2014\n[Illustration]\n    _Of Difficult BIRTHS, proceeding from Causes of the Bones of the\nTHE READER may easily conceive, by the way, that _these_ are neither to\nbe made _bigger_ or _lesser_ by ART; notwithstanding which, by using\nthem _Skilfully_, and treating them _Judiciously_, many a _Difficult\nBIRTH_ may not only be prevented, but also many a LIFE saved, as will\nmanifestly appear from what follows.\nNOW the _Bones_, upon which the Success of the _BIRTH_ chiefly depends,\nare the OS COCCYGIS, and the Point of the SACRUM; which sometimes bend\ntoo much _inwards_, and thereby obstruct and render the PASSAGE so\n_narrow_, that no _BIRTH_ can possibly succeed. And again, It sometimes\nhappens, that the _INFANT_ falling down into the _PELVIS_, and\npresenting itself _Head foremost_, is oppos\u2019d and stopped there by the\nOS COCCYGIS: As it also sometimes falls out, that the _Shoulders_ stick\nfast against the _Edge_ of these BONES; or the _Buttocks_ falling down\nand offering themselves _first_, may be so fastened or affixed to them,\nthat they can never be _extracted_.\nTHESE Misfortunes may proceed from _Either_ of these two different\n_Causes_; viz. Either from the _Grossness_ or large _Size_ of these\n_Parts_ of the INFANT, or from the _Narrowness_ of the _PELVIS_,\noccasion\u2019d by an ill _Position_ of its _Bones_, particularly of the OS\nCOCCYGIS; which _Bone_ when the _Head_ cannot make it yield or move,\nneither can it then possibly reach the _Orifice_ of the WOMB, to dilate\nit sufficiently: And, in short, if the _Head_ cannot effect this\n_essential Point_, much less can the _Buttocks_, or any other _Part_ be\nsupposed capable of doing it.\nBUT in all the above-mentioned _Cases_, I am sensible, that most\n_MIDWIVES_ (not knowing better) ascribe the whole _Difficulty_ to the\n_Orifice_ of the WOMB and the VAGINA; upon which they ignorantly fall\natearing and dilating both the _One_ and the _Other_, (never minding the\n_Point_ of the SACRUM); and finding _these Orifices_ but little\n_open\u2019d_, notwithstanding the frequent _Repetition_ of very severe\n_PAINS_, they imagine that their substantial _Hardness_ or _Thickness_\nis the only CAUSE: So that therefore (without regarding any _adjacent\nPart_) they go on violently dilacerating sometimes the _Mouth_ of the\nWOMB, and sometimes _That_ of the _PRIVITIES_, (as I have found it by\nExperience) quite to the RECTUM. For such is their _Stupidity_ in this\nCondition of LIFE (as _Daventer_ well observes) that whilst they _thus_\ntear and rend the WOMAN to _Pieces_ in a manner, they allow her to sit\nover and above with the _Point_ of the OS SACRUM, upon her _Seat_ or\n_Bed_; or in some other wrong _Posture_, which so presses and confines\nthe OS COCCYGIS at the same Time, that neither of _these_ can move: Not\nminding at all that the chief _Pressures_ and _Impulses_ of the HEAD,\nmust first bear upon the OS COCCYGIS in order to remove it, before it\ncan effect the _Dilatation_ of the _Orifice_ or _Mouth_ of the WOMB.\nThus they spend the WOMAN\u2019s _Strength_ in vain, break her _Spirits_, and\nruin her _Constitution_ thro\u2019 Ignorance; whilst a capable _Person_,\nadministring seasonable and judicious _Help_, according to the\nCircumstances of the _Case_, refreshes _Nature_, renews _Strength_,\ngives _Courage_, and fills the (otherways languishing and despairing)\n_WOMAN_, with _Hopes_ and _Assurances_ of a happy _DELIVERY_.\nIN short, the True _Method_ of _Delivering_ and helping the WOMAN\nconveniently, in the different _Conditions_ contain\u2019d in this _Chapter_,\ndepends entirely upon _repelling_ or thrusting back the _Point_ of the\nOS SACRUM, together with the OS COCCYGIS. I say (therefore) the whole\n_Point_ of the OS SACRUM, and that _Fleshy Part_ lying about it, is to\nbe _thrust back_ and _dilated_, so that the _Passage_ may be\nsufficiently opened for the INFANT to pass through; which patent\n_Dilatation_ is to be promoted by _pressing_ also _back_ the OS\nCOCCYGIS. Now these Things, in short, may be all done cautiously without\ncreating any intense _Pain_, or the least Damage; and _thus_ the\nobstructed _Passage_ being clear\u2019d and open\u2019d, the BIRTH advances\nregularly of Course, and the _CHILD_ is born with the greatest _Ease_,\nin the Space of a few Minutes: Whereas otherways (without the Use of\nthese _Means_) both its _Own_ and the MOTHER\u2019s _Destiny_ may be\nprecarious or uncertain after some _Days_ LABOUR.\nTHUS it is certain, that by assisting a _Woman_ in LABOUR seasonably and\nskilfully, her _PAINS_ are happily excited and encreased; whereas, on\nthe contrary, by _imprudent Treatment_ they unhappily cease and vanish,\nto her great Prejudice. Moreover, daily _Experience_ teaches us, that\nthe very _different_ TOUCHING of Things, occasions different\n_Sensations_; and from thence it is, that the _dextrous MIDWIFE_ knows\nby _one_ way of TOUCHING, how to promote the _PAINS_ of _Labour_; and by\n_another_, how to retard or put them off according as the Necessity of\nthe _Case_ requires; which hereafter will appear more at large.\nBUT that we may more particularly satisfy such _MIDWIVES_, of our\n_Method_ of repressing these BONES, and _Delivering_ the _WOMAN_ in the\nabovesaid _Cases_; I must add, that, after placing the _PATIENT_ in the\nmost convenient _Posture_ for a _WOMAN_ in _Labour_, as before fully\nenjoin\u2019d[168], I would direct _Her_ to be _supported_ by two Women, and\nmov\u2019d so far off the BED or COUCH, that the _Point_ of the OS SACRUM may\nbe free to yield or give way _backwards_, without any the least\n_Impediment_: Then I would pass my whole _Hand_ at once (being first\nwell anointed or dipp\u2019d in _Oil_) into the _VAGINA_, and from thence (if\nthe _Head_ will admit it) into the _WOMB_, as occasion should require:\nwhere, upon opening my _Hand broad_, that it may press equally every\nwhere, I turn the _PALM upwards_, and the _BACK downwards_ against the\n_RECTUM_, and the _OS SACRUM_: Thus I extend my _Fingers_ as far as\npossible to the _Head_, thrusting it a little _backwards_, rather than\nhinder my _Hand_ from being firmly placed against the OS COCCYGIS: Upon\nmy _Hand_ being thus properly placed, as soon as the _PAIN_ begins to\nthreaten (which I commonly perceive before the _WOMAN_) I advise her, to\nmake good Use of the approaching _Pains_, in order to _Labour_ mutually,\nand depress with all her Power, promising her my most faithful\n_Assistance_: By which Time, as soon as the PAINS have seiz\u2019d her, and\nshe doing her _Part_, I press my HAND _backwards_, first _softly_, and\nby degrees more _strongly_, against the _Point_ of the SACRUM, bringing\nit at the same time gradually _downwards_, that I may thereby make Room\nfor the _Head_ sliding the same way; so that the more _severe_ the\n_PAINS_ are, the more I depress still, and the _harder_ I press down\nwith _Effectual PAIN_, the more vigorously and successfully the _WOMAN_\nis able to _Labour_.\nTHUS I enlarge the _Passage_ with great Moderation, so that the INFANT\u2019s\n_Head_ succeeds or follows my _Hand_, as I bring it by little and little\n_back_ again; and this adviseable _Method_ I would reiterate as often as\nthe _Case_ should require, always encouraging my _WOMAN_, by the most\nobliging Words: Upon which _She_ suffering no _PAIN_ in vain, finds\nimmediate _Relief_, recovers her _Strength_, recollects her _Spirits_,\nand by jointly _labouring_ her _Best_ with all her Force and Might, at\nlast produces her CHILD with Comfort and Satisfaction, whilst I\ncongratulate her upon the Success of being a _joyful MOTHER_.\nBUT supposing by the way, that the _INFANT_ offers its _Buttocks_ first,\nthey being neither so _round_ nor _hard_ as the _HEAD_, I would then\nintrude all my _Fingers_ into the WOMB more easily; some of which (or\nsometimes _All_) I would pass into the _Orifice_ of the WOMB under the\n_Buttocks_ as before into the _VAGINA_. Now my _HAND_ being placed\nthere, I intently observe the _PAINS_ as they come on; then inviting the\n_Woman_ to _Labour_, I gradually press _backwards_ as hard as I can\nconveniently, drawing my _HAND downwards_ as before: But if in\nattracting it so, the _HAND_ should slide too much out of the WOMB,\n(which however I endeavour to prevent) while the _PAINS_ are yet upon\nher; then as soon as they are over, I pass it up again, that I may be\nready against their _Return_. And _this_ I would reiterate upon every\n_PAIN_, so that the CHILD (guided by my _HAND_) may slide down at every\nTurn, until at last the _Passage_ is so dilated, that it may advance\ngradually with _ease_ into the World.\nBY these judicious _Means_; forcing back the _OS COCCYGIS_ by the\n_Pressure_ of the _HAND_, as the _PAINS_ come on, I may not only dilate\nthe _Passage_, and enlarge the _Orifice_ of the WOMB; but also upon\nretracting the _HAND_ by degrees, I can gradually attract the _CHILD_\nout of the WOMB, through the _Narrowness_ of the _PELVIS_: And thus, by\nthis curious ART, (which I take to be one of the chief _Points_\nbelonging to MIDWIFERY) I do fairly _deliver_ the WOMAN, who by no other\n_Means_ whatsoever, could be preserved, together with her _INFANT_, in\nall Probability.\nHOWEVER, tho\u2019 I have candidly laid down this _Method_, (conformable to\nthe Doctrine of the most excellent and ingenious _Instructers_) yet I\nwould not advise every coarse _Clumsy HAND_ to undertake it, nor _such_\nas are not thoroughly acquainted with the _Parts_ of Generation: For\nthis _Performance_ requires _Judgment_ and _Prudence_, as well as ART\nand _Experience_. But however yet in _Case_ of _Necessity_, where no\n_Extraordinary Person\u2019s Assistance_ can be had, as it often happens in\nthe _Country_, the _Ordinary MIDWIFE_ ought not to neglect her _Duty_:\nnevertheless, before she offers to attempt this piece of extraordinary\n_Skill_, she ought to be very certain that these _BONES_ are the great\n_Impediment_ and _Difficulty_ of the Delivery.\n[Illustration]\n_Of Difficult BIRTHS, proceeding from Causes of the BLADDER and RECTUM_.\nDIFFICULTY in _BIRTH_ may also proceed from the _BLADDER_, as (in like\nmanner) it may from the _RECTUM_ or _Strait Gut_.\nI. FROM the _BLADDER_, when affected with _Tumours_, _Ulcers_, or\n_Glands_, obstructing the _Passages_; which however is more frequently\noccasioned by _Stones_ lodged in the _BLADDER_, or in its _Neck_: In\neither of which _Conditions_, the MIDWIFE, by dilating the _Passage_\nwith a subtile _HAND_, must repel the _OS COCCYGIS_ according to ART (as\ntaught in the preceeding _Chapter_) that the _HEAD_ in falling down, may\nthe less offend the _BLADDER_.\nII. THE same _Difficulty_ may arise from the _RECTUM_, when it happens\nin the same _Manner_, to be affected with such obdurated _Glands_,\n_Tumours_, &c. for the _Consequence_ is the same in shutting up the\n_Passages_: In which _Case_ the _MIDWIFE_ is to depress gently such\n_Excrescences_, of what kind soever, with her cautious _HAND_, and\nconsequently to dilate the _Passages_ by degrees (how much soever\nobstructed) for receiving the _Head_ of the _INFANT_; always having a\nrespect to the _affected Parts_, and bearing no harder upon them than\nNecessity requires.\nMOREOVER sometimes it happens, that the only _Difficulty_ in _LABOUR_\nproceeds from _hardened Excrements_ in this _Gut_, which may as\neffectually stop or shut up the _Passage_, as any thing else, until duly\nvoided and evacuated by _one_ or _more_ proper _CLYSTERS_, as Occasion\ndirects.\nBUT sometimes it also happens, that such _Difficulties_ arise from the\nfalling out of the _Fundament_ by the strong and violent _THROWS_ that\nthe _Woman_ Suffers in LABOUR: In which _Condition_, if the _CHILD_ is\nvery forward in the _Passage_, before it _happens_, it may be prevented\nby dissuading or hindering the WOMAN from _Labouring_ so vehemently; but\nif it happen\u2019d before that time, it must be left so until the _BIRTH_ be\naccomplished; after which time, it is to be put up exactly, and reduced\nto its proper _Place_, in the same manner as the WOMB might be (in Case\nof its _Prolapse_, as mentioned in the following _Chapter_) after duly\n_fomenting_ and _bathing_ it with proper _Applicatives_: advertising\nalways to use no _CLYSTERS_, in time of CHILD-BED; because such Means\nwould readily excite it again to a slippery _Relapse_.\n[Illustration]\n[Illustration]\n    _Of Difficult BIRTHS proceeding from the Causes of the VAGINA._\nDIFFICULTY likewise in _LABOUR_ may also arise from the _VAGINA_, or\n_Neck_ of the WOMB; this _Part_ being no less liable to the Affection of\n_Tumours_, _Glands_, _Ulcers_, &c. than any _Other_ before-mentioned: In\n_Either_ of which _Cases_, my above-mentioned _Method_ in the foregoing\n_Chapter_, shall suffice for the _MIDWIFE_\u2019s _Instruction_; as also in\n_Case_ of an _Inflation_ or _Inflammation_ of the _Pudendum_.\nBUT sometimes also this _Difficulty_ happens from the falling down of\nthe _VAGINA_; which _Accident_ may as well precede as follow after the\nBIRTH, and _that_ by the _Orifice_ of the WOMB pressing _hard_ into that\nof the _Privities_: So that sometimes, when the _MEMBRANE_ is _broke_,\nthe _Head_ of the _INFANT_, as well as the _Orifice_ of the WOMB, slides\ndown so far, as to hang out of the _Body_; whereby the stressed\n_Ligaments_ (being too much relaxed) give way to the falling down not\nonly of the _VAGINA_, but also of the WOMB it self.\nIN this sad _Condition_ the WOMAN must keep her BED, and her _Body_\nequally situated, that either the fallen _VAGINA_ or _WOMB_, may recover\nand be immediately restored to its _proper Place_; which being done,\nother Matters may be easily prevented by the _Care_ and Diligence of the\nprudent _MIDWIFE_, stopping and restraining the _Orifice_ of the WOMB\nbefore it comes so far to that Extremity: Wherefore _she_ ought to keep\nit up in the _VAGINA_ (as much as possible) with her HANDS, until the\nWOMAN has happily extruded both the _CHILD_ and the _AFTER-BIRTH_.\nUPON This afterwards, _she_ is to use her best Endeavours, to restore\nboth the WOMB and _VAGINA_ to their due _Situation_; laying the\n_Wrinkles Smooth_ in their proper _Order_, not one upon another, then\nplacing the WOMAN conveniently in BED, with her _Head_ and _Shoulders_\ndeclining, _Exsiccant_ or _drying MEDICINES_ are to be judiciously\napplied, and _Strengthening_ or _Astringent Fomentations_ often used;\nwhereby (in good Time) _both_ may be again confirmed in their proper\nNatural _Places_.\nNOW having thus, in fine, candidly explained the _Different Causes_ of\nall _Difficult BIRTHS_, and carefully laid down the _genuine Methods_ of\ncorrecting and removing them, and consequently of _Delivering_ the good\nWOMAN successfully in all such nice _Cases_, it remains now in Course\nthat I proceed to\u2014\u2014\n[Illustration]\n                       _Of Preternatural BIRTHS._\nSUCH _BIRTHS_, (properly speaking) are only _Preternatural_, which\ndegenerate from the _Natural_, in respect either to the _Situation_ of\nthe INFANT, or the WOMB, or of _both_ these jointly: Such (I say) may be\nwell call\u2019d _Preternatural_, because of the imminent Danger that (in\nthese _Conditions_) threatens both the MOTHER and the CHILD.\nHENCE we find the Difference between _This_ and the _Natural BIRTH_; in\nas much as the _One_ depends entirely upon ART, and the _Other_ merely\nupon NATURE: In _That_ the _INFANT_ is artificially extracted by the\n_Hand_, but in _this_ it is naturally extruded by the _PAINS_.\n_HIPPOCRATES_ gives[169] us a _Two-fold-Cause_ or Reason of a\n_Preternatural BIRTH_; to wit, the _Amplitude_ of the WOMB, and the\n_inordinate Motion_ of the Woman about the Time of _LABOUR_: Who,\nbecause of her afflicting _PAINS_ and great _Ailments_, keeps her Body\nin a restless and unsteady _Posture_, throwing herself sometimes _here_,\nand sometimes _there_, sometimes on _One side_, and sometimes on\n_Another_ through Uneasiness. By which means it cannot be otherways, but\nthat the _INFANT_ may be easily turn\u2019d into some _Preternatural\nSituation_.\nAND to _These Causes_, _Senertus_, _Rodericus \u00e0 Castro_, &c. add the\n_Two_ following; namely, the _Solidity_ of the _MEMBRANES_, and the\n_Debility_ of the _Head_ of the _CHILD_: Because (as they well observe)\nwhen _This_ is not strong enough to break through _Those_, the _INFANT_\nendeavouring it otherways, (with _Feet_ or _Hands_) may readily fall\ninto some _Preternatural Position_.\nBUT because I find, that _Preternatural BIRTHS_ deviate in different\nDegrees, and vary in many respects from the _Natural_, and _that_ also\naccording to a great Variety of _CAUSES_ (no ways known to those most\n_Learned Authors_) but only of late discovered; I shall now again reduce\nthe different _Species_ of _Preternatural BIRTHS_ to four _Classes_;\nnamely, _Preternatural BIRTHS_ on Part of the _INFANT_, on Part of the\nWOMB, on Part of _Both_ those jointly, and lastly on Part of some\n_intervening Accidents_.\nIN treating of which, I shall according to my best Judgment, _state_\nthese respective _HEADS_ in due Order, and assign each its proper\n_Branches_; which I shall particularly discuss in brief _Terms_, for the\nFacility and Benefit of the _Candid READER_, whether _MAN_ or\n_Woman-Midwife_; That they may (by this plain and easy Method) be\nenabled the more readily to judge of, and distinguish the several\nCircumstances, and consequently the better discharge their Duties (upon\nOccasion) to the Comfort and Satisfaction of those _PATIENTS_ concerned,\nand the Honour of their own ingenious _Profession_.\nBUT before I enter upon _These_, I would willingly in this place,\npreviously subjoin a Word or two of _Advice_ (by way of _Precaution_) to\nthe Young _Andro-Boethogynist_: Which, in short, consists in this\n_Point_, that as it is the too common _Practice_ here in _England_, for\nan obstinate SET of _Women_ to keep their _Labouring PATIENTS_ so long\nunder their own Hands only, until the very last _Extremity_; so I would\nnot counsel him at that Time, when sent for, upon such a ticklish\nOccasion, to go _Head-long_ to such a _Work_, nor to undertake the\nDELIVERY of such a _Woman_, before He makes some requisite\n_Observations_: And _that_ I mean no ways because of any Danger of the\n_Preternatural BIRTH_ which she labours under, how difficult soever it\nmay be; but merely, on account of the _Woman_\u2019s exhausted _Strength_ and\n_Ability_, to undergo the respective _Operation_ in her weaken\u2019d\n_Condition_; which I would very much question in most Women, after\n_One_, _Two_, or _Three Hours_ strong LABOUR, and that in SOME far\nsooner, notwithstanding that _others_ have been known to stand it out,\nand struggle a much _longer Time_.\nHOWEVER, be this as it will, I commonly guess at the _Woman\u2019s State of\nAbility_, not only by her PULSE, if _strong_ or _weak_, _unequal_ or\n_intermitting_; by her EYES, if _dejected_; by her SPEECH, if _faint_;\nby touching the EXTREMITIES of her Body, if _frigid_: but also by some\nother SYMPTOMS, which infallibly appear, if the _Woman_ be too far\nspent, such as _Cold Sweats_, _Swoonings_, _Convulsions_, _Loss of\nSense_, &c. Whereupon I say in these _Cases_, it is more adviseable to\nlet alone or decline the _Office_, than to undertake such a precarious\nuncertain Piece of _Work_; because if the _Woman_ happens to die under\nhis _Hand_, He may perhaps be (however unjustly) blam\u2019d for the errant\n_Midwife_\u2019s Faults, or at least He will scarce avoid the CENSURE of the\n_Ignorant_ and _Malevolous_.\nYET this _Advice_ (however wholesome and prudent) is, I confess, what I\nwould but seldom have Recourse to, or follow myself, notwithstanding the\nworst _Consequences_ of the _Case_; since as long as there is _Life_,\nthere is _Hope_ with me, by the Blessing of GOD: Which tho\u2019 never so\n_little_, I should think myself obliged in Conscience to do what both\nART and NATURE command, and rather in all _Conditions_ of LIFE to\nattempt an uncertain CURE[170], than abandon the _Distressed_ to certain\nDEATH, as some _Politicians_ in _Physical_ Affairs commonly do, who\nprize their vain _Reputation_ above the LIFE of their Neighbour. But\n_thus_, in short, (for my own Part) I would chuse to _act_, because I\nhave often seen, and known _NATURE_ to have perform\u2019d, and recover\u2019d a\nweak spent parturient PATIENT, even beyond all human Probability.\nNOT but that I would take the proper _Precautions_ along with me, before\nputting my _Hand_ to the critical _Work_, upon any such desperate or\ndangerous _Occasion_, by giving my ingenuous PROGNOSTICK to the nearest\n_Friends_ and _By-standers_ of the extreme _Danger_ that both LIVES may\nbe in: Whereupon after thoroughly examining all _Circumstances_, with\nrespect to the CHILD, whether _One_ or _More_, _Dead_ or _Alive_, &c. I\nwould chearfully begin my _Endeavours_ to relieve the afflicted Woman,\nencouraging and exhorting her in the first Place, for GOD\u2019s-sake, as\nwell as _her own_, and the tender INFANT\u2019s _Life_, to put herself\nentirely into my HANDS, to undergo her LABOUR patiently, and contribute\nwhat she can to the DELIVERY.\nBUT to return from this pardonable _Digression_ to what is here\nproposed; as I come first to speak of _Preternatural BIRTHS_ on the part\nof the INFANT, I would observe that all ill _Postures_ of the CHILD, in\na WOMB well situated, are the only _Causes_ (meant in this place) of\n_Preternatural BIRTHS_ on its _own Part_: Which _Postures_ being very\nvarious and different, and each requiring a different peculiar\n_Operation_; I shall _state_ them particularly (as above-mentioned) and\n_that_ in their respective _Chapters_, after the manner following:\n_viz._\u2014\n[Illustration]\n _Of Pr\u00e6ternatural BIRTHS, by the FACE\u2019s being turn\u2019d upwards; or bent\n                  forwards, and the CROWN backwards._\nAMONG the many various _Preternatural Positions_ of the _INFANT_, I\ncannot but reckon THIS _One_: FIRST when, tho\u2019 the _CHILD_ offers itself\n_Head foremost_, yet the FACE is turn\u2019d upwards; and _that_ because the\n_INFANT_ in such a _Posture_ can never be commodiously bent and adapted\nto the _Form_ of the PELVIS.\nIN this _Case_, the _MIDWIFE_ ought to take special Care, that the HEAD\n_fall down directly_ and safely, without being _hurt_, whilst she\nendeavours to bring it _forward_: For this Purpose, she is to enlarge\nthe _Passage_ as much as possible, dilating the _Privities_, and\ndepressing the OS COCCYGIS; which however must be done, without lifting\nthe HEAD with her _Hand_, for fear of bruising the FACE against the OS\nPUBIS. By this Method the _BIRTH_ (how _Preternatural_ soever) may be\npretty well and easily perform\u2019d.\nBUT because the _CHILD_ can only be said to be _well turn\u2019d_, when it\ncomes with its CHIN leaning upon its _Breast_, and its _Top_ or _Crown_\nof the HEAD tending directly to the _Orifice_; I reckon THIS _another\nPreternatural Position_, when the _INFANT_ presents itself with the\nCROWN bent _backwards_, and consequently with the FACE _forwards_: By\nreason that in this _Case_, the _Orifice_ itself and all the rest of the\n_Passage_ must be much more dilated, than in the _natural Condition_;\nand the HEAD (being thus bent _backwards_) requires more severe PAINS\nand hard LABOUR, to make it slide through the _Passages_.\nIN which _Case_, the _MIDWIFE_, having timely discover\u2019d this\n_Situation_ by the TOUCH, ought immediately (upon the flowing of the\n_Waters_) to bend the HEAD gently _forwards_ to the BREAST, all the\nwhile adverting to handle the FACE, especially the _Nose_ and _Eyes_,\nvery tenderly: And to this End, the _Woman_ may be laid down on her\n_Back_, with her _Head_ low; by no means _labouring_ with the _PAINS_,\nbefore the HEAD of the _CHILD_ is so conveniently turned: which may be\nthus most properly perform\u2019d; _viz._ By laying the Palm of the _Hand_ on\nthe _INFANT_\u2019s _Breast_, near its _Throat_, pressing it entirely _back_\ntowards the _Fund_ of the WOMB; by which means the HEAD falls _forwards_\nof its own Accord upon the _MIDWIFE_\u2019s _Arm_, and _she_ with-drawing her\n_Hand_, will find the HEAD _well turn\u2019d_.\nBUT supposing the HEAD to be very strictly bent or pressed _back_, then\nthe _MIDWIFE_ is to attract it gently _forwards_ by her _Thumb_, or\n_Fore-Finger_ thrust into its MOUTH; or by the Points of all _Four_\nthrust betwixt the WOMB and the _back Part_ of the HEAD. And thus, in\nfine, the HEAD being _well Turned_, and dextrously brought into the\n_Passage_; the _Woman_ is then to be placed commodiously for _BIRTH_,\nand to labour her _Best_ as in other _Cases_.\nHOWEVER to this _Case_, I must add, by way of _Remark_ for the\n_MIDWIFE_\u2019s farther Information and better Government, that, if the HEAD\nis not brought into the _Passage_, as soon as the _Waters_ have flow\u2019d,\nit commonly happens, that the HANDS offer themselves _first_; which if\nshe do not instantly repel, the HEAD is turn\u2019d up _forwards_ with the\nFACE, near the _Chin_, upon the OS PUBIS; in which _Condition_, by\nreason of the _Siccity_ and _Contraction_ of the WOMB, the only\nExpedient is to _thrust back_ the ARMS, and so passing the _Hand_ under\nthe _CHILD_\u2019S _Breast_, to take hold of, and extract it by the FEET.\n[Illustration]\n[Illustration]\n   _Of Pr\u00e6ternatural BIRTHS, by the Hand, Elbow, Shoulder, Knees, or\n                      Buttocks presenting first._\nTHE _CHILD_ also sometimes offers itself _preternaturally_ to the\n_Orifice_, with its HAND, ELBOW, SHOULDER, KNEES, or BUTTOCKS _first_:\nIn which _Condition_, the HAND always gives an easier _BIRTH_ than the\nELBOW, the ELBOW than the SHOULDER, the SHOULDER than the KNEES, and the\nKNEES than the BUTTOCKS: For the HAND being commonly placed near the\n_Head_, it is no great Wonder, if it presents itself _before_, or\n_along_ with it; as sometimes (after _Flooding_) the HAND may slide\ntogether with the _Head_ obliquely to either _Side_, and thereby either\nELBOW or SHOULDER unfortunately fall into the _Passage_.\nTHIS is one great Reason, why I have before inculcated, that the\n_MIDWIFE_ ought to be diligent and accurate in _Touching_ her Woman,\neven before the MEMBRANE breaks, that she may thereby discover and\nprevent this _Case_: Which is easily perform\u2019d, either by _repelling_\nthe HANDS, or by pinching the _INFANT_ sensibly by the _Fingers_, and\nthen it soon retracts them; for thus, in short, by moving my own _Hand_\nseasonably, the HEAD (of its own accord) slips of course down into the\n_Passage_. But and if it happens otherways, \u2019tis no difficult Matter to\n_turn_ and bring it down, by directing my _Fingers_ beyond the FACE to\nthe _CHILD_\u2019s _Forehead_; which however must be done immediately after\nFLOODING: Whereas, if _This_ be neglected until the _dry_ WOMB is\ncontracted, THEN, and in that _Condition_, the _FEET_ may be looked for,\nwhich (in such a _Posture_) are soon found, with the _KNEES_ next the\n_Belly_; and the _INFANT_ may be readily drawn out by them. But\nWHEN it so happens, that the _CHILD_ comes with its _KNEES foremost_, it\ncommonly has its _LEGS_ folded towards the _BUTTOCKS_; by which means\nmany a _MIDWIFE_ has been deceiv\u2019d, especially when _she_ feels but one\n_KNEE_, mistaking it for the _HEAD_, because of its _Hardness_ and\n_Roundness_.\nIN this _preternatural Condition_, the _INFANT_ must be stopped and\nhindered from advancing _farther_; wherefore having placed the _Woman_\naright, I would gently repel the _KNEES_, that I may the more\ncommodiously _unfold_ the complicated _LEGS_, one after another; which I\ncommonly do by directing _one_ or _more Fingers_ under the HAM,\ngradually along behind the _LEG_, until I come to the FOOT; drawing\nalways a little _obliquely_, that I may come the easier to its\n_Extremity_: And thus, in short, having disengaged the _One_, I\naccordingly manage the _Other_ after the same manner; and by bringing\nboth _FEET_ at last together, I finish my _Work_, as if the _Child_ had\ncome _FEET_ foremost, of which in course.\nMOREOVER again it also happens sometimes, that the _CHILD_ falls with\nits _BUTTOCKS forwards_; in which _preternatural Condition_, the MIDWIFE\nmust industriously prevent it from coming _too low_ in the PASSAGE,\nbefore it be duly corrected or rectify\u2019d; since the INFANT cannot\npossibly come, after this manner, into the World; unless it be very\n_small_, and the _PASSAGE_, on the other hand, very _large_. Wherefore\nin this _Case_, after the _Woman_ is decently laid upon her _Back_, with\nher _Head_ declining, I would advise to thrust back the _BUTTOCKS_ as\nwell as possible; then passing up my _Hand_ along the _THIGHS_ to the\n_Legs_, I would take hold of the _FEET_, and bring them gently, and one\nby one, forth gradually; which being done, I would attract them by the\n_HEELS_ towards the _Side_ as far as the Length of the _BUTTOCKS_; and\nthen at last taking good _Hold_ under the _HIPS_, I would easily and\nsoftly with the greatest _Deliberation_, draw out the whole Body\nsuccessively.\n[Illustration]\n  _Of Preternatural BIRTHS, by the Breast, Belly, or Back, presenting\n               first; and the INFANT\u2019s lying transverse._\nSOMETIMES likewise the _CHILD_ offers its BREAST or BELLY _first_, along\nwith the _Navel-string_; which _Preternatural Figure_ is most dangerous\nfor the _BIRTH_, because of the _Body\u2019s bending backwards_.\nIN this difficult _Case_, the attentive _MIDWIFE_ places her _Woman_\nconveniently, as soon as the _Waters_ have flow\u2019d, and sliding her\n_Hand_ into the WOMB, removes the _String_, and endeavours to bring the\n_HEAD forwards_ into the _PASSAGE_; which she easily performs, as long\nas the INFANT is suspended on high, and its _Back_ not too much _bent_,\nby putting-in her _Hand_ gently up to the _hinder Part_ of the _CHILD_\u2019S\n_Head_, attracting it gradually _downwards_. But if in this _Condition_\nthe _BIRTH_ be fallen too _far down_, it is more adviseable _first_ to\nattract the _FEET_ considerately.\nI say _considerately_, because it is not sufficient to penetrate with\nthe _Hand_ to the _FEET_; which however yet, in this _Posture_ is pretty\ndifficult: But also to know exactly in what manner they are to be _drawn\ndown_; since it is no indifferent Matter to understand how that is to be\nrightly perform\u2019d with Success. Wherefore I shall in this place take\nupon me to set forth _two different Ways of Turning the INFANT_ in this\n_Condition_; viz.\nI. I would _either_ FIRST pass my _Right Hand_ to the _Left Thigh_ of\nthe _CHILD_, and taking hold of it near the _KNEE_, push it _upwards_\nwith my _Thumb_, drawing it at the same time _downwards_ with my\n_Fingers_ placed behind: _Thus_ I would bring _down one KNEE_ to the\n_Passage_, leaving the FOOT yet above, and then the _other KNEE_ in its\nTurn; which being done, I would change my _Hand_, and put the _Left_ up\nto the _INFANT_\u2019s _Belly_ or _Breast_; where, as I _thrust back_ its\nBody _upwards_, there is presently _Room_ enough: then I would take hold\nagain of _one_ or _both KNEES_, to move the _CHILD higher_, that so the\n_FEET_ may be more conveniently brought into the _Passage_ one by one,\nif not _Both_ at once: Or, upon the _LEGS_ being bent with the _Right\nHand_, and the _KNEES_ brought into the _Passage_ (as above) I would\ntake hold of them below the HAM, and bring them past the _Orifice_ of\nthe WOMB, till the _FEET_ are before the _Passage_; whereupon I would\nthen readily endeavour to extract the INFANT by the _FEET_. _Or_,\nSECONDLY,\nII. I would put my _Right Hand_ up along the _Belly_ to either THIGH, or\nKNEE, having at the same time a thin _Bandage_ doubled and dipp\u2019d in\n_Oil_, upon my _Fingers\u2019 Ends_, in order to be put about the KNEE, that\nI may attract it gently thereby; which I would draw out again by the\n_Right Hand_, whilst my _Left_ holds the Ends of the _Bandage_, that\nthey may not move out of their Place: Then I would take the Extremities\nof the _Bandage_ in my _Right Hand_, attracting it softly thereby,\nwhilst I pass up my _Left_ into the WOMB, to thrust the _CHILD_\u2019s _Belly\nupwards_. By which ingenious and regular Means, I think, Dr. _Daventer_\nfirst moved the _upper Part_ of the BODY _upwards_, and the FEET\n_downwards_, because the KNEES are thereby brought nearer to the\n_Orifice_. Now these, in short, are the only safe, and proper _Methods_\nto be taken in this present _Case_, or nice Conjuncture; because, by all\n_other_ inconsiderate and temerarious _Means_, the _INFANT_\u2019s LOINS may\nbe _twisted_, its HIPS or KNEES _disjointed_, its FEET _lamed_, and\nitself at last quite lost or destroy\u2019d.\nIN like manner it happens not very seldom, that the _INFANT_ comes with\nits BACK _forwards_ into the _Passage_; and in this _Posture_ the\nNAVEL-STRING falls commonly down _there_, so that besides _itself_,\nnothing else is to be felt by the TOUCH: In this _Case_, the MIDWIFE is\nto observe well the FLOODING; immediately upon which, _she_ is to seek\nfor the FEET, which are more easily come at than the _HEAD_, tho\u2019 the\nsame is even also a very difficult TASK, by reason that the _CHILD_\u2019s\n_Back_ takes up the whole Space of _Room_; which, notwithstanding, must\nbe cautiously done, and the _INFANT_ discreetly extracted by _them_.\nBUT again sometimes, the _BIRTH_ lies also _Transverse_, or a-cross the\nWOMB; in which dangerous _Case_, I confess the _MIDWIFE_ cannot well\nperceive, so as to distinguish Matters by the _Touch_, before\n_Flooding_: Because the _INFANT_ (swimming in the _Waters_) is as yet\nseated high, and then moving its HANDS and FEET variously, _she_\nsometimes feels _one_, and sometimes _another Member_ at the _Orifice_;\nor, one Moment she finds _Something_, and another _Nothing_ at all\nthere. However, in fine, _she_ may perceive the _Humours_ most commonly\ncompressed into an _acuminated_ or _oblong Form_.\nWHEREFORE in this difficult _Preternatural Condition_, the _MIDWIFE_\nought primarily and chiefly to consider and discover the _Posture_ of\nthe WOMB, whether it be _direct_ or _oblique_; since according to THAT\n_she_ must proceed in assisting her _Woman_ with true Discretion. As for\n_Example_, if _she_ finds it in a streight or _natural State_, and the\n_Waters_ sufficiently exuberant, extended _length-ways_, &c. as\naforesaid, _She_ must, without _Loss of Time_, break the _MEMBRANE_, and\npresently, removing all _Impediments_ of _HAND_, _FOOT_, or\n_NAVEL-STRING_, judiciously direct the _HEAD_ into the _Passage_; which\nmay be very easily and safely done immediately upon the FLOODING.\nWhereas if _this Method_ be delay\u2019d, or not taken in _due Time_, and\nconsequently the _HANDS_ (as the readiest) present themselves to the\n_Orifice first_: In this _Condition_, I would lay the _Woman_ discreetly\nupon her _Back_, with the _upper Part_ of her Body _lowest_; after\nwhich, I would move the _INFANT_\u2019s _Hands_ back with my _own_; whereby\nat the same time bringing its _FEET_ into the _Passage_, I would in the\nnext Place gently extract the whole Body with all possible _Conduct_ and\n_Success_.\n[Illustration]\n        _Of Preternatural BIRTHS, by the Feet presenting first._\nIN like manner again, it often happens, that the _CHILD_ offers its\n_FEET foremost_; which next to a _Natural BIRTH_ is the most easy and\nsafe _Position_, however I have been oblig\u2019d to postpone it to the\n_rest_, for Method\u2019s sake: In this _Case_, the _MIDWIFE_, observing _one\nFOOT_ presenting itself in the _Passage_ after _FLOODING_, ought to stop\nand retain it _there_, that it may not slide through, until _she_ meets\nwith the _other_. In order to which Performance, _she_ must immediately\nseek for _it_, with either _Hand_, according as she perceives the\n_INFANT_\u2019s great _Toe_ situated, since it is only to be sought for along\nits _Side_; and being found, it is to be gently _drawn down_, and placed\nnear its _Fellow_ in the _Passage_.\nBUT it falls out sometimes, that the _MIDWIFE_ comes too late, and finds\n_one LEG_ so far through, that the BUTTOCKS are strictly confin\u2019d: In\nthis _Condition_, I would advise to lay the _Woman_ conveniently upon\nher _Back_, with her _Head_ low, that both the WOMB and the CHILD may\n_retreat_ a little; then taking hold of the _right LEG_ with my _Right\nHand_, I would thrust the _INFANT back_, till the whole FOOT (or at\nleast the KNEE) is brought back into the _Orifice_ of the WOMB, in order\nthat I may have the more _Room_ for passing my _Hand_ along the _LEG_:\nBy which means I get hold of the _other_ FOOT; and bringing it also into\nthe _Passage_, I place it along with the _other_, that both may come\nforth successfully together.\nWHICH Thing, happening so when it will, that _both FEET_ are excluded,\nwhether done _spontaneously_ or by ART, they are never to be _repell\u2019d_\nor _thrust back_ again; but, on the contrary, the way is to be duly\ncleared for their PASSAGE; _This_ being a very commodious _Situation_,\nprovided the CHILD be _well turned_, I mean, with _HEELS_ and _BUTTOCKS\nupwards_, and _TOES_ and _BELLY downwards_: Whereas, if otherways, the\n_CHIN_ may be easily hooked upon the _OSSA PUBIS_; which (if not so\nhappily _turned_ at first) I commonly prevent in the most adviseable\nmanner following; _viz._\nUPON attracting the _INFANT_, I _turn_ it cautiously at the same time,\nusing _both Hands_ in the ensuing _Method_; namely, The _One_ I put up\nunder its _Body_ as far as possible, whilst with the _Other_ I hold both\n_FEET_ together: Insomuch that by this Means I gradually _turn_, not\nonly the _FEET_ and the _LEGS_, but also the _whole Body_; bringing it\nalways _forwards_ in the Interim, till at last it lies with its _BELLY\ndownwards_, and is _out_ above half way: Upon this I then give my\n_Woman_ the Motion, to begin her LABOUR and endeavour her _Best_;\nbecause the _HEAD_ and _ARMS_ must necessarily pass through _All at\nonce_. For notwithstanding the contrary Opinion of most _Authors_, who\nteach us to draw down the ARMS _one_ by _one_, and place them upon the\n_Body_, I cannot but agree with _Daventer_, and positively advise in\n_this_ and all such _other like Cases_, to leave the ARMS about the\n_HEAD_, that they may be excluded along with it: Because, as he says,\ntho\u2019 the _Woman_ in so doing, is obliged to force her _INFANT forwards_\nwith all possible Endeavours, yet like a small transient CLOUD, it is\nsoon over.\nWHEREFORE I commonly make it my Business to prevent the _Woman_\u2019s\n_PAINS_, until I have brought the _CHILD_ this _Length_; when allowing\nher a little Time to rest, I heartily encourage and positively promise\n_Her_, that, she performing her _Part_ effectually, (by using all her\n_Strength_, and behaving herself as if the _PAINS_ were most really\n_pressing_ upon her, whether so or not) the _BIRTH_ will immediately\nsucceed: And upon this _Promise_, with the _PATIENT_\u2019s mutual\nAssistances concurring, I never yet fail\u2019d; neither will any _Persons_\nwho faithfully and ingeniously follow this _Method_, in comfortably\nhelping the _Woman_ upon such an Occasion, by drawing the _CHILD_\ncautiously _downwards_, with whatsoever judicious _Force_: I mean not\n_downwards_, according to the _Woman_\u2019s LENGTH, but _downwards_ towards\nthe _strait Gut_. And as I every Moment insinuate to the _MOTHER_, that\nher _BABE_\u2019s _Life_ depends entirely upon her vigorous confederate\nLABOUR; so _she_ mutually concurring with me, in endeavouring to do our\n_Best_, the AGRIPPA _INFANT_ is presently _brought forth_ to the great\nSatisfaction of _Both_.\nBY these _Means_ and _Methods_, we prevent the _Tragical Consequences_,\nwhich Mr. _Portal_ and many _others_ confess they have often met with in\ntheir _Practice_; viz. That the _HEAD_ has been sometimes pulled-off\nfrom the _SHOULDERS_, or that the _CHILD_ has been frequently _stifled_,\nby the WOMB\u2019s contracting and shutting-up about the _NECK_: Which was\naltogether owing to the injudicious _Method_ of their Practice, in\ndrawing down the ARMS awkwardly (as mentioned above) along the SIDES of\nthe _Body_.\n[Illustration]\n_Of Preternatural BIRTHS, by Two, or more INFANTS presenting themselves\nTHIS _Case_ also happens sometimes remarkably; upon which, if _Both_ or\n_All_ are contain\u2019d in _one_ and the _same SECUNDINE_, or when the\n_MEMBRANES_ are broken, _then_ the right VERSION is very difficult; not\nso much for want of _Room_, as because their _HANDS_ and _FEET_ are\ncommonly interwoven and twisted together: In which _preternatural\nCondition_, when so complicated and entangled, they are to be unfolded\nand cleared off _one another_ with the nicest Circumspection and\nJudgment.\nBUT besides, farther, they are otherways, only to be treated in this\ndifficult Point, as if there was but _one CHILD_; for _turning_ them\nalways _One_ by _One_ duly, I would bring all their FEET into the\n_Passage_, and consequently handle them, as if they had offer\u2019d\nthemselves so at _first_. The _first CHILD_ being born, I would give it\nto the next capable _Person_ to tie and cut its STRING; whilst I\ndirectly repass up my _Hand_, to seek for the _other_\u2019s FEET, by which I\nwould also _draw it forth_, after breaking its proper _MEMBRANES_, in\nCase the _second_ FLOODING is not yet over, and _that_ notwithstanding\nthe HEAD should present itself _First_.\nBUT and if it happens, that _each CHILD_ has its own proper and\n_distinct SECUNDINE_, and _That_ of the _INFANT_ already _brought forth_\nchance to be loose and separated from the WOMB; In that _Case_, I would\npresently fetch it away, and then extract the _other INFANT_, as long as\nthere is _any_ yet left behind, and _that_ also by the FEET, as\naforesaid: Whereas otherwise, the _BIRTHS_, together with the\n_Constriction_ of their _UMBILICALS_, are to be previously accomplished.\nIN fine, having _thus_ accounted for all the _Preternatural BIRTHS_\nwhatsoever, which may or can occur on the _Part_ of the _INFANT_, and\n_that_ conformable to the most nice and polite _Rules_ of ART; It\nremains now in the next place, that I acquit myself in a consonant\nmanner, with respect to _Those_ proceeding from the _Part_ of the WOMB.\nOf which _First_ in general\u2014\u2014\n[Illustration]\n[Illustration]\n     _Of Preternatural BIRTHS, proceeding from Causes of the WOMB._\nMOST, if not all, _Authors_ having hitherto imagin\u2019d, that all\n_Preternatural BIRTHS_ took their sole _Rise_ and _Origin_ from the\nwrong _Positions_ of the _INFANTS_ only; I come in this place, with all\ndue Submission, not only to affirm a quite contrary _Opinion_, but also\nto lay down a directly opposite MAXIM: Namely, that the most difficult\nand dangerous _Preternatural BIRTHS_ proceed merely from the ill\n_Situation_ of the WOMB; which I take to be the most common _Cause_ of\nthe CHILD\u2019s wrong _Posture_. The Truth of which I hope to make evidently\nappear, to all such, who know and will consider, that this _Noble Part_\nis no less subject to various _Accidents_ and different _Diseases_, than\nthe _Rest_ of the BODY; which springing from divers _Sources_, may\nrationally be suppos\u2019d to occasion _Preternatural BIRTHS_, and _those_\nmore or less dangerous, according to the _Nature_ of the EFFICIENT: as\nfor _Instance_,\nIN _Case_ of an _Inflammation_, _Exulceration_, _Putrefaction_, or the\nWOMB\u2019s being _Schirrous_, _Callous_, or _Hard_; affected with a\nCARCINOMA or _Cancer_; an obdurated _Gland_, _Cicatrix_, or any _carnous\nExcrescence_; or in _Case_ of the WOMB\u2019s being _Dry_ and _Rigid_, and\nthe _Orifice_\u2019s being _Hard_ and _Thick_, as commonly happens to WOMEN\n_in Years_, especially of their _First CHILD_; I say, from either of\n_these_, or any such like _Causes_, a _Preternatural BIRTH_ may ensue,\nand _that_ even tho\u2019 the PELVIS and PASSAGE be _larger_, but much more\nif _those_ be _narrower_, and the Point of the OS SACRUM bent _Inwards_.\nI. IN the _Larger_ PELVIS, the greatest _Difficulty_ of this _BIRTH_\nproceeds from too great a _Descent_ of the WOMB; which relaxes the\n_Ligaments_ and _Fibres_ of the VAGINA, and so much depresses the\n_Bladder_, that an _Incontinency_ of URINE presently follows, which in\nthis _Case_ is commonly succeeded by a _Falling Down_ of the WOMB or\nVAGINA, as already observ\u2019d in _Chap._ XI. where the Diligent MIDWIFE\nwill find the due _Method_ of preventing such growing _Mischiefs_, and\nof opening the _Orifice_ of the WOMB both safely and readily, and\nconsequently _Delivering_ her _Woman_ more easily and expeditiously,\nwith good Success as well as Security.\nII. IN the _narrower_ PELVIS, the _MIDWIFE_ needs no ways fear the\nabove-named _Accident_, and therefore is not to be at so much Pains in\n_retaining_ the ORIFICE in its proper Place, whatever Trouble she may\nhave in _opening_ it; which would be no easy TASK, was not the OS\nCOCCYGIS to be _thrust back_, (as set forth, _Chap._ IX.) And which I\nmust (for this Reason) recommend once more to all Careful _MIDWIVES_, as\nthe best and most effectual METHOD of performing this happy _Apertion_.\nFROM what is said here therefore, we may now conclude, that a great\n_Variety_ of CAUSES may subject the WOMB to a Diversity of ACCIDENTS,\nand _those_ of sundry _Degrees_, which may more or less affect its\n_Motion_ and _Situation_, as already set forth[171].\nAND hence it is that we have so many _Degrees_ of _Preternatural BIRTHS_\non _Part_ of the WOMB, _All_ which to enumerate particularly in this\nPlace, would be a WORK as _Superfluous_ as _Tedious_: wherefore, to be\nbrief, I shall here also reduce them to the FOUR following, (as before\nmentioned, SECT. IV. _Chap._ 13.) viz. _Preternatural BIRTHS_,\nproceeding from an _oblique Situation_ of the WOMB inclining _Forwards_,\nor _Backwards_, or to (either _Side_) _Right_ or _Left_: which fourfold\n_Situation_ of the WOMB may be rightly and properly compar\u2019d to the\n_Four Cardinal Points_ of the COMPASS, as the rest of its _oblique\nPositions_ may be analogously adequated to the _Collateral_ and _Middle\nPoints_: For because, as they decline from the _Meridian_, and derive\nthemselves from EAST, WEST, NORTH, and SOUTH, as formerly observ\u2019d[172];\nso _those_ are less difficult _BIRTHS_, and branch out from the _Four_\nmentioned Extremities: since the WOMB, like a _Magnetick Needle_, may\nrun quite round, and be ill-seated every way, or on every _side_. In all\nwhich _Cases_, the _INFANT_ must absolutely be _Turned_; which\n_Performance_ in any _oblique_ WOMB, requires a competent solid\n_Knowledge_ and sound _Judgment_, as well as the best adapted and\nexperienced _Hands_. But of _those_, more particularly hereafter; and\n_First_, accordingly\u2014\u2014\n[Illustration]\n     _Of Preternatural BIRTHS, from the WOMB\u2019s inclining Forwards._\nIN speaking to this critical _Point_, I shall _first_ give the _Reason_\nof such a _BIRTH_, occasion\u2019d by this _Position_; to wit, The _WOMB_\nhanging much _forwards_, especially in _Women_ carrying it too _low_ in\nthe ABDOMEN, the _INFANT_ (betwixt the _Pains_) must needs be forced\nupon the OS SACRUM, or the VERTEBR\u00c6 bending _inwards_; which stops the\nHEAD that it cannot conveniently or without Obstruction fall into the\nPELVIS.\nHOWEVER, in this _Condition_ we suppose the _INFANT_ to be _well\nturn\u2019d_, I mean (both _here_ and _elsewhere_) _well turn\u2019d_ in respect\nof the _WOMB_, with the _Crown_ of the HEAD lying against the _Orifice_;\nthan which nothing can be more _Right_ or _Natural_ in regard of the\n_WOMB_ itself, nor more _Wrong_ and _Preternatural_ in respect of the\n_PELVIS_ and _Vagina_ of the _WOMB_, in this _forward Situation_:\nBecause by reason of this _Posture_, the _INFANT_ falls _transverse_\nupon the OSSA PELVIS, especially upon the OS SACRUM or _hindmost_\nVERTEBR\u00c6; upon which it commonly offers itself with the FACE _prone_ or\n_turn\u2019d Downwards_, tho\u2019 it is not brought forth, but with the FACE\n_Supine_ or _Upwards_. For as it passes, it must be _turn\u2019d round_,\npartly in a _Circle_, with its HEAD _prone_, and FEET drawn up under it;\nwhich happens not in the _WOMB_, but only as it passes the _Orifice_\ninto the _PELVIS_ or _VAGINA_.\nNOW what I mean is more plainly _This_, that as soon as the INFANT comes\ninto the _Turning_ (which it must pass) it necessarily _bends_ and\n_crooks_ itself, as it finds its PASSAGE _bent_ or _crooked_; by which\nmeans the FACE is sometimes _turn\u2019d down_, and sometimes _upwards_: And\n_This proceeds_ from THAT, in short, as soon as the HEAD begins to enter\nthe _Orifice_, it presently fixes upon (and sticks fast to) the last\nVERTEBR\u00c6 of the _Loins_ standing _forwards_, or to the OS SACRUM; so\nthat it cannot naturally or possibly go _forwards_, except the HEAD is\n_bent downwards_, and the _Neck_ and whole _Body_ be accommodated to\nthat BENDING.\nHENCE it is, that _THAT_ which just now was _situated prone_ upon its\nBELLY in the _WOMB_, now passing through the _VAGINA_, is _bent upwards\nsupine_ upon its _BACK_; and from thence it\u2019s evident, that _That\nInversion_ is not properly in the _WOMB_, but in the _VAGINA_, or (if\nyou please) in the _Confines_ of BOTH: And, in fine, this _forward\nInversion_ (as it happens) occasions a most difficult _Preternatural\nBIRTH_.\nBUT _this_, in short, happens to the _Woman_ with _CHILD_, because her\n_WOMB hangs forward_, or is _resupin\u2019d_, according to the _Depression_\nmade on the _WOMB_ by the _Intestines_, forcing it _this_ or _that way_;\nor to either _Side_, as will by and by more fully appear[173]. But\u2014\u2014\nSINCE it is most requisite to know presently in the _Beginning_ of\n_LABOUR_, whether the _WOMB_ be placed _forwards_, in order that the\nMeans of Help may be taken accordingly; I shall in the _second place_\nadd the _SIGNS_, or _Tokens_, by which the _MIDWIFE_ may know this\n_Position_ of the _WOMB_, and what _she_ has best to do in such a nice\nticklish _STATE_ of Affairs.\nFIRST then, _She_ may know it, principally, by the _Hanging forwards_\nand _Thickness_ of the BELLY, or perhaps by the good _Woman\u2019s\nInformation_ of the PLACE, where she chiefly feels the _INFANT_\nstirring; for it cannot _move_ but where \u2019tis _placed_.\nHOWEVER yet a prudent _MIDWIFE_ will have no great regard to such\n_Uncertainties_, but betake herself immediately to _that_ which cannot\nfail her, the TOUCH; which (in this _Case_) affords her the following\ncertain _SIGNS_; viz.\nI. THE _Orifice_ of the WOMB is suspended _higher_ than usual; which\n_she_ cannot _Touch_, by reaching, without a great deal of _Difficulty_.\nII. SHE can only _Touch_ the lower Border of the _Orifice_, and that\nonly as the WOMB hangs more or less _forwards_; and by no means the\n_upper Edge_, except the _Orifice_ has begun to _fall down_.\nIII. SHE cannot at all, or very hardly, get her _Finger_ into the\nopening of the _Orifice_, and because of that Difficulty, it must then\nalso be _crooked_ or _bent_.\nIV. SHE will find the _Orifice_ opposite to the _bending_ of the last\nVERTEBR\u00c6 or the OS SACRUM, and feel it so strongly pressed against the\nsaid VERTEBR\u00c6, when the _Pains_ come on, that it cannot _fall down_: and\nlastly, she\u2019ll feel the WATERS (if they hang over the _Passage_) in a\nthin _slender Form_.\nUPON _This_ the Skilfull _MIDWIFE_ finding these concurring _SIGNS_,\n_she_ may be assur\u2019d that the WOMB hangs too much _forwards_; which\n_Condition_ requires the immediate _Help_ of _Ingenuity_ and _ART_ to\ncorrect this ill untoward _Position_, and to promote the _BIRTH_\nexpeditiously. But then _these Things_ are to be carefully perceived and\ndistinguished in the _Beginning_ of LABOUR, before the PAINS have either\nclosed up, or too much depressed the _Orifice_; yea, in short, even\nbefore it sensibly _opens_: since afterwards all those _SIGNS_ are\nvariously chang\u2019d and alter\u2019d, till at last they entirely _vanish_.\nWHEREFORE let it be deem\u2019d as a certain _Rule_, that the true _Posture_\nof the _WOMB_ is always best discover\u2019d by the TOUCH in the _Beginning_\nof the LABOUR: At which time may the _Orifice_ be suspended never so\n_high_, the _MIDWIFE_ ought to penetrate so far, until _she reaches_ it;\nif not sufficiently with her FINGERS, the _whole Hand_ is to be\njudiciously used, and passed up that Length, because this particular\nTOUCH is absolutely Necessary for that good End: Insomuch that if any\n_Labouring Woman_ be against this _manual Operation_ or opposes it,\n_she_ thereby debars her _MIDWIFE_ of an infallible _Method_, of\ndiscovering the true _Posture_ of her WOMB, and consequently of taking\nthe most immediate proper MEANS for _Her own_ as well as her INFANT\u2019s\nRelief.\nBUT now supposing, after all, the _MIDWIFE_ to be certain that the WOMB\n_hanging too much forwards_, in a prominent BELLY bearing pretty much\nout, is deeper depressed than it ought to be; _She_ is obliged then in\nthis _Circumstance_ to consider accordingly how to correct this\n_Preternatural Situation_, and assist both the MOTHER and INFANT for the\nbest: To which End, _She_ ought FIRST to endeavour that the HEAD may\n_fall down_ into the PELVIS, even to the _bending_ of the OS COCCYGIS;\nand then, SECONDLY, _She_ is thence to advance the HEAD gradually, that\nthe _Exclusion_ of the _CHILD_ may be expedited and intirely perfected\nat last.\nNOW in order that the HEAD, together with the _Orifice_ of the WOMB, may\nbe so discreetly brought _forwards_ into the PELVIS, the _Woman_ is to\nbe placed with the _upper part of her Body lower than the inferiour_; I\nmean, with _Head and Shoulders bending downwards_, and the _Buttocks\nupwards_; by which Means, the _Bottom_ of the WOMB is elevated, and\ngives the _Orifice_ an Opportunity of being brought more easily into the\nPELVIS.\nTHEN the parturient _Woman being so placed_, the _MIDWIFE_ (using both\n_Hands_) ought to clear the WOMB, together with the _Head_ of the\nINFANT, by putting the _one_ up, as far as there\u2019s occasion, into the\nVAGINA, and laying the _other_ upon the _Woman_\u2019s BELLY, in manner\nfollowing: _viz._\u2014\u2014\nTHE _Hand_ in the VAGINA is (by having two or three of its _Fingers\nEnds_ extended to the upper Border of the _Orifice_ of the WOMB) to move\nit a little beyond the _Head_ of the _CHILD_, and to direct it into the\n_Mouth_ of the PELVIS, so that it may fall the more readily down into\nthe design\u2019d Place. But in this critical Juncture the _MIDWIFE_ must\nalways take special _Care_ not to squeeze or press the _Top_ of the HEAD\ntoo much, nor to handle it too hard, lest _She_ should thereby _wound_,\nif not also _kill_ the INFANT.\nAGAIN the Business of the _other Hand_, used externally, is to _drive\nback_ the WOMB, by pressing the _Abdomen_; which must be perform\u2019d also\nwith great Caution and Judgement, not by drawing the HAND from _above\ndownwards_, but pressing as much as the _Woman_ can bear it, from _below\nupwards_; so that (if possible) the WOMB may be thereby _resupin\u2019d_ or\nturn\u2019d _backwards_. Minding always, by the way, that\nTHIS _Pressure_ of the WOMB is not to be attempted, before the _one\nHand_ is first conveniently placed _within_. But if all _This Menage_\nshould not yet succeed the _first time_ according to Wish, then it may\nbe safely repeated again by turns so often, until the _MIDWIFE_ feels\nthe _Crown_ of the HEAD; that is to say, till _She_ feels the Borders of\nthe _Orifice_ quite round about _hanging over the Entrance of the_\nPELVIS. Upon which happy _Discovery_, she may with reason rejoice in her\n_Labour_, and be heartily glad of her good _Success_: Because now the\n_Force_ of good depressing PAINS only will effectually perfect the Work.\nBUT before Matters are happily brought this prepared _Length_, the\n_bearing Woman_ is upon no account to begin her _LABOUR_; since _That_\nwould not only be in _vain_, and otherways debilitate the Strength of\nher Body; but also be of great _Hindrance_ to the MIDWIFE (to whom all\nthe _LABOUR_ hitherto belongs) who, as _she_ feels the _PAINS_ growing\nand rushing in upon the _Woman_, before their proper Time, ought to\ncharge her strictly, to forbear _working_ along with them, and as much\nas possible to abstain from any _co-operating Depression_. And in fine,\nas the _MIDWIFE_ by having her _Hand_ diligently apply\u2019d to the\n_Orifice_ of the WOMB, by strict Attention, may most commonly observe,\nand previously discern the approaching _PAINS_, before the Patient\n_Woman_ herself can be sensible of them: So she ought also for her _own\nhelping Part_, _ex Officio_, to be quiet and attempt nothing till\n_Then_, but take her convenient _Opportunities_, always as soon as the\n_PAINS_ are over.\nTHUS by seasonably lending NATURE an artificial _helping Hand_, BOTH\n_jointly_ may easily effect, what _neither_ can do _separately_: For as\nit sometimes happens, that the _MIDWIFE_ ought to _cease_, while she\nperceives (by the PAINS) that _Nature_ is a working, and therefore ought\nto _work_ only when the _PAINS_ are past; so it also falls out often,\nupon other Occasions, that _she_ is to _work_ along with the _PAINS_,\nand when those are _past_, to _cease_. And thus, in fine, according to\ndifferent _Circumstances_, the discreet _MIDWIFE_ knows always the\nNEEDFULL, _what\u2019s to be done_, or _let alone_.\nBUT in this Place, I doubt not, many _MIDWIVES_ will object, and say,\nHow is it possible for _Us_ to perceive the _PAINS_ coming on before the\nparturient _Woman herself_? To which I ingenuously _answer_, that _This_\nalso is one of the many Advantages of the TOUCH; since by _That_, I can\npresently feel a kind of _subtile Motion_, _Contraction_, or\n_Compression_ beginning in the _Orifice_ of the WOMB; which is only\nobservable as the _Muscles_ are affected with a _New Sense_, excited by\na _New Influx_ of the SPIRITS; occasioning a _New Force_ or _Impression_\nupon the WOMB, which we commonly call a PANG: So that, in short, by\ndistinguishing _this Motion_ from _others_, I am always able to foretell\nor advise the _Woman_ of what is a-coming, and to admonish her\naccordingly of her bounden DUTY, as the _Case_ requires.\nMATTERS now being fairly brought thus far, that the _Orifice_ and the\nHEAD begin to slide down into the _PELVIS_; the _MIDWIFE_ is at this\nTime to study how to succour and assist the _CHILD_, by rendring its\n_Passage_ easy. In order to which, _she_ must first observe to raise the\n_upper Part_ of the Woman\u2019s Body a little, and give her some short\n_Respite_, before she offers to bring the _Orifice_ into the _PELVIS_;\nbecause the _Posture_ above-directed, occasions considerable _Pain_ as\nwell as great Inconveniency: Which being done, the _Woman_ for the\nfuture is to _sympathize_ with every _PAIN_, and _Labour_ as much as\npossible, co-operating mutually with them; since now the PAINS (by the\nAssistance of the HEAD) begin to open the _Orifice_, and gradually force\nthe INFANT forward to its _Birth_.\nHOWEVER yet the _MIDWIFE_ ought in this _Case_, to be very careful in\nsustaining, and nice in keeping up the _Orifice_ of the _Womb_, lest it\nshould _fall down_ together with the _Vertex_ or _Crown_ of the _HEAD_\ninto the _Sinus Sacri_; which is a _Point_ so curious and critical, tho\u2019\nan _Accident_ too common, that I dare well say, not one in _Fifty\nPractitioners_ in _MIDWIFERY_ understands it thoroughly; otherways I am\nconfident, and morally certain, that many _fine Women_ would have been\n_living Monuments_ of their _Ingenuity_, who are at this day only the\n_Dead Remains_ of their _Ignorance_.\nTHIS I think is past all _Contradiction_, when we consider, how some\n_Practisers_ sacrifice the INFANT, first by _opening_, and (as they call\nit) _braining_ the HEAD, and then by drawing it forth with their\n_Instrument_ call\u2019d _FORCEPS_: How _others_ also esteem themselves\n_Masters_ of the greatest _ARCANUM_, boasting that they can, without so\nmuch as _braining_ the _HEAD_, extract the _INFANT_ by their _Tool_\ncall\u2019d an _EDUCTOR_: How a _Third Set_ again pretending themselves to be\nthe only _genuine Sons_ of APOLLO, come slily to correct the _Rest_, by\nfixing only a couple of HOOKS in the _Eyes_, _Ears_, or somewhere else\nin the Child\u2019s _HEAD_; by which means they as wretchedly produce the\n_innocent_ dead _Babe_ as any of the _others_: For it can no more be\nsuppos\u2019d to _survive_ this cruel _Treatment_, than the other mentioned\n_Barbarities_; not to speak of the _Anguish_ and _Perplexity_ over and\nabove, besides the real Danger all the while brought upon the\n_distressed Mother_.\nUPON this grand Affair of Life and Death, the Desidious and Capricious\n_MIDWIFE_ cries at length, GOD knows I have taken all the _Pains_ and\nCare I could, but to no _Purpose_, for this or that trifling _Reason_,\nfalsely alledged. The _SURGEON_ (if he don\u2019t pretend the _CHILD_ to be\nalready _Dead_) says, Come, it is better to dispense with _one Life_\nthan _Two_; _One must go_, &c. In consequence of which, he prepares his\n_FORCEPS_, _EDUCTOR_, _KNIVES_, _HOOKS_, &c. to draw out the _INFANT\nDead_, or _Alive_, _Whole_ or in _Pieces_, by such disingenuous and\nbarbarous _Means_ to save the _MOTHER_. Thus behold the excellent _Art_\nof _MIDWIFERY_ ignorantly perverted! O Deplorable Woman! O Miserable\nBabe! How much abused! when there is no _other Mean_ left to rescue the\ntender _Life_ of the poor _Mother_, but by the massacrous _Death_ of her\ndearest _CHILD_! This _Case_ indeed would be very _Melancholy_, but\nGlory be to _GOD_ who has neither left the _One_ nor the _Other_ to\nperish at this untimely or inhuman Rate, excepting it be by _Ignorance_,\nor _Wilfulness_, &c. as aforesaid: No, on the contrary he has provided\nan _EXPEDIENT_ for every _Extremity_, and a _REMEDY_ for every _Malady_,\nas in the present _Case_ will appear farther by what follows, _Viz._\u2014\u2014\nTHAT such _Tragical Events_ may be prudently prevented, I use my\nconstant and unwearied Endeavours to sustain the _Orifice_, that it may\nnot come below its proper _Place_; and that having clear\u2019d the _HEAD_ of\nthe _WOMB_, I may only bring _it_ alone down; which I can much more\neasily do, than if it was cover\u2019d about with the WOMB, sticking fast (as\nabove) in the _SINUS SACRI_. And supposing the _MEMBRANE_ to press\nstrongly instead of the HEAD, I treat it all one as if it was the HEAD,\ntaking always Care not to _break_ it, tho\u2019 the _forming_ of the _WATERS_\nis not to be obstructed; for which Cause, I upon all Occasions stretch\nout my _Fingers_ wide, applying them only to the Edges of the _Orifice_,\nnot to the _Membrane_: And this I continue doing, until the _MEMBRANE_\nspontaneously _breaks_; upon which I manage the _Head_ as aforesaid.\nTHUS the _Infant\u2019s HEAD_ being excluded with the _Crown foremost_, there\nis no more Occasion to be at any Pains in _keeping up the Orifice_;\nwherefore I now suffer it, together with the _HEAD_, to _fall down_ past\nthe _Bending_ of the _OS SACRUM_; which now also, the _major Part_ of it\nbeing bare, more easily happens, than it possibly could whilst it was\ncover\u2019d with the _Orifice_. Upon this, that the CHILD may be farther\nrelieved and brought out, I now again make use of both _Hands_, the\n_one_ inwardly, the other _outwardly_, as before: But as the _Condition_\nis now much _alter\u2019d_ from what it was at that time, I at present\nproceed after a quite _different Manner_, and work along with the PAINS,\n_resting_ only as their _Force_ ceases: For thus I not only observe the\nPAINS my self, but also at the same time encourage my _Woman_ to\n_Labour_, and to persist in her _LABOUR_ with all her Strength; and by\nTurns, as the _PAINS_ come on, to conjoin their _Force_ with her own and\nmy mutual _Endeavours_, in the manner following: namely,\nHAVING _One Hand_ in the _Vagina_, with its _Back_ turn\u2019d towards the\nRECTUM, I thrust very cautiously the Points of my _Fingers_ as far as I\ncan under the _HEAD_, where I hold that _Hand_ constantly, until the\n_PAIN_ comes on; laying the _other Hand_ upon the _Belly_, about that\nPart where the _Bottom_ of the WOMB lies: Then as I perceive the _PAINS_\ncome on, I begin to work with both _Hands_; to wit, by pressing the\n_internal Hand_ gently _downwards_, against the Point of the SACRUM to\nremove it _back_ out of the way; whilst by the _external Hand_, I gently\nraise the WOMB into a _resupine Posture_, pressing it also softly\n_downwards_: I mean _softly_ in Proportion (howsoever) to the _Force_ of\nthe _PAIN_: for as it gradually _encreases_, and more and more excites\nstrong LABOUR; so I also by degrees _press down more strongly_.\nHOWEVER yet the _External Depression_ ought always to be _Moderate_, as\nthe _Internal_ ought to be _Strong_ and _Vigorous_: Whereupon _Matters_\nbeing carefully well observ\u2019d, (as laid down in _Chap._ 9.) no _MIDWIFE_\nneeds be afraid of _hurting_ her _Patient Woman_ in the least; no\nrather, on the contrary, the more _Strength_ I use now, the more\ngrateful and agreeable I prove to _Her_ being thus circumstantiated.\nAnd, in fine, the _upper Part_ of the _CHILD_\u2019s Body being once past\nthat _Sinuous Bending_ above, it presently breaks out all together, and\ncomes away so happily into the World. After which the _MIDWIFE_ is only\nfarther to behave herself with respect to both the MOTHER and the CHILD,\nas in the _Natural Case_[174], carefully cleansing, restoring,\ncontracting, and shutting the WOMB as _Before_. In a Word, with so great\nSuccess at last the _BIRTH_ is accomplished, provided these _Precepts_\nbe carefully and timely observed.\nBUT that the _Ingenious_ may be at no _Loss_ in this momentous Affair\nupon any Occasion, we shall now particularly _state_ the CASE, in which\nthe ordinary MIDWIFE has thro\u2019 Ignorance or Negligence, let _Matters_\ncome so far, that the _acuminated_ or _lower Part_ of the WOMB is fallen\ninto the PELVIS; and the _Orifice_, together with the HEAD, is broken\nthro\u2019 into the _crooked Sinus_ of the OS SACRUM, and is fixed-up there;\nthat the MEMBRANE is _broke_; that the _Infant_\u2019s HEAD is but a little\n_bare_; that the poor _Woman_ (after the _Fatigues_ of a strong or long\n_Travail_) is quite spent and tired; and _finally_, that all these\nThings have _happen\u2019d_ before the extraordinary _MIDWIFE_ is perhaps\nsent for, or at least before He can conveniently be with the _Woman_.\nIN this Pitiful _Case_, the HEAD being yet but a little _bared_, and\nsticking fast in the _Sinus_ of the OS COCCYGIS (as abovesaid) the\n_CHILD_ cannot possibly make any _Impression_ upon the _Orifice_, so as\nto open it; and therefore the _Situation_ of the WOMB is to be alter\u2019d:\nIn order to which, I first place the _Woman_ on a commodious _Seat_\nadapted to the Purpose, such as upon a _Pallet_, or _Low Bed_, or some\n_Pillows_ laid on the Ground; that she may lie with her FACE _downwards\nupon her Knees_, with her _Head low_; her _Arms_ being supported with so\nmany _Pillows_ as are requisite to sustain her _Body_ (leaning upon\nthem) without moving.\nNOW I doubt not but some People will think this a _strange helpless\nPosture_; but as strange as it is, it is certainly the most _effectual_,\nand the _absolute best One_, which can be devis\u2019d for the _Woman_\u2019s\ndesir\u2019d _Relief_ in this desperate _Condition_: For by the Help and\nMeans of it, the WOMB is carried down into the _lowest Part of the\nBelly_, through its own _Weight_ only; and consequently releases itself\nout of the foremention\u2019d _crooked_ SINUS; which that it may the sooner\nand more commodiously do, I put my _Fingers_ into the _VAGINA_ behind,\nbetwixt the RECTUM and the HEAD of the _Infant_, where I press down the\nWOMB, till the _Orifice_ is so far _forced back_, that there is _Room_\nenough to hold it up, in order that it may not relapse; and also that\nthere may be _Room_ for the HEAD to be depressed into, and open the\n_Orifice_. Thus the WOMB and the _CHILD_ being at last _forced so far\nback_, by an expert _Hand_, the _BIRTH_ may be successfully perfected by\nthe above-prescrib\u2019d _Means_ and _Method_; provided always that the\n_Woman_ has sufficient _Strength_ and _PAINS_ to carry her through the\nfatiguing _Tryal_.\nBUT we will how suppose, for better Instruction-sake, her _Strength_ to\nbe quite spent, and the _PAINS_ to be deficient; in this CASE the happy\n_Issue_ of the _BIRTH_ is most dubious; but however, then I place the\n_Woman_ again as before, and depress the WOMB as much as I can, until I\nreduce the _Orifice_ farther up into the _larger Space_ of the _PELVIS_,\nthat I may the more conveniently _open_ it by the Help of an _inward\nHand_; and by _that_ also moving aside the _Child_\u2019s HEAD, I then seek\nfor, until I find, the FEET; which, upon the INFANT\u2019s being right\nturn\u2019d, with its TOES _downwards_ towards the _Mother_\u2019s RECTUM, I bring\ninto the _Passage_. Now the FEET being thus in the _Passage_, the\n_Woman_ needs not lie any longer in the abovesaid _Posture_; but,\nturning herself, may now lie with her FACE _upwards_: When I also give\nher previous _Notice_ to prepare herself to _depress_ vigorously; I mean\nas much as she can possibly, when occasion requires.\nIN the Interim, holding the FEET all the while with my _internal Hand_,\nI attract them gently _outwards_, until the BUTTOCKS and the BELLY are\nexcluded: Then taking fast hold of the _CHILD_ by _one Hand_ under the\nBELLY, and the _other_ upon its BACK; I advise the good _Woman_, in\n_Case_ she feels no _PAIN_, to behave herself as if the _PAINS_ were\nmost pressing upon _Her_, and to contribute by _forcing downwards_ what\nlies in her Power; whilst I continually _attract_, and gently _draw_ the\nINFANT towards me, until by this discreet _Management_ the HEAD is\ntotally excluded, together with the ARMS into the World. And _thus_ at\nlength the _Distressed Woman_ may be happily delivered in all these\ndifferent _Cases_, and difficult _Conditions_ of Life. Whence I come\nto\u2014\u2014\n[Illustration]\n[Illustration]\n    _Of Preternatural BIRTHS, from the WOMB\u2019s inclining backwards._\nExperience teaches us, that the WOMB may be also too much _resupin\u2019d_;\nor tending with its _Bottom backwards_, may be pressed too much towards\nthe SPINE: So that its _Orifice_ is not only raised _too high_ in the\nBELLY, but is also so _obliquely seated_, that it no more answers to the\n_VAGINA_ in a _right Line_, varying more or less, according to the\nProportion of this _Tendency_ to the BACK-BONE.\nFROM this _Posture_ of the WOMB now, it necessarily follows, that the\nHEAD (tho\u2019 never so well _turned_) falls upon, and is violently forced\nagainst the OSSA PUBIS; where the tender HEAD sticking, often happens by\nits own _Struggles_ and the _Mother_\u2019s _PAINS_, to be grievously\nsqueez\u2019d and gradually crush\u2019d, so that, until it is removed and brought\ninto the _PELVIS_, the _Woman_ can by no means bring forth her _INFANT_.\nWherefore the diligent and careful _MIDWIFE_ must (by due Attention)\nmake it her Business to discern at the _first_ TOUCH this _ill Position_\nof the WOMB, and presently upon the _first Pang_ of LABOUR, try to help\nboth the _MOTHER_ and the _CHILD_.\nWHEREAS otherwise the slothful and ignorant _MIDWIFE_, may continue the\npoor _Woman_ in an irregular LABOUR perhaps some Days, without\nperceiving the HEAD to be fixed upon _these Bones_, always erroneously\nimagining the _INFANT_ only to be situated _too high_, (because it lies\nout of the reach of her _shallow_ TOUCH) and that it must in due Time\n_fall down lower_ within her _Ken_. Or peradventure otherwise, when by\nthe TOUCH, _she_ feels a kind of _Roundness_ or _Hardness_, thro\u2019 the\nWOMB, mistaking _This_ for the HEAD, _she_ thinks the _INFANT_ is well\nturned, and wants only _strong PAINS_ to drive it forwards with Success.\nTHIS _Ignorance_ is chiefly owing to her own _Stupidity_, in that _she_\ncannot clearly distinguish between the WOMB and the VAGINA by the TOUCH;\nnor the _Orifice_ of the WOMB from the _Parts_ of the _CHILD_, or\n_MEMBRANE_; which (in this _Case_) frequently occasions the _Death_ of\nmany a _Dear MOTHER_ and _INFANT_.\nBUT here it is to be moreover noted of this difficult _Situation_ of the\nWOMB, that the _MIDWIFE_ (how skilful soever) perhaps can either not\n_touch_ the ORIFICE at all, or but very little, except it lies _wide\nopen_, when she may _touch_ at least some Part of the CIRCLE of the\n_Border_: For the HEAD being fixed upon the PUBIS above, the whole\n_upper Part_ of the _Edges_ of the ORIFICE can no ways peradventure be\n_touched_ with the _Fingers_, which may only reach the _lower Part_ that\nis _Open_.\nUPON which, these _Fingers_ are cautiously and prudently to be thrust in\nfarther betwixt the _Neck_ of the BLADDER, and the _Orifice_ of the\nWOMB: Then being so near the Neck of the Bladder, a discerning _MIDWIFE_\nwill feel a sort of a _Circular Border_, namely, that of the _Orifice_\nof the WOMB; which if she penetrates with her _Fingers_, she will also\nfind the hard Part of the HEAD, which is _Smooth_ and _Globular_, or the\nopening of the VERTEX; whence she may be certain, that the _INFANT_, as\nwell as the _WOMB_, is too close to the SPINE of the _Back_. Whereupon\nshe ought, without loss of Time, to assist and help the _CHILD_ in the\nfollowing _Manner_; viz.\nSHE is to hinder the _Woman_ from _labouring_ all this while, advising\nher to bear and put by her _PAINS_, until this _Posture_ of the _INFANT_\ncan be duly corrected: In order to which, I would FIRST order the\n_Woman_ to _make Water_, if she can, that the BLADDER being thereby\nemptied, may not be hurt by the _Pressure_ of the _MIDWIFE_\u2019s _Hand_, or\nthe _CHILD_\u2019s _Head_: SECONDLY, if the _MEMBRANE_ is not yet broken, and\nthe PAINS but _few_ and _faint_, I would prescribe a gentle CLYSTER, not\nonly to awaken _These_, but also to remove all _Inconveniencies_ of the\n_RECTUM_: THIRDLY, I would then advise to lay the _Woman_ in a\nconvenient manner, upon her BACK with the _superior_ Part of her Body\nlower than the _inferiour_, that both the WOMB and the INFANT may the\nmore easily recede or _give way back_.\nTHEN taking cautiously Hold of the _Border_ of the ORIFICE with the\n_Fingers_ of _either Hand_, I would press and draw it _back_ towards the\n_RECTUM_, whilst I employ\u2019d my _other Hand_ outwardly upon the\n_ABDOMEN_, a little above the _OS PUBIS_: I mean, that the _Child\u2019s\nHEAD_ ought to be _thrust back_ a little with the _Hand on the outside_,\npressing it discreetly _down_; as the _ORIFICE_ is to be drawn _back_\ntowards the _RECTUM_, and at the same time also _downwards_, with the\n_internal Hand_.\nIN the next Place, as I feel the HEAD and the WOMB mov\u2019d a little\n_downwards_, so I would also advise the good _Woman_ to raise the _upper\nPart_ of her Body, yet so as not to stir the _Lower_, and to _bend_\nherself as much as possible _Forwards_, sitting as if she was going to\n_Stool_: Because by this _Posture_, she raises both the INFANT and the\nWOMB _behind_, and consequently drives them _BOTH Forwards_, whilst I\nwould in the _Interim_ keep my _HANDS_ very fast placed as aforesaid,\nready to depress the _HEAD before_, that it may fall directly into the\nPELVIS. In short, the _HEAD_ being thus disengag\u2019d, I would now advise\nthe _Woman_ to observe her _PAINS_, and mutually _labour_ with them what\nshe can, with her Body mostly still in a _Sitting Posture_, or kneeling\nwith her _Arms_ conveniently supported.\nBUT supposing the _INFANT_ to stick very fast upon the PUBIS (which\ncommonly happens by _Loss of Time_, or by misimproving a critical\n_Minute_;) and that the capable MIDWIFE finds both the MOTHER and the\nCHILD in this miserable _Condition_, thro\u2019 the Neglect and Ignorance of\n_Another_: In this _Case_ I would lay the _Woman_ altogether upon her\n_BACK_, with her _HEAD low_, and her _BODY_ a little _elevated_; then by\nthe abovesaid _Method_ I would try to depress the _Infant\u2019s HEAD_,\nobserving however yet not only to press it _down_ from _above_, but also\nfirst to _thrust it back_, and _depressing_ it at the same Time: By thus\n_repelling_ it, I would save the tender _HEAD_ from being hurt by the\n_Depression_; since otherways these BONES would leave a _Dent_ or an\n_Impression_ upon it, if not also wound it over and above.\nMOREOVER, supposing that the _MEMBRANE_ should break by Chance, and that\nby enlarging the _Orifice_, the _HEAD_ should be much _bared_: Then I\nwould let the _Border_ of the WOMB alone, and endeavour to thrust my\n_FINGERS_ betwixt the _HEAD_ (towards its _Upper Part_) and the _OSSA\nPUBIS_; by which means One may most probably draw the _HEAD downwards_,\nalong with the _Orifice_. However, in fine, this _Case_, (as well as all\nother _preternatural BIRTHS_) absolutely requires a sound _Judgment_, a\nquick _Comprehension_, a good _Conduct_, an easy _soft Hand_, and a\ndextrous gentle _Method_ of treating the _parturient_ and _patient\nWOMAN_. But, farther\u2014\u2014\nWE will again in the next Place _state_ the _CASE_ thus, that suppose\nthe _HEAD_ is too Big, and the CHILD so much compressed, that it cannot\nbe brought into the _PELVIS_ without great Trouble and Difficulty: In\nthis _Condition_, before _Matters_ come to an Extremity, I would\n(without Loss of Time) find out the FEET; in order to which, the\n_Orifice_ (which is now commonly less _open_) ought to be cautiously\n_open\u2019d_ with a gentle _Force_, by thrusting first _one_, and then more\nFINGERS _upwards_, which are to be gradually _distended_, until at last\nthe whole _HAND_ is entered up to the _Wrist_: Whereby (after prudently\nbreaking the _MEMBRANE_) I would now and then _thrust back_ the HEAD,\nand put it upon one _Side_, as much as possible by ART.\nBUT upon _This_ here it must be carefully observ\u2019d by the way, that I\nwould pass my _Hand_ close up along the _INFANT\u2019s Body_ from the\n_Orifice_ to the _Fund_ of the WOMB, or to the FEET, that it may not\ncome between the _SECUNDINE_ and the WOMB, but betwixt the _MEMBRANE_\nand the _CHILD_: By this _Method_ I shall neither hurt the WOMB, nor the\n_INFANT_; but the _HAND_ distinguishing clearly all the _Parts_ of the\n_CHILD_, I cannot miss finding the _Feet_ with the greatest Certainty.\nTho\u2019 I must acknowledge by the By, this to be the _Work_ of a very\nstrong and agile _HAND_, as well as of a sound and ready _Judgment_;\nbecause of the immense _Labour_ and Difficulty, first in opening the\n_narrow ORIFICE_, and then in penetrating through it to the _Bottom_ of\nthe WOMB, as the _INFANT_ obstructs the Way: not to mention the great\n_Inconveniencies_ also besides, which arise from the _Turnings_ and\n_Windings_, as well as from the _Length_ and _Constriction_ of the\n_Passage_. However yet\u2014\u2014\nTHUS having found _one_ or _both FEET_, I would draw them down _both\ntogether_, if possible, always turning the _TOES_ towards the _FACE_.\nWhereas if only _ONE_ can be found to be conveniently _attracted_, as it\noften happens, I make it fast by a running _Knot on a broad Ribband_, or\nby a certain _Bandage_, called _MITRA_, or with a soft _Linnen Rag_\nabout four Inches broad; which I _twist_ together, and hold in the _Hand\nwithout the Body_, as I pass the _other_ up along this _LEG_, duly\nobserving whether it is the _Right_ or the _Left_, that I may know which\nof my _HANDS_ will most commodiously find out the _other LEG_; and that\n_HAND_ having reached the _CHILD\u2019s Belly_ or _Buttocks_, I slide it\nalong the _THIGH_ to the other _LEG_: So that the _FOOT_ being thus\nfound, I bring it also down into the _PASSAGE_, according to the\n_POSTURE_ of the _INFANT_.\nBOTH _FEET_ being now thus _brought down_, if they chance to be\n_ill-turned_, that is, with _TOES_ up and _HEELS downwards_, I\ndiscreetly _turn_ the _CHILD_, whilst I gradually draw forth the _FEET_.\n_These_, together with the _BELLY_, being fairly excluded, I hold the\n_FEET_ with _one Hand_, whilst I put the _other_ under the _BELLY_ and\n_BREAST_, as far as possible: Or, resting the _FEET_ in my _Lap_, with\n_one Hand_ above, and _another_ below, I take good hold of the _BODY_,\nattracting it gently. Upon this I advise and encourage my _Woman_ now to\n_labour_ her best, and that whether she feels any _PAINS_ or not, since\nthey are now no longer to be waited for with the Impatience of a happy\n_Delivery_.\nBY this regular _Method_, in fine, the _HEAD_ and _both ARMS_ pass thro\u2019\nthe _Orifice_ at once, and that without the least _Danger_; because the\n_Smoothness_ of the _TEMPLES_ affords always sufficient _Room_ for the\n_ARMS_, as the _Orifice_ relaxes and dilates, as has been already\nobserved[175]. Now _this_, in short, I take, with Submission, to be the\nonly genuine _METHOD_ of perfecting a successful _DELIVERY_ in the\npresent _preternatural Condition_, whether the _BIRTH_ be _Dead_ or\n_Alive_: So that hence I proceed in course to\u2014\u2014\n[Illustration]\n  _Of Pr\u00e6ternatural BIRTHS, from the WOMB\u2019s inclining to either Side._\nTHO\u2019 the _WOMB_ may be _obliquated_ (as has been said) either to the\n_right_ or _left Side_; yet, to abbreviate this Work, I shall contract\n_both Situations_ into _one_; and because the ingenious _Reader_ may\neasily apply what is said of the _one_ to the _other_, I shall only\ntreat of that inclining to the _right Side_.\nTHE most difficult _Posture_ of this kind is, when the _Bottom_ of the\n_WOMB_ is placed deeper in the _right Side_ towards the LOINS, tending\nmore to the _Back_ than the _Forepart_. Which the MIDWIFE may know to\ndistinguish by the following _Signs_; namely, 1. By the _Place_ where\nthe Woman feels the _INFANT_ move most. 2. By that part of the _Belly_\nwhich is most pointed and hard on the _Outside_. 3. By trying the Woman\nin the beginning of the _Labour_, before the _Pains_ have moved the\n_WOMB_ out of its Place, she will find the _Orifice_ of the _WOMB_\nsuspended higher, compressed to the _Spine_ of the left _OS PUBIS_ or\n_COXENDICIS_; by which means the said _Orifice_ cannot be _touched_\nwithout Difficulty; and by no means the _whole_ of it, but only the\n_lower Border_. 4. She will find the _INFANT\u2019s Head_ thro\u2019 the _WOMB_\nand _VAGINA_ (tho\u2019 not bare) laid _a-cross_ the _PELVIS_, but cannot\ncome at the _lower Part_ of it; only with one or more _Fingers_, she may\nsometimes penetrate betwixt the _Spine_ of the said Bones, and touch the\n_VERTEX_.\nBY these _Signs_ the _MIDWIFE_ soon finds her _Task_ most heavy and\nperplexed; for from thence proceeds the following _Difficulties_.\nI. IN this _Posture_ the _INFANT\u2019s Head_ (as soon as it makes the lead\n_Apertion_ of the _Orifice_) is fixed upon the _Spine_ of the left _OS\nPUBIS_ or _COXENDICIS_; and the _Head_ thus fixed cannot pass forwards,\nbecause those _Bones_ cannot give way: From hence arise the _Aqu\u00e6\nFurtiv\u00e6_, or a flowing of the _Waters_ by Stealth, or as it were, by\n_Distillation_; the _Orifice_ as well as the _INFANT\u2019s Head_ being shut\nup by the said _Bones_, so that neither the _Head_ nor the _Humours_ can\nopen it; save only a little on the _lower Side_: Where the _Waters_, by\npressing the _Membranes_ downwards in an _acute Form_, break thro\u2019 that\n_acuminated_ Part as they also force the _Head_ upwards, near to the\n_Border_ of the said BONES.\nII. IT often happens, by these means, that the _right Arm_ is excluded,\nand falls down to the _Shoulder_ in the _PASSAGE_, the _INFANT_ being\nleft dry by the unseasonable flowing of the _Waters_: And the _Arm_\nbeing thus thrust forwards into the _PASSAGE_, the _Head_ is more and\nmore forced-back _upwards_, so that the _Neck_ of Consequence is so\nbent, that it may easily break; and the _Crown_ of the _HEAD_ (falling\nagainst the _Spine_ of the _PUBIS_ or _COXENDICIS_) is so pressed upon\nit by the violent _Pains_, that the _BRAIN_ may be readily affringed,\nand consequently the _INFANT_ die before _BIRTH_.\nIII. THE most deplorable _Condition_ of all is when, after all _Pains_\nand _Labours_ suffered in vain, the MOTHER herself expires, without\nbringing forth her _Child_; as it too often happens, that after a long\ncontinued and miserable _Torment_, the BIRTH is not a Jot advanced,\nwhereby of course the wretched _Woman_ must undoubtedly _yield up the\nGhost_ for want of effectual _Help_. I say for want of _Help_, because\nthe _Help_ of such MIDWIVES as are ignorant of the various _Postures_ of\nthe WOMB, and the _Method_ of correcting them; and of such as do not\nthorowly understand the TOUCH, but place all their Hopes in _Nature_ and\n_Divine Mercy_; is as nothing, and of no Effect upon this _critical\nOccasion_: Since the audacious _Ignorance_ of such Creatures serves only\nto tempt GOD and his _Providence_.\nHAVING thus defin\u2019d and laid down the fatal Inconveniences of this\n_Preternatural Situation_, I come now to shew People concern\u2019d how to\ncorrect it and dispatch a happy _BIRTH_: In order to which, the\n_pr\u00e6liminary Articles_ are the _MIDWIFE\u2019S_ indefatigable _Industry_, and\naccurate _Attention_ to the Circumstances of Things.\nTHEN supposing an _INFANT_ to be brought forth _HEAD foremost_; the\n_Woman_ is to be placed with the upper part of her Body a little\nelevated, the _MIDWIFE_ then finding (by the TOUCH) the _Orifice_ to be\nbut moderately press\u2019d upon the _Left OS PUBIS_, or _COXENDICIS_; in\nthis _Case_, she is to be laid down full upon the _right Side_ a little\nobliquely, that the WOMB may fall back by its own Weight, and not\nrelapse against those _Bones_.\nNEXT after this I would endeavour to get my _right Hand-Fingers_ above\nthe upper Border of the _Orifice_, and thereby remove it a little, and\nbring it down nearer the _Cavity_ of the PELVIS. To facilitate which\n_Work_, I would order some of the _By-Standing Women_ to raise her\n_right Side_ a little, which of Consequence raises the WOMB itself; and\nthus I would, by raising and letting it down by Degrees, move it\n_forwards_ into the _PELVIS_: However, always taking special Care, that\nthe WOMB, together with the _Head_, do not slip down too far into the\ncrooked _Sinus_ of the _OS SACRUM_, so as to stick there, (as has been\nalready precaution\u2019d in the preceding _Chapter_:) to prevent which\nunlucky _Accident_, I would advise to apply all possible Care and Pains\nin the Beginning, to sustain and keep up the _Orifice_, and to bare the\n_HEAD_ sufficiently before its Descent; observing also the same\nManagement in point of the _Humours_, until the _Membrane_ breaks; which\nbeing broken, I would treat the _Head_ in Manner as aforesaid.\nNOW tho\u2019 the _HEAD_ in this _Posture_ offers itself as if it were _bent\naside_, because of the _lateral Distorsion_ of the WOMB, I would first\nbring it to a right _Position_, and then manage it as if it had\npresented itself _directly_: And besides, the _HEAD_ being thus directed\ninto the PELVIS, I would always take care that the _Woman\u2019s Body_ be\nbent a little towards the _left Side_, that the CHILD may the more\nreadily be carried down by its own _Weight_ into the _PELVIS_. But, in\nshort, as to the farther Exclusion of the INFANT, and _After-Birth_, as\nwell as the _Cleansing_ and _Contraction_ of the WOMB; These Things are\nto be perform\u2019d, as directed by the foregoing _Chapter_.\nHOWEVER, we will now state the _Case_, and suppose that the _Woman_ is\nspent and tired out with continual hard _Labour_, before the capable\n_MIDWIFE_ is sent for: Upon this _Condition_ the _BIRTH_ is to be\nhastened by all possible prudent Means. In order to which, I would\n(without Loss of Time) endeavour to _turn_ the _INFANT_, and extract it\nby the _Feet_; Because to direct it otherways into the PELVIS, would be\ntoo tedious upon this Juncture. For to bring it _Head foremost_, would\ncreate vehement _Pains_, which infallibly would expose _both Lives_ to\nextream Danger. But now, in fine, having thus at large insisted upon the\nvarious _Cases_ of _Preternatural Births_, arising from the four extream\n_oblique Situations_ of the WOMB; It remains yet still, that I also\nsubjoin a few Words, upon such _Preternatural Cases_, as may proceed\nfrom the less _oblique Positions of the same Body_; and that briefly in\nmanner following\u2014\u2014\n[Illustration]\n_Of Pr\u00e6ternatural BIRTHS, proceeding from the Median oblique Situations\nAS the three preceeding _Chapters_ concern only the Extremities of an\n_obliquated_ WOMB, so they necessarily lead me in this Place to offer a\nshort _Hint_ Upon the _Median_ or _Less oblique Uterine Positions_.\nWhich notwithstanding their great _Variety_, according to the just\nComparison formerly made[176], I shall for Brevity-sake comprehend in\n_One_, and treat of in general _Terms_ as subsequently follows.\nI. I observe that however conspicuous and remarkable the _Difference_ of\nthese _Preternatural Postures_ may be, especially _That_ betwixt the\n_Four_ mention\u2019d _Extremes_ and the _Natural Situation_ of the WOMB; yet\nI fear, that there is too much Reason to suspect, that this _Difference_\nis but little known to the generality of _Practitioners_ in _MIDWIFERY_,\notherways I am sure _Patience_ would not be so much cry\u2019d up, or at\nleast _Time_ would not be so much trifled away, (at every difficult\n_LABOUR_) by the _Ordinary Boethogynists_, neither would the Use of\n_SHARPS_ be so much practis\u2019d by the _Extraordinary MIDWIFE_.\nII. I observe, that tho\u2019 a WOMB _less oblique_, occasions a _less\nDifficult_, or more easy _BIRTH_, than any of the _Extremes_, yet the\nleast Degree of an _oblique uterine Posture_, may be of great Hindrance,\nand imminent Danger to the _Woman_, whose attending _MIDWIFE_ is\nignorant of it, as well as of the exact _Method_ of restoring it to its\n_Natural State_.\nIII. I would observe by the way, that as the fatal _Consequences_ of\nsuch Ignorance, have already been sufficiently precaution\u2019d in the\npreceeding _Chapters_; so it would be _supervacaneous_, and altogether\nneedless to re-assume or repeat them in _This_: Wherefore I shall only\nfarther, once for all, exhort and adjure such _MIDWIVES_, as have any\nregard for their own _Consciences_, and the _Lives_ of their Neighbours,\nthat they would qualify themselves duly in these excellent Points of\nKnowledge. And _This_ I have the more Reason to inculcate, because I\nnever yet knew an assiduous _MIDWIFE_, who was _thus perfectly_ well\nendued with the _essential Qualifications_ of her PROFESSION, but the\ngreat _GOD_ rather (to whom the Glory of all Things is due) perpetually\ncompleated his own _Gifts_, and crown\u2019d the _Labour_ of her Hands with\ndesirable _Success_.\nFOR as the _Husband-Man_, who never _sowed_, can never expect to _reap_;\nor as the _Gardener_, who never _planted_, can never hope to _gather_;\nso neither can the _MIDWIFE_ who was never regularly qualified, ever\njustly hope or expect to effect a happy _DELIVERY_; especially not in\n_Cases_ of Difficult and _Preternatural BIRTHS_: Neither can the\n_Consequences_ of her Mistakes or Ignorance on the other Hand, ever\ndetract from, or lessen, the _Divine Power_, which is still the SAME,\nand _can always do all Things that it will, but will not always do all\nthat it can_. Besides _HE_, who has been pleased to lay such _Burthens_\nupon us, to try the _Patience_ and _Constancy_ of _One_, and to exercise\nthe _Industry_ and _Charity_ of _another_; _HE_, I say, often executes\nhis _Judgments_ upon _some_, for the _Sins_ of _both Offenders_, that\nall Things may the more manifestly tend to his own eternal Glory.\nIV. I come now in the _fourth_ Place by certain _Demonstration_, to\nexplain the Nature of a WOMB less _obliquated_, and to lay down the\ngenuine Method of correcting any _Preternatural Situation_ whatsoever of\nthe disorder\u2019d or distorted WOMB.\nIN order to which, I would previously observe, that all such _Postures_\nof the WOMB, whether more or less, either tending _aside_, or _prone_,\nor _supine_, are only best discover\u2019d by the _TOUCH_: Because the\n_Orifice_ always answering in a _strait Line_ to the opposite\n_Situation_ of the _Bottom_ of the WOMB, can never fail to shew its\n_Posture_ to the judicious _MIDWIFE_.\nHENCE if the _MIDWIFE_ does but know exactly the _Natural Position_ of\nthe _ORIFICE_, she may thence easily conceive by how much it differs in\nan _obliquated_ WOMB, and accordingly thereby readily judge whereabouts\nthe _Bottom_ is seated: Which _Situations_ of _Bottom_ and _Orifice_\nbeing known, she can consequently be at no loss to comprehend the\n_Disposition_ of the whole _Uterine Body_. And if she now remembers or\nrecollects what has been said of _restoring_ and _replacing_ the most\n_extream_, or most _oblique_ WOMB, she will have no Difficulty in\nrestoring any WOMB _less oblique_ to its _Natural Posture_; This\ndepending entirely upon that Method, to which I refer[177], for\nBrevity\u2019s sake.\nIN short, I shall here only add, that if the _INFANT_ offers itself\n_well turn\u2019d_, in this _less oblique_ WOMB; the _MIDWIFE_, having\nrestored the WOMB to its right Place and natural _Posture_, will find\nnothing more to do, but to take Care to facilitate and enlarge the\n_Passage_, and receive the _CHILD_ tenderly with the _Head foremost_.\nWhereas in _Case_ the _INFANT_ presents itself _ill-turn\u2019d_ in this\nWOMB, it is to be very circumspectly extracted by the Feet; as by and by\nwill more amply appear from what ensues, _Viz._\u2014\u2014\n[Illustration]\n _Of Preternatural BIRTHS, proceeding from complicated Causes, of both\nBY this sort of _BIRTHS_, I mean such as are _Preternatural_, both in\nrespect of the _Situation_ of the _CHILD_, and of the WOMB. Which\ncomplicated _Preternatural BIRTH_ is (of all _others_) the most\ndangerous; because of an _Indefinity_ of Accidents and Difficulties with\nwhich it is always attended, according to the many various _Postures_ in\nwhich both the _INFANT_ and the WOMB are found: All which to enumerate\nhere, and to guard particularly against them, as I have done in the\npreceeding _Cases_, would not only augment the _Bulk_ and _Charge_ of\nthis _WORK_, but also be in some respect altogether _Needless_: Because\nif I was to content my self to treat this _Chapter_ in _general_\n(without descending to _particular_) _TERMS_, I would not doubt but that\nthe ingenious _Reader_ would even thence readily form a clear _IDEA_ of\nall such _BIRTHS_, from the many different _Cases_ already stated and\ndiscussed; which if thoroughly well understood, the Rest cannot but be\neasily comprehended.\nHOWEVER, that I may not leave the weaker _Capacity_, or the doubtful\n_MIDWIFE_ to the Uncertainties of her own scrupulous _Judgement_, I\nshall propose and resolve some of the most difficult and dangerous\n_Cases_ belonging to this _preternatural Subject_, and _that_ as far as\nis really requisite, in manner following; _viz._\u2014\u2014\nI. WE Shall suppose that the _INFANT_ is ill-turned, and presents itself\n_preternaturally_, with FACE, CHIN, HAND, ELBOW, SHOULDER, BREAST, BACK,\nBELLY, SIDE, BUTTOCK, KNEE, FOOT, or any _other Part_ or _Member_ first,\nin a WOMB tending _obliquely forwards_. In this _Condition_, I shall\n_first_ show the _MIDWIFE_ how, and by what _Signs_, she may know and\ndiscover such perverse _Postures_; and _secondly_ how, and by what\nMeans, _These_ may be rectify\u2019d, the _CHILD_ extricated, and the\n_MOTHER_ reliev\u2019d in Life.\nTHEN as to the _First Point_, I would have it minded, that the TOUCH is\nthe only _Expedient_, by which the _Situation_ of the _INFANT_ in any\nWOMB, whether _Oblique_ or _Direct_, is to be discover\u2019d and perfectly\nknown. Which when the _MIDWIFE_ finds to be _preternatural_, she needs\nnot much trouble herself about what _precise Part_ offers or comes\n_first_ in the _PASSAGE_: Because of this short _Rule_, which I would\nnot have her to forget; namely, That, when the HEAD does not present\nitself _first_ in this complicated _Case_, the _CHILD_ is to be drawn\nout by the _FEET_. For in this ill _Position_ of both the _INFANT_ and\nthe _WOMB_, the _Version_ of the _CHILD_ succeeds more easily than if\nthe HEAD was _foremost_: Wherefore I would lose no Time, but as Soon as\nI had discover\u2019d all _Circumstances_ aright, I would commence my\nBusiness upon this Occasion, before either the _MOTHER_ or the _INFANT_\nare much spent, that I may perform my _Work_, while they both can\nmutually concur with me towards their own _Relief_; That is, while the\nWOMB is yet suspended in the _upper Part_ of the PELVIS, and the\n_Membrane_ not yet broken.\nIN order to this _Second Point_, the _Woman_ being commodiously placed,\nthe _MIDWIFE_ is to pass up her _Hand_ into the _VAGINA_, and dispose\nthe _Orifice_ of the WOMB to open, which is now sooner done than if the\nHEAD came _first_: _This_ being done dextrously, she is to put first\n_one_ or _two Fingers_, then _all_ of them successively into the\n_Aperture_; and when that is sufficiently enlarged, she is to penetrate\ninto the WOMB, and either break the _MEMBRANE_, or wait its _spontaneous\nBreaking_, as she judges best by occurring _Circumstances_. In the next\nplace, she is to look for and find the _FEET_; and, the _TOES_ being\nalways turn\u2019d towards the RECTUM, they are to be forthwith brought into\nthe PASSAGE: proceeding still farther in the due and regular _Method_ of\nextracting the CHILD, as already taught[178] and dilucidated.\nII. WE will suppose moreover, that the INFANT is _ill-seated_, and\npresents itself _preternaturally_ with any of the aforementioned\n_Members first_, in a WOMB hanging _obliquely to either Side_. In this\n_Case_, I would sincerely advise the _MIDWIFE_, to lose no Time in\nopening the WOMB, breaking the MEMBRANE, turning the CHILD, and\nextracting it by the FEET: Because in this _Posture_ of both the _BIRTH_\nand the _WOMB_, Experience has taught me that nothing can be safer and\nless dangerous than this _Method_, when ingeniously and presently\nperform\u2019d with Dexterity.\nIT is true indeed it may be _objected_, that I dissent in _this Matter_,\nfrom most (if not from all) _Authors_: To which I _answer_, in short,\nthat _Those_ from whom I do differ, were never acquainted with this\n_complicated preternatural Condition_, but always supposed the _WOMB_ to\ncontinue in its proper Place, never dreaming of its various _Motion_,\nnor suspecting its _oblique Situation_; erroneously imagining all\n_preternatural BIRTHS_ to proceed merely from the ill _Version_ of the\nINFANT: In which _Circumstance_ however, when it happens so, I confess\nthey are so far in the right, that the HEAD is to be _first_ brought\ninto the PASSAGE, and the CHILD excluded by it with all possible\nExpedition.\nBUT that I may farther elucidate the true _State_ of this _Case_, as it\nbecomes me to speak the _Truth_ ingenuously, it is my candid Opinion\nthat, in any _oblique Posture_ of the _WOMB_, it is the safest,\nquickest, and most convenient _Method_ to extract the INFANT by the\nFEET, and that presently in the _Beginning_ of the LABOUR, either before\nor at least presently after FLOODING, as occasion requires. For this\nvery Reason, and to this Purpose, I hope, I may farther justly lay down\n_one certain Rule_; namely, that all _BIRTHS ill-turn\u2019d_, in a _WOMB\nill-seated_, are to be rightly _turn\u2019d_ again, and drawn out by the\nFEET. Which _Rule_, if duly observed, will, I am positive, save a World\nof _Women_ and _Children_, that otherwise must inevitably perish; since\nas for my part, I know no _Situation_ of the INFANT in an _oblique\nWOMB_, more difficult or dangerous than the HEAD\u2019s _offering itself\nfirst_; and _that_ because the _BIRTH_ cannot be then _turned_ without\nthe greatest _Difficulty_ and most extreme _Pains_.\nTHIS, in short, will be readily granted by All, who do consider or\nconceive that the _WOMB_ (being fixed by _Ligaments_ on both sides) is\nalways more inclinable to _fall Forwards_ or _Backwards_, than to either\n_Side_, and first most commonly _bends back_ before it comes to any\n_lateral Posture_; and that from hence of consequence, the _WOMB_ is\n_distorted_ as well as _obliquely situated_. By reason of which\n_Distortion_, if the _CHILD_ comes _Head foremost_, it falls down in the\nPELVIS _obliquely_; and tho\u2019 a judicious _MIDWIFE_ may bring the HEAD\ndirectly into the PELVIS, yet the _Shoulders_ following, must needs fall\nupon the PELVIS _a-cross_, in its narrower Part; whereby of reasonable\nConsequence the INFANT must be distorted in the _Passage_.\nNOW in this _Case_, no PAINS, how violent soever, can avail to force\nforwards the _BIRTH_ so fixed upon these _Bones_; wherefore (I say) when\nthe _WOMB_ is thus _seated_, it is most safe in the _Beginning_ of the\n_LABOUR_, to open its _Orifice_, break the _Membrane_, turn the _CHILD_,\nand take it out by the _FEET_; since by the HEAD\u2019s coming now\n_foremost_, both _Lives_ are at Stake and in great Jeopardy.\nHOWEVER yet it may be again _objected_, that I have already prescribed\nanother _Method_ in _Chap._ 21; _viz._ of bringing the _Orifice_\ntogether with the HEAD into the PELVIS, and promoting the _BIRTH_ in\nthat Manner: To this I _answer_, that my _Reason_ for so doing, was not\nonly to convince some People, that I know _their Method_ as well as _my\nown_; but also to whet or assist the _Judgment_ of such good _MIDWIVES_\nas cannot forsake their own old _By-Paths_; Not that I ever design\u2019d to\nrecommend _it_ to any, tho\u2019 I must however acknowledge, that sometimes\nit may effect the desirable _Ends_; but according to the _Rules_ of\nirrefragable _Truth_, and sound Judgment, we find that, in this\n_Position_ of the WOMB, let the _BIRTH_ offer itself as it will, the\nonly laudable _Method_ is without Loss of Time to extract the INFANT,\nand deliver the _Woman_ as above-directed.\nIII. I observe upon the whole, that as the immediate present _Case_ is\napplicable to either (_right_ or _left_) _Side_; so what is said of the\nforegoing _Condition_, with respect to the WOMB\u2019s _inclining forwards_,\nmay be easily apply\u2019d to the _Case_ of its _tending backwards_: Only\nwith this considerable Difference, that the _oblique forward Posture_ of\nthe WOMB, is the most commodious of the _Four_ mentioned _Extremes_, and\nconsequently admits of a more easy _Exclusion_ of the _BIRTH_ by the\n_Head_, than any of the rest mentioned.\nNOT but that either of these grand or complicated _preternatural BIRTHS_\nimply and prognosticate imminent Danger to the _MOTHER_, or the _CHILD_,\nor _Both_; as well as incredible _Labour_ and _Fatigue_ to the faithful\n_MIDWIFE_; who, in such _Cases_, can less distinctly feel, less\ncommodiously handle, and more difficultly come at the Matter, so as to\ndispose the _INFANT_\u2019S _Members_ for _Attraction_, than in any other\n_Condition_ of _BIRTH_: Hence it is, in short, that so many _MIDWIVES_\nare liable to the most egregious Mistakes, and unaccountable Deceptions\nupon these unlucky Occasions. But\u2014\u2014\nAGAIN farther, I hope I may freely speak my Mind, and openly avow, that\nthe most of these BIRTHS proceed merely from want of seasonable and\nskilful _Assistance_ in the beginning of the LABOUR: Because the _BIRTH_\n(however well seated then) by reason of the _bad Situation_ of the WOMB,\ncannot possibly pass thro\u2019 the PELVIS of itself; and not being\njudiciously assisted at that nice Juncture, behold, from a _Natural_, it\nfalls on a sudden also into a _Preternatural Posture_. From hence we\nhave this extreme difficult and most dangerous sort of _Preternatural\nBIRTHS_, as will more conspicuously appear from a deliberate\n_Reflection_ upon the preceding _Chapters_. And This much (I hope) may\nfinally suffice any intelligent _Reader_, to conceive the different\n_Circumstances_ of all _complicated Preternatural BIRTHS_ whatsoever.\nWhence I go on to the _Fourth_ and last Sort of _Preternatural BIRTHS_\nproposed; namely, _Those_ proceeding from intervening _accidental\nCauses_; which because they are also different, I shall handle briefly\nand separately in the ensuing Manner; _viz._\u2014\u2014\n[Illustration]\n[Illustration]\n  _Of Preternatural BIRTHS, proceeding from the NAVEL-STRING\u2019s coming\n       first, and that either alone, or with some other Member._\nAMONG the various unhappy _Accidents_, which may happen in or about the\nTime of LABOUR, the present _Case_ is none of the most auspicious; in as\nmuch as it may, in sundry Respects, occasion a very difficult\n_Preternatural BIRTH_, according to the Difference of Circumstances: For\nthe NAVEL-STRING having fallen down and come _first_ in the _Passage_,\nmay be variously turn\u2019d, and consequently cause several and sundry\n_Inconveniences_, as follow, _viz._\u2014\u2014\nI. WHEN the _Umbilical Vessel_ falls down alone into the PASSAGE,\nwithout any other _Part_, the _BIRTH_ is then commonly situated a-cross\nin the WOMB; and in this _Condition_, _BACK_ or _BELLY_, _HAND_ or\n_FOOT_, may be probably expected to come _first_: Wherefore the active\n_MIDWIFE_ ought to discover the _real Posture_ by the TOUCH, and _that_\nat least before all the _Waters_ are yet flow\u2019d off and evacuated; and\nthen betimes to fetch away the _CHILD_ by the _FEET_, unless the HEAD be\nmore convenient or pat for the Purpose. But these _Cases_ being already\nparticularly discussed[179], I shall add nothing farther upon them in\nthis Place.\nII. THE _String_ may fall down _double_, and so swell with _Cold_, as to\nobstruct the _Passage_, which however is but the smallest Consideration\nin this _Condition_, because by its hanging down _double_, it may be so\nshortned, that the _CHILD_ may be detain\u2019d, appending by it in the\n_Orifice_, until the BLOOD of the _Umbilicals_ coagulating either by\n_Cold_, or by _Compression_ in the _Passage_, the due _Circulation_ is\nobstructed, and the INFANT expos\u2019d to the greatest of _Dangers_, if a\nvery speedy _DELIVERY_ does not prevent the fatal Accident.\nTHE Prudent _MIDWIFE_ ought always to be very sollicitous about this\n_Case_, making it her particular _Care_ from the beginning of the\nLABOUR, as soon as perceiv\u2019d by the TOUCH, and before the _Waters_\nbreak, to avert or hinder its either coming _before_, or _along with\nthe_ HEAD, by removing it judiciously according to _Art_. But supposing\nshe comes too late to prevent the _Mischief_, and that the STRING is\nalready in the _Passage_; then it is to be _put back behind the_ HEAD\nimmediately, and kept there until the HEAD be fully directed into and\nlodg\u2019d in the _Passage_. However it sometimes happens that it cannot be\nkept-up so _long_, and that the _MIDWIFE_, whatever _Pains_ she may\ntake, cannot hinder it from extruding itself at every PANG: In this\n_Condition_, I would advise her (without delay) to extract the BIRTH by\nthe FEET, and that notwithstanding the HEAD should be _foremost_.\nIII. IT also happens sometimes, that the STRING without hanging down, is\nvariously compress\u2019d betwixt the HEAD and the _Bones_ of the PELVIS,\nwhich (stopping or impeding the _Motion_ of the BLOOD) soon occasions\nthe INFANT\u2019s inevitable Death.\nIN which _Case_, if pressed against the OSSA PUBIS, having laid the\n_Woman_ on her _Back_ with her _Head low_, and the _lower Part of her\nBody raised_, I would press _back_ the INFANT\u2019s _Head_, and put the\n_STRING_ as much as possible behind it; upon which, then I would bring\nthe _Head_ forthwith into the PELVIS, unless it be more convenient to\n_turn_ and _extract_ it by the _FEET_.\nAS also, tho\u2019 seldom, it may happen, that the _Umbilical_ may be\n_pressed back_ by the HEAD against the OS SACRUM: In which State of\nAffairs, I would turn the _Woman_, if Strength may permit, upon her\nKNEES, whilst I employ either _Hand_ on the _Back Part_, in order to\nremove the HEAD, how firmly soever fixed: Whereas if the _Patient_ be\nweak, I would lay her upon either _Side_, drawing up one _Foot_ to her\n_Belly_, for the Advantage of obtaining more Room, in order to effect\nthe same Thing; which, tho\u2019 difficult, is no impossible _Task_ for the\nexpert _MIDWIFE_.\nBUT if it chances to be pressed against either of the OSSA ILIA, having\nlaid the _Woman_ on the contrary _Side_, with the _lower Part_ of her\nBody elevated, I would remove the _HEAD_ with the opposite _Hand_, and\nfree the _STRING_; proceeding otherways as in the former _Cases_, with\n_HEAD_ or _FEET_, as I should find most convenient.\nIV. AGAIN, it also sometimes comes to pass, that the _STRING_ is found\nlying upon the _Forehead_, which is indeed most _dangerous_; but it is\neasily removed with good Judgement to the _Temples_ of the HEAD, which I\ntake to be a safe _Position_, because there the _Pressure_ is much less\naggravated.\nV. MOREOVER it likewise sometimes happens, that the _STRING_ comes along\nwith the _Shoulder_, _Elbow_, _Hand_, _Foot_, &c. without touching the\n_HEAD_: Upon this then as soon as the _Humours_ have flow\u2019d, I would\npass my _Hand_ quickly up, and bring the _CHILD_, _Head_ or _Feet\nforemost_ into the _Passage_, according to its _Situation_, always\ndetaining or stopping the _STRING_ from coming out before the _BIRTH_:\nWhereas if the _STRING_ be already excluded along with the _Foot_ or the\n_Arm_, it is to be _repelled_ with all necessary Speed, Conduct, and\nCaution, and then the _INFANT_ ought to be dextrously drawn out by the\n_Feet_.\nVI. I have also seen the _CHILD_ brought forth by the _HEAD_, with the\n_Umbilical_ circumvolv\u2019d, or turn\u2019d twice or thrice round the _NECK_; by\nwhich means of the _STRING_\u2019s being so much shortned, the _BIRTH_ was\nstopped or retained in the _Passage_: Upon this Occasion, I endeavour\u2019d\nto slacken the _STRING_, and so bring it over the _HEAD_, but finding it\ntoo _strait_ and _short_ to be so ordered, I _tied_ it in two places (at\nabout two or three _Inches_ distance) and then _cut it in two_ betwixt\nthe _Ligatures_: That being done, it was my Business to lose no Time in\nattracting the _INFANT_ and delivering the _WOMAN_; otherways in this\n_Condition_, it would have soon expired.\n[Illustration]\n _Of Preternatural BIRTHS, from the AFTER-BIRTH\u2019s coming first into the\nANOTHER _Preternatural Accident_ to which the _BIRTH_ is also sometimes\nliable, is the _Falling down of the_ PLACENTA into the _Orifice_ of the\nWOMB; which of course must needs obstruct the _Passage_, and prevent the\ntimely _Egress_ of the _INFANT_.\nNOW tho\u2019 the ignorant MIDWIFE often occasions this untoward _Accident_\nby her own unskilful and imprudent _Treatment_, or rough and indecent\n_Usage_; yet the Ingenious _MIDWIFE_ discovers this _Case_ in time by\n_two_ certain different _Ways_: Namely, FIRST, by the TOUCH, when she\ncan neither feel the _MEMBRANE_, nor the naked _HEAD_; but (on the\ncontrary) perceives a thick, soft, fleshy, boneless _Substance_:\nSECONDLY, by a _Bloody Flooding_, which constantly attends this\n_Condition_; whereby both the _MOTHER_ and the _CHILD_ are imminently\nendangered, as is already more abundantly set forth[180]: Unless the\nskilful _MIDWIFE_ can prevent the fatal _Consequence_, by accelerating\nthe _BIRTH_; which, however yet, is not to be rashly attempted without\ndue Circumspection.\nBUT notwithstanding the daring _Difficulties_, and time-serving\n_Precautions_, mentioned by most _Authors_ of my reading and revolving,\nin this _Case_; I can conceive no extraordinary _Perplexity_ which can\nattend it, if the _DELIVERY_ be but _timely_ or _seasonably_ undertaken,\nbefore the _Woman\u2019s Strength_ and _Blood_ be too much exhausted. I know\n_Daventer_, _Peu_, and some _others_, make long _Ambages_ or\nCircumlocutions upon this _Head_; for _some_ are at great Pains to teach\nus how to perforate the _SECUNDINE_ with a _Hair-Needle_ instead of our\n_Fingers_, and _others_ how to keep it back, until the _INFANT_ be first\nborn: But for my part, as I already foresee sundry _Difficulties_ that\nwill arise in these Practices, so I shall be loth to come into them, and\nthat because\u2014\u2014\nFIRST, in penetrating the PLACENTA with any _acute Instrument_, the\n_CHILD_ (if not the _MOTHER_ also) may be easily wounded: SECONDLY,\nsupposing it to be done with the FINGERS, the _Hole_ must be dilated in\nproportion to the _Aperture_ of the Mouth of the WOMB, and then _this_\nmangled MASS must be dispersed to _all Sides_ of the _Orifice_; by which\nMeans, _Daventer_ himself acknowledges, that it often perfectly\n_congeals_ with BLOOD, and sticks so fast to the WOMB or VAGINA, that\nthe _Ignorant_ would not only take them to be _grown together_, but also\nbelieve them rather to be _one and the same Body_: Which consequently\nmust require both great _Pains_ and _Difficulty_ to be separated, and at\nlast a very diligent _Scrutiny_ must be made, that no _Fragment_ be left\nany where _Behind_, since in this _Condition_ no just _Conjecture_ can\nbe made by the Eye: THIRDLY, by retaining the _SECUNDINE_ in the WOMB,\nwhen its heaviest and most bulky _Part_ (the PLACENTA) is fallen down\ninto the _Entrance_, let it be never so judiciously managed and moved,\nit possesses a considerable deal of _Room_, and consequently obstructs\nthe _Operation_ of the _MIDWIFE_\u2019s _Hand_, lying as a cross thwarting\n_Impediment_ in her way, which at the same Time _blockades_ or totally\nshuts up the _Passage_ of the _CHILD_.\nWHEREFORE, and considering that this _Body_, when so loosened and\nseparated from the WOMB, can never possibly be any more _serviceable_;\nbut, on the contrary, highly _detrimental_ to both the _MOTHER_ and the\n_INFANT_, as aforesaid; I cannot but be of Opinion, that it is both the\nsafest and shortest Way, to extract the _SECUNDINE first_; by which\nexpeditious _Step_, the _MIDWIFE_ not only gains more _Room_ to turn the\nCHILD, but also (this being done) she can much more commodiously draw it\nout by the HEELS: Animadverting always by the way, that in this critical\n_Condition_, the _BIRTH_ must immediately follow the _SECUNDINE_,\nwithout the Loss of one Moment\u2019s Time, and _that_ especially for\nstopping the _Floodings_, which would otherways not only soon suffocate\nthe weak INFANT, but also in a short Space of Time effect the certain\n_Death_ of the tender MOTHER.\n[Illustration]\n  _Of Preternatural BIRTHS, proceeding from the Death of the INFANT._\nAMONG the many _Preternatural BIRTHS_ mentioned, I think _that_ of a\n_Dead CHILD_, may now at last justly take place.\nBUT because this _Case_ is too commonly mistaken, and that the _Live\nINFANT_ is too often taken for _Dead_, and consequently the wretched\ninnocent _Creature_ treated accordingly; I think it may not be amiss,\nbefore I enter upon this DELIVERY, that I make a few previous requisite\n_Remarks_; by which the extraordinary _MIDWIFE_, who is commonly sent\nfor too late, may perfectly know whether the _BIRTH_ be _dead_ or\n_alive_; to the End that, so also in Case of _Necessity_, it may be\naccordingly managed: Since in this fatal _Condition_ I have known\n_several Persons_ to have been grossly deceiv\u2019d, who have depended upon\nthe _Relation_ of the sick WOMAN, or taken it upon the _Credit_ of the\nignorant attending _MIDWIFE_.\nFIRST then I know it to be ALIVE, if, by laying my _Hand_ on the\nMOTHER\u2019s _Belly_, I find it _stir_ or _move_: Or, SECONDLY, If I have\nnot full _Satisfaction_ this way, I would convey my _Hand_ into the\nWOMB, as soon as the _Waters_ break, to feel the _Pulsation_ of the\nNAVEL-STRING; which the nearer I feel to the _CHILD_\u2019s _Belly_, the\nstronger I find it _beat_, if ALIVE: Or, THIRDLY, I would put my\n_Finger_ into the _INFANT_\u2019s _Mouth_ to feel its _Tongue_, which (if\nALIVE) I should perceive it to _stir_, as if it would _suck_.\nWHEREAS, on the contrary, we may know it to be DEAD, when a certain\nnauseous and cadaverous _Humour_ flows from the WOMB: Or, when the\n_Woman_ feels a great ponderous _Weight_ in her _BELLY_, tumbling always\ntowards that _Side_, which she inclines to, or lies upon: As also when\nwe find the _CHILD cold_ in the WOMB; or the _Umbilical_ Vessel without\nPULSE; or the TONGUE _immoveable_: Or lastly, when I perceive the\n_Dissolution of the Cuticle_ on the Top of the HEAD, I am then positive\nthat the FOETUS is DEAD; because, as _this_ is not easily _dissolved_,\nneither does it happen immediately, but some Space of time after DEATH.\nIN this _Case_ then of a _dead CHILD_, the _Labour_ is commonly lingring\nand dangerous, because of the few, faint, and slow _PAINS_ which seize\nthe _Woman_; so that _Nature_, being half overthrown by the _Death_ of\nthe _INFANT_, which now can no ways help itself, absolutely requires to\nbe assisted by the most expeditious ART: And _that_ best, in my humble\nOpinion, by the _Means_ and _Method_ following, _viz._\u2014\u2014\nFIRST I would endeavour to awaken and promote the _PAINS_, by one or\nmore sharp and strong _Clysters_: But SECONDLY, if _these_ do not\nsucceed so expeditiously as necessary, I would introduce my _Hand_ into\nthe WOMB, sliding it all along under the BELLY towards the FEET; and so,\nwith _Face_ and _Breast_ downwards, I would gently extract it by them;\nin the same manner, as if it was ALIVE. Only, in this _Case_, great\n_Care_ must be taken, that the HEAD may not unhappily _sever_ itself\nfrom the _Body_, and consequently _stay behind_ in the WOMB; which\nAccident may easily happen in the _Passage_, especially if the _BIRTH_\nis any ways _putrefy\u2019d_.\nHOWEVER, after all, in _Case_ of such an untoward _Occurrence_, I would\nstill excuse myself from the _Use_ of an EDUCTOR, and debar myself from\nthe Practice of any _Instrument_ whatsoever, save only that of my own\nnatural HAND; which, I think, in all _Conditions_ of _BIRTHS_, whether\n_Natural_ or _Preternatural_, _Dead_ or _Alive_, is solely _obliged_,\nand only best serves, according to the _Rules_ of my _Profession_, to\ndischarge the _Duty_ of all the _INSTRUMENTS_ in the _Surgeon\u2019s Shop_;\nexcepting only in the _Case_ of a _MONSTER_ or a very _Hydropical\nCHILD_.\nBUT in the present _Circumstance_ of the HEAD\u2019s being separated from the\n_Body_, as soon as I have extracted the _CARCASE_, as above; I would\ninstantly convey back my _Hand_ into the _WOMB_, and put one or two of\nits _Fingers_ into the _Mouth_ of the _HEAD_, placing my _Thumb_ under\nthe _Chin_: For by _thus_ taking Hold of it by the _Jaw_, I would\nextract it gently, and _that_ with the greatest _Ease_ and _Safety_ to\nthe _PATIENT Woman_.\nNOW having thus, in fine, both particularly and at large, treated of the\nseveral _Sorts_ of _Natural_, _Difficult_, and _Preternatural BIRTHS_:\nAnd having also for the common _Good of Mankind_, without any\nAffectation, Hesitation, or Reservation, candidly laid down, and\ningenuously set forth the most _certain_, _brief_, _plain_, _easy_, and\n_unprejudiced INSTRUCTIONS_, which perhaps have ever yet been committed\nto PRINT, upon the excellent _Subject_ of _MIDWIFERY_: And having\nlikewise, in a Word _lastly_, for the true _Direction_ and good\n_Government_ of all _MIDWIVES_, fairly laid (as it were) and faithfully\n_delivered_ the _big-belly\u2019d Woman_, in every relative _Case_ or\n_Condition_ of _BIRTH_, which may or can happen to her: It now only\nremains, I would modestly think, that I should (in the next place) come\nto take all the necessary _Care_, and make the most requisite\n_Provision_ possible for the perfect _Recovery_ of my CHILD-BED-WOMAN;\nand _that_ in the ensuing _Method_.\n[Illustration]\n[Illustration]\n[Illustration]\n    _Of the DIET and REGIMEN of the Puerperial or Child-Bed-Woman._\nTHE _Good Woman_ being now delivered, and laid in CHILD-BED, may rightly\nbe compared to a SHIP, which, after a dangerous nine or ten Months\n_Voyage_, rides at _Anchor_ in her PORT; where, tho\u2019 arriv\u2019d with great\nSecurity, yet if not well _moor\u2019d_ against sudden _Winds_ and _Storms_,\nshe may perhaps at last drive from her _Anchors_ and suffer SHIPWRECK:\nSo in like manner if both the MOTHER and the CHILD be not duly taken\n_Care_ of after the _BIRTH_, _Both_ may be still expos\u2019d to the Danger\nof _DEATH_. Wherefore, to prevent all such melancholy _Accidents_, I\nshall first point out the proper _REGIMEN_ of the _One_, and then\nsuccessively direct THAT of the _Other_, in the following Manner;\nI. THEN, immediately after the _BIRTH_, a soft gentle _Closure_ may be\napply\u2019d to the WOMB for repelling of the _cold Air_; of which we must be\nnow very cautious, if we will _avert_ the fatal _Consequences_ that may\nthereby happen: As also a small _Plaister_ of GALBANUM with a little\n_Civet_ in its Center, may be applied to the _NAVEL_ for attracting, or\nrather retaining the WOMB in its proper Place, where the _MIDWIFE_\u2019s\ncareful _Hand_ has fixed it after the _DELIVERY_.\nII. THE _Patient_ having her _Body_ wrap\u2019d about with a _warm Cloth_,\nand her _Hips_ girt round with the same, is to be placed conveniently in\na _warm_ BED; that is, directly upon her _Back-Bone_, with her _Head_\nand _Body_ a little elevated, for her _breathing_ and _cleansing_ the\nBetter; as her _Thighs_ and _Legs_ also are to be stretched down close\ntogether: Whereupon _now_, if not _before_, she ought to have a little\ngood _Chicken_ or _Pullet-Broth_ for her Refreshment; which being done,\nall _Doors_ and _Windows_ are to be shut, and the _Bed-Curtains_ drawn\nclose, that she may rest and sleep quietly.\nIII. IN the next place, the _Closures_ are to be remov\u2019d, and the\n_clotted_ BLOOD taken away; which being diligently done, the _BELLY_,\n_LOINS_, and _PRIVITIES_ are to be anointed with the Oil of _sweet\nAlmonds_, or _white Lillies_, mixed with a little warm _Wine_, which may\nbe repeated at pleasure, for allaying the _PAINS_ of these _Parts_: And\nas the _Woman_ is to be carefully kept always very _warm_, as well as\ndisposed to _Rest_ and _Sleep_; so every now and then, she is to be\ncomforted with some small Matter of any convenient FOOD; abstaining\nhowever chiefly from _strong Meats_, as well as from all _hot_ or\n_strong Liquors_.\nIV. A DECOCTION of _Barley_, _Linseed_, and _Chervil_, or\n_Marsh-Mallows_ and _Violet-Leaves_, with a little Honey of _Roses_, may\nbe afterwards used _Milk-warm_ three or four times a Day, by way of\n_Fomentation_ for the first five or six Days of _CHILD-BED_: Or, instead\nof these Things, fresh _warm Milk_, or _Barley-Water_ only may be\nproperly used; always remembring that the _Parts_ be duly cleansed from\nthe _clotted_ BLOOD, _&c._\nV. IN the mean time, the _Woman\u2019s_ BREASTS are all along to be kept very\nclose and warm-cover\u2019d with soft _Cloaths_, that the _MILK_ may not\n_curdle_; which however is no ways yet in the beginning fit for the\n_CHILD\u2019s Nourishment_, until the _Conflux_ of the _MILK_ and the\n_Humours_ is over; which, upon the first days after _DELIVERY_, run in\nabundance to the BREASTS.\nVI. SPECIAL Care also must be taken, when the _Woman_ is resolv\u2019d not to\n_Nurse_ the _CHILD_ herself, that the LOCHIA or _Child-Bed-Evacuations_\nflow-off plentifully, in order that thereby the _Shock_ of the _BLOOD_\nmay be averted from the _BREASTS_; which if not sufficient to prevent\nthat _Inconveniency_, they may be properly anointed with the Oil of\n_ROSES_ and a little _Vinegar_ beat-up together; or a _CATAPLASM_ of the\nMeal of _Beans_ and _Vetches_ mixed with _Oxymel_ may be applied to the\n_BREASTS_; or they may be fomented with a _Decoction_ of the Leaves of\n_Mint_, _Dill_, or _Parsley_.\nVII. IN the time of _Cleansing_, all Noise and Clamour about the _Woman_\nought to be suppressed; and as she herself ought not to talk much, or\n_aloud_, neither ought any Person about her to be _obstreperous_:\nBecause her _Repose_ is not only thereby disturb\u2019d, but also her\n_Spirits_ exagitated; which violent Commotion of _Humours_ may readily\nstop the _natural Course_. And as for the same Reason, all _Passions_ of\nthe Mind are to be suppressed; so the _Woman_ is to keep herself as much\nas she conveniently can upon her _Back_, carefully avoiding frequent\n_TURNINGS_ to either Side.\nVIII. AFTER ten or twelve Days, proper Measures may be taken to fortify\nand strengthen the _Members_; and after she has fully done cleansing\n(which may be about the 20th _Day_, sooner or later after _DELIVERY_,\naccording to the PATIENT\u2019s _Constitution_, or her way of _Living_) some\nproper _Astringent Medicines_ may be discreetly made use of, for\ncorroborating and reconsolidating the _Parts_.\nIX. AS to her _DIET_, during this Time, she ought to be very regular,\nand live _abstemiously_ (especially the _first Days_) as if she had a\nFEVER, using only good _Broths_, _Jellies_, fresh-laid _Eggs_,\n_Ale-soup_ made with fresh _Butter_, or the like; after which, she may\nbegin by degrees to eat a little _Chicken_, _Pullet_, _Capon_, _Veal_,\n_Mutton_, or any thing else of good _Nutrition_ and easy _Concoction_.\nAS to her _DRINK_, if she has no _Fever_, she may use besides her\n_Cawdles_, small _White-Wine_ and _Water_ for Variety\u2019s sake; but in\ncase of a _Fever_, Water boil\u2019d with a little _Cinnamon_, or\n_Coriander-Seed_; or a _Ptisan_ of _Liquorish_, _Figs_, and _Aniseeds_\nboil\u2019d in Water; or _small Ale_ a little butter\u2019d, as the _Woman_\npleases, are far more convenient; observing always carefully that her\n_DRINK_, of whatsoever sort, be at all times a little _warmed_.\nX. FINALLY, as the _Child-Bed-Woman_\u2019s Body is always to be kept open,\nif not otherways naturally so, by a proper gentle _CLYSTER_, repeated as\noften as Necessity requires, until the _Course_ of the LOCHIA is quite\nover; so afterwards she ought to take one or more proper gentle PURGES,\nfor cleansing the _Stomach_ and the _Bowels_ of such vitious _Humours_,\nas _Nature_ could not otherways evacuate: Upon which, a repeated\nStrengthening _BATH_ may be most pertinently used, as also, in order\nthat she may again the more successfully _begin upon a new Score_, other\nproper Measures may be prudently taken.\nTHUS we suppose that all things have succeeded well with our _Puerperial\nWoman_; in which Condition the above-mention\u2019d is her only requisite\n_REGIMEN_: But in Case of any _Preternatural Accident_, we must come to\nher _Assistance_, according as the Nature of _Circumstances_ does\nrequire: Of all which in their Order, as they most commonly happen to\nthe _Woman_ in her present _Condition_; and FIRST\u2014\u2014\n[Illustration]\nTHESE PAINS, which usually accompany or follow after the _BIRTH_, are\ncommon to all _Child-Bed-Women_; and in that _Natural Sense_, as they\nproceed only from the quantity of _BLOOD_ abounding in the relaxed Womb,\ndistending its _MEMBRANES_, or arise from its _Acrimony_; so they\ngradually cease, and in two or three days quite vanish: Wherefore I am\nnot to insist upon _Those_, which only affect the debilitated WOMB.\nBUT it often and too commonly also happens, that another Sort, justly\ncall\u2019d _Preternatural AFTER-PAINS_, afflict the _Woman_; which she\nsometimes feels about her _Loins_ and her _Groins_, sometimes about the\n_Navel_, sometimes all over the _Belly_, and sometimes in the WOMB only,\nand that sometimes with a little, and sometimes without any\n_Intermission_.\nTHE most common _Cause_ of which _PAINS_ is generally one of the _Five_\nfollowing; _Viz._ 1. The _External AIR_, especially the more _frigid_,\nwhich easily penetrates into the WOMB, if not carefully prevented: 2.\n_Clotted BLOOD_, or some other _foreign Body_ left behind in the WOMB:\n3. Some _Acrid_, and _Mordacious_ BLOOD adhering to the WOMB, which\nexcites and stimulates _Excretion_: 4. The _SERUM_ vellicating or\ntwitching the _excoriated_ part of the WOMB: Or, 5. _WINDS_ elevated\nfrom the _Humours_ fermenting in its _Substance_; which, together with\nthose turgent _Humours_, tear its tender _TUNICKS_.\nNOW because these PAINS often excruciate the _Woman_ as much as the\n_real_ LABOUR-PAINS do, and since they are not always without _Danger_,\nNecessity demands that they should be either _cured_, or at least\n_mitigated_: Which may be most properly done, by convenient relaxing and\nattenuating _Medicines_ outwardly applied, as well as inwardly taken,\nwhen the _Case_ does not require the _Hand-Cure_, or manual Operation.\nHOWEVER, yet more particularly, in respect of the PAINS, from what\n_Cause_ soever they may proceed, _CLYSTERS_ of _Milk_ with the _Yolks of\nEggs_ are proper; as are also emollient _Fomentations_ mix\u2019d with\nattenuating and _Uterine Medicines_; a _Fumigation_ of _BRANDY_; a\n_Decoction_ of the _Recrements_ of the _Regulus_ of _Antimony_; such\nthings being of a _sulphurous Nature_: And moreover, in fine, all\n_AFTER-PAINS_ are eased by _Aromatick_ and _Carminative Remedies_; such\nas Seeds of _Anise_, _Carway_, _Cummin_, _Fennel_, _Penny-Royal_,\n_Roman-Camomil_, &c. infus\u2019d or boil\u2019d in _Wine_ or _Water_, adding\nthereto a very little _Mace_ and _Saffron_.\n[Illustration]\n      _Of the Suppression of the LOCHIA, or Child-Bed-Purgations._\nTHE _LOCHIA_ are nothing else, but the ignobler part of the _Blood_ and\ncongested _Humours_, which after the _BIRTH Nature_ evacuates and\ndischarges out of the _Uterine Vessels_, in consequence of the\n_Divulsion_ and _Separation_ of the PLACENTA from the WOMB. Which\n_LOCHIA_ however differ always according to the Constitution and\nDisposition of the _Woman_, and that not only in _Quantity_, but also in\n_Quality_: For if the _PATIENT_ be otherways Healthy, and Well-disposed,\n_these_ are at first of a _florid rosy Colour_, degenerating day by day\ninto a _Pale-dye_; Whereas if otherways, they are sometimes _Aqueous_,\nand sometimes _Bilous_, _Melancholick_, &c. And, according also to the\nusual _Habit_ of Body, and _Way of Living_, _some_ Women _flood_ more\nplentifully, _others_ more sparingly; _some_ a longer, and _others_ a\nshorter Time: as for Instance\u2014\u2014\nA _Woman_ given to _Ease_, and _high Living_, being delivered of a MALE,\nmay _cleanse_ from twenty to thirty Days; and if of a FEMALE, from\nthirty to forty-two Days at most, however still declining in _Quantity_\nfrom Day to Day: Whereas _another_ given to _Exercise_, may _flood_ only\nfrom eight to fifteen Days; and _that_ also perhaps more _sparingly_, or\nby _Intervals_ of one or two Days. But it oftentimes happens, that this\n_Evacuation_ is either suppressed in Whole, or in Part; of which\n_Suppression_ or _Preternatural Retention_, I am now about to speak.\u2014\u2014\nFIRST then, the _Cause_ of this EVIL, proceeds either from an\n_Obstruction_ of the _Uterine Vessels_, occasion\u2019d by _thick BLOOD_\nstopping the _Passages_: Or, SECONDLY, from a _Constriction_ or\n_Compression_ of the same _Vessels_, occasioned by an _oblique\nSituation_ of the WOMB, or by cold _Air_, cold _Drink_, or the like,\nwhich readily constrict their _Orifices_, as well as contract the WOMB\nitself: Or, THIRDLY and lastly, the _Cause_ may proceed from the\n_BLOOD_\u2019s being retracted and converted to some _other Part_ of the\nBody; which is most commonly occasion\u2019d by some _Passion_ or\n_Perturbation_ of Mind, that may not only turn the _Shock_ of the\n_BLOOD_ to the BREASTS, but also retard the _Motion_, and thicken the\nMASS of the same _BLOOD_.\nTHE _DIAGNOSTICKS_ however of this _Distemper_ are manifest; for either\nno _BLOOD_ is voided at all, or too small a _Quantity_, in respect to\nthe _Size_, _Temperament_, and _Constitution_ of the _PATIENT_: But\nbesides, it may be also known by the following _Symptoms_; viz. a\n_SWELLING_ of the _BELLY_, upon the Retention of the _Humours_ that\nought to be evacuated; a _Difficulty of Breathing_ arises; PAINS seize\nthe _Abdomen_, as also the _Loins_ and the _Groins_; a _Fever_ and\n_Tremblings_ follow; as _Faintings_ do upon a weak, quick and unequal\n_Pulse_; something _fuliginous_ appears in the _Urine_; and a livid,\nblack, grumous, or nauseous _Matter_ is excreted.\nHENCE proceed various _PROGNOSTICKS_; viz. _Fevers_, _Spitting_ or\n_Vomiting_ of BLOOD, _Melancholy_, _Inflammations_ of the _Liver_,\n_Quincy_, _Pleurisy_, _Frenzy_, _Dropsy_, _Apoplexy_, and _Madness_\nitself: The _least_ of which may prove of fatal _Consequence_, wherefore\nDelays in this _Condition_ are most dangerous; because when any of\n_these_ heavy SYMPTOMS has befallen the _Woman_, there is scarce any\nHope left for her _Recovery_; whereas _before_, they may be artfully\nprevented, and the _Cure_ duly perfected by convenient _DIET_,\n_Ven\u00e6sections_, _Revulsive Medicines_, &c.\nBUT more particularly the _Cure_ ought to vary, according to the\n_difference_ of the co-incident SYMPTOMS: For since continual _Fevers_\nand _Inflammatory Diseases_ most commonly follow upon this _Suppression_\nor _Diminution_ of the LOCHIA, we must take great Care that,\nendeavouring to promote the _FLUX_, and to open the _Uterine Vessels_,\nwe do not augment the _FEVER_ and _Inflammation_; which will certainly\nhappen, (if without distinction) we use the _hot Medicines_ prescribed\nby many AUTHORS.\nWHEREFORE in this _Case_ repeated _Ven\u00e6sections_ sometimes in the\n_Ancle_, and sometimes in the _Arm_; and _cupping Glasses_ applied to\nthe _Thighs_ and _Shins_; as also _Rubbing_ of the _Legs_ and _Thighs_\nwell, are generally sufficient _Remedies_; especially if followed with\none or more Cleansing, or partly opening, partly cooling, and Emollient\n_CLYSTERS_, of a _Decoction_ of _Mallows_, _Pellitory_, or the like; in\nwhich strain\u2019d _Liquor_, the _Pulp_ of _CASSIA_ with a Dram of _Nitre_,\nand _Sugar_, and _Honey_ may be dissolved: As also _Fomentations_ and\n_Fumigations_ of Emollient and Aperient _Medicines_ that are not sharp,\nmay be very pertinently used. Finally, the _Infusion_ of JESUITS-BARK in\nWater, may be properly given three or four Times a day; and purging\n_PTISANS_, after the _first days_, are of good _Service_ in the present\n_Case_.\n[Illustration]\n                _Of the immoderate Flux of the LOCHIA._\nTHE too copious and long lasting, or immoderate FLUX of the _Child-Bed\nPurgations_, is no less _Preternatural_, than the former _Case_ of their\nbeing altogether _suppressed_, or in part _diminished_. Tho\u2019 it is\nhowever to be observ\u2019d, that there can be no certain _Quantity_ of\nflowing BLOOD, nor any certain _Time of Duration_ of this FLUX prefix\u2019d\nor determined to the _Puerperial Woman_, as aforesaid: Wherefore the\n_Excess_ of this _Evacuation_ is best known by the _Loss of Strength_,\n_sinking of the_ SPIRITS, and the great _Uneasiness_ of the PATIENT.\nTHE _Cause_ of this _Distemper_ is, either _1st_, a too great _Plenty_\nof the abounding BLOOD; or _2dly_, its _Tenuity_ and _Acrimony_\nstimulating Nature to _Excretion_; or _3dly_, too great an _Apertion_ of\nthe _Uterine Vessels_; or _4thly_ and lastly, a violent _Extraction_ of\nthe _AFTER-BIRTH_: For the _Flux of the LOCHIA_ proceeding meerly from\nthe _Separation_ of the PLACENTA from the WOMB, the more strong and\nviolent this _Separation_ or _Divulsion_ is, the more the _Vessels_ in\nthe _Concave Part_ of the WOMB are torn or dilacerated; and so being\neither too much _opened_, or too difficult to _reconsolidate_, they\ndischarge BLOOD immoderately.\nHENCE, I say, this immoderate _FLOODING_, is not only known by the great\n_Quantities_ of _BLOOD_ voided, by its _Continuance_, or by coming away\nin _Clods_, and much at a time; but also by the _Loss of Strength_, and\na _Defect_ of _SPIRITS_; upon which follows a low, debilitated and\nfrequent _PULSE_; Loathing of _VICTUALS_; _PAINS_ in the\n_Hypochondriacks_, with a _Twisting_ of the _GUTS_, and _Griping_ of the\n_BELLY_; a _Dimness_ of _SIGHT_; a _Hissing_ of the _EARS_; and at last\n_Swoonings_ or _Convulsions_, proceeding from the _Depauperation_ of the\n_BLOOD_: Which after an immoderate _FLUX_ always disorders the\n_SPIRITS_, because when the MASS of it is much lessened, it cannot keep\nits due _Mixture_ and _Disposition_.\nIN this _Case_ the true PROGNOSTICK is, that, if all immoderate\n_H\u00e6morrhagies_ are dangerous; because by them, the _Treasure_ of _LIFE_\n(the _natural Heat_) is exhausted: _Then_, without Controversy, the\nimmoderate _Flux_ of the LOCHIA, whether after LABOUR, or after a\n_MISCARRIAGE_, is full of _Danger_; as coming upon the _PATIENT_ at a\nmost unseasonable time, when her _Strength_ is already spent.\nTHE _Cure_ of this _Distemper_ ought to be well-weigh\u2019d, and very\ncautiously perform\u2019d, because the definite _Quantity_ of _BLOOD_ to be\nevacuated cannot be well or certainly known: And because if any Part of\n_That_ be stopped, which ought to be ejected, it of course flows to some\n_other Part_, and excites _Inflammations_ or other heavy _SYMPTOMS_.\nWherefore this is only, in the Beginning, to be corrected by proper\n_DIET_, and some other convenient light Means: But afterwards by\nrepeated _Ven\u00e6-Sections_ in the ARMS, if _Strength_ will permit; and\nproper _Astringents_ inwardly taken, as well as outwardly applied;\ncontinuing always a _Thickening_, _Cooling_, and _Astringent DIET_: But\nfarther yet, as the Patient grows _weaker_, she ought also to have some\n_corroborative Remedies_, to enable her to stand out the _Cure_.\n_Fomentations_ for the _lower Belly_ of OXYCRAT, or an astringent\n_Decoction_; _Fumigations_ of the same _Decoction_, or of hot OXYCRAT,\nare very convenient and helpful on this Occasion, as are also\n_astringent Injections_.\nBUT however sometimes, and not seldom, it happens, that this _Case_\nproceeds from the negligent or ignorant _MIDWIFE_, by her not duly\n_cleansing_ the WOMB; by which Means, some part (how small soever) of\nthe _SECUNDINE_ or _Membrane_, or some _clotted BLOOD_, or perhaps a\n_MOLE_, miscall\u2019d a _false Conception_, may be left behind in the WOMB;\nwhich distending that _Body_, occasions not only an immoderate FLUX, but\nalso stirs up violent PAINS, not unlike to _those_ of LABOUR: In this\npitiful _Condition_, all possible Diligence must be prudently used to\nfetch away and remove this _Cause_, which is only most effectually to be\ndone by the _Hand-Cure_, in the manner already abundantly set forth.\nAFTER which, the _PATIENT_ is to be treated as _before_, laying her\n_equally flat upon her Back_, and keeping her very _still_ and _quiet_\nin BED; which BED may however in this _Case_ be kept a little _Cool_, as\nwell as her _Chamber_, lest HEAT should provoke and continue the\n_Course_ of the FLUX.\nMOREOVER, in fine, it also sometimes happens, that immoderate\n_Purgations_ proceed from some gross _Excrements_ contain\u2019d in the\nRECTUM antecedent to the Time of LABOUR; which, as they puff up the\n_Belly_, so they also commonly occasion severe CHOLICKS; but these being\ndiscreetly evacuated by a pretty strong emollient CLYSTER, the FLOODING\nimmediately ceases.\n[Illustration]\n         _Of the Acute Distempers incident to CHILD-BED-WOMEN._\nWE are in this place only to consider the _Acute Distempers_ of the\n_Puerperial Woman_, because the Time of _lying-in_ is not of such a long\n_Continuance_ as to admit of _Chronick Diseases_: And these _Acute\nOnes_, in short, which they are most commonly subject to, are continual\nFEVERS, (Either, 1. _Essential_, that is, FEVERS proceeding first from\nthe BLOOD; or, 2. _Symptomatick_ FEVERS, that is, such as follow upon\nthe internal _Inflammations_, which often attend the _Child-Bed-Woman_;)\nas also _Frenzies_, _Watchings_, _Lethargies_, _Convulsions_,\n_Epilepsies_, &c.\u2014\nBUT more especially there is _one_ particular kind of FEVER, which\ninvades almost all labouring _Women_ the third or fourth Day after the\n_BIRTH_, and is commonly call\u2019d the _MILK-FEVER_; because about that\ntime, the _MILK_ begins to generate more plentifully in the BREASTS,\ntaking its _Rise_ from the Motion and Agitation of the BLOOD, which\nconverts it from the WOMB to the BREASTS. This _Distemper_, resolving\nitself about the ninth Day by SWEAT, is of no dangerous _Consequence_;\nprovided the _PATIENT_ observes a good and proper DIET, and duly\nprevents all _Cold_, that might readily stop the SWEAT, and carefully\npreserves the MILK from _coagulating_ or _putrefying_ in her BREASTS,\nwhence the _Symptomatick FEVERS_ commonly arise: Wherefore, I say, this\n_MILK-FEVER_, being of the extended _Ephemerick_ Sort, and ceasing of\nitself, requires no great _Cure_.\nONLY in this _Case_, it is a vulgar _Error_ among the _good Women_, that\nbecause this _FEVER_ lasts only four or five Days at most, coming on\nabout the fourth, and ending about the ninth Day after the _BIRTH_, they\ntake all _Fevers_ in this time, for the _MILK-FEVER_; and consequently\nthro\u2019 this _Mistake_, neglecting, or not regarding duly the true\n_Condition_, the PATIENT is very often endanger\u2019d: Which _Mistake_, that\nthey may for the future diligently avoid, I shall subjoin here some\ncertain SIGNS of _Distinction_ in due Course. But previously\u2014\u2014\nTHE _Causes_ of all _FEVERS_ incident to the _Child-Bed-Woman_, are\neither the _Suppression_ of the LOCHIA in whole or in part; or the\nvitious _Quality_ of the _Humours_ accumulated in _Gestation_, and\nexasperated in the BIRTH; or a vitious irregular _DIET_ in the time of\n_lying-in_; or the cold AIR, or any such _Accident_ by bad Management,\nmay readily convert the _MILK-FEVER_ into a putrid and dangerous _one_;\nas a latent _CACOCHYMY_ may also easily dispose it to _Corruption_.\nTHE true _DIAGNOSTICKS_, in my Opinion, are as follow, _viz._ FIRST, the\n_MILK-FEVER_ is known from hence, that it always begins about the\n_Fourth Day_, when the _BREASTS_ begin to fill with _MILK_; and then the\n_LOCHIA_ flowing regularly, the _Woman_ finds a certain _Gravity_ or\nWeight in her _Back_ and _Shoulders_.\nBUT, SECONDLY, when the _LOCHIA_ are _suppressed_, whether in whole, or\nin part, \u2019tis then certain that the present _FEVER_ proceeds from\nthence; the _BELLY_ thereby swells and is puffed up, as also it is\n_pained_ when _touched_; and the _Humours_, at last, putrefying in the\n_WOMB_, it ejects a certain _f\u0153tid or corrupt Matter_.\nWHEREAS, THIRDLY, if the _FEVER_ neither proceeds from the _MILK_, nor\nfrom any Irregularity of the _LOCHIA_, why then it must necessarily\neither proceed from the _vitious Quality_ and Preparation of the\n_Humours_; or from a _Cacochymical Habit_ of Body; or from an _irregular\nWay of Living_ in time of _GESTATION_.\nTHE most certain _PROGNOSTICKS_ are as follow, _viz._ FIRST, All _Acute\nDiseases_ in _Child-bed Women_, whose _Strength_ is impaired by their\n_LABOUR_, are much more dangerous than in any _Others_. SECONDLY, These\nwhich proceed from the _Suppression_ of the _LOCHIA_ are most dangerous;\nbecause the _Humours_ putrefying in the _WOMB_, occasion most severe\n_SYMPTOMS_, yea and too commonly _DEATH_ itself, unless a lucky\n_Diarrh\u00e6a_, or a timely _Ejection_ of the corrupted Matter, prevents the\n_Misfortune_. THIRDLY, The self-same is the unfortunate _Consequence_,\nwhen the _Distemper_ proceeds from the vitious _HUMOURS_; for _Nature_\nthen not being able to expurgate their abounding Superfluity by the\n_LOCHIA_, the _PATIENT_ must needs be greatly endanger\u2019d, if not\noverwhelm\u2019d.\nTHE most adviseable _Cure_, FIRST, as to the _MILK-FEVER_, is only to be\ncommitted to _Nature_, the _Woman_ using always a proper _DIET_, and\ncarefully animadverting, that the _SWEAT_, in which it commonly\nterminates, be no ways checked, impeded, or obstructed.\nSECONDLY, As to the _Watchings_, _Deliria\u2019s_, _Epilepsies_, &c. which\nthe _PATIENT_ is subject to in this Condition; as they proceed only from\n_Vapours_ of the _BLOOD_ and _Humours_, ascending to the _Head_, when\nthe _LOCHIA_ do not flow regularly, or when the _Woman_ is _Feverish_:\nSo the _Cure_ of these distemper\u2019d _Cases_ depends (at first) chiefly\nupon retracting the _HUMOURS_ from the _Head_ to the inferiour Parts,\nand correcting the _Course_ of the _LOCHIA_: Because, if these flow\norderly, and the vitious _Humours_, from which such depraved _Vapours_\nas affect the _Head_, be removed and evacuated, all such _SYMPTOMS_\nquickly cease and vanish of their own Accord.\nTHIRDLY, in the other above-mentioned _Cases_, the _PATIENT_ ought\nalways to be treated according to the various Circumstances of her\n_Condition_; I mean, according to the attending _SYMPTOMS_, conformable\nalso to which the ingenious _Physician_ will always judiciously take his\nprudent Measures: Since the _Cure_ does not always depend upon the _same\nMethod_; especially when a _symptomatick_, or concomitant _FEVER_, joins\nthe _first_, as it very often happens, by an _Inflammation_ of some\n_particular Part_, proceeding from something of the vitious _HUMOURS_\nenforcing itself upon the same very _Part_.\nNOW, in short, tho\u2019 such _Inflammations_ may affect any _Part_ of the\nBody, yet (I think) the most common _Case_ is, that which affects the\n_PLEURA_; and from hence (the _Pleurisy_ joining the _FEVER_) the\n_Woman_ labours under both these complicated _Acute Diseases_ at once.\nThe _Cure_ of which difficult and dangerous _Condition_ belongs only to\nthe ablest _Physician_, to whom I should be justly censured, in\nimpertinently offering any _Instruction_ upon this Subject. Finally, in\na word, from what has been said in the _Chapter_ of the _Acute Diseases_\nof Women with _CHILD_[181], we may more fully gather what is to be\nprudently done to Women in _CHILD-BED_, afflicted with the like\n_Distempers_.\n[Illustration]\n   _Of the various other Accidents incident to the CHILD-BED-WOMAN._\nFIRST then, Because these _accidental_ Distempers are very many and\nnumerous, as well as various and different in _Kind_: SECONDLY, Because\n_some_ of them have been already treated, or occasionally discoursed\nupon at large: And, THIRDLY, because _others_ are only to be named in\nthis Place; I shall take leave to include and comprehend them all, for\n_Brevity\u2019s_ sake, in this present _Chapter_.\nIN order to which, I may first observe, that most (if not All) of these\nunfortunate _Accidents_, depend entirely upon the indiscreet _Conduct_\nof the _MIDWIFE_ in time of _LABOUR_, or the _ill Management_ of the\n_Woman_ after the _BIRTH_: Since by the prudent and judicious _Means_ of\nthe expert _MIDWIFE_, many _Accidents_ may be prevented, which otherways\nmust necessarily happen, especially in difficult or _preternatural\nBIRTHS_; as also, on the other hand, by treating the _Woman_ orderly,\nand guiding her carefully, many _Distempers_ may be totally averted,\nwhich otherways will inevitably seize the _PATIENT_. As for Instance\u2014\u2014\nIT sometimes happens, that she is troubled with a _Prolapse_, or bearing\ndown of the _WOMB_, or _Vagina_, or _Both_; as also sometimes with a\n_Falling out of the FUNDAMENT_: In all which unhappy _Conditions_ the\nindustrious _MIDWIFE_ will find her _Instructions_, not only with\nrespect to the _Cure_, but also with respect to the _Prevention_ (which\nconcerns her most) particularly set down and accounted for in _SECT._ V.\n_Chap._ 10, and 11. as she will also, upon _Perusal_, find the _Method_\nof preventing that deplorable _Accident_, of making a _Rupture_ in, or\nrenting the _Perin\u00e6um_, in _Chap._ 9.\nBUT in _case_ of _Contusions_, or Smaller _Rents_ in the _VULVA_, or\n_Vagina_, which sometimes cannot be well prevented, especially in the\n_First BIRTHS_; _such_ are by no means to be neglected, lest they\ndegenerate into malignant _ULCERS_: Wherefore they ought to be _cured_,\nas soon as possible, after the _Woman\u2019s DELIVERY_; which _Cure_ is\neasily performed, when taken in hand _betimes_, by proper\n_Fomentations_, and convenient _CATAPLASMS_.\nSOMETIMES again, the _WOMB_, the _Belly_, and the _Feet_ swell much\nafter the _BIRTH_; which _SYMPTOMS_ commonly proceed from some _Cold_,\nor from _drinking too much_, or from either a _Suppression_ or\n_Diminution_ of the _LOCHIA_, or from any _irregular way of Living_\nduring the time of _GESTATION_: By which means the vitious _HUMOURS_,\nresolving themselves into _Flatulencies_, swell and puff up both the\n_WOMB_ and the _ABDOMEN_; and these _Winds_ descending, have the same\nEffect upon the _Legs_. But the _Cure_, however, of all such _SYMPTOMS_,\nis readily accomplished by convenient _DIET_, proper _Fomentations_, and\ndiscutient _Medicines_.\nHENCE I might orderly descend to an _Indefinity_ of Particulars,\nderiving from the following general _Heads_, which I Shall only name at\nthis time; _viz._ the various _Diseases_ of the _PUDENDUM_ and _Vagina_,\nas well as of the _MATRIX_ itself, together with their _co-incident\nSYMPTOMS_; as also the divers _Distempers_, and different _SYMPTOMS_ of\nthe _Woman\u2019s BREASTS_. But _These Subjects_ being as different as\nnumerous (which I have already hinted) I must refer them to another\nOpportunity; being resolved to keep the present Work, for the common\nGood, within the _Purchase_ of all sorts of People as far as possible;\nand until such time as something on _these Heads_ appears more judicious\nor elaborate, either from _my own_, or some more _capable Hand_, I hope\n_English Women_ can be at no great Loss for good _Instruction_, or ready\n_Assistance_; especially not in this famous _City_ of LONDON, which is,\nby the Divine Mercy, abundantly well-stock\u2019d, and singularly well\nprovided, with some of the most excellent _Physicians_ of the Age, as\nwell as with some very ingenious _Practisers_ in the Art of _MIDWIFERY_.\nAND, thus, in fine, having _piloted_ the good _Woman_ (as it were) thro\u2019\nthe _three Gulphs_ of _GESTATION_; _BIRTH_, and _CHILD-BED_, and at last\nbrought her into safe _Harbour_; we may now (I hope) securely leave her\nthere, to _refit_ for the same prosperous _Voyage_ again; whilst we, in\nthe next Place, undertake to provide for the _Safety_ of her _CARGO_, or\ndirect the _Regimen_ and _Nursing_ of the _CHILD_. And FIRST\u2014\n[Illustration]\n   _Of the Constriction of the NAVEL-STRING, and the Swaddling of the\nIF after the _Torrents_ of Difficulties and _Oceans_ of Danger that the\nMOTHER has painfully gone through, and narrowly evaded, the CHILD should\nat last be lost; the _Comfort_ of her _Burden_ would be but small, and\nthe _Reward_ of her _Sufferings_ but very little: Wherefore special\n_Care_ ought to be taken to prevent such melancholy _Events_; in order\nto which, we are not only to remedy such _Indispositions_ as it (too\noften) brings with it into the World, but also to defend it from the\nmany periculous _Contingencies_, to which the _Tenderness_ of its Body,\nand the _Debility_ of its Age expose it.\nTHE first _Duty_ then, that the _INFANT_ requires of us after _BIRTH_,\nwhether born by the _Head_, or extracted by the _Feet_, is the _tying_\nand _cutting_ of the _Umbilical Vein_, or _NAVEL-STRING_; which being a\nthing generally well known, I shall have no Occasion to insist upon it,\nespecially since tho\u2019 the common GOSSIPS may differ in the\n_Performance_, yet they always agree in the _Fact_.\nHOWEVER, that we may not pass this _essential Point_ by in Silence, in\ncase a notable Word may drop by the By, I would,\u2014\u2014\nI. OBSERVE, that, until the _STRING_ be cut, the CHILD is to be\ncarefully laid on _one Side_, not on its _Back_, for fear that the\n_HUMOURS_, running to its _Mouth_ or _Nose_, may choke it, for want of\nfree Evacuation.\nII. I would take notice, that, if need require, while the _MIDWIFE_ is\nbusy about the _Mother_, in extracting the _AFTER-BIRTH_, cleansing the\n_WOMB_, &c. the most capable of the GOSSIPS should _tie_ and _cut_ the\n_STRING_, especially if the _INFANT_ is weak or ill; otherways it may be\ndeferred until the _Woman_ be entirely _delivered_, and fairly _laid_.\nThen,\u2014\u2014\nIII. AS to the _Performance_ of this Matter, it may be _tied_ with a\ngood strong _Thread_, laid four or five-fold, according to its Strength;\nand the KNOT tied close within _two Inches_ of the _CHILD\u2019s_ Body: Tho\u2019,\nI say, that the KNOT is to be _tied_ close, yet it must not be so\nstrictly _tied_ as to cut asunder the _STRING_; which might easily\nhappen, especially to the _INFANTS_ of a tenderer Constitution. And the\nReason that I would have the _Constriction_ made _two Inches_ from the\nBody, is this, That in case any _Blood_ should happen to drop out\nafterwards (as it often happens) there may be _room_ enough to _tie_ it\nagain nearer the _NAVEL_.\nIV. THE _STRING_ is not to be _cut off_ close to the KNOT, but also _two\nor three Inches_ from it; so that, if it happens to swell with Wind (as\nis very common) after being _tied_, it may be _loosed_ again, the _Wind_\ndischarged, and itself conveniently _retied_. But the far better and\npreferable way is, to tie this VEIN in _two Places_, and cut it asunder\nbetwixt the _Ligatures_; being thereby secure from losing BLOOD. Some (I\nknow) will not have the VEIN to be _tied_ before the _CHILD_ cries or\nmakes _Water_; but, however, long _Delays_ in this _Case_ are no ways\nconvenient, nor without Danger.\nV. THIS VEIN or STRING being _cut_, must be wrapped up in a _three_ or\n_fourfold Rag_, to defend the _BABE_ from Cold or Pains of the _Belly_;\nwhich otherways might ensue from the _naked_ VEIN\u2019s lying upon its Body:\nWhich being done, this Part of the STRING is to be laid on the _upper\nPart of the Belly_, with a small _Boulster_ on the Top of it; and then\nswathed with a _Linnen Swath_ of about _four Inches broad_, to keep it\nfirm and steady.\nVI. THE first time that the _CHILD_ is _unswathed_, a new KNOT ought to\nbe made or _tied_, and that to prevent all _Danger_ by Loss of _BLOOD_,\nwhich may readily happen by the first KNOT\u2019s relaxing, as the _STRING_\nbegins to wither away or contract.\nTHIS being so duly taken care of, it remains only in general, that the\nInfant be presently _washed_, cleansed, and examined all over, and at\nlast orderly _swaddled_. All which if the _MIDWIFE_ does not perform\nwith her own Hands, she ought at least to see it carefully accomplished:\nUpon which she may then say, she has faithfully discharged her _Duty_ to\nboth the _MOTHER_ and the _CHILD_.\nVII. BUT more particularly, in the _seventh Place_, I must take notice,\nthat as soon as the _NAVEL-STRING_ is thus duly handled and provided\nfor, the _INFANT_ is to be tenderly cleansed of the adhering\n_Excrements_, and washed all over in a little warm _Wine_, _Milk_, or\n_Ale_; especially its _Head_, _Arm-Pits_, _Groins_, _Cods_, or\n_Privities_, &c. are to be softly cleansed and gently bathed with a soft\n_Spunge_ or _Rag_, dipt in the same _Liquors_: But if the _viscous\nMatter_ sticks too fast or close to the tender Body, a little _Oil of\nsweet Almonds_, or fresh _Butter_, may be added to either of the\nforesaid _Liquors_. As also the _Ears_ and _Nostrils_ ought to be well\ncleansed and unstopped with small Tents of _fine Rags_ wet therein; and\nthe _Eyes_ wiped with a soft dry _Cloth_; as the _Mouth_, _Tongue_, and\n_Jaws_ may be cleans\u2019d by the _Finger_.\nVIII. THESE things being all very carefully and tenderly performed,\nevery Part of the Body ought to be diligently searched, in case of a\n_Dislocation_, or any other _Accident_, happened by _Violence_ in the\n_BIRTH_, or otherways; that present _Remedies_ may be used, according to\nthe Nature of the _Circumstances_: And especially the two _Conduits_ of\nthe _URINE_ and _ORDURE_ are to be examined; since it sometimes falls\nout that _these_ are not perforated, and consequently that the\n_Meconium_ cannot be voided, which inevitably proves fatal, unless\ntimely _Care_ be taken.\nIX. AS to the _URINE_, all _Children_ discharge it as soon as born, at\nleast as soon as they feel the _Heat_ of the Fire; when if the\n_Excrements_, properly called _MECONIUM_, tho\u2019 improperly _COLLOSTRO_ by\nthe _Italians_, do not follow a little after; I mean within an _Hour or\ntwo_; then a small _Suppository_ may be used, such as a _sugar\u2019d Almond_\nanointed with a little boiled _Honey_; or a Piece of _Venice-Soap_\nanointed with fresh _Butter_; as also a little _Syrup_ of _Roses_ or\n_Violets_, mixed with the Oil of _sweet Almonds_ by Expression, that is,\ndrawn without Fire, may be given in the _Mouth_, anointing the _Belly_\nwith the same _Oil_, or with fresh _Butter_; in like manner as a small\n_Clyster_ (upon occasion) may be discreetly used and managed to purpose.\nX. THE _INFANT_ being in these respects _provided_ for, it is now to be\nduly dressed and swaddled in its _Swathing-Cloathes_; and beginning with\nthe _HEAD_, a _Compress_ of a three or fourfold fine _Linnen Rag_, about\n_four Inches broad_, is to be applied to the _MOULD_, for defending the\n(yet open) _BRAIN_ from _Cold_, &c. which _Compress_ is to be carefully\ncovered with, and pinned to the ordinary _CAPS_ made on purpose. Next\nthen, some small soft _RAGS_ are to be laid behind the _Ears_, upon the\n_Breast_, in the _Arm-Pits_, and the _Groins_; after which the _BABE_ is\nto be wrapped softly up in _warm Blankets_, and discreetly _swathed_;\nnot too strait, especially not about the _Breast_ and _Stomach_, that it\nmay _breathe_ the freer, and the better retain the _MILK_ it sucks. The\n_ARMS_ are to be stretched along the _Sides_, and the _LEGS_ equally\n_streight_, with a little of the _Bed_ betwixt them; and the _HEAD_ is\nalways to be kept steady, as the whole _CHILD_ is to be preserved _thus_\nwarmly wrapped up, and judiciously appointed. But now because the\n_INFANT_ is commonly committed to the _Nurse\u2019s Care_, I shall, in the\nnext Place, enter upon the _Description_ of the proper _Person_ for that\npurpose.\n[Illustration]\n_Of the NURSE and her Regimen, together with the requisite Qualities of\nTHO\u2019 the _BABE_ may be brought up by the Hand only, without _Suckling_,\nas many Instances of very thriving _Children_ testify; yet because the\nmost natural, common, and commendable way is to _suckle_ it, I come now\nto touch upon the proper _NURSE_, her _Milk_, and _Diet_. Upon which I\nfirst observe, that the prime and chief _Quality_ of a good _NURSE_ is,\nthat she be the _Mother_ of the _Fosterling INFANT_ herself; and that\nbecause her _MILK_, being generated of the same _Blood_, of which the\n_CHILD_ is formed, and has hitherto been nourished, is of a nearer\n_Affinity_ with the Nature of her _BABE_, than the _MILK_ of any _other\nstrange Woman_ whatsoever; which can differ no less from the _Maternal\nMilk_, than the own _Mother_, and the _other_ differ in _Constitution_\nand _Temperament_ of Body, _Regimen_, and _Method of Living_, &c. All\nwhich affect the _INFANT_ in no small Degree; for as the BLOOD is\ngenerated of the _Chyle_, and the _Spirits_ of the BLOOD, so the _CHILD_\nimbibes the very _Manners_ and _Disposition_, as well as the gross\n_Humours_ and _Qualities_ of the _NURSE_ with her _Milk_.\nAS a _Lamb_ sucking a _Goat_, changes not only its _Nature_, but even\nits _Skin_ and _Wool_ into the GOAT-_Kind_; so it is also among the\n_rational Creatures_: From hence we have justly the _old Proverb_,\ntouching an _ill-natured Person_, that some _Brute_ or other has been\nhis _NURSE_. And hence it is that _Romulus_ and _Remus_, the Sons of\nMARS (without any Reality) are said to have been nursed by a WOLF[182];\n_Pelias_, the Son of _Neptune_, by a MARE; _Telephus_, the Son of\n_Hercules_, by a HIND, &c. Not that they ever actually sucked such\n_Creatures_, only their _NURSES_ were of such _Tempers_ and _Natures_,\nwhich they were thus supposed to have by the BREAST infused into them.\nAND, in short, daily _Experience_, as well as many _Learned\nAuthorities_, may sufficiently convince us, that CHILDREN really _suck_\nin the several _vitious Inclinations_ and _depraved Passions_ of their\n_NURSES_; such as _Anger_, _Malice_, _Fear_, _Melancholy_, &c. Agreeable\nto which Opinion, _Diodorus_ says[183], that _Nero_ the Emperor\u2019s\n_NURSE_ was very much addicted to _Drinking_; which Habit _Nero_ imbibed\nfrom _her_, to such a Degree, that the People took notice of it, and\nfrom thence instead of CLAUDIUS TIBERIUS NERO, call\u2019d him _Caldius\nBiberius Mero_. The same Author relates of _Caligula_, that his _NURSE_\nused frequently to moisten her _Nipples_ with BLOOD, that he might take\nthe better hold of them; which (says the same _Diodorus_) was the\n_Cause_ of his being so cruel and _Blood-thirsty_ all the Days of his\nLife; that he not only committed frequent _Murders_ by his own Hand, but\neven wished that all humane Race was but one NECK, that he might have\nthe pleasure to _cut it off_.\nIN short, _honest Parents_ perceiving their _Children_ to incline\nvariously, _one_ to _Thieving_, _another_ to _Drinking_; _one_ to\n_Stupidity_, _another_ to _Barbarity_; are amazed at such _Degeneracies_\nof Mankind, not knowing after whom the _Child_ can take those\nPropensions. But abstracting from _this_, how many fine _Children_ do we\ndaily see thrown into _Fits_, _Rickets_, _Consumptions_, &c. merely by\n_sucking_ their imprudent _NURSES_, when enraged, or otherways in a\nPassion? If then the _Case_ stands thus, that every _Disorder_ of the\n_NURSE_ is a real _Detriment_ to the _INFANT_, surely, upon this\nAccount, all _Parents_ ought to know HER well, to whom they entrust\nthese _Dear Pledges_ of their sacred and natural Desires.\nMOREOVER yet, besides all these Things, the tender _Care_, as well as\nthe _Love_ and _Affection_ of the MOTHER to her own CHILD, by far\nsurpasses that of any _mercenary NURSE_ whatsoever. Wherefore the\nMOTHER, tho\u2019 perhaps not the best _NURSE_ in other respects, is always\npreferable to a _STRANGER_: Which if People of _Probity_ and _Honour_\nwould more observe, I sincerely believe that there would not be so many\ngraceless, disobedient, and undutiful _CHILDREN_ of our Age. I do not\nthink what I have read of _Scipio Africanus_ to be any singular\n_Instance_; namely, that He esteemed _Her_ more for his MOTHER, who\nnursed him two Years after his _Birth_, than HER who brought him forth,\nand then forsook him in the World. Agreeable to which, and most _\u00e0\npropos_, was the Answer of the Philosopher, _Favorinus_[184], to the\nMOTHER of a certain _Noble-woman_ in _CHILD-BED_, who was dissuading her\n_Daughter_ to _nurse_ the _CHILD_ she had born; _viz._ _I entreat thee\nWoman_ (says he) _suffer her to be the whole and entire Mother of her\nown Son_. And verily, SHE only can be properly so called, who carefully\n_nurses_ as well as _brings forth_ her own _CHILDREN_. Hence it is that\nthe _Earth_ is called the MOTHER of all Things, not so much because she\nproduces all Things, as because she _maintains_ and _nurses_ what she\nproduces.\nALL which, notwithstanding, there is sometimes a _Necessity_ (on account\nof sundry Reasons) to provide another _NURSE_ for the _CHILD_; wherefore\nI come now briefly to describe the most proper _Person_ for this\n_TRUST_, and to set forth the _Qualities_ of the most convenient _MILK_,\nfor the wholesome Nourishment of the INFANT.\nFIRST then, the _NURSE_ ought to be a Woman between the 20th and 35th\n_Year of her Age_, perfectly graced with the _Blessings_ and _Ornaments_\nof _Nature_; and a Person of _Probity_ and _Reputation_ in her _Rank_,\nendued with _Love_, _Pity_, and _Tender-heartedness_: As she also ought\nto be _sound_ and _healthy_, of a good _Habit_ and _Disposition_ of Body\nand Mind, of a sanguine _Complexion_, and rosy _Colour_; of a _middle\nStature_, having black or brown _Hair_, a _lively Eye_, _sweet Breath_,\nsound and white _Teeth_, with an agreeable chearful _Countenance_. In\nshort, she ought also to be a _well-mannered_, _modest_, and _sober\nPerson_, having middle-sized, well shaped, not flabby nor hanging down,\nbut solid fleshy BREASTS, with elegant, firm, and well perforated\n_Nipples_.\nSECONDLY, As to her _MILK_, it ought neither to be too _new_, nor too\n_old_; but at any time from the _Puerperial Flux_, until the 6th or 8th\nMonth thereafter, it is not to be rejected; especially if it be of a\ngood _Consistence_, neither too _thick_ nor too _thin_, of a pure _white\nColour_, an agreeable pleasant _Smell_, and a perfect sweet _Taste_.\nBUT it sometimes however happens, that the _Milk_ of a _NURSE_,\notherways a very _proper Person_, degenerates from some of the abovesaid\n_Qualities_: In which _Case_ it is no ways convenient to change the\n_NURSE_, especially if it so happen to the MOTHER; only the _MILK_ is to\nbe corrected according to _Art_, which may be easily performed by proper\n_Medicinal Means_, and that as well with respect to its _Quality_ as\n_Quantity_: However, as _this Case_ belongs to the _SYMPTOMS_ of the\n_Breasts_, which I have already declined speaking to, as in the\nforegoing _Chapter_, so I shall no ways enter upon it in this Place. But\nagain\u2014\u2014\nTHIRDLY as to her _Regimen_, such a NURSE is to make use of, and enjoy a\ngood and convenient _Diet_; abstaining carefully from all _salt_ and\n_sharp Victuals_, as well as from high-spiced _Meats_, and strong or\nspirituous _Liquors_. In short, as she ought to avoid all Sorts of\n_intemperate Air_, and keep herself clean both in _Person_ and\n_Cloaths_; so she ought always to exercise herself by some light\n_Labour_, and keep herself in a moderate active Motion; prudently\nsuppressing, at all Times and upon all Occasions, the various _Passions\nof the Mind_: By which means, any _Woman_ as above described, may make a\nvery good _NURSE_, and that even without abstaining altogether either\nfrom the moderate Use of _Wine_, or of _Conjugal Conversation_;\nnotwithstanding the contrary Opinion of most _Authors_, provided only\nthat she does not give the _CHILD suck_ for an Hour or two after\n_Copulation_.\n[Illustration]\n _Of the Diet and Ablactation, together with the farther Regimen of the\nBESIDES the _external_ and _internal Excrements_ mention\u2019d in the\nforegoing _Chapter_, the INFANT in a few days after _BIRTH_, pukes up a\ncertain Sort of _viscid Phlegm_; for which Reason it ought to have no\n_SUCK_ until this _Humour_ be evacuated, lest the MILK incorporating\nwith that Matter, _both_ should corrupt: To prevent which Inconveniency,\n_some_ order a little _Oil of sweet Almonds by Expression_, and a small\nQuantity of _Sugar-Candy_, or a little fresh _Butter_ and _Honey_ mixed.\nINSTEAD of which, however, I have seen some _Jewish Matrons_ give also\nthe new-born CHILD for the first Thing, a little SALT dissolv\u2019d and\nmix\u2019d in a Spoonful of _Hysop_, or _Saxifrage-Water_; which (tho\u2019 no\nimproper _Prescription_ in itself) yet I conceive their chief Reason for\nit to proceed from _Ezek._ 16. 4. where the LORD summing up the Duty of\nthe _MIDWIFE_, says, _Thou wast not salted at all_, &c. Again farther\u2014\u2014\nTHE Learned _Arnoldus de Villa Nova_, advises us to give the _CHILD_,\nfor the first Thing, half a Scruple of fine _pulverized Coral_ in a\nlittle of the _Woman\u2019s MILK_; and that (says he) to prevent _FITS_, to\nwhich new-born _Children_ are very subject.\nALL which may be indifferently us\u2019d, according to Pleasure, tho\u2019 I take\na small Spoonful of _Sugar\u2019d Wine_, given twice or thrice a day, for the\nfirst four or five days running, to be the most preferable _Remedy_ for\nPrevention: By reason that the _Wine_ cuts and loosens the _Acid\nHumour_, preparing afterwards by _Concoction_ and _Digestion_ what\nremains, as the _Sugar_ temperates and helps to expurge the _Acrimony_:\nWhich being duly done, I would order the INFANT always to rest, laying\nit not on its _Back_, but on its _Side_, that this _morbifick Matter_\nmay be the more commodiously voided by the _Mouth_, as already\nprecautioned in _Chap._ 7.\u2014\u2014\nTHIS _Humour_ being then thus prepared and discharg\u2019d, the _Breast_ of\nsome other clean and sound _Woman_ may be given the _CHILD_, until the\n_Mother\u2019s Milk_ be purified for its proper _Use_; which it can scarce be\nsupposed to be, before the _Dissolution_ of the _MILK-FEVER_, that is\nbefore the _ninth day_ after _DELIVERY_: From which time, it is to be\nmaintain\u2019d and nourish\u2019d for the first three or four _Months_ by\n_BREAST-MILK_ only; augmenting however its _Allowance_ from day to day,\nin proportion to its _Age_ and _Strength_, that the weak _Stomach_ may\nnever be overloaded, so as to occasion _Vomiting_, or (which is worse) a\n_DIARRH\u00c6A_: To prevent which _Inconveniency_, let the _INFANT_ rather\n_suck often_, and a _little at a Time_, than too much at once.\nAFTER these first Months are over, a little thin _PAP_ may be given it\nevery Morning, and in time twice a day; which is commonly made of\n_Flower_ and _Milk_, or _Ale_, with a little _Sugar_ and _Butter_: But\nbecause _FLOWER_ is of itself _humid_ and _viscid_, and may not only\noccasion _Pains_ and _Obstructions_, but also, engender _Gravel_ and\n_Worms_, it ought to be first well _dryed_ in a new or clean earthen\n_Pot_ in an _Oven_; or, what is better, the PAP may be made of the\n_Crumb_ of a Loaf: Which Diet is properly observ\u2019d, until the time of\n_Teething_, laying it still, a little after its _Meal_, to rest upon its\n_Side_, or now and then upon its _Back_, with the _Head_ a little\nrais\u2019d; however not in the _Bed_ with the NURSE, for fear of overlaying\nit, but in a CRADLE close by her _Bed-side_; always very carefully\ncovering the CHILD\u2019S _Face_, that the _Light_ may not offend its tender\n_Eyes_, and render them any ways _distorted_ or _goggled_: And as the\nINFANT may be brought up by the _Hand_ without _Suckling_, so it may\neasily be accustomed to Sleep without _Rocking_. But be that as it will,\nas soon as the _CHILD_ is furnish\u2019d with TEETH, it is proper by degrees\nto use it to a little more solid _Food_, such as _Bread_ and tender\n_Meats_ or _Fleshes_, however, a little chewed by the _NURSE_: In the\nmean time no _Crude_, or _Meats_ of hard _Digestion_, are to be allow\u2019d\nit, because _such_ Things produce a _Corruption_ of _Humours_, whence\n_Worms_ engender, and other various, grievous, and irregular _Symptoms_\narise.\nBUT before I proceed farther, I ought to observe, that the Duty of the\nNurse does not consist entirely in the abovesaid Conditions; for the\n_BABE_ must be as duly _washed_ and _shifted_, _unswaddled_ and\n_reswaddled_ as FED: Wherefore from the BIRTH, until the third or fourth\n_Month_, it ought to be _loosed_ and _washed_ all over in _warm Water_\ntwice or thrice a day, before the warm Fire; as also in the night time\nif necessary, that the _Acrimony_ of the _Excrements_ may not offend it:\nUpon which at every singular Occasion, the NURSE may also _rub_ its\ntender Body gently, not only for the better _Concoction_ of its\n_Aliment_, but also for strengthening and consolidating its _Members_;\nwhich Offices being all carefully and affectionately done, the INFANT is\nto be _shifted toties quoties_, and orderly reswaddled in clean, dry and\nwarm _Clouts_ and _Blankets_. However yet, from the third Month until\nthe _Teething-Time_, the Body needs only be _washed once a day_, or (if\nyou please) every other day; as from thence forward it may only be\n_twice a Week_.\nMOREOVER, when the _CHILD_ begins to use its _Hands_ and _Feet_, if it\nmoves briskly from place to place, it is a good Sign of a strong and\nlively _Constitution_; as it is the _Reverse_, when it sits torpidly or\ndrowsily still and unactive. Which notwithstanding, these _brisk\nINFANTS_ are not to be allow\u2019d such _Motions_ too soon, I mean not to\nuse their _Feet_ prematurely or too fast, as many ignorant Nurses\ncommonly encourage them to do: Because by these means, their tender Legs\nmay be easily distorted or become crooked. Whereas when they are more\nfirm and well-grown, they may be learned to walk by the help of the\nNURSE\u2019S _Hand_, or of a _Leading-String_; as afterwards they may be\ninur\u2019d to walk of themselves, by the means of a small _Vehicle_ or\n_Chariot_, as is generally well known in populous Places.\nAS to the time of _Ablactation_, or weaning the _CHILD_ from the\n_Breast_, it is not always the same; _some_ being more robust and lively\nthan _others_, and consequently may be sooner _wean\u2019d_; but _others_ are\nmore weak and tender, and accordingly require longer time of the\n_Breast_. However this be, the INFANT ought not to be wean\u2019d before it\nhas its compleat _Sett of Teeth_; _because_ if sooner, it can no ways\nduly prepare its _VICTUALS_ by the _Mouth_, for _Concoction_ in the\n_STOMACH_, which may be of very bad Consequence; Besides, in the time of\n_Teething_, especially about the _Eruption_ of those call\u2019d the\nDOG-TEETH, the CHILD is subject to _Fevers_, Pains of the _Gums_, and\nvarious other _Symptoms_, which would certainly be of more _Danger_ by\nfar, if it was at that _Juncture_ to be deprived of the BREAST.\nOTHERWAYS, I take the due and proper Time for _Weaning_ the INFANT, to\nbe about the 18th or 24th _Month_, rather longer than shorter; because\nit surely finds the Benefit of this proper and benign _Aliment_ all the\nDays of its Life. Yet at what time soever it happens to be done, the\nCHILD is not on a sudden to be accustomed to _different sorts_ of\nVICTUALS, but rather, while it yet _Sucks_, to be gradually brought to\nthe _Use_ of what is most convenient for its _Nutrition_, such as _Hen_\nor _Chicken-Broth_, or the _Soup_ of other Meats, mix\u2019d with a little\n_Crumb of Bread_; or a _Soup_ made of Ale, and _Crumbs_, with a little\n_Fresh-Butter_, which is of excellent _Nourishment_: As before, or about\nthe Time that the INFANT is to be _Wean\u2019d_, a little half _chew\u2019d Meat_\nof any Sort, provided _sweet_ and _fresh_, may be given it for a good\n_weaning Repast_.\nUPON this Head, I shall only farther observe, that the ABLACTATION, or\nWeaning, always happens more conveniently in the _Spring_ or _Autumn_,\nthan in the _Summer_ or _Winter_, and _that_ more auspiciously with the\n_encreasing_ than with the _decreasing Moon_: And _this_, because\notherways, besides the _Alteration_ which happens to the CHILD from the\nChange of its _Diet_ and _Aliment_, another may easily affect it from\nthe _Calidity_ or _Frigidity_ of the _Ambient Air_.\nBUT besides, in short, that the INFANT may be the better and the more\nreadily _Wean\u2019d_, the NURSE\u2019S _Nipples_ may be anointed with the fresh\n_Juice of Wormwood_; or with a _Liniment_ of the same _Juice_, _Honey_\nand _Aloes_; or any other proper _Ingredients_, discreetly us\u2019d, that\nits tender _Lips_ or _Gums_ may not be inflam\u2019d, nor the weak _Stomach_\nhurt or offended. However, the better way is, that the NURSE withdraw\nherself from the CHILD\u2019S _Presence_; upon which it is to be plentifully\n_fed_, as already advis\u2019d, allowing it a little _Ale_, but no _Wine_,\nfor its Drink.\nNOW as to the DIET and _Regimen_ of _Children_ from ABLACTATION to the\nfirst _Seventh Year of their Age_, I would farther observe, that it\ndiffers yet altogether from that of more _adult Persons_, since their\ninfirm _Habits_ and tender _Bodies_ can no way tolerate, or withstand\nthe consequential _Effects_ of an irregular DIET, or an Erroneous\n_Regimen_: Besides this Age requires VICTUALS frequently, and _that_ not\nonly what is sufficient for _Nutriment_, but also for _Growth_: And\nmoreover they ought still to be now and then _bathed_ or _washed_ at\nTimes.\nBUT touching the _Affections_ and _Passions_ of their Minds, great\n_Care_ must be taken, that they be not provoked to _Wrath_ or _Anger_,\nnor frighted with fearful _Notions_ or _Phantasms_; since such Things\nmake strong _Impressions_ upon their soft Bodies, and frequently give\nORIGIN to _Convulsions_, _Epilepsies_, &c. However, as _Children_ are\nnaturally more prone to _Evil_ than to _Good_, and to _Vice_ rather than\nto _Virtue_, they are not to be too much indulged; but from their\n_Infancy_ upwards, all such perverse _Faculties_ and _Passions_ of Mind\nare to be so curbed and moderated, that they may become subservient and\nobedient to _Reason_; and _that_ because this very _Age_ is the proper\nTime to lay the _Foundation_ of their future good _Qualities_ and\n_Disposition_, agreeable to the _Rules_ and _Pr\u00e6scripts_ of a right\nrational OECONOMY.\nI know _This_ is sometimes accounted a hard _Task_, but if we consider\nthat the WHELPS of Savage _Bears_ and _Lions_ may be so tamed, as to\nobey the _Motions_ of their KEEPER, how much more easily may the _Sons_\nof MEN be inur\u2019d to follow the _Laws_ of right _Reason_? Their _Passion_\nfirst discover themselves most commonly by _Crying_ and _Tears_, tho\u2019\nsometimes also otherways; wherefore such FITS of _Anger_ or _Passion_\nought to be prudently reprehended in them; and when neither\n_Admonitions_ nor _Commands_ may prevail, then _Threats_ ought to take\nplace, that all _Frowardness_ and _Obstinacy_ may be stifled in the BUD;\nfor the Mind of _Youth_ may be justly compar\u2019d to a _Mass_ of WAX or\nCLAY, on which we may readily _stamp_ what _Impression_ we please to\nmake.\nFOR these _Reasons_, their _Attendants_, or such other Persons as may be\noccasionally about _Children_, ought carefully to avoid _doing_ or\n_saying_ any _mean_, _base_ or _vile Thing_, especially in their\nPresence or to their Knowledge; since here the _old Proverb_ holds most\ntrue, that, _we are drawn by Precept, but led by Example_. Wherefore to\nmoderate and mitigate their _Passions_, CHILDREN ought to be allowed\nproper _Diversions_, and such _Exercises_ of Body as their _Age_ and\n_Constitution_ will permit; and _that_ also, because if they were to be\nbrought up lazily or sluggishly, without _Motion_ or _Exercise_, their\nVICTUALS which is now commonly given them both plentifully and\nfrequently, could not possibly _disperse_ itself nor _digest_, upon\nwhich the _innate Heat_ would infallibly suffer a sensible _Decay_.\nTHESE Things being duly observed, it now only farther remains, that the\nCHILD be well train\u2019d up, and carefully educated; instilling all along\ninto its Mind the _Principles_ of _Humanity_ and _Morality_, and\ninstructing it gradually in the Knowledge of _Arts_ and _Sciences_;\nwhich it will even at this tender Age be found capable of Conceiving:\nFor the _Human Mind_ being naturally adapted to attain to the\n_Cognition_ of all sublunary Things, may be thus endued and furnished\nwith the most laudable _Arts_, before it can distinguish the USE of\nthem; since according to the _Philosopher_\u2019s wise saying[185], _Nostrum\nscire nihil aliud est, quam Reminsisci_. Because (I say) the _Mind of\nMan_ perceives and comprehends the Notion and Knowledge of all temporal\nThings in it self, notwithstanding that it cannot easily display it\nself, by reason of the burthensome Oppression of the _Body_ and its\ngross _Humours_: Like as a FIRE, overlaid with _Ashes_, must be raised\nup and fomented, before its engender\u2019d or retain\u2019d _Sparkles_ can exert\nthemselves with any _Lustre_; so it is even with us, before the _Light_\nand _Instinct_ of our Natures can shine forth: For as some ROOTS cast no\n_Smell_, or breathe no _Fragrancy_ of themselves, unless they be softly\ntouched or squeezed with the _Hand_; so neither do our _Natural Powers_\nand _Faculties_ exert or show themselves, unless they be diligently\nexercised and cultivated.\nTHUS we have now guided and conducted the CHILD from its BIRTH, to the\n_Seventh Year of his Age_; which being only meant by the INFANT, that\nwas safely _Born_, and continued all along in _Health_; I come now in\nthe next place, to hint upon what is farther _Requisite_ towards the\n_rearing of such_ CHILDREN, whole _Misfortune_ it may be, either to come\ninto the World with _Infirmities_, or to be afterwards subjected to them\nin their _Cradles_. And FIRST,\n[Illustration]\n[Illustration]\n_Of the various Symptoms and Indispositions wherewith the_ CHILD _may be\nSINCE _some_ only, not _all_ CHILDREN, happen to bring _Infirmities_\nwith them into the World; and because such _Indispositions_ as are\nchiefly meant here, discover themselves presently at the Time of BIRTH,\nand require immediate _Cure_; I shall concisely enter upon, and briefly\ncomprehend them All here, as they most commonly fall out, in this\npresent _Chapter_.\nIN order to which, I shall previously observe, that such\n_Inconveniencies_ happening to the INFANT, may have a double _Origin_,\nand proceed either from a _Defect_ in Nature, or the _Effect_ of a\ndifficult BIRTH: The _First_ may take Rise from various Causes, such as\nof the _Parental Seed_, the _Forming Faculty_, the _Maternal_ or\n_Uterine Constitution_, an _illegitimate Time_ of BIRTH, and the like;\nas the _Latter_ may also arrive, not only from a _Difficult_, or\n_Preternatural_ LABOUR, _&c._ but also from the ignorant, rough Usage,\nor barbarous Treatment of the MIDWIFE. However, not to insist too long\non these Things, it very often, and too commonly happens.\nI. THAT, The CHILD suffers so much in the _Birth_, that (when born) it\nis hard to know, whether it be _dead_ or _alive_, not one part of the\nBody being perceiv\u2019d to _move_; which however may be _thus_ well known,\n_viz._ by laying my _Hand_ upon its _Breast_, I shall feel the Motion of\nthe _Heart_, if alive, tho\u2019 never so weak; as I shall also perceive a\nsmall _Pulsation_ of the _Arteries_, by touching the NAVEL-STRING near\nthe _Belly_.\nIN which _Case_, I would immediately order the INFANT to be laid in a\n_Warm Bed_ or _Blanket_, and quickly carried to the FIRE; where its\n_Mouth_ is to be open\u2019d, as its _Nose_ is to be clean\u2019d and unstopp\u2019d\nwith small TENTS dipp\u2019d in warm _White-Wine_, and _Linnen_ wet with the\nsame applied to its _Breast_ and _Belly_; spurting always in the mean\ntime, a little of the same _Wine_ into its _Mouth_ and _Nose_, until it\nbegin to stir: Or then I would distil a drop of _Aqua-Vit\u00e6_, from time\nto time upon its _Tongue_, bathing its _Pulses_ and _Nostrils_ with the\nsame, while I anointed its _Mouth_ with _Honey_.\nII. IT sometimes only happens, that the tender FACE is bruised _Black_\nor _Blew_, _Pale_ or _Livid_; which may also as well proceed from the\nBones of the PELVIS, or from the CHILD\u2019S being Born _Face-upwards_, as\nfrom the MIDWIFE\u2019S hard Usage. In this _Condition_, I would only order\nit to be frequently anointed with the _Oil of Sweet Almonds_, drawn\nwithout FIRE, that is, by Expression; upon which it soon recovers its\n_Natural Colour_.\nIII. AGAIN sometimes the INFANT is born with a KNOB or TUMOUR on the\n_Crown of its Head_, occasion\u2019d by its hard _Pressure_ against the\nORIFICE, or by its strict _Compression_ in the same: In which\n_Condition_, I would immediately foment it with _warm Wine_ or\n_Aqua-Vit\u00e6_, and apply a COMPRESS to it, either wet in the _same_, or in\nthe _Oil of Roses_ and _Wine_ beat together; and the same _Fomentation_\nand _Compress_ may serve for any other Part of the Body, which may be\nswell\u2019d by _rough Usage_, or otherways, in a _difficult_ BIRTH. But in\n_Case_ of _Suppuration_, it must be open\u2019d in a proper place with a\nLANCET, applying afterwards a _Plaister_ of _Betony_. As also in _Case_\nof a _Fracture_, or any sort of _Dislocation_, the _Parts_ must be\njoin\u2019d and reunited, and duly retain\u2019d in their _Natural Position_ by\nconvenient _Boulsters_ or _Splinters_, until they be firmly closed and\nreconjoin\u2019d. Moreover\nIV. IN _Difficult_ BIRTHS, it very commonly falls out that the HEAD is\npressed into an _oblong Form_ by the _Bones_ of the _Pelvis_, because\nthe SCULL not being made of one piece, is not equally _hard_ or _firm_;\nthe _Sutures_ being only surrounded with _Membranes_, especially the\n_Top_ of the HEAD is so _Membranous_ and soft, that the _Bones_ forming\nthe SCULL may be easily pressed one upon another; from whence we have\nthis _oblong Figure_ of the HEAD. However, in short, this may be\ncorrected and reduced to its _Natural Shape_, by frequent, but cautious\nand skilful, _Handling_.\nV. WEAK CHILDREN, and such as come _pr\u00e6maturely_, or before their Time,\ninto the World, have the _Mould_ and _Sutures_ very open, and the\n_Bones_ far distant: In which Condition they are only to be softly bound\nabout with a small _Cross-Cloth_, committing the rest to _Nature_; which\nin time, and by degrees, will close up and consolidate these _Sutures_;\nand sooner or later, according to the _innate Heat_ and _Moisture_ of\nthe INFANT, unite and join the _Bones_ of the HEAD.\nVI. SOMETIMES also it happens that the Child is _Tongue-ty\u2019d_, by the\ntoo strait _Astriction_ of its BRIDLE; so that this _Member_ cannot\nfreely extend or move itself, thro\u2019 the _Capacity_ of the MOUTH; which\nin the _Infancy_ impedes or hinders its _Sucking_, as in riper Years it\ndoes the _Faculty_ of SPEAKING: In this _Case_, the TONGUE, being\nsupported or held up, on each side of the String, by a small forked\n_Instrument_, ought to be _cut a-cross_ by sharp SCISSORS as much as is\nneedful; which however must be done with Caution, not to hurt the\n_Veins_ under the TONGUE.\nVII. THE INFANT is also sometimes troubled with a small round _Tumour_\nunder the TONGUE, fill\u2019d with _vitious Blood_, or _pituitous Matter_;\nwhich _A\u00ebtius_ and _Paulus \u00c6gineta_ call\u2019d RANULA LINGU\u00c6; Which _Case_\nmay be managed, and the _Tumour_ dissolved by a little _Ammoniac Salt_,\nor such other proper _Remedies_; but if Occasion require, the same may\nbe open\u2019d by a _Lancet_.\nVIII. IT also happens, tho\u2019 but seldom, that the CHILD is born with a\nclose _Fundament_; and _that_ sometimes shut up by the single SKIN, and\nsometimes by a _fleshy Substance_: In the first _Condition_, there\nappear some _livid Marks_ of the MECONIUM thro\u2019 the _Skin_, which feels\nsoft to the _Touch_. Upon which occasion, an _Apertion_ must be made\nwith a small _Incision-Knife_, a-cross, not long-ways, that it may the\nbetter receive a _round Form_, and not so easily grow again together;\nwhich however must be done with great Caution, that the SPHINCTER of the\n_Rectum_ may not be hurt: And the _Meconium_ being afterwards voided,\nwhether by a _Suppository_, _Clyster_, or otherways; the _Orifice_ is to\nbe stopp\u2019d up with a _Linnen-Tent_, anointed at the beginning with\nROSE-HONEY, but afterwards with some drying and cicatrizing _Ointment_,\nsuch as UNGUENTUM-ALEUM, POMPHOLYX, _&c._ Dressing it always as often,\nand as soon, as the _Excrements_ are evacuated, lest the _Apertion_\nshould turn to an ULCER.\nBUT in the other _Case_, where the FUNDAMENT is stopped up with _Flesh_,\nthat neither any Mark nor Appearance of the RECTUM is seen or felt,\nwhereby its true _Situation_ may be known, or the proper place where the\n_Aperture_ ought to be made; The _Operation_ is much more difficult, and\nthe INFANT but seldom escapes the fatal Consequence of this\n_Misfortune_: Which Difficulty notwithstanding, we are diligently to do\nour Best upon such Occasions; to which End, an _Apertion_ must be made\nwithin _half_ an Inch of the CHILD\u2019S _Rump_, being the certain place of\nthe RECTUM; which in the _interim_ must be perform\u2019d with the greatest\nCare and Judgment by a small _Incision-Knife_ with one Edge, turning the\n_Back upwards_, and thrusting it so forward, until the _Aperture_ be\nmade big enough for the _Excrements_ to pass thro\u2019, always prudently\nregarding the SPHINCTER as above; upon which the _Wound_, &c. are to be\ndressed and order\u2019d, as in the preceding _Case_.\nIX. IN like manner, it also may happen that the INFANT is born with its\n_Urinary Passage_ shut up; upon which Occasion, a convenient _Apertion_\nmust also be made with a proper LANCET: Which _Operation_ must likewise\nbe perform\u2019d with great Prudence and Ingenuity.\nX. MOREOVER, It also sometimes falls out, that the CHILD is infected\nwith the _Venereal Lues_, from the Predominancy of that _Distemper_ in\nthe MOTHER; _which_ Case easily discovers itself by many _Pustules_ and\n_Ulcers_ appearing at the BIRTH in diverse Parts of its Body, especially\nabout the HEAD, BELLY, THIGHS and CLUNES: Upon which the _Cure_ may be\npertinently protracted to a more advanced Age, tho\u2019 prudent _Measures_\nmay be taken, to keep the _Distemper under_, but if the _Condition_ be\nMalignant, the _Remedy_ is commonly prevented by DEATH.\nXI. FINALLY as to the small or puny _Faults_ of NATURE, such as a\ndistorted or wry _Mouth_, crooked or flat NOSE, thick or flabby LIPS,\nrough or ugly VISAGE, or the like _Blemishes_,\u2014\u2014\nTHE CHILD\u2019S _Body_ being tractable like a piece of _Wax_, or the\n_Potter\u2019s Clay_, These may be Judiciously corrected and Ingeniously\namended, and a more Delectable and Amiable FORM given to[186] every\n_Part_; as in _Case_ of any _Blemish_ of the EYES, whether they be\nDiscoloured, or Sparkling, Dim or Short-sighted, Squint or Goggle,\nRolling or Goat-eyed; a Lovely _black Colour_, and a _graceful Beauty_,\nmay be also artfully given them[187].\nNOW (I think) These are all the most common _Symptoms_ or\n_Indispositions_ which the CHILD brings with it into the World; which\nbeing thus briefly discuss\u2019d, I come at length to\u2014\u2014\n[Illustration]\n_Of the Sundry Symptoms and Diseases, peculiarly incident to the_ INFANT\nNOTWITHSTANDING that the CHILD may be born free from all apparent\n_Symptoms_ of any _Indisposition_, and however careful the Honest Nurse\nmay be of its _Diet_ and _Regimen_; yet it seldom happens, but it\nundergoes some one or more of the _following subitaneous\nInconveniencies_, viz.\u2014\u2014\nI. GRIPES or _Pains_ of the BELLY, which may proceed either from the\nMECONIUM, its not being timely, or not fully evacuated; or from the\nNURSE\u2019S _Milk_, its generating _Wind_ and _acid Humours_, either by her\nusing improper flatulent FOOD, or from the BABE\u2019S sucking more _Milk_\nthan its _Stomach_ can digest: Or the same _Pains_ and _Gripes_ may also\nproceed from the _Effects_ of cold AIR, or from WORMS in the\n_Intestines_, or from the _unseasonable use_ of PAP, _&c._\nTHIS Affection in general is known by the _Inquietude_ and _Crying_ of\nthe INFANT, which is now (in a manner) averse to the BREAST, continually\nturning itself here and there, without Rest or Intermission of _Pain_;\nBut more particularly, _This_ proceeding from the MECONIUM, may be\ndistinguished and known by the _Colour_ of the _Excrements_, since the\nMECONIUM is always _black_, and as soon as it is altogether voided, the\nSTOOL becomes _pale_; and _that_ may be readily cured by the means\nalready prescribed[188]. If this _Affection_ proceeds from WIND, it may\nbe known by the CHILD\u2019S frequently _belching_ and the BELLY\u2019S\n_swelling_, if from COLD, the _use_ of PAP, or from any _pituitous\nviscid Humour_, the BELLY is most commonly _bound_, and the _Cure_\ndiffers but little from the preceeding _Case_. If from corrupted MILK or\n_acid Humours_, the _Condition_ is most commonly attended with a\nDIARRH\u00c6A, and the _Excrements_ are of a greenish or _Saffron Colour_:\nThe _Cure_ of which, depends upon proper _Abstergents_ and Evacuations.\nIf at last from WORMS, their proper _Diagnosticks_ shew it, of which in\ntheir Place.\nII. SOMETIMES an _Extension_ or shooting forth of the NAVEL happens to\nthe CHILD, and that frequently to the Bigness of an EGG, more or less;\nwhich _Case_ is properly call\u2019d an EXOMPHALON, and proceeds either from\nthe continual _Cries_, or violent _Coughs_ of the INFANT, or from a\n_Laxation_ or _Rupture_ of the PERITON\u00c6UM, or sometimes from an\n_Exulceration_ of the NAVEL.\nIN this _Condition_, whatever the _Cause_ may be, the sooner that the\n_Cure_ is undertaken, the more easily it is perform\u2019d; for which End,\nafter removing the Causes of _Crying_ or _Coughing_, the relaxed\nPERITON\u00c6UM may be strengthened and astringed; as when bursten, it may be\nreunited and consolidated by proper CATAPLASMS and SWATHS; after\nreplacing the _Intestines_ (if fallen down) keeping the CHILD for the\nmost part in _Bed_, with its BELLY always _loose_, and never _too full_.\nIII. AND the same is the Method of _Cure_, in _Case_ of an _Intestinal_\nRUPTURE, otherwise call\u2019d ENTEROCELE, i. e. HERNIA; only, That a _Truss_\nis now more convenient than a SWATH: However in this Place I would\nobserve that all _Tumours_ of the SCROTUM, are not to be mistaken for\nthe present _Bursten Case_; because the same may also happen from a\n_Watry Humour_ collected in that Part, which is more properly call\u2019d an\nHYDROCELE, and is easily distinguish\u2019d from the ENTEROCELE: Insomuch,\nthat, in this _Condition_ the _Tumour_ is most commonly, in one part of\nthe SCROTUM, I mean in its _Right_ or _Left Side_; when also the fallen\n_Intestines_ may be perceiv\u2019d by the _Touch_; as the RUPTURE or _Hole_\nthrough which the _Intestines_ are fallen, may be by the _Finger_:\nWhereas in the _Case_ of an HYDROCELE, the _Tumour_ is commonly in _both\nSides_, and the SCROTUM is more puffed up, neither is there any _Hole_\nof a RUPTURE to be found in the PERITON\u00c6UM. The _Cure_ of which _Case_\ndepends entirely upon proper _Absorbents_, or _Discutients_, for\nresolving and drying up the WATER, or dissipating the WIND, and\nafterwards upon _Corroboratives_ for confirming the _Parts_. But after\nAll, in the mean Time this _Tumour_ is also sometimes, upon occasion,\nproperly open\u2019d by a LANCET to evacuate its _preternatural Contents_.\nIV. AN _Inflammation_ or _Exulceration_ of the NAVEL may happen to the\nCHILD, by the _String\u2019s_ falling off too soon, or before it be fully\nclos\u2019d and _cicatriz\u2019d_; which may proceed from any violent Agitation of\nthe BELLY, by continual _Crying_, vehement _Coughing_, &c. as it also\nmay from an unskilful _Ligature_ of the STRING, or from cold AIR; upon\nwhich sometimes follows a great loss of _Blood_, and even DEATH itself,\nif not timely prevented.\nTHIS _Inflammation_ is known by the NAVEL\u2019S swelling-up, being red and\nhard with _Heat_ and _Pulsation_; In which _Case_ after appeasing the\nINFANT\u2019S _Coughs_, or _Cries_, &c.\u2014I would apply to it the _Unguentum\nrefrigerans Galeni & Populeon_, each one half mix\u2019d; or a small\n_Bolster_ dip\u2019d in the _Oil of Roses_ with a little _Vinegar_.\nBUT, and if the NAVEL continues _Ulcer\u2019d_ after the falling of the\nSTRING from it; in that _Case_ proper _Desiccative_ and _Astringent\nMedicines_ are to be apply\u2019d, such as small _Rags_ dipp\u2019d in\n_Lime-Water_, but not too strong; or in _Plantane-Water_, wherein a\nlittle ALUM has been dissolved. If the ULCER be but small, a _Pledget_\nof _Dry Lint_ will be sufficient; observing always to keep a good\n_Linnen Compress_ on the _Top_ of whatsoever _Remedy_ is us\u2019d, with a\nSWATH to keep all fast, until the NAVEL be perfectly heal\u2019d and\n_cicatriz\u2019d_; lest at the same time it should also force itself\n_outwards_, as in the \u2019foregoing _Case_.\nV. THE _Child_ is also very frequently troubled with the APHTH\u00c6, or\n_Ulcers of the Mouth_; commonly call\u2019d the THRUSH: Proceeding either\nfrom vitious _Milk_, or from its _Corruption_, in the STOMACH; emitting\nsharp _Vapours_, which readily affect the tender Skin and Superfice of\nthe INFANT\u2019S _Mouth_, and _that_ the more easily, because the same\n_Tunick_, or _Skin_, which invests the _Mouth_, is common to the\n_Gullet_, which naturally communicates the _Affections_ of the VENTRICLE\nto the _Jaws_. Hence it is that the _Nice Taste_ of the _delicate_\nTONGUE so readily distinguishes all _Relishes_; and hence it is that the\nIngenious _Physician_, by looking upon the TONGUE only, is able to judge\nof the prevailing _Intemperament_ of the whole Body.\nTHE _Cure_ of these THRUSHES, proceeding as aforesaid from the _acid\nVapours_ of bad MILK, or from its ill _Digestion_, depends properly and\nentirely upon defeating and obtunding the ACRIMONY, by _proper\nAbsorbents_, and gentle _Purgatives_.\nVI. ANOTHER _Symptom_ not only familiar, but even _Natural_, to all\nCHILDREN, is their _Teething_; which tho\u2019 _This_ be the mere Work of\nNATURE, yet because of the various _Distempers_ and _Symptoms_, which\ncommonly attend and conjoin this DENTITION, it is not improperly\nreckon\u2019d in the CATEGORY of the _Diseases_ of INFANTS: Which however is\nto be understood, not of the _Simple_ DENTITION, but of the difficult\n_Breeding of Teeth_; Not but that the CHILD is furnished with _Teeth_\neven before BIRTH, tho\u2019 they lurk so long in their proper _Sockets_,\nbeing cover\u2019d with the GUMS, until their due Time of _Eruption_[189].\nTho\u2019 in the _Interim_, it has been observed that some CHILDREN have\nbrought eminent TEETH with them into the World[190], as it is also for\n_Instance_, particularly reported of LEWIS the XIV of _France_.\nBUT however the TEETH most commonly break out about the _Seventh Month_,\nand first those call\u2019d _Dentes Incisores_, or the _four_ fore-TEETH;\nwhich after a short _Interval_, are followed by the _two_ _Dog-Teeth_,\ncommonly call\u2019d the EYE-TEETH; and at last succeeded by the eight\n_Cheek-Teeth_ or GRINDERS, in each Jaw; the two last of the _Molares_,\nproperly called _Dentes Sapienti\u00e6_, springing only out about, or after\nthe one and twentieth Year. Now as this _Eruption_, particularly _that_\nof the DOG-TEETH, because of their very deep _Root_ and small _Nerve_,\ncannot happen without an _exquisite Sense_, and _intense Pain_ to the\nINFANT; so, from the continual _Solution_ of the GUMS, many\npr\u00e6ternatural _Affections_ seize the CHILD, according to _Hippocrates\u2019s_\nCatalogue[191]; to which, in short, I must only refer: Because if I was\nto enter upon the particular _Detail_ of all _These_, I should extend\nthe _Limits_ of this WORK beyond all measure; wherefore I shall\nendeavour to comprehend them all under the _one following general Head_;\nviz.\u2014\u2014\n[Illustration]\n                  _Of the Acute Diseases of_ INFANTS.\nTHE very tender _Nature_ and infirm _Constitution_ of CHILDREN, subject\nthem to many various and grievous _Symptoms_, besides those to which\nthey are expos\u2019d by a vast variety of _Procatarctick Causes_. But as I\nam not in this place to enter upon the _Detail_ of these particular\n_Symptoms_, neither shall I enumerate their respective _Causes_: Which\nhowever is the less requisite, considering the _Regimen_ and _Nursement_\nof the CHILD already prescribed in the foregoing _Chapters_; since the\n_least step_, degenerating from what is there inculcated, may prove an\neffectual _mediate Cause_; for all that indeed, according to the most\nLearned and Excellent Dr. _Harris_, the only _immediate Cause_ of all\nCHILDREN\u2019S _Diseases_ is, an _Active_ and _prevailing_ ACID[192].\nTHIS _Doctrine_, in as much as the _Constitution_ of INFANTS is\nundeniably most _Humid_, appears also evident from _Hippocrates_\u2019s his\nown Words, saying, _the Rise of all Diseases is one and the same, the\nPlace only makes the Difference_[193]. Hence we may justly conclude,\nFIRST, _That_, however the _Symptoms_ may differ in _degree_, the\n_Diseases_ of the INFANT-_State_ are but very _few_: SECONDLY, That the\n_Cure_ of _these_ is far more Safe and Easy, than _those_ of full _grown\nPersons_: THIRDLY, That the _Younger_ the _Sick_ CHILD is, the more easy\nstill is the _Cure_: Because its tender Body, abounding with _Natural_\nand _acquired Moisture_, is soft and flexile, and consequently apt to\nreceive any _Alteration_: And FOURTHLY, I observe that the INFANT easily\nfalls into _Sickness_, or may be suddenly taken Ill, and as readily\nrestored to _Health_, if but carefully and ingenuously _treated_:\nBecause any _Impression_ whatsoever, good or bad, is sooner received by\na _Soft_, than by a _Hard Body_; tho\u2019, I confess, the same is more\n_Lasting_, if once strongly impressed upon the _Hard adult\nConstitution_.\nNOW as to the _Diagnosticks_ of CHILDREN\u2019S _Diseases_, These depend\nchiefly upon the _Relation_ of the NURSES; since all _Sentiments_ taken\nfrom their unruly PULSES, or their (naturally) thick URINES, prove most\n_Uncertain_. However, as the STOMACH is always affected with an _Acid\nDistemper_, (whatever the reigning _Disease_ may be, or howsoever it may\nbe intitled by ingenious _Authors_) so it most commonly produces\n_Fastidy_ or _Loathing_ of VICTUALS, _Vomiting_ of a thick GELLY, or a\nviscid and coagulated PHLEGM, sour _Belchings_, and EXCREMENTS of a\nsourish _Smell_, and a greenish _Colour_, especially in the Beginning.\nAs afterwards\u2014\u2014\nIF the _Distemper_ continues, the PATIENT turns gradually _Pale_, and\nits discoloured FACE is tinged a little _Green_ or _Yellowish_; The\nBELLY swells with _Wind_, which breaks frequently _upwards_; one or more\nred _Pustules_ (a certain sign of _Acidity_) commonly rise in the FACE,\nor upon some other _upper Part_ of the Body; and the INFANT growing\ndaily worse, _breathes high_, and _smells sour_ or ACID.\nAGAIN, As to the _Prognosticks_ of these _Distempers_, of what kind\nsoever they be, which afflict the INFANT; I cannot in short, but readily\nagree with the most Ingenious _Doctor_ before-mentioned, who plainly\ntells us, that _These_ depend chiefly upon the Method of _Cure_, and the\n_Conduct_ of the NURSE; Wherefore I proceed to the CURE.\nAS to this point then of the _Cure_ of CHILDREN\u2019S _Diseases_, I shall\nFIRST observe that, how _many_ soever these _Distempers_ are accounted,\naccording to the REGISTERS of _Polite Authors_, by what Name soever they\nare denominated, and how learnedly soever defin\u2019d, as they all proceed\nfrom one immediate _efficient Cause_, (which has been already hinted at)\nso the _Cure_ of them all is the same, and depends, in like manner, upon\n_One only regular Method_.\nSECONDLY, I observe that as this _Cause_ is nothing else than an _Acid\nHumour_, abounding in the _Stomach_, and coagulating the _imbib\u2019d\nNourishment_ of the INFANT, (as is evident from all the given\n_Diagnosticks_) so the proper _Method of Cure_, depends entirely upon\nobtunding that _Acidity_, dissolving those _Coagulations_, and\neliminating the _peccant Matter_. But more particularly,\nHAVING always a great and due regard to the _natural Debility_, and\n_tender Constitution_ of the _Young_ PATIENT, the _Acid_ ought first to\nbe prepared by prudent means, and then to be carried off by proper\n_Medicines_. I say _prepared_ by prudent Means, because _this_ is no\nindifferent Matter; For if we should take the same Method with these\ntender _Creatures_ in this _Case_, that we do with more _adult Persons_\nwe would certainly _miscarry_ in our Attempts; or if we should attempt\nthis Preparation, by _Alexipharmacks_, _Cordials_, (improperly so\ncall\u2019d) _Causticks_, or _Sudorificks_; these Things being most\nprejudicial to the Nature of _young_ ONES, would rather promote the\n_Crudity_, than the _Concoction_ of the HUMOURS.\nTHEREFORE the ingenious Doctrine of the Excellent Doctor HARRIS, must\ncertainly take place here, namely[194],that _the most temperate Things\nmost securely absorb the prevailing Acidity, and that the more Simple\nand Gentle the Remedies are, the more Safe and Certain the Cure is._\nHENCE the simple _Testaceous Medicines_ mentioned by him, are not to be\nparalleled in the present _Case_; since they effectually mitigate all\n_Ebullitions_, and gradually become the most safe and powerful\n_Anodines_: Insomuch, that they, in a word, as certainly asswage all the\n_Pains_, _Gripes_, _Disquiets_, _Watchings_, &c. of CHILDREN; as\n_Narcoticks_, or _Opiats_, do allay those of older People.\nTHE Body being then alter\u2019d by these means, and the _Humours_ duly\nprepared, they are to be forthwith ejected, or timely purged off, even\nfrom the _youngest_ INFANTS, as well as from those of riper Years: The\n_Doses_ and _Quantities_ of all sorts, being discreetly adapted to the\n_Age_ and _Strength_ of the CHILD, under what _Form_ soever they may be\ngiven.\nUPON this Head, I might indeed pretend to expatiate, but because,\nwhatever _I_, or any _other ingenuous Person_, understanding the Matter\nin Hand, may attempt to offer, will only terminate in, and be\nconsentaneous to, what my last quoted _Author_ has plainly laid down,\nand concisely comprehended in a few _emphatick Words_; I shall here\nalso, for Brevity\u2019s-sake, set Bounds to my _Progress_. And thus, in\nshort, having at large, and in every particular Respect, faithfully\ndischarged my _Duty_, both as _Physician_ and MIDWIFE, to the CHILD as\nwell as to the MOTHER; I now take leave of both the _one_ and the\n_other_, and in the next place, come briefly to touch upon the _Reverse\nCases_.\n[Illustration]\n[Illustration]\n[Illustration]\n                    _Of Pr\u00e6ternatural_ CONCEPTIONS.\nHAVING particularly defin\u2019d the _Natural Conception_, in Chap. I. Sect.\nIII. and hitherto treated of its various different _Consequences_, both\nin GESTATION, BIRTH and CHILD-BED; I come in the next place (conformable\nto my promise before-mentioned) to treat of the opposite and _reverse\nCase_, commonly call\u2019d (by the _Authors_) a vitious or depravated\nCONCEPTION: Which however, I shall distinguish by the general TITLE of\n_pr\u00e6ternatural_, as I have one _Set_ of BIRTHS under the same\nDenomination, contained in Sect. V. But\u2014\u2014\nNOW, because I judge all such CONCEPTIONS as well as BIRTHS, to be\n_pr\u00e6ternatural_, which, tho\u2019 not according to the _ordinary Institution_\nof NATURE, are yet however not _repugnant_ to NATURE: And because such\nCONCEPTIONS, as well as the _Pr\u00e6ternatural_ BIRTHS already defin\u2019d,\nhappen after many different ways and manners; I shall also reduce and\ndivide them into _two_ CLASSES, _viz._\u2014\u2014\nFIRST, _Pr\u00e6ternatural_ CONCEPTIONS in respect of the _Number_; to which\nbelong all _Superf\u00e6tations_, and other Numerous CONCEPTIONS; And\nSECONDLY, _Pr\u00e6ternatural_ CONCEPTIONS in respect to the _Form_ or\n_Substance_; to which belong all _false_ CONCEPTIONS, MOLES, MONSTERS,\n_&c._ Of all which particularly and briefly in their due Order, and\nFIRST\u2014\u2014\n[Illustration]\nA SUPERF\u00c6TATION is nothing else than a _Second_ (after a _First_)\nCONCEPTION: Since if divers INFANTS may be _conceiv\u2019d_ at one _Embrace_,\nas will evidently appear from the following _Chapter_, we may easily\nbelieve, that _two_, _three_, or _more Embraces_, may most probably have\nthe same _Effect_: Which is sufficiently confirm\u2019d by the Experience of\n_Hippocrates_[195] himself, as well as by many other most Learned\n_Authors_[196].\nWHEREFORE I shall spend no time in reciting here any _Instances_ I have\nmet with of this _Nature_; only I refer the _Curious_ to a very famous\ncollected _History_ of such BIRTHS, as in the _Margin_[197]. Whence the\nCertainty of _Superf\u00e6tation_ is not to be doubted, and much less to be\ndisputed: And according to _Aristotle_ the same may happen, after the\n_Second_ or _Third Day_, from first Conception, as well as after so many\n_Months_[198]. But farther,\u2014\u2014\nTHE _Cause_ of all _Superf\u00e6tations_ is only an _Apertion_ of the\n_Orifice_ of the WOMB, at the Effusion of the _Virile_ SEED. Which\nhowever (according to _Avicen_) only happens to such _Women_, as have\nplenty of BLOOD, or a _Calid_ WOMB, desirous of _Copulation_, or to such\nas have their MENSTRUA after the _first_ CONCEPTION.\nSUPERF\u00c6TATIONS however are not easily discover\u2019d before BIRTH; at which\ntime, _Avicen_ advises to take Notice of the NAVEL-STRING; _For_ (says\nHe) _if it be without folds or wrinkles, there is but one_ CHILD; _if\notherways, there\u2019s a Child for every Wrinkle_: But I think the expert\nMIDWIFE using her _Hand_, as I have not unadvisedly inculcated[199],\nwill have but small Occasion for such _Observations_, and far less\n_Need_ to trust to them.\nBUT when more than _one_ CHILD is found, they are distinguishable, (I\nmean _Superf\u00e6tations_) from _These_ conceiv\u2019d at one time; _those_\nhaving each a _peculiar_ SECUNDINE; _these_ ONE only in Commune: As the\n_one_ is also less vital and more imperfect, than the _other_; according\nto the interval of Time betwixt their CONCEPTIONS.\nTHE _Cure_ or Prevention of this _Case_ is much the same with the\nfollowing, _viz._\n[Illustration]\n                      _Of a Numerous_ CONCEPTION.\nA _Numerous_ CONCEPTION may happen either with, or without\nSUPERF\u00c6TATION: And _that without_, may be truly call\u2019d _Monstrous_; as\nall BIRTHS, exceeding the Number of the _Woman\u2019s Breasts_, or the\nSINUS\u2019S of her WOMB, may be justly accounted.\nI could also give many Instances of this sort of BIRTHS, where 3, 4, 5,\nand more CHILDREN have been _born at once_, but shall satisfy myself\nwith _This_, which I think is one of the most remarkable, _viz._ _That_\nof the _Countess Margaret_,[200] Daughter to _Florent_ IV. _Earl of\nHolland_, and SPOUSE to _Count Herman of Heneberg_; who, on\n_Good-Friday_, in the Year of our LORD 1276, and of her _Age_ 42,\nbrought forth at one BIRTH 365 INFANTS; whereof 182, are said to have\nbeen _Males_, as many _Females_, and the odd one an HERMAPHRODITE: who\nwere all _baptized_, _those_ by the Name of JOHN, _these_ by that of\nELIZABETH, in two _Brazen Dishes_, by _Don William, Suffragan Bishop of\nTreves_. The BASONS are still to be seen in the _Village Church_ of\n_Losdun_, where all _Strangers_ go (on purpose) from the _Hague_, being\nreckon\u2019d among the great CURIOSITIES of _Holland_. For farther and more\ninstances of this Nature, I refer the Curious to a large collected\n_History_ of such, by the _Author_ mentioned in the _Margin_[201] From\nwhence the Certainty of _Numerous_ CONCEPTIONS will evidently appear.\nAGAIN the _Cause_ of such _Numerous_ CONCEPTIONS is (according to\n_Avicenna_\u2019s just Opinion) the _Division_ of the SEED in numerous\n_Portions_, or _Proportions_; which may happen, either because of the\nWOMB, or because of the INJECTOR: Because of the WOMB, when its _Cavity_\nis larger than ordinary; or when it too greedily _attracts_ to all its\nParts; or when the divided SEED adheres separately to the singular\n_Uterine Veins_: Insomuch, that if what has been recorded of the\nabovesaid _Countess_ be true, it is not improbable that, there may be a\nCONCEPTION for every _Orifice_ of the _Uterine Veins_, and that every\n_Vessel_ may attract its own distinct _share_ of the SEMINAL _Matter_,\nand thereupon initiate a respective CONCEPTION, tho\u2019 it cannot possibly\nbring it to _Perfection_.\nMOREOVER the same may also happen, because of an irregular INJECTION,\nnamely, when _that_ is perform\u2019d by _stops_ and _intervals_; then the\nWOMB attracting accordingly, may occasion different CONCEPTIONS,\naccording to the different _Immissions_ or _Divisions_ of the SEED.\nBUT these CONCEPTIONS, whether _two_, _three_, or _more_, are always\nannexed to, and contained in one common SECUNDINE. And tho\u2019 the _Woman_,\nby reason of her good Constitution of _Body_ and WOMB, may do well in\nthe time of _Gestation_, yet her _Pr\u00e6ternatural Condition_ in the BIRTH,\nalways threatens _Danger_, as is already made out more manifestly[202].\nNOW as to the _Cure_ or Prevention of both _this_ and the _preceding\nCase_, I know but one only grateful Method of performing it; _viz._ by\nrefrigerating and reducing the too _calid_ WOMB to a convenient\n_Temperature_, and using a proper _Regimen_ of _Health_ and DIET; and\n_that_ both before and after CONCEPTION.\n[Illustration]\nHAVING already also particularly defin\u2019d the _real_ or _true_ CONCEPTION\nin _Sect._ III. Chap. I. I come now in like manner to the REVERSE of\nthat _Case_, properly call\u2019d a _false_ CONCEPTION. But that I may, in\nthis Point, be well understood,\u2014\u2014\nA _False_ CONCEPTION, in my Opinion, is nothing else, but a\n_Protuberancy_ of the _Woman_\u2019s BELLY, attended with some, if not with\nmost, of the _Symptoms_ of the Months of GESTATION: which however, is no\nways occasion\u2019d by a humane FOETUS, but (on the contrary) either by\n_Water_ and _Winds_, or _Wind_ and _Water_ vitiously mixed; which is\nalso pertinently call\u2019d a _Dropsy_ of the WOMB: Or then, by a corrupted\n_Viscid_, or _pituitous Matter_ collected in the WOMB; and that either\nproceeding from weak and vitious SEED, or from some extraordinary\n_Intemperature_ of the WOMB, which may hinder the _Elaboration_ of the\nSEED and BLOOD, and consequently the _Accomplishment_ of the CONCEPTION:\nOr the same may also finally proceed from the _Impurity_ of the\nMENSTRUA, which may corrupt the SEED, and convert it to _Aqueous_,\n_purulent_, or _other_ HUMOURS.\nTHIS _false_ CONCEPTION is attended (besides the common _Symptoms_ of a\n_true_ CONCEPTION) with inordinate FEVERS, PAINS of the _Head_, _Neck_,\n_Loins_, _Groins_, _Back_, and _Belly_: Which BELLY swells sooner than\nin the _Condition_ of _real_ CONCEPTION; and which, if struck with the\n_Hand_, gives a _Sound_ like a DRUM whence \u2019tis also call\u2019d a TYMPANY:\nThe whole _Body_ is hence discoloured; the _Feet_, and sometimes the\n_Face_ swells; and only a little (if any) _watery_ MILK is found in the\n_Breasts_. THE _Cure_ of the _Case_ depends entirely upon proper\n_Evacuations_, peculiar to the _Quality_ of what is to be evacuated.\nWhence I come to treat of the _Conception_ of MOLES.\n[Illustration]\nA MOLE is properly nothing else, than a _fleshy Mass_ (instead of a\nFOETUS) engender\u2019d, of an _imperfect_ CONCEPTION, in the WOMB. And is so\ncall\u2019d, because (_quasi Lapis Molaris_) like a MILL-STONE, its _weight_\ninfests the _Woman_.\nTHERE are two immediate _Causes_ of this CONCEPTION of MOLES, _viz._ the\n_Superfluity_ of Matter, and the _infirmity_ of the _forming Faculty_.\nWhich, I think, is agreeable to _Hippocrates_ his meaning, saying, that\n_too much Menstruous Blood, or too little, weak, or insufficient_ SEED,\n_is the only Cause of a_ MOLE[203].\nI know, that besides these, there are many other various _Causes_ given\nby diverse _Authors_; yea I know that the MOLE it self is variously\naccepted among them: But as I am not to insist upon the _quibbling_\nNotions of other Men, so I shall only here observe,\u2014\u2014\nFIRST, that there is a vast Variety and Difference in the _Substance_,\nas well as in the _Form_ of MOLES: SECONDLY, That there is sometimes but\n_one_, _and_ sometimes _two_, _three_, or _more_ MOLES, contain\u2019d in\n_One_ WOMB; and _that_, sometimes with, and sometimes without the\n_Natural_ FOETUS as also sometimes separately, and sometimes adhering\nthe _One_ to the _Other_: THIRDLY, That in this _Case_, if the FOETUS be\nnot directly kill\u2019d by the _Compression_ of its tender Body, it is at\nleast in _Danger_ of being _misshaped_, or perhaps _monstrously formed_,\naccording to the _Bulk_, _Weight_, and _Solidity_ of what is contain\u2019d\nwith it in the WOMB.\nHOWEVER in regard to the FOETUS, when we are certain of its _Existence_;\ntho\u2019 in the WOMB, with _one_ or _more_ MOLES, it may perhaps be very\nsafe; Therefore I again observe, that, in this _Case_, as long as the\n_Woman_ is no ways endangered, the _Exclusion_ of BOTH ought to be\n_Natural_, and accordingly the _appointed Time_ waited for: When\naccording to all _Authors_, the MOLE comes sometimes before, sometimes\nwith, sometimes immediately after, and sometimes a few Days, or perhaps\nWeeks, after the FOETUS. But such MIDWIVES as follow my _Method_,\nalready plainly laid down[204], will scarce trust their WOMAN with the\nCharge of a MOLE, one moment after the _Birth_ of the INFANT and\n_Secundine_: Because by such means, yea, even by a small _Clod_ of\nBLOOD, which is a far less matter, retain\u2019d after the BIRTH, _Millions_\nof Women have lost their pretious _Lives_.\nIN the mean time, as MOLES are most commonly generated _alone_, without\nany FOETUS; I come now to indicate their peculiar _Diagnosticks_, which\nthe _Reader_ may take as follows, _viz._ FIRST, the _Woman_\u2019s BELLY\nswells equally in all its _Dimensions_; whereas in _Case_ of a _Natural_\nCONCEPTION, it is raised, and as it were acuminated or pointed towards\nthe NAVEL, and a little compressed on _both sides_.\nSECONDLY, The _Orifice_ of the WOMB never shuts in _this_, as it does in\nthe _Natural_, CONCEPTION: And the MOLE may be distinctly felt by the\n_Touch_, like a _Globular Mass_, in the _Region_ of the WOMB and LOINS.\nTHIRDLY, Any _expert Woman_ may also distinguish this _Case_, by its\n_Motion_; which is very different from that of a FOETUS, as also from\nthat occasion\u2019d by a _false_ CONCEPTION as above described: The FOETUS\nhaving not only a _total_, but also a _Partial Motion_; which always\ndiffers according to the _Part_ or _Member_ moved; and is consequently\n_first_ perceived about the _fourth Month_: Whereas the MOLE has no\ndistinct _Motion_; only, as the _Woman_ turns to either _Side_, she may\nfeel it (like a STONE) falling to the same _Side_; and in her walking,\nshe may easily perceive its _suppressing dead_ WEIGHT.\nFOURTHLY, Her _Breasts_ swell, but give seldom any manner of MILK, and\nabout the 4th and 5th _Months_, when she, who has a _Natural\nConception_, is commonly best in _Health_; then the _MOLE-BEARER_ falls\nworse; Her _Limbs_ and _Legs_ extenuate; her _Face_ and _Skin_ are all\nover discoloured, as the whole _Body_ languishes; PAINS of the _Back_\nand _Groins_ follow of Course, together with a Difficulty of\n_Respiration_; as sometimes also, _Wind_ and _Humours_ break out of the\nWOMB.\nUPON the whole, the PROGNOSTICK of this _Case_ is, that as the\n_MOLE-BEARING Woman_ must in all respects, be very much discommoded, and\nafflicted with heavy threatning _Symptoms_, so she lives continually in\nDanger of her Life: And the longer she entertains this unwieldy GUEST,\nthe more rigid it grows, and the closer it sticks to her; so that\nconsequently, the more difficult it is to dislodge or extract this\n_pr\u00e6ternatural Body_: For as the MOLE has no _Secundine_, nor _Umbilical\nVessels_, but adhering by its own gross _Substance_ to the oppress\u2019d\nWOMB, attracting its _Nourishment_ directly from the _Uterine Vessels_;\nSo it also fixes it self more and more strongly, and the longer the more\nfirmly among them, to the great Prejudice and Damage of NATURE.\nNOW, as to the _Cure_, or the _Delivery_ of the MOLE, as has been said,\nthe _sooner_ it is undertaken, the easier it is performed: And in this\n_Case_, I know all _Authors_ advise only, to endeavour its _Expulsion_\nby _Bleeding in the Feet_, _by proper Baths_, _by strong and Acrid\nClysters_, &c. in order by such like _means_, to excite or stir up\nTHROWS to open the WOMB and irritate the _expulsive Faculty_. But for my\npart, I would not too much afflict the PATIENT with these uncertain\n_means_, especially if the _Pr\u00e6ternatural Body_ be of any long standing;\nbut rather at once betake my self, to that which cannot fail me, _that_\nis the HAND-CURE; after Bathing, relaxing and moistening the PASSAGES\nwith _Oils_ or _emollient Ointments_: And _This_ I would undertake, and\nperform after the same manner, as in the _Condition_ of a _Dead Child_,\nwhen the PAINS are altogether _Deficient_. Again farther\u2014\u2014\nI observe that, of all the _Countries_ I know, there is none, whose\n_Women_ are so subject to MOLAR CONCEPTIONS, as the _Provinces of\nHolland_: And moreover, by what I have diligently observ\u2019d my self in\nthose _Parts_, as well as by what I have comprehended from their most\n_Learned Men_, the _MOLES_ generally conceived there, are very different\nfrom _Others_ commonly conceived in _other Parts_; Insomuch that _Those_\nare of a strange, astonishing, deformed _shape_, having (as it were)\nsomething in them like the _Rudiments_ of a _Work imperfectly begun_;\nsuch a _Piece_, as, for Example, a _Limner_ may draw at the first\n_Draught_, with a rude _Pensil_; together with something of both _Life_\nand _Motion_: LIVING however only (as it were) _Vit\u00e2 Plant\u00e6_, and moving\nbut by _Palpitation_; as I have also seen and observ\u2019d this _Body_ to\ncontract it self sensibly at the _Touch_, and immediately again dilate\nit self perceptibly. In the _interim_ I must farther observe in this\nPlace, that most commonly NATURE ejects these _Bodies_ happily about the\n_fourth Month_; however yet, not always _all_ at once, but most\nfrequently by _Piece-Meal_ and in _Heaps_, not unlike as the PUMP does\nthe _Bilge-Water_ out of the _Ship_.\nBUT here it may be _ask\u2019d_, why the _Dutch good Women_, should be more\nsubject to these _Pr\u00e6ternatural Conceptions_ than any _others_? To which\nI _answer_, according to the Sense and Sentiments of most of _their own\ngreatest Men_; FIRST, that all over these _Provinces_, the very\n_Borders_ of the SEA are inhabited, and a World of People live (as it\nwere) in the very _Jaws_ of the OCEAN; whose bellowing _Waves_ and\ntumultuous _Surges_, are not only obvious to their _Eyes_ all Day, but\nobnoxious also to their _Ears_ all Night long; as they continually beat\nupon their _Coasts_, and sometimes too near their very _Doors_: From\nwhence these _Women_ cannot but be much affected and disturbed, if not\nalso frighted in their very _Embraces_.\nHOWEVER yet, I do not conceive _This_ to be always the CAUSE, since\n_MOLAR CONCEPTIONS_ are also very common in their greatest _Cities_; But\nas _those_ happen there most frequently among the _Sea-faring Men\u2019s\nWives_; so, I think, we may rationally account for them after this\nensuing manner, _viz._ The _Sailers_ arriving from their _Voyages_, and\ncoming Home merrily with full Sail up to their very Doors, incontinently\nembrace their WIVES, without having any regard to their _Natural\nCourse_, the SILENT MOON, or any other _Circumstance_; And the honest\nWIVES, having perhaps long wanted their _Husbands_, make no\n_Procrastination_, but eagerly fall to enjoying _One Another_; the good\n_Women_ attracting as greedily the virile Benevolence, as _Nature_ can\nprompt, or as _Cerberus_ could snap at a _Piece_, or the\n_Hunger-starved_ a _Bit_ of _Bread_. Upon which, if no _Efluxion_\nhappens in the Beginning, _NATURE_ being incapable of _elaborating_ such\nan _unapt confused Matter_, it is converted to a _MOLE_; which (as\naforesaid) is frequently cast forth about the _fourth Month_, and call\u2019d\nby them _een Manekindt_, as we for the same reason call it a MOON-CALF.\n[Illustration]\nWHEN the _Parts_ destinated to the _Generation of Man_, are in all\nrespects well constituted, NATURE in the Beginning fabricates a fair and\ncomely _Conception_, and at last produces a _Lovely Creature_ of its own\nkind, absolutely perfected, and compleatly furnished with all its own\ngraceful _Ornaments_: Whereas if any _Deficiency_, _Enormity_, _Fault_\nor _Blemish_ be actually in _Those Parts_, then the _conglomerated\nPrinciples_ of _GENERATION_ are variously form\u2019d into different Sorts of\n_prodigious CONCEPTIONS_ and _Monstrous BIRTHS_. However\u2014\u2014\nWITH respect to the _Variety_, as well as the _Veracity_ of this\n_SUBJECT_, that I may make short Work on\u2019t, I refer the _Curious Reader_\nto the WORKS of _Jacobus Ruffius_, _Cornelius Gamma_, &c. who have not\nonly described at large, the various _Shapes_ and _Figures_ of the most\nremarkable _MONSTERS_ which have been Born, but also particularly noted\nthe _Times_ and _Places_ of their _BIRTHS_; which they have\nauthentically collected from many creditable _Authors_.\nIN the small Conversation, by the _By_, which I have had either at Home\nor Abroad with the _Learned_, I have met with none who have deny\u2019d the\n_Truth_ of this _POSITION_ in _general_; tho\u2019 some of my _Superiors_ in\nthis Place, have been pleas\u2019d to contradict in _particular_, what I am\njust now going (and chiefly for that very reason) about to publish to\nthe World, in the next following _Chapter_.\nBUT notwithstanding that we all agree as to the _FACT_, yet I have found\nbut few ready to discuss the proper _Causes_ of _Monstrous BIRTHS_: Only\nso far, that _some_ would have them to proceed immediately from the\nCommixture of _Humane_ with _Brutal SEED_; _others_, directly from the\n_INFLUX_ of the _Stars_; _Some_ again, from a vitious _Constitution_, or\noblique _Situation_ of the _WOMB_; others also, from a _Lascivious_ and\nenormous _Act_ of _Copulation_; and _some_ at last, from the sordid and\ncorrupted _SEMINAL Matter_ of the _Persons Copulating_. Which may be all\nindeed, in some respect, consentaneous to _Reason_; but notwithstanding,\nin speaking to such _Causes_, I think, we ought previously to consider\nthe _Requisites_ concurring to the _Production_ of the FOETUS; what they\nnaturally are, and how they ought to be _qualify\u2019d_.\nTHE FIRST and chief of which is the _Forming Faculty_; 2ly. The _two\nInstruments_, by which this _Faculty_ operates, _viz._ the _SPIRIT_ or\ninnate _Seminal Heat_, and the _Imagination_, 3ly. _The MATTER_, viz.\nboth the _SEEDS_, and the _Menstruous Blood_; 4ly. And lastly, the\n_PLACE_, namely the WOMB: Whence I conclude that any _one_, or _more_,\nor (perhaps) all of _THESE_, degenerating from their _due state_ or\n_natural Qualities_, may prove the _Cause_ or _Causes_ of a _MONSTROUS\nCONCEPTION_, or _\u00c6quivocal GENERATION_.\nAS to the _Forming Faculty_, it never errs or fails, but always performs\nits _Duty_, as far as depends upon it self, or its own _Intention_; tho\u2019\nindeed it often happens to be frustrated by the _Instrumentary Causes_:\nAs the most ingenious _Artificer_ cannot finish his _Work_, however\nsuccessfully begun, without a proportionable _Metal_ to work upon, and\ncorresponding _Instruments_ to work by; So it is, in this _Case_, with\nthe _Forming Faculty_: Hence it is that _MONSTERS_ are also pertinently\ncall\u2019d, as they undeniably are, the _Works_ of _NATURE_; however\ndegenerating from its proper _END_, that it may effect something, even\nsuch a _MONSTER_, rather than that the indigested and unalterated\n_Matter_ should remain in the _WOMB_, and turn either to a _MOLE_ or a\n_STONE_, as has often happened[205]. Which being thus consider\u2019d, we\nshall find the _Error_ or _Fault_ to ly either in the _Instruments_, in\nthe _Matter_, or in the _Place_.\nFIRST then, as to the _Instruments_, of the _two_ above-mentioned, I\ntake the _Imagination_ to have the most prevalent _Power_ in\n_CONCEPTION_; which I hope may be readily granted, considering how\ncommon a Thing it is, for the _MOTHER_ to mark her CHILD with _Pears_,\n_Plums_, _Milk_, _Wine_, or any _thing else_, upon the least trifling\n_Accident_ happening to her from thence; and _that_ even in the latter\nripening _Months_, after the INFANT is entirely formed, by the _Strength\nof her Imagination_ only, as has been already manifestly set forth at\nlarge[206].\nWHICH if so, Pray, what wonder is it, if the _Woman_ in time of\n_CONCEPTION_ (which is by far the more _critical Juncture_) should by\nthe same reason _conceive_, and at last bring forth her FOETUS with a\n_Calf_\u2019s, _Lamb_\u2019s, _Dog_\u2019s, _Cat_\u2019s-_HEAD_, or the _Effigy_ of any\nother thing whatsoever? And _this_ the more especially, considering,\nthat not only the _conceiving Woman_, but also the _copulating Man_, may\neffect the same thing; if he should imprudently set his Mind on such\nObjects, or employ his perverted _Imagination_ that way. Now this absurd\n_Imagination_ takes even place also among the very _BRUTES_, as\n_Lemnius_ relates[207] of a _Sheep_ with a _Seal\u2019s_, or _Sea-CALF\u2019S\nHEAD_, having no doubt seen that Animal in the critical Time of\n_Conjunction_ or _Conception_.\nIN like manner, supposing such _Women_ to conceive in their Minds, some\ndeformed _SPIRIT_ or _ANIMAL_, with _Horns_, _Snout_, _Wings_,\n_Cloven-Feet_, &c. (as has sometimes happen\u2019d) What should hinder this\n_Woman_ to produce a BIRTH with these _Monstrous Marks_? THIS is also\ntherefore very possible, but more especially, when the _Disposition_ of\nthe MATTER acquiesces, which it certainly does when the SEED and BLOOD\nare impure: For, Is it not manifest to our _Eyes_, that some CHILDREN\nbring with them long _Hair_ and _Nails_ into the World, merely from the\n_Impurity_ of these _material Substances_? Then supposing the _Force_ of\nan absurd _Imagination_ to have seconded the _Efficacy_ of such _Sordid\nStuff_, what a MONSTER might not _these_ Jointly have produced?\nWherefore I shall only add upon the whole of _This_, that as such\nimpious and foolish _Imaginations_ ought to be suppressed, so both the\nSEED and the BLOOD ought to be pure and temperate, to prevent such\n_pr\u00e6ternatural Productions_.\nNOW, as to the _Heat_ and _Spirit_ contain\u2019d in the SEED, we may easily\nconceive its _Effects_, and such as have been in _Glass-Works_, and have\nseen GLASSES, made, may readily comprehend how MONSTERS are formed in\nthe WOMB: For in modeling the GLASS, if the _Work-Man_ blow the PIPE too\nmuch or too strongly, the _Stuff_ is so extended, that the GLASS becomes\nboth _longer_ and _wider_ than its due proportionable FORM; and so it\nmay also happen in the WOMB, by an _immoderate Action_, or too great an\n_Extension_ or _Diffusion_ of the SEMINAL SPIRIT, which sometimes may\nonly affect some _particular Part_, such as the HEAD, NOSE, MOUTH, EARS,\n_&c._ and sometimes the _whole_ FOETUS disproportionably.\nSECONDLY, Hence we may rationally conclude, that a _superfluity_ of\nSEED, and _super-abundancy_ of material HUMOURS may, in like manner,\nproduce _duplicated Members_, such as _Two_ HEADS, _Four_ HANDS, _Four_\nFEET, _Six_ or _more_ TOES or FINGERS, _&c._ and _this_ especially, in\ncase of the _Woman\u2019s_ strange _Imagination_ concurring; which may easily\nhappen, by fancying herself sometimes to _see double_ with her EYES,\nwhich _Deception_ may probably proceed from the _Concourse_ of HUMOURS,\ngross VAPOURS, and confused or distracted SPIRITS. And _This_ in short,\nit is evident, holds also good among the _other Creatures_ (IRRATIONALS)\nas _Lemnius_ writes[208] of himself, that He saw a _Sheep_ and a\n_Calfe_, each with _two_ HEADS, and a _Hen_ with _four_ FEET and as many\nWINGS.\nAGAIN, as from the _Superabundance_ of MATTER, _Geminated Members_, or\nSuperfluous Particles may proceed; so from the _Scarcity_ of these\nMATTERS, _Want_ of requisite _Aliment_, or from any partial _Invalidity_\nof the _Natural Faculties_, some _Members_ or certain _Particles_ may be\neither maim\u2019d and destitute of their _Natural Use_, or then (which is\nworse) be altogether _irregular_, _defective_, or _Unnatural_.\nLASTLY as to the _Place_, I mean the WOMB, in which the _Conception_ is\nmade; It ought not only to be _perpendicularly seated_ in the _PELVIS_,\nor in a _direct line_ from the _VAGINA_ upwards, but also to be well\nconform\u2019d and proportion\u2019d: Otherways, as an ugly or unshapely exteriour\nFORM or MOULD of _Wax_ or _Clay_, produces a corresponding deformed\nIMAGE cast therein; so the WOMB may as effectually be the _Cause_ of a\n_Deform\u2019d_ or _Monstrous_ BIRTH. And moreover not only so, but the WOMB\nought also to be in its due _Temperament_ and _Natural State_, free of\nall _Distempers_ and Inconveniencies, such as obdurated GLANDS, ULCERS,\nCICATRICES, _&c._ Otherways, as a TREE planted in _Stony Ground_, its\nROOT cannot diffuse or spread it self round every way, but being cramp\u2019d\nand oppress\u2019d, it _crooks_ and _bends back_; So it is with the FOETUS in\nthe WOMB, if oppos\u2019d and resisted by the _Constriction_ or _Coarctation\nof the Place_, or by any inherent _Pr\u00e6ternatural Substance_, its MEMBERS\ncannot possibly be _articulately_ and _distinctly form\u2019d_, much less can\nthey attain their _Natural_ GROWTH and FIGURE.\nIN short from what is here said, I think, the _Notions_ of such Men, as\nwill have MONSTERS, only and immediately to proceed from a _Coition_\nwith BRUTES, may evidently appear as _absurd_ as _they_ are verily\n_groundless_[209]: And for strengthening or backing of my _Authority_, I\nmay add _Galen_\u2019s own Words[210], saying, _Vel semen Humanum in Utero\nEqu\u00e6, vel Equinum in utero Muliebri, aut non admitti, aut admissum\ncorrumpi_. Which is also farther confirm\u2019d by Holy St. _Jerom_,\nsaying,[211] _non min\u00f9s absurdum est, Animal construi ex Equo & Homine,\nqu\u00e0m Vitem Oliv\u00e6 insertam, simul vinum & oleum proserre_. Which\n_Doctrine_ seems also most agreeable to _Truth_, in _that_ there can be\nno _Affinity_ or _Concord_ betwixt _these_ Specifically different\n_SEEDS_, neither in their _Natural Actions_, _Aliment_, _Maturation_,\n_Time_, or _Manner_ of _Birth_, &c. to pass by all other _disconsonant_\nor _incongruous Circumstances_.\nIN FINE therefore, for these _Reasons_, I believe Nothing of the many\n_fabulous Relations_ extant, of the _Hippocentauri_, _Onocentauri_,\n_Minotauri_, &c. inhabiting the LAND, nor of the _Tritons_, _Nereids_,\n_Syrens_, &c. which are said to possess the SEA; tho\u2019 indeed both St.\n_Antony_[212], and St. _Jerom_[213], maintain the Existence of the\nSATYRI and SYLVANI: But be these Things as they will, I believe, that\nthe _Production_ of every _MONSTER_, concurs to the _Perfection_ of the\n_UNIVERSE_, and that sometimes such _Prodigies_, or rather _D\u00e6monical\nIllusions_, may appear, as well as _Monstrous_ BIRTHS happen, by the\nWill and Pleasure of the great _CREATOR_, who would thereby signify and\nportend something _extraordinary_, or more than NATURAL to us _Mortals_.\n[Illustration]\n[Illustration]\n                   _Of various deformed_ CONCEPTIONS.\nTHE particular _Description_ of _MONSTROUS CONCEPTIONS_ in the preceding\n_Chapter_, leads me, of Course, to treat of _another Sort_; which I\nshall comprehend under the _Title_ of _Deformed CONCEPTIONS_. _This\nSort_ happening almost in _all Countries_ promiscuously, tho\u2019 in _some_\nmore frequently than in _others_, becomes almost in _all Parts_ Daily\nobvious to our _Eyes_, so that we need be at no great Pains to prove the\n_Reality_ of _deformed_ BIRTHS, but rather inquire into the _Causes_ of\nsuch uncouth _CONCEPTIONS_.\nIN short therefore as to _these_, if we only look back and reflect on\nthe three preceding _Chapters_, we will find the _Causes_ of the\n_present Case_ very evident and sufficiently manifest, if not\nparticularly included in the _Latter_: Wherefore I have only farther\nhere to observe, that all such _Pr\u00e6ternatural CONCEPTIONS_, degenerate\nfrom the _Natural_, in proportion to the _Prevalency_ of their _Cause_\nor _Causes_; So that the _Cause_ being less considerable in _this_, than\nin the _foregoing Case_, instead of a _MONSTROUS_, we have only a\n_deformed_ BIRTH: Such as a _Scurf-Head_, a _discolour\u2019d Skin_, an _ugly\nVisage_, _disagreeable Features_, _distorted Mouth_, _crooked Nose_,\n_Legs_, or _Arms_, maim\u2019d in _whole_ or in _Part_, _Tumours_,\n_Pustules_, or _Bubos_ about the _Groins_, &c. Which, tho\u2019 _these_ and\nsuch like _Accidents_ may verily proceed from either of the\nforementioned _Causes_; Yet I think, the most common and ordinary _One_,\nin all Countries, is an impure and unseasonable COPULATION: Such as is\nnot only precisely forbid by the _Express Word_ of _God_[214], but also\nrepugnant to right _Reason_, and even to common _Sense_.\nFOR who can be so stupid as not to conceive, that this _Menstruous\nContagion_, will naturally (tho\u2019 insensibly) creep into the BLOOD,\ninvade the whole _Habit of the Body_, and tacitely infect the very\n_soundest Constitution_, even sometimes with the _Venereal_ Pox, or\nperhaps with an _Elephantiasis_, or the _Leprosy_ it self? Nor does this\nEVIL end always here, but such BIRTHS are also generally as perverse in\nthe MIND, as they are _Heterogeneous_ in the _Person_; for like BASTARDS\nof _Nature_, they are commonly denudated, or destitute of all her\nlaudable _Gifts_ and _Graces_, which others, her _Legitimate_ SONS, are\nhappily born with and enjoy in Abundance.\nHENCE it is, that, if they become not altogether _Jolt-Heads_,\n_Foolish_, or _Delirious_, they are most ordinarily otherways _Lewd_,\n_Vitious_, and _Licentious Persons_, if not also _envious Traducers_,\nand _crafty Cozeners_ of Mankind: From hence likewise the _Italians_ and\n_Germans_ derive a memorable _PROVERB_, which they never forget upon\ndealing with such _Persons_, viz. to this purpose; _Take Care of Him\nwhom_ GOD _has marked_. For tho\u2019 _some of Them_, are capable of\nundertaking _Nothing_ of any Moment, much less of accomplishing any\nlaudable _Work_, _NATURE_ it self thwarting their _Career_ in every\n_Enterprize_, and the very STARS (as it were) concurring to their\n_Frustrations_: Yet _others_ have subtile WITT enough to scrape together\n(_per Fas aut Nefas_) Heaps of contemptible _Dross_, much of affinity\nwith their own vile _Substance_; which however, seldom prevents a base\nor ignominious _CATASTROPHE_ to _themselves_, who are thus found\nestablished upon such a _pr\u00e6ternatural_ BASIS of _Pollution_.\nIF then _these_ be the direful _Consequences_, how unreasonably cruel\nare such _Parents_, who thus by Enterprising the Work of _PROCREATION_\nwithout _humane Decency_, and contrary to the very _Institution_ of\n_NATURE_, involve their _Posterity_, in such miserable _Calamities_? But\nthis sort of BIRTHS, I have also diligently observ\u2019d, happens most\nfrequently in _Holland_, and _that_ chiefly for the _Reasons_ and\n_Causes_ mentioned in the foregoing _Chapter_. Which _Observation_ leads\nme to the following _Matter of_ FACT, which (without any intended\n_Reflection_, or _Reproach_ upon any particular _Country_, or rather, as\n_this_ would be, upon _Human Nature_ it self) I shall ingenuously\nrelate, not only to clear up the _MYSTERY_ of a certain _Truth_, which I\nhave found, to be _controverted_ in this Place, and _that_ even among\nsome of the more _Learned_ themselves; but also for _Morality_ and\n_Instruction_ sake to the _Reader_ in particular, and for the _common\nGood_ of _Mankind_ in general, _viz._\u2014\u2014\nTHAT these BIRTHS in those _Parts_, are often attended and accompany\u2019d\nwith a _Monstrous little Animal_, the likest of any thing in Shape and\nSize to a MOODIWARP; having a _hooked Snout_, _fiery sparkling Eyes_, a\nlong _round Neck_, and an acuminated _short Tail_, of an extraordinary\n_Agility_ of _FEET_. At first _sight_ of the World\u2019s Light, it commonly\n_Yells_ and _Shrieks_ fearfully; and seeking for a _lurking Hole_, runs\nup and down like a _little D\u00e6mon_, which indeed I took it for, the first\ntime I saw it, and _that_ for none of the _better Sort_. Moreover\u2014\u2014\nTHE following _accidental Passage_ is so remarkable, that I cannot pass\nit by, in order to satisfy and convince _others_ of this admirable\nTRUTH; Namely, that, not many Years ago, in coming from _Germany_ over\nEast and West _Friesland_, to _Holland_, I took Passage in the ordinary\n_Fare-Vessel_, from the City of _Harlingen_ for _Amsterdam_, over what\nthey call the _Zuyder-Zee_; Which is commonly reckon\u2019d a _Voyage_ of 10\nor 12, Hours, tho\u2019 at this Time we happen\u2019d to be near 36 Hours on our\n_Passage_. Amongst the better Sort of the _Passengers_, who possess\u2019d\nthe _Cabine_, there happen\u2019d to be a _Woman big with Child_, of a very\ncreditable _Aspect_, who afterwards told me, that She was bound for\n_Amsterdam_, on purpose to buy some Necessaries for her _lying-in_ at\nthe easiest rate; when in the _interim_, the good Provident _Woman_, was\ntaken all at once, aboard the _Ship_, with a sudden and surprizing\nLABOUR: Upon which occasion, in short I immediately lent her a _helping\nHand_, and upon the _Membrane_\u2019s giving way, this forementioned ANIMAL\nmade its wonderful _Egress_; filling my _Ears_ with dismal SHRIEKS, and\nmy _Mind_ with greater CONSTERNATION.\nWHEN not immediately recollecting what I had either heard or read of\nthis _MONSTER_, I could not help continuing in my Surprize, until I\nheard some of our _Accidental Company_ call it _de Suyger_, as they went\nabout to kill it: Upon which I immediately laid the _Woman_ of a pretty\n_plump_ GIRL; who, notwithstanding all this, had no _Deformity_ upon it,\nsave only many _dark_, _livid_ SPOTS all over its Body; which I\nprognosticated might turn to a _Universal_ SCURF. In the mean time I\norder\u2019d the _Express\u2019d Oil_ of ALMONDS to be diligently us\u2019d, as soon as\nwe landed.\nAFTERWARDS I had occasion to talk with some of the most _learned Men_,\nof the several famous Universities in these _Provinces_ upon this Head;\nwho ingenuously told me, that it was so common a Thing, among the\n_Sea-faring_, and _meaner sort of People_, that scarce ONE of these\n_Women_ in _Three_ escaped this kind of strange BIRTH; which my own\nsmall _Practice_ among them afterwards also confirmed: Insomuch, that I\nalways as much expected the Thing _de Suyger_, as the CHILD it self: And\nbesides the _Women_ in like manner, make a respective suitable\n_Preparation_, to receive it warmly, and throw it into the _Fire_;\nholding _Sheets_ before the _Chimney_, that it may not get off; as it\nalways endeavours to save it self, by getting into some _dark Hole_ or\n_Corner_. They properly call it _de Suyger_, which is (in our Language)\nthe SUCKER, because, like a _Leech_, it sucks up the INFANT\u2019S _Blood_\nand _Aliment_.\nUPON this _Head_, and to this _Purpose_, I might produce the\n_Authorities_ of sundry good _Writers_, but shall content my self here\nat present with ONE of the same _Nation_, viz.[215] The most Learned and\nEminent _Levinus Lemnius_, who gives us a very remarkable and particular\nAccount at large, of a certain BIRTH, which began with a _MONSTROUS\nMOLE_, succeeded by the SUCKER, and ended with the _Production_ of an\nexcarnificated MALE-CHILD.\nTHESE things then being so, and proceeding merely from the immediate\n_Reasons_ above-mentioned, ought to serve for a memorable _Caution_ to\nall PARENTS, that, in their conjugal _Duties_, they behave themselves\norderly and decently, not like insatiable BRUTES; but, like rational\n_Men_, to the end that their _Families_ may be preserved, and their\n_Persons_ succeeded, not by an opprobrious RACE, but, by a _univocal\nGeneration_ of hopeful CHILDREN, Men of _Probity_ and _Integrity_ both\nin BODY and MIND.\n[Illustration]\n[Illustration]\n                      _Of Imaginary_ CONCEPTIONS.\nTHERE remains yet one Sort of _spurious_ CONCEPTION, which happens\nwithout any _virile Help_ or _Assistance_, merely by the Force of\n_Imaginary VENERY_: Especially among _Salacious Women_, a _Seminal\nFluxion_ may happen upon many coherent occasions; which joining and\nincorporating with the MENSTRUOUS BLOOD, may be so much fomented by the\n_Uterine Calidity_, and the other _Faculties_ of the WOMB, that the\n_Rudiments_ of an imperfect ANIMAL may be amassed and conceived. But\u2014\u2014\nAS the _Masculine SEED_ (the _efficient Cause_) which ministers both\nFORM and LIFE, is wanting, it can assume neither of these Perfections:\nThe _Maternal Matter_ serving only to bring it to a rude indigested\n_Consistency_, or a confused fleshy _Substance_ of a strange and\nuncommon _FIGURE_.\nTHIS in short, is no ways improbable, if we consider that _HENS_,\nwithout the _COCK_\u2019s assistance, lay _Eggs_; however, of such a\n_Nature_, that whatever Pains the _HEN_ is afterwards at to _sit_ and\n_brood_ upon them, the _Eggs_ can never be animated so as to produce\n_CHICKENS_. Or, if we consider, that tho\u2019 _feminine Trees_ or _Roots_,\nhaving of themselves less _Power_ and _Strength_, as they are only\nimbued with a _frigid_ and _inf\u0153cund Humidity_, may smile a little in\ntheir _SEASON_; yet, because of the natural _Deficiency_ of _HEAT_, and\ntheir innate _Debility_ or _Impotency_, they only yield an empty or\nimperfect _Rudiment_ of either _FRUIT_ or _SEED_, unless, by the\n_Vicinity_ and delectable _Conjunction_ of the _MALE_, they participate\nof its _F\u0153cundity_, as _Pliny_ testifies[216] of the PALM.\nAGREEABLE to _this Position_, the Practical Observations of many eminent\n_Physicians_, teach us, that _WOMEN_ have and may conceive at this rate,\nwithout any _virile Energy_ or _Concurrence_; of which Dr. _Burnet_[217]\ngives us a notable Instance, concerning a certain _Noble-Woman_, a\n_Matron_ of undoubted VIRTUE, who some Years after her _Course of\nNature_ had alter\u2019d, in the 56th of her Age, brought forth several\nfleshy MOLES, as he calls them, and _that_ attended with a great\n_Flooding_, and the most severe _Pains_ of LABOUR, as if in the _Case_\nof a _Natural_ BIRTH. Again moreover\u2014\u2014\nDO we not know, in fine, that the _necessitous_, and such as suffer\n_Want_, may be refreshed purely by the SAVOUR of our _Dishes_? And that\nthe _Hunger-starved_ may be satiated merely by the ODOURS of our\n_Kitchins_? As possibly thus may the _marriageable_ GIRL, but more\nreadily however the WIDOW, fill her self with her own odd IMAGINATION;\nand being debarr\u2019d the _Enjoyment_ of her PARAMOUR, hug him tacitely in\nher _Bosom_, and embrace him heartily, however _absent_, in her _Mind_.\nWhich, if frequently done, may occasion a _Collection_ and _Commixture_\nof gross _Humours_ in the WOMB; whence a _deformed Concretion_, or\n_shapeless_ MASS, may be engendred, and _that_ only by _Imaginary\nVENERY_. To which _Case_ and _Purpose_, I think, _Virgil_, very\npertinently alludes,[218] saying\u2014\u2014\n             _Scilicet ante omnes furor est insignis Equarum,\n           Continu\u00f3que avidis ubi subdita flamma Medullis,\n           Vere magis (quia vere calor redit ossibus) ill\u00e6\n           Ore omnes vers\u00e6 in Zephyrum stant rupibus altis,\n           Exceptantque leves Auras, & s\u00e6pe sine ullis,\n           Conjugiis vento gravid\u00e6, mirabile dictu,\n           Diffugiunt.\u2014\u2014_\nAND thus at last having particularly, treated of all the distinct and\ndifferent _sorts_ of CONCEPTION, to which the _Woman_ can be subject; I\ncome now in the _next place_, to address my self to HER, who was never\nyet capable of any CONCEPTION; and _that_ in the _Chapter_ and _Manner\nfollowing_, viz.\n[Illustration]\n[Illustration]\n             _Of the_ STERILITY _or_ BARRENNESS _of_ WOMEN.\nAS STERILITY is in it self a _Pr\u00e6ternatural Faculty_, so I cannot but\nthink, that, in the CLASS of _Pr\u00e6ternatural Conceptions_, that of a\n_NON-CONCEPTION_ may at last pertinently take place.\nNOW I remember the _Reader_ was referred to this _Place_, by Sect. II.\nChap. 5. where I promised to expound the unsuccessful ACT of\n_Copulation_; as I there briefly did the _Reverse-Case_: And after\nhaving all a long _thus_ far forward, safely conducted the _Fertile_ or\n_Fruitful_ WOMAN, thro\u2019 the different _Trains_ and _Consequences_ of the\nsuccessful ACT, I have left _Her_ in a safe _Condition_, together with\nthe _Dear_ PLEDGE of her _Natural F\u0153cundity_; whilst in the next place,\nI come now to treat of the _Pr\u00e6ternatural BARREN WOMAN_.\nIN order to which, I FIRST observe, that the _Jews_, and almost all\nother _Nations_, deemed it the greatest MARK of _Infamy_ imaginable, for\na WOMAN, _to yield no Children_; as is evident from the _Scriptures_,\nhow HAGAR, _the fruitful Chamber-Maid_,[219] _despised_ SARAH, _her\nbarren Mistress_, &c. But moreover\u2014\u2014\nSECONDLY, We may observe, that, upon every provoking Occasion, the LORD\n_himself threatned them with this Curse_; as _one_ of the greatest\nINSTANCES of his heavy _Displeasure_, and _One_ of the severest\n_Judgments_, that his _VENGEANCE_ could inflict on them for their\n_Sins_, as is also manifest from repeated INSTANCES of _Scripture_,\nparticularly from the Words of the _Holy Prophet_, saying,[220] _They\nsowe the Wind_, _and shall reap the Whirlwind_: _Their Glory shall fly\naway from the WOMB: Their Root is dryed up, they shall bear no Fruit_,\nTHIRDLY, We may easily conclude that, such a _Sentence_ passing from the\nMouth of the most high _JUDGE_, the Supreme _Physician_, and\n_Omnipotent_ himself, could never be revers\u2019d by the _Art_ or\n_Ingenuity_ of MAN: But as _Christians_ have no Reason to suspect\nthemselves to lay under this accursed _Sentence_, so they may well look\nnearer _Home_, and take a view of the many different mediate and\nimmediate _Causes_ of _STERILITY_ or _NON-CONCEPTION_ in them.\nFOURTHLY, however, before I enter upon _these_, I would previously have\nit noted, that, sometimes the _Fault_, or _Cause_ of the _Woman\u2019s not\nconceiving_, lies in the MAN; and may proceed from many diverse\n_Diseases_ or _Symptoms_ in him, as particularly mentioned, and treated\nof at large,[221] by the most Learned _Senertus_, to which we refer the\n_Curious_; Because we have nothing to do with the MAN in this place:\nWherefore that I may return to the WOMAN, I say\u2014\u2014\nTHE immediate _Causes_ of _STERILITY_ in her, are manifest from the very\n_Definition_ of _CONCEPTION_: Which, according to _Galen_,[222] is\nnothing else, than _a Comprehension of SEED in the Womb, for the\nGeneration of Man_. But here it may be requisite, to explain this\ngeneral _Term_ of Comprehension, which I would have understood to imply\n_four particular Qualities_ of the WOMB, _viz._ _Attraction_,\n_Retention_, _Distribution_, and _Fomentation_. Hence it is that such\n_Women_ must needs be BARREN, as cannot either _attract_ the effused; or\n_retain_ the attracted; or _distribute_ and _alterate_ the retain\u2019d\n_SEED_ through the Parts of the WOMB, and excite its latent _Virtue_ to\nACTION; or lastly, such as cannot duly foment and nourish the same\n_SEED_, when regularly _distributed_; and _These_, I think, are all the\nimmediate _Causes_ of _BARRENNESS_: As _Those_, for which the _SEED_\neither cannot be _attracted_, or _retained_, or _distributed_, or\n_fomented_, are the mediate _Causes_ of _STERILITY_.\nNOW, as to the FIRST of _These_ then, the _Attraction_, or the\n_attractive Faculty_, may fail in its Duty _two ways_, viz. either\nbecause of its own _Debility_; or because of some pr\u00e6ternatural\n_Impediment_. The _Debility_ or _Imbecility_ of this Faculty may proceed\neither from a _Defect of Spirits_ in the _Seminal Vessels_; or from\neither of the _Intemperatures_ of the WOMB, whether _Natural_ or\n_Adventitious_: And _Impediments_ may happen in _Attraction_ many\ndifferent ways, such as by a l\u00e6s\u2019d or extinct _Venereal Appetite_; by\nthe _Woman\u2019s Aversion_ or _Indifference_ to her _MATE_; by the perverse\n_Affections_ of the Mind, such as _Melancholy_, _Grief_, _Anger_,\n_Fear_, &c. by _Causes_ of the VAGINA, or _Orifice_ of the WOMB; by a\n_Coalescence_, _Ulcer_, _Membrane_, _Carnous_ or _Scirrhous Substance_,\nor any other kind of _Tumours_; as also by a _Constriction_,\n_Distortion_, or _Compression_ of the _ORIFICE_; or at last by too much\nSECONDLY, the _Retentive Faculty_ may come short of its Duty _three\ndifferent ways_; namely, either because of its own _Imbecillity_, or\nbecause of some _Pr\u00e6ternatural Impediments_; or because of the _Object_\nit self. The _Imbecillity_ or _Impotency_ of this Faculty may proceed\neither from the _Intemperature_ of the WOMB; or from the Abundance of\nsome slimy _Mucous Humour_ in the same: And its _Impediments_ may happen\nfrom a _Prolapsus_, an _Inflammation_, an immoderate _Flux_, the\n_Whites_, a _Gonorrh\u00e6a_, _Worms_, _Scirrhous_, or other _Tumours_,\n_Ulcers_, or the _Cicatrix_ of an old _Sore_ in the Body of the WOMB; as\nalso from the Amplitude or Laxity of the ORIFICE, whether _Natural_ or\n_Adventitious_: Which _Accident_ frequently happens even to\n_Child-bearing Women_, sometimes by an ABORTION, sometimes by a\ndifficult BIRTH, and sometimes also by the rude _Usage_ of an ignorant\nMIDWIFE, that they can _never more Conceive_, until they be duly\n_Cured_: Again, the _Cause_ may be in the OBJECT, or SEED it self; when\nit is either _impure_, _acrid_, _vitious_, and disagreeable to the WOMB;\nor deprived of its natural _Heat_ and _Spirits_.\nTHIRDLY, the _Distributive_ or _Alterative Faculty_ may be also impugned\nin its _Function_, _1st_, by its own _Debility_, occasion\u2019d by either of\nthe _Diseases_, or _Intemperatures_ above-mentioned; or 2dly, by the\ndiscording _Qualities_ of the _Seminal Matter_; or 3dly, by some certain\nDisproportion betwixt that _Matter_ and the WOMB it self: Since as all\nSEEDS do not answer alike in _one Field_, some requiring a Pinguid and\nLoose _Soil_, others a Lean and Slender _Ground_; so it is with the WOMB\nand the injected _SEED_: For, however fruitful the _One_ may be, if the\n_other_ be not of a proportionable _F\u0153cundity_, no _CONCEPTION_ can\npossibly follow: Hence it is that many _Women_ have been accounted\n_BARREN_ in their first _Marriage_, who have had several _Children_ to a\n_second Husband_. Again, as _some SEEDS_ perish and are quite lost in\n_moist_, _clayish_, or _marshy Ground_, and _others_ decay and are burnt\nup in an _Acrid_, _Sandy_, or _Gravelly Field_; So it is also with the\nHuman _SEED_: For, in the too _cold_, or _moist_ WOMB, it is\nextinguished, and in the too _Hot_ or _Dry_ WOMB it is corrupted[224].\nFOURTHLY, the Fomentation, or the _Nutritive Faculty_ may be deficient\nin its Office of _attracting sufficient Aliment_ to foment and nourish\nthe SEED; which however, is most commonly occasion\u2019d by Want, or\nScarcity of _Blood_ in the WOMB, proceeding from _perverse Evacuations_,\n_Penury_ or _Necessity_, an _Atrophia_, _Consumption_, or the like, or\nthen, in fine, by the _Impurity_, or _vicious quality_ of the BLOOD.\nNOW These, I think, are all the most common, as well as the most\nprevalent _Causes_ of STERILITY: Tho\u2019, according to _Johannes Anglicus_,\nthere are also several _external Causes_[225]; which however, I shall\nhere pass by in Silence; lest, as some good _Women_ are at great Pains\nto rectify their _barren Wombs_, _others_ should thereby take Sinistrous\nMeasures to suppress their FERTILITY. And in this CLASS may be included\nthe _Medicines_ call\u2019d by the _Greeks_ \u03c6\u03b8\u1f79\u03c5\u03b1, because they are endued\nwith certain _occult Qualities_, which extinguish the _SEED_ and\nobstruct the _CONCEPTION_[226].\nHAVING thus defin\u2019d the mediate and immediate _Causes_ of reputed\nSTERILITY, I can scarce, because of either of _these_, call a _Woman_\nreally BARREN; Since I have known some of the most difficult of _these\nCases_ to have been duly _cur\u2019d_, and diverse _Women_ to have conceiv\u2019d,\nafter many Years _BARRENNESS_, and prov\u2019d the Joyful MOTHERS of hopeful\n_Children_; of which I could give some signal _Instances_, if I took\nPleasure in swelling this _Work_: Hence it is, that the great\nPhilosopher and Physician, _Daniel Senertus_, only disswades the\n_Ingenuous_ from undertaking this _Cure_, in the Cases of vicious\n_Hereditary Dispositions_, venenated _Constitutions_, or other heavy\n_Diseases_[227].\nMOREOVER, we find that the very best of the _Ancients_ have been at\ngreat Pains, in distinguishing exactly the _curable_, from the\n_incurable_ BARREN WOMB: Yea _Hippocrates_, _Galen_, &c. have given\ncertain Directions, founded upon the solid _Truths_ of their Immense\nKnowledge and Heavenly Wisdom, to try and discover the _One_ from the\n_Other_; as _they_ have also taught us to Judge of every particular\n_Cause_ affecting the _Curable_ WOMB. But to facilitate these Nice\n_Discoveries_, I shall subjoin some few _Diagnostick Signs_; because\nexcept we know the particular _Cause_, we can never pretend to remove\nit, and without removing the _Cause_, the _Effect_ can never cease, or\nbe _cured_. Not but that\u2014\u2014\nI KNOW, that the ingenious _Physician_, undertaking this _Cure_,\nrequires none of my _Instructions_; which notwithstanding, I hope, He\nwill allow me to prosecute my Method in treating of _this Case_, as I\nhave done of some _others_; and _that_ the rather, considering it is\ngenerally well known, that sometimes _a Fool has put a Wise Man in the\nright way_. Wherefore I heartily wish that some Word may drop from my\n_Pen_, that may prove instrumental to wipe off the imputed _Blemishes_,\nand promote the real _Glory_ of WOMEN; And _this_ I could wish the more,\nbecause I am fully convinced that many are ignominiously branded with\n_BARRENNESS_, without any sufficient _Cause_: Insomuch, that I verily\nbelieve, that, upon an ingenuous _Tryal_, not one real or incurable\n_BARREN WOMB_, would be found in _Ten_ of _those_, which are this Day so\nreputed. But _\u00e0 propos_\u2014\u2014\nAs I have reduced all the _Causes_ of _STERILITY_ to the above said\n_four CLASSES_, so I shall reduce the _Diagnosticks_ to the same number;\nand thereby demonstrate how it may be easily discover\u2019d, whether the\nFAULT lies in the _Attractive_, _Retentive_, _Alterative_, or in the\n_Nutritive Faculty_ of the WOMB; and how every particular _Cause_ in any\nof _these_ may be plainly distinguished, _&c._ In order to which, then\u2014\nTOUCHING the FIRST, _inquirendum est prim\u00f2, an ad Venerem apta sit\nF\u00e6mina, & quidem an Veneris Appetitum habeat, & an Membrum virile rect\u00e8\nadmittere possit. Horum enim si alterum desit, Causa, cur non concipiat,\nprocul dubio in Attractrice h\u00e6ret; ut etiam, si statim \u00e0 Coitu, aut post\nbreve Intervallum semen effluat._ I say, _These_ are the infallible\nMARKS of a l\u00e6s\u2019d _Attractive Power_, which also denote some _Fault_ of\nthe WOMB, such as an _oblique Situation_, a _Compression_ of the\nEPIPLOON or CAWL, or some _obdurated Substance_, impeding the _SEED_ to\nreach the Cavity of the WOMB: The _Particular_ of which is easily to be\ndiscover\u2019d; the _Situation_ by the ingenious TOUCH; the _Compression_ of\nthe OMENTUM or EPIPLOON happens only to _Fat Women_; the _Substance_ or\n_Tumour_ (of whatsoever kind) if not found in the _Passage_, lodges in\nthe WOMB it self.\nSECONDLY, If the _Party labours_ under any of the aforesaid _Causes_\ndebilitating or impeding the _Retentive_ POWER; _some_ are manifest to\nthe _Woman_ her self; as in the _Cases_ of any immoderate _Flux_, a\n_slimy_ or _illuvious Evacuation_, a _Gonorrh\u00e6a_, the _Whites_, a\n_Falling_ of the WOMB, _&c._ _others_ are obvious to the MIDWIFE\u2019S\n_Touch_, as in the _Case_ of _Tumours_, _Ulcers_, &c. and in _Case_ of\neither _Intemperature_, _Dropsy_, _Inflammation_, _Worms_, &c. all such\nare abundantly evident to the _Physician_, after duly examining, and\nconsiderately weighing the _Disposition_ or _Temperature_ of the whole\nBody _in general_, and of the WOMB in _particular_.\nTHIRDLY, if the _Alterative_ or _altering Faculty_ be l\u00e6s\u2019d or impotent,\nthen, after some Days _Retention_, an _Effluxion_ of the _SEED_ happens,\nand that either because of some _Intemperature_ of the WOMB; or of some\ndiscording _Quality_ in the _SEEDS_, or in the WOMB, as above; or\nlastly, because of a _Want_ or _Scarcity_ of BLOOD for forming the\nFOETUS. As to the _Intemperatures_, I have already observ\u2019d, that, they\nmay be readily distinguished by the ingenious _Physician_; But the\n_Disproportion_ betwixt the commixed _SEEDS_, or between _these_ and the\nWOMB, how much, and in what they may differ _one_ from _another_, is not\nso easily known; because this _Fault_ may be as much in the MAN, or\nperhaps more, than in the WOMAN, as has been already hinted: In this\n_Case_, the _Physician_ is to weigh and consider well the _Temperatures_\nof the whole Body, and especially _that_ of the _Genital Parts_ of both\nthe MAN and the WIFE; and as much as possible, to reduce _that_ of the\n_One_, to the more convenient _Temperature_ of the _Other_,[228]\ncorrecting _Both_ in what may be found requisite; according to the\nDirection of _Lucretius_, in these _Verses_:\n           _\u201cUsq; adeo magni refert, ut Semina possint\n           \u201cSeminibus commisceri generaliter apta,\n           \u201cCrass\u00e1q; conveniunt liquidis, & liquida crassis._\nFOURTHLY and lastly, if the _Nutritive Faculty_ be faulty, the _Case_ is\nplain and manifest; since it generally proceeds from one or more of the\nfollowing _Causes_, _viz._ from _Want_ or _Penury_; a _Pining away_ or\n_Consumption_; immoderate _H\u00e6morrhagies_, whether happening by\n_Superiour_ or _Inferiour Parts_; hard _Labour_; too much _Fat_, or too\nmuch _Leanness_: As the same may also happen from an _Obstruction_ or\n_Suppression_ of the MENSTRUOUS COURSE; or from its vicious or impure\n_Quality_; and, in fine, from any severe _Symptom_ or _Disease_\nwhatsoever.\nTHUS having discover\u2019d the genuine and precise _Causes_ of STERILITY,\nthe _Cure_ is as good as half perfected; but that it may be altogether\nand effectually perform\u2019d, the next thing requisite in this place,\nwould be to treat of every _Cause_ and its respective _Cure_\nparticularly;[229] but as these do chiefly belong to the _Diseases_ of\nthe PUDENDUM, VAGINA, and WOMB; which I have already declin\u2019d entring\nupon at this time, for the _Reasons_ mentioned in Sect. VI. Chap. VI.\nI shall here only add in _general Terms_, that tho\u2019 the _barren_ WOMB\nis justly compar\u2019d to an insipid, ungrateful, or unfruitful FIELD,\nbecause neither the _one_ nor the _other_ produces any thing _Good_ of\nit self: Yet as we see the _barren Lands_ emproved and become fruitful\nby the _Industry_ of the _Husband-Man_; and even _wild Roots_ and\n_barren Trees_ in time produce plentifully by the Care and Diligence\nof the _Gardener_; So the Heavenly ART of _Physick_ exerts it self\nstrenuously in improving the _barren_ WOMB, miraculously supplying the\n_Defects_, and regularly correcting the _Defaults_ of NATURE;\nrestoring or replenishing it with a desirable and grateful\n_F\u0153cundity_: I say, as convenient DUNG comforts the _sterile Field_,\nso does proper _Physick_ the _barren_ WOMB; It elevates the low and\nrenovates the exhal\u2019d _Spirits_; It vanquishes the _Imbecility_, and\ncorroborates the _Nerves_; It reduces the _languid Heat_, and all the\n_Intemperatures_ of the _genital Parts_, to their respective, due and\nnatural _Temperaments_; removing naturally all _Obstructions_, and\nwonderfully curing all the _Causes_ hindering or withstanding the\n_Procreation_ of _Humane_ RACE.\nAND, in fine, because proper DIET is of great Service to alter the\n_elementary Qualities_, and to convert the _Bad_ into a _Good Habit_ or\nBody; such _Women_ are to be carefully directed to such a Judicious\n_Regimen_ of DIET and otherways, as is most efficacious and convenient\nfor their Purpose, either of _Health_ or _Generation_. Now having so far\nprosecuted my Design, with respect to the _Barren_, as well as the\n_Fruitful_ WOMAN; I, at present, take Leave of _Both_, and come, in the\nnext place, to address my self to the WIDOW.\n[Illustration]\n[Illustration]\n[Illustration]\n         _Of the Symptoms incident to the State of_ WIDOW-HOOD.\nAS the WIDOW has in her former Days, tasted both of the _Sweets_ and the\n_Sours_ of the MAIDEN, as well as of the _marry\u2019d State_; so she is now\nalso subject to all the _Affections_ of the _One_, as well as to some of\nthe _Other_. Whatever she may judge of her self, and however she may, in\nsome measure, be liberated from the _Solicitudes_ of the FIRST, and\nfreed from the _Anxieties_ of the _other_; yet she is still so far from\nbeing exempted from the _Morbifick Consequences_ of the Natural\nImbecillity of her tender SEX; that she now, tho\u2019 in different\n_Respects_ and various _Cases_, participates of the _Indispositions_ of\nBOTH.\nHOWEVER yet, notwithstanding this Variety of _Afflictions_, to which the\nWIDOW is actually expos\u2019d; I confess, that, I know not so much as _one\nDisease_ or _Symptom_, which is singularly peculiar to _Her self_, that\nis, but what either the MAIDEN or the WIFE may be lyable to, as well as\nthe WIDOW: Tho\u2019, in the mean time, I must also acknowledge, that,\n_Those_ which I am now about to touch upon, may however, be justly\nesteem\u2019d to be more familiar to _Her_, than to either of _These_, as\nwill by and by more evidently appear.\nUPON which Consideration, I hope the following _Heads_ may here\npertinently take place; not but that the _others_, I mean the MAID and\nthe WIFE, may also sometimes, and perhaps frequently too, find their\n_Case_ included in the THEME of this _Section_, as well as the WIDOW Her\nself, according to the _Diversity_ of their Circumstances.\nFOR these _Reasons_, I shall begin with _That_, from which none of the\n_Three_, that is, neither the MAID, nor the WIFE, nor the WIDOW, can\naltogether plead Exemption, which notwithstanding, according to my best\nJudgment, is more immediately the particular _Root_ and _Source_ of the\nmost, if not of all, the WIDOW\u2019s _Distempers_, which however, that I may\nnot too much over-run my Design of _Brevity_, I shall briefly comprehend\nunder _One_ or _Two Heads_, viz.\u2014\u2014\n[Illustration]\n[Illustration]\n                      _Of the_ HYSTERICK PASSION.\nWELL might the excellent _Democritus_ write to his _Scholar_, the far\nmore excelling _Hippocrates_, that the WOMB is the _Source of Six\nHundred Griefs_, and the _Spring of innumerable Sorrows to the_ WOMAN:\nBecause of the manifest _Sympathy_ or _Affinity_, which the WOMB has\nwith almost all the other _Parts_ of the Body. And as we may reasonably\nconclude from such an _Affinity_, that these _Symptoms_ must needs be\nboth _Numerous_ and _Different_ in Kind; so I think, for the same\nReason, they may be _All_ pertinently comprehended under the _General\nTitle_ of _Hysterick Maladies_.\nBUT before we enter upon the Particulars of these _Uterine Affections_,\nit may be first requisite to make out the _Reality_ of this _Affinity_\nor _Consent_; which will be no difficult Matter, when we consider FIRST,\nthe _three Principles_, in which the same consists, _viz._ in a\n_Similitude of Parts_; in a _Vicinity of Parts_; and in a _Connexion of\nVessels_. SECONDLY, how by _these_, as the WOMB is a _Membranous\nSubstance_, it has a Substantial _Affinity_ with the MEMBRANES: And by\nits _Vicinity_, with the BLADDER, RECTUM, and INTESTINES; As by its\n_Veins_, _Arteries_, and _Nerves_, it has with almost all the other\n_Parts_ of the Body; such as with the BRAIN, by _Veins_ and _Arteries_,\nas well as by the NERVES and _Spinal_ MEMBRANES; with the HEART, by\n_Arteries_; with the LIVER, by _Veins_; with the STOMACH, by certain\n_Anastomoses_, betwixt the _Veins_ of the WOMB, and those of the\n_Mesentery_, as well as by _Arteries_; with the SPLEEN by _Arteries_;\nwith the BREASTS, partly by _Veins_,[230] and partly by _Nerves_, &c.\nHENCE it is that I can scarce find any _Part_ of the Body, which may not\nbe affected by the _Indispositions_ of the WOMB; the _Heart_, the\n_Diaphragm_, the _Head_, the _Brain_, and consequently all the _Organs_\nof Sense and Motion, the _Liver_, the _Spleen_, the _Ventricle_, the\n_Mesentery_, the _Belly_, the _Bladder_, the _Rectum_, the _Back_, the\n_Loins_, the _Thighs_, the _Legs_, the _Arms_, &c. All which _Parts_ are\nfrom thence subject to innumerable various _Symptoms_, which commonly\ncome and go by _Periods_, after the manner of _Convulsive_, or\n_Epileptick_ FITS, to which the HYSTERICAL have also a very near\nRelation; in that the _Circulation_ and _Recourse_ of all the _Three_,\nand some more such, _Distempers_ agree exactly, sometimes with the\n_Course_ of the MOON, and SUN, and sometimes with the very _Motion_ of\nthe SEA; and as _these_ vary, so the FITS of either _Affection_ come on\nquicker or slower[231].\nTHESE Things are also most Judiciously made out by the excellent Dr.\n_Mead_, saying, that, _the New and Full-Moon being of equal Power, this\nsort of Distempers sometimes reign in the one, and sometimes in the\nother, as the Body happens to be more or less fitted and adapted to\nreceive the_ INFLUENCE; _and as the abounding_ HUMOURS _are more fitted\nfor this_, _than that period of the_ PLANET[232]. And the same _Author_\nof great Experience, gives us an Account of a certain BOY of a Year old,\nwho every _Flood-Tide_, was taken with _Convulsive_ FITS, and every\n_Ebb_ came to himself again[233]. Which _Influence_ of the SEA, no doubt\ndepends upon the MOON\u2019s approaching our _Vertical Point_, or _that_\ndirectly opposite, as the _Flood_ encreases and comes to its _Height_,\nMoreover again,\u2014\u2014\nCONSIDERING the WOMB, not only as the _Center_, in which the vitious\n_Humours_ are accumulated from all the other _Parts_, but also as the\nPUMP of the _Body_, we may readily conclude that as long as it regularly\nejects the _Menstruous Blood_, it does at the same time duly evacuate\ntogether with it, all those _Humours_ of whatsoever sort they be:\nWhereas we may easily conceive that whatever obstructs or impedes the\nWOMB in any of its natural _Functions_, may occasion various _Symptoms_\nto the _Woman_: However the most of _these_, as well as the most\ndangerous, take their _Origin_ from the _Retention_ of the SEED and the\n_suppression_ of the MENSTRUA.\nTHE _Menstruous Blood_ flowing in a natural Course to the _Uterine\nVeins_, when its _Passage_ is so obstructed, that it cannot break forth;\nwhether in VIRGINS, because of the _Astriction_ of the ORIFICES; or in\nWIDOWS, because of the _Thickness_ of the BLOOD, or of any other gross\nviscid _Humour_; in these _Cases_, it must of course regorge thro\u2019 the\n_Branches_ of the VENA CAVA and the great ARTERY, to the _Head_,\n_Heart_, _Liver_, and _Veins_ of the _Midriff_; whence of Consequence\nproceed various _Symptoms_ in all these and their dependent _Parts_:\nWhich notwithstanding, I take the too long retain\u2019d SEED to occasion the\nmore dangerous and severe _Symptoms_ to the WOMAN.\nBUT in _Case_ of either of _These_, namely, either the _Seminal_, or the\n_Menstruous Matter_, beginning to corrupt, and consequently to acquire\nmalignant _Qualities_, then they produce divers most severe and\ndreadfull _Symptoms_; and _that_ not only in different PATIENTS, but\nalso sometimes in _one_ and the _same Woman_; and not only at _different\nTimes_, but also sometimes at _one_ and the _same Time_: However these\nThings always happen, according to the different _Quantity_ and\n_Quality_ of the corrupted HUMOURS, as well as according to the\n_Constitution_ of the WOMB, in which the _Corruption_ succeeds. Again\nmore particularly\u2014\u2014\nIF the Malignant _Vapours_ arising hence, penetrate to the _Heart_, (the\nprincipal _Organ_ of LIFE, as well as of the _Circulation_ of the BLOOD)\nI would observe, that, they occasion vellicating _Palpitations_, as also\na _Dejection of Spirits_, and _Anxiety of Mind_, attended with frequent\nLYPOTHYMIES and SYNCOPES: If to the _Diaphragm_ and _Lungs_, a\n_Difficulty_ of BREATHING, attended (as it were) with _Suffocations_ or\n_Strangulations_.\nIF the MATTER ascends to the HEAD, and diffuse it self thro\u2019 the\n_external Parts_, diverse grievous PAINS assail the _Woman_, and _that_\nvery differently; insomuch, that, sometimes the _whole_ HEAD is (as it\nwere) tortured, and sometimes but in _Part_; sometimes on the _right_,\nand sometimes on the _left Side_; sometimes in the _hind Part_ of the\nHEAD, or CROWN, and sometimes in the _Fore-Head_ or about the _Eyes_:\nWhereas if it tend to the BRAIN, and distribute it self among the ORGANS\nof _Sense_ and _Motion_, both the internal and external _Senses_ must\nneeds suffer accordingly; upon which the poor PATIENT is not only taken\nwith an APHONIA for _Want of Speech_, but also with a Helpless or\nSenseless Stupidity; and moreover, not only seiz\u2019d with a _Resolution_\nor _Debility_ of HANDS and FEET, but also with _Trembling_ and\n_Convulsive Fits_.\nIF the _same_ ascends to the LIVER, the whole _Habit_ or _Constitution_\nof the BODY is perverted: For as the _vitious Humours_ are easily\ncommunicated from the WOMB by the _Veins_ to the LIVER, so the affected\nLIVER again readily diffuses its _Infection_ by the _Veins_ to the whole\nBODY. If to the SPLEEN and MESENTERY, _Murmurings_, _Pains_ and\n_Torments_ arise in the BELLY; which are commonly attended with a _Pain_\nin the left SIDE and left BREAST, extending it self to the JUGULUM, or\nfore-part of the NECK, Difficulty of _Breathing_, frequent _Belchings_,\na siccid bound _Belly_, and all the other _Symptoms_ which usually are\nthe _Concomitants_ of the _Hypocondriack Affection_.\nIF to the VENTRICLE, thence proceed _Fastidy_, _Pica_, _Vomitings_,\n_Pains_ and _Gnawings_ of the STOMACH, _Sobbings_, _Yawnings_,\n_Belchings_, &c. But, and if the said MATTER distributes it self thro\u2019\nthe whole _Circuit_ of the BODY, then the PATIENT is frequently seiz\u2019d,\nsometimes with a sudden _red_, and sometimes with a _pale Colour_; as\nalso sometimes with a _sudden Heat_, and _Ardour_ in her FACE, which she\ncommonly perceives or feels to vanish and go off as suddenly: Again she\nis sometimes also taken with _sudden Cold_, and sometimes with as\n_sudden hot Fits_.\nFROM all which, it evidently appears, how justly _Galen_ says[234], that\nthe _Hysterick Passion_ (under one Appellation) comprehends innumerable\nvarious SYMPTOMS: Even so _many_, that at least (I think) they cannot be\npossibly comprehended in this _Volume_, which extorts another _Apology_\nfrom me in this Place; namely and plainly, that as I have no Ambition to\nbe accounted any extraordinary PERSON of great _Learning_ or _Reading_;\nso I far less desire to set up or give my self out for ONE of _Universal\nPractice_ or _Experience_: And as at the _Beginning_, I only design\u2019d\nthis BOOK for the immediate _Service_ of MIDWIVES, and the common Good\nof _WOMEN_ and their _CHILDREN_, the _Poor_, I mean in general, as well\nas the _Rich_; So I am yet resolv\u2019d, rather, to stifle or restrain my\n_Inclinations_ for the present time, and suppress what might be\notherways pertinently added on these _Subjects_, than to put it out of\nthe reach of the _Purchase_ of either of _THOSE_. I say, for these\nreasons, I shall not undertake at this time to enter upon every\nparticular _Head_ or _Branch_ of the _HYSTERICKS_; only that I may not\nbe censur\u2019d as _Churlish_ or _Peevish_ to the more delicate _LADIES_,\nand tenderly constituted _Women_, who always labour and suffer most\nunder these _Distempers_, I shall however yet endeavour to discuss\nparticularly the most _dangerous_, as well as the most _common Case_,\nbelonging to this general TOPICK; and not only so, but, according to my\n_Ability_, I shall also endeavour in _it_, if possible in a few words,\nto include and comprehend all the rest of these _Female Indispositions_:\nAnd _that_ to the _Purpose_, and under the _Title_, following, _viz._\u2014\u2014\n[Illustration]\n                  _Of the Strangulation of the_ WOMB.\nTHE preceding _Chapter_ contains a general Account of the sundry various\n_Hysterick Passions_, together with their respective SYMPTOMS, as they\naffect the chief and Principal _Parts_ of the BODY; whence I might\ndescend to a great _Variety_ of _particulars_; but as neither my present\n_Time_ nor _Design_ will permit my entring upon _These_ in this place, I\nshall content my self with treating of _This_ _ONE_; which as it is the\nchief and most dangerous of all the _Uterine Affections_, so \u2019tis the\nmost _Universal_ and _Common_.\nIT comprehends, in short, many various severe, and even wonderful\nSYMPTOMS in it self; whence I conclude, that, he who sufficiently\nunderstands the _present Case_ or _Condition_, may easily comprehend all\nthe other Circumstances, belonging to the foregoing _general Head_;\nSince with whatever difference of _Symptoms_, or _Diagnostick Signs_,\nthey may appear, the _Causes_ and _Effects_ are originally of the same\n_Nature_: For _This_ is the very _Affection_ which _Galen_[235] call\u2019d\nthe \u03c9\u03bd\u1f76\u03be \u1f51\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03ba\u1f74, that is, the _Hysterick Passion_, and he might as well\nhave said the _grand Hysterick Passion_: The _Latins_ call it\n_Strangulatio_, or _Suffocatio_, or _Pr\u00e6focatio Uterina_; because in the\nFIT, the _Woman_ seems to be _Suffocated_ or _Strangled_ by the WOMB.\nBut to the Purpose,\u2014\u2014\nHOWEVER variously and copiously the Ancients have defin\u2019d this EVIL, I\nthink the few following Words, may properly explain it, _viz._ _This\nSuffocation is a Distemper of all the Natural, Vital, and Animal\nActions, proceeding many different ways, from an ill or disaffected_\nWOMB.\nI say many _different ways_, according to the many _different Sorts_ of\nthe _AFFECTION_; because _One_ is, when the SYMPTOMS of the _l\u00e6s\u2019d\nNatural Faculty_ only appear; in which the _PATIENT_ labours under\n_Inflations_, and frequent _Rumblings_ of the _BELLY_, _Murmurings_,\n_Belchings_, _Pains_ of the STOMACH, _Anxiety_, _Uneasiness_, and\nsometimes _Vomitings_. _Another_ different _AFFECTION_ is, when the\n_vital Faculty_ is l\u00e6s\u2019d or indisposed, in which the _PATIENT_ is not\nonly taken with _Heart-Beatings_, but also with _Faintings_ and\n_Swooning-Fits_, with a small, frequent, and unequal _PULSE_. A _Third_\nis when the _Animal Faculty_ is l\u00e6s\u2019d or disaffected, which may happen\nmany ways; and in this _Condition_ the WOMAN is depriv\u2019d of _Motion_ and\nall _external Sense_, however she retains the principal _Functions_,\ntogether with her _PULSE_ and _BREATH_.\nAGAIN, farther yet, there is _another Sort_ of this _Hysterick\nAFFECTION_, in which the _Motion_ is deprav\u2019d, turning to various\nCONVULSIONS of the _Legs_, _Arms_, _Teeth_, _Lips_, _Eyes_, and so of\nthe whole Body. As also moreover, there is still _ONE_, or a _Fifth_\ndifferent _Sort_ of this SUFFOCATION, in which all the _Faculties of\nLife_ are seemingly abolished; so far, that (according to common Sense\nand Apprehension) the _PATIENT_ differs in Nothing from a _dead Person_.\nHence it has often happen\u2019d, that such _Women_ (upon a mistake) have\nbeen imprudently _buried_ (for _DEAD_,) and sometimes had the good\nFortune to return from their _Graves_ to their _Houses_ again; whereof\nmany learned _Authors_ give us remarkable _Instances_[236].\nBUT if it should be ask\u2019d, in short, how it is possible for the WOMAN to\n_live_, after she has lost both her _PULSE_ and her _BREATH_? I can only\nrefer the Curious to _Galen_, who has fully answer\u2019d that\n_Question_[237] (according also to the Sentiment of _Heraclydes_)\n_viz._\u2014\u2014_That tho\u2019 the Refrigeration of the whole Body, and its\nprincipal Parts, is so great as to intercept both the Pulse and the\nBreath; Yet the Woman, no less than other Animals, such as Snails and\nothers of that kind, which live in strict obscurity, may have\nTranspiration sufficient, thro\u2019 the whole Circuit of the Body, to defend\nIF so, then, that there are so many different _Sorts_ of _UTERINE\nSTRANGULATIONS_, there must also (of Consequence) be as many peculiar\n_Causes_: Which, tho\u2019 all take _Origin_ from the WOMB, yet do not arise\nto this Pitch, unless _two other Causes_ concur with it. Viz. _ONE_ from\nthe _Part affected_; _ANOTHER_ from the _Passages_, thro\u2019 which the WOMB\ncommunicates this _AFFECTION_ to it. But in short, the _principal\nimmediate Causes_ are _THREE_[239] viz. _retain\u2019d Menstruous Blood_,\n_vitiated Seed_, _and putrid Humours_, or _corrupted Matter_, contain\u2019d\nin any part of the WOMB; which immediate, and concurring _Causes_, I\ncome now to Speak to, _viz._\u2014\u2014\nAS to the FIRST then, I think the _retain\u2019d BLOOD_, is not sufficient of\nit self to induce this _AFFECTION_, because we know, many to be free\nfrom it, who yet labour under the _suppress\u2019d MENSTRUA_; wherefore the\n_Imbecillity_ of the _Principal Parts_ admitting the HUMOURS, must\nconcur with the _Latitude_ of the _Passages_, thro\u2019 which the BLOOD is\ncommunicated to them: Which _Three_ conspiring together, the SUFFOCATION\nof course succeeds with Aggravation.\nIF this BLOOD flows thro\u2019 the _Veins_ and _Arteries_, into the _HEART_,\nit occasions a _SYNCOPE_, which is a most severe _Affection_.\nIF it ascends into the BRAIN, it occasions various _Symptoms_ according\nto the _Quality_ of the BLOOD, _viz._\u2014\u2014If it is _Pituitous_, it induces\na SUFFOCATION with _SLEEP_, resembling a _LETHARGY_: If it be _Bilious_,\nthe _AFFECTION_ is most furious, and the _PATIENT_ is (as it were)\nalmost _Mad_, tearing her self, pulling her _Hair_, renting her\n_Cloaths_, _&c._ If the BLOOD be _sweet_, she only fancies AMOURS, and\nmeditates upon _pleasing_ CHIMERAS: As, in fine, if _Melancholick_, it\nseizes her with a _Sadness_ of HEART, and _Dejection_ of MIND.\nBUT as to the SECOND _Cause_, the _retain\u2019d_ SEED induces not only\n_These_, but more grievous _Symptoms_, since as soon as it is\n_corrupted_ and _refrigerated_, it becomes the worst of POYSON[240]: And\nas it reaches the principal debilitated _Parts_, it draws on the most\ndangerous _sort_ of SUFFOCATIONS; in which the PATIENT _lies for Dead_,\nthe whole BODY being extremely refrigerated, or benumb\u2019d by this\n_venenated Matter_. Which Accident however may happen promiscuously to\n_all Women_, abounding with such _morbifick Contents_ in the WOMB, as\nsometimes falls out to MAIDS, but more commonly to WIDOWS, whose\n_Bodies_ as well as WOMBS abound with _pituitous_ HUMOURS; as also\nsometimes to _Pregnant Women_ of _Cacochymical Habits_, and to\n_Puerperial Women_ not _cleansing_ sufficiently.\nI know by the way, that some modern _Writers_ define the _Case_\notherways, and will have MEN to be also lyable to the same _Distemper_,\nwhich they alledge proceeds chiefly from the _Blood_ and _Spirits_: But\nthe _Reason_ why I think _they_ are exempted from it, at least from its\n_Severities_, is because, what they _lose_ in _Nocturnal Pollutions_ or\notherways, is always ejected or thrown _without Doors_; whereas what the\n_other_ SEX so _emitts_, may be still retain\u2019d _within_; and\nconsequently by a long _Detention_ there, may be converted into VENOM,\nor a _Poysonous Humour_.\nHOWEVER, this happens more readily and frequently to WIDOWS, than to\nVIRGINS, because in the _one_, the Passages are not only dilated, but\nalso Nature is accustomed to such _Emissions_, as the _other_ is yet\nwholly a Stranger to. Moreover\u2014\u2014\nAGAIN, this AFFECTION may also proceed from too great an _abundance_ of\n_SEED_ in those, call\u2019d the _Seminal Vessels_; tho\u2019 not to such a\ndangerous Degree: In which _Case_, if the _SEED_ be _Acrimonious_, a\n_Convulsion_ may happen; if otherways, the PATIENT seems only to faint\nand fall away, with a sort of a grateful _Indulgence_, without any great\nChange of _Countenance_, or Alteration of PULSE; tho\u2019 she often\ncontinues with her _Eyes_ shut, Starting and Wakening (as it were)\nfrequently: And as upon returning to herself, she falls _a-sighing_, so\na little after, the SYMPTOM recurs again.\nFINALLY, as to the _third Cause_, Supposing this AFFECTION to seize\n_Women_, who not only Purge regularly, but are also satiated with\n_Virile Conversation_; or, as it sometimes happens, to take _Old Women_:\nIn these _Cases_, the _Cause_ is undoubtedly very different from those\nmentioned, and proceeds either from _Winds_, _Vapours_, or putrid and\ncorrupted _Humours_, contain\u2019d in the WOMB, and communicated by various\n_Passages_, to the HEART and BRAIN: And this _Corruption_ may readily\nsucceed in the WOMB, because, as _it_ is a part very different from any\nother of the BODY, endued with peculiar _Faculties_, so if it be not\nwell disposed, the vitious _Humours_ may also corrupt in it, after a\npeculiar manner; if not in its own _Cavity_, in the _Uterine Vessels_,\nas most frequently happens.\nUPON which, I observe that, if these _Winds_ or _Vapours_ are\ncommunicated to the HEART, thro\u2019 the _Veins_ and _Arteries_, the\nSUFFOCATION happens with _Palpitation_: If to the BRAIN, with a\n_Vertigo_, a _Tingling of the Ears_, and a _Suffusion_ from the\n_Phantasms of the Eyes_: Whereas, if the deprav\u2019d _Humours_ or\n_Vapours_, ascend there, thro\u2019 the _Nerves_, various _Convulsions_\nhappen; especially if the BRAIN abounds also with _frigid Humours_. And\n_these_, in short, according to the foresaid _Authorities_, are all the\nProximous and _immediate Causes_ of the HYSTERICK PASSION.\nHENCE I come now to touch upon the _mediate Causes_ of the same\n_Distemper_, which may be easily conceiv\u2019d by any who understands\n_those_ of the _suppressed_ MENSTRUA, GONORRH\u00c6A, _&c._ which _Cases_ I\ncan by no means enter upon at this Time, for the reasons mentioned in\nthe last preceding _Chapter_.\nBUT from what is said (I hope) this _Uterine_ STRANGULATION, together\nwith all its Differences, may be easily distinguished by the ingenious\n_Reader_. However yet, because all its _different Sorts_ have some\ndegree of _Affinity_, with other diverse _Symptoms_, which no ways\nproceed from the WOMB; I come now to propose some SIGNS of\n_Distinction_, first in _general_, and next in _particular_, viz.\u2014\u2014\nTHE _general_ SIGNS then are _Three_, by which I think, the HYSTERICK\nmay be readily distinguished from all other _Affections_, namely,\u2014\u2014\nI. IT is a _Muliebrian Disease_, and that only familiar to some of the\nmore _delicate Women_: When therefore we know, from the PATIENT herself,\nor from those about her, that she is obnoxious to this _Affection_; the\nHYSTERIC _Symptoms_ also appearing, we need not suspect any other\nDistemper. II. _Hysterical Women_ complain frequently of their WOMBS\nbeing ill-disposed, and out of order. As, III. _They_ are most commonly\nhelped and freed from the PAROXYSM, by holding _F\u0153tids_ to the NOSE, and\n_Suaveolents_ to the PUDENDUM; which holds good in no other _Affection_.\nBut more particularly\u2014\u2014\nTHIS _Distemper_ differs from a SYNCOPE, in that, a SYNCOPE is\n_precipitant_, and seizes the PATIENT all at once, tho\u2019 \u2019tis but of\nshort _Duration_; Whereas in _this_, some evident SIGNS of an\napproaching _Paroxysm_ always precede, and the Evil continues sometimes\nfor several Hours and perhaps Days: In _that_, the PULSE is quickly\nabolish\u2019d, or at least seemingly _ceases_; in _this_, it remains,\nhowever _small_, except in the aforementioned extreme FIT: In _that_ of\na SYNCOPE, _cold Sweats_ appear, and the _Countenance_ changes _pale_;\nand when the HEART is severely affected, it may be probably conjoin\u2019d\nwith the HYSTERICK _Affection_.\nNOW _This Distemper_ differs also from an EPILEPSY: For in _That_ the\n_Convulsive Motions_ are not always join\u2019d with it, or if they be, they\nare not so _universal_, affecting only _one_ or _other Member_: In\nEPILEPTICKS, the PULSE is greater than ordinary; but in HYSTERICKS, it\nis the _Reverse_: In _that_ the PATIENT _foams at the Mouth_, and loses\nthe principal _Functions_ of Life, especially the _Memory_; in _this_\nthey _foam not_, neither commonly lose any _internal Sense_; but only\nawake like _those_ who have been asleep.\nTHIS _Affection_ differs again from the APOPLEXY, in that the PARTS are\nnot so much _affected_, nor their feeling so much abolished; in _that_\nthere is no continual _Snoaring_, and the PULSE is only diminished and\ndepraved, which in APOPLECTICS most commonly remains entire: In short,\nthe _one_ is preceded, as well as accompany\u2019d with diverse _Symptoms_;\nwhereas the _other_ assails the PATIENT suddenly, without any previous\nNotice or _Signification_.\nAGAIN the HYSTERICKS differ from a LETHARGY; in that _This_ is attended\nwith a FEVER; _That_ not at all: In _This_ the PULSE is raised higher\nand is stronger; in _That_ it falls always lower, and is weaker.\nMOREOVER, there are diverse _Experiments_, mentioned by _Authors_, to\ndistinguish a PATIENT in the extreme FIT of this _Passion_, from a\nPerson actually DEAD: Such as _Lint_, _Feathers_, or _burnt Paper_ being\nheld to the MOUTH; if moved, the PATIENT _breathes_. A _Glass of Water_\nbeing set upon the BREAST; if stirred, there is some _Motion_ and\n_Dilatation_ still in the BREAST. Or, in fine, a _Looking-Glass_ well\nwiped, being held to their MOUTHS, if infected, the PATIENT is still and\ncertainly _alive_.\nHOWEVER, all _These Things_, I look upon to be merely _trifling_ and\n_uncertain_ in this Case; because, supposing the WOMAN _not to breathe_,\nas has been hinted; How then can she _expire_ so much from her LUNGS, as\nto _move a Feather_, or _infect a Glass_? Or, how can her BREAST have\nany such a _Motion_, as to move _Water in a Glass_? Considering well,\nwhat has been already said, that it is only by _internal Transpiration_,\nthat she draws the _Breath of Life_; which is neither effected by the\n_Motion_ of the BREAST, nor the LUNGS; but rather by a certain obscure\nand latent _Motion_ of the HEART, and the internal _Arteries_: In such\nmanner, as some _Animals_, living in _Cells of Obscurity_, seem to be\nrefrigerated, or benumb\u2019d and DEAD the whole _Winter-Season_.\nBUT in this _Case_, the more _certain Method_ is, to try the PATIENT\nwith proper _Sternutatories_, such as are otherways useful in all such\nPAROXYSMS, for if _alive_, she will be quickly mov\u2019d by _Sternutation_:\nAs when the _Body_ begins to send forth a _Cadaverous Smell_, it is a\ncertain SIGN that the _innate Heat_ is extinct with the LIFE, and that\nthe _Body_ is no more supported by the SOUL. Wherefore the safest and\nsurest way is, not to _bury_ such PERSONS, before the _Expiration of 72\nHours_, reckoning from the beginning of the FIT: Because, if in this\nTime, which is the CRISIS, or _Term_ of the _Circuit_ of all the HUMOURS\nin the Body, they do not _revive_, there is no more Room left for\n_Hopes_.\nIN the next place, I come to mark the DIAGNOSTICKS, whereby it may be\nbest distinguished, which of the before-mentioned _immediate Causes_,\ngives _Rise_ to the _HYSTERICK PASSION_ in any _Woman_ labouring under\nthe same _Malady_. And, I. IF it proceeds from the _Menstruous Blood_,\nin this _Condition_, the _Natural Course_ must needs be suppress\u2019d,\neither in whole or in part: And the Difference of the _Quality_ of this\n_BLOOD_, is evident from the foregoing _Symptoms_.\nII. IF from too long _retain\u2019d SEED_; the PATIENT is to be suppos\u2019d\nregular in her _natural Flux_, as she is _Calid_ and _Sanguine_, either\nfrom _high Living_, or _want of Exercise_: In _this_ the SYMPTOMS are\nall more severe and dangerous, than in the _other Case_, and upon the\ndeclension of the PAROXYSM, or the _Fits_ going off, a certain HUMOUR\nflows from the PUDENDUM, occasion\u2019d by the _Constriction_ made in the\nWOMB.\nIII. IF from corrupted _Humours_, the PATIENT not only _Purges_\nregularly, but also enjoys her HUSBAND: Hence in this _Case_, I would\nconclude that she either labours, or has labour\u2019d under some _Uterine\nDistemper_, such as a _Satyriasis_, _Pruritus_, _Furor_, _Gonorrh\u00e6a_,\n_Fluor Muliebris_, _Ulcers_, _Impostumes_, a former _Suppression_, or\n_Irregularity_ of the MENSTRUA, or the like: As also many _Learned Men_\nagree that a _Pr\u00e6ternatural Situation_[241], namely, the WOMB\u2019S\nascending to the _superior Parts_, compressing the LIVER and DIAPHRAGMA,\nand consequently the _Lungs_, HEART, or STOMACH, may induce various\nSUFFOCATIONS; Which, I think, is also confirm\u2019d by _Reason_ and\n_Experience_. For\u2014\u2014\nWHO knows not that the _Ligaments_ of the WOMB, may be so relaxed and\nextended, that it may fall down to the very KNEES, as I have seen it?\nAnd who may not thence conceive that in the same _Laxity_ of the\n_Ligaments_, the WOMB may be as well driven upwards by _Winds_,\n_Vapours_, or too much gross BLOOD in the _Ligaments_; or by ungrateful\n_Odours_ approaching the WOMB, as it may also be attracted by pleasant\nand grateful _Smells_ at the _Nose_? Not that I mean here, by the by,\nthat the WOMB is capable of _Smelling_, and therefore shuns disagreeable\n_F\u0153tors_; but only that its _Spirits_ and _Heat_, especially in _Those_,\nwho abound with deprav\u2019d _Humours_, are attracted either way by\nagreeable _Odours_, or fragrant _Smells_.\nNOW in this _Case_, the WOMB may be plainly found by the _Touch_,\nascended in the Form of a round _Ball_; Which however may be easily\nbrought down, and replaced in its _natural Posture_, by any skilful\nexperienced _Hand_, previously well anointed with the OIL of _Spike_,\n_Spikenard_, _White Lillies_, or the like. Again farther, to prevent its\n_Return_, some nauseous _Smells_, may be apply\u2019d to the _Nose_, or the\n_Reverse_ to the PUDENDUM; as also the superiour _Parts_ of the Body may\nbe tyed strait with proper _Bands_ or _Ligaments_.\nBUT more particularly, as to the proper _Diagnosticks_ of the imminent\nPAROXYSM, or approaching FIT of _Suffocation_, these are, _Grumblings_\nin the ABDOMEN, a _Distention_ and _Pulsation_ in the BACK and\n_Hypochondriacks_, a _Weariness_ of the whole Body, an _Imbecillity_ of\nthe LEGS, _Belching_, _Nauseating_, _Gaping_, a _pale Face_, and a _sad\nCountenance_; attended at last with the aforesaid Sense of\n_Strangulation_, as if the PATIENT was a-swallowing a _Ball_, _&c._ As\nalso I have known _some Women_ to have been taken with a long FIT of\n_Laughter_ upon this occasion, _others_ with that of _Crying_; as\nprobably _some_ may confusely _act both_ at once.\nHOWEVER, It is to be observ\u2019d in this place, that, as the _Distemper_ is\nnot equally violent in _All_, nor always attended by the _same_, or the\nsame number of _Symptoms_; so neither are the FITS equally long or\nfrequent, but invade and seize the PATIENT according to the quick or\nslow gathering of the _Morbifick Humours_, which are also sooner or\nlater discussed: Which _Humorous Particles_ in our Bodies, like as in\nintermitting _Fevers_, have their due Times of _Digestion_,\n_Accumulation_, and _Exaltation_; which _Height_ as soon as they have\narrived to, they suddenly, and as it were in a Moment, break out into\n_Action_: Or else _These Humours_ may lye dormant in the Body, until by\nsome _Procatarctick_, or _External Cause_, they are exagitated, and set\nat _Work_.\nNOW this _Agitation_ of HUMOURS depends not only upon the _Course_ of\nthe SUN and MOON, but also sometimes more particularly upon the _Change_\nof the AIR, and the _Motion_ of the SEA. As to the _Solar_ and _Lunar\nInfluences_ upon the _Animal Machine_, they are already abundantly set\nforth[242], wherefore I shall resume Nothing of _them_ in this place:\nAnd as to the _Efficiency_ of the AIR, I would observe it to be always\nmost considerable about the _Two Equinoxes_; as at these _Seasons_ the\nmost impetuous _Winds_ and violent _Storms_ happen; and that continually\nthe most severe at _Noon_ and _Midnight_; that is to say, when the SUN\nis in our _Zenith_, or in the _Nadir_, _viz._ in the _vertical Point_\nover our _Heads_, or the quite _opposite_ under[243] our _Feet_. These\n_Changes_ however come a little before the _Vernal Equinox_, but follow\nthe _Autumnal_; because of the various _Distances_ of the MOON in its\n_Perig\u00e6um_ and _Apog\u00e6um_.\nMOREOVER, at these _Seasons_, and indeed at all Times, the AIR swells or\nrises highest, at _New_ and _Full_ MOON, from the conjunct Power of both\nthe _Planets_: Hence the diligent _Mariners_ and _Husbandmen_ always\nobserve the _Weather_ to change, and _Winds_ to rise upon these\nOccasions; and, not only so, but also, a constant and certain RECOURSE\nof _Winds_ and _Weather_ to happen at certain _Seasons_ of the Year; and\n_that_ from some certain necessary _Natural Cause_, which always acts in\nthe same manner.\nAs to the _Motion_ of the SEA, its Efficacy upon the _Animal Fabrick_,\nmay be easily comprehended, considering only what is said; together with\nthis Truth, that, at all _Seasons_, the AIR is highest, and the _Winds_\nstrongest, when the TIDE of the _Flood_ is at its highest Ascent. For as\nthe SEA swells, so the _Ambient_ AIR in 25 Hours, is twice raised to a\nconsiderable great _Height_, from the _Attraction_ of the MOON\napproaching the _Meridian_: And the same swelling of the AIR must\nnecessarily follow, as often as the SUN comes to the _Meridian_ of any\nplace, either above or below the HORIZON; tho\u2019 (as aforesaid) it is\nalways _highest_ at _New_ and _Full_ MOON: And _lowest_ of all, when the\nMOON is but half _Full_; the _Planets_ then drawing each a contrary way:\nAs it is _middling_, during the Time between the dimidiated _Orbs_ of\nthe MOON, and the _New_ and _Full_ MOON[244].\nCONSIDERING then that the _Ambient_ AIR and the surrounding SEA are both\n_fluid Bodies_, and that the _Changes_ of the ONE agree so exactly with\nthe _Tide_ of the OTHER, we may rationally conclude, that they are both\n(in a great measure) subject to the same LAWS of _Motion_[245]. Hence it\nis, that, the great _Physician_[246] says, that the _Fluxes_ and\n_Refluxes_ of both these ELEMENTS are so ordain\u2019d, by the Wise\n_Councell_ of the Almighty CREATOR, to keep them from _Stagnations_ and\n_Corruptions_, which would be noxious to all _Creatures_, that by these\nmeans are preferred in a better Condition. Which is also confirm\u2019d by\n_Experience_, from that, in clear and open places such _Valetudinarians_\nas are ready to _Die_, recover their _Health_, and the _Soundest\nConstitution_ in moist close places, grows SICK.\nFROM the whole, it is evident, that the _Motions_ of the AIR at the\nflowing of the SEA, upon the _New_ and _Full_ MOON, and in the\n_\u00c6quinoxes_, change the _Fabrick_ of the _Animal Bodies_: But these\n_Changes_ are always most remarkable in those of _weak_ and _sickly\nConstitutions_; whereas those of _Strong_ and _Healthy Bodies_ more\nreadily repel or evade their _Influences_. Hence it is that our _Bodies_\nso much _Sympathize_, and so manifestly _correspond_ with the\n_C\u0153lestials_, as the Experience of a great many Ingenious _Authors_\ntestify[247]: And hence again it is that the HYSTERICK, no less than any\n_other_ PATIENT, keeps Time strictly with these _Superiour Bodies_, as\nthe _Register_ of a vast many Examples, and even daily _Experience_ it\nself teaches for Truth. Now having thus far prosecuted the\n_Diagnosticks_, as well with respect to the _Times_ and _Seasons_ of the\nPAROXYSMS, as to the _Signs_ and _Symptoms_ of the _Distemper_, I come\nat length to\u2014\u2014\nTHE _Prognosticks_ of this _Uterine_ SUFFOCATION, which I shall but\nbriefly hint upon; and FIRST, observe, that where the HUMOURS overcharge\nthe _Body_, and are implicated among themselves; in this _Case_ the FITS\ndo not always keep their _Legitimate Times_, nor their _proper Insults_,\nbut are sometimes more _frequent_, more _sharp_, and more _diuturnal_;\nin like manner, as a _Concourse_ of WINDS excites the most violent\nSTORMS, according to the _Poet_[248],\n           _\u201cUn\u00e0 Eurusque Notusque ruunt, creberque procellis\n           \u201cAfricus, & vastos volvunt ad Littora Fluctus:_\nSo a _Concourse_ and _Confluxion_ of HUMOURS, must needs aggravate the\n_Distemper_; but more especially, when the afflicted _PATIENT_ is taken\nwith a _Complication_ of _Distempers_, such as when the _HYSTERICK_\n_FIT_ is join\u2019d with a _Syncope_, or severe _Convulsions_, &c. _then_\nthe _Case_ is most dangerous.[249]\n           \u201cFrigida cum Calidis Pugnant, Humentia Siccis,\n           \u201cMollia cum duris, Sine pondere habentia pondus._\nThese Things, consisting in the _Corruption_ and _Inflammation_, or in\nthe _Quantity_ and _Quality_ of the _peccant HUMOURS_, concur with the\n_other Causes_, above defin\u2019d, that the _Circulations_ of the\n_Distemper_ are either shorter or longer, more frequent or more rare, or\nmore safe or more dangerous in the Event.\nSECONDLY, I observe in this place, that, if the _Distemper_ does not\ncarry off the _PATIENT_, as often happens in the foregoing _Condition_,\nit commonly degenerates at last into an _Apoplexy_, or _Palsy_,\n_Stupidity_, or deep _Melancholy_, &c. Wherefore I come now _finally_ to\ntreat of the Method of its _Cure_; which is twofold, _One_ in the\n_Access_ or _FIT_, and _another_ in the _Interval_. Then as to the\n_First_\u2014\u2014\nIN the _FIT_, _Revulsive_ and _Repressing Remedies_ are most apposite,\ntogether with _Corroboratives_ for the _HEART_ and _VENTRICLE_, as well\nas for the WOMB it self. But because _Revulsives_ are of many and\ndifferent kinds, they are to be discreetly us\u2019d, according to the Nature\nof the _Cause_ from whence the _Evil_ proceeds: For if suppressed BLOOD\nbe the _Cause_, in that _Case_, _Galen_ agrees with _Hippocrates_ that\nan _Inferiour Vene-Section_ is convenient, and that even tho\u2019 a\n_Syncope_ join the _SUFFOCATION_, because the _One_ is but the Effect of\nthe _Other_[250]: Remembring always that such _Bleedings_ must be done\nwith great Prudence and Caution, because of the present _Prostration_ of\nthe _Strength_ and _Spirits_, and _Refrigeration_ of the PATIENT\u2019s whole\nBody.\nWHEREAS if the _PAROXYSM_ proceeds from _venenated_ _SEED_, or depraved\n_Humours_, no _VEIN_ is to be open\u2019d; but instead of _That_, I would lay\nthe _Woman_ supine in her _BED_, for breathing the freer, and loose all\nher _Laces_, _Garters_, &c. Then if Strong _Sternutatories_, _F\u0153tid\nSmells_, _Vellication_ of her _Ears_, _Nostrils_, _Pilorumve Pudendi_,\ndid not help her _Condition_; I would use _dolorifick Ligatures_, and\n_Frictions_ of _THIGHS_, _LEGS_, and _FEET_; or apply _Cupping Glasses_\nwithout _Scarification_ to the _THIGHS_ and _GROIN_ it self: As also\nproper _Liniments_, _Clysters_, _Suppositories_, _Pessaries_, &c. are\nconvenient Means: And sometimes _Suffumigations_ of _GALBANUM_,\n_ASSAFOETIDA_, _Old Leather_, _Cloth_, _Sulphur_, _Partridge Feathers_,\n_Horse-Tetters_ or _Warts_, &c. Or (which is reckon\u2019d _Best_ of all) a\nfew of the _PATIENT_\u2019s _Hairs_ of her _Head_, burnt, and held to her\n_NOSE_. Or, while I should often tickle the _NOSTRILS_ with a _Feather_,\nor my _Finger_ dipp\u2019d in the sharpest _Vinegar_, _Oleum Succini_, or the\nlike, I would anoint the _PALLET_ with _Triacle_, _Mithridate_, or such\nother Things dissolv\u2019d in pleasant _WINE_.\nHOWEVER, in such _Cases_, as well as in all others, _\u00e0 mitioribus\nadhibitis, progrediendum est ad valentiora_; I say, we are to _begin\nwith the more gentle, and proceed gradually to the more strong and\npowerful REMEDIES_; using all proper Means with the utmost Prudence and\nDiscretion, and _that_ only according to the absolute Necessity and\nimminent Danger of the _incident Case_. Now moreover, I would add for\n_such_ as lose both _PULSE_ and _BREATH_, that some of the above\n_REMEDIES_ are not only requisite; but also, according to the excellent\n_Horatius Augenius_, a little generous _WINE_ with _Nutmeg_, _Cinnamon_\nand _Cloves_, adding _five Grains_ of _MUSK_, is altogether proper for\n_this PATIENT_[251]: Tho\u2019 for _others_, who have not quite lost all\n_Sense_ and _Motion_, nothing is perhaps more pernicious than the _USE_\nof such _Odoriferous Matters_, since I have known several _Women_ to\nhave been immediately _suffocated_, even by the very _Smell_ of _MUSK_,\n_CIVET_, _AMBER_, &c. But when the Sick _PATIENT_ lies (as above) for\n_dead_, if such _Odours_ can excite the _WOMB_, they can likewise move\nthe _Arteries_, and give Hopes of _Recovery_; upon which occasion also,\nI would apply hot _Sear-Cloths_ to the _Regions_ of the _HEART_ and\n_WOMB_: Or, if I suspected the _HEAD_ to abound with _frigid Humours_, I\nwould moreover apply _Vesicatories_ behind the _EARS_, or an _Issue_, or\n_drawing Plaister_ to the _NAPE_ of the _Neck_, always cherishing the\n_STOMACH_ with proper _Fomentations_: As also according to some, the\n_Hoof_ of an _ELK_, is a present _REMEDY_ in all such _Suffocations_ or\n_FITS of the Mother_[252].\nBY the above-mentioned, which are all the most prevalent _Means_ in the\n_ACCESS_, we will now suppose the _PATIENT_ to be _recover\u2019d_; in which\n_Case_, the next step needful, is to guard against, and prevent the\n_Return_ of the _FIT_, and consequently to _Cure_ the _DISEASE_; which\ncan only be effected by removing the _Cause_, whatever it may be: And\n_This_, in my Opinion, may be most effectually perform\u2019d in manner\nfollowing, _viz._\u2014\u2014\nIF the _Distemper_ proceeds from the _suppressed BLOOD_ or _MENSTRUA_,\nThis is by proper _Means_ to be reduced to its _Natural Course_ and\n_Condition_. If from a retain\u2019d _Seminal Matter_ in the _Uterine\nVessels_, the _Cure_ depends chiefly upon a proper _Regimen_ of _Diet_\nand _Exercise_; frequent gentle _Purges_, and repeated inferiour\n_Ven\u00e6-Sections_: Whereas if already collected and venenated in the\n_WOMB_, and the _Body_ consequently _refrigerated_, no _VEIN_ may\nproperly be touch\u2019d or open\u2019d; but in this _Case_, as if the _Evil_\nproceeded from _vitious putrid HUMOURS_, it is to be evacuated in the\nsame manner, as in _other Conditions_ of the _humid Intemperature_ of\nthe _WOMB_; always corroborating and fortifying the more affected or\ndebilitated _Parts_.\nNOW this Method of _Cure_, in short, being taken from the wisest of the\n_Ancients_[253], I shall farther add _one_ singular and essential _Step_\ntowards the perfecting of it; namely, if it be so, that the most severe\nand dangerous _Symptoms_ of this _DISTEMPER_ proceed from the\n_Retention_ of the _vitiated SEED_; then of Course and without\nControversy, the _HYSTERICK PASSION_ must needs be most familiar to\n_WIDOWS_ and _marriageable VIRGINS_; to whom I must finally say, _Let\nthem Marry_.\n_Si tales etenim pruriginosas, Connubio destinari contingat, ac Semen\nsubdito virili Pessulo elici, in usumq, procreand\u00e6 Sobolis depromi,\nprotinus illas efflorescere videas, ac faciem roseo, nitid\u00f3q; colore\nperfundi, blandas denique atque Amabiles, min\u00fasq; tetricas ac morosas.\nQuod etiam docet_ GALENUS, _Exemplo vidu\u00e6 cujusdam, qu\u00e6 multo Semine\neffuso, \u00e0 Symptomatibus integr\u00e8 est liberata[254]. Itaq; dico, tales\ndissuet\u00e6 matur\u00e6ve viro sunt tempestive elocand\u00e6._ In fine, _MARRIAGE_\nwill very much help such indisposed Persons, according to the Wise\n_Judgment_, _Advice_ and _Direction_ of the best Antient _WRITERS_.\n[Illustration]\nBEFORE I close this finishing _Chapter_, I must entreat the _READER_\u2019s\nPatience, and finally observe (by way of _Recapitulation_ upon it, which\nwill also serve to Answer the same End upon divers places interspers\u2019d\nthroughout this whole BOOK) that I am very Sensible before hand, that\nsome considerate Readers, even among the _Learned_ themselves, will be\nready to stop or cavil at some of my _Sentiments_, and say, _Quo te M\u0153ri\nPedes? Et qu\u00e6 te Dementia cepit?_\nI know that they deny, with the _Peripatetick Aristotle_[255], the\nExistence of the _Muliebrian SEED_. Nay, I farther know, that, _this_ is\nnot all, which they will _object_ against; for the _Four Galenick\nHUMOURS_ will be as hard to _digest_. But as I leave all _Men to think\nand judge for themselves_, without differing with any for dissenting\nfrom me in _Opinion_, so I know that _Men of Probity_ and _Ingenuity_\nwill allow me the same _Privilege_ and act in a suitable Manner: Whereas\nI doubt not but some _Momus_, or _Zoilus_, or some _Member_ of the Body\nof the _Sophistical_ SCIOLISTS will rise up, and pronounce me either\naltogether _Ignorant_, or an unjust _Vilifier_ of the reigning _Modern\nOpinions_, by laying down some Authentick _Positions_ of the ANTIENTS,\nTHIS cannot more certainly befall me, than I expect it; wherefore, I am\nnot only in some measure upon my _Guard_; but also otherways resolved to\nhear, and even bear such _Controversial Wranglings_ with Patience: Which\nI need think the less of doing, or suffering with Pleasure, considering\nthe many Glorious _Examples_ already set before my Eyes of _Those_ who\nhave deserved the greatest _Applause_, and the _Best_ of Mankind in all\nAges. To pass by some living _MONUMENTS_ of _Detraction_, who are at\nthis Day universally acknowledged to be _Eminent_ and _Excellent Men_;\nhave not some of the best _Authors_ that ever wrote been unjustly\nscourged by the _black Tongues_, and even scandaliz\u2019d by the _Satyrick\nPens_, of their COTEMPORARIES? And are not the same SUFFERERS, I mean\ntheir _Names_ and _Memories_ immortaliz\u2019d at this Time, through all\n_Nations_? Besides, in short, will they not continue to be so through\nout all succeeding _Generations_ for their essential _Helps_ and\ningenious _Discoveries_ in the Noble and Heavenly Art of PHYSICK?\nMoreover, have we not too many _Instances_ of THIS, to go no farther, in\n_England_, even too well known to require a _Repetition_?\nHOW vain then would it be in me to hope to escape the Common _Fate_ of\nall WRITERS in general? No, before ever I _put Pen to Paper_, I plainly\nforesaw, that, in this degenerate Age, no honest Man could safely\nsubscribe to the genuine truth of Things, without suffering by publick\nMalice, under the _Character_ of being reckon\u2019d either an Ignorant or an\n_obsolete_ SINGULARIST.\nHOWEVER, yet, as I would willingly avoid being ranked among litigious\n_Disputants_, so I have taken Care (if it be possible) to mitigate the\n_Censure_, by not insisting too stiffly upon any TOPICK, which may be\nsuppos\u2019d to tend more to curious _Speculation_, than to real _Practice_\nin our ART: Neither have I set off any _Hypothesis_ with recommendatory\n_Glosses_, nor other fine _Embellishments_, serving more for _Ornament_\nthan _Use_.\nBUT that I may not seem at last altogether to give up, what I have been\nadvancing, however in modest _Terms_ and upon authentick _Authorities_,\nI ingenuously answer and confess, that, I have in diverse respects and\nin sundry places in this BOOK, spoke my Mind freely, and impartially,\nhowever without Prejudice, and _that_ sometimes also contrary to the\n_Opinions_ of many famous WRITERS in Vogue, as well _Ancient_ as\n_Modern_; by which means, I may perhaps have disgusted some, otherways,\nmost _Judicious_ READERS: However, considering the different _Grounds_\nupon which Men commonly form their _Judgment_ of AUTHORS, if I have but\nthe Happiness to please in some Things, I have all that I am ambitious\nof.\nWHEREFORE, as it was neither for _Applause_ nor _Reputation_-sake, but\nmerely for the _Common Good_ of Mankind, that I undertook to write\nmodestly, so I resolved at the _Beginning_, that, neither _Malice_ nor\n_Envy_ should deter me from publishing what is _True_, and, to my\ncertain Knowledge, confirmed by _Experience_. I have carefully perus\u2019d\nother Men\u2019s WORKS, _Moderns_ as well as _Ancients_, to gain the\nKnowledge and discover the _Truth of Things_, and I gratefully\nacknowledge what _Benefit_ soever I have reaped from them, whose NAMES I\nam not asham\u2019d to affix to this BOOK, by the _Help_ of their elaborate\nand ingenious WRITINGS: Desiring thereby to convince the REVOLVER, that\nI neither reject the hard _Labours_ of the _Ancients_, nor despise the\nlaudable _Endeavours_ of the _Moderns_, _much less_ would I be thought\nto decry or find Fault with any particular _Performance_; especially\nconsidering that I meet with none so _empty_, but that I get something\nby, which I emprove to my own Advantage.\nBUT as far as I have found them mistaken, since _Mortal Eyes_ cannot see\nbeyond their HORIZON, nor the best of Men exceed the natural Limits of\n_human Frailty_, I have thought it my _Duty_ to forewarn POSTERITY of\ntheir _Mistakes_, not only according to the laudable CUSTOM of the\n_Ancients_, but also according to my plain _Notion_ of the genuine\nNature or true CHARITY; which I think consists not in contemning,\ndetracting and calumniating _one another_, but rather in cleansing\nSCIENCES from the _Dross of Errors_, that so the _Right Way_ may be\npav\u2019d to our _Successors_ by a continued _Series_ of Time, which may be\neffectually done by _Many_, that cannot possibly be accomplished by\n_One_; because of the _Brevity_ of LIFE.\nUPON the whole, it is most certain that TRUTH is known _but of a few_;\nwhereas false _Opinions_ go current in the Stream with the rest of the\nWorld: Nay, TRUTH scarce yet ever carried it by _Vote_ in any respect,\ninsomuch, that the most evident Testimonies of Sense, too often yield\nplace to imbib\u2019d Opinions, and Men blindly reject the manifest Evidence\nof their own Faculties, by which Truth in many Cases is only to be\ndiscover\u2019d: And indeed I know how hard it is otherways to enquire\nexactly into the common _Truth of Things_, so as to give a _Satisfactory\nDemonstration_, or a _general Satisfaction_ to _All_: Which\nnotwithstanding, I verily believe that the _Sons_ of ART, who know the\n_Principles_ and _Power_ of NATURE, and understand her various\n_Operations_ upon all BODIES, by the means of her inferiour _Agents_,\nthe four _ELEMENTS_; and such as have attain\u2019d any competent _Knowledge_\nin the _SPAGYRICK ANATOMY_ of Things, especially of _Fluids_, _Water_,\n_Wine_, &c. will be at no great Loss to conceive the _Probability_ of\nboth the _one_ and the _other_ above-mentioned HYPOTHESIS.\nACCEPT then, in fine, _Benevolent_ READER, _This_ short and plain\n_Performance_ of PHYSICK and MIDWIFERY; which, if it should not happily\nanswer to your _Expectation_, I would fain have you believe, that it\nwill far less correspond with my WISH. If then any Thing be found\n_useful_ or _acceptable_ in it, you are to ascribe that to GOD, the\n_Author_ of all _Wisdom_; you may impute what is otherways perform\u2019d, to\n_Man_\u2019s Understanding and Practice blessed by GOD: Therefore being every\nwhere mindful of _Humanity_, _read_, _revolve_, _enjoy_, and _correct_;\n_reflecting_ in the _Interim_, not so much upon the _little that_ I have\ndone, as upon _that_ which others have not hitherto perform\u2019d concerning\nthe same _Subject_.\nI could with _Pleasure_ have continued _The Performance_, and, according\nto my _Design_ at the _Beginning_, have added two _SECTIONS_ more,\n_viz._ _One_ upon the _Symptoms_ and _Diseases_ of the WOMB and the\n_Passages_; the _other_ upon the various _Symptoms_ or _Accidents_,\nrelating to the _MENSTRUOUS_ and other _Uterine Fluxes_: But as the WORK\nhas already by far exceeded the _Limits_, which I design\u2019d it at first,\nI shall here for the present Time fix my PEN.\nI Pray GOD, in short, the _Fountain of Life, and Source of all Science_,\nthat HE may enable _others_ to conceive what has been said, _better_\nthan I have been capable to explain; and grant that the _Fruit_ of my\nLABOUR may conduce to the _Health_ and _Preservation_ of all good WOMEN\nand their CHILDREN: All finally, upon the whole Work, redounding to the\neternal GLORY of his own most _Holy Name_.\n[Illustration]\n[Illustration]\n     AUTHORS _Names quoted in this Work, disposed Alphabetically._\n \u00c6gineta\n Aetius\n Agrippa Corn.\n Albertus Magnus\n Alcinous\n Alexandrinus Jul.\n Anaxagoras\n Antony St.\n Apollonius\n Apuleius\n Aquinas Thom.\n Areteus\n Aristotle\n Arnoldus de villa Nova\n Augenius\n Augustin St.\n Aurelianus C\u00e6l.\n Averroes\n Avicenna\n Baglivius\n Bartholinus\n Bellini\n Benedictus Alex.\n Blancard\n Boerhaave\n Boetius\n Bonaciolus\n Bottonus\n Brassavolus\n Burnet Thom.\n Cardanus\n Cato\n Catullus\n Celsus\n De Chales\n Chamberlain\n Cicero\n Claudianus\n Cordc\u00e6us\n Cyprian St.\n Daventer\n Democritus\n Diocles\n Diodorus\n Diogenes\n Donatus Marcel.\n Empedocles\n Etmullerus\n Eustachius\n Fabricius Gul.\n Fab. d\u2019 Aquap.\n Fallopius\n Favorinus\n Fernelius\n Florentinus Nichol.\n Floyer Sir John\n Forestus\n Galen\n Gamma\n Garofanzzo\n Gaffendus\n Gellius\n Goad\n Guillaume de Paris\n Harris Dr.\n Harvey\n Heister\n Helmontius\n Heraclides\n Hercules Saxon.\n Heurnius\n Hippocrates\n Hoffman\n Hollerius\n Homer\n Horace\n Horstius\n Howel\n Jerome St.\n Johannes Anglicus\n Lactantius\n Langius\n Laurentius And.\n Levin. Lemnius.\n Licetus\n Linus\n Lucilius\n Lucretius\n Lusitanus\n Macrobius\n Manilius\n Marcellus\n Marcus Marci\n Mauriceau\n Mead Dr.\n Menabeus\n Mercatus\n Mercurialis\n Montanus\n Moor Sir Thomas\n Morgagnus\n Newton Sir Isaac\n Ovid\n Palladius\n Panarolus\n Par\u00e6us\n Paschal\n Paulus Jurisconsult.\n Persius\n Pfizerus\n Pindar\n Pin\u00e6us\n Plato\n Platerus\n Plautus\n Pliny\n Plutarch\n Pontanus\n Proclus\n Pythagoras\n Rabanus\n Ranchinus\n Rhases\n Riolanus\n Riverius\n Rocheus\n Rodericus \u00e0 Castro\n Ronss\u00e6us\n Rufus\n Ruffius\n Ruysch\n Schenckius\n Senertus\n Solomon King\n Soranus\n Spigelius\n Sprengell Dr.\n Sydenham\n Terentius\n Thuringius\n Trincavellius\n Tulpius\n Ulmus Marc. Ant.\n Valeriola\n Vallesius\n Velthuysius\n Vesalius\n Virgil\n Vives\n Wierus\n Zebizius\n Zacch. Paulus\n[Illustration]\n_Courteous Reader, having been sometimes call\u2019d from the Inspection of\nthe Press, there may be some literal and a few verbal Mistakes; which as\nthe Sense is not perverted, I hope you will candidly pass by._\n[Illustration]\nFootnote 1:\n  De Partib. Anim. lib. 1. cap. 5.\nFootnote 2:\nFootnote 3:\nFootnote 4:\n  _Book of Wisdom_, 8, 19 _and_ 20.\nFootnote 5:\nFootnote 6:\n  _Book of Wisdom_, 9. 15.\nFootnote 7:\n  Prov. viii. _from_ 22, _to_ 32.\nFootnote 8:\nFootnote 9:\n  Rom. viii. 17.\nFootnote 10:\nFootnote 11:\n  Lib. 15. do part. Us. Sect. 1.\nFootnote 12:\n  Matt. xxvi. 38.\nFootnote 13:\n  Bonacciol. Mercat.\nFootnote 14:\n  De Natur. Puer.\nFootnote 15:\n  Galen Ruf. Mercat.\nFootnote 16:\n  Hippoc. de Natur. Puer. Fortun. Licet. de perfect. Constitut. Homin.\n  in Uter. Rod. \u00e0 Cast. de Nat. Mul.\nFootnote 17:\n  Eccles. xi. 5.\nFootnote 18:\n  _Book of Wisdom_, ix. 13, 14.\nFootnote 19:\nFootnote 20:\n  De perfect. Constitut. Homin. in Utero.\nFootnote 21:\n  Hippoc. de Natur. F\u0153tus.\nFootnote 22:\n  Aristot. 7. de Hist. Animal. 3.\nFootnote 23:\n  Harv. in Exercit. Ettmul. Prax. cap. 25.\nFootnote 24:\n  Heister. in Compend. Anatom.\nFootnote 25:\n  Marc. Ant. Ulm. de Utero Mul. S. 1. c. 7. Amb. Par\u00e6us, L. 23. c. 42.\n  Ranchin. de Morb. Virg. S. 1. c. 4. And. Laurent. Horat. Augen. &c.\nFootnote 26:\n  Avicen, Vesal. Fallop. Wier. Plater. Spigel. Heister. Morgag. &c.\nFootnote 27:\nFootnote 28:\n  De Muliebrib. lib. 1. Comm. 4 & 6.\nFootnote 29:\n  Hippoc. Lib. de Glandulis.\nFootnote 30:\n  De Hist. Animal. Cap. 12 & 3.\nFootnote 31:\n  Sever. Pin. in Opusc. Physiol. & Anat. cap. 5. Pet. Forest. Schol. 28.\n  Observat. 55. Plin. lib. 36. cap. 19. Anselm. Boet. lib. 2. de Lapid.\n  & Gemm. cap. 165. Melch. Sebiz. de Not. Virg. Thuring. &c.\nFootnote 32:\n  Hipp. Lib. de Morb. Virgin.\nFootnote 33:\n  Lib. de Morb. Virgin.\nFootnote 34:\n  Joh. Lang. Lib. 1. Epist. 2.\nFootnote 35:\n  Sect. 3. Epist. 19.\nFootnote 36:\n  Georg. 3.\nFootnote 37:\nFootnote 38:\n  De occult. Nat. Mir. lib. 1. cap. 9.\nFootnote 39:\n  Gal. lib. Art. Med. Hipp. ac Gal. 5. in Sextum vulg. Morb. Hipp. lib.\n  de Sterilib.\nFootnote 40:\n  Hercul. Saxon. Oper. pract. p. 3. c. 28. Rod. \u00e0 Cast. de Nat. Mul.\nFootnote 41:\n  Lib. de Opific. Dei, pag. 823.\nFootnote 42:\nFootnote 43:\n  Pontan. l. 10. de reb. C\u0153lest. Jul. Alexandrin. de Salubrib. c. 14.\n  Amat. Lusitan. Cent. 3. Cur. 39. &c.\nFootnote 44:\n  Herc. Sax. Pr\u00e6lect. pract. part 3. cap. 30.\nFootnote 45:\n  Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. 8. cap. 21.\nFootnote 46:\n  Genes. xxx.\nFootnote 47:\n  Thom. Aquin. contra. Gentil. lib. 3. Hen. Cornel. Agrip. lib. de\n  Occult. Philosoph. &c.\nFootnote 48:\nFootnote 49:\nFootnote 50:\nFootnote 51:\n  Marcus Marci de Ideis Operatric. Horstius Tract. de Caus. Similitud.\n  F\u0153t. cum Parent.\nFootnote 52:\n  Lib. 3. de Morb. Mul. cap. 6.\nFootnote 53:\n  Hipp. lib. de Genit.\nFootnote 54:\n  Aristot. lib. 3. de Histor. Animal. cap. 3.\nFootnote 55:\n  Qu\u00e6st. Medic. Legal. lib. 1. tit. 3. qu\u00e6st. 1.\nFootnote 56:\nFootnote 57:\nFootnote 58:\n  Rod. \u00e0 Cast. de Morb. Mul. lib. 3. cap. 22.\nFootnote 59:\n  Trincavel. lib. 3. de curand. partic. hum. Corp. Affect. cap. 5.\n  Forest. lib. 8. Obs. 7. Ludov. Vives in Comm. ad lib. 27. August. de\n  civit. Dei, cap. 25. Lang. lib. 2. Epist. 12. Florent. Serm. 5. tract.\n  4. cap. 36. Brasavol. Comm. ad lib. 5. Aph. 24. Hippoc. &c.\nFootnote 60:\n  Rod. \u00e0 Cast. de Morb. Mul. lib. 3. cap. 11.\nFootnote 61:\n  Florent. Serm. 5. tract. 4. cap. 36. Brasavol. 5. Aph. 24. in Comm.\nFootnote 62:\n  5 Aph. 34. Diemerbroek lib. 1. Anatom. cap. 24. Lang. de Valetud.\n  Gravid. Disp. 41. Bagliv. Prax. chap. 13. lib. 1.\nFootnote 63:\n  Galen 4. Aph. 17.\nFootnote 64:\n  Galen. 3. de Loc. Aff. c. 8. Avicen. l. 3. Tr. 5. cap. 1.\nFootnote 65:\n  Gal. 3. de Loc. Aff. c. 8.\nFootnote 66:\nFootnote 67:\nFootnote 68:\n  Hipp. 4. Aph. 17. Zacut. Lusit. Prax. Histor. l. ult. c. 1. Num. 4.\nFootnote 69:\n  Aret. 1. de Caus. Chronicor. c. 3.\nFootnote 70:\n  Galen. 3. Aph. 17.\nFootnote 71:\n  De Morb. Chron. lib. 1. cap. 2.\nFootnote 72:\n  Pr\u00e6lect. Pract. Par. 1. cap. 11.\nFootnote 73:\n  Hipp. 2. Aph. 3, 7. Aph. 18. Bellini de Morb. Capit. pag. 535.\nFootnote 74:\n  Hipp. 5. Aph. 60. Brassavol. in hunc Aphor.\nFootnote 75:\nFootnote 76:\n  Hipp. 5. Aph. 60. Brassavol. in hunc Aphor.\nFootnote 77:\n  Hipp. 7. Aph. 48. Heurnius in hunc Aphor.\nFootnote 78:\n  Alex. Bened. lib. 19. de curandi Morb. rat. cap. 36. Fernel. lib. 6.\n  de part. Morb. & Sympt. cap. 10. &c.\nFootnote 79:\n  Observ. 1. Pentecost. 1.\nFootnote 80:\nFootnote 81:\nFootnote 82:\n  Observ. cap. 5. de intermittent Feb.\nFootnote 83:\nFootnote 84:\n  Galen. de Crisib. lib. 2. cap. 6. &c in Comment. in 4 Aph. 59.\nFootnote 85:\n  In Comment. in Aph. Hipp. 23. lib. 2.\nFootnote 86:\n  De diebus decretor. lib. 3.\nFootnote 87:\n  Valleriol. lib. 1. Observ. 1. & lib. 6. Observ. 6. Hipp. 5. Aph. 30.\n  Forest. lib. 2. Observ. 27. & lib. 6. Observ. 6. Hollerius in hunc\n  Aphor. &c.\nFootnote 88:\n  Rod. \u00e0 Cast. de Morb. Mul. lib. 3. cap. 21.\nFootnote 89:\n  Ibidem.\nFootnote 90:\n  Lib. 4. Pract. Med. de Mul. Morb. Part 2. Sect. 5. cap. 3.\nFootnote 91:\n  Hipp. 5. Aph. 37. Cardan. in hunc Aphor. Lang. disput. 41. c. 3.\nFootnote 92:\n  5. Aph. 52. Holler. in hunc Aphor. River. Prax. l. 15. c. 17.\nFootnote 93:\nFootnote 94:\n  3. De Fac. Nat. cap. 12.\nFootnote 95:\n  Senert. lib. 4. p. 2. S. 6. c. 2. de Mul. Morb.\nFootnote 96:\n  Hipp. 5. Aph. 45. Etmuller. de Convulf. c. 9.\nFootnote 97:\n  Guliel. Fabric. Cent. 2. Obs. 50, & 51.\nFootnote 98:\n  Hipp. 3. Aph. 12. Heurn. in hunc Aph.\nFootnote 99:\n  Lib. 7. Hist. Nat. cap. 7.\nFootnote 100:\n  Chap. ix.\nFootnote 101:\n  Hip. 5. Aph. 37, 38. Cardan. & Brassavol. in hunc Aphor.\nFootnote 102:\nFootnote 103:\n  Sydenh. Prax. Med. lib. 3. cap. 13.\nFootnote 104:\n  Senert. de Morb. Mul. lib. 4. p. 2.\nFootnote 105:\n  R. \u00e0 Cast. de Morb. Mul. l. 3. c. 21.\nFootnote 106:\n  Hipp. Lib. de Octimest. Part. Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. 7. cap. 5.\nFootnote 107:\n  2 Aph. 22. Hoffman. Method. Medend. l. 1. cap. 13.\nFootnote 108:\n  Plato 5. de Repub. Aristot. 7. de Hist. Animal. cap. 4. &c. 4 de Gen.\n  Anim. cap. 6. Sect. 10. Problemat. 30. Gellius, lib. 3. Noct. Attic.\n  cap. 16. Plin. lib. 7. Nat. Hist. cap. 5.\nFootnote 109:\n  Sect. I. Chap. 7, 8.\nFootnote 110:\n  in Com. 2. de Generatione.\nFootnote 111:\n  R. \u00e0 Cast. de Nat. Mul. l. 4. c. 2.\nFootnote 112:\n  R. \u00e0 Cast lib. 4. cap. 4.\nFootnote 113:\n  De Sacra Philos. cap. 18.\nFootnote 114:\n  Lib. 1. Tract. 3. Contrad. S.\nFootnote 115:\n  Sprengell in Sect. 10. Aphor. Celsi 9.\nFootnote 116:\n  Lib. de Carnibus\nFootnote 117:\n  Corn. Agrip.\nFootnote 118:\nFootnote 119:\nFootnote 120:\n  Chap. 18. to the end.\nFootnote 121:\n  R. \u00e0 Cast. de Nat. Mul.\nFootnote 122:\n  Plin. lib. 7. cap. 5.\nFootnote 123:\n  Lib. de Octimest. Part.\nFootnote 124:\n  Lib. de Alimento.\nFootnote 125:\n  Chap. xxviii. 13.\nFootnote 126:\n  Plat. 5. de Republ. Aristot. 7. de Hist. Animal. c. 4. Phavor. apud\nFootnote 127:\n  Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. 22. cap. 21.\nFootnote 128:\n  Revel. xiii. 18.\nFootnote 129:\n  Plin. lib. 7. cap. 5. Gell. Noct. Attic. lib. 3. cap. 16. Cardan. lib.\n  1. tract. 3. cont. 8. Amat. Lusitan. Cent. 1. curat. 27.\nFootnote 130:\n  Aristot. 7. de Nat. Animal. 4.\nFootnote 131:\nFootnote 132:\n  Lib. de Carnib.\nFootnote 133:\n  Lib. de Alimento.\nFootnote 134:\n  Lib. de Imper. Solis & Lun\u00e6, cap. 1.\nFootnote 135:\nFootnote 136:\n  Apud Aul. Gell. lib. 20. cap. 8.\nFootnote 137:\n  Astronomic, lib. 2.\nFootnote 138:\n  De Dieb. Decretor. lib. 3.\nFootnote 139:\nFootnote 140:\n  Lib. de Septimest. Part.\nFootnote 141:\n  Lib. de Septimest. Part.\nFootnote 142:\n  Nat. Hist. lib. 2. cap. 98.\nFootnote 143:\nFootnote 144:\n  Philos. Transact. Numb. 202.\nFootnote 145:\n  Cap. 2. de Imper.\nFootnote 146:\nFootnote 147:\n  Lib. de Alimento.\nFootnote 148:\n  Genes. iii. 16.\nFootnote 149:\n  Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. 7. cap. 5.\nFootnote 150:\n  R. \u00e0 Cast. de Nat. Mul. lib. 4. cap. 2.\nFootnote 151:\n  Lib. 7. Nat. Hist. cap. 5.\nFootnote 152:\n  Lib. de Octimest. Partu.\nFootnote 153:\n  Heist. Anat.\nFootnote 154:\n  Vid. Sect. II. Chap. 2.\nFootnote 155:\n  Vid. Sect. I. Chap. 12.\nFootnote 156:\n  Metamorph. lib. 1.\nFootnote 157:\n  Chap. 7.\nFootnote 158:\n  Chap. xiv. 5.\nFootnote 159:\nFootnote 160:\n  Hipp. de Nat. Puer.\nFootnote 161:\n  Sect. IV. Chap. 9.\nFootnote 162:\nFootnote 163:\n  De Nat. Puer.\nFootnote 164:\nFootnote 165:\n  Vid. SECT. iii. _Chap._ 19.\nFootnote 166:\n  SECT. IV. Chap. _ult._\nFootnote 167:\n  Vid. Sect. IV. Chap. 7, 8.\nFootnote 168:\n  Vid. Sect. IV. Chap. 17.\nFootnote 169:\n  Lib. de Nat. Puer.\nFootnote 170:\nFootnote 171:\nFootnote 172:\n  _Vid._ SECT. IV. Chap. 13.\nFootnote 173:\nFootnote 174:\n  SECT. IV. Chap. ult. & SECT. vi. Chap. 7.\nFootnote 175:\n  Vid. Chap. 16.\nFootnote 176:\n  Vid. SECT. 4. Chap. 13. & SECT. 5. Chap. 19.\nFootnote 177:\nFootnote 178:\n  Vid. Chap. 19.\nFootnote 179:\nFootnote 180:\n  Vid. SECT. III. Chap. 19. & SECT. V. Chap. 5.\nFootnote 181:\n  Vid. Sect. 3. Chap. 28.\nFootnote 182:\n  Plutarch. in Vit. Romuli.\nFootnote 183:\n  Vid. lib. 2.\nFootnote 184:\n  Apud Aul. Gell. lib. 12. cap. 1.\nFootnote 185:\n  _Plato in Phed._\nFootnote 186:\n  _Vid. Lev. Lemn. lib. 4. cap. 18._\nFootnote 187:\nFootnote 188:\n  _Vid._ Chap. 7.\nFootnote 189:\n  _Senert. de Dentit. Part. 2. cap. 14._\nFootnote 190:\n  _Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. 7. cap. 16. Ronss\u00e6us de vit\u00e6 hum. Primord. cap.\n  de Dentit._\nFootnote 191:\nFootnote 192:\n  _Lib. de Morb. Acut._ Infant.\nFootnote 193:\n  _Lib. de Flat._\nFootnote 194:\n  _De Morb. Acut._ Infant.\nFootnote 195:\n  _De Superf\u00e6t._\nFootnote 196:\n  _Avicen, Rhases, &c._\nFootnote 197:\n  _Marcel. Donat. lib. 4. de Historiar. Mirabil. cap. 16._\nFootnote 198:\n  _Lib. 7. de Histor. Animal. cap. 14. & lib. 4. de gener. Animal. cap.\nFootnote 199:\n  Sect. 4. Chap. _ult._\nFootnote 200:\n  _Parens in Sua Orirurg. &c._\nFootnote 201:\n  _Johan Schenck. Lib. 4. Observat._\nFootnote 202:\n  _Vid._ Sect. 5. Chap. 17.\nFootnote 203:\n  _1. & 2. De Morb. Mul. & lib. de Steril._\nFootnote 204:\n  _Vid._ Sect. 4. Chap. 18.\nFootnote 205:\n  _Senert. lib._ 4. Part. 2. Sect. 4. Chap. 10. _Herc. Saxon._ P. 3.\nFootnote 206:\n  _Vid._ Sect. 2. Chap. 7.\nFootnote 207:\nFootnote 208:\n  _Loc. cit._\nFootnote 209:\nFootnote 210:\n  _Contra Pindarum lib. 3. de Us. part. cap. 1._\nFootnote 211:\n  _Homel. 7. super. caput 3. Epistolar. Pauli._\nFootnote 212:\n  _In vit\u00e2 su\u00e2._\nFootnote 213:\n  _Loc. cit._\nFootnote 214:\nFootnote 215:\nFootnote 216:\nFootnote 217:\n  _Thes. Med. pract. lib._ II. Sect. 19. Sub-Sect. 3.\nFootnote 218:\nFootnote 219:\nFootnote 220:\n  _Hos._ Chap. 8, and 9.\nFootnote 221:\nFootnote 222:\nFootnote 223:\nFootnote 224:\nFootnote 225:\n  _Cap. de Sterilit._\nFootnote 226:\nFootnote 227:\n  _Loc. Cit._\nFootnote 228:\nFootnote 229:\n  _Herc. Sax. Pr\u00e6lec. Pract. P. 3._\nFootnote 230:\nFootnote 231:\n  _Tulpius Observ. Medic. lib. 1. cap. 12._ and _lib. 2. cap. 43._\nFootnote 232:\n  _De Imper. Sol. & Lun. Cap. 2._\nFootnote 233:\n  _Ibidem._\nFootnote 234:\n  _Lib. 6. de loc. aff. c. 5._\nFootnote 235:\n  _Lib. 6. de loc. aff. cap. 5._\nFootnote 236:\n  _Alex. Bened. Pract. lib. 10. cap. 10. Par\u00e6us lib. 24. cap. 19. &c._\nFootnote 237:\n  _Lib. 6. de loc. aff. cap. 5._\nFootnote 238:\n  _Nic. Rocheus lib. de morb. mulieb. cap. 4. Mercurialis lib. 4. de\n  morb. mul. cap. ult. Albertin Bottonus lib. de morb. Mul. cap. 43,\nFootnote 239:\nFootnote 240:\n  _Gal. lib. 6. de loc. aff. c. 5._\nFootnote 241:\n  _Hipp. lib. 1. de morb. mul. Paulus lib. 3. c. 7. Fernel. lib. 6.\nFootnote 242:\n  _Vid._ Sect. III. Chap. 28. 38. Sect. VIII. Chap. 2.\nFootnote 243:\n  _Goad\u2019s Astrometeorologica, De Chales de Art. Navigandi._\nFootnote 244:\n  _Gassendus\u2019s Philosoph._\nFootnote 245:\n  _Newton\u2019s Princip. lib. 3._\nFootnote 246:\n  _Mead de Imper. Sol. & Lun. Cap. 1._\nFootnote 247:\n  _Bagl. de Experiment. circa Sanguin, Apul. de virtut. Herbar. c. 9. &\n  65. Helmont. de Asthm. & Tuff. Sect. 22. Floyer, de_ Asthma, pag. 17,\nFootnote 248:\nFootnote 249:\n  _Ovid. Met. Lib. 1._\nFootnote 250:\n  _Hipp. com. 4. Acut. tex. 23. 24. 25. & 82. Galen. in Comm._\nFootnote 251:\nFootnote 252:\n  _Apol. Menab. de Alce C. 10. Senert. l. 4. P. 2. S. 3. C. 4._\nFootnote 253:\n  _Hipp. Aet. Paul, Avic, Gal. Herc. Sax. Rod. Cast. Senert. &c._\nFootnote 254:\n  _Lib. 6. Loc. Aff. cap. 5._\nFootnote 255:\n  _L. 1. de Gen. Animal. Cap 20._\n 1. Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling.\n 2. Archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as printed.\n 3. Footnotes were re-indexed using numbers and collected together at\n      the end of the last chapter.\n 4. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.\n 5. Superscripts are denoted by a caret before a single superscript\n      character or a series of superscripted characters enclosed in\n      curly braces, e.g. M^r. or M^{ister}.", "source_dataset": "gutenberg", "source_dataset_detailed": "gutenberg -  The Female Physician\n"},
{"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1712, "culture": " English\n", "content": "Produced by StevenGibbs, Richard Tonsing and the Online\n[Illustration]\n                   LIFE ABOARD A BRITISH PRIVATEER.\n[Illustration]\n[Illustration: _Running past Minehead with a fine gale at S.E._]\n                      IN THE TIME OF QUEEN ANNE.\n                        CAPTAIN WOODES ROGERS,\n                    WITH NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS BY\n                      CHAPMAN AND HALL, LIMITED,\n                   HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN.\n         CHISWICK PRESS:--C. WHITTINGHAM AND CO., TOOKS COURT,\n[Illustration]\nCONTENTS.\n  CHAPTER I.\n  FROM KING ROAD, BRISTOL, TO CORK IN IRELAND                          5\n  CHAPTER II.\n  CHAPTER III.\n  FROM GRANDE TOWARDS JUAN FERNANDEZ                                  41\n  CHAPTER IV.\n  FROM LOBOS TOWARDS GUIAQUIL IN PERU                                 67\n  CHAPTER V.\n  AMONG THE GALLAPAGOS ISLANDS AND AT GORGONA\n  CHAPTER VI.\n  SAILING TOWARD THE ISLANDS OF GUAM AND BOUTON,\n  THENCE TO BATAVIA, AND ROUND THE CAPE OF\n[Illustration]\nLIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.\n  Running past Mine Head       _Frontispiece_\n  Section of Eighteenth Century Frigate                                9\n  Captain Rogers' Carriage Stops the Way                              15\n  Figure of the Quadrant and Manner of Observation                    26\n  Figure of the Cross-staff and Manner of Observation                 27\n  Captain Rogers gives the \"Duke\" a Great List                        36\n  Captains Rogers and Dover under the Piemento\n  A Map of the World, with the Ships \"Duke\" and\n[Illustration]\nLIFE ABOARD A BRITISH PRIVATEER.\nTHE INTRODUCTION.\n[Sidenote: 1708]\nMost people know their \"Robinson Crusoe,\" and have heard of the author\nDefoe. But how many of us have heard even the name of Woodes Rogers,\nMaster Mariner? or have read his quaint Journal of a cruising voyage\nround the world in the ships \"Duke\" and \"Dutchess\" of Bristol, \"printed\nin 1712 for A. Bell and B. Lintot at the Crosse Keys and Bible between\nthe two Temple Gates Fleet Street.\"? Yet it was this Woodes Rogers\nwho not only discovered the original Crusoe, Alexander Selkirk, but\nafter making a \"note of him when found\" upon the island of Juan\nFernandez,[1] at once proceeded to make very practical use of him by\ngiving him command of the \"Increase,\" one of many small prizes taken in\nthe South Seas from the Spaniards by the \"Duke\" and \"Dutchess.\"\nThat Rogers was more than a master mariner, of much resource and pluck,\nis shown in his Journal, and the wonderful way in which he handled the\nvery mixed group of men which formed the small floating commonwealth\nunder him. It was more than thirty years later that Lord Anson sailed\na similar voyage round the world with the advantage of the experience\nof Rogers and others, while Anson's squadron was fitted, manned, and\narmed by Government: yet, considering the loss of life and material\nwhich marked that cruise, it seems to me that, judged by results,\nRogers' voyage was a far more wonderful performance, and that it\nattracted some attention at the time is shown by a notice of it in\nCaptain Berkley's \"Naval History,\" (published, 1756), where, under the\nheading of \"Conduct of the Bristol Privateers,\" he says, \"we have read\nin very pompous language the names of those who, with great ships and\ngreat preparations, encompassed the Globe. But at this time came in\ntwo privateers, of Bristol, who with no more than the common strength\nof such vessels, undertook the voyage, and at the end of two years and\nthree months returned,\" &c.\nIn his own Preface, Captain Rogers says, \"I was not fond to appear\nin print; but my friends who had read my journal prevail'd with me\nat last to publish it,\" adding, \"I know 'tis generally expected,\nthat when far distant voyages are printed, they should contain new\nand wonderful discoveries, with surprising accounts of people and\nanimals; but this voyage being only design'd for cruising on the\nenemy, it is not reasonable to expect such accounts here as are to\nbe met with in travels relating to history, geography, &c., while,\nas for stile, I have not had time, were it my talent, to polish it;\nnor do I think it necessary for a mariner's journal. 'Tis also,\" he\nsays, \"a particular misfortune, which attends voyages to the South\nSea, that the buccaneers, to set off their own knight-errantry, and\nto make themselves pass for prodigies of courage and conduct, have\ngiven such romantic accounts of their adventures, and told such strange\nstories, as make the voyages of those who come after (and cannot allow\nthemselves the same liberty), to look flat and insipid to unthinking\npeople. Therefore I request my readers, that they be favourable in\ntheir censures when they peruse this journal which is not calculated\nto amuse, but barely to relate the truth, and which is all written in\nthe language of the sea, that being more genuine and natural for a\nmariner than the method us'd by authors that write ashoar.\" I have,\ntherefore, in the following extracts, quoted Rogers' Journal as closely\nas possible, adding only a short connecting note here and there, where\nrequired.\n[Illustration]\nFOOTNOTES:\n[1] Though this island in the Pacific is the one usually associated\nwith Robinson Crusoe, Defoe conceals its identity by wrecking Crusoe's\nship upon an island to the north of Brasil, near the \"Great River\nOroonoque.\"\n[Illustration]\nCHAPTER I.\nFROM KING ROAD, BRISTOL, TO CORK IN IRELAND.\n[Sidenote: 1708]\n[Sidenote: _Setting out from King Road._]\nMany a modern pleasure yacht would exceed the tonnage of the frigates\n\"Duke\" and \"Dutchess,\" the \"Duke\" being 320 tons, with 30 guns and\n117 men, and the \"Dutchess\" only 260 tons, with 26 guns, and 108\nmen. \"Both ships,\" says Rogers, \"well furnished with all necessaries\non board for a distant undertaking weigh'd from King Road Bristol\nAugust 2nd 1708 in company with the 'Scipio,' 'Peterborough Frigate,'\n'Prince Eugene,' 'Bristol Galley,' 'Berkley Galley,' 'Bucher Galley,'\n'Sherstone Galley,' and 'Diamond Sloop,' bound to Cork in Ireland.\"\nThese \"galleys\" must not be confounded with the lateen rigged vessels\nof that name in the south of Europe; being simply small, low, straight\nships of light draught easily moved by oars or sweeps in calms. In\nRogers' time a ship was said to be \"Frigate built\" when she had a poop\nand forecastle rising a few steps above the waist, and \"galley built,\"\nwhen there was no break in the line of her deck and topsides. But the\nuse of oars was not confined to these Bristol[2] galley built ships,\nfor Rogers speaks of using them on several occasions in the \"Duke\" and\n\"Dutchess.\" While in old draughts of small vessels of this class, of\neven a later date, row-ports are often shown.\nBetween the Holmes and Minehead the little fleet came to \"an Anchor\nfrom 10 to 12 at night, when all came to sail again, running past\nMinehead with a fine gale at S.E. at six in the morning.\" No time was\nlost before an attempt was made to add to the number of the fleet,\nfor the same day, at 5 p.m., the \"Dutchess,\" like a young hound,\nbreaks away from the pack in chase of what seemed a large ship, which\nthey lost sight of again at 8 o'clock. But \"having been informed at\nBristol that the 'Jersey,' a French man-of-war, was cruising betwixt\nEngland and Ireland, the ships sailed all night with hammocks stowed\nand cleared for a fight. Though it was well for us,\" says Rogers, \"that\nthis proved a false alarm, since had it been real we should have made\nbut an indifferent fight, for want of being better manned.\"\n[Sidenote: _An incompetent Pilot._]\n[Sidenote: _Arrival at Cork._]\nAfter parting company with three galleys and the \"Prince Eugene,\" the\nfleet, on the 5th of August, \"finding they have overshot their port,\ncome to an anchor at noon off two rocks, called the Sovereigne's\nBollacks, near Kinsale; at 8 p.m. they weighed again with a small gale\nat east, which increased and veered to northward.\" At this time Rogers\nhad a Kinsale pilot on board who, he says, \"was like to have endanger'd\nour ships by turning us into the next bay to the west of Cork, the\nweather being dark and foggy.\" \"Which,\" says Rogers, \"provoked me to\nchastise him for undertaking to act as pilot without understanding his\nbusiness better.\" On the 7th the \"Duke\" and \"Dutchess\" anchored in the\nCove of Cork, and remained there, more or less weather bound, until the\n28th, the entries in Rogers' log varying little beyond telling us that\non the 11th, \"it blow'd fresh and dirty weather:\" while on the 12th,\n\"it blew fresh and dirty weather, on which day there clear'd and run\nnear forty of our fresh water sailors.\" In whose place \"came off a boat\nload of men from Cork, that appear'd to be brisk fellows but of several\nnations; so I sent to stop the rest till we were ready, our ships being\npester'd.\" On the 28th the weather was fine enough to \"Careen clean and\ntallow the ships five streaks below the water line.\" Nothing marked the\nsmart privateersman and seaman of those days more than his constant\ncare in keeping the bottom of his ship perfectly clean. Indeed, Captain\nRogers never seemed happier than when he had one or other of the little\nfrigates held over for scraping and cleaning, in some quiet bay, so\nnearly upon her beam ends, as to bring her keel almost out of water.\n[Illustration: _Section of Eighteenth Century Frigate, showing space\noccupied by hemp cables and other stores._]\nWhen shipping the rest of his crew before sailing from Cork, we get a\ntaste of Rogers' foresight and policy. For he tells us, \"we have now\nabove double the number of officers usual in privateers, besides a\nlarge complement of men;\" adding, \"we took this method of doubling our\nofficers to prevent mutinies, which often happen in long voyages, and\nthat we might have a large provision for a succession of officers in\neach ship in case of mortality.\"\nIt must, however, have been a sore trial to a tarpaulin seaman, like\nRogers, to have to note at the same time, \"that in order to make room\nfor our men and provisions, we sent the sheet cable and some other\nstore cordage on shore, having on board three cables besides, and being\nwilling rather to spare that than anything else we had aboard.\"\nIn a small frigate quite a fourth part of the hold was, before the\nintroduction of chain cables, occupied by the cable tier or room; and\nwhen one considers, not only the space they filled, but the difficulty\nof handling them, and the care required to keep them from chafing when\nin use, and from damp and rot when stowed away, it is astonishing that\nships returning from long cruises ever had an anchor or cable left\nwhich they could trust.\nAmong the troubles attending the use of hemp cables, that of firing in\nthe hawse holes and at the bits, or timbers they passed over in running\nout, was one; and each time the anchor was let go men were stationed\nwith buckets of water to prevent this.\n[Sidenote: _The crew at Cork._]\n[Sidenote: _Many weddings among them._]\nIt was while victualling and shipping men at this time that a side-note\nappears of the \"Strange behaviour of our men at Cork;\" alluding to\nthe fact, \"that they were continually marrying whilst we staid there,\nthough they expected to sail immediately.\" Among others, a Dane was\ncoupled by an Irish priest to an Irish woman, without understanding\na word of each other's language, so that they were forc'd to use an\ninterpreter. \"Yet,\" says Rogers, \"I perceived this pair seem'd more\nafflict'd at separation than any of the rest; the fellow continu'd\nmelancholy for several days after we were at sea.\" Whether the Irish\nbride shared her Danish husband's depression is, of course, not related\nby Rogers, who goes on to say that \"the rest, understanding each other,\ndrank their cans of flipp[3] till the last minute, concluding with a\nhealth to our good voyage, and their happy meeting, and then parted\nunconcern'd.\"\n[Sidenote: _Names of the officers._]\nThough the chief command of the expedition fell to Woodes Rogers,\nmaster mariner, yet, as was the case in most of these private ventures\nto the South Seas, several of his officers were men with no claim to\nthe name of sailor, who had either money invested in the ships, or\ninterest with the owners. It is not surprising, therefore, to find that\n\"the second Captain of the 'Duke,' and captain of the Marines, was one\nThomas Dover, a doctor of phisick,\" or that this Captain Dover's first\nlieutenant was \"his kinsman, Mr. Hopkins, an apothecary.\" On the other\nhand, Rogers had cleverly secured as his master the celebrated William\nDampier, also rated \"Pilot of the South Seas,\" \"he having,\" as Rogers\nsays, \"already been there three times and twice round the world.\" This\nwas no doubt poor Dampier's last venture at sea, for though Rogers\nmentions his name once or twice in consultation during the cruise,\nhe is altogether lost sight of toward the end of it. Among the other\nofficers, \"the third mate, John Ballet, was also designated surgeon,\nhaving,\" says Rogers, \"been Captain Dampier's doctor in his last\nunfortunate voyage;\" while two young lawyers have their names upon the\nship's books, \"designed to act as midshipmen.\"\n[Sidenote: _How the crew was made up._]\nIncluding boatswains, gunners, carpenters, &c., there were on board\nthe \"Duke\" thirty-six officers, and of the rest of the crew, we are\ntold that \"a third were foreigners, while of Her Majestie's subjects\nmany were taylors, tinkers, pedlars, fiddlers, and hay-makers, with ten\nboys and one negro; with which mix'd gang we hope to be well manned\nas soon as they have learnt the use of arms, and got their sea legs;\"\nwhich, says Rogers, \"we doubt not soon to teach 'em and bring 'em to\ndiscipline.\"\nIt was the 1st of September before the \"Duke\" and \"Dutchess\" left\nthe Cove of Cork with twenty merchant vessels, under convoy of Her\nMajesty's ship \"Hastings,\" \"both of us,\" says Rogers, \"very crowded\nand pester'd ships, their holds full of provisions, and between decks\nencumbered with cables, much bread, and altogether in a very unfit\nstate to engage an enemy, without throwing many stores overboard.\"\nNevertheless, on the 2nd, the two little frigates stand out from\nthe fleet to chase a sail to windward; and Rogers is glad to find\nthat they sailed as well as any in the fleet, not even excepting the\nman-of-war, so that, he says, \"we begin to hope we shall find our\nheels, since we go so well tho deep and pester'd.\"\nThe chase, however, proved an inoffensive \"French built Snow,[4] of\nBristol, joining our fleet from Baltimoor\" (Ireland).\n[Sidenote: _Captain Paul's civility._]\nThe weather being fine on the 4th of September, Rogers and Captain\nCourtenay of the \"Dutchess,\" in answer to a signal from Captain Paul,\nof the Sherstone galley, make a morning call upon that gentleman, in\nwhich they are joined by the commander of the \"Scipio,\" and after being\n\"handsomely treated by Captain Paul,\" he proposes joining them in a few\ndays, privateering off that well-stocked preserve, Cape Finisterre.\nA marginal note occurs here in Rogers' journal of \"Captain Paul's\ncivility,\" referring to a present, or tip, \"of some scrubbers and iron\nscrapers for our ships' bottoms, together with a speaking trumpet and\nother things we wanted, for which Captain Paul would accept nothing in\nreturn.\"\n[Sidenote: _The crew acquainted with our design._]\n[Sidenote: _Leave Captain Paul._]\nThe time had now come for parting company with the man-of-war, \"and\nit became necessary,\" says Rogers, \"to acquaint the ships companies\nwith our designes in order that while in company with one of Her\nMajesties ships any malcontents might be exchanged into her. But with\nthe exception of one fellow who expected to have been made tything man\nin his parish that year, and said his wife would have to pay forty\nshillings in his abscence, all hands were satisfied,\" while even the\ndiscontented tything man became reconciled to his lot, when asked to\njoin all hands at the grog-tub in drinking to a good voyage. Parting\ncompany, however, with the man-of-war also entailed giving up the\nproposed cruise off Finisterre with the Sherstone Galley, or as Rogers\nputs it \"we had to break measures with Captain Paul. But I excused it\nto him and saluted him, which he answered and wished us a prosperous\nundertaking. Wind N. by W. and clear weather.\" As the crowded little\nfrigates roll across the Bay of Biscay together before this fair\nwind, we have the first entry in Captain Rogers' log of one of the many\nsnug little dinners given on board his ship to the officers of the\n\"Dutchess,\" and which is returned by them in due form the next day.\n[Illustration: _Captain Rogers' carriage stops the way._]\nThis constant interchange of civilities among the officers of ships\nsailing in company is a very marked feature in the manners and customs\nof the mariners of that date. Among men-of-war anchored in roadsteads\nor in port such events are even now, of course, not uncommon. But in\nthose days, judging from entries in Rogers' log, few days passed at\nsea without actual communication by boat between the ships, the crews\nof which must have had constant practical experience, both in lowering\nand hoisting in boats. While, though this must often have been done\nwith a high sea running, there is no record of a mishap to a boat or\ncrew during the entire cruise--a fact speaking volumes for the fine\nboatmanship of the sailors of this period.[5]\n[Sidenote: _A committee._]\nThough practically under the able leadership of Rogers, the two\nprivateers formed together a small floating commonwealth, no important\nmeasures being decided upon until they had passed a committee of the\nofficers of both ships. The first of these marine parliaments sat on\nboard the \"Duke,\" just after an entry in Rogers' log says, \"that now\nwe begin to consider the length of our voyage, and the many different\nclimates we must pass, and the excessive cold which we cannot avoid\ngoing about Cape Horn; at the same time we have but a slender stock\nof liquor, and our men but meanly clad, yet good liquor to sailors is\npreferable to clothing. Upon this we held our first committee to debate\nwhether t'was necessary for us to stop at Madera?\"\nHere follows a minute of the resolutions as passed, which are formally\nsigned by each member of the Committee, thus:\n  \"THOS: DOVER, _President_.\n  STEPHEN COURTENAY.\n  WOODES ROGERS.\n  EDWARD COOKE.\n  WILLIAM DAMPIER.\n  CARLETON VANBRUGH.\n  THO: GLENDALL.\n  JOHN BRIDGE.\n  JOHN BALLET.\n  ROBERT FRYE.\"\nAt six the next morning both frigates go in chase of a sail, \"the\n'Dutchess' having a mile start given her in order to spread the more;\"\nRogers adding \"that it blew fresh with a great sea, and the chase being\nto windward, we crowd'd extravagantly.\"\nNine hours later they came up with the chase, \"who bore right down upon\nus, showing Swedish colours. We fired twice at her before she brought\nto, when we board'd her, Captain Courtney's boat being just before\nours. We examined the master, and found he came round Scotland and\nIreland.\"\nThis was a very usual track in the old war times, in order to avoid\ncapture in the British Channel. But it made Rogers suspect the Swede\nof having something in the shape of warlike stores on board, so that,\nnaturally anxious to prove her a prize, after such a long chase to\nwindward, and believing some men \"he found drunk, who told us they\nhad gunpowder and cables aboard, he resolved to strictly examine\nher, placing twelve men on board, and taking the master and twelve\nof her men on board the 'Duke.'\" Nothing, however, was found to\nprove her a prize, and Rogers \"let her go,\" as he says, \"without the\nleast embezelment. Her master giving him two hams and some ruff't\ndried beef,\" in return for which Rogers gave him \"a dozen bottles of\nred-streak cider.\"\n[Sidenote: _A mutiny quell'd._]\n[Sidenote: _Mutineers pardon'd._]\nThe character both of Rogers and his crew come out strongly on this\noccasion, for he tells us \"that while I was on board the Swede\nyesterday our men mutiny'd. The ringleaders being our boatswain and\nthree inferior officers. But this morning the chief officers having\nkept with me in the after part of the ship we confined the authors\nof this disorder, in which there was not one foreigner concerned,\nputting ten mutineers in irons, a sailor being first soundly whip'd for\nexciting the rest to join him. Others less guilty were punished and\ndischarg'd, but I kept the chief officers all arm'd, fearing what might\nhappen; the ship's company seeming inclin'd to favour the mutineers,\nsome beg'd pardon and others I was forc'd to wink at.\" The only reason\nfor this rising was discontent of the crew at not being allowed to\nplunder the Swede. \"Two days later,\" says Rogers, \"the men in irons\ndiscover'd others who were ringleaders in the mutiny.\" These are, of\ncourse, placed in irons with the rest, Captain Rogers judiciously\ncreating a new boatswain, \"in the room of Giles Cash, who, being a most\ndangerous fellow,\" I agreed with the master of the \"Crown Galley,\"\nthen in company, to carry for me in irons to Madera, \"which extreme\nmeasure\" was taken because \"on September the 14th a sailor follow'd\nby near half the ship's company came aft to the steerage door, and\ndemanded the boatswain out of irons; on which,\" says Rogers, \"I desired\nhim to speak with me on the quarter deck, which he did, where, the\nofficers assisting, I seiz'd him (_i.e._, tied him up) and made one of\nhis chief comrades whip him, which method I thought best for breaking\nany unlawful friendship amongst themselves, which, with different\ncorrection to other offenders, allay'd this tumult, so that now they\nbegan to submit quietly and those in irons to beg pardon and promise\namendment. This mutiny would not have been easily lay'd were it not\nfor the number of our officers, which we begin to find very necessary\nto bring our crew to discipline, always difficult in privateers, but\nwithout which 'tis impossible to carry on any distant undertaking like\nours. Fine pleasant weather, moderate gales.\" Two days later, \"on their\nhumble submission, and strict promise of good behaviour for the time to\ncome,\" the mutineers are set free; \"they having,\" says Rogers, \"while\nthey continued in irons had sentries over 'em, and were fed with bread\nand water.\"\n[Sidenote: _A Spanish prize taken._]\nOn September the 18th they sight \"Pico Teneriff, and at 5 next morning\nspy'd a sail under their lee bow, which proved a prize, a Spanish\nbark about 25 tuns belonging to Oratava in Teneriff, and bound to\nForteventura with about 45 passengers; who rejoiced when they found\nus English, because they feared we were Turks. Amongst the prisoners\nwere four Fryars, one of them the Padre Guardian for the Island of\nForteventura, a good honest fellow whom we made heartily merry drinking\nKing Charles the _Thirds_ health, but the rest were of the _wrong\nsort_.\"\nFOOTNOTES:\n[2] Writing of Bristol in 1808, Pinkerton says that \"in the late wars\nwith France they built here a sort of galleys, called runners, which\nbeing well armed and manned, and furnished with letters of marque,\novertook and mastered several prizes of that nation. Many of these\n_ships_ were then also carriers for the London merchants, who ordered\ntheir goods to be landed here, and sent to Gloucester by water, thence\nby land to Lechlade, and thence _down_ the Thames to London; the\ncarriage being so reasonable that it was more than paid for by the\ndifference of the insurance and risque between this port and London.\"\n[3] \"Flipp, a liquor much used in ships, made by mixing beer with\nspirits and sugar.\"--JOHNSON, 1760.\n[4] \"Snow.\" A vessel which would now be called a brig. The largest two\nmasted craft of that time, and then distinguished from a brig by having\na square mainsail below her maintopsail; a fore and aft sail being also\ncarried upon a small spar fitted to, and just abaft the mainmast. In\nthe original brigs this fore and aft sail was set upon the mainmast\nitself, and was the mainsail, in the Snow it became the spanker.\n[5] Forty or fifty years ago the crews of South Sea whalers were very\nsmart sea-boatmen, and their captains thought nothing of lowering a\nboat in a double reefed topsail breeze, to take a cup of tea or glass\nof grog with the captain of a ship in company. Great simplicity was the\nmain feature of boat lowering gear on board these ships; but constant\npractice made communication between them so easy, that it took place\noften under difficulties which now would be sufficient to entitle the\nofficer in charge of the boat to a gold watch and chain.\n[Illustration]\nCHAPTER II.\nAMONGST THE CANARY ISLES.\n[Sidenote: 1708 _Sept._]\nConsidering that Captain Rogers' main object in cruising among the\nGrand Canaries was to lay in a store of liquor for his voyage \"about\nCape Horn,\" this small Spanish bark, with a cargo of two butts of wine,\nand a hogshead of brandy, was a lucky windfall.\n[Sidenote: _A letter from Port Oratava._]\nA trifling hitch occurred, however, about her ransom, owing to the\nheadstrong conduct of Mr. Carlton Vanbrugh, the \"Duke's\" agent, \"who,\nagainst his Captain's judgement,\" went ashore with the master of the\nprize to settle this matter, and was there detained; the authorities\nrefusing to let him go unless the bark was restored to them free of\ncharge; they claiming protection from capture for all vessels trading\nbetween these Islands; which view of the case was supported, not only\nby the British Consul at Oratava, but by certain English merchants\nthere, and from whom Rogers received a long letter actually advising\nhim to give up his prize; which he answered in full, with his reasons\nfor not doing this; the chief of which was, that possession is\nnine-tenths of the law.\n[Sidenote: _Our Answer._]\n[Sidenote: _Capt. Rogers' generosity._]\nThe answer of the Spanish authorities, however, \"being,\" as Rogers\ntells us, \"of a dilatory character,\" he at once wrote the following\ndispatch; informing them \"that had it not been out of respect for his\nofficer ashoar, he would not have staid one minute, and that now he\nshould stay only till morning for their answer, taking meanwhile a\ncruise among the Islands in order to make reprisals, and tho' he could\nnot land his men, that he would visit the town with his guns by eight\nnext morning; when he hoped to meet the Governor's Frigate, and repay\nhis civility in his own way.\" \"Which letter,\" says Rogers, \"had its\neffect, for as we stood in close to the town at eight o'clock next\nmorning, we spy'd a boat coming off, in which proved to be one Mr.\nCrosse, an English merchant, and our agent Mr. Vanbrugh, with wine,\ngrapes, hogs, and other necessaries for the ransom of the bark. And\nso, upon his coming up, we immediately went to work, discharged the\nbark, and parted her cargo between our ships. We treated Mr. Crosse as\nwell as we could, and at his desire, gave the prisoners back as much\nas we could find of what belonged to their persons, particularly to\nthe fryars their books, Crucifixes, and Reliques. We presented the old\nPadre with a cheese, and such as were strip'd with other clothes, so\nthat we parted well satisfied on all sides.\"\nAfter which very comfortable arrangement, Captain Rogers, carefully\nconcealing his destination from the Spaniards by stating that he was\n\"bound to the English West Indies,\" sailed on his way rejoicing, \"that\nnow we are indifferently well stocked with liquors, and shall be better\nable to endure cold when we get the length of Cape Horn.\"\nOn the afternoon of the 22nd another sail was spy'd and chased to the\nwestward, until \"a stiff gale coming on, put us,\" says Rogers, \"out\nof hopes of seeing her again to advantage.\" The next day, the weather\nbeing fine, with fresh gales, the officers of both ships again dine\ntogether on board the \"Duke,\" when a committee is held, and a vote of\ncensure passed upon Mr. Carlton Vanbrugh for landing against the wish\nof his Captain. No doubt also the quality of the Canary was discussed,\nand perhaps helped to smooth the course of this debate.\n[Sidenote: _Pass the Tropick._]\nIt would seem, from the next entry in the log, that the penalties\nusually exacted by Neptune of those crossing the _Line_ for the first\ntime, then became his due somewhat earlier in the voyage; or upon first\nentering what sailors call the \"Horse latitudes.\" For Rogers says that\nSeptember the 25th \"we passed the tropick, and according to custom\nduck'd those that had not done so before. The manner of doing it was\nby a rope thro' a block from the main yard to hoist 'em above halfway\nup to the yard and let 'em fall at once into the water, having a stick\ncross thro their legs, and well fastened to the rope, that they might\nnot be surprised and let go their hold.\n[Illustration: _Crossing the Tropick._]\n\"This prov'd of great use to our freshwater sailors to recover the\ncolour of their skins, which were grown very black and nasty. Those\nthat we duck'd after this manner three times, were about sixty, and\nothers that would not undergo it chose to pay half a crown fine; the\nmoney to be levy'd and spent at a public meeting of all the ships\ncompanies when we return to England. The Dutchmen and some Englishmen\ndesir'd to be duck'd, some six, others eight, ten, and twelve times, to\nhave the better title for being treated when they come home.\"\nThe \"Duke\" and \"Dutchess\" made the Island of Sal, one of the Cape de\nVerds, on the morning of September 29th, and \"after being satisfied,\"\nsays Rogers, \"it was Sal, we stood from it W. and W. by N. for St.\nVincent, going under easy sail all night because we had none aboard\neither ship that was acquainted with these islands; but on the 30th\nwhen day broke we saw 'em all in a range much as is laid down in the\ndraughts, and at ten o'clock anchored in the bay of St. Vincent in five\nfathom water.\" When one considers the means by which these early master\nmariners determined their position at sea, and that for want of good\ntimekeepers they were almost quite dependent upon dead reckoning for\ntheir longitude, the accuracy and boldness with which Rogers made his\nlandfalls is truly surprising.\nThe accompanying figures, from a standard work upon navigation of the\nperiod,[6] are interesting as showing the curious form of nautical\ninstruments used by old shipmen, like Woodes Rogers, for taking\naltitudes of the sun, moon, pole, stars, &c., before the invention of\nHadley's quadrant.\n[Illustration: The Figure of the Quadrant and Manner of Observation.\n(Davis's Quadrant.)]\n[Illustration: The Figure of the Cross-Staff and the Manner of\nObservation.]\n\"Davis's Quadrant,\" invented by the celebrated navigator of that name\nin Queen Elizabeth's time, was the best of these. This instrument\nwas known also as \"the back-staff\" from the position of the observer\nwith his back to the sun when using it. The cross-staff or fore-staff\nwas, however, still used, as it was in the time of Columbus; this was\nsimply a four-sided straight staff of hard wood, about three feet long,\nhaving four cross-pieces of different lengths made to slide upon it as\nthe cross-piece does upon a shoemaker's rule. These cross-pieces were\ncalled respectively the ten, thirty, sixty, and ninety cross, and were\nplaced singly upon the staff according to the altitude of the sun or\nstar at time of observation; the angle measured being shown by a scale\nof degrees and minutes intersected by the cross-piece on that side the\nstaff to which it (the cross) belonged. Besides the cross-staff, a\nform of small quadrant, called an \"Almacantas staff,\" was used just\nafter sunrise, and before sunset, for finding the sun's azimuth, and\nthe variation of the compass, while in latitudes north of the line, the\n\"Nocturnal\" gave the hour of the night, by observing with it the hands\nof the great star-clocks, Ursa Major and Minor, as they turned about\nthe Pole Star.\n[Illustration: The Figure of the Nocturnal.]\n[Sidenote: _Letter to the Governor of St. Antonio._]\n\"The day after anchoring at St. Vincent,\" Rogers says, \"we clear'd\nour ships, but it blow'd too hard to row our boatloads of empty\nbutts ashoar; and we could do little to wooding and watering, till\nthis morning, we were forc'd to get a rope from the ship to the\nwatering-place, which is a good half mile from our anchorage, and\nso haul'd our empty casks ashoar by boatloads, in order to have 'em\nburnt and cleaned in the inside, being oil-casks, and for want of\ncleaning our water stunk insufferably. But borrowing a cooper from\nthe 'Dutchess,' and having five of my own, we made quick dispatch.\"\n\"We also sent a boat to St. Antonio, with one Joseph Alexander a good\nlinguist, and a respectful letter to the Govenour, who accounts himself\na great man here, tho' very poor, to get in truck for our prize goods\nwhat we wanted; they having plenty of cattel, goats, hogs, fowls,\nmelons, potatoes, limes, ordinary brandy, tobacco, &c.\" And while here\nRogers adds, \"that tho' our people were meanly stock'd with clothes,\nand the 'Dutchess's' crew much worse, yet we are both forc'd to watch\n'em very narrowly, and punish'd some of 'em, to prevent their selling\nwhat they have to the negroes that come over with little things from\nSt. Antonio's.\" In his letter to the Govenour, Rogers tells him that\n\"as our stay cannot exceed two days, despatch is necessary, and that\nthe bearer can inform his Honour of the public occurrences of Europe,\nand the great successes of the Confederate arms against the French and\nSpaniards, which no doubt must soon be follow'd with a lasting peace,\nwhich God grant.\"\n[Sidenote: _Desertion of a Linguist._]\nFrom an entry in the journal a few days later to the effect \"that our\nboat return'd yesterday with two good black cattel, one for each ship,\nbut no news of our linguist;\" it appears that worse luck befell him\nthan that which attended Mr. Carlton Vanbrugh, or it may be that he\ntook less real interest in the cruise than that gentleman. Whether\nthis was so or not, the officers of both frigates at once agreed, on\nthe return of the boat \"with the two good black cattel,\" that they\n\"had better leave him behind than to wait with two ships for one man\nthat had not follow'd his orders;\" or as Captain Rogers puts it in a\nmarginal note, \"our linguist deserts.\"\nThat there was honour as well as method among the leaders in these\n\"undertakings to the South Seas,\" is clear from the minutes of a debate\nnow held on board the \"Duke,\" \"to prevent those mutinies and disorders\namongst the men who were not yet reconcil'd since the taking of the\nsmall Canary prize.\"\n[Sidenote: _Regulations about plunder._]\n[Sidenote: _The reasons that forc'd us to allow plunder._]\nAmong these regulations it was agreed \"that what is plunder be\nadjudg'd by the superior officers and agents in each ship; and that\nif any person do conceal any plunder exceeding in value one piece\nof eight, twenty-four hours after capture of a prize, he shall be\nseverely punished and lose his share of the plunder. The same penalty\nto be inflict'd for being drunk in time of action or disobeying his\nofficer's commands, or deserting his post in sea or land service.\nThat public books of plunder are to be kept in each ship, the plunder\nto be appraised and divided as soon as possible after capture. Every\nperson to be sworn and searched so soon as they shall come aboard, any\nperson refusing, to forfeit his share of the plunder; and that whereas\nCaptain Rogers and Captain Courtney to make both ships companies easy,\nhave given the whole cabin plunder (which in all probability is the\nmajor part), to be divided among the crew, it is agreed that the said\nCaptains Woodes Rogers and Steph: Courtney, shall have 5 per cent. each\nof 'em over and above their respective shares, &c. That a reward of\ntwenty pieces of eight be given to him that first sees a prize of good\nvalue exceeding 50 tuns.\" Rogers adds that this arrangement was \"agreed\non in order to make the men easy, without which we must unavoidably\nhave run into such continual scenes of mischief and disorder, which\nhave not only tended to the great hindrance, but generally to the total\ndisappointment of all voyages of this nature, that have been attempted\nso far abroad in the memory of man.\"\nHearing nothing more of \"their good linguist,\" the \"Duke\" and\n\"Dutchess\" \"came to sail at seven in the evening,\" of Oct. 8th, from\nSt. Vincent. After having \"put the deputy Govenour of S. Antonio (a\nnegro), ashoar, where he must lie in a hole of the rocks there being\nno house on that part of the island.\" In his description of these\nislands Rogers mentions \"that they have here very large spiders, which\nweave their webs so strong that 'tis difficult to get thro' 'em, and\nthat the heats are excessive to us who came newly from Europe, so that\nseveral of our men began to be sick and were blooded;\" while \"some of\nthe officers that went ashore a hunting could meet no game but a wild\nass, which, after a long chase they got within shot and wounded; yet\nhe afterwards held out so as to tire them, and they return'd weary and\nempty-handed.\"\nThe piety of the expedition appears to have increased steadily as it\ngot further from home, for as they draw near the Equator \"in close\ncloudy weather with squalls of rain,\" we read how first \"having put up\nthe smith's forge, and he began to work on such things as we wanted,\"\nthat a day or two after \"We began to read prayers in both ships,\nmornings and evenings, as opportunity would permit, according to the\nChurch of England; designing to continue it the term of the voyage.\"\n[Sidenote: _A Second Mate punish'd for Mutiny._]\nThe number of junior officers on board the frigates was not always\nunattended with troubles, in all which cases the first remedy tried by\nCaptain Rogers was that of shuffling, or exchanging them from ship to\nship. But it is a significant fact that it was the day after a dinner\nparty on board the \"Dutchess,\" that her captain came on board the\n\"Duke\" with his second mate, Mr. Page, desiring to exchange him into\nthe \"Duke\" in the room of Mr. Ballet. Page, however, who seems to have\nheld views of his own upon this subject, having declined to get into\nthe \"Dutchess's\" boat, and thereby \"caused his superior officer to\nstrike him, whereupon Page struck again and several blows past,\" was on\nhis arrival on board the \"Duke\" at once \"ordered on the forecastle into\nthe bilboes;[7] where, it being calm, he slipped through the ship's\ncorporal's hands overboard, thinking to swim back to the 'Dutchess.'\nA boat, however, being alongside, he was soon overtaken, brought on\nboard, and lash'd to the main gears,[8] where for this, and his abusive\nlanguage exciting the men to mutiny, he was drub'd and afterwards\nconfined in irons on board the 'Duke.'\"\nA week later Rogers mentions incidentally in his log, \"that this\nmorning I let Mr. Page out of irons on his humble submission, and\npromises of amendment; fair pleasant weather with fresh gales.\"\n[Sidenote: _Concealers of plunder punish'd._]\nOn board the \"Duke,\" however, the bilboes must have been kept in fair\nworking order, with little time to get rusty, for two days after Mr.\nPage got clear of them, \"two persons being accus'd of concealing a\nperuke, two shirts, and a pair of stockings from the plunder of the\nCanary bark, are found guilty and order'd into them.\"\n[Sidenote: _Extraordinary lightning._]\n[Sidenote: _Fluttering weather._]\nBeyond noting what Rogers calls a \"turnado\" with lightning, \"which fell\nas if it had been liquid,\" and that \"while the storm held, which was\nnot above an hour, the ships even with all sail furl'd lay along very\nmuch,\" nothing remarkable is recorded after leaving the Cape de Verds\nuntil November 16th, when \"with a brave breeze at E. they stood in with\nthe land, and suppos'd it to be the island of Cape Frio on the coast\nof Brazil.\" But \"the brave breeze\" failing them near land, they were\ntwo days \"towing and rowing the ships,\" in foggy, rainy weather, before\nanchoring in the cove off the Isle of Grande, where they designed to\nwood, water, and careen their frigates.\n[Sidenote: _Frenchmen's graves._]\nTerror of past depredations, committed by the French Corsairs, had made\nthe Brazilians very suspicious of strangers, and Rogers says \"his boat\nwas fir'd on several times when trying to land with a present to the\nGovenour of Angre de Reys; but on finding them to be English the fryars\nbegged pardon and invited them to their Convent.\" Besides wooding,\nwatering, and careening his frigates, while at the Isle of Grande,\nRogers appears to have unrigged the \"Duke's\" main and fore masts, for\nhe speaks of \"seeking for wood to repair our main and fore trustle\ntrees\" (supports of the round tops) \"which were broke,\" and that while\nso engaged \"they found abundance of Frenchmen's graves, which the\nPortuguese told them were those of near half the crews of two great\nFrench ships that water'd in this place nine months before. But,\" adds\nRogers, \"God be thank'd ours are very healthy.\"\n[Illustration: _Captain Rogers gives the \"Duke\" a great list._]\n[Sidenote: _A monstrous animal eaten here by the inhabitants._]\nThe weather is now described \"as violent hot,\" spite of which Rogers\nspeaks of \"cleaning one side of the 'Dutchess,' on the afternoon of\nthe 24th, and the other side the next morning; giving the ships great\nlists; and that having men enough, he let the pinnace, with Captain\nDover, Mr. Vanbrugh, and others, go whilst the 'Duke' was cleaning, to\ntake their pleasure, but to return by twelve o'clock, when we should\nwant our boat. And when they did so, they brought with 'em a monstrous\ncreature, which they had kill'd, having prickles like a hedgehog, with\nfur between them, and a head and tail like a monkey's. It stunk,\" says\nRogers, \"intolerably, which the Portuguese told us was only the\nskin, that the meat of it is very delicious and that they often kill'd\nthem for the table. But our men, being not yet at very short allowance,\nnone of 'em had stomach good enough to try the experiment, so that we\nwere forc'd to throw it overboard to make a sweet ship.\" That some of\nthose forming the crews of the \"Duke\" and \"Dutchess,\" should not enjoy\ntheir cruising voyage as well as Rogers and his officers did, is not\nsurprising, and this was evidently the case with \"Michael Jones and\nanother, two Irish land-men who,\" says Rogers, \"while we lay at the\nIsle of Grande run into the woods thinking to get away;\" in spite of\nthe experiences \"of two such sparks that run away the day before from\nthe 'Dutchess,' and in the night were so frighted with tygers as they\nthought, but really by monkeys and baboons, that they ran into the\nwater hollowing to the ship till they were fetch'd aboard again.\"\n[Sidenote: _A Portuguese canoe attack'd by mistake, and one of their\nmen kill'd._]\nCaptain Rogers evidently regarded desertion from his ship as an act\nof foolish ingratitude, and that men incapable of appreciating the\nadvantages of prosecuting to the bitter end a voyage with him to\nthe South Seas, deserved the severest form of punishment; for upon\nrecovering these two ungrateful \"Irish land-men,\" a few days later,\nthey were at once \"order'd to be severely whip'd and put in irons.\"\nIt was while engaged in intercepting a canoe, suspected of helping\nthese men to escape, that the \"Duke's\" agent, Mr. Vanbrugh, again got\ninto trouble, through unluckily shooting an \"indian, the property of a\ncertain fryar who own'd and steer'd that canoe.\" While, as the friar\nalleged that \"in the confusion,\" he not only \"lost his slave, but\ngold amounting to \u00a3200, and threatened to seek justice in Portugal or\nEngland,\" Rogers was not able, \"though he made the 'fryar' as welcome\nas he could, to reconcile him.\" A committee of inquiry was therefore\nwisely called upon Mr. Vanbrugh's conduct in firing, without orders,\nupon the canoe.\n[Sidenote: _Mr. Vanbrugh remov'd from on board the \"Duke.\"_]\nThe result of which inquiry was, that after first entering a protest\nin the ship's books against Mr. Vanbrugh, he was shifted into the\n\"Dutchess,\" her agent, Mr. Bathe, taking his place on board the \"Duke.\"\n[Sidenote: _A Procession at Angre de Reys: our comical assistance at it\nand entertainment._]\n[Sidenote: _The Govenour and fathers entertain'd on board._]\nHaving completed their refit in rather less than a week, which as it\nincluded the lifting of the rigging of the \"Duke's\" main and fore\nmast, besides the wooding, watering, and careening of both frigates\nunder a tropical sun, was not bad work; they wound up their stay at the\nIsle de Grande, by \"assisting with both ship's musick,\" at an important\nreligious function, or as Rogers calls it, \"entertainment,\" at Angre\nde Reys; \"where,\" he says, \"we waited on the Govenour, Signior Raphael\nde Silva Lagos, in a body, being ten of us, with two trumpets and a\nhautboy, which he desir'd might play us to church, where our musick\ndid the office of an organ, but separate from the singing, which was\nby the fathers well perform'd. Our musick played 'Hey boys up go we!'\nand all manner of noisy paltry tunes. And after service, our musicians,\nwho were by that time more than half drunk, march'd at the head of\nthe company; next to them an old father and two fryars carrying lamps\nof incense, then an image dressed with flowers and wax candles, then\nabout forty priests, fryars, &c., followed by the Govenour of the town,\nmyself, and Capt. Courtney, with each of us a long wax candle lighted.\nThe ceremony held about two hours; after which we were splendidly\nentertained by the fathers of the Convent, and then by the Govenour.\nThey unanimously told us they expected nothing from us but our\nCompany, and they had no more but our musick.\" The day after, however,\nbefore sailing, Rogers in return, entertained the Governor and fathers\non board the \"Duke,\" \"When,\" he says, \"they were very merry, and in\ntheir cups propos'd the Pope's health to us. But we were quits with 'em\nby toasting the Archbishop of Canterbury; and to keep up the humour, we\nalso proposed William Pen's health, and they liked the liquor so well,\nthat they refused neither;\" while as \"in the evening it came on blowing\nwith thick showers,\" the Governor, the fathers and friars, made a night\nof it on board the frigates, not being landed till next morning, \"when\nwe saluted 'em with a huzza from each ship, because,\" as Rogers says,\n\"we were not overstock'd with powder, and made them a handsome present\nof butter and cheese from both ships in consideration of the small\npresents and yesterday's favours from 'em, and as a farther obligation\non 'em to be careful of our letters which we took this opportunity to\ndeliver into their own hands.\"\n[Illustration: _The Bird \"Alcatros.\"_]\nFOOTNOTES:\n[6] J. Seller's \"Practical Navigation,\" 1694.\n[7] Bilboes, long bars of iron with shackles sliding on them, and a\nlock at the end, used to confine the feet of prisoners as the hands are\nby handcuffs.\n[8] Main-geers; an assemblage of tackles coming down to the deck at the\nmain mast, by which the mainyard was hoisted or lowered in ships of\nthat time.\n[Illustration]\nCHAPTER III.\nFROM GRANDE TOWARDS JUAN FERNANDEZ.\n[Sidenote: 1708]\nA voyage of near 6,000 miles now awaited the little frigates before\nreaching Juan Fernandez, the first place they expected to refresh at\nafter leaving the Isle de Grande. A good stock of necessaries was,\ntherefore, laid in here, and a letter, giving an account of their\nproceedings so far, left with the Governor of Angre de Reys, to be sent\nto England by the first opportunity.\n[Sidenote: _The bird Alcatros._]\nThey did not clear the Brazilian coast until December 3rd, and little\nis recorded in Rogers' journal until the 6th, when, in close, cloudy\nweather,\n    \"At length did cross an albatross,\n    Thorough the fog it came.\"\nRogers[9] spells it \"Alcatros, a large bird,\" he says, \"who spread\ntheir wings from eight to ten feet wide.\"\nThe whole of this part of the voyage might, indeed, be described in\nquotations from the \"Ancient Mariner,\" for we read that, December the\n13th, \"in the afternoon the little 'Duke's' mainsail was reef'd, which\nwas the first time since we left England.\" For\n    \"Now the storm blast came, and he\n    Was tyrannous and strong;\n    He struck with his o'ertaking wings,\n    And chased us south along.\"\nAgain,\n    \"And now there came both mist and snow,\n    And it grew wondrous cold.\"\nOr, as Rogers says, \"We find it much colder in this latitude than in\nthe like degree North, though the sun is in its furthest extent to the\nsouthward, which may be ascribed to our coming newly out of warmer\nclimates, or 'tis probable the winds blow over larger tracts of ice\nthan in the same degree of N. latitude.\"\nThen we read of thick fog, in which they lose sight of their consort\nfor many hours, \"though we made all the noise agreed on between\nus.\" And so the monotonous sea-life wears on, varied only by the\nsmallest events, as when, December 10th, the commanders agree to chop\nboatswain's mates, the \"Dutchess'\" \"being mutinous, and they willing to\nbe rid of him.\" Or how, on the 18th, \"in cold hazy rainy weather, one\nof the men on board the 'Dutchess' fell out of the mizen top, and broke\nhis skull,\" and Captain Rogers boards her \"with two surgeons; where\nthey examine the wound, but found the man irrecoverable, so he died,\nand was buried next day; brisk gales from W.N.W.,\" &c.\n[Sidenote: _Falkland's Islands_]\nOn the 23rd high distant land is sighted, \"which appear'd first in\nthree, afterwards in several more islands. This,\" says Rogers, \"is\nFalkland's Land, describ'd in few draughts, and none lay it down\nright, tho the Latitude agrees pretty well.\" On Christmas Day, blowing\na strong gale S.W., at six in the evening they lost sight of the\nland, but spying a sail under their lee bow, distant four leagues,\n\"immediately,\" says Rogers, \"let our reefs out, chas'd, and got ground\nof her apace, till ten at night, when we lost sight of her. We spoke\nour consort, and agreed to bear away to the northward till dawning,\nas we were both of opinion, that if homeward bound, the chase, after\nloosing sight of us, would steer north. But when it was full light we\nsaw nothing, being thick hazy weather, till 7 a.m. When it cleared we\nsaw the chase again, and falling calm, we both got out our _oars_,\nrow'd, and tow'd with boats ahead, and gained on the chase, till six in\nthe evening, perceiving we approach'd her, I went in my boat to speak\nwith Captain Courtney, and agree how to engage her if a great ship, as\nshe appear'd to be, and adjusted signals, if either of us should find\nit proper to board her in the night. On returning on board a breeze\nsprang, and we made all possible sail, keeping the chase in view 'til\nten o'clock, when it came on thick again, but being short nights,\nwe thought it impossible to lose one another, and kept her open on\nour larboard, and the 'Dutchess' on our starboard bow. At one in the\nmorning I was persuaded to shorten sail for fear of losing our consort\nif we kept on. At daylight it was a thick fog, so that we could see\nneither our consort nor chase for an hour, when it clear'd, and we saw\nour consort on our larboard bow, and fir'd a gun for her to bear down,\nbut we immediately saw the chase ahead of the 'Dutchess' a few miles,\nwhich gave us new life. We forthwith hal'd up for them, but the wind\nheading us, we had a great disadvantage in the chase. The water was\nsmooth however. And we ran at a great rate, until it coming on to blow\nmore and more, the chase out-bore our consort, so she gave off, and\nbeing to windward, came down very melancholy to us, supposing the chase\nto have been a French homeward bound ship from the South Seas.[10]\nThus this ship escap'd, which considering that we always outwent her\nbefore, is as strange as our first seeing of her in this place, because\nall ships that we have heard of, bound either out or home, keep within\nFalkland's Island.\"\nWoodes Rogers was no doubt a very hardheaded mariner, still few\nsailors are without a trace of superstition, and his closing remark,\nin describing this long and unsuccessful chase, points to a feeling\nwith him that the vessel which all at once \"out-bore his consort,\" was\none, the speed and presence of which in that sea was to him a mystery.\nHis own ships were clean, and sailing their best; but very few English\nvessels of that time were able to \"out-go\" the ships then built by the\nFrench for trade, or piracy, in the South Seas.\n[Illustration: _The \"Dutchess\" in difficulties._]\n[Sidenote: 1709]\nThe usual foul weather, at any rate, came upon them at once, when,\n    \"With far-heard whisper, o'er the sea\n    Off shot the spectre-bark,\"\nin the shape of \"strong gales with heavy squalls from south to west,\"\nduring which the \"Dutchess\" (to ease and stiffen her) \"put the guns\ninto the hold again that she took up in the chase.\" Christmas Day, and\nthose following it, must have been days of \"toil and trouble\" on board\nthe \"Duke\" and \"Dutchess\" to both men and officers; but Rogers made up\nfor it all when, \"in fresh gales of wind from W.N.W. with fogs, being\nNew Year's Day, every officer was wished a 'Merry New Year' by our own\nmusick, and I had a large tub of punch hot upon the quarter-deck, where\nevery man in the ship had above a pint to his share, and drank our\nowners and friends' healths in Great Britain, to a happy new-year,\na good voyage, and a safe return. After which we bore down to our\nconsort, and gave them three huzzas, wishing them the same.\" Though,\nlike most good seamen, Woodes Rogers appears to have been lucky in his\nweather, and during the three years' cruise to have sustained little\ndamage from storm or tempest, the \"Duke\" and \"Dutchess\" did not escape\na few hours dusting in the passage \"about Cape Horn,\" for in latitude\n60.58 S., on the 5th of January, just past noon, \"it came on to blow\nstrong,\" when Rogers says, \"we got down our foreyard and reef'd our\nforesail and mainsail; but there came on a violent gale of wind and a\ngreat sea. A little before 6 p.m. we saw the 'Dutchess' lowering her\nmainyard. The tack flew up, and the lift unreev'd, so that the sail to\nleeward was in the water and all aback, their ship taking in a great\ndeal of water to leeward. Immediately they loosed their spritsail, and\nwore her before the wind. I wore after her, expecting when they had\ngotten their mainsail stow'd, they would take another reef in, and\nbring to under a two reef'd mainsail and reef'd and ballanc'd mizen.\nBut to my surprise they kept scudding to southward.\n\"I dreaded running amongst ice, because it was excessive cold; so\nI fir'd a gun as a signal for them to bring to, and brought to\nourselves again under the same reef'd mainsail. They kept on, and our\nmen reported an ensign in their maintopmast rigging as a signal of\ndistress, which made me doubt they had sprung their mainmast.\n\"So I wore again, our ship working exceeding well in this great sea.\nJust before night I was up with them again, and set our foresail twice\nreef'd to keep 'em company, which I did all night. About three the\nnext morning it grew more moderate; we soon after made a signal to\nspeak with them, and at five they brought to. When I came within hail I\nenquir'd how they all did aboard?\n\"They answered they had shipp'd a great deal of water in lying by,\nand were forced to put before the wind, and the sea had broke in the\ncabin windows, and over their stern, filling their steerage and waste,\nand had like to have spoil'd several men. But God be thank'd, all was\notherwise indifferent well with 'em, only they were intolerably cold\nand everything wet.\"\n[Sidenote: _Round Cape Horn._]\n[Sidenote: _Juan Fernandez Island._]\nThe next day the weather was raw cold and rainy with a great sea from\nN.W., which did not, however, deter Rogers and Captain Dampier from\n\"going in the yall on board the 'Dutchess' to visit 'em after the\nstorm, where,\" he says, \"we found 'em in a very orderly pickle; with\nall their clothes drying, the ship and rigging cover'd with them from\nthe deck to the maintop while six more guns are got into the hold to\nmake the ship more lively.\" That so far the \"Duke\" and \"Dutchess,\"\nin spite of their small size and number of men (333), were healthy\nships, is shown by an entry here in the log of the death of \"John Veal\na land-man, being the first death from sickness out of both ships\nsince our leaving England.\" After running as far south as Lat. 61.53,\n\"which,\" says Rogers, \"for ought we know is the furthest that any one\nhas yet been to the southward, and where we have no night;\" they, on\nthe 15 of Jan., in longitude 79.58 from London, \"accounted themselves\nin the South Sea being got round Cape Horn.\" Ten days later, the\n\"Dutchess\" speaks the \"Duke\" to the effect that her men are greatly\nin want of a harbour to refresh them, many being ill through want of\nclothes, and being often wet in the cold weather. Matters were not much\nbetter on board the \"Duke;\" \"several of ours,\" says Rogers, \"being very\nindifferent. So that as we are very uncertain of the latitude of 'Juan\nFernandez,' the books laying 'em down so differently that not one chart\nagrees with another, and being but a small island, and in some doubts\nof striking it we designe to hale in for the mainland to direct us.\"\nAt seven in the morning, however, of January 31st, 1709, all their\ndoubts were set at rest, and the foundation laid, upon which the \"Life\nand Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe\" are built, when Captain\nRogers made Juan Fernandez, bearing W.S.W., distant about seven leagues.\nThe next day at 2 p.m., Rogers says, \"we hoisted our pinnace out, and\nCaptain Dover with the boats crew went in her to go ashoar, tho we\ncould not be less than 4 leagues off.\n[Illustration: _Juan Fernandez._]\n[Sidenote: _Alexander Selkirk, a Scotchman found on the Isle of Juan\nFernandez, where he had liv'd four years and four months alone._]\n\"As soon as it was dark we saw a light ashore; and our boat being\nthen about a league from the island bore away for the ships when she\nsaw the light, and we put out lights for the boat, tho' some were of\nopinion the light we saw was our boat's. But as night came on it\nappeared too large for that. So we fir'd one quarter deck gun, and\nseveral muskets, showing lights in our shrouds, that our boat might\nfind us, whilst we ply'd in the lee of the Island. About two in the\nmorning our boat came on board, having been in tow of the 'Dutchess;'\nand we were glad they got well off, because it began to blow. We were\nall convinc'd this light was on shore, and designed to make our ships\nready to engage, believing them to be French ships at anchor, which we\nmust either fight, or want water,\" &c. The next morning \"we tacked, to\nlay the land close aboard, and about ten open'd the south end of the\nisland; here the flaws came heavy off shore, and we were forc'd to reef\nour topsails. When we open'd the middle bay, where we expected to find\nour enemy, we saw all clear, and no ships in that, nor the next bay.\nThough we guess'd there had been ships there, but that they were gone\non sight of us. About noon we sent our yall ashore with Capt. Dover,\nMr. Frye, and six men, all arm'd; meanwhile we and the 'Dutchess' kept\nturning to get in, and such heavy flaws came off the island that we\nwere forc'd to let fly our topsail sheets, keeping all hands to stand\nby our sails for fear of the winds carrying 'em away: though when\nthe flaws were gone we had little or no wind. Our boat not returning\nwe sent our pinnace, also arm'd, to see what was the occasion of the\nyall's stay; for we were afraid that the Spaniards had a garison there\nand might have seized 'em. We put out a signal, and the 'Dutchess'\nshow'd a French ensign. Immediately our pinnace return'd from the\nshore, and brought abundance of craw-fish with a man cloth'd in\ngoatskins, who look'd wilder than the first owners of them. He had been\non the island four years and four months, being left there by Captain\nStradling in the ship 'Cinque-Ports.' His name was Alexander Selkirk, a\nScotchman, who had been master of the 'Cinque-Ports,' a ship that came\nhere last with Capt. Dampier, who told me this was the best man in her;\nso I immediately agreed with him to be mate on board our ship.\n[Illustration: _Mr. Selkirk joins the \"Duke\" Frigate._]\n\"'Twas he made the fire last night when he saw our ships, which he\njudg'd to be English. During his stay here he had seen several ships\npass, but only two came to anchor, which as he went to view he found\nto be Spanish and retired from 'em, upon which they shot at him. Had\nthey been French, he would have submitted, but chose to risque dying\nalone\" (note, not living alone) \"in the Island, rather than fall into\nthe hands of the Spaniards in these parts, lest they murder, or make a\nslave of him in the mines; for he fear'd they would spare no stranger\nthat might be capable of discovering the South Sea. The Spaniards he\nsaid had landed before he knew what they were, and came so near him\nthat he had much ado to escape: for they not only shot at him, but\npursue'd him into the woods, where he climb'd a tree at the foot of\nwhich they stop'd and kill'd several goats just by, but went off again\nwithout discovering him. He told us he was born at Largo in the county\nof Fife, Scotland, and was bred a sailor from his youth. The reason of\nhis being left here was a difference betwixt him and his captain. When\nleft, he had with him his clothes and bedding, with a firelock, some\npowder, bullets, and tobacco, a hatchet, a knife, a kettle, a Bible,\nsome practical pieces, and his mathematical instruments and books.\n\"He diverted and provided for himself as well as he could; but for the\nfirst eight months had much ado to bear up against melancholy, and the\nterror of being alone in such a desolate place. He built two huts with\npiemento trees, cover'd them with long grass, and lin'd them with the\nskins of goats which he killed with his gun as he wanted, so long as\nhis powder lasted, which was but a pound, and that being near spent,\nhe got fire by rubbing two sticks of piemento wood together on his\nknees. In the lesser hut, at some distance from the other, he dressed\nhis victuals, and in the larger he slept, and employed himself in\nreading, singing Psalms, and praying, so that he said he was a better\nChristian while in this solitude, than ever he was before, or than he\nwas afraid he should ever be again. At first he never eat anything\ntill hunger constrain'd him, partly for grief, and partly for want of\nbread and salt; nor did he go to bed till he could watch no longer. The\npiemento[11] wood, which burnt very clear, serv'd him both for fire\nand candle, and refresh'd him with its pleasant smell. He might have\nhad fish enough, but could not eat 'em, as for want of salt, they made\nhim ill, except Craw-fish, which are there as large as lobsters and\nvery good. These he sometimes boiled, and at others broiled as he did\nhis goats flesh, of which he made very good broth, for they are not so\nrank as ours; he kept an account of 500 that he kill'd while there, and\ncaught as many more, which he marked on the ear and let go.[12] When\nhis powder fail'd he took them by speed of foot; for his way of living,\nand continued exercise of walking and running, clear'd him of all gross\nhumours, so that he run with wonderful swiftness thro the woods, and\nup the rocks and hills, as we perceiv'd when we employ'd him to catch\ngoats for us. We had a bull dog which we sent with several of our\nnimblest runners to help him catch goats; but he distanc'd and tir'd\nboth the dog and men, catch'd the goats and brought 'em to us on his\nback. He told us that his agility in pursuing a goat had once like to\nhave cost him his life; he pursue'd it with so much eagerness that he\ncatch'd hold of it on the brink of a precipice hidden by some bushes,\nso that he fell with the goat down the said precipice a great height,\nand was so stun'd and bruised with the fall that he narrowly escap'd\nwith his life, and when he came to his senses found the goat dead under\nhim. He lay there about 24 hours and was scarce able to crawl to his\nhut a mile distant, or to stir abroad again in ten days. After a while\nhe came to relish his meat well enough without salt and bread, and in\nthe season had plenty of good turnips which had been sow'd there by\nCaptain Dampier's men, and have overspread some acres of ground. He had\nenough of good cabbage from the cabbage trees and season'd his meat\nwith the fruit of the piemento tree, which is the same as the Jamaica\npepper and smells deliciously. He soon wore out all his shoes and\nclothing by running thro the woods; and at last, being forced to shift\nwithout them, his feet became so hard that he run every where without\nannoyance, and it was some time before he could wear shoes after we\nfound him. For not being used to any so long, his feet swelled when he\nfirst came to wear 'em. After he conquer'd his melancholy he diverted\nhimself sometimes by cutting his name on the trees, and the time of his\nbeing left and continuance there. He was at first much pester'd with\ncats and rats, that bred in great numbers from some of each species\nwhich had got ashore from ships that put in there to wood and water.\nThe rats knaw'd his feet and clothes while asleep, which obliged him to\ncherish the cats with goats flesh; by which many of them became so tame\nthat they would lie about him in hundreds, and soon deliver'd him from\nthe rats.\n\"He likewise tam'd some kids, and to divert himself would now and\nthen sing and dance with them and his cats; so that by the care of\nProvidence, and vigour of his youth, being now about 30 years old, he\ncame at last to conquer all the inconveniences of his solitude and to\nbe very easy. When his clothes wore out he made himself a coat and cap\nof goatskins, which he stitch'd together with little thongs of the same\nthat he cut with his knife. He had no other needle but a nail, and when\nhis knife was wore to the back, he made others as well as he could of\niron hoops that were left ashore, which he beat thin and ground upon\nstones. Having some linen cloth by him, he sow'd himself shirts with a\nnail and stitch'd 'em with the worsted of his old stockings, which he\npull'd out on purpose. He had his last shirt on when we found him.\n\"At his first coming on board us,\" says Rogers, \"he had so much forgot\nhis language for want of use, that we could scarce understand him,\nfor he seemed to speak his words by halves. We offer'd him a dram,\nbut he would not touch it, having drank nothing but water since his\nbeing there, and t'was some time before he could relish our victuals.\nHe could give us an account of no other product of the Island except\nsome small black plums, which are very good, but hard to come at, the\ntrees which bear 'em growing on high mountains and rocks. The climate\nis so good that the trees and grass are verdant all the year. He saw\nno venomous or savage creature, nor any sort of beast but goats on the\nIsland. The first of these having been put ashore here on purpose for\na breed, by Juan Fernandez, a Spaniard, who settled there with some\nfamilies till the continent of Chili began to submit to the Spaniards,\nwhich tempted them to quit this island, tho capable of maintaining\na number of people, and of being made so strong that they could not\neasily be dislodg'd. Ring-rose, in his account of Capt. Sharp's voyage\nand other buccaneers, mentions one who had escap'd ashore here out of\na ship, which was cast away with her company, and says he liv'd five\nyears alone before he had an opportunity of another ship to carry him\noff. While Capt. Dampier talks of a Moskito Indian that belong'd to\nCapt. Watlin, who being a hunting in the woods when the Captain left\nthe island, liv'd here three years alone, and shifted much as Mr.\nSelkirk did, till Capt. Dampier came hither in 1684 and carry'd him\noff; the first that went ashore was one of his countrymen and they\nsaluted one another, first by prostrating themselves by turns on the\nground, and then embracing.\n[Sidenote: _Capt. Woodes Rogers indulges in some moral reflections._]\n[Sidenote: _But soon curbs himself._]\n\"But whatever there is in these stories this of Mr. Selkirk I know\nto be true, and his behaviour afterwards gives me reason to believe\nthe account he gave me how he spent his time, and bore up under such\nan affliction, in which nothing but the Divine Providence could have\nsupported any man. And by this we may see, that solitude and retirement\nfrom the world, is not such an unsufferable state of life as most men\nimagine, especially when people are fairly call'd, or thrown into it\nunavoidably, as this man was, who in all probability must otherwise\nhave perished in the seas, the ship which he left being cast away not\nlong after, when few of the company escaped. We may perceive also by\nhis story,\" adds Rogers, \"the truth of the maxim 'that necessity is the\nmother of invention,' since he found means to supply his wants in a\nvery natural manner, so as to maintain life, tho not so conveniently,\nyet as effectually as we are able to do with the help of all our arts\nand society. It may likewise instruct us how much a plain and temperate\nway of living conduces to the health of the body and the vigour of the\nmind, both which we are apt to destroy by excess and plenty, especially\nof strong liquor. For this man, when he came to our ordinary method of\ndiet and life, tho he was sober enough, lost much of his strength and\nagility. But I must quit these reflections, which are more proper for a\nphilosopher and divine than a mariner, and return to my own subject.\"\nWhich he does, and at once goes on to tell how \"this morning we clear'd\nship, unbent our sails, and got them ashoar to mend and make tents for\nour men, while the Govenour, for so we call'd Mr. Selkirk, (tho we\nmight as well have nam'd him _absolute Monarch_ of the island,) caught\nus two goats, which make excellent broth mixed with turnip tops and\nother greens for our sick, they being twenty in all, but not above\ntwo that we account dangerous.\" Selkirk kept up this supply, of two\ngoats a day, during the time the ships remained at Juan Fernandez;\nand no doubt the poor half-wild sailor man rather enjoyed these last\ngoat-hunts before he became absorbed into the busy monotony of sea life\non board Rogers' little frigate. We seldom catch Captain Rogers giving\nhimself time for repose during his cruise, but the natural charms of\nthis island appear to have had some effect even upon his practical\nmatter of fact temperament, for he says, while here, \"'twas very\npleasant ashoar among the green piemento trees, which cast a refreshing\nsmell. Our house being made by putting a sail round four of 'em, and\ncovering it a top with another; so that Capt. Dover and I both thought\nit a very agreable seat, the weather being neither too hot nor too\ncold.\"\n[Illustration: _Captains Rogers and Dover under the Piemento Trees._]\nRogers, however, did not come about the Horn into the South Seas to sit\nunder the shade of sweet-smelling trees, especially after having \"been\ninform'd at the Canaries, that five stout French ships were coming\ntogether to these seas\"; therefore, having completed the wooding and\nwatering of his ships, and the boiling down of about eighty gallons of\nsea-lions' oil, which, he says, \"we refin'd and strain'd to save our\ncandles, or for the sailors to fry their meat in for want of butter,\"\nhe is, just eleven days after making the island, ready for sea again,\nwith its \"_absolute Monarch_\" aboard.\nBefore sailing, however, certain signals, to be made by the arrangement\nof their sails, were agreed upon between the commanders as to the\nchasing of ships, &c., while in case of the frigates being separated\nbefore reaching their next place of refreshment, the island of Lobos de\nla Mer, it was settled that \"two crosses were to be set up there at the\nlanding place near the farther end of the starboard great island: and a\nglass bottle to be buried direct north of each cross, with news of what\nhad happen'd since parting, and their further designes.\" Nothing indeed\nnow appears to have been left undone which could add to the safety and\nefficiency of the small force under Rogers' command.\n[Illustration: _Pinnaces under sail._]\n[Sidenote: _Come to short allowance of water._]\n\"For a fortnight after leaving Juan Fernandez,\" he says, \"we put both\npinnaces in the water to try them under sail, having fixed them each\nwith a gun after the manner of a paterero, and all things necessary\nfor small privateers, hoping they'll be serviceable to us in little\nwinds to take vessels\": and a few days later in a calm, both frigates\nare again heeled and tallowed, though the nearest land was sixty miles\ndistant; while the crews are put upon an allowance of water of three\npints a man per day, \"that,\" says Rogers, \"we may keep at sea some time\nwithout being discover'd by watering ashore. Because an enemy once\ndiscovered, there was nothing of any value put to sea from one end of\nthe coast to the other.\"\nIt was now the 9th of March, and in fair weather, before a moderate\ngale at S.E., the ships are kept under easy sail, with all boats in\ntow, about twenty-one miles off the coast of Peru, \"in hopes of seeing\nrich ships either going or coming out of Lima; the men beginning to\nrepine, that tho come so far, we have met with no prizes in these\nseas,\" which may have accounted for the frigates being brought to for a\nday at this time, while the men are \"sent in the boats under the shoar\nto examine two white rocks which at a distance look'd like ships.\"\n[Sidenote: _A small prize taken._]\nOn the 16th, however, a small prize of sixteen tons, manned by two\nSpaniards and some Indians, falls into their hands, and Rogers learns\nfrom these Spaniards that no enemy has been in those parts since\nCaptain Dampier was there four years ago; also that Stradling's ship,\nthe \"Cinque Ports,\" \"who was Dampier's consort, founder'd on the coast\nof Barbacour, only Captain Stradling and six or seven men being saved,\nwho lived four years prisoners at Lima much worse than our Govenour\nSelkirk whom they left on Juan Fernandez.\"\n[Sidenote: _Arrive at the Isle of Lobos._]\n[Sidenote: _Fit up the small bark for a Privateer._]\nThe following day, piloted by the crew of their prize, they anchored in\nthe \"Thorow-fair between the islands of Lobos de la Mer,\" and Rogers,\nfinding his new prize well built for sailing, at once resolved to fit\nher out as a privateer. She was, therefore, taken \"into a small round\ncove in the southernmost island, haul'd up dry, and after having her\nbottom well cleaned, relaunched, and called the 'Beginning,' Capt. Cook\nbeing appointed to command her.\"\nIn the meantime, while Rogers stayed to overlook this, and the building\nof a \"larger boat for landing men, should an attempt be made upon\nthe mainland,\" the \"Dutchess,\" having landed her sick men, and been\nheeled and cleaned outside, is sent upon a cruise round the island,\nwith instructions to meet the \"Beginning,\" when ready, off the\nsouthernmost end of it. Like a true seaman, Captain Rogers appears to\nhave thoroughly enjoyed this work of fitting out his \"small bark,\" and\ndescribes how he got a spare topmast out of the \"Duke,\" \"which made her\na new main mast, a mizen topsail being alter'd to make her a mainsail.\"\nAnd though the work included \"fixing a new deck with four swivel guns,\"\nshe was \"victualed and manned by 20 men from the 'Duke,' and 12 from\nthe 'Dutchess,' all well arm'd, and ready for sea,\" in three days from\nthe time of being taken in hand.\n\"As I saw her out of harbour,\" says Rogers, proudly, \"with our pinnace\nshe looks very pretty and I believe will sail well in smooth water,\nhaving all masts sails rigging and materials like one of the half\ngalleys fitt'd out for Her Majestie's service in England.\"[13]\n[Sidenote: _A Prize._]\nTwo days after joining the \"Dutchess,\" this pretty little \"Beginning\"\ncaptured another small prize, the \"Santa Josepha,\" \"of 50 tuns, full\nof timber, cocoa, and coconuts and some tobacco which we distributed\namong our men.\" And after being cleaned and re-christened the\n\"Increase,\" the \"Santa Josepha\" became the hospital ship of the fleet,\n\"all the sick men and a doctor from each ship being put on board with\n_Mr. Selkirk_ as master.\"\n[Illustration]\nFOOTNOTES:\n[9] The name of this bird has been said to have been derived from\n\"Alb,\" a priest's white vestment; but I incline to think that Rogers\nis right in his spelling of it, and that it was spelt Alcatros, from\nthe Spanish \"Alca, a razor-bill,\" the two birds being much alike in the\nshape of the bills.\n[10] Curiously enough, on his return home, Rogers learnt that this\nFrench ship, which so mysteriously \"outwent them,\" was the very vessel\nin which Captain Stradling, of the \"Cinque Ports\" (Selkirk's ship),\nreturned to England after being kept four years' prisoner by the\nSpaniards.\n[11] The Allspice tree of the West Indies. This tree usually grows from\nseed eaten and carried by birds, which easily accounts for its being\nfound upon this island.\n[12] Thirty years later Commodore Anson found some of Selkirk's\near-marked goats when he touched at Juan Fernandez.\n[13] The \"half galley\" of the Mediterranean was a vessel of about 120\nfeet long by 18 wide, and 9 or 10 deep, fitted with two large lateen\nsails, and masts that could be lowered on deck at pleasure. She carried\nfive cannon, and was rowed with twenty oars on a side.\n[Illustration]\nCHAPTER IV.\nFROM LOBOS TOWARD GUIAQUIL IN PERU.\n[Sidenote: 1709]\n[Sidenote: _Livers of old seals unwholesome._]\n[Sidenote: _Information of rich ships._]\n[Sidenote: _A large prize taken._]\nHaving given his ship the usual \"good heel,\" and \"tallowing her low\ndown,\" Rogers came to sail March 30th, at ten o'clock, with his new\nlaunch in tow from Lobos. On more than one occasion Rogers shows a\ndecided want of sympathy with the sportsmen of the expedition, and\nrelates here \"how there were in this island abundance of vultures,\nalias carrion crows, which looked so like turkeys that one of our\nofficers at landing bless'd himself at the sight, hoping to fare\ndeliciously. He was so eager he would not stay till the boat could put\nhim ashore, but leap'd into the water with his gun, and getting near\nto a parcel let fly at 'em. But when he came to take up his game, it\nstunk insufferably and made us merry at his mistake.\" These birds were\nno doubt a flock of Gallenazo, described by Darwin as frequenting\nthe wooded isles on the west coast of South America, and as \"feeding\nexclusively upon what the sea throws up, and the carcases of dead\nseals,\" which, from the following entry in the journal must have been\nvery plentiful in this island, \"where,\" says Rogers, \"owing to the\npresence of certain unwholesome old seals, whose livers disagreed with\nthose of our crew that eat them; the air, with the wind off shore, is\nloaded with an ugly noisome smell, which gave me a violent headach, and\nwas complain'd of by all,\" as quite unlike the spice-laden breezes of\nJuan Fernandez. Rogers' headache and these unwholesome old seals were\nno doubt quickly forgotten at sea, when listening to the stories of\ntheir Spanish prisoners about \"a certain rich widow of the late Vice\nRoy of Peru, who was expected to embark with her family and wealth;\nshortly for Acapulco. Also of a stout ship with dry goods for Lima,\nand another richly laden from Panama, with a Bishop aboard.\" Acting on\nwhich advice, \"it was agreed to spend as much time as possible cruising\noff Payta without discovering themselves.\" They had not long to wait,\nfor two days after leaving Lobos \"a sail was spy'd to windward about\ndaybreak, and the pinnace being hoisted out and mann'd under the\ncommand of Mr. Frye, first lieutenant of the 'Duke,' by 8 o'clock took\nthe 'Ascension' of 500 tons, built gallion fashion, very high with\ngalleries.\" This was \"the stout ship from Lima,\" and from her \"they\nlearnt that the ship with the Bishop would stop at Payta to recruit,\"\nand, being near that place, Rogers \"resolved to watch narrowly, in\norder to catch his Lordship.\"\nWith the exception of a \"small vessel of 35 tuns laden with timber from\nGuiaquil,\" and captured by the \"Beginning,\" nothing hove in sight for\nseveral days, one of which seems to have been passed by Rogers, first\nin chasing his consort for some hours, mistaking her for the Bishop's\nship, and then keeping up the joke until she cleared for action, \"which\nI did,\" he says, \"to surprise them.\" This was a favourite form of\npractical joke with Rogers, affording no doubt great amusement both to\nhim and his lieutenant, Mr. Frye, when dining together next day \"on\nboard the new prize upon a good quarter of mutton and cabbage--a great\nrarity,\" adds Rogers, \"here.\"\n[Sidenote: _Mr. Vanbrugh's miscarriages._]\nA week of inaction, however, followed, while the increasing number of\nthe fleet and prisoners, and consequent greater number of mouths to\nprovide for, began to tell rapidly upon their stores, especially of\nwater, \"which beginning to grow short, we cannot,\" says Rogers, \"keep\nthe sea much longer.\" Wherefore, \"at a meeting held on board the 'Duke'\nApril 12th, we came to a full resolution to land and attempt Guiaquil.\"\nAt this meeting it was also decided that the name of that somewhat\nimpetuous sportsman, Mr. Carlton Vanbrugh, should no longer remain\non the committee. \"He having not only threaten'd to shoot one of the\n'Duke's' men at Lobos for refusing to carry some carrion-crows that he\nshot, but abus'd Capt. Dover.\"\nSo long as the ships were at sea, and the work of a purely naval kind,\nthe seamen of the expedition had matters pretty much their own way, and\nthings went on smoothly enough.\nBut the moment a land expedition was agreed on, disputes quickly arose\nbetween Captain Rogers and those of his officers not actually seamen.\nWhile speaking of his men, he says, \"We know that misfortunes attend\nsailors out of their element, and hear that they begin to murmur about\nthe encouragement they are to expect for landing; which they allege is\na risque more than they shipp'd for.\"\n[Sidenote: _Regulations about plunder, and encouragement for the men to\nland._]\nIt was therefore found necessary to come to a definite arrangement\nas to the disposal of the plunder of Guiaquil before \"the mixed gang\nof most European nations\" of which the crews were composed could\nbe induced to enter heartily into an attempt upon it. Rules were,\ntherefore, after much discussion, drawn up for the conduct of all\ntaking part in this little invasion, and \"what was to be deem'd the\nmen's share\" in the booty settled, which included \"all manner of\nbedding and clothes, short of stripping\" (whatever that might mean),\n\"gold rings, buckles, buttons, liquors and provisions; with all arms\nand ammunitions, except great guns for ships; \"in a word, everything\nportable was to be carried off, and be divided equally among the men,\nthe one very honourable exception being \"woman's earrings.\"\nIt was also settled \"that prisoners of note shall be carefully kept as\npledges for any of our men that be missing. But that it was desirable\nno man should trust to this, or be a moment absent from his officers\nor post.\" The whole winding up with the hope \"that the foregoing\nrules being strictly follow'd, they will exceed all other attempts of\nthis nature before us in these parts; and not only enrich and oblige\nourselves and friends, but even gain reputation from our enemies.\"\nThe plunder of Guiaquil had scarcely been thus comfortably arranged,\nand two of the small prizes armed and manned for it, when at daybreak\nof April the 15th another sail was \"sighted between them and the land,\"\nand, being calm, both ships' pinnaces were sent in pursuit of her.\n[Sidenote: _A Spanish ship attack'd._]\n[Sidenote: _Lieut. Rogers, my brother, killed._]\nUnfortunately, in the hurry of starting for the chase, and expecting\nlittle resistance, they neglected to take their swivel guns, or\n\"patereroes,\" with them. The result of which was, that after repeated\nattempts \"to get into a position for boarding, the boats were obliged\nto retire much damaged, under a heavy fire of partridge shot and\nsmall arms, with the loss of two kill'd and three wounded: among the\nformer was,\" says Rogers, \"my unfortunate brother, Mr. Thomas Rogers,\nshot through the head, and instantly died, to my unspeakable sorrow.\"\nPhilosophically adding, \"but as I began this voyage with a resolution\nto go thro it, and the greatest misfortune shall not deter me, I'll as\nmuch as possible avoid being thoughtful and afflicting myself for what\ncan't be recall'd, but indefatigably pursue the concerns of the voyage,\nwhich has hitherto allow'd little respite.\"\n[Sidenote: _The ship taken._]\nThe Spanish ship was accordingly followed up and taken that afternoon\nat 2 p.m., and proved to be the ship from Panama; \"but we missed the\nBishop,\" says Rogers, \"who ten days before landed at Point St. Helena\nwith his attendants, plate, &c.\"\nAfter adding another small prize, loaded with cassia soap and leather\nto the fleet, \"on the following day,\" Rogers says, \"about twelve we\nread the prayers for the dead, and threw my dear brother overboard with\none of our sailors; hoisting our colours half mast; and we beginning,\nthe rest of the fleet follow'd, firing each some volleys of small arms.\nOur officers expressing great concern for his loss, he being a very\nhopeful, active young man, a little above twenty years of age.\"\nEven if inclined to do so, Woodes Rogers had now no time for\n\"thoughtful affliction,\" his squadron having increased under him from\ntwo to eight vessels, with over three hundred prisoners to feed and\nguard. All which, until his return from the attack upon Guiaquil, were\nplaced on board the frigates and three of the prizes; with orders \"to\nremain at sea forty-eight hours undiscover'd, then to sail for Point\nArena and anchor there. Irons being put on board every ship because,\nhaving many more prisoners than men to guard 'em, we must have 'em well\nsecur'd.\"\nTwo hot days and nights were now passed in the boats of the expedition,\nrowing and towing their small barks among the islands and mangrove\nswamps, piloted by Dampier, and one of the Spanish prize captains, up\nthe creeks toward Guiaquil. Great caution being taken to avoid being\nseen, as \"they learnt on landing upon the island of Puna,\" that a\nreport had been spread among the Spaniards a month before, that they\nmight expect to be \"attacked by some English Lords, in 7 vessels from\nLondon, under the conduct of an Englishman named Dampier.\"\nCaptain Rogers rarely complained of hardships and was not easily\nfrightened, but when lying in his boat under the mangrove bushes, he\nremarks, \"that the muskitoes pester'd and stung him grievously; while\nwhen at anchor across the tide on a dark night with a small rolling\nsea, the boat being deep laden and cramm'd with men,\" he says, \"that\nthough engaged about a charming undertaking he would rather be in a\nstorm at sea than there.\"\nOne can hardly help pausing a moment here, to consider the hazardous\nposition of this little body of adventurers, and admire the\nself-reliance of Rogers and his officers, in venturing upon the sack of\nGuiaquil, while the small force under them was divided among a fleet\nof six prizes with 300 prisoners on board to guard and feed. Want of\nwater, as he says, no doubt made some attempt upon the mainland now\nalmost a necessity. Still even this might have been obtained elsewhere;\nwhile Rogers' expression, \"tho engaged upon a charming undertaking,\"\nand the building of the launch at Lobos, both point to a preconceived\nplan having been arranged for this attack, but so timed by him as to\nappear to the men a mere question of fighting the Spaniards ashore, or\nperishing at sea for want of water.\n[Sidenote: _The town alarm'd. Our officers differ in their opinion\nabout attacking it._]\n[Sidenote: _Fall down again from the Town to meet our barks and land\nwith the morning flood._]\n[Sidenote: _Treat with the Corregidore._]\nIt was on the 22nd of April, that after leaving the small barks about\nhalf way between the island of Puna and the town of Guiaquil, Rogers\ngot with his boats \"about 12 at night in sight of the town with 110\nmen,\" but on finding \"when abreast of it and ready to land, from\nabundance of lights, with a confused noise of their bells, a volley\nof small arms, and two great guns, that the town was alarm'd, Captain\nDover, the doctor of physick and he fell into a debate of above an\nhour, as to whether to attack the place then in the dark during this\nfirst alarm, or not?\" Rogers was of course for pushing on, but Captain\nDover and the majority were against him, while Dampier, when asked how\nthe buccaneers would have acted in such a case, said simply enough,\n\"that they never attacked a place after it was once alarm'd.\" And so,\nthe tide being favourable, the boats dropped down the river again out\nof sight of the town to the two barks; where a further consultation was\nheld among the officers, lying in a boat astern of one of the barks,\nin order that what was debating might not be overheard by the rest of\nthe company. Which debate ended in Rogers yielding to the majority, and\nsending two Spanish prisoners to treat with the Corregidore of the town\nfor its ransom, valued by Rogers, with the goods and negroes in his\nprizes, and \"certain new ships then on the stocks near the town,\" at\n40,000 pieces of eight.[14]\n[Illustration: _A Council of War._]\n[Sidenote: _The treaty broke off._]\n[Sidenote: _We land and attack the Town._]\nAs Rogers had foreseen, the Spaniards wisely made use of this time to\ncarry off inland every thing of value; and after two days spent in\nnegotiations, made \"an offer of 32000 pieces of eight and no more,\"\nupon which, his two barks and boats now lying close to the town, he\n\"ordered their interpreter to tell 'em, we had done treating, and after\nadvising all that wished to save their lives to retire out of shot, at\nonce hal'd down our flag of truce and let fly our English and field\ncolours.\" And two ship's guns of about six hundred-weight each, mounted\non field carriages, being placed in the great launch, Rogers, Captain\nDover, and Captain Courtney landed with seventy men from their boats, a\nlieutenant with others being left on board one of the barks to ply her\nguns over their heads into the town.\n\"The enemy,\" says Rogers, \"drew up their horse at the end of the\nstreet, fronting our men and barks, and lin'd the houses with men at\nhalf musket shot of the bank where we landed, making a formidable\nshow in respect to our little number. We landed and fired every man\non his knee at the brink of the bank, then loaded, and as we advanc'd\ncall'd to our bark to forbear firing, for fear of hurting our men. We\nwho landed kept loading and firing very fast; but the enemy made only\none discharge, and retir'd back to their guns, where their horse drew\nup a second time. We got to the first houses, and as we open'd the\nstreet, saw four guns pointing at us before a spacious church, but as\nour men came in sight firing, the horse scower'd off. This encouraged\nme to call to our men to run and seize the guns, and I hasten'd towards\n'em with eight or ten men till within pistol shot, when we all fir'd,\nsome at the gunners, and others at the men in arms in front of the\nchurch, where they were very numerous; but by the time we had loaded\nand more of our men came in sight, they began to run, and quitted the\nguns, after firing them with round and partridge, one of the last was\ndischarged at us very near, but, thanks to God, did us no hurt; and\nthey had not time to relade them. By this time the rest of our men were\ncome up with Capt. Courtney and Captain Dover, and they leaving me with\na few men to guard the church, marched to the other end of the town,\nand so,\" as Rogers says in his marginal note, \"we beat 'em out of the\ntown.\"\n[Sidenote: _We post guards._]\nGuards were now posted in all directions round the town, and the\nSpaniards' guns turned, and left in charge of Captain Dampier to defend\nthe great place in front of the church. While Captain Dover fired\nsome houses that commanded another church in which he had taken up a\nposition, \"there being a hill and thick woods near this post, from\nwhich the enemy were almost continually popping at him all night.\" The\nportable plunder of the town, with the exception \"of jars of wine and\nbrandy in great plenty, proved of little value;\" while \"the sultry,\nhot, wet unhealthful weather made the carrying of these to the water\nside a work of great fatigue.\" Only half-an-hour elapsed from the time\nof landing until the Spaniards vacated the place, and their loss was\nbut fifteen killed and wounded; while out of Rogers' small force only\ntwo were hurt, one of these being \"mortally wounded by the bursting of\na cohorn shell fir'd out of one their own mortars on board the bark.\"\nThe following day Rogers says, \"we kept our colours flying on the great\nchurch, and sent the Lieutenant of Puna with proposals to ransom the\ntown.\"\n[Sidenote: _We plunder the Town._]\n[Sidenote: _The seamen's civility to the Spanish ladies._]\n[Sidenote: _The value of the chains, &c., they found on the ladies._]\nMeanwhile Rogers and his men were busy searching every hole and corner\nin it for concealed valuables, he having great difficulty while so\nengaged in preventing his men tearing up \"the floor of the great church\nto look amongst the dead for treasure; but which he would not suffer\nbecause of a contagious distemper that had swept off a number of people\nthere not long before, so that this church floor was full of graves.\"\nHe was himself, however, lucky enough to pick up in this same church\n\"the Corregidore's gold-headed cane,\" and another with a silver head;\n\"none among the Spaniards,\" he remarks, \"carrying a cane but chief\nofficers, and among them none under a captain wearing a silver or\ngold-headed one, so that those gentlemen must have been much in haste\nto leave these badges of office behind them.\" Besides carrying off\n\"these badges of office,\" Capt. Rogers says, \"we unhung a small church\nbell[15] and sent it aboard for our ships use.\" A boat was also sent\nhigher up the river in quest of treasure, and landing, found most of\nthe houses full of women, particularly at one place, where \"there were\nabove a dozen handsome genteel young women, well dress'd and their\nhair tied with ribbons very neatly, from whom the men got several\ngold chains, &c., but were otherwise so civil to them that the ladies\noffer'd to dress 'em victuals and brought 'em a cask of good liquor.\nThis,\" says Rogers, \"I mention as a proof of our sailors modesty, and\nout of respect to Mr. Connely, and Mr. Selkirk, the late Govenour of\nJuan Fernandez, who commanded this party: for being young men, I was\nwilling to do 'em this justice, hoping the Fair Sex will make 'em a\ngrateful return when we arrive in Great-Britain on account of their\ncivil behaviour to these charming prisoners.\" Besides this pleasing\naccount of their treatment of, and by, the Spanish ladies, these modest\nyoung officers \"brought back with them gold chains, plate, &c., to the\nvalue of over \u00a31000, and reported, that in places above the town they\nsaw several parties of more than 300 arm'd Horse and foot, so that we\napprehend,\" says Rogers, \"the enemy designe to gain time by pretending\nto pay ransom, till, with vast odds, they may attack us and reckon\nthemselves sure of victory.\"\n[Sidenote: _Our agreement with the Town for ransom._]\n[Sidenote: _We march off to our barks._]\n[Sidenote: _Our farewell to the Town._]\n[Sidenote: _Our great loss in not taking it by surprise._]\nAfter many alarms by night and much skirmishing by day, in which Rogers\nlost two more men, the prisoners on the 26th of April returned with an\noffer of 30,000 pieces of eight for the town, ships, and barks, to be\npaid in twelve days. \"Which time Rogers did not approve of,\" and sent\nhis final answer to the effect that \"they would see the town all on\nfire by three that afternoon, unless they agreed to give sufficient\nhostages for the money to be paid within six days.\" Upon which,\nabout 2 p.m., the prisoners came back with two men on horseback, the\nrequired hostages, and said their terms were accepted; and the Spanish\nagreement arrived the following morning \"sign'd by 'em,\" an English\none being sent in return as follows to them: \"Whereas the City of\nGuiaquil, lately in _subjection_ to Philip V. King of Spain, is now\ntaken by storm, and in the possession of Captains Thomas Dover, Woodes\nRogers, and Stephen Courtney, Commanding a body of Her Majesty of\nGreat Britain's subjects: We the underwritten are content to become\nhostages for the said city, and to continue in the custody of the\nsaid Captains till 30,000 pieces of eight shall be paid to them for\nthe ransom of the said city, two new ships, and six barks; the said\nsum to be paid at Puna in six days from the date hereof; During which\ntime no hostility is to be committed on either side between this and\nPuna; After payment the hostages to be discharged, and all prisoners\nto be deliver'd up; otherwise the said hostages do agree to remain\nprisoners till the said sum is discharg'd in any other part of the\nWorld. In witness whereof we have voluntarily set our hands, this 27th\nday of April Old Stile and the 7th of May N.S. in the year of our\nLord 1709.\" Which remarkable document was signed by the two hostages,\n\"who, with all the things we have got together were shipped off,\" says\nRogers, \"by 11 o'clock the same morning; after which, with our colours\nflying, we march'd through the town to our barks; when I, marching in\nthe rear with a few men, picked up several pistols, cutlashes, and\npoleaxes; which shew'd that our men were grown very careless weak and\nweary of being soldiers, and that 'twas time to be gone from hence.\"\nOn the whole Rogers seems to have thought that the Spaniards got the\nbetter of him in this bargain. \"For though upon weighing anchor at 8\nnext morning from Guiaquil,\" he says, \"we made what shew and noise we\ncould with our drums, trumpets, and guns, and thus took leave of the\nSpaniards very cheerfully;\" he ends with the remark, \"though not half\nso well pleased as we should have been had we taken 'em by surprise.\nFor I was well assur'd from all hands that at least we should then\nhave got above 200,000 pieces of eight in money, and a greater plenty\nof such necessaries as we now found.\" Among which \"was about 250 bags\nof flower, beans, peas, and rice, 15 jars of oil, about 160 jars of\nother liquors, some cordage ironware and small nails, with four jars of\npowder, a tun of pitch and tar, a parcel of clothing and necessaries,\nand as I guess,\" says Rogers, \"about \u00a31200 in plate earrings et cetera,\nand 150 bales of dry goods, 4 guns, and 200 Spanish ordinary useless\narms and musket barrels, a few packs of indigo, cocoa, and anotto,\nwith about a tun of loaf sugar. Besides these which we took, we left\nabundance of goods in the town, with liquors of most sorts, sea stores\nseveral warehouses full of cocoa, divers ships on the stocks, and two\nnew ships unrigged upwards of 400 tuns which cost 80000 crowns and lay\nat anchor before the town. And by which it appears the Spaniards had\na good bargain; but a ransom for these things was far better for us\nthan to burn what we could not carry off.--Among the casualties that\noccurred to the men during the occupation of Guiaquil,\" Rogers says,\n\"a French man belonging to my company, sent with others to strengthen\nCapt. Courteney's quarters, being put centinel, shot Hugh Tidcomb one\nof our men, so that he died. This accident happening by a too severe\norder to shoot any in the night that did not answer, neither this man\nnor the centinel understanding how to ask or answer the watchword. By\nwhich neglect a man was unaccountably lost.\" While of those wounded in\nthe confusion of a night attack \"was a man shot against the middle of\nhis pole axe,[16] that hung at his side, which shot made an impression\non the iron and bruised the part under it so that it proved a piece\nof armour well placed.\" Captain Courteney's chief lieutenant was also\nwounded upon the outside of the thickest part of his leg by one of his\npistols hanging at his side, which unluckily discharged itself, leaving\na bullet in the flesh, but with little danger to his life. Which\nincidents kept all on the alert at night, \"the centinels calling to\neach other every quarter of an hour to prevent 'em sleeping.\" No doubt\nthe men that took an active part in this attempt upon Guiaquil were\nthe pick of the frigates' crews. But it speaks well for their state of\ndiscipline that only one, \"a Dutchman, so much as transgressed orders\nby drinking beyond his bearing,\" and he, after being missed for a day\nor two, came aboard before they sailed, having been roused \"out of his\nbrandy-wine-fit, and his arms restored to him by the honest man of the\nhouse where he lay.\"\n[Sidenote: _The King of Spain's ten sorts of Americans in this\ncountry._]\nIn his description of the \"Province of Guiaquil, for the information\nof such as have not been in those parts,\" Rogers gives a table of\n\"10 sorts of men besides Spaniards there;\" viz., \"the Mustees, Fino\nMustees, Terceroons de Indies, Quateroons de Indies, Mullattoes,\nQuateroons de Negroes, Terceroons de Negroes, Indians, Negroes, and\nSambos;\" but adds, \"that tho these be the common sorts, they have rung\nthe changes so often upon these peals of generation that there is no\nend of their destinctions, so that the King of Spain is here able to\nmatch the skins of his _Americans_ to any colour, with more variety and\nexactness than a draper can match his cloth and trimming.\" The accounts\ngiven of Guiaquil by the \"French Buccaneers alias pirates are,\" he\nsays, \"very false, tho they left their infamous mark, of having been\nthere about 22 years ago, when in their attack on the place they lost\na great many men, and afterwards committed a great deal of brutishness\nand Muther.\"\nThough Woodes Rogers himself would now rank little above a pious sort\nof pirate, it is curious to note from what he says here, and again\nafter visiting the Gallapagos Islands, one of the chief haunts of the\nbuccaneers, that he looked upon them as much below him socially, while\nafter his own experience in these seas, he evidently mistrusted the\naccounts of their exploits there as exaggerated or romantic tales of\nlittle value to future navigators.\n[Sidenote: _The men very sickly._]\nIt was on their way \"towards these Gallapagos islands,\" piloted no\ndoubt by Dampier, that on the 11th of May seventy men in the \"Duke\" and\n\"Dutchess\" fell ill of a malignant fever, which, from its attacking\nonly those engaged in the late operations at Guiaquil, was most likely\ncontracted there by them.\n[Sidenote: _Several men die._]\nAmong those taken ill was \"Capt. Courtney, Capt. Dover going on board\nthe 'Dutchess' to prescribe for him.\" While on the 15th Mr. Hopkins,\nDr. Dover's kinsman and assistant, died on board the \"Duke,\" \"being,\"\nsays Rogers, \"a very good-temper'd sober man well belov'd by the whole\nships company, having read prayers for us once a day ever since we\npassed the Equinox.\" A day seldom passed now without a record by Rogers\nof the death of one or two of the best of his crew, there being sixty\nsick men on board the \"Duke\" and eighty in the \"Dutchess\" at one time;\nand though there was no want of doctors in either ship, the store of\nmedicines began to run very short. So that, thinking prevention better\nthan cure, \"and finding punch preserve my own health, I did at this\ntime,\" says Rogers, \"prescribe it freely among such of our company as\nwere well to preserve theirs.\"\nThe Gallapagos, when found, were searched one after the other in vain\nfor fresh water, until, after getting a few turtle and some fish there,\nthe number of sick, and want of water, compelled them to steer for the\nisland of Gorgona, near the mainland.\n[Illustration]\nFOOTNOTES:\n[14] A piece of eight was the name then given to the old Spanish\ndollar, value about four shillings and sixpence.\n[15] In ships of that date the belfry was quite an important, and very\nornamental little structure just abaft the forecastle and forard of a\nspace called \"no man's land,\" where, between it and the boat on the\nbooms amidships was stowed all the ropes, blocks, and tackles, likely\nto be wanted upon the forecastle.\n[16] Pole axe, a hatchet like a battle axe, with a short handle, and\nfurnished with a sharp point at the back of its head. Used chiefly\nto cut away the rigging of an enemy attempting to board. It is also\nemployed in boarding an enemy whose hull is more lofty than the\nboarder's, by driving the points of several axes into the enemy's\nship's side, thereby forming a sort of scaling-ladder; hence it is\noften called a boarding-axe.\n[Illustration]\nCHAPTER V.\nAMONG THE GALLAPAGOS ISLANDS AND AT GORGONA ROAD IN PERU.\n[Sidenote: 1709]\n[Sidenote: _Mr. Hatley and our bark missing._]\n[Sidenote: _Abundance of Pope's bulls found in the \"Marquiss.\"_]\nWhile engaged cruising among the Gallapagos, two more small prizes were\nhowever added to the fleet, but, at the same time, great anxiety was\nfelt as to the safety of one of the recent prizes, a small bark under\nthe command of a Mr. Hatley, which was lost sight of here, with only\ntwo days' water on board. And after several days of unsuccessful search\nshe was \"bewail'd as lost,\" it being supposed that Hatley and his prize\ncrew of three men had been surprised and overpowered while asleep by\nthe two Spaniards and three negro prisoners on board her.[17] Besides\ncareening the frigates and landing their sick men while in Gorgona\nRoad, arrangements were made with certain Spaniards of note among the\nprisoners for the purchase, or rather what Rogers called the ransom,\nof the large gallion-built ship, with the other small prizes and their\ncargoes; but the stout French-built ship, the \"Havre de Grace,\" in\nattempting the capture of which Rogers' brother was killed, was not\nsold, but after being re-christened the \"Marquiss,\" was re-fitted, and\narmed with nine guns, as an additional cruiser. It was in discharging\ncargo, before careening her, that \"500 bales of Pope's bulls were\nfound, which, taking up abundance of room in the ship, we throw'd\noverboard,\" says Rogers, \"to make room for better goods, except what we\nus'd to burn the pitch off our ship's bottoms when we careen'd 'em.\"\nThese bulls or indulgences, he says, \"tho they cannot be read, the\nprint looking worse than any of our old ballads, are sold here by the\nclergy for 3 Ryals to 50 pieces of eight each.\"\n[Sidenote: _The blind superstition of the Spaniards towards an image of\nthe Virgin cast overboard._]\n[Sidenote: _A fancied miracle._]\n[Sidenote: _A mutiny design'd but prevented._]\n[Sidenote: _The civil behaviour of our men to Spanish ladies we had\ntaken prisoners._]\nThough Rogers rarely lets a chance pass of having a shot at the Pope,\nhe was far from having bigoted or puritanical ideas about the Catholic\nreligion, for in speaking of his treatment of some of his prisoners of\nthe better class, he says, \"We allow'd liberty of conscience on board\nour floating commonwealth, and there being a priest in each ship,\nthey had the great cabin for their Mass, whilst we us'd the Church of\nEngland service over them on the quarter deck; so that the papists\nhere were the Low Church men.\" Other reasons, not connected with his\nprisoners' liberty of conscience, may have had something to do with\nthis arrangement. It happened, however, curiously enough, that about\nthis time Rogers and his crew, quite unintentionally, assisted in the\nmaking of what afterwards became, no doubt, a very valuable relique\nto the Romanists here. For while discharging the cargo of the Spanish\ngallion-built ship, he says, \"A large wooden effigy of the Virgin Mary\nwas either dropt or thrown overboard, which drove ashoar near the\nnorth point of the island, from whence some Indians there a fishing,\nbrought her in their canoe to the shoar over against our ship, where\nwe gave our prisoners liberty to walk that day. Who, as soon as they\nsaw her, cross'd and bless'd themselves, and fancied this must be the\nVirgin come by water from Lima to help them, and set the image up on\nshoar and wiped it dry with cotton, and when they come aboard told us,\nthat tho' they had wiped her again and again, she continued to sweat\nvery much; while all those around were devoutly amazed, praying and\ntelling their beads. They shew'd this cotton to the ransomers and the\ninterpreter wet by the excessive sweat of the Holy Virgin, which they\nkept as a choice relick.\" \"Before this,\" says Rogers, \"when I heard the\nlike stories, I took 'em to have been invented meerly to ridicule the\nRomanists; but when I found such silly stories believed by eight grave\nmen of a handsome appearance and good reputation amongst the Spaniards,\nI was convinced of the ignorance and credulity of the Papists.\" Just\nafter the valuation and sale of the plunder of Guiaquil and the prizes\nwas settled, a mutiny was discovered among the crew of the \"Duke,\"\nsixty of whom signed a paper, expressing discontent at the large share\nof plunder assigned to \"the gentlemen that were officers, tho not\nsailors amongst us.\" But a little firmness, combined with a judicious\nuse of the bilboes on Rogers' part, with an abatement on three of\nthese gentlemen's shares, soon brought his men to reason; \"while\nthough,\" says Rogers, \"sailors usually exceed all measures when left to\nthemselves on these occasions, I must own ours have been more obedient\nthan any ship's crew engaged in a like undertaking I ever heard of;\"\nadding, \"but if any sea officer thinks himself endowed with patience\nand industry, let him command a privateer and discharge his office well\nin a distant voyage, and I'll engage he shall not want opportunities to\nimprove, if not to exhaust all his stock.\" It must be remembered that\nCaptain Rogers wrote this little growl, and found his stock of patience\nrunning short, on the equator, in a small ship, half full of sick men,\nand soon after what he calls \"those general misunderstandings, and\nseveral unhappy differences among us, arrising out of, and before our\nattack on Guiaquil.\" That Rogers had at this time even more difficult\nquestions and people to deal with, is shown by an entry in his log,\nthat, \"amongst the prisoners taken on board the last prize from\nPanama, was a gentlewoman and her family, her eldest daughter, a pretty\nyoung woman of about 18 newly married, and her husband with her, to\nwhom we assigned the great cabin of the prize, none being suffer'd to\nintrude amongst them. Yet I was told the husband shew'd evident marks\nof jealousy, the Spaniard's epidemick, but I hope he had not the least\nreason for it amongst us, my third lieutenant, Glendall, alone having\ncharge of the ship, who being above 50 years of age appeared to us\nthe most secure guardian to females that had the least charm;\" which\nis followed by the description of \"an ugly creature call'd by the\nSpaniards a sloth, caught in Gorgona, and which,\" says Rogers, \"being\nlet go at the lower part of the mizen shrouds was two hours getting\nto the masthead, keeping all the time an equal and slow pace as if he\nwalk'd by art and all his movements had been directed by clockwork\nwithin him.\" \"Many monkeys were shot in Gorgona Island, fricassees and\nbroth being made of them for the sick men.\" But though \"Capt. Dampier,\nwho had been accustomed to such food, said he never eat any thing in\nLondon that seemed so delicious as a monkey or baboon of these parts,\nnone of the Duke's officers would touch them, provisions being not yet\nscarce enough.\" Rogers also describes the \"land turtles alias tortoises\ncaught in the Gallapagos islands as the ugliest creatures in nature,\nwith a shell black as jet not unlike the top of an old hackney coach;\nthe neck long about the bigness of a mans wrist, with club feet as big\nas ones fist shaped like those of an elephant, the head little and\nvisage small like a snake looking very old and black.\" He adds: \"they\nlay eggs on our deck about the size of gooses, white with a large thick\nshell exactly round.\"\n[Sidenote: _Negroes muster'd and encourag'd to fight if there should be\noccasion._]\n[Sidenote: _The men exercised by a sham fight with the \"Dutchess.\"_]\nAfter leaving Gorgona, the \"Duke,\" \"Dutchess,\" and \"Marquiss,\" on the\n25th of August, bore away for Tecames Road, in order to trade with\nthe natives and Spaniards there for fresh provisions, &c. The Indians\nhere, however, were at first disposed to fight rather than trade, so\nthat while careening the ships half the men had to be kept under arms;\nuntil Rogers happily thought of conciliating them with \"a present of\nthree large wooden Spanish saints he had on board, and which, with\na feather'd cap for the chief's wife,\" were sent on shore. Besides\nthese \"wooden saints,\" a portion of the prize goods on board the\n\"Duke\" consisted of about thirty-five negroes, and these not being\nreadily turned into money at this time, were, \"being lusty fellows,\"\nmustered by Rogers, and, \"after taking the names of those that had\nany, and giving names to those that wanted them, were placed with\narms and powder in charge of Michael Kendall, a free negro of Jamaica\nwho deserted from the Spaniards at Gorgona, with orders to drill them\ncontinually to act as marines in case we meet an enemy.\" While, in\norder to encourage, and make this black contingent as presentable as\npossible, \"they were given bays\" (baize) \"for clothing, and with a\ndram all round to confirm the contract, were told that now they must\nlook upon themselves as Englishmen, and no more as negro slaves to the\nSpaniards.\" With which rough and ready form of emancipation and British\nbaptism, \"they,\" says Rogers, \"express'd themselves highly pleas'd;\nwhile I promise myself good assistance from them, bearing in mind the\nproverb, that those who know nothing of danger, fear none;\" while in\norder to further perfect these negroes and the men in the use of the\ngreat guns and small arms, the \"Dutchess,\" at ten one morning, hoisted\nSpanish colours, and a sham fight was arranged, \"during which everyone\nacted the part he ought have done if in earnest, firing with ball\nexcepted. Our prisoners were secur'd in the hold with the surgeons, and\nto imitate the business for them, I order'd,\" says Rogers, \"red lead\nmixed with water to be thrown upon two of our fellows and sent 'em down\nto the surgeons, who were much surpris'd, and thinking they had been\nreally wounded, went about to dress them, but finding their mistake, it\nwas a very agreable diversion.\"\nOn the afternoon of Nov. 4th, \"the 'Dutchess' being near,\" Rogers\nsent his yawl aboard with Lieut. Glendall \"to agree exactly on some\nremarkable land, that each of us knowing the same landmark, might the\nbetter keep our stations. We agreed also that the 'Marquiss' should now\nbe in the middle with the 'Dutchess' next the shore.\" Two days later\nit was arranged between the captains of the \"Duke\" and \"Dutchess\" that\nthe outer berth should be exchanged for the inner one every two days,\nin order, says Rogers, \"that we may have equal chances for seeing the\nManila ship, because I now think the inner birth the likeliest; Sir\nThomas Cavendish in Queen Elizabeth's time having took the Spanish\nGalleon in this place on the 4th of November.\"\nAn old salt, in the days when yachting was almost unknown, used to say,\n\"that a man who went to sea for pleasure, would be likely to go to hell\nfor pastime.\" Englishmen and Americans, however, do now go to sea not\nonly for amusement, but spend large sums in doing so, many of these\nbeing men who, in Rogers' time, would no doubt have gone to sea for\ngain, and the pleasure and excitement of Spanish gallion-hunting. But\nthree weary months, like those now spent in the \"Duke\" and \"Dutchess,\"\ncruising under a tropical sun off Cape St. Lucas, waiting and watching\nfor the \"Manila ship,\" were enough to try the patience of the most\nardent of gallion-hunters.\nIt is not surprising, therefore, that a sea parliament had at this time\nto assemble on board the \"Duke\" to pass measures for the prevention\nand punishment of gambling, which had so increased of late among the\nofficers and crews of the ships, that some of the men had lost the\ngreater part of their share in the plunder recently divided among them.\nIt was probably one of these reckless gamblers that was ordered into\nirons about this time \"for wishing himself a pirate, or that an enemy\nwas alongside who could overpower us\"--a wish which must have appeared\neven more atrocious to Captain Rogers than did that of Mr. Squeers'\npupil, \"the juniorest Palmer,\" who after first \"wishing he was in\nheaven,\" went on to \"wish he was a donkey, because then he wouldn't\nhave a father as didn't love him!\" Among the measures passed \"against\nwagering and gaming\" on board the frigates, the most useful was one\nrepudiating \"all debts contracted from man to man, unless attested\nby the commanders and entered on the ship's books;\" which strange\nold-motherly resolution was \"agreed to and signed by the officers and\nmen in each ship in sight of California, Nov. 11th, 1709.\"\n[Sidenote: _A negro woman brought to bed on board the \"Duke.\"_]\nThe tedium of this long cruise was broken once by touching at the\nislands of Tres Marias for wood and water, and again by a second visit\nto the Galapagos in hopes of falling in with \"poor Hatley and his\nbark;\" but nothing was found there beyond some traces of the buccaneers\nin the shape of wreckage and broken wine jars. Rogers also mentions\nat this time, as an event of some importance, the birth on board the\n\"Duke\" of \"a tawny coloured negro girl,\" the mother being a negress\nfrom Guiaquil, kept among other prize goods of the same class to act\nas laundresses[18] and seamtresses on board the ships. Both mother\nand child were well cared for, a close cabin being provided for her,\ntogether with a \"bottle of thick strong Peru wine.\" This interesting\nevent was evidently not looked upon by Captain Rogers as an unmixed\nblessing, for he says that \"he gave our other she-negro nymph (called\nDaphn\u00e9) strict orders to be careful not to transgress in this way.\"\n[Sidenote: _'Tis agreed to sail to Guam or some other place to\nrecruit._]\n[Sidenote: _Discover the Manila ship._]\nProvisions of all sorts, especially bread, were, \"after a strict\nrummage of the ships,\" now found to be running short, while their new\nconsort, the \"Marquiss,\" was discovered to be defective and leaking,\nand had to be taken to the \"port of Segura,\" for repairs. \"So that,\"\nRogers says, \"we all looked very melancholy, necessity compelling us\nto no longer continue cruising for the Manila ship, but sail at once\nacross the Pacific for the island of Guam in order to revictual before\nstarting for China and the Indies, and thence round the Cape of Good\nHope, for England.\" This was, however, scarcely decided upon, when, on\nDecember 21st, at nine a.m., a man \"at the mast head cry'd out he saw\nanother sail as well as the 'Dutchess,'\" which, though at first thought\nto be the \"Marquiss\" rejoining them, proved \"after several wagers\" to\nbe the long expected \"Acapulco ship.\" The weather continued calm that\nday, which \"kept them all in a very uncertain languishing condition,\"\nand the chase had to be tended during the night by \"two pinnaces\nshowing false fires, that we might know whereabouts they and the chase\nwas.\"\n[Illustration: _The \"Duke\" takes the Manila Ship._]\n[Sidenote: _Pursue her._]\n[Sidenote: _Engage her._]\n[Sidenote: _Take her._]\n[Sidenote: _Capt. Rogers wounded._]\nBut a little after daybreak on the 23rd, still having no wind, Rogers\nsays, \"we _got_ out _eight_ of our _ship's oars_, and rowed above an\nhour, when there sprung up a small breeze, upon which I order'd a large\nkettle of chocolate to be made for our ship's company, (having no\nspiritous liquor to give them) and then went to prayers, but before\nwe had concluded, were disturb'd by the enemy firing at us. She had\nbarrels hanging at each yard arm, which looked like powder barrels to\ndeter us from boarding. The 'Dutchess' being to leeward, with little\nwind, did not come up. And the enemy firing her stern chase several\ntimes, we returned it with our forechase, till getting close aboard,\nwe gave her several broadsides plying our small arms briskly, which\nthey return'd as thick for awhile, but did not ply their guns so fast\nas we. After a little while shooting ahead of them we lay athawt their\nhawse close aboard, and ply'd them so warmly, that she soon struck\nher colours two-thirds down; and the 'Dutchess' coming up, fired five\nguns and a volley of small shot, to which she made no reply, having\nsubmitted. This Galleon was,\" says Rogers, \"called by the long name\nof 'Nostra Seniora de la Incarnacion Deseng\u00e0no,' Sir John Pichberty,\nCommander, she had twenty guns, with twenty patereroes and 193 men,\nwhereof nine were killed, ten wounded, and several blown up and burnt\nwith powder. We engaged them about three glasses\" (an hour and a half),\n\"in which time we had only myself and another wounded. I being shot\nthrough the left cheek, the bullet striking away great part of my upper\njaw, and several teeth which dropt down on the deck where I fell. The\nother was an Irish land-man slightly wounded. A shot disabled our\nmizenmast, and I was forced to write what I would say to prevent the\nloss of blood, and because of the pain I suffered by speaking.\"\nOn examining the officers on board the prize, they learnt that \"she\nleft Manila in company with a much larger vessel; but having lost\nsight of her about three months ago, they thought she must be got to\nAcapulco before now.\" The latter part of this information was evidently\nnot relied on, for measures were at once taken to secure and leave the\npresent prize and prisoners at Port Segura, and start the \"Dutchess\"\nwith the \"Marquiss,\" which they found in \"sailing posture there,\" on\nan eight days' cruise for the other gallion, the \"Nostra Seniora del\nIncarnation Deseng\u00e0no,\" now re-christened the \"Batchelor,\" to remain in\nport with as many men as could be spared to guard and refit her. Her\nsails being removed, and the prisoners, of whom there were 170, secured\nfor the time on board a small bark, anchored a mile distant from her\nwithout rudder, sails, or boat, with a few men to give them victuals\nand drink. Rogers' wound must have been serious, for on the 24th he\nsays, \"In the night I felt something clog my throat, which I swallow'd\nwith much pain, and suppose it was a part of my jaw bone or the shot,\nwhich we can't yet give account of;\" adding, \"but I soon recover'd\nmyself, only my throat and head being greatly swell'd, I have much ado\nto swallow any sorts of liquid for sustenance,\" which made him very\nweak; and, what was worse, \"that he spoke in great pain, and not loud\nenough to be heard at any distance.\"\n[Sidenote: _They see the other Manila ship and pursue her._]\n[Sidenote: _Captain Rogers again badly wounded._]\nBut though the surgeons and chief officers wished him to stay in port\non board the prize, he was unable to resist the temptation, when, on\nthe afternoon of the 26th, \"two sentries who had been placed upon a\nhill above the port signalled by three waffs that a third sail was\nin sight, as well as the 'Dutchess' and 'Marquiss,'\" of joining his\nconsorts as soon as possible, in command of his own ship, Captain Dover\nremaining on board the prize. It was 7 p.m., and soon quite dark,\nbefore the \"Duke\" was under weigh; but at daybreak next morning all\nthree vessels were sighted to windward, distant about four leagues;\nthe wind remained scant, however, all day, so that Rogers and his\ncrew had the mortification of seeing first the \"Marquiss\" and then\nthe \"Dutchess\" briskly engage the gallion without being able to join\nthem; in fact it was midnight before they did so, and then only to\nfind that the \"Marquiss\" had fired away nearly all her powder and\nshot with little or no effect, her guns being too small, and that the\n\"Dutchess\" had been forced to stretch away, with several men wounded,\nfrom the Spaniard, to repair her foremast and other defects, among\nwhich was a shot in her powder-room. \"Curiously enough,\" Rogers says,\n\"the Spaniard had been making signals to the 'Duke,' and edging toward\nher all day, mistaking her for her lost consort, until just before\ndusk, otherwise, having little wind, and that against us, we should\nnot have been up with her at all.\" The following day, however, the\n\"Duke\" was near enough to join in the fight, but only to find, as the\n\"Dutchess\" and \"Marquiss\" had done before her, that their largest\nround shot (six-pounders) did very little hurt to the gallion, a\nbrave new ship, the \"Bignonia,\" of 900 tons and 60 guns, and well\nprovided with close-quarters,[19] and her waist protected by strong\nboarding-netting.[20] The \"Dutchess\" had now twenty men killed and\nwounded, while a fire-ball from the enemy's roundtop, lighting on\nthe \"Duke's\" quarter-deck, blew up an ammunition chest, by which Mr.\nVanbrugh and a Dutchman were much burnt; while Rogers says, \"Just\nbefore we blew up on the quarter deck I was unfortunately wounded by a\nsplinter in the left foot, part of my heel bone being struck out and\nankle cut above half through, which bled very much before it could be\ndressed, and weaken'd me so that I could not stand, but lay on my back\nin great misery.\" From first to last they had been engaged six or seven\nhours, and placed not less than 500 shot in the gallion; yet there she\nlay \"driving,\" the Spanish flag obstinately flying from her maintopmast\nhead, \"all our battering signing little beyond killing two men in her\ntops, and shattering her rigging.\"\n[Sidenote: _After a long engagement are forced to let the large Manila\nship go._]\nAs all this fighting was simply of a commercial character, a council\nwas now assembled on board the \"Duke,\" and though the Spaniard still\n\"lay with his mainyard aback, expecting another brush,\" it was at once\ndecided, \"that after keeping the galleon company till night, they\nshould then lose her, and return to the harbour to look after the\nprize already taken.\" This measure was the more urgent as ammunition\nof all sorts was running short, and the \"Duke's\" mainmast shot through\nmiserably in two places, so that it settled to it, threatening every\nmoment to fall by the board, and bring other spars down with it;\nwhich, as they had a long voyage before them, and masts not easily got\nthere without great delay, might even endanger the safety of the whole\nexpedition. It was indeed lucky for them that they did not attempt to\nboard this great ship, for they learnt afterwards that her complement\nof men amounted to 450, besides passengers; while in all three ships\nthey had now less than 120 men left fit for boarding. Soon after this\nthe \"Spaniard filled her sails and made away W.N.W.,\" glad enough, no\ndoubt, to lose sight of them, though in size and force she was quite\nequal to the great gallion that, to Lord Anson's surprise, bore down\nupon the \"Centurion,\" of 60 guns, instead of trying to avoid her.\nWeight of metal, however, enabled him to make as short work of that\ngallion as Rogers did of the smaller one.\nRogers himself was of opinion that had the \"Duke\" and \"Dutchess\"\nattacked this ship together in the first instance, they would have\ntaken her, and was most anxious for that reason that the \"Dutchess\"\nand \"Marquiss\" should not go out of port until his ship was ready to\nsail. The majority, however, decided then that he should remain in port\nuntil the arrangements for the security of the smaller gallion and her\nprisoners were completed. Upon arriving at Port Segura the prisoners,\nwith Captain Pichberty, his officers, and a padre, were supplied with\nwater and provisions, and after acknowledging in writing \"that they\nhad been very civilly treated,\" were despatched in the small bark to\nAcapulco.\nFOOTNOTES:\n[17] On returning to England, Rogers learnt that Mr. Hatley's bark was\nnot lost; but that, after pluckily keeping the sea for a fortnight\nwithout water, he was forced to make for the mainland; where he and his\ncompanions fell into the hands of some Spanish Indians, and were by\nthem tied up to a tree, whipped, and otherwise illtreated, their lives\nbeing only saved by a padre, who interfered and cut them down; after\nwhich Hatley remained a prisoner at Lima for some time.\n[18] Even in Nelson's time, and later, it was not unusual to find\nwomen, the wives of petty officers, on board a man-of-war in\ncommission, who acted as washerwomen, and helped the surgeons and their\nmates in the sick-bay, or on the orlop deck among the wounded in time\nof action; and the author can remember one of these old ladies, about\nforty years ago, living in the island of Jersey with her husband, a\nretired gunner, who had been in the actions of the Nile and Trafalgar.\n[19] \"Close-quarters.\" Strong barriers of wood across a ship in certain\nplaces, used as a retreat when boarded, fitted with loop-holes for\nsmall arms, and often with powder-chests on the deck over them, which\ncan be fired from the close-quarters upon a boarding party.\n[20] Boarding-nettings extended fore and aft above the gunwale to a\nproper height up the rigging, to prevent an enemy jumping aboard.\nAnson says that, in addition to these, the gallion taken by him \"was\nprovided against boarding both by 'close quarters,' and a strong net of\ntwo inch rope laced over her waist, defended by half pikes.\"\n[Illustration]\nCHAPTER VI.\nSAILING TOWARDS THE ISLANDS OF GUAM AND BOUTON, THENCE TO BATAVIA, AND\nROUND THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE, HOME.\n[Sidenote: 1710]\nBefore sailing for Guam, it was necessary to appoint a commander for\ntheir new consort, the \"Batchelor\" frigate, and Captain Dover having,\nit seems, a large money-stake in the ships, was, much against Rogers'\nwish, selected by the majority for this post. But under protest from\nRogers, who as he lay, no doubt in great misery, on his back, recounts\n\"how it was now after taking this rich prize our great misfortune to\nhave a paper war amongst ourselves.\" Rogers' chief objection to Captain\nDover was \"that owing to his violent temper, capable men could not well\nact under him, while as a Dr of physick he was incapable as a seaman\nhimself.\"\nA peace was, however, patched up, by appointing Mr. Robert Frye,\nRogers' first lieutenant, and Mr. William Stretton to take sole charge\nof the ship as to navigation, with Mr. Selkirk and another as chief\nmates; Captain Dover to have command in other matters.\nAnd being a large ship, \"thirty good men were sent on board her from\nthe 'Duke,' with twenty-five from the 'Dutchess,' and thirteen from the\n'Marquiss,' which, with thirty-six Manila Indians, called Lascarrs, and\nother prisoners will,\" says Rogers, \"bring up her complement to 110\nmen.\" Before sailing, \"ten of the 'Duke's' guns were struck down into\nthe hold, to ease the ship, being altogether useless betwixt here and\nthe East Indies.\"\n[Sidenote: _Sight the Island of Guam._]\n[Sidenote: _Send to the Spanish Governor for provisions._]\nThe voyage from Cape St. Lucas in California to Guam, one of the\nLadrone islands, occupied fifty-eight days, the best day's run being\n168 miles, and the worst 41. The distance sailed by reckoning was 6,300\nmiles, which gives an average of 108 miles a day, about equal to a\nspeed of four and a half miles an hour, which may seem slow to us,[21]\nbut it must be remembered that the speed of the dullest sailer was\nthat of all the others in company; and that besides the loss of speed\ndue to the rapid fouling of uncoppered ships in the tropics, it was\nthe custom then to shorten sail after dark. Beyond the death of many\nwounded men, and the burial of \"a negro named Depford, who being very\nmuch addicted to stealing of provisions, his room was more acceptable\nat this time than his company,\" nothing of importance is recorded after\nleaving Port Segura on the 11th of January until the 14th of February,\nwhen, \"in commemoration of the ancient custom, of chusing valentines,\"\nRogers \"drew up a list of the fair ladies in Bristol, that were in any\nways related to, or concerned in the ships, and sent for his officers\ninto the cabin, where every one drew and drank a ladies health in a\ncup of punch, and to a happy sight of 'em all, which I did,\" he says,\n\"to put 'em in mind of home.\" The \"Duke\" had been leaky for some time,\nand after many attempts to stop the leak with bonnet-pieces, &c., one\npump had to be constantly kept going, two men of each watch taking an\nhour's spell at the pump at a time; \"which labour, together with being\non short allowance,\" Rogers says, \"makes our people look miserably.\" So\nthat there was much rejoicing among all hands at sighting Guam on March\nthe 11th; but though \"several flying prows came off to look at the\nships, and run by them very swift,\" none could be tempted to venture\naboard until Rogers hoisted Spanish colours, when \"on turning into the\nharbour one came under his stern with two Spaniards in her, who being\ntold in Spanish, in answer to their questions, that they were friends\nfrom New Spain, willingly came on board, and enquired whether they had\nany letters for the Govenour? We had one ready,\" says Rogers, \"and\ndetaining one Spaniard on board, sent the other ashore with our letter\nwhich was thus. We being servants of Her Majesty of Great Britain,\nstopping at these islands on our way to the East Indies, will not\nmolest the settlement provided you deal friendly with us, being willing\nto pay for whatever provisions you can spare, &c. But, if after this\ncivil request, you do not act like a man of honour, and deny us our\nrequest, you may immediately expect such military treatment as we are\nwith ease able to give you. Signed, Woodes Rogers, S. Courtney, and E.\nCooke.\"\n[Sidenote: _His civil answer._]\nThis letter appears to have acted like a charm upon the Governor of\nGuam and his officers, for he at once answered \"with a present of\nfour bullocks, one for each ship, with limes oranges and coconuts.\nAnd being now arrived,\" says Rogers, \"at a place of peace and plenty,\nwe all became indifferent well reconciled among ourselves after the\nmisunderstandings at California which had been so much increased of\nlate by our shortness of water and provisions.\"\n[Sidenote: _A sickly old Spanish gentleman left at Guam._]\nAnd in return for the Governor's civility, an entertainment was\n\"provided for him and four Spanish gentlemen on board the 'Bachelor,'\nwhere we all met, and made 'em,\" says Rogers, \"as welcome as time and\nplace would afford, with musick and our sailors dancing, when I, not\nbeing able to move myself, was hoisted in a chair out of my ship and\nthe boat into the 'Batchelor.'\" Considering that he was in an enemy's\nport, Captain Rogers appears to have rapidly established diplomatic\nrelations with the Governor of Guam of a most friendly and agreeable\nkind. For this entertainment was followed by one of the same sort on\nboard the \"Duke,\" \"Dutchess,\" and \"Marquiss,\" which were returned\nby the Governor and his suite on shore; when Rogers and his brother\nofficers, after partaking of \"sixty dishes of various sorts,\" presented\nthe Governor, in return for his four bullocks and civility, with \"two\nnegro boys dress'd in liveries together with scarlet clothe serge and\nsix pieces of cambric.\" And after purchasing \"14 small lean cattel, two\ncows and calves, 60 hogs, 100 fowls, with indian corn, rice, yams and\ncocoa nuts\" in proportion, Rogers ended his week's stay at the island\nby leaving there an old Spaniard \"called Antonio Gomes Figuero, whom\nthey took in the first prize in the South seas, designing to carry him\nto Great Britain,\" as a witness upon any question which might arise\nthere respecting other prizes taken in the South Seas. \"But he, being\nin all appearance not likely to live, we dismissed him here; he first\ngiving a certificate that he saw us take certain barks and prisoners\nsubjects to Philip V. King of Spain.\" Rogers was so pleased as a\nseaman with the speed and handiness of the flying proahs of Guam (or,\nas he spells it, \"prows\")--which, he says, \"by what I saw, I believe\nmay run twenty miles an hour for they passed our ships like a bird\nflying\"--that he carried one of them with him to London, thinking it\nmight be worth fitting up there as a curiosity on the canal in St.\nJames's Park. This was more than thirty years before the account of\nthese \"flying proahs\" appeared in Anson's voyage.\nThe \"Duke\" continued so leaky at this time, that before leaving Guam\nRogers decided upon handing over to Captain Courtney a chest of plate\nand money to be put on board the \"Dutchess.\" While Rogers himself\n\"being still very weak and not able to stand,\" it was agreed that\nCaptain Courtney, in the \"Dutchess,\" should lead the squadron by night\nthrough the almost unknown straits of Molucca, and among the various\nreefs, shoals, and islands they must pass in the passage to the island\nof Bouton or Boutong, where they designed to wood and water on their\nway to Batavia.\nThe order of sailing was therefore \"for the 'Dutchess' to keep ahead\nwith a light, her pinnace when possible to be ahead of her, all signals\nfor tacking or altering course to be given by the 'Dutchess.'\" So\nlittle was this part of the world then known to the English, that even\nDampier, their pilot, who had been there twice, and was the discoverer\nof some of these islands in 1699, seems to have lost his way; so that\nthey were glad to get hold of the Malay skipper of a small native bark,\nand persuade him by bribes, in spite of his fear of the Dutch, to act\nas pilot between Bouton and Batavia. Rogers says, however, that \"this\nway into India would not be difficult if better known.\"\nAfter leaving Guam the weather was for some days dark, squally, and\nunsettled, with thunder and lightning, and mention is made of more than\none ugly gale of wind, while three tropical April showers, in the form\nof water-spouts, were met with on the 15th of that month, one of which\nhad like to have broke on the \"Marquiss\" had not the \"Dutchess\" broke\nit before it reached her, by firing two shots.[22]\n[Sidenote: _A Bishop's cap presented to the King of Bouton._]\nOn the 29th of May, however, the four ships were safely anchored at\nthe island of Bouton; but stayed there only long enough to water and\nget a supply of fresh fruit and vegetables; Rogers finding the king of\nthe island both \"dilatory and designing in his dealings with them,\"\nnotwithstanding which, before sailing, they made him \"a present of a\nBishop's cap, a thing of little use to us, but what he highly esteem'd\nand gratefully accepted of.\"\nIt was on the 17th of June, 1710, near the north coast of Java, that\nthe \"Duke\" and \"Dutchess\" met the first vessel bound east from Europe\nsince they sailed from Bristol in August, 1708. She was a Dutch ship of\n600 tons and 50 guns, from whom they learnt \"that Queen Anne's Consort,\nPrince George of Denmark, was dead. That the wars continued in Europe,\nwhere we had good success in Flanders, but little elsewhere.\" And what\nwas of more importance to them at that time than any European news,\nthey \"borrowed\" from this ship, \"a large draft of those parts.\"\n[Illustration: _Batavia Roads._]\nIn addition to the troubles of a leaky ship, with the clang of her\npump constantly ringing in his ear, and the dangers of an intricate\nnavigation among coral reefs, &c., Rogers tells us that here \"their\nvoyage was like to have been ruined by the mutinous conduct of an\nofficer on board his ship, with other officers and men on board the\n'Dutchess,' which knot was only broken by putting the _leaders_ in\nirons,\" &c. On anchoring in Batavia Road, however, matters smoothed\ndown rapidly, at least so far as the men were concerned, for Rogers\nsays, \"Till now I find that I was a stranger to the humours of our\nship's company, some of whom are hugging each other, while others\nbless themselves that they were come to such a glorious place for\npunch, where arrack is eightpence per gallon, and sugar one penny a\npound, whereas a few weeks past a bowl of punch to them was worth\nhalf the voyage.\" While personally Captain Rogers is made happy, and\ncongratulates himself, first, \"on the discovery of a large musket shot,\nwhich the doctor now cut out of his mouth, it having been there six\nmonths, so that the upper and lower jaw being broken and almost closed,\nhe had much ado to come at it;\" and next, \"that several pieces of his\nfoot and heel bone having been removed, he believes himself, thank God,\nin a fair way to have the use of his foot and recover his health.\"\nThough Rogers makes light of these trifling operations and discomforts,\nand they are not pleasant subjects to dwell on, they could not be\npassed without notice, as pointing out distinctly the sort of man\nphysically fit to have charge of \"a charming undertaking\" of this kind,\nwhile considering the ways of life on ship-board in those days, and the\nclimate he was in at this time, the marvel is not that \"he now thought\nhimself in a fair way to recover his health,\" but that he lived to\nreach home and write his travels.[23]\nThey anchored in Batavia Roads on the 20th of June, where they found\n\"betwixt thirty and forty sail great and small,\" and having, \"as\ncustomary,\" says Rogers, \"lost almost a day in running so far west\nround the Globe, we here altered our account of time.\"\nA complete overhaul, both of ships and prize goods, was now made; and\nall bale goods carefully repacked in \"waxcloth, and tarpaulins.\"\nWhile the \"Marquiss,\" being found much honeycombed by the worm, was\ncondemned as unfit for the voyage home \"about the Cape of Good Hope,\"\nand after discharging her cargo into the other ships, her hull, \"being\nvery leaky, was sold for 575 Dutch dollars to Captain John Opie, of the\n'Oley' frigate, lately arrived from London.\"\nThe Dutch were naturally not at all anxious to assist English ships\nin this part of the world; and it was the 8th of July, \"after a long\ncorrespondence and many dilatory answers,\" before Rogers got leave from\n\"the General\" at Batavia to refit and careen at Horn Island, about\nthree leagues to the northward of their present anchorage. He by no\nmeans suffering them to \"careen at Umrest where all the Dutch ships\nare cleaned.\" This was a great grievance to Captain Rogers, especially\nas at Batavia he was not in a position to strengthen the Saxon of his\ndespatches by any allusion to his six-pounders. That he did what he\ncould in a leaky ship to keep his powder dry at this time is, however,\nshown by an entry in the \"Duke's\" log, \"that in rummaging one day in\nthe powder room we found a leak three or four foot under water which we\ndid our best to stop.\" While before arriving at Batavia the ten guns,\nwhich had been \"struck down into the hold,\" at sea, were got up and\nmounted. This hoisting in and out of a frigate's hold of ten cannon as\nwanted, reads oddly in these days of heavy guns.\nThe forty sail Rogers found lying in Batavia Road were nearly all\nDutch, and during his stay there of four months only five other English\nships touched at the port.\nOwing to \"some unwholesome water drunk by his crew while careening\nat Horn Island,\" Rogers lost several men here by fever, &c., and to\nreplace them and others, who tempted maybe by the price of arrack,[24]\nran from the ships at this time, thirty-four Dutch sailors were shipped\nbefore sailing. Rogers must have known something of sailors and their\nways, but even he expresses surprise at men deserting so late in the\nvoyage, and losing their hard-earned share of prize-money, or, as he\ncalls it, \"plunder;\" perhaps, however, in the case of the \"Duke's\" men,\nthe prospect of constant work at the pumps had something to do with\ntheir leaving her.\nThe \"Duke,\" \"Dutchess,\" and \"Batchelor,\" did not actually take their\n\"departure from Java Head\" until October 4th, and it was the 27th of\nDecember before they \"came up with Cape Falso and by noon were abreast\nof the Cape of Good Hope and saw the Table Land.\" During this three\nmonths' voyage, Rogers says, \"nothing remarkable happen'd, except\nthat on the 31st of October the 'Duke' having three feet of water in\nher, and her pumps choaked, we fir'd guns for our consorts to come to\nour relief, but had just sucked her\" (_i.e._, pumped her dry) \"as the\n'Dutchess' came up.\"\n\"During the whole of this voyage,\" Rogers says, \"he remained very thin\nand weak, as his ship did leaky,\" and the day after anchoring in Table\nBay, \"they buried Mr. Ware, chief surgeon, with naval honours as usual;\nbeing a very honest useful man, and good surgeon, bred up at Leyden in\nthe study of phisick as well as surgery.\"\nThey lost also while at the Cape another important officer, in the\nperson of Mr. Vanbrugh; who in the early part of the cruise, as the\n\"Duke's\" agent, more than once gave Rogers trouble in his negotiations\nabout plunder, &c.\n[Sidenote: _My proposals to the other Capts. not comply'd with._]\nThe expenses of ships in commission could not have been great in\nRogers' time, or they would have entirely swallowed any profits, even\nof a privateering cruise, due to the owners, owing to the length of\ntime the vessels lay idle at anchorages such as Batavia Roads and Table\nBay. For though the \"Duke\" and her consorts arrived at the Cape on the\n27th of December, 1710, it was April, 1711, before they sailed for\nEngland in company with sixteen Dutch East Indiamen and six English\nships. Rogers was anxious himself not to have waited for the convoy of\nthese ships. \"Thinking we should loose too much time by staying for\nthem, and the benefit of their convoy to Holland; which would not only\nbe out of the way, but very tedious and chargeable, while having large\nquantities of decaying goods on board, the time lost in waiting for\nthe Dutch at the Cape might be better spent in Brazil, where we could\nlie in little danger from an enemy and vend our goods at great rates;\nsailing thence to Bristol through the North channel with the summer\nbefore us. Keeping in the latitude of 55 or 56 degrees for two or three\nhundred leagues before getting the length\" (_i.e._ longitude) \"of the\nnorth of Ireland, and by that means avoiding the track of an enemy.\"\nBut though Rogers earnestly press'd that if they would not agree to\nthis, one of the privateers might take this run alone, and the other\nkeep with the 'Batchelor' and Dutch fleet, the majority was against the\nthing, and thought it safer to go home altogether under convoy of the\nDutch than run any risk of losing their rich prize by meeting an enemy\nbetween the Cape and home. Much of the officers' time during their\nlong stay at the Cape was spent ashore holding sales of prize goods to\nthe Dutch settlers; and among other things so disposed of, mention is\nparticularly made of twelve negroes. Rogers also wrote to his owners\nfrom here telling them \"of his safe arrival with the Acapulco ship,\nnow called the 'Batchelor' frigate mounted with 20 great guns, and 200\nbrass patereroes, with 116 men; a firm ship; and that the 'Duke' and\n'Dutchess,' being fitted with everything necessary, only waited for the\nfleet which was expected to sail about the end of March.\"\nIncluding the \"Duke,\" \"Dutchess,\" and \"Batchelor,\" a fleet of\ntwenty-five armed ships was now ready to sail under the command of\na Dutch flag, vice- and rear-admiral. For though really only armed\nmerchantmen, the commanders of these Dutch Indiamen, most of which\nwere a thousand tons, took the rank and state of officers in the Dutch\nnavy. And it must have been a picturesque scene in Table Bay, when at\ndaybreak on the 5th of April \"the Flag hoisted a blue ensign, loos'd\nhis foretopsail, and fir'd a gun as the signal to unmoor.\" In doing\nwhich on board the \"Duke,\" Rogers says, \"our cable rubb'd against the\noakum, which for a time had partially stopped the leak, and occasioned\nhis ship to be as leaky as ever, after having been indifferent tight\nfor some time.\" As soon as the fleet was under weigh, the captains of\nthe English vessels were signalled to go on board the flag-ship, to\nreceive their order of sailing, &c., \"which were very particular and\nobligatory to be punctually observ'd.\"\nA voyage from the Cape to the Texel, even by the direct route up the\nBritish Channel, was a long one in those days for a fleet of this size,\ntouching nowhere, and with over 5,000 men to feed; but the course they\nsteered, away across the Atlantic to the westward of the Azores, and\nthen north-eastward as far as the Shetlands, almost doubled the length\nof it. The squadron crossed the line on the 14th of May, \"being the\neighth time we have done so,\" says Rogers, \"in our course round the\nworld.\" This was thirty-eight days after leaving the Cape, giving a\nmean speed of rather more than three miles an hour. The Spanish ship,\nthe \"Batchelor,\" seems to have been the dullest sailer among them, for\nRogers speaks of often taking her in tow, and of the Dutch admiral's\n\"civility in allowing her to keep ahead of the fleet at night, which\nhe would not permit any other ship to do.\" No collisions or disasters\nof any sort are recorded during the whole of this long voyage, the\nmonotony of which was varied on the 15th of June by an entertainment\non board the flag-ship to the skippers of the English, and some of the\nDutch ships, \"when the good humour of the Admiral soon made all the\ncompany understand each other without a linguist.\" While on reaching\nlatitude 51 north, thick foggy weather prevailed for many days, \"during\nwhich the Flag-ship fir'd two guns every half hour, each ship answering\nwith one, which consum'd a great deal of powder, but by the noise of\nthe guns it was easy to keep company, though often so thick that we\ncould not see three ship's lengths\" (equal to about one now).\nGreatly to Rogers' admiration, the Dutchmen, being good ship's\nhusbands, spent most of this time in scraping and cleaning their\nships, bending new sails, &c., \"so that they look as if newly come out\nof Holland;\" and as they drew nearer home, and the chance of meeting\nan enemy increased, \"the three admirals hal'd down their flags, and\nto appear more like men of war hoist'd pennants at their maintop\nmastheads.\"\nEvidently men like these three Dutch admirals were as much at home,\nif not as happy, afloat as ashore, if indeed a change from floating\nsecurely a few feet above the sea level to land many feet below it,\ncould be called being ashore.\nHow many of those who to-day rattle about Holland by rail, and admire\nthe stately well-to-do look of old Dutch cities and towns, give a\nthought to these sedate fleets of sailing Indiamen, in which the wealth\nthat built and kept the sea from swallowing them every higher tide than\nusual was slowly but surely carried two hundred years ago; or know that\nshipping, moving then some five miles an hour under sail, actually\npaid its owners better than now, though driven by the feverish beat of\nsteam round the world at fifteen knots. Soon after making Fair Island,\nnear the Shetlands, on the 16th of July, Rogers says, \"We fell in with\nthe Dutch _men of war_, with the exception of one or two that remained\ncruising with the fishing doggers off the north-east of Shetland, where\nhaving little wind we lay by, the boats from the land coming to and fro\nall night and supplied us with what they had, being poor people who\nlive by fishing.\"\n[Sidenote: _Arrive at the Texel in Holland._]\nThe whole squadron, now in convoy of the men-of-war, with a small\nbreeze, turned south again down the North Sea, and after seven days\n\"crossed the bar, and anchored at 5 p.m. of the 23rd of July at the\nTexel in Holland, the Dutchmen,\" says Rogers, \"firing all their\nguns for joy at their arrival in their own country, which they very\naffectionately call Fatherland.\"\nThe cruise of the \"Duke\" and \"Dutchess\" was virtually ended when they\nanchored in the Texel Roads, where they were met by some of the owners\nfrom England. But many delays occurred before they were ready to\nsail again, with some East India ships for London, in convoy of the\n\"Essex,\" \"Canterbury,\" \"Meday,\" and \"Dunwich\" men-of-war; so that it\nwas October 14th before the last entry in Woodes Rogers' log was made,\n\"that this day, at 11 of the clock, we and our Consort and prize got up\nto Eriff, where we came to an anchor, which ends our long and fatiguing\nvoyage.\"\n[Illustration: The Old Ship's Belfry.]\n[Illustration: _A MAP of the WORLD, with the Ships \"Duke\" & \"Dutchess\"\nTract round it._\nFOOTNOTES:\n[21] The speed of Rogers' little squadron across the Pacific, under\nsail, was barely half that of the British Fleet which in July, 1888,\nwas able to make the passage under steam from Portsmouth to Bantry Bay,\nIreland, at a mean speed of eight knots!\n    \"The horrid apparition still draws nigh,\n    And white with foam the whirling billows fly.\n    The guns were primed; the vessel northward veers,\n    Till her black battery on the column bears:\n    The nitre fired: and, while the dreadful sound\n    Convulsive shook the slumbering air around,\n    The watery volume, trembling to the sky,\n    Burst down a dreadful deluge from on high!\"\n[23] Captain Woodes Rogers not only lived to write his travels, but\nafterwards had charge of a naval squadron, sent to extirpate the\npirates who infested the West Indies. He died in 1732, just a year\nafter the death of Defoe.\n[24] Rogers speaks of shipping while at Batavia \"half a leaguer of\nSpelman's _neep_, or the best sort of arrack.\" Is the modern term \"nip\nof spirit\" derived from this word neep?\n[Illustration]\nAPPENDIX.\nCONTAINING A RECEIPT FOR A SEA FIGHT, SOME DIRECTIONS FOR FINDING THE\nLONGITUDE, AND A SHORT COMPARISON BETWEEN SEA-STORMS ANCIENT AND MODERN.\nA RECEIPT FOR A SEA FIGHT.\nThe art of naval warfare has so greatly changed since the following\nprescription for chasing, fighting, and taking a 60-gun ship was\nwritten in Rogers' time, that it is really doubtful whether any\ndefinite rules for a sea fight could be given to-day. But in his time\nsuch matters appear to have been as well understood as the making of a\nbowl of good punch was. So, at any rate, we are taught by the author of\n\"a collection of sundry pleasant and critical questions in navigation\nand the fighting of ships, for the improvement and diversion of the\nlearner in his spare hours.\" The writer of which tells us \"he has had\ntwenty years' experience at sea as mate, master, and sworn teacher of\nthe mathematics to the gentlemen volunteers in her Majestie's Royal\nNavy.\" He begins his instructions with the right methods of handling a\nship in various kinds of weather, from the first change for the worse,\n\"when the wind becometh fresh and frisking,\" until \"it bloweth a storm\nwith a very hollow grown sea.\" But the storm being past, the author\nsays cheerfully, \"Let us turn to windward,\" which soon brings his ship\n\"into a good latitude and her proper station;\" where the young officer\nis advised \"to hand his topsails, farthel (or furl) the foresail and\nmainsail, trail up the mizen, and lie his ship a hull\" (under bare\npoles) \"until fortune appear upon the horizon;\" a man being sent at the\nsame time \"to the maintop masthead\" to look out for her in the shape of\n\"any ships that have been nipt with the last northerly winds.\"\nLike the big salmon of the literary fisherman, a sail is soon sighted,\n\"A brave lusty ship of sixty guns. So much the better,\" says the\nwriter, \"for though we have but fifty, the enemy hath more goods in\nhis hold, and it blows a brave chasing gale. Therefore let us set\nspritsails, spritsail-topsails, flying jib, and topgallants; and as we\nraise her apace we shall be up with her in three glasses\" (half-hour\nglasses). It sounds strange in these days of monster ironclads to read\nthat during a chase in a fifty-gun ship the crew were \"ordered aft to\nremain quiet there, as the ship will steer better being too much by the\nhead.\"\nThe enemy soon goes about, and is immediately followed by the young\nbeginner. The chase \"being a foul ship\" (_i.e._ covered with weeds,\nbarnacles, &c.), he gets to windward of her, and is advised to keep\nthere, with \"his enemy under his lee.\"\nThe gunner is now ordered \"to see his guns all clear, and that nothing\npester the decks.\" The hammocks being stowed round the bulwarks\nfore and aft in the nettings, the order is given to \"down with all\nbulkheads\" (cabin partitions, &c.) \"that may hinder us or hurt with\nsplinters;\" and the gunner is asked, \"whether there be good store of\ncartridges ready filled, and shot in the garlands\" (racks for ball on\ndeck) \"between the guns and round the masts and hatches.\" He is also to\nsee that \"rammers, sponges, ladles, priming-irons, horns, linstocks,\nwads, swabs, and tubs of water, are all in place;\" and that when\nengaged, \"the guns be well loaded with crossbar and langrel\" (old nails\nand bolts tied in bundles to cut an enemy's rigging), \"and that the\nblunderbusses, musketoons, pistols, cutlashes, poleaxes, half-pikes,\n&c., are in readiness, and that the patereroes\" (swivel guns) \"and\nstock-fowlers in the round tops, have their chambers full of good\npowder, with bags of small shot\" (bullets) \"to load them, in order to\nclear the deck in case of the enemy boarding.\"\nThe men are then called to quarters; and escape being impossible,\nthe chase shortens sail, and \"puts abroad the white French ensign,\"\nwhich is saluted with a cheer, and a remark, \"that though a larger\nship and full of men, we shall match her, for our colours are St.\nGeorge's.\" Then comes a neat little oration, headed \"The Captain's\nSpeech.\" \"Gentlemen, We are maintained by her Majesty Queen Anne,\nand our country, to do our endeavours to keep the sea from her\nMajestie's enemies, piracy, and robbers; and 'tis our fortune to meet\nthis ship. Therefore I desire you, in her Majestie's name, and for\nyour own countrie's honour, that every man behave himself like an\nEnglishman, and courageous to observe the word of command and do his\nbest endeavour. So, committing ourselves and cause into God's hand,\nevery man to his quarter, and God be with us and grant us victory!\"\nThis speech is at once followed by an order to the ship's musicians\nof \"Up noise of trumpets, and hail our prize,\" which the French ship\n\"answereth again with her trumpets.\" Which preliminaries of the\nold naval duel being over, the gunner is warned \"to hold fast and\nnot fire till fairly alongside of him, and within musket-shot.\" The\ntime arrived, the guns are run out with the command, \"Give him a\nbroadside, a volley of small arms, and a huzza.\" After which the men\nare encouraged with, \"Well done, my hearts! The enemy returns the\ncompliment. What cheer, is all well betwixt decks? Yea, yea, only\nhe hath rak'd us through and through. No fear, 'tis our turn next.\nEdge toward him, and give not fire till we are within pistol-shot.\nPort your helm, he plies his small shot.--Come, boys, load and fire\nour small arms briskly.--Hold fast, gunner; right your helm, and run\nup alongside. Starboard a little.--Now a broadside, gunner.--That\nwas well done; this one hath thinned their decks of men, but his\nsmall-arms did gall us. Clap some case and partridge into the guns now\nloading. Brace-to the foretopsail that we shoot not ahead of him. He\nlies broad-off to bring his other broadside to bear. Starboard hard!\nTrim your topsails. He fires his starboard broadside, and pours in\nsmall shot.--Give no fire till he falls off, that he may receive our\nfull broadside. Steady!--Port a little.--Fire!--Huzza! Cheerly, my\nmates, his foremast is by the board; that broadside did execution. He\nbears away to stop leaks; the day will be ours! Keep her thus.--Port,\nport hard! Bear up and give him our starboard broadside. Load with\ndouble-head round and case-shot. Yea, yea; port, make ready to board;\nhave lashers and grapplings ready, with able men to tend 'em. Well\nsteered; edge toward him, and when you fire bring your guns to bear\nright among his men with the case-shot. Fire!--Starboard, well done my\nhearts! they lie heads and points aboard the prize. Board him bravely.\nEnter, enter. Are you fast lashed? Yea, yea. Cut up his decks, ply your\nhand-grenades. They cry quarter!--Good: quarter is granted provided you\nlay down arms; open your hatches, haul down all sails and furl them.\nLoose the lashings, and we will sheer off and hoist out our boats; but\nif you offer to fire or make sail again, expect no quarter for your\nlives.\" Boats are then lowered, and the captain, officers, and part of\nthe crew of the prize taken on board the young beginner's ship.\nSo much for the attack and capture of a vessel at sea in those days.\nIn case, however, \"the reader be curious to learn\" something of the\nmeasures taken by merchantmen in Rogers' time to beat off an enemy, he\nis referred to \"Defensive Sea Fighting\" in Park's \"Art of Fighting in\nMerchant Ships.\"\nFrom the \"Table of Gunnery\" given below it would seem that our\nancestors' guns were stronger or their powder weaker than ours, the\nweight of a charge of powder given in it in some cases exceeding half\nthe weight of the shot:--\n               |  Weight  |  Weight  |  Weight  |  Range   |  Range\nSOME OBSERVATIONS ON FINDING THE LONGITUDE AT SEA.\nFor want of correct timekeepers, a ship's longitude was, in the time\nof Queen Anne and for some time afterwards, an unsolved problem.\nBut in the \"Compleat Modern Navigator's Tutor, or The whole art of\nNavigation,\" published by one Joshua Kelly, of \"Broad Street Wapping\nnear Wapping New-stairs,\" in 1720, we are taught \"five of the most\nrational ways of finding it.\" The learner is advised, however, \"not\nto confide too much in them, or to omit any of the methods of a sea\njournal or other precautions to preserve a ship when she nears land.\"\nAmong these methods eclipses of the moon and Jupiter's satellites\nof course come first. But of the first of these methods we are told\nthat \"it would be accurate and useful if we could have an eclipse of\nthe moon every night,\" and of the second, that \"the impractibility\nof managing a telescope twelve or fourteen feet long in the tossing\nrolling motion of a ship at sea, surrounds it with difficulties scarce\nto be remedy'd.\"\nThe craving of these old navigators for some form of good sea\ntimekeeper is shown by Kelly's suggestion for finding the longitude\nby what he calls \"automatas, or unerring clocks or watches,\" or even\nby \"hour-glasses,\" directions being given for \"preparing and using\na very perfect and true-running sand glass, which may precisely run\ntwenty-four hours without error, to be set exactly at noon on leaving\nthe land; which glass upon being run out, is to be turned instantly\nevery day, not losing any time in the turning of it; and so having very\nwarily kept the said glass 'til you think good to make an observation\nat noon, and having in readiness an half hour, minute, and half\nminute glass, you may thereby know exactly how much the twenty-four\nhour glass is before or after the ship's time; the difference being\nyour longitude, east or west, according as the time by the sun is\nafore or after the time by the glass.\" Navigation by account, or dead\nreckoning, has changed little since Kelly's time. Indeed, the use of\nthe chronometer and the perfection of the modern sextant has almost\nsuperseded it except in the case of small coasters, &c.\nBut in Kelly and Woodes Rogers' days the log chip, reel, line, and half\nminute glass were the mariner's sole means of finding his longitude, or\ndistance, sailed east or west.\nSteam and patent logs have much simplified such calculations, which\nrequired many corrections not only for leeway but for errors in the log\nline and glass; \"Shortness of the knots in a line,\" says Kelly, \"being\non the safer side, that a ship be not ahead of her reckoning; it being\nbetter to look for land before we come at it than to _be ashoar before\nwe expect it._\"\nSEA STORMS, ANCIENT AND MODERN.\nAre the storms at sea of this century heavier than those of the time of\nQueen Anne? is a question one can hardly help asking after studying the\nlogs of the \"Duke\" and \"Dutchess\" during their three years' cruise.\nJudging from Rogers' account, the whole of this period must have been\none of remarkably fine weather at sea, even in the latitude of Cape\nHorn, as compared with the tempests torn to tatters which we constantly\nfall in with in the sea stories of to-day.\nOr perhaps Capt. Woodes Rogers was of that old type of happy sea-dog\nfor whom the song was written in which Jack \"pities them poor folk\nashore,\" when a storm comes on? Or perhaps \"life on the ocean wave\"\nin his time was really not so terrible for sailormen as it is now?\nThese questions are not easily answered, for even among comparatively\nrecent sea-writers, such as Marryat and Dana, life afloat, though not\ndescribed as all smooth sailing, is never described as all hurricane\nand hurlyburly. Like a true seaman Marryat delights to draw pictures of\nmen at home on the sea, and well able to contend with wind and wave,\nrather than write of ships with sails torn to shreds, and crews taking\nto drink as soon as they are caught in a close-reefed topsail breeze\noff Cape Horn.\nSteam, no doubt, has much to answer for in having increased, rather\nthan diminished the apparent terrors of bad weather at sea; causing\nwriters who draw their experiences of storms from the decks of long\nnarrow ships driven six or seven knots in the teeth of a gale, to form\nexaggerated ideas of tempests, and the behaviour of well handled\nsailing craft in the same weathers. A steamer plunges into a head-sea\nin a blundering sort of way, wallowing from side to side as she does\nso, and shipping water to port or starboard in the most uncertain\nmanner. The power that drives the great hull against the rolling masses\nof water seems to have no sympathy with either the ship or the waves;\nand drenched from stem to stern, the vessel reels and staggers on her\nway, kept only to her work by careful use of helm. Now, the sailing\nvessel meets a head-sea, when lying-to under easy canvas, as though\nshe knew just what to do with it. She is at one, so to speak, with the\nwhole matter. Her long tapering spars act pendulum-like, checking all\nsudden or jerky rolling; and as long as a stitch of canvas can be set\nshe meets the waves in a give-and-take way reminding one of the \"soft\nanswer that turneth away wrath.\" Again, modern describers of sea-storms\nseem to forget, that on board well found ships, things are not merely\nfitted for use in fair weather, but to bear the strain of bad weathers;\nand that loss of canvas and spars at sea was, and is looked upon as a\nmatter of negligence; so much so that in the navy most of these losses\nhad to be made good by the officer in command. And one seldom heard\nin old sea stories of cordage left to rattle and shriek, or sails to\nbang about and explode like cannon in the hands of real seamen. In\nfact, after once the canvas was reduced to its lowest, a head gale in a\nsailing vessel was less noisy than the same wind on shore among trees\nor houses; while down below the noise of the weather was not to be\ncompared with the rattle and rumble of a gale inside a house. In the\ncase of a sudden squall striking a ship after a spell of fine weather,\nor just after leaving port, no doubt a few loose things might fetch\naway, and give young sailors or passengers the notion that every thing\nwas going topsy-turvy; but after a short spell of really hard weather,\nthings soon get into place at sea, and, so far as officers and crew are\nconcerned, the routine of sea life goes on as monotonously as in more\nmoderate weather.\nEven in that nobly simple story of disaster at sea, told of St. Paul,\nthe approach of the catastrophe is unattended by noise; there is\nnone of the confusion and shrieking of cordage that mark the stagey\nshipwreck of modern fiction. Nor did those old shipmen yield the loss\nof their ship without a good fight; but after sounding twice they cast\nfour anchors out of the stern and quietly watched for the day. After\nwhich, the ship's head being already shoreward, the rudderbands were\nloosed, and a final effort was made to save their vessel by running\nfor a creek; until falling into a place where two seas met, the ship\nstruck, and some on planks, and some on broken pieces of the wreck, all\ngot safe to shore.\n[Illustration: _The Old Seaclock_]\n                PRINTED BY CHARLES WHITTINGHAM AND CO.\n               TOOKS COURT, CHANCERY LANE, LONDON, E.C.\n    Transcriber's Notes:\n    Punctuation normalized.\n    Anachronistic, non-standard, and inconsistent spellings retained as\n    printed.\n    Italics markup is enclosed in _underscores_.", "source_dataset": "gutenberg", "source_dataset_detailed": "gutenberg -  Life Aboard a British Privateer in the Time of Queen Anne\n"},
{"content": "[THE HISTORY OF THE RENOWNED DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA\nWritten in Spanish by Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra.\nTranslated into English.\n\nNullum magnum ingenium sine mixtura dementiae.\n\nVol. I.\n\nLondon, Printed for S. Buckley at the Dolphin in St. Paul's Church-yard, MDCC.\n\nSir,\n\nDedications, like all introductions, are generally the same; and it is as difficult now for an author to find a new compliment for his patron as for a knight-errant to court his mistress without rivals in his words as well as his love. This consideration, Sir, has engaged me to seek someone whose peculiar and distinguishing virtues might afford me a subject to say something new. I found honor and generosity in one gentleman; candor and affability in another.\nI was obliged, as the newest subject I could find, to pitch on a person who had all these perfections together. I had a great obstacle to my undertaking, as I lacked the advantages other authors had in recommending their dedications to the world through discoveries or making virtue shine where it could not be found. Your merit is universally acknowledged, and I cannot enlarge on its praise without repeating what is already known to all those who have the happiness of knowing you. Men cannot accuse me of flattery, as they would be accusing themselves of adulation. You have frequently met Cervantes in your travels.\nAnd conversed with him in some of those foreign languages of which you are master. It is on the presumption of this acquaintance, Sir, that he humbly begs your countenance at home. For you have not only delicacy of taste to discover and relish his most hidden beauties, but a generous humanity to excuse his faults. Those two noble qualities, as well as a thousand others, were in perfection inherent in you by your noble father. He already sees you in possession of that rich inheritance of virtue, which flows down in a plentiful stream without impoverishing the inexhaustible fountain; while, retired from the hurry and business of the world, he enjoys that philosophical happiness which is the pleasing result of his noble actions and steady course of life, blessed in so just a representative of his great abilities.\n\nThis piece, Sir.\nDon Quixote has been fortunate to be patronized in other languages, yet he is obliged to express the greatest reverence for the name of an English nobleman. If he receives kind and generous entertainment here, he will not regret changing climates, and if his faults are forgivable, he anticipates a warm reception. The favors of the English are known to exceed merit, and it is the character of the nobility to be kind to strangers. I have received these favors from you, Sir, and the world will judge their greatness by their being yours. Your own generosity, not my acknowledgments, must be the measure of your bounty. Cervantes pleads for his entertainment at Long-Leat, the delightful seat of your noble family. Please allow him to amuse you there for a few moments before you oblige the town with your return.\nAnd once more descend, Sir, to bestow upon me the improving conversation, which at your leisure has brought me greatest happiness,\nSIR,\nYour most humble and devoted servant, P. Motteux.\nEvery man has something of Don Quixote in his humor, some cherished Dulcinea of his thoughts, which sets him often upon mad adventures. What Quixotes do not every age produce in politics and religion, who, fancying themselves in the right of something which all the world tells them is wrong, make excellent sport for the public and demonstrate that they themselves require the greatest amendment. We have our Sancho's who faithfully adhere to such adventurers.\nAnd who, like the Squires of Ass, delight in feeding on thistles. Diogenes in his tub was no less romantic than Don Quixote in his cage; and our modern philosophers in their abyss of knowledge seem as fairly enchanted as the knight in Montesino's cave. The Philosopher's Stone is like Sancho's earldom; and the virtuoso's perpetual motion has much of the windmill. What can be more romantic than the schemes of some projectors, who are still erecting castles in the air; or more extravagant than some poets, men who abuse everyone, though their dependence is on everyone, who in their mad attempts invoke their Muses, as knights-errant do their mistresses, and charge their ill success on the bad nature of the times or the malice of fortune, as Don Quixote did his mistakes on the envy of enchanters; while their disappointments are only chargeable on the foolish tricks of their Pegasus.\nAmong all the Quixotes of the Age, I must not forget myself in regard to this present undertaking. I have engaged to rescue the Knight of the Quixote, or Rozinante, from the hands of his former translators and set him at large to seek happier adventures in a more proper dress. Despite what a few people may say about the old version, impartial judges grant that the language falls short of the purity of the English tongue, even of that time, and owes its little reputation to the last translation's being done obscenely and ridiculously. The first translators generally kept so close to the author that they were obscure and contained as much Spanish as he did in ten thousand places. In other instances, they seemed not to have understood him, either due to haste or lack of skill. However, the original is so beautiful.\nIt is scarcely in the power of one to fail in pleasing, though, like them, he may translate word for word, and even as schoolboys do their exercises. I need not speak of a new edition of that old translation, which I hear is hastily prepared by Captain Stevens; the judicious will easily conclude that it is impossible to improve it by patching, though it were attempted by a man who had some genius for comedy and was able to suit his style to all the various characters in this incomparable work, which in short is almost a dramatic piece. As for the Don Quixote that was published some years ago, it is rather a burlesque imitation of the French translation than anything else. Never did a Spaniard suffer more at the hands of Drake than our Knight of La Mancha did at the hands of the writer of that English-Spanish Quixote. He has transformed him worse than any of his own magicians and handled him poorly.\nHe has omitted many entire paragraphs, a whole story, and several papers of verses, changed the meanings, ridiculed serious and moving passages, moved all scandalous London locations to the middle of Spain, and placed Billingsgate language in the mouths of Spanish ladies and nobles. He has confused characters and countries and added obscenity and frivolous conceits. His fancy seems to have run away with his judgment, and he will likely claim design for his mistakes, asserting that his work is an improvement, not a translation of Don Quixote. I hold such a low opinion of my talent in this regard and have such great reverence for the author's extraordinary genius.\nI fancy it just to myself to be just to him. It is not expected that a work of this nature can always admit of a literal or close translation; that would make the book unintelligible and not English. In some places, we have prioritized the sense over the words; some things having a grace in one language that would not be liked in another. The high-sounding, pompous way of expression that becomes the Spanish cannot always look so well in our tongue; yet I hope everything will appear to have an air of the original. Though our Spaniard speaks English, he is still in his own country and preserves his native gravity and port. When the knight or the historian discourse of matters of chivalry, you here will find their expression dashed with some antiquated or bombastic words, as Cervantes has done, but nowhere else; his style being polite and modern wherever the author speaks.\nMen and Women of Sense are introduced. It was necessary to do equal justice to the English as well as to the Spanish, so I have found it exceedingly more difficult to provide a good translation of this work for the English than for the Spanish, despite the great assistance I have received from experts in both languages. I ought to acknowledge how much I am indebted to the following worthy gentlemen, some of whom have not only supplied me with advice but have also contributed in other ways to enable me to complete this undertaking. Among the first, with all due respect, I boldly mention the Honorable Colonel Codrington, Colonel Stanhoppe, Sir Henry Sheer, and William Aglionby, Esq. He provided me with the story of the Captive, which he had translated some years ago; Thomas Sergeant, Esq., who has favored me with that of the Goatherd; and other gentlemen who are not only masters of the Spanish but of the subtleties of our tongue. I also owe acknowledgments to Mr. Wycherly.\nMr. Congreve, Dr. Garth, Dr. Pellet, Thomas Cheek Esq, Mr. Savage, Mr. Thomas Brown, and some other ingenious Friends, including Don Bernardo Navarro, who is a just Critic in his own language and a good Master of ours, having made an excellent Grammar, which will be printed soon. I am not denying the help I have received to strengthen my party against the censorious. I must own that I have made use of the mistakes and beauties of former translators; and by imitating what was good and avoiding their errors, I may have made this a tolerable translation. Where I have agreed with their expressions, it is sometimes by accident, but often by design. I have had the good fortune to be a little conversant with the stage, an advantage my predecessors in this affair were destitute of, as may appear by their losing the genius of comedy which runs through the author.\nI cannot help but admire his unusual art of moralizing with a light-hearted tone. He has created a book that accurately reflects human kind, allowing each person to see their own reflection without any abuse, only the natural reflection of one's character. This silent instruction he knew would be powerful, as everyone is drawn to seeing their own face, no matter how unattractive. In essence, his book is like a dramatic piece with a wide range of characters skillfully portrayed, and his style generally follows the nature of the subject. What could be more complete and encompassing than the humors of Sancho? Any man with even half of Squire's wit can learn from this single character the mean, slavish nature of some people.\nThe ungenerous Spirit of the Rabble in all Countries and Ages is signified by an E, but he makes Nature spin the Web out of her own Bowels, and shows us the Monster without frighting us with the Hydra. The Character of Don Quixote must speak its own praise: it is an Original without a Precedent, and will be a Pattern without a Copy. Its greatest fault was its too great Beauty, by which some think it answered the Design too effectively. Many men were of the opinion that the wonderful Declension of Spanish Bravery and Greatness in this last Century can be attributed greatly to his carrying the Jest too far, by not only ridiculing their Romantic Love and Erantry, but by laughing them also out of their Honour and Courage. But that this was far from the Author's Design is very evident from his many noble Sentiments of Love and Honour throughout his Book. The Ladies are infinitely obliged to him.\nThe characters of the fair sex are generally virtuous. He gives their love all the moving softness that can raise our passions, without offense to their modesty. He makes them love like women, but speak like angels. The consideration of so many graces in the original was enough to make any translator suspect his ability for undertaking such a great work. However, so many beauties are sufficient to entice any man to an imitation. Yet, Magnis tancidit ausis was a noble excuse, and the attempt in a great design is sometimes as laudable as succeeding in a trifle. I would make a compliment to those honorable gentlemen whose liberality has proved so substantial an encouragement to me in this undertaking, but I must change my note to an apology for the smallness of the edition.\nI designed it as a handsomely bound Folio with a fair letter, but due to the necessity of publishing the first part of the work immediately, I was informed that the booksellers involved in the old translation had already altered it quickly and intended to release it first. I hope my generous patrons will forgive this delay, which was due to my good fortune - the employment, for which I am proud to acknowledge my obligation to the great Mr. Mountague's recommendation and the favor of those noble patriots, Sir Robert Cotton and Sir Thomas Frankland. The bookseller then considered dividing this into four small duodecimos. There is indeed a reason for this, as the book is more for diversion than study, making it more suitable for pockets than closets. I have nothing more to add but the names of these noble supporters of this translation.\nThe Right Honorable Charles Mountague, Esq; The Honorable Colonel Codrington, The Right Honorable the Earl of Dorset, The Right Honorable Henry Lord Coleraine, The Honorable Hugh Hare, Esq; The Honorable Edward Coke, Esq; Richard Norton, Esq; Anthony Henly, Esq; Mr. John Freeman, William Bridgman, Esq; His Grace the Duke of Devonshire, The Right Honorable the Lady Violet of Weymouth, The Honorable Henry Thynne, Esq; Sir Robert Worsey, Bar. The Honorable H. Heveningham and J. Manners, Esquires, Sir John Smith, Bar. The Right Hon. the Earl of Darwentwater, The Hon. Charles Boyle, Esq; Sir Richard Blackmore, Charles Caesar, Esq; and Sir Godfrey Kneller.\n\nYou may depend on my bare word, Reader, without any farther security, that I could wish, this offspring of my brain were as ingenious, sprightly, and accomplished as yourself could desire; but the mischief on't is.\nNature will have its course: Every production must resemble its author, and my barren and unpolished understanding can produce only what is very dull, very impertinent, and extravagant beyond imagination. You may suppose it the child of some disturbance, engendered in a dismal prison, in the very seat of wretchedness, and amidst all manner of inconveniences. Rest and ease, a convenient place, pleasant fields and groves, murmuring springs, and a sweet repose of mind, are helps that raise the fancy and impregnate even the most barren Muses with conceptions that fill the world with admiration and delight. Some parents are so blinded by a fatherly fondness that they mistake the very imperfections of their children for so many beauties; and the folly and impertinence of the brave boy must pass upon their friends and acquaintance for wit and sense. But I, who am only a step-father, disavow the authority of this modern and prevalent custom; nor will I earnestly beseech you with tears in my eyes.\nI had a great mind to have exposed it as naked as it was born, without the addition of a Preface or the numberless Trumpery of commendatory sonnets, epigrams, and other poems that usually usher in an author's concepts. For I dare boldly say, that though I bestowed some time in writing the book, yet it cost me not half so much labor as this very Preface. I very often took up my pen and as often laid it down.\nI couldn't think of anything relevant. One day, while sitting in a thoughtful posture with my paper before me, pen in my ear, elbow on the table, and cheek on my hand, I pondered how to begin writing a preface for Don Quixote. A friend of mine, an ingenious and merry man, entered unexpectedly and asked what had me so deeply engrossed. I was open with him and admitted that I had been struggling to write a preface for Don Quixote, causing me to consider abandoning both the preface and the book. I lamented, \"Why should I subject myself to the criticism of the old legislator and the vulgar? They will say that I have spent my youth in vain, with nothing to recommend my gray hairs to the world but a dry, insipid legend unworthy of notice.\nI wanting a language free from conceits and wit, devoid of quotations in margins or annotations at the end, unlike other books, however fabulous and profane they may be, which use such devices to enhance their appeal. Other authors can impress the public with references to Aristotle, Plato, and ancient philosophers. Plutarch and Cicero are disparaged in the public sphere for being orthodox doctors akin to St. Thomas or any of the Fathers. And the modern method is so agreeable and varied that it cannot fail to please. In one line, they will describe a whining, amorous coxcomb; the next, a dry scrap of a homily, with such ingenious turns that it cannot but captivate the reader. In summary, my friend, said I, the great Don Quixote may lie buried in the musty records of La Mancha.\nThe gentleman, after a long and loud fit of laughter, rubbed his forehead. \"O my conscience, Friend,\" he said, \"your discourse has freed me from a mistake that has long imposed upon me. I took you for a man of sense, but I am now sufficiently convinced to the contrary. How could you be puzzled by such an inconsiderable trifle? A business of so little difficulty could not confound a man of such deep sense and searching thought as you once seemed to be.\" I'm sorry, Sir, that your lazy humor and poor understanding require the advice I am about to give you.\nThe speaker requests reassurance regarding the publishing of \"Don Quixote,\" assuring that concerns over lacking commendatory copies from notable figures can be addressed by writing them oneself and attributing them to figures such as Prester John or the Emperor of Trepisond. He dismisses potential criticism, stating that even if forged, there would be no consequence. Regarding marginal notes and quotations for the history:\n\nYou object that want of commendatory copies from persons of figure and quality will presently solve all your fears. It is only a matter of taking pains to write them yourself and affixing whose name you please to them. You may attribute them to Prester John of the Indies or the Emperor of Trepisond, whom I know to be celebrated poets. But suppose they were not, and some presumptuous pedantic critics should sneer and deny this notorious truth; why, let them. Even if you were convicted of forgery, you would not lose the hand with which you wrote them.\n\nAs for marginal notes and quotations for your history:\n\"These are some scattered Latin sentences you can add to your text for topics such as liberty and slavery (Non bene pro toto libertas venditur auro, vouch for it in the margin), the power of death (Pallida mors aequo pulsat pauperum tabernas, regumque turres), loving enemies (De corde exeunt cogitationes mala), and uncertainty of friendship (Donec eris felix multos numerabis amicos: Tempora si fuere). Including these Latin phrases will give you the reputation of a great grammarian.\"\nYou may take this course safely. If you require a giant in your piece, ensure you introduce Goliath, and on this giant (who will not cost you a penny), you may weave an extensive annotation. You may state, Goliath or Goliath was a Philistine, whom David the Shepherd slew with the thunderous strike of a pebble in the Valley of Terebinth, as recorded in Kings, in such a chapter and such a verse, where you may find it written. If, not satisfied with this, you wish to present yourself as a great humanist and display your knowledge in geography, take opportunity to incorporate the River Tagus into your discourse. The River Tagus, you say, was so named from a certain king of Spain; it originates from such a place and empties into the ocean, flooding first the walls of the famous City of Lisbon; and some believe the sands of this river are gold, and so on. If you wish to adopt a fashionable air and recommend it for sale; for few merchants will pause to examine it.\nAnd compare the authorities on the counter; since they can expect nothing but their labor for their pains. But after all, Sir, if I know anything of the matter, you have no occasion for any of these things. For your subject, being a satire on knight-errantry, is so absolutely new that neither Aristotle, St. Basil, nor Cicero ever dreamt or heard of it. Those fabulous extravagances have nothing to do with the impartial punctuality of true history, nor do I find any business you can have with astrology, geometry, or logic. I project the fall and destruction of that monstrous heap of ill-conceived romances, which though abhorred by man. I, Don Quixote de la Mancha, whose character among all the neighbors in Montiel is, that he was the most chaste and the most valiant Knight that has been known in those parts these many years. I will not urge the service I have done you by introducing you into so considerable and noble a Knight's acquaintance.\nBut only beg the favor of some small acknowledgment for recommending you to the familiarity of Sancho Pan's squire. In my opinion, you will find united and described in him all the scattered endowments which the voluminous folly of knight-errantry can afford to one of his character. And now I take my leave, entreating you not to forget your humble servant.\n\nThe two last volumes will be published very speedily to complete this work.\n\nAt a certain village in La Mancha, which I shall not name, there lived not long ago one of those old-fashioned gentlemen, who are never without a lance on a rack, an old target, a lean horse, and a greyhound. His diet consisted more of beef than mutton, and with minced meat on most nights, lentils on Fridays, scraps and penance on Saturdays, and a pigeon extraordinary on Sundays. He consumed three quarters of his revenue on these things. The rest was laid out on a plush coat and velvet breeches.\nA gentleman wore slippers for holidays and a suit of the best home-spun cloth for working days. His household consisted of a housekeeper around forty, a twenty-year-old niece, and a servant who worked in the house and the field, could saddle a horse, and handled the pruning-hook. The master was nearly fifty, of a robust and strong complexion, lean-bodied and thin-faced, an early riser, and a lover of hunting. Some claim his surname was Quixada or Quesada, but authors differ on this point. For our purposes, it matters little what we call him, as long as we adhere to the truth in every detail of this history.\n\nYou should know that when our gentleman had no work (which was almost all year round), he spent his time reading books of chivalry. He did so with such application and delight that he eventually abandoned his country pursuits entirely.\nAnd he neglected the care of his estate. Indeed, he grew so enamored with these amusements that he sold many acres of arable land to purchase such books. He amassed as many as he could find. Among them all, none pleased him more than the works of the renowned Feliciano de Silva. The clarity of his prose and the intricate expressions interwoven in it seemed like pearls of eloquence to him, particularly when he reached the challenges and amorous addresses, many of which were written in this extraordinary style. The illogical treatment of my reason by you weakens my reason to the point that I must reason with your beauty. And this: \"The sublime heavens, which with your divinity, divinely fortify you with the stars, and fix you as the deserving one of the desert that is deserved by your grandeur.\" Such expressions puzzled the gentlemen's understanding as he struggled to unravel their meaning.\nAristotle could not have discovered which [thing] himself, even if he had been raised from the dead for that purpose. He did not like the dreadful wounds that Don Bellianis inflicted and received, as he believed that all surgery could not secure his face and body from being severely disfigured with scars. However, he highly commended that author for concluding his book with a promise to give the remaining part of the unfinished adventure. He often wanted to write and complete it himself, which he would have certainly done with success, had his thoughts not been entirely absorbed in more important matters.\n\nIn Spain, the curate is the head priest in the parish, and he who has the care of souls. Thus, \"el cura\" means the rector, or, as the common people have it, the parson; but the first not being commonly used, and the last seeming too vulgar, I choose to call it curate.\nA man of learning, the curate of the parish in Spain, versed in Ciguenca, deemed Palmerin of England or Amadis of Gaul the superior knight. However, the barber of the same town would argue that none could rival the Knight of the Sun. If anyone approached his caliber, it was Don Galaor, Amadis' brother. Galaor was less finicky, less of a whining lover, and displayed equal courage. He was so engrossed in reading romances that he would read late into the night and through the day, resulting in the depletion of his brain's moisture and the loss of reason. Disorderly notions prevailed.\nHe filled his imagination with tales from his books, populating his mind with enchantments, quarrels, battles, challenges, wounds, complaints, amours, torments, and an abundance of stuff and impossibilities. To him, these fantastical stories seemed as true as the most authentic histories. He admired the bravery of Cid Rudiaz, but believed him unworthy to compete with the Knight of the Burning Sword, who could cleave apart two fierce and mighty giants with a single backstroke. He preferred Bernardo del Carpio, who at Roncevalles had taken the life of the enchanted Orlando, lifting him from the ground and strangling him in mid-air, much like Hercules did to Antaeus, the son of the earth. As for the Giant Morgante, he always spoke kindly of him, despite his monstrous and intolerably proud and brutish nature.\nHe still behaved himself like a civil and well-bred person, but he admired Rinaldo of Montalban above all men in the world. He was particularly fond of Rinaldo's daring exploits, such as robbing all he met and carrying away the idol of Mahomet, which was made of solid gold, as history records. He hated the traitor Galalon so much that he would have given up his housekeeper and even his niece to kick him pleasantly.\n\nHaving lost his reason, he stumbled upon the oddest fancy that ever entered a madman's brain. He decided it was convenient and necessary, for the increase of his honor and the service of the public, to turn knight-errant and roam the whole world, armed cap-a-pee, and mounted on his steed, in quest of adventures. Thus, imitating those knight-errant whom he had read about and following their course of life, he would redress all manner of grievances and expose himself to danger on all occasions.\nAfter a happy conclusion to his endeavors, the gentleman could purchase everlasting honor and renown. Overwhelmed by these delightful thoughts, he imagined himself wielding the Imperial Scepter of Trebisond. With great anticipation, he prepared to take the field.\n\nThe first thing he did was to clean and repair a suit of armor that had belonged to his great-grandfather and had been carelessly rusting in a corner for an extended period. However, he discovered a significant defect: instead of a complete helmet, there was only a single headpiece. Undeterred, his industry supplied this deficiency. Using pasteboard, he fashioned a makeshift half-beaver or visor, which, when attached to the headpiece, made it appear whole. To test the armor's cutlass-proof quality, he drew his sword and tried its edge on the pasteboard visor.\nBut with the very first stroke, he unfortunately undid in a moment what he had been laboring on for a week. Now that he found he had broken it with so little difficulty, he was not pleased to have lost his labor; and therefore, to secure it from similar accidents in the future, he made it anew and fortified it with thin plates of iron, which he fixed on the inside so artfully that in the end he had reason to be satisfied with the solidity of the work, and so, without any further experiment, he resolved it should pass as a full and sufficient helmet for all intents and purposes.\n\nThe next moment he went to view his horse, whose bones stuck out like the corners of a Spanish real, being a worse jade than Gonela's; however, his master thought that neither Alexander's Bucephalus nor the Cid's Babieca could be compared to him. He was four days considering what name to give him: For, as he argued with himself, there was no reason that a horse, beasted by so famous a knight, should not have a notable name.\nAnd so excellent, he sought to give him a name that wouldn't be distinguished, and therefore he studied to give him such one as would demonstrate what kind of horse he had been before his master was a knight-errant, as what he was now. Thinking it just, since the owner changed his profession, that the horse should also change its title and be dignified with another; a good, big word, such as one that would fill the mouth and seem consonant with the quality and profession of his master. And thus, after many names which he devised, Rozinante was the name he commonly means an ordinary horse. Ante is before and formerly. Thus the word Rozinante may imply that he was formerly an ordinary horse, and also that he is now a horse that claims precedence from all other ordinary horses. Rozinante: a name, in his opinion, lofty, sounding, and significant of what he had been before, and also of what he was now.\nA horse, more exceptional than all common horses in the world. After bestowing such a name upon his horse, he considered choosing one for himself. Eight more days he pondered this, until he decided to call himself Don Quixote. The authors of this authentic history deduce from this that his true name was Quixada, not Quesada, as some persistently argue. Observing that the valiant Amadis, unsatisfied with just his name, added his country to it to increase its renown, and thus styled himself Amadis de Gaul, Don Quixote, in his love for his native soil, resolved to call himself Don Quixote de la Mancha. This addition, in his mind, clearly denoted his lineage and origin, thereby securing lasting honor for that region. With his armor polished, his helmet improved, and both he and his horse named accordingly.\nHe perceived he wanted nothing but a lady, on whom he might bestow the empire of his heart. For he was sensible that a knight errant without a mistress was a tree without fruit or leaves, and a body without a soul. Should I, he said, by good or ill fortune, chance to encounter some giant, as it is common in knight-errantry, and happen to lay him prostrate on the ground, transfixed with my lance, or cleft in two, or in short overcome him and have him at my mercy, wouldn't it be proper to have some lady to whom I may send him as a trophy of my valor? Then when he comes into her presence, throwing himself at her feet, he may thus make his humble submission: Lady, I am the giant Caraculiambro, lord of the island of Malindrania, vanquished in single combat by that never-deservingly-extolled knight errant Don Quixote de la Mancha, who has commanded me to cast myself most humbly at your feet.\nThe knight believed himself greatly elevated by the imaginary submission of the giant. He considered himself a person worthy of bestowing the title of mistress upon. It is believed this occurred near a good country lass named Aldonca Lorenco, whom he had previously had an inclination for, though it is believed she never heard of it or perceived it. Her new name, which he resolved to call her to signify her new status, was Dulcinea del Toboso. He found this name sweet, harmonious, and extraordinary.\nand no less significant than the others which he had devised. These preparations being made, he found his designs ripe for action, and thought it now a crime to deny himself any longer to the injured world that wanted such a deliverer; the more when he considered what grievances he was to redress, what wrongs and injuries to remove, what abuses to correct, and what duties to discharge. So one morning before day, in the greatest heat of July, without acquainting any one with his design, with all the secrecy imaginable he armed himself cap-a-pee, lacquered on his ill-contrived helmet, braced on his target, grasped his lance, mounted Rozinante, and, at the private door of his back yard, sallied out into the fields, wonderfully pleased to see with how much ease he had succeeded in the beginning of his enterprise. But he had not gone far ere a terrible thought alarmed him; a thought that had like to have made him renounce his great undertaking. For now it dawned upon him that he was but one man, and the enormity of the task before him seemed insurmountable.\nHe had not yet earned one through some extraordinary demonstration of his valor. These thoughts hesitated his resolution, but his folly prevailed over reason. He resolved to be knighted by the first he met, following the example of several others, as his distracting romances informed him, who had done the same. Regarding the other difficulty about wearing white armor, he proposed to overcome it by scouring his own at leisure until they looked whiter than ermines. Having thus dismissed these troubling scruples, he calmly rode on, leaving it to his horse's discretion to go which way it pleased. He believed that in this lay the very essence of adventures. As he continued on this journey, he said to himself, \"When the history of my famous achievements is given to the world, the learned author will begin it in this very manner.\"\nWhen he came to give an account of my early setting out, Phaebus had barely begun to spread his golden hair over the earth's surface, and the feathered poets of the grove, the pretty painted birds, had barely tuned their pipes to sing their early welcomes in soft melodious strains to Aurora. She had left her jealous husband's bed and displayed her rosy graces to mortal eyes from the gates and balconies of the horizon of La Mancha. Then the renowned Knight Don Quixote de la Mancha, disdaining soft repose, forsook the voluptuous down and mounted his famous steed, Rozinante. This was indeed the very road he took, and proceeding, O happy age, O fortunate times, he cried, decreed to usher into the world my famous achievements, achievements worthy to be engraved on brass, carved in marble, and delineated in some masterpiece of painting, as monuments of my glory.\nAnd examples for posterity. And you, venerable sage and wise enchanter, whatever your name, you whom fate has ordained to be the compiler of this rare history, do not forget I implore you, my trusty Rozinante, the eternal companion of all my adventures. After this, as if he had truly been in love; O, Princess Dulcinea, he cried, lady of this captive heart, much sorrow and woe you have doomed me to, in banishing me thus, and imposing on me your rigorous commands, never to appear before your beautiful face. Remember, lady, that loyal heart your slave, who for your love submits to so many miseries. To these extravagant conceits he added a world of others, all in imitation, and in the very style of those which the reading of romances had furnished him with: and all this while he rode so softly, and the sun's heat increased so fast, and was so violent, that it would have been sufficient to have melted his brains.\nHe had nothing left. He traveled almost all day without encountering any adventure worth relating, which put him into a kind of despair, as he longed to try the vigor of his arm immediately against someone. Some authors say that his first adventure was at the pass called Puerto Lapice, others at the Windmills, but all I could discover in this matter from the Annals of La Mancha is that he traveled all day, and towards evening, he and his horse, both tired and nearly famished, looked around in hopes of discovering a castle or at least a shepherd's cottage to rest and refresh himself. At last, near the road he kept, he saw an inn. The sight was as welcome to his longing eyes as if he had discovered a star directing him to the gate, if not to the palace, of his redemption. Therefore, he hastened towards the inn with all his speed.\nHe arrived just as the evening was ending. Two young female adventurers, or common wenches, happened to be standing at the inn door, preparing to depart with some carriers who had also stopped there that evening. Our knight-errant, whose thoughts were filled with the romantic notions from the books that had influenced him, saw the inn and immediately imagined it to be a castle, complete with four towers and lofty pinacles glittering with silver, as well as a deep moat, drawbridge, and other typical features of such places.\n\nExpecting that a dwarf would appear on the battlements and sound his trumpet to announce the arrival of a knight, he hesitated for a moment at a distance from the gate. However, finding that no one came and that Rozinante was making his way to the stable, he approached the inn door.\nWhere he saw the two young fox terriers, they seemed to him two beautiful damsels or graceful ladies, enjoying the fresh air at the castle gate. At that very moment, a swineherd happened to blow his horn to gather his hogs. Don Quixote, imagining this was the signal he had been waiting for, given by some dwarf, rode up to the inn with greatest joy. The women, frightened by the approach of a man dressed in iron and armed with a lance and shield, were about to run into their lodgings. But Don Quixote, perceiving their fear in their flight, lifted up the pasteboard beaver of his helmet and revealed his withered, dusty face with comely grace and grave delivery. \"Ladies, do not flee or fear the least offense,\" he said. \"The order of knighthood I profess does not permit me to inflict or offer injuries to anyone in the universe.\"\nAnd least of all to persons of your Ladyship's exalted rank and merit. The wenches looked earnestly at him, attempting to see his face, which his ill-conceived beaver partly hid. But when they heard themselves thus complimented with the title of ladyship, an honor to which their condition never had the least pretense, they could not help laughing outright. Give me leave to tell you, ladies, cried he. Modesty and civility are becoming in the fair sex; whereas laughter without ground is the highest piece of indiscretion. However, I do not presume to say this to offend you or incur your displeasure. No, ladies, I assure you I have no other design but to do you service. This uncommon way of expression, joined to the knight's scurvy figure, increased their mirth, which incensed him to such a degree that this might have carried things to an extremity.\nThe Inn-keeper fortunately appeared. He was a man with a burden of fat that inclined him towards peace and quietness. However, upon observing such a strange disguise of human shape in odd armor and equipment, he could hardly contain his wives' laughter. But, fearing such a warlike appearance before his eyes, he resolved to give him good words. Therefore, he civilly approached him and said, \"Sir Knight, if you are disposed to alight, you will find nothing here but a bed. As for all other accommodations, they can be supplied to your satisfaction.\" Don Quixote, observing the innkeeper's humility (for the innkeeper and castle seemed like that to him), addressed him as \"Senior Castillano.\" Senior Castillano signifies both a constable or governor of a castle.\nAnd an inhabitant of the Kingdom of Castille in Spain, who was actually from Andalusia, near St. Lucar, deceived Castillano by passing as a true Castillan. Castillano, believing him to be one of the true Castillans, replied: \"At this rate, Sir Knight, your bed might serve as a pavement, and your rest perpetual wakefulness; you may then safely dismount, and I assure you, you will hardly miss being kept awake the entire year in this house, let alone one night.\" With that, he went to hold Don Quixote's stirrup. Don Quixote, who had not broken his fast that day, dismounted with great difficulty. He immediately requested the innkeeper, (who was also the governor), to take special care of his horse, assuring him that there was not a better one in the universe. The innkeeper examined him closely but could not believe him to be as good as Don Quixote claimed; nonetheless, he put him in the stable.\nHe came back to the Knight to see what he wanted and found him pulling off his armor, aided by the good-natured wenches who had reconciled themselves to him. However, they could not undo his gorget nor take off his ill-fitted beaver, which he had tied so fast with green ribbons. He would not permit them to cut the ribbons, and so was forced to keep on his helmet all night, which was one of the most pleasant sights in the world. As his armor was being taken off by the two kind ladies, imagining them to be persons of quality and ladies of that castle, he gracefully made them the following compliment:\n\nThere never was on earth a Knight\nSo waited on by ladies fair,\nAs once was he, Don Quixote, hight,\nWhen first he left his village dear:\nMaidens to undress him ran with speed,\nAnd princesses to dress his steed.\nO Rozinante! for that is my horse's name.\nLadies, and my Lord Don Quixote of La Mancha, I never thought I would reveal this to you, until some feats of arms accomplished by me in your service made me better known to you. But necessity compels me to address my present purpose, and the passage from the ancient romance of Sir Lancelot that I am about to repeat has extracted this secret from me, before its time. There will come a day when you will command, and I shall obey. And then, the valor of my arm will demonstrate the reality of my zeal to serve you.\n\nThe two ladies, unfamiliar with such rhetorical speeches, could make no answer to this. They only asked him if he would eat anything. \"I will, with all my heart,\" cried Don Quixote. \"Whatever it may be, for I believe nothing comes to me more seasonably.\" Unfortunately, it was Friday, and there was nothing available at the inn except some pieces of fish, which is called Abadexo in Castile, Bacallao in Andalusia, and Curadillo in some places.\nand they asked John, of whom they called Truchuela or Little Trout, whether he could eat some of the Truchuela, as they had no other fish to give him. Don Quixote, thinking they meant small trout, told them that it made no difference to him if there were more than one, as they would serve him just as well as a large one. He continued, \"It's all the same to me whether I receive a Piece of Eight in one piece or eight small reales, which are worth the same. Moreover, these small trouts might be like veal, which is finer meat than beef, or like kid, which is better than goat. In short, let it be what it will, as long as it comes quickly. For the weight of my armor and the fatigue of travel require sustenance.\" Therefore, they placed the cloak at the inn door for the benefit of the fresh air, and the landlord brought him a piece of the salt-fish, but it was poorly watered and poorly cooked.\nAnd as for the bread, it was as moldy and brown as the knight's armor. But anyone would have found it amusing to see him eat, for with his helmet on and beaver lifted up, it was impossible for him to feed himself without help. One of the kind wenches took on this task, but she couldn't give him drink that way, and he would have gone without it had the innkeeper not lent him a cane. He set one end of it to the knight's mouth and poured the wine in at the other. The knight endured this patiently, refusing to remove the ribbons that secured his helmet.\n\nWhile he was at supper, a sow-gelder (pig castrator) passed by the inn, playing his flute several times as he approached. This made Don Quixote even more convinced that he was in a famous castle, where he was entertained with music at supper. He was the young trout, the bread of the finest flour, the wenches were great ladies, and the innkeeper was the castle's governor: This made him applaud himself for his resolution.\nDon Quixote was troubled by the thought of not yet being knighted, preventing him from undertaking adventures. His supper that evening was shorter than usual. As soon as he finished, he called for the innkeeper and locked himself in the stable. Falling at his feet, he cried, \"Most valorous knight, I will not rise from this place until you have graciously granted me a boon. I ask of you, which will bring honor to you and benefit to mankind.\" The innkeeper, surprised by his guest's behavior, tried to make him rise, but in vain, until he had promised to grant his request. \"I expected no less from your great magnanimity, noble sir,\" replied Don Quixote, \"therefore, I boldly tell you that the boon I seek is...\"\nAnd you generously grant me the honor of knighthood tomorrow. I will watch my armor in the chapel of your castle tonight, and in the morning you will gratify me as I passionately desire, so I may be qualified to seek adventures in every corner of the universe, to relieve the distressed according to the laws of chivalry, and the inclinations of knights-errant like myself. The inn-keeper, who was a sharp fellow and had already suspected disorder in his guest's understanding, was fully convinced when he heard him speak in this manner. That night, he resolved to humor him and told him he was highly commended for his choice of such an employment, which was altogether worthy of a knight of the first order, as his gallant deportment revealed. In his youth, the inn-keeper had followed that honorable profession himself.\nThese are all places noted for rogueries and disorderly doings: Perchele of Malaga, the Isles of Rian, the compass of Seville, the quicksilver-house of Segovia, the olive field of Valencia, the Circle of Granada, the Wharf of St Lucar, the Potro of Cordona, the hedge taverns of Toledo, and various other places where he had exercised the nimbleness of his feet and the subtlety of his hands, doing wrongs in abundance, soliciting many widows, undoing some damsels, bubbling young heirs, and in a word making himself famous in most of the courts of judicature in Spain. Until at length he retired to this castle, where he lived on his own estate and those of others, entertaining all knights-errant, of what quality or condition soever, purely for the great affection he bore them, and to partake of what they got.\nThe knight requested compensation for his goodwill. He mentioned that the castle currently had no chapel where the knight could keep vigil of his arms, as it was being pulled down to be rebuilt. However, he noted that they could be watched in any other place in case of necessity. Therefore, the knight could do it that night in the castle yard, and all necessary ceremonies would be performed in the morning, ensuring he would be dubbed a knight, just as much as any other knight in the world. The knight then asked Don Quixote if he had any money. \"Not a cross,\" replied Don Quixote. \"For I never read in any history of chivalry that any knight-errant ever carried money about with them.\" \"You're mistaken,\" cried the innkeeper. \"Although the histories may be silent on this matter, the authors undoubtedly considered things like money and clean shirts to be necessary.\"\nThe Knights had money and necessities, and ensured their squires were provided as well. If a Knight lacked a squire, they carried supplies in a concealed bag. I advise, and almost command, you as my soon-to-be squire, never to ride without money.\nDon Quixote promised to follow all his instructions, which I previously mentioned to you and will find beneficial when least expected. Don Quixote ensured that everything was in order for him to guard his arms in a large yard adjacent to the inn. Once the knight had gathered his arms and laid them in a horse trough near a well in the yard, he braced his target and grasped his lance. As it grew dark, he began to walk around the horse trough with a graceful demeanor. Meanwhile, the innkeeper informed those in the house of Don Quixote's eccentricities, including his guarding his arms and his hopes of knighthood. Everyone was amused by this strange folly and went outside to observe him from a distance. They saw him walk around with gravity at times and lean on his lance with his gaze fixed on his arms. It was now unquestionably night.\nBut yet the Moon shone with such brightness, almost rivaling that of the planet lending it light, leaving the knight fully exposed to view. While he was thus engaged, one of the carriers, who lodged at the inn, came out to water his mules, which he couldn't do without removing the arms from the trough. Don Quixote, seeing him approach it, cried out loudly, O thou, whoever thou art, rash knight, who prepares to lay hands on the arms of the most valiant errant that ever bore a sword, take heed! Do not audaciously attempt to profane them with a touch, lest instant death be the sure reward of thy temerity. But the carrier paid no heed to these dreadful threats and, seizing the armor by the straps, threw it a good distance from him. It would have been better for him to have left it alone; for Don Quixote, upon seeing this, lifted his eyes to heaven and addressed his thoughts.\nTo his Lady Dulcinea, assist me, she cried, in this first opportunity that presents itself to your faithful servant, do not deny your favor and protection to me in this first test of my valor. Repeating such pleas, he let go of his target and, lifting up his lance with both hands, he gave the carrier such a terrible blow on his thoughtless head with his lance that he lay at his feet in a woeful condition. Had he parried that blow with another, the fellow would certainly have had no need of a surgeon. Don Quixote then took up his armor, laid it again in the horse trough, and walked back and forth with as great indifference as before.\n\nSoon after, another carrier, not knowing what had happened, came also to water his mules. But as he offered to clear the trough of the armor, Don Quixote, without speaking a word or asking for anyone's assistance, once more dropped his target and lifted up his lance.\nAnd then let it fall heavily on the Fellow's head, breaking it in three or four places. His outcry soon alarmed all the people in the inn, and the landlord among them. Perceiving this, Don Quixote cried, \"Thou Queen of Beauty! (Bracing his shield and drawing his sword) Thou courage and vigor of my weakened heart, now is the time for you to enliven your adventurous slave with the beams of your greatness. With this, in his opinion, he found himself supplied with such an addition of courage that he would undauntedly have faced all the carriers had they attacked him at that moment. On the other side, the carriers, enraged to see their comrades thus treated, though afraid to come near, gave the knight such a volley of stones that he was forced to take shelter as best he could under the cover of his target, without daring to stray far from the horse trough.\nThe inn-keeper called to the carriers, urging them to let him be alone. He had already told them that he was mad, and therefore the law would acquit him if he killed them. Don Quixote also made more noise, calling them false and treacherous villains, the lord of the castle base and inhospitable, and the knight discourteous, for allowing a knight-errant to be treated so unfairly. \"I'll tell you,\" he cried, \"what a perfidious wretch you are, had I received the order of knighthood. But you, base, ignominious rabble! Fling on! Do your worst! Come on, draw nearer, if you dare, and receive the reward of your indiscretion and insolence.\" He spoke with such spirit and undauntedness that he struck terror into all his assailants. Partly through fear and partly through the inn-keeper's persuasions, they gave up throwing stones at him. He, in turn, allowed the enemy to carry off their wounded.\nand then returned to the guard of his arms, calm and composed as before. The inn-keeper, growing weary of his guest's mad antics, resolved to send him on his way and bestow knighthood upon him to prevent further disturbance. Approaching him, the inn-keeper apologized for the insolence of the base scoundrels, explaining that they had acted without his knowledge or consent. However, their audacity had been sufficiently punished. He added that he had already informed him that there was no chapel in his castle and that the remainder of the knighthood ceremony, which consisted only of the application of the sword to the neck and shoulders, could be performed just as well in a field as anywhere else. He had already fulfilled the obligation of watching his arms, requiring no more than a two-hour vigil. Don Quixote, easily believing him, declared his readiness to obey.\nThe Inn-keeper, to prevent the knight from continuing, fetched the book where he recorded carrier accounts for straw and barley. Don Quixote knelt, and the Inn-keeper, appearing to pray, read from his manual. Lifting his hand, he struck Don Quixote on the neck and gently slapped his back with the flat side of the book. Don Quixote asked for the lady's name to acknowledge her for the favor and to share in his upcoming glory. The lady, humbly, replied that her name was Tolosa, the cobbler's daughter, who kept her stall among Sanchominaya's small shops.\nDon Quixote spoke to the innkeeper's daughter at Toledo, asking her to be his servant whenever he commanded. He begged her to add \"Lady\" to her name and be called Lady Toloso in his honor. The innkeeper's daughter agreed to these requests. Her companion also had a similar conversation with her, asking for the title of Lady. When he asked her name, she replied that she was the daughter of an honest miller from Antequera. Don Quixote then urged her to call herself Lady Miller. These unusual ceremonies were quickly carried out. Don Quixote could not rest until he had embarked on a quest for adventures. He immediately saddled Rozinante and, upon mounting, embraced the innkeeper and thanked him profusely for dubbing him a knight.\nthat it's impossible to give a true relation of them all. The inn-keeper, eager to be rid of him, responded with shorter answers and rode off without stopping for the reckoning, glad to see him go.\n\nAurora began to usher in the morning. Don Quixote, pleased, gay, and overjoyed to have been knighted, infused the same satisfaction into his horse. Recalling the inn-keeper's warnings about provisions for his travels, particularly money and clean shirts, he resolved to return home to obtain them and also to choose a squire - his neighbor, a laboring man who was poor but had a large family and was suitable for the role. With this resolution, he took the road leading to his village, accompanied by Rozinante.\nA knight on Rozinante, accompanied by horses that seemed to know his will instinctively, trotted briskly, barely touching the ground with his heels. The knight hadn't traveled far when he heard an effeminate voice complaining from a thicket on his right. \"Thank heaven,\" he said, \"for granting me this opportunity so soon to fulfill the duties of my profession and reap the rewards of my desires! To aid some distressed creature in need.\" Turning to that side with all the speed Rozinante could muster, he entered the wood and found a mare tied to an oak and a young lad about fifteen years old, naked from the waist up. This was the source of the lamentable cries, and indeed, a lusty country fellow was beating him soundly with a girdle, at each stroke reminding him, \"Keep your mouth shut, and your eyes open, Sirrah!\" \"I'll do so no more,\" the boy cried out, hoping to be saved.\nI'll never do it again, Master. I'll be more careful with your goods. Don Quixote exclaimed angrily, Disrespectful Knight, it's dishonorable to strike someone who cannot defend himself. Come, mount your horse, and take your lance \u2013 for the farmer had something that resembled one, leaning against the same tree where his mare was tied \u2013 then I'll show you that you've acted like a coward. The country fellow, who believed himself defeated by the apparition in armor brandishing his lance at his face, answered mildly and submissively, Sir Knight, said he, this boy whom I am correcting is my servant, hired by me to watch over a flock of sheep not far off. But he's so heedless that I lose some of them every day. Now, because I correct him for his negligence or dishonesty, he accuses me of doing it out of greed, to deprive him of his wages; but upon my life and soul, he lies. What, the lie in my presence?\n\"you saucy clown, cried Don Quixote, by the sun that shines, I have a good mind to run you through with my lance! Pay the boy this instant, without any more words; or by the power that rules us all, I'll immediately dispatch and annihilate you. Come, unbind him this moment. The countryman hung his head and, without further reply, unbound the boy. When asked by Don Quixote what his master owed him, the boy replied it was nine months' wages, at seven reales a month. Don Quixote calculated and found it totaled sixty-three reales. Ordering the farmer to pay the fellow immediately, Don Quixote threatened, \"unless you intend to lose your life this moment.\" The poor countryman, trembling in fear, replied that, having sworn an oath (he had not yet sworn at all), he did not owe the lad so much. \"That may be,\" Don Quixote replied.\"\nBut set the price for the shoes and punish him for the wounds you inflicted without cause. If he used the shoe leather you paid for, you have damaged his skin in return. And if the surgeon bled him when he was sick, you have taken his blood while he is healthy, so he owes you nothing for that. The worst part, Sir Knight, said the farmer, is that I have no money on me, but let Andrew go home with me, and I will pay him every piece in hand. What! I'll go with him, cried the youngster. No, I won't, replied Don Quixote. He'd hardly have me alone with him before he'd fleece me alive, like another St. Bartholomew. He will never dare to do it, replied Don Quixote. I command him, and that's enough to restrain him. Therefore, if he swears by the Order of Knighthood that has been conferred upon him that he will obey this regulation, I will freely let him go.\nAnd then you are secure of your money. Good sir, be careful what you say, said the boy; for my master is not a knight, nor has he ever been of any order in his life. He's John Haldudo, the rich farmer of Quintanar. This means little, answered Don Quixote; for there may be knights among the Haldudos. Besides, the brave man is his own herald, and every man the son of his own works. That's true, sir, replied Andrew; but of what works can this master of mine be the son, who denies me my wages which I have earned with the sweat of my brow? I do not deny you your wages, honest Andrew, cried the master, be but so kind as to go along with me, and by all the orders of knighthood in the world, I swear, I'll pay you every piece, as I said, indeed, and in addition to that. You may spare your perfume, said Don Quixote, just pay him in reals, and I am satisfied; but make sure you keep your oath; for if you fail, I myself swear by the same oath to return and find you out and punish you.\nThough you should hide yourself as close as a lizard: and if you would be informed who lays these injunctions on you, that you may understand how highly it concerns you to observe them, know I am the valorous Don Quixote de la Mancha, the righter of wrongs, and avenger and redresser of grievances. So farewell. But remember what you have promised and sworn, as you will answer the contrary at your peril. This said, he spurred Rozinante and quickly left the Master and the Man a good way behind him.\n\nThe countryman, who followed him with both his eyes, no sooner perceived that he was past the wood, and quite out of sight, but he went back to his boy Andrew. Come, child, said he, I will pay thee what I owe thee, as that rightor of wrongs and redresser of grievances has ordered me. \"Ay, quoth Andrew,\" on my word, you'll do well to fulfill the commands of that good Knight, whom heaven grant long to live; for he is so brave a man, and so just a judge, that God if you don't pay me, he'll come back.\nand make his words true. I dare swear as much, answered the master. And to show you how much I love you, I am willing to increase the debt, so that I may enlarge the payment. With that, he caught the youngster by the arm and tied him again to the tree, where he handled him so mercilessly that scarcely any signs of life were left in him. Now call your rightor of wrongs, Mr. Andrew, cried the farmer, and you shall see, he'll never be able to undo what I have done, though I fancy 'tis but part of what I am to do; for I have a good mind to flay you alive, as you said I would, you rascal. However, he untied him at last and gave him leave to go and seek out his judge, in order to get his decree put in execution. Andrew went his ways not very pleased you may be sure, yet fully resolved to find out the valiant Don Quixote de la Mancha and give him an exact account of the whole transaction, so that he might pay the abuse with sevenfold usury. In short, he crept off sobbing and weeping.\nwhile his master stayed behind, laughing; and in this way, Don Quixote de la Mancha rectified this injustice. Delighted with himself and what had transpired, he imagined he had begun his Feats of Arms most fortunately and nobly. O most beautiful Dulcinea del Toboso, he whispered, you may rightfully consider yourself most happy, for you have captured and held the willing slave to your desires, a valorous and renowned knight such as I, Don Quixote de la Mancha. All the world knows that I received the order of knighthood only yesterday, and today I have redressed the greatest wrong and grievance ever inflicted by Injustice or Cruelty: Today, I have taken the scourge from the hands of that Tormentor, who had mercilessly punished an innocent infant without cause.\nDon Quixote found himself at a place where four roads met, causing him to recall the crossroads that often puzzled knights-errant, who would pause to consider which way to go. He halted Rozinante and yielded his will to the horse, allowing it to choose the path leading to its stable.\n\nDon Quixote had not traveled more than two miles when he came upon a large company of people riding toward him. These proved to be merchants from Toledo, en route to buy silks in Murcia. There were six merchants, each shielded by an umbrella, accompanied by four horseback servants and three muleteers on foot. Upon seeing them, Don Quixote imagined this to be a new adventure and resolved to act as he had read in his books.\nHe was pleased to consider this an extraordinary adventure, one he deeply desired to experience. With a dreadful grace and assurance, he fixed himself in his stirrups, couched his lance, and covered his breast with his target, positioning himself in the middle of the road, expecting the approaching knights-errant. As soon as they came within hearing, he cried out with a loud voice and haughty tone, \"Halt, all of you! No one may pass further unless all of you acknowledge and confess that there is no more beautiful damsel in the universe than the Empress of La Mancha, the peerless Dulcinea del Toboso.\"\n\nThe merchants came to a halt to examine the inexplicable figure of their opponent. Easily conjecturing both from his expression and disguise that the gentleman had lost his senses, they attempted to comprehend the meaning of his strange confession. He, understanding their raillery, managed it with discretion.\nSir Knight, cried he, we do not know this worthy Lady whom you speak of. But please let us see her. If we find her in possession of those matchless Charms of which you assert her to be the Mistress, we will freely and without compulsion own the truth which you seek from us. Had I but shown you that Beauty, replied Don Quixote, what wonder would it be to have you acknowledge so notorious and evident a Truth? The importance of the thing lies in obliging you to believe it, confess it, affirm it, swear it, and maintain it, without seeing her. Therefore make this acknowledgment this very moment, or know, 'tis with me you must join in battle, 'ye proud and unreasonable Mortals. Come one by one, as the Laws of Chivalry require, or all at once, according to the dishonorable Practice of men of your stamp. Here I expect you all, my single self. I will stand the encounter, confiding in the Justice of my Cause. Sir Knight, replied the Merchant.\nI beseech you in the name of all the Princes present, that for the discharge of our consciences, which will not permit us to affirm a thing we never heard or saw, and which, besides, tends so much to the dishonor of the Empresses and Queens of Aragon and Estremadura, you will vouchsafe to let us see some portraiture of that lady, however small; for by a small sample we may judge of the whole piece, and by that means be secure and satisfied. Nay, I verify believe that we all find ourselves already so inclining to comply with you, that though her picture should represent her as blind in one eye and distilling amber at the other, yet to oblige you, we would be ready to say in her favor whatever you desire. Distil, you infamous scoundrels, replied Don Quixote, in a burning rage! Distil, say you? Know that nothing distills from her but amber.\nAnd Civit is not defective in her eyes or shape, but more straight than a Guadaraman spindle. But you shall all severely pay for the horrid blasphemy which thou hast uttered against the transcendent beauty of my incomparable lady. Saying this, with his lance couched, he ran so furiously at the Merchant who had thus provoked him, that had not good fortune ordered it that Rozinante should stumble and fall in the midst of his career, the audacious trifler would have paid dear for his raillery. But as Rozinante fell, he threw down his master, who rolled and tumbled a good way on the ground, unable to get upon his legs, though he used all his skill and strength to effect it; so encumbered he was with his lance, target, spurs, helmet, and the weight of his rusty armor. However, in this helpless condition, he played the hero with his tongue. \"Stay, cowards, rascals, do not fly!\" he cried. \"It is not through my fault that I lie here, but through that of my horse, you poltroons.\" One of the grooms.\nNone of the best-natured creatures, hearing the overthrown knight insolently addressing his master, couldn't endure it without responding. One of them approached him as he lay wallowing and snatched his lance. With one strike, he broke the knight's sides, and despite his armor, he threshed him like a wheat sheaf. The knight's master called for him to stop, but the man, whose hand was in it, wouldn't relent from rib-roasting the knight until he had exhausted his anger and himself. Running to the other pieces of the broken lance, he continued his assault without pause until he had splintered them all on the poor knight's iron enclosure. The knight, despite all this storm of bastinadoes, continued to lie there bellowing, threatening heaven and earth and those villainous ruffians as he perceived them. At last, the mule driver grew tired, and the merchants continued their journey.\nWhen sufficiently furnished with conversation topics, at the poor knight's expense, he found himself alone and tried once more to get to his feet. But if he couldn't do it when he had the use of all his limbs, how could he do it now, bruised and battered as he was? Yet, despite his condition, he considered himself a happy man, still convinced that his misfortune was one of the common accidents in knight-errantry and entirely attributable to the falling of his horse. Unable to rise, sore and mortified all over, he resolved to turn to his usual remedy: recalling a comforting passage from his books. The folly of his mind brought to mind the story of Baldwin and the Marquis of Mantua, when Charlot left the former wounded on the mountain. A story known to little children, not unknown to young men and women.\ncelebrated and even believed by the old, and yet not a jot more authentic than the miracles of Mohammed. This seemed to him as if made on purpose for his present circumstances, and therefore he fell rolling and tumbling up and down, expressing the greatest pain and resentment, and breathing out with a languishing voice the same complaints as the wounded knight in the romance.\n\nAlas, where are you, my lady,\nThat for my woe you do not mourn,\nYou little know what ails me here,\nOr have you become disloyal?\n\nThus he went on with the lamentations in that romance until he came to these verses:\n\nOn thee, my uncle and my prince,\nMarquis of Mantua, noble lord!\u2014\nWhen kind fortune so ordered it,\nA plowman, who lived in the same village and near his house, happened to pass by. The fellow, seeing a man lying at full length on the ground, asked him who he was and why he made such sad complaints.\n\nDon Quixote\nThe distempered Brain of the man represented to him the Country-man as the Duke of Mantua's imaginary uncle. The Country-man made no answer but continued with the romance, recounting his misfortunes and the loves of his wife and the Emperor's son, as the book relates. The fellow was astonished to hear such unaccountable stuff and took off the visor of his helmet, which was broken into pieces from the mule-driver's blows. He wiped off the dust covering his face and recognized the gentleman. Master Quixada, he cried! (For so he was properly called when he had the right use of his senses and had not yet transformed himself into a wandering knight.) How did you come to be in this condition?, the countryman asked, but the other continued his romance and made no answers to all the questions the countryman put to him. Perceiving this, the good man took off the battered armor of the adventurer as well as he could.\nAnd he searched for his wounds but found none, bleeding or otherwise. He tried to help Don Quixote stand and, with great effort, managed to mount him on his ass. He gathered all the knightly armor, not even leaving behind the lance splinters, tied them up, and placed them on Rozinante. He took the bridle of the horse and the halter of the ass, leading them both towards the village. He walked on foot himself, deep in thought, reflecting on Don Quixote's extravagant words. Don Quixote was equally melancholic, feeling bruised and mortified, barely able to sit on the ass. He sighed heavily at times, sighs that seemed to pierce the sky. His compassionate neighbor once again urged him to explain the cause of his grief. It seemed as if the devil was prompting him with stories.\nDon Quixote, forgetting Baldwin, recalled the Moor Abindaraez and his imprisonment by Rodrigo de Narvaez, Alcayde of Antequera. When the husbandman asked him again how he felt, he replied word for word as the prisoner Abencerrage did to Rodrigo de Narvaez in George de Monte-Mayor's Diana, applying it so perfectly to his situation that the husbandman cursed himself for hearing his strange nonsense. Convinced that his neighbors were mad, he hurried to the village to escape their tedious and bothersome questions. Don Quixote continued on his journey.\n\nRodrigo de Narvaez, this beautiful Xerifa is now Dulcinea del Toboso, for whom I have acted and continue to act.\nAnd I will achieve the most famous deeds of chivalry that ever were, are, or shall be in the universe. Good Sir, replied the husband-man, do you not plainly perceive that I am neither Don Rodrigo de Narvaez nor the Marquis of Mantua, but only a poor sinner, Pedro Alonso by name, your neighbor? Nor are you Baldwin nor Abindaraez, but only that worthy gentleman Senior Quixada. I know very well who I am, answered Don Quixote; and what's more, I know that I may not only be the persons I have named, but also the Twelve Peers of France, nay, and the nine Worthies all in one; since my achievements will out-rival not only the famous exploits which made any of them illustrious, but all their mighty deeds accumulated together.\n\nThus conversing, they at last got near their village about sunset; but the country-man stayed at some distance till it was dark, that the distressed gentleman might not be seen so scurvily mounted, and then he led him home to his own house.\nThe Curate and the Village Barber, both intimate acquaintances of Don Quixote, found him in great confusion. The Housekeeper, who was arguing with them, exclaimed, \"Doctor Perez, what do you think about my master's misfortune? Neither he, nor his horse, nor his target, lance, nor armor have been seen for six days. What shall I do, wretch that I am? I dare lay my life on it, and it is as sure as I live, that those cursed books of chivalry, which he used to poring over, have driven him beset his senses. May Satan and Barrabas take all such books that have thus shattered the best headpiece in all La Mancha!\" Don Quixote's niece spoke similarly to the Barber. You must know, Mr. Nicholas, that she was referring to Don Quixote's obsession with turning knight errant and traveling the world to seek adventures.\n\"quoth he (for that was his name), my uncle would read you the unconscionable Books of Disventures for eighty-four hours straight. Then he'd throw you his Book and, drawing his sword, he'd fence against the walls. After tiring himself with cutting and slashing, he'd cry that he had killed four giants as big as any steeples. The sweat he worked up, he'd say, was the blood of the wounds he had received in the fight. Then he'd swallow a huge jug of cold water, and soon he'd be as quiet as ever. He claimed that this same water was a kind of precious drink brought him by the sage Alquife, a great magician and his special friend. Now I am the cause of all this mischief, for not giving you timely notice of my uncle's raving, so that you might have put a stop to it before it was too late.\"\nand have burned all those excommunicated Books; for there are I don't know how many of them that deserve as much to be burned as those of the rankest Heretics. I am of your mind, said the Curate, and verily tomorrow shall not pass over before I have fairly brought them to trial and condemned them to be burned, that they may not minister occasion to such as would read them, to be perverted, after the example of my good Friend.\n\nThe country man, who with Don Quixote stood without, listening to all this discourse, now perfectly understood the cause of his neighbor's disorder. And without any further ado, he called out, \"Here! House! Open the gates, for Lord Baldwin and the Marquis of Mantua, who is coming sadly wounded, and for the Moorish Lord Abindaraez, whom the valorous Don Rodrigo de Narvaez, Alcade of Antequera, brings prisoner.\"\n\nAt these words, they all went outdoors. And one finding it to be her uncle, and the other to be her master, and the rest their friend.\nWho had not yet dismounted from the ass, as he couldn't, they all rushed to embrace him. Don Quixote replied, \"Wait, for I am injured, as my horse failed me. Carry me to bed, and if possible, send for the enchantress Urgentia to cure my wounds.\"\n\n\"Ah, I knew it on this very account that my master would halt!\" exclaimed the housekeeper. \"Come, get to bed, I implore you. I swear by your life, we'll take care to cure you. No need to summon that same Urgentia.\"\n\n\"A hearty curse, and the curse of curses, I repeat a hundred times, upon those books of chivalry that have landed you in this predicament,\" she continued.\n\nThey carried him up to his bed and searched for wounds but found none. He then explained that he was only bruised, having fallen dreadfully from his horse Rozinante during a fight against ten giants, the most outrageous and audacious that could be found on earth.\nThe Curate cried out, \"Do we have giants conspiring against us? if not, I swear I will burn them all by tomorrow night.\" They asked the Don numerous questions, but he answered only that they should give him something to eat first and then leave him to rest, which was more important to him. They complied, and the Curate learned in detail about the condition the country man found the Don in, as well as the Knight's strange behavior both when he was found and on the journey home. This increased the Curate's determination to carry out his plan the following morning. He then summoned his friend, Mr. Nicholas the Barber, and they went to Don Quixote's house.\n\nThe Knight was still asleep when the Curate and Barber arrived, and the Curate requested the key to the room where his uncle kept his books from the niece.\nThe authors of his Woes agreed, and she consented. They entered, along with the housekeeper. In the study, they found over a hundred large volumes neatly bound and a good number of small ones. As soon as the housekeeper had spotted them, she ran out of the study and returned immediately with a holy-water pot and a sprinkler. \"Doctor,\" she cried, \"pray sprinkle every corner in the room, lest there lurk in it some sorcerer these books swarm with, who might chance to bewitch us, for the ill will we bear them, in going about to send them out of the world.\" The curate could not forbear smiling at the old woman's simplicity, and desired the barber to hand him the books one by one, that he might peruse the title pages. \"Oh, by no means,\" cried the niece; \"spare none of them. They all help some way or other, to crack my uncle's brains.\"\nWe had best throw them all out at the window into the yard and lay them together in a heap. Then set them on fire, or carry them into the back yard and make a pile of them, burn them. The smoke will not offend anyone. The housekeeper joined in, both so eagerly bent on the destruction of those poor innocents. But the curate would not condescend to these irregular proceedings. He resolved first to read at least the title pages of every book.\n\nThe first that Mr. Nicholas put into his hands was \"Amadis de Gaul\" in four volumes. There seems to be some mystery in this book being the first taken down (cried the curate, as soon as he had looked upon it), for I have heard it's the first book of knight-errantry ever printed in Spain; and the model of all the rest. Therefore, I am of opinion that, as the first teacher and author of such a pernicious sect, it ought to be condemned to the fire without mercy. I beg a reprieve for him (cried the barber). For I have been told.\n'tis the best book of its kind; and therefore, as the only good thing of that sort, it may deserve a pardon. Well then, replied the Curate for this time, let him have it. Let's see that other which lies next to him. These, said the Barber, are the exploits of Esplandian, the lawfully begotten son of Amadis de Gaule. Verily, said the Curate, the Father's goodness shall not excuse the lack of it in the Son. Here, good Mistress Housekeeper, open that window, and throw it into the yard, and let it serve as a foundation for the pile we are to set on fire immediately. She was not slack in her obedience, and thus poor Don Esplandian was sent headlong into the yard, there to patiently wait the time of his fiery trial. To the next, cried the Curate. This, said the Barber, is Amadis of Greece; and I'm of the opinion that all those that stand on this side are of the same family. Then let them all be sent packing into the yard.\nThe Curate replied, \"I'd rather keep the pleasure of burning Queen Antiquinestra and the Shepherd Darinel with his Eclogues and the incomprehensible discourses of the Author. I'd even burn my own father if I encountered him disguised as a Knight-Errant. I agree, said the Barber. The Niece concurred. Then let them come, declared the old woman, and out with all of them into the Yard. They were handed over to her, and there were many of them, so that to save herself the effort of carrying them down the stairs, she simply threw them out the Window.\n\nWhat monstrous piece of furniture do we have here? asked the Curate. Olivante de Laura returned the Barber's call. The same author wrote The Garden of Flowers. And to be honest with you, I cannot well distinguish which of the two books contains more truth or fewer lies. But I can assure you that he will be led to the Back-Yard like the nonsensical, arrogant fool he is.\n\nThe next\nThe Barber cried, \"Is Florismart of Hircania here?\" The Curate replied, \"No, then he shall join the rest in the Yard, despite his remarkable birth and extraordinary adventures. His rough, dull, and insipid style deserves no better treatment. Come, toss him into the Yard, and the Governess did so immediately.\n\nThe Barber cried, \"Here's the noble Don Platir.\" The Curate replied, \"It's an old book. I can think of nothing in him that warrants pity. Away with him.\" And down he went.\n\nAnother book was opened, and it proved to be \"The Knight of the Cross.\" The Curate cried, \"The holy title might in some measure atone for the book's badness, but the devil lurks behind the cross! To the flames with it.\"\n\nThe Barber then took down another book and cried, \"Here's the Mirror of Knighthood. I have the honor to know him.\"\nThe Curate replied, \"You will find Lord Rinaldo of Montaban and his companions, all greater thieves than Cacus, along with the twelve Peers of France and the faithful Historian Turpin there. I must condemn them to perpetual banishment, as their story contains elements of Boyardo's invention, which the Christian Poet Ariosto also borrowed for his subject. If I encounter him in this bad company and speaking in any language other than his own, I will show him no favor. But if he speaks in his native tongue, I will treat him with all the respect imaginable. I have him at home in Italian, said the Barber, but I cannot understand him.\"\n\n\"It is not convenient for you to do so,\" replied the Curate, \"and I could willingly have excused the good captain who translated it.\"\nthat trouble of making him speak Spanish; for he has deprived him of a great deal of his primitive graces; a misfortune incident to all those who presume to translate verses. For this reason, I am for having not only this book, but likewise all those which we shall find here treating of French affairs, thrown and deposited in some dry vault, till we have maturely determined what ought to be done with them. I except one, Bernardo del Carpio, that must be somewhere here among the rest, and another called Roncesvalles; for whenever I meet with them, I will certainly deliver them up into the hands of the secular power. The barber gave his approval to every particular, well knowing that the curate was so good a Christian and so great a lover of truth that he would not utter a falsehood for all the world. Then opening another volume.\nHe found it to be Palmerin of Oliva and Palmerin of England. \"Ha! I have found you, cried the Curate! Take that Oliva and let him be torn to pieces, then burned, and his ashes scattered in the air. But let Palmerin of England be preserved, as a singular relic of antiquity; and let such a costly box be made for him as Alexander found among the spoils of Darius, which he devoted to enclose Homer's works. For I must tell you, neighbor, that book deserves particular respect for two reasons. First, for its own excellencies; and secondly, for the sake of its author, who is said to have been a learned king of Portugal. Then, all the adventures of the Castle of Miraguarda are well written and artfully managed. The dialogue is very courtly and clear, and the decorum is strictly observed in every character with equal propriety and judgment. Therefore, Mr. Nicholas, continued he, with submission to your better advice.\nThis and Amadis de Gaul shall be exempted from the Fire. All the rest shall be condemned without further enquiry or examination. Please do not bring back the Barber; this in my possession is the famous Don Quixote. \"Truly,\" cried the Curate, \"he with his second, third, and fourth parts needed a dose of rhubarb to purge his excessive choler. Besides, his Castle of Fame should be demolished, and a heap of other rubbish removed. I give my vote to grant them the benefit of transportation. As they show signs of amendment, so shall mercy or justice be used towards them. In the meantime, neighbor, take them into custody and keep them safe at home. None shall be permitted to converse with them. \"Content,\" cried the Barber. And to save himself the labor of looking at any more books of that kind, he bid the housekeeper take all the great volumes and throw them into the yard. She, who longed to be at that sport as much as making her wedding smock, happily obliged.\nShe grabbed hold of no less than eight volumes at once and hurried them towards the place of execution. However, her eagerness caused her to take more books than she could conveniently carry. As a result, she dropped one at the feet of the barber, who picked it up out of curiosity to see what it was. He discovered it to be the History of the famous Knight Tirante the White. \"Good heavens!\" cried the curate. \"Is Tirante the White here? Please, good neighbor, give it to me, for I promise you a treasure of delight and a mine of recreation. Here we have the valorous Knight Don Kyrie-Eleiso of Montaban, along with his brother Thomas of Montaban, and the Knight Fonseca. The combat of the valorous Detriante with the Mastiff. The dainty and witty conceits of the Damsel Plazerdemivida, along with the loves and guiles of the Widow Reposada. And the Lady Empress, who was in love with Hippolito her Gentleman Usher.\" I vow and protest to you\nThe neighbor replied, \"As for style, there is no better book in the world. In this book, knights eat and drink, sleep and die natural deaths in their beds. They even make their last wills and testaments. There are countless other things mentioned, which no other books of this kind even touch upon. Yet, I must warn you, the author deserves to be sent to the galleys for life due to his willful writing of foolish things. Take it home and read it, then tell me if I speak the truth or not. I assure you, replied the barber. But what shall we do with the smaller books left behind? The curate answered, these cannot be books of knight errantry; they are too small. Upon opening one, it was found to be 'The Diana of Montemayor' by Montemayor.\nThe gentleman is right, said the curate. We should remove that obstacle from our friends' way, and since we began with \"Diana of Montemayor,\" I believe we ought not to burn it but only take out the part that treats of the Magician Felicia.\nand the enchanted water, as well as all the longer Poems. Let the work escape with its Prose, and let the honor of being the chief of that kind belong to it. Here's another Diana, quoth the Barber, the second of that name, by Salmantino. Nay, and a third too, by Gil Polo. Pray, said the Curate, let Salmantino increase the number [of the works], and preserve Gil Polo's with great care, as if Apollo himself had written it. Go on as fast as you can, I beseech you, good Neighbor; for it grows late. Here, quoth the Barber, I have a Book called The Ten Books of the Fortune of Love, written by Anthony de Lofrasco, a Sardinian Poet. Now by my holy Orders, cried the Curate, I do not think there has ever been a more comic, more silly Book since Apollo was Apollo, the Muses and Poets. Of all the works of this kind, I commend this one to you. It is certainly the best and most singular of its kind that has ever been published. He who has never read it may safely think otherwise.\nHe never in his life read anything pleasant. \"Give it to me, neighbor,\" he continued, \"for I'm more glad to have found it than if anyone had given me a Cassock of the best Florence-Prunella. With that, he laid it aside with extraordinary satisfaction, and the Barber handed him The Shepherd of Iberia, The Nymphs of Enares, and The Cure of Jealousy. \"Take them, Jaylor,\" quoth the Curate, \"and never ask me why. For then were The Shepherd of Filida, he's no shepherd, returned the Curate; but a very discreet Courtier. The Treasure of diverse Poems, had there been less of them, said the Curate, they would have been more esteemed. 'Tis fit the Book should be pruned, and cleared of several trifles, that disgrace the rest. Keep it however, because the Author is my Friend, and for the sake of his other more heroic and lofty Productions. Here's a Book of Songs by Lopez Maldonado,\" cried the Barber. \"He's also my particular Friend,\" said the Curate, \"his Verses are very well liked when he reads them himself, and his voice is so excellent.\"\nThey charm us whenever he sings them. He seems too long in his Eclogues, but can we ever have too much of a good thing? Let him be preserved among the best. What's next? The Galatea of Miguel de Cervantes, replied the Barber. That Cervantes has been my intimate acquaintance these many years, cried the Curate, and I know he has been more conversant with misfortunes than with Poetry. His book indeed has something that looks like a good design; he aims at something, but concludes nothing. Therefore, we must wait for the Second Part, which he has promised us; perhaps he may make amends and obtain a full pardon, which is now denied him for the present; till then keep him close prisoner at your house. I will, quoth the Barber. But see, I have here three more for you: The Auricana of Don Alonso de Ercilla, The Austriada of Juan Ruffo, a Magistrate of Cordoba, and the Monserrato of Christopher de Virves, a Valentian Poet. These, cried the Curate.\nThe best heresies in Spanish literature, worthy of comparison with the most renowned of Italy. Keep these, as Spain's most valuable poetic achievements.\n\nThe curate grew weary of scrutinizing countless volumes and ordered the rest to be burned indiscriminately. But the barber showed him one that he had opened by chance before the destructive decree. Truly, said the curate, had I caused this book, titled \"The Tears of Angelica,\" to share the fate of the others; its author was not only one of the best poets in Spain but in the entire world. He had translated Ovid's fables with extraordinary success.\n\nWhile they were thus engaged, Don Quixote, in a frenzy, began to speak aloud to himself: \"Here, here, valiant knights, he cried, now is the time for you to exert the strength of your mighty arms; for\"\nThe courtiers carried off the honors of the tournament, causing an astonishing uproar that drew away the Inquisitors from further examination of the library. As a result, the housekeeper and the niece were left to their own discretion. It is believed that The Carolea and Leo of Spain, along with the Emperior's deeds, written by Don Lewis D' Avila, which were part of the collection, were committed to the flames without any legal trial. This fate they may have avoided had the curate been present to argue on their behalf.\n\nUpon entering Don Quixote's chamber, they found him up from his bed, as mad as ever, tearing at his throat and making a commotion, striking about him with his sword, backhand and forehand, as if he had never slept. They rushed in, seized him, and carried him back to bed by force. Once he was somewhat calm and settled, he turned to the curate.\n\"Certainly, my Lord Archbishop Turpin, it is a great dishonor to us, the twelve Peers, that the Knights of the Court bear away the honor of the Tournament without opposition, after we, the Knights Adventurers, carried it for three days prior. Be pacified, my good friend, replied the Curate; Fortune may yet have better success in reserve for you, and those who lose today may win tomorrow. At present, think about your health, for you must surely be extremely tired, if not seriously wounded. Wounded, replied Don Quixote! No, but as for being bruised, I will not deny it; for that base-born Knight, Don Orlando, has battered all my limbs with the trunk of an oak, out of mere envy, because he sees that I alone dare rival his exploits. But may I no longer be called Rinaldo of Montalban if, in spite of all his enchantments, I do not make him pay severely for this, as soon as I can leave my bed.\"\nfor it is what I want most at this juncture, and then leave me alone to avenge this abuse. Accordingly, they brought him some food, which when he had eaten, he fell asleep again, and they left him, all of them strangely amazed at his uncommon madness. That night, the housekeeper burned all the books, not only those in the yard, but all those that were in the house; and several suffered in the general calamity, who deserved to have been treasured up in everlasting archives, had not their fate and the remissness of the Inquisitor prevented it. And thus they fulfilled the proverb, that the good often fare the worse for the bad.\n\nOne of the expedients that the Curate and the Barber thought of in order to recover their friend was to stop up the door of the room where his books lay, so that he might not find them or miss them when he awoke; for they hoped the effect would cease when they had removed the cause. They ordered that if Don Quixote awoke, they were to keep him occupied and prevent him from entering the room.\nThe first thing he did was go visit his darling Books but couldn't find the Study in its previous place. He searched in every room, standing and feeling around where the door used to be, staring around without speaking. After a long deliberation, he asked the housekeeper the way to his Study. \"Which Study?\" she asked, according to her instructions. \"Or rather, what nothing are you looking for?\" she added. \"Alas, there's neither Study nor Books in the House now,\" she replied. \"It wasn't the Devil,\" interjected the Niece, \"but a Conjurer or Enchanter who came here one night, riding on a dragon atop a cloud. He alighted and went into your Study. What he did there, the Conjurer and the Devil best can tell, for the Conjurer flew out the roof of the House a while later.\"\nLeaving it all in ashes; and when we went to see what he had done, we could neither find the Books nor even the Study. Only the housekeeper and I clearly remember that as the wicked old man was leaving, he cried out aloud that out of a private grudge, which he bore in his mind against the Owner of those Books, he had caused damage to the House. And then I believe he called himself Sage Muniaton. Not Muniaton, but Freston, you should have said, Don Quixote. Indeed, replied the Niece, I cannot tell whether it was Freston or Friston; but I am certain his name ended in a Ton. 'Tis so, agreed Don Quixote, for he is a famous Negromancer and my mortal Enemy; and bears me a great deal of malice, foreseeing by his Art that in spite of all his Spells, in the fullness of time I shall fight and vanquish in single Combat a Knight whose Interest he espouses; therefore he endeavors to do me all manner of mischief. But I dare assure him, that he drives against the stream.\nNor can his power reverse the first decrees of Fate, the Niece questioned. But, dear Uncle, why do you involve yourself in these quarrels? Wouldn't it be better for you to stay home and live in peace and quiet, rather than wandering around like a vagabond, seeking better bread than wheat, without even considering that many go to seek wool and return home shorn? Oh, good Niece, replied Don Quixote, how little you understand these matters. Know that before I allow myself to be shorn, I will tear and pluck off the beards of all those audacious mortals who dare to profane the tip of a single hair within the bounds of these mustaches. Neither the Niece nor the Governess replied, as they perceived the Knight was growing angry. For fifteen days our Knight remained quietly at home, without betraying the slightest sign of his desire to renew his wandering.\nDuring this time, there was much pleasant conversation between Don Quixote and his two companions, the Curate and the Barber. Don Quixote argued that the world needed Knights-Errant and was resolved to revive the Order. The Curate sometimes contradicted him and sometimes agreed; had he not occasionally given in to his whims, there would have been no conversation.\n\nMeanwhile, Don Quixote earnestly requested one of his neighbors, a farmer, and a good, honest man, to become his squire. The poor man was persuaded by Don Quixote's lengthy speeches, numerous arguments, and promises. Among other inducements, Don Quixote reminded him that such an adventure might present itself.\nDon Quixote, enticed by the prospect of conquering an island and potentially becoming its governor, persuaded Sancho Panza to abandon his wife and children and join him as neighbors. To finance his journey, Don Quixote sold one house, mortgaged another, and lost money in the process. He eventually amassed a decent sum. A friend lent him a target, and Don Quixote repaired his helmet and beaver as best he could. He informed Sancho of his intended departure date, requesting that he also prepare and bring a wallet. Sancho promised to do so and mentioned that he would also bring along their good ass.\nfor he was not accustomed to traveling on foot. The mention of the ass made the noble Knight pause for a moment. He pondered and mused, wondering if he had ever read of any Knight-Errant whose squire rode on an ass. But he could not recall any such precedent. Nevertheless, he eventually granted him leave to bring the ass, intending to mount him more honorably with the first opportunity, by dismounting the next discourteous knight he encountered. He also provided himself with shirts and as many other necessities as he could conveniently carry, in accordance with the inn-keeper's instructions. Once this was accomplished, Sancho Panza, without bidding farewell to his wife or children, and Don Quixote, without taking any notice of his housekeeper or niece, stole out of the village one night, unnoticed by anyone, and made such haste that by break of day they believed themselves out of reach if they were pursued. As for Sancho Panza, he rode like a patriarch.\nWith his canvas knapsack or wallet, and his leather bottle, Don Quixote set out with a strong desire to see himself governor of the promised island. On the same road he had traveled before, the Plains of Montiel, he journeyed more easily this time due to it being early morning. The sunbeams, almost parallel to the earth's surface and not directly darting down as in midday, were less offensive. As they continued, Sancho pleaded with Don Quixote, \"Sir Knight-Errant, please don't forget your promise about the island! I'm confident I can manage it, no matter its size.\" Don Quixote replied to Sancho, \"Friend Sancho, you must know, I will keep my promise.\"\nThat it has been the constant practice of Knights-Errant in former ages to make their Squires governors of the islands or kingdoms they conquered. I am not only resolved to keep up this laudable custom, but even to improve it, and outdo my predecessors in generosity. For whereas some knights delayed rewarding their squires till they were grown old and worn out with service, bad days, worse nights, and all manner of hard duty, and then put them off with some title, either of count or at least marquis of some valley or province, of great or small extent: Now, if thou and I do but live, it may happen that before we have past six days together, I may conquer some kingdom, having many other kingdoms next to its imperial crown; and this would fall out most luckily for thee, for then would I immediately crown thee king of one of them. Nor do thou imagine this to be a mighty matter; for so strange accidents and revolutions are often sudden and unforeseen.\n\"Why, if I were to attend the Profession of Chivalry and become a king by some miracle, as you suggest, Sancho Panza replied, how happy we would be if Joan Gutierrez were a queen, and my children infanta's and princes. Who doubts that, Don Quixote asked? I doubt it, Sancho Panza replied. I cannot help believing that even if kingdoms rained down from the earth, none would fit Joan Gutierrez's head. I must tell you, she's not worth two pennies to make a queen. No, a countess would be better for her, you agree? And that too, God help her, will be as much as she can manage. I will leave it to Providence to decide what is best for you, Don Quixote said. But do not entertain inferior thoughts.\"\nAnd I will not accept less than the dignity of a viceroy, Sir, replied Sancho: especially since I have such a rare master as your worship, who will ensure I receive whatever is fitting for me and what I am able to handle.\n\nAs they were speaking, they came upon thirty or forty windmills in the plain. And as soon as the knight had spotted them, Fortune cried, he declared, our affairs are being directed better than we could have wished: Behold, Friend Sancho, there are at least thirty outrageous giants, whom I intend to encounter; and having deprived them of life, we will begin to enrich ourselves with their spoils: For they are lawful prize, and the extirpation of that cursed brood will be an acceptable service to Heaven. What giants, asked Sancho Panza? Those you see there, answered Don Quixote, with their long extended arms; some of that detested race have arms of such immense size that they sometimes reach two leagues in length. Look more closely.\nSir, said Sancho: \"Those things yonder are not giants, but windmills, and the arms you see are their sails. The wind makes the mill go by turning the sails. That's a sign, sir,\" cried Don Quixote, \"you are not well-versed in adventures! I tell you, they are giants. If you are afraid, go aside and say your prayers, for I am determined to engage in a dreadful unequal combat against them all.\" He spurred on his horse, Rozinante, without heeding his squire Sancho, who shouted out to him and assured him they were windmills, not giants. But he was so possessed by a strong belief to the contrary that he did not even hear his squire's cry, nor was he aware of what they truly were, though he was already very near them. Instead, he cried out, \"Stand, cowards! Cry out, ignoble creatures, and do not fly cowardly from a single knight who dares to face you all!\" At the same time, the wind rose, and the mill sails began to turn.\nDon Quixote spotted base miscreants, cried he. Though you wield more arms than giant Briareus, you shall pay for your arrogance. He most devoutly recommended himself to his Lady Dulcinea, imploring her assistance in this perilous adventure. Covering himself with his shield and couching his lance, he rushed with Rozinante's utmost speed towards the first windmill he could reach. Running his lance into the sail, the wind whirled it about with such swiftness that the rapidity of the motion broke the lance into shivers and hurled both knight and horse along with it, rolling a good way off in the field. Sancho Panza ran as fast as his ass could drive to help his master, whom he found lying and unable to stir, having received such a blow themselves. Mercy me, cried Sancho, did I not give your worship fair warning? Did I not tell you they were windmills, and that no one could think otherwise unless he had also windmills in his head?\nfriend Sancho, Don Quixote replied, \"There is nothing so subject to the inconstancy of Fortune in war. I am convinced that the accursed necromancer Freston, who stole my study and my books, has transformed these giants into windmills to deprive me of the honor of victory; such is his inveterate malice against me. But in the end, all his pernicious wiles and stratagems will prove ineffective against the prevailing edge of my sword. Amen,\" Sancho replied. And with that, Don Quixote heaved himself up again onto his legs and once more mounted poor Rosinante, who was half-shoulder-slipped from his fall.\n\nThis adventure was the topic of their conversation as they made their way towards the Pass of Lapice. Don Quixote took that road, believing he could not miss adventures in one so frequently traveled. However, the loss of his lance was no small affliction to him, and as he was lamenting it to his squire, \"I have read,\" he said, Sancho.\nA Spanish knight named Diego Perez de Vargas, having broken his sword in battle, tore down a large branch from an oak tree and crushed and ground numerous Moors with it that day, earning himself and his descendants the surname \"Machuca,\" or \"The Grinder. I tell you this because I plan to tear down a branch from the next oak we encounter that is as good as that one, with which I hope to perform wondrous deeds. You will consider yourself particularly fortunate to have been present and witnessed these achievements, which future generations may scarcely believe. Heaven grant you may, Sancho exclaimed. I believe it all, Don Quixote replied. But please sit more upright in your saddle, Sancho suggested; you ride sideways, I think. It does so, Don Quixote agreed, and if I do not complain of the pain from my fall.\nA knight-errant should never complain about his wounds, not even if his bowels were falling out because of them, Sancho remarked. Yet, I'd be glad to hear you grumble occasionally when you're in pain, Sancho added. Don Quixote couldn't help but smile at Sancho's naivety and assured him that he was free to complain as much as he wanted, with or without cause, as he had never come across anything to the contrary in chivalric literature. Sancho suggested it was time for dinner, but Don Quixote replied that Sancho could eat whenever he pleased, while he himself was not yet ready. With this permission granted, Sancho arranged himself as best he could on his ass and took out some food from his wallet. He began to eat heartily as he rode behind Don Quixote, and from time to time he lifted his bottle to his nose and took long pulls.\nthat he would have made the best papered Vintner in Malaga be pleased to see him. While he did this, he gave not a thought to his Masters great promises; and he did not find it a trouble, to travel in quest of adventures, even if they were dreadful. In the end, they spent that night under some trees. From one of these, Don Quixote tore a withered branch, which in some way served him as a lance, and to this he attached the lead or spear of his broken lance. But he did not sleep all that night, keeping his thoughts fixed on his dear Dulcinea, just as he had read in books of chivalry, where the knights pass that time without sleep, in forests and deserts, entirely absorbed in the entertaining thoughts of their absent mistresses. As for Sancho, he did not spend the night in this idle manner; having his paunch well filled with something more than wind, he took but one nap.\nAnd he hadn't been awakened by his master or the sun's beams on his face, nor the birds' melodies that cheerfully welcomed the morning, would have been able to rouse him. As he got up to clear his sight, he took a few long swigs from his friendly bottle for a morning draught. But he found it lighter than the night before, which disappointed him greatly, as he suspected he wouldn't be able to cure his ailment as soon as he had hoped. On the other hand, Don Quixote wouldn't break his fast, having feasted all night on the more delicate and savory thoughts of his mistress. They continued on directly towards the Lapice Pass, which they discovered around three o'clock. When they approached it, \"Here it is, Brother Sancho,\" cried Don Quixote, \"let us want for nothing.\"\nAnd as we were immersed in our adventures, I assure you, I will obey your command in that matter. I have always loved peace and quietness and have never sought to involve myself in disputes. Yet I would not shy away from defending myself if anyone attacked me first. I agree, replied Don Quixote, but you must control your natural impulses and not intervene on my behalf against any knights. I will do so, assured Sancho. I keep your commandment as faithfully as I observe the Sabbath.\n\nAs they spoke, they saw two monks of the Order of St. Bennet approaching on two dromedaries. Their mules, which they rode, were tall and stately.\nThey seemed hardly different. They wore Riding-Masks with glass eyes against the dust, and umbrellas to shield them from the sun. After them came a coach with four or five men on horseback and two muleteers on foot. In the coach was a Biscayan lady, who was going to Seville to meet her husband there, in order to embark for the Indies, to take possession of a considerable post. Scarce had Don Quixote perceived the monks, who were not of the same company though they went the same way, when he cried to his squire, \"Either I am deceived, or this will prove the most famous adventure that ever was known; for without all question, those two black figures approaching us must be some Negro sorcerers, carrying away by force some princess in that coach; and it is my duty to prevent such a great injury.\" \"Sir,\" replied Sancho, \"don't you see these are Benedictine friars.\"\nAnd it's likely the coach belongs to some travelers who aren't here. Therefore, take warning again, and don't you be led away by the devil. I have already told you, Sancho, replied Don Quixote. You are miserably ignorant in matters of adventures. What I say is true, and you will find it so presently. This said, he spurred on his horse and posted himself in the midst of the road where the monks were to pass. And when they came within hearing, \"Cursed implements of hell,\" he cried in a loud and haughty tone, \"immediately release those high-born princesses whom you are violently conveying away in that coach, or else prepare to meet with instant death, as the just punishment of your pernicious deeds.\" The monks stopped their mules, no less astonished at the figure than at the expressions of the speaker. \"Sir knight,\" they cried, \"we are no such persons as you are pleased to term us, but religious men, of the Order of St. Benedict, that travel about our affairs.\"\nAnd they were completely ignorant whether or not there were any princesses in the coach. I cannot be deceived with fair words, replied Don Quixote. I know you well, perfidious caitiffs, and immediately, without expecting their reply, he set spurs to Rozinante and ran furiously with his lance couched against the first monk. If the monk had not prudently thrown himself to the ground, the knight would have certainly laid him dead or grievously wounded. The other monk, observing the discourteous behavior of his companion, clapped his heels to his overgrown mule's flanks and scowled over the plain, as if he were running a race with the wind. Sancho Panza, upon seeing the monk fall, nimbly jumped off his ass and ran to him, beginning to strip him immediately. But then Sancho Panza told them that this belonged to him as lawful plunder, being the spoils won in battle by his lord and master Don Quixote. The fellows, with whom there was no jesting.\nDon Quixote, engaged with the Ladies in the Coach, was unaware of Sancho's plight. Seeing him nearby, he threw him down, tore his beard from his chin, and thumped and mauled him.\n\nDon Quixote: Lady, your discretion is now free. The presumptuous arrogance of those who attempted to enslave you lies prostrate in the dust, vanquished by my strenuous arm. I am Don Quixote de la Mancha, a Knight-Errant and Adventurer, captive to the peerless beauty, Donna Dulcinea del Toboso. I ask for no other reward for my service than for you to return to Toboso and present yourselves to that lady, informing her of what I have done to secure your release.\n\nTo this extravagant speech\nA Biscayan squire or gentleman usher, riding with the coach, listened intently as Don Quixote halted it and attempted to make it return to Toboso. The Biscayan bore towards him, seized his lance, and shouted in poor Spanish and Biscayan, \"Get away, Knight (or Sir), and the devil go with you! By the one who created me, if you don't leave the coach, I'll kill you now, for I am Biscayan.\" Don Quixote, who managed to comprehend him, replied calmly, \"If you were a knight or gentleman, 'cavallero' in Spanish signifies both, I would have chastised your insolence and temerity by now, you insignificant mortal. What, not a gentleman, the Biscayan retorted? You're a liar, as I am a Christian. If you throw away your lance and draw your sword...\"\nI will treat you no differently than a cat does a mouse. I will demonstrate to you that I am a Biscayan and a Gentleman by land, by sea, and in spite of the devil. I'll try titles with you, as the man said, replied Don Quixote; and with that, throwing away his lance, he drew his sword, grasped his target, and attacked the Biscayan. Fully bent on his destruction, the Biscayan would have gladly alighted, not trusting to his mule, which was one of those scurvy jades let out to hire. But all he had time to do was only to draw his sword and snatch a cushion out of the coach to serve him instead of a shield. Immediately they assaulted one another with the fury of mortal enemies. The bystanders did all they could to prevent their fighting; but it was in vain. For the Biscayan swore in his gibberish that he would kill his very mistress and all those who presumed to hinder him if they would not let him fight. The lady in the coach.\nbeing extremely afraid at these Passages, made her coachman drive out of harm's way, and at a distance, she was an eyewitness of the furious combat. At the same time, the Biscayan let fall such a mighty blow on Don Quixote's shoulder over his target, that had not his armor been sword-proof, he would have cleft him down to the very waist. The knight feeling the weight of that unmeasurable blow, cried out aloud, \"Oh, Lady of my soul, Dulcinea! flower of all beauty, vouchsafe to succor your champion in this dangerous combat, undertaken to set forth your worth.\" The breathing out of this short prayer, the gripping fast of his sword, the covering of himself with his shield, and the charging of his enemy, was but the work of a moment; for Don Quixote was resolved to venture the fortune of the combat all upon one blow. The Biscayan, who read his design in his dreadful countenance, was resolved to face him with equal recklessness, and stand the terrible shock, covered with the cushion.\nThe jaded mule, refusing to respond to the spur or any other provocation, stood unmoving as Don Quixote charged towards the Biscayan with his sword raised, determined to split him in two. The onlookers stood trembling with terror and amazement, anticipating the imminent collision of these two desperate combatants. The lady in the coach and her women were making vows and offerings to all the places of devotion in Spain, praying for deliverance from the impending danger.\n\nHowever, the history comes to an abrupt end here, with the author leaving off just as the outcome of the battle is about to be determined, allegedly unable to find any further recorded achievements of Don Quixote's wondrous feats.\nIn the second part of this work, a second historian could not believe that the curious History of Don Quixote would be so disregardful of their country's glory as not to preserve some memoirs or monuments of the famous knight in their archives or closets. Therefore, he would not give up his search for the continuation of this pleasant history until he finally found it, as the next book will reveal to the reader.\n\nIn the first book of this history, we left the valiant Biscayan and the renowned Don Quixote with their swords lifted up, ready to strike each other with two furious and terrible blows. Had these blows fallen directly and met with no opposition, they would have severed the two combatants from head to toe and split them like a pomegranate. However, as I mentioned earlier, the story remained incomplete, and the author did not inform us where we might find the remaining part of the relation. This troubled me greatly and turned the pleasure of reading into vexation.\nI had found the beginning of the text disappointing, as I feared I would never get to read the rest. However, it seemed impossible and unjust for such a valiant knight to be without a learned person to record his exploits. This had never been the case for his predecessors, the Knights Adventurers, each of whom had one or two learned men on hand to write not only their deeds but also their thoughts, no matter how hidden. Therefore, I couldn't believe that such an admirable history was left unfinished. Instead, I assumed that Time, the devourer of all things, had either hidden or consumed it. On the other hand,\nI considered several modern books in the study, such as The Cure of Jealousy and The Nymphs and Shepherds of Henares. This suggested that our knight's history could not be very ancient. If it had not been continued, his neighbors and friends would not have forgotten the most remarkable passages of his life. Filled with this imagination, I resolved to make a particular and exact inquiry into the life and miracles of our renowned Spaniard, Don Quixote, the refulgent glory and mirror of the knighthood of La Mancha, and the first to devote himself in these depraved and miserable times to the neglected profession of knight-errantry, to redress wrongs and injuries, relieve widows, and defend the honor of damsels \u2013 those who, in former ages, rode around with a whip in hand, mounted on their palfreys, with all their virginity about them, secure from all danger.\nUnless they hadn't been ravished by some boisterous villain or huge giant, they were surely laid in their graves as pure virgins at the age of eighty, having never slept one night under a roof in all that time. For this reason, among many others, I say that our gallant Don Quixote is worthy of everlasting and universal praise. I should not be denied my due commendation for my indefatigable care and diligence in seeking and finding the continuation of this delightful history. However, I must confess that had it not been for Providence, Chance, or Fortune, as I will now inform you, assisting me in the discovery, the world would have been deprived of two hours' diversion and pleasure, which it is likely to afford to those who read it with attention.\n\nOne day, in the Alcazar at Toledo, I saw a young lad offering to sell a parcel of old written papers to a groom. Being inclined to pick up the least piece of written or printed papers that I come across, I approached and purchased them from the lad.\nIn the midst of the street, I couldn't resist the urge to grab one of the quires to see what it was. I found it written in Arabic, which I couldn't read. This prompted me to look around to find a Moorish Rabbi to read it for me and provide an explanation. It wasn't difficult to find an interpreter there. Had I needed one for a better and more ancient tongue, that place would have certainly provided me with one. I was fortunate to find one immediately. After informing him of my desire, he began to laugh upon reading some lines. I asked him why he was laughing. He pointed to a remark in the margin of the book and explained it as follows:\n\nThis Dulcinea del Toboso, frequently mentioned in this history, is said to have had the best hand at salting pork of any woman in all La Mancha.\n\nI was surprised when I heard him mention Dulcinea del Toboso.\nI was thrilled when I believed the old papers contained the history of Don Quixote. I urged the Moor to read the book title, which he did, creating it on the spot from Arabic: \"The History of Don Quixote de la Mancha, written by Cid Hamet Benengeli, an Arabian historiographer.\" Overjoyed, I quickly struck a deal with the young man, paying him half a real for the book, a price he could have easily charged twenty times more. I took the purchase and the Moor with me to the cloister of the great church, where I asked him to translate all Don Quixote-related papers, without adding or omitting a single word. He requested only two items in return: an arroba of raisins and two bushels of wheat.\nAnd he promised me he would do it faithfully and expeditiously. In short, for faster completion and greater security, I took the Moor to my own house, where he finished the entire translation in less than six weeks.\n\nThe fight between Don Quixote and the Biscayan was precisely drawn on one of the first quire's leaves, with them in the same position as we left them, swords lifted up over their heads, one guarding himself with his shield, the other with his cushion. The Biscayan's mule was depicted so lifelike that with half an eye, one could recognize it as a hired mule. Under the Biscayan was written, Don Sancho de Aspetia, and under Rozinante, Don Quixote. Rozinante was so admirably drawn, so slim, so stiff, so lank, so lean, so jaded, with such a sharp ridgebone, and altogether so like one wasted with an incurable consumption, that anyone must have acknowledged, at first sight, its resemblance to the description.\nThat no horse ever deserved that name more than this one. Nearby stood Sancho Paunch, with Panca holding his ass by the halter. At his feet was a crowl, on which was written \"Sancho Haunches,\" or rather \"Thigh-bones.\" Cancas. Based on his picture, he was thick and short, with a paunch belly and long haunches. For this reason, he is sometimes called Panca and other times Cancas in the history. There were some other insignificant details in this piece, but they provided no insight into this true history and therefore went unmentioned. None can be wrong as long as they are authentic. I must only inform the reader that the only potential issue with this is that the author is Arabian, and those of that country are not a little prone to lying. However, if we consider them our enemies, we should instead assume that the author has rather told the truth.\nSuch was the worth of our Knight augmented, and I am more inclined to believe so, as it is clear that where he should have expanded upon his praises, he maliciously chooses to be silent. This is an unworthy proceeding for a Historian, who ought to be exact, sincere, and impartial, free from passion and not influenced by interest, fear, resentment, or affection, to deviate from Truth, which is the mother of History, the preserver and eternizer of great actions, the open enemy of Oblivion, the witness of things past, and the director of future times. As for this History, it will afford you as great variety as you could wish in the most entertaining manner; and if in any point it falls short of your expectations, I am of the opinion it is more the fault of the unworthy author than the subject. Let us come to the Second Book, which, according to our translation, begins in this manner:\n\nSuch were the bold and formidable looks of the two enraged combatants, that with upraised arms...\nand with destructive Steel, they seemed to threaten Heaven, Earth, and the Infernal Mansions; while the spectators seemed wholly lost in fear and astonishment. The Choleric Biscayan discharged the first blow, and that with such a prodigious force and so desperate a fury that had not his sword turned in his hand, that single stroke would have put an end to the dreadful combat and all our knights' adventures. But Fate, that reserved him for greater things, so ordered it that his enemy's sword turned in such a manner that though it struck him on the left shoulder, it did him no other hurt than to disarm that side of his head, carrying away with it a great part of his helmet and one half of his ear, which together fell to the ground.\nThe Powers! But in vain: The Fury which then engulfed the breast of our hero, La Mahcha, cannot be expressed; words would only provide a weak sketch or faint image of his unutterable rage. Exerting all his valor, he raised himself in his stirrups, appearing greater than himself, and at the same instant, gripping his sword with both hands, he dealt a tremendous blow full upon the Biscayans' cushion and his head. Despite the good defense, as if a whole mountain had fallen upon him, the blood gushed out of his mouth, nose, and ears all at once, and he tottered in his saddle, teetering on the brink of falling to the ground. However, had he not caught hold of the neck of his mule, he would have fallen. But the mule itself, roused from its stupor by that terrible blow, began to run about the fields. The Biscayan, having lost his stirrups and his hold, was shaken off by the mule with a few jerks.\nDon Quixote threw him to the ground. With great tranquility and unconcern, Don Quixote beheld the disaster of his foe. Seeing him down, he nimbly slipped from his saddle and ran to him, setting the point of his sword to his throat. He demanded surrender or else he would take his head. The Biscayan was so stunned that he could make no reply, and Don Quixote was about to carry out his threat when the ladies in the coach, who had watched the sad transactions with great uneasiness and fear, hurried to beg Don Quixote to spare his life.\n\n\"Beautiful Ladies,\" said the victorious knight, with great loftiness and gravity, \"I am willing to grant your request, but on one condition: this same knight must swear on his honor to go to Toboso and present himself in my name before the peerless Lady Dulcinea, so that she may dispose of him as she sees fit.\"\n\nThe lady, who was frightened almost out of her senses, was terrified.\nWithout considering what Don Quixote enjoys or inquiring who Lady Dulcinea was, the squire promised punctual obedience to the knight's commands. Let him live, replied Don Quixote, on your word, and owe to your intercession the pardon which I might justly deny his arrogance. Sancho Panza was gotten up again before this, not much the better for the kicks and thumps bestowed on his carcass by the monks' grooms. Seeing his master engaged in fight, he went devoutly to prayers, beseeching heaven to grant him victory and that he might now win some island, in order to his being made governor of it, according to his promise. At last, perceiving the danger was over and the combat at an end, and his master ready to mount again, he ran in all haste to help him. But ere the knight put his foot in the stirrup, Sancho fell on his knees before him and, kissing his hand, said, \"An't please your worship, my good lord Don Quixote, I beseech you to make me governor of the island.\"\nBrother Sancho replied, \"These are not Island adventures; these are merely encounters on the road, where little is gained except a broken head or the loss of an ear. Have patience, and an adventure will present itself, one that will not only qualify you for a government but something more significant.\" Sancho expressed his gratitude and, after once more kissing Don Quixote's hand and the skirt of his armor, helped him mount Rozinante. Then, leaping onto his own ass, he followed the hero, who, without taking leave of those in the coach, put on a good, round trot and rode into a nearby wood. Sancho pursued as quickly as his ass would allow, but finding that Rozinante was leaving him behind, he called out to his master.\nDon Quixote checked his horse and allowed Sancho to catch up. \"We should seek shelter in a church, Squire,\" Sancho cried out as he joined Don Quixote. \"If that man we fought against doesn't behave, they will obtain a warrant from the Holy Brotherhood and have us arrested. I swear, if that happens, we'll be in grave danger before we can escape their grasp.\" \"Be quiet, Squire,\" Don Quixote commanded. \"Where have you ever read or heard that a knight errant has been brought before a judge for the homicides he committed? I don't understand what you mean by your sermons. I've never heard of such things in my life. But I know that the law takes hold of those who murder each other in the fields. As for your 'whatnots,' I have nothing to say about them.\" \"Fear not, good Sancho,\" Don Quixote reassured.\nI would deliver you from the hands of the Chaldeans and the Holy Brotherhood with greater ease. But tell me truly, do you believe the whole world can boast of another knight who can rival me in valor? Have you ever read in history that anyone else displayed more resolution to undertake, more vigor to attack, more stamina to endure, more dexterity and activity to strike, and more art and force to overthrow enemies? I, by my truth, replied Sancho. For I never could read nor write. But what I dare wager is that I have never served a bolder master than you. May heaven this boldness doesn't lead us to what I bid you beware of. All I have to remind you of now is to get your ear dressed, for you lose a great deal of blood. And by good luck, I have here some lint and a little white-salve in my wallet. How unnecessary all this would have been, cried Don Quixote.\nHad I thought of making a small bottle-full of Fierabras's balsam, a single drop of which would have spared us much time and medicine! What is this balsam, Sancho asked? A balsam, Don Quixote replied, of which I have the recipe in my head. He who has some of it can defy death itself; and dally with all manner of wounds. Therefore, when I have made some and given it to you, if at any time you see my body cut in two, as it is common among us knights-errant, you have no more to do but to take up carefully that half which falls to the ground and clap it exactly to the other half on the saddle, before the blood congeals. Then you shall give me two draughts of that balsam, and you shall immediately see me become whole and sound as an apple. If this is true, Sancho said, I'll quit you of your promise about the island this minute of an hour.\nAnd I will have nothing from your Worship but the receipt of that same balsam. I can sell it for three reales an ounce wherever I go. Thus, I will make a decent living from it. But do you stand in need of it, sir? Three quarts of it can be made for less than three reales, replied Don Quixote. Why don't you make some and teach me how, Sancho? No more, Friend Sancho, replied Don Quixote. I intend to teach you greater secrets and design you nobler rewards. But in the meantime, dress my ear; it pains me more than I wish. Sancho then took out his lint and ointment from his wallet. But when Don Quixote saw the visor of his helmet was broken, he was on the verge of going mad. Straight away, he seized his sword and lifted his eyes to heaven, \"By the bowels of my father,\" he cried.\nby my allegiance to Dulcinea, by the whole frame of nature, I swear to lead a life like the great marquis of Mantua, when he made a vow to avenge the death of his cousin Baldwin. I swear never to eat bread on a tablecloth, never to lie with the dear partner of my bed, and other things, which, though they are now slipped out of my memory, I comprehend in my vow, and this I bind myself to, till I have fully avenged myself on him who has done me this injury.\n\nGood your worship, (cried Sancho, amazed to hear him take such a horrid oath) consider what you're doing: for if that same knight has done as you bade him and has gone and cast himself before my Lady Dulcinea del Toboso, I don't see but he and you are quit, and the man deserves no further punishment, unless he does you some new mischief. It is well observed, replied Don Quixote, and therefore, as to the point of revenge, I revoke my oath; but I renew and confirm it as to other matters.\nprotesting solemnly to lead the life I mentioned, till I have by force of arms dispossessed some knight of a helmet as good as mine. Neither think, Sancho, that I make this protestation rashly: No, I have a laudable precedent for it; for the very same thing happened about Mambrino's helmet, which cost Don Quixote so dear. Good Sir, quoth Sancho, let all such cursing and swearing go to the devil, there's nothing can be worse for your soul's health, nay, for your bodily health neither. Besides, suppose we shouldn't meet this good while anyone with a helmet on, what a sad case we then would be in? Will your worship then keep your oath, in spite of so many hardships, such as lying rough together for a month, far from any inhabited place.\nand a thousand other idle penances which that mad old Marquis of Mantua punished himself with by his vow: Consider, we may ride for a long time on this road without meeting any armed knight to pick a quarrel with. Here are none but carriers and waggoners, who are so far from wearing any helmets that it's ten to one whether they ever heard of such a thing in their lives. You're mistaken, friend Sancho, replied Don Quixote. We shall not be two hours this way without meeting more men in arms than there were at the Siege of Albraca, to conquer the fair Ang\u00e9lica. Well then, let it be so, quoth Sancho; and may we have the luck to come off well and quickly win that island which costs me so dear. I have already told you not to trouble yourself about this business, Sancho, said Don Quixote. If we miss an island, there is either the Kingdom of Denmark or that of Sobradisa, as suitable for your purpose as a ring to your finger.\nAt this time, check if you have anything to eat in your wallet, so we may find a castle for lodging and make the balsam I mentioned, as my ear is smarting extensively. I have an onion, replied the squire. A piece of cheese and a few stale bread crumbs. But such fare is not becoming of a brave knight like you, thou art mistaken, answered Don Quixote. It is the glory of knights-errant to go without eating for whole months, and when they do, they seize upon the first thing they come across, however humble. Had you but read as many chivalry books as I have, you would be better informed on this matter. I believe I have read as many chivalry histories in my time as any man, yet I have never found that knights-errant eat.\nunless it were by mere accident, they were invited to great Feasts and Royal Banquets; at other times they indulged themselves with little other food besides their thoughts. It is to be supposed that, as they spent the greatest part of their lives in forests and deserts, and always destitute of a cook, consequently their usual food was such country fare as you now offer me. Do not make yourself uneasy about what pleases me, Friend Sancho; nor pretend to make a new world, nor to unhinge the very Constitution and ancient Customs of Knight-Errantry. I beg your pardons, cried Sancho; for, as I was never bred a scholar, I may have misunderstood some main point of your Laws of Knighthood; but from this time forward, I'll be sure to stock my wallet with all manner of dry fruits for you.\nYour Worship, as a Knight, I will provide good food and other substantial victuals. I'm not suggesting, Sancho, that a Knight-Errant lives solely on fruit. I merely mean that this was their common food, along with some roots and herbs they found in the fields, of which they had a perfect knowledge, as I do myself. It's good to know those herbs, Sancho remarked. Indeed, I'm mistaken if this kind of knowledge won't benefit us soon. However, they were so eager to find a place to be harbored for the night that they hurriedly finished their meal and mounted again. Sancho, who preferred a good town, as it pleased his master who preferred sleeping in the open field.\nThe Knight was courteously received by the goat-herds. Sancho set up Rozinante and his ass as best he could, then hurried to the appealing smell of some kid flesh boiling in a kettle over the fire. The hungry squire was about to try taking them out of the kettle and into his stomach, but was spared the trouble; the goat-herds removed them from the fire and spread sheepskins on the ground. They soon prepared their rural feast and cheerfully invited Don Quixote and him to partake of it. After some country-style compliments, they asked Don Quixote to sit on a trough with the bottom upwards. Six of them, who belonged to the fold, squatted down round the skins, while Sancho waited on his master.\nand give him drink in a horn cup, which goat-herds used. But he, seeing his man stand behind, said to him: So that you may understand, Sancho, the benefits of knighthood and how the lowliest retainers to it have a fair prospect of being quickly esteemed and honored by the world, it is my pleasure that you sit down by me, in the company of these good people, so that there be no difference observed now between you and me. That you eat from the same dish, and drink from the same cup: For, it may be said of knighthood as of love, that it makes all things equal. \"I thank you, sir,\" cried Sancho; \"but yet I must confess, had I a good deal of meat before me, I'd eat it just as well, or even better, standing by myself, than if I sat by an emperor; and to speak plainly and truly with you, I'd rather munch a crust of brown bread and an onion in a corner, without any more ado or ceremony, than feed on turkey at another man's table.\nOne is forced to sit and chew meat for an hour at a time, drink little, constantly wiping fingers and chops, and never daring to cough or sneeze, even if one desires to do so. Therefore, good sir, change your tokens of kindness towards me, as my squire, into something more beneficial. I heartily thank you for these honors, but I relinquish my right to them from this moment on. Do not speak further, replied Don Quixote, but take a seat, for the humble shall be exalted. Pulling him by the arm, he forced him to sit beside him.\n\nDuring this time, the goat-herds, who did not understand the jargon of knights-errant and squires, ate heartily in silence. Their guests consumed whole luncheons, as large as their fists, with great appetite. The first course having been finished.\nThey brought in the second, consisting of dried acorns and half a hard cheese. Nor was the horn idle all this while, but went merry round up and down, full and empty, like the two buckets of a well, until they managed to drink off one of the two skins of wine they had there. And now Don Quixote, having satisfied his appetite, took a handful of acorns and, looking earnestly upon them, cried out, \"O happy age, which our first parents called the age of gold; not because gold, so much admired in this iron age, was then easily purchased; but because those two fatal words, Mine and Thine, were distinctions unknown to the people of those fortunate times. For all things were in common in that holy age. Men for their sustenance needed only to lift their hands and take it from the sturdy oak, whose spreading arms liberally invited them to gather the wholesome, savory fruit; while the clear springs and silver rivulets provided ample water.\"\nWith luxuriant plenty, they were offered their pure refreshing water. In hollow trees and in the clefts of rocks, laboring and industrious bees erected their little commonwealths, so that men might reap with pleasure and ease the sweet and fertile harvest from their soils. The tough and strenuous cork-trees dispensed and imparted their broad light bark, which served to cover those lowly huts, propped up with rough-hewn stakes, first built as a shelter against the inclemencies of the air. All was union, all peace, all love and friendship in the world. As yet no rude plowshare presumed with violence to open and pry into the pious bowels of our mother earth; for she without compulsion kindly yielded from every part of her fruitful and spacious bosom whatever might at once satisfy, sustain and indulge her frugal children. Then was the time when innocent, beautiful young shepherdesses tripped over the hills and vales.\nTheir lovely hair, sometimes plaited, sometimes loose and flowing, was their only vestment, covering decently what Modesty would always conceal. The Tyrian dye and the rich, glossy hue of silk, now esteemed so fine and magnificent, were unknown to the innocent plainness of that age. Yet adorned with more becoming leaves and flowers, they might outshine the proudest dressing Ladies of our age, arrayed in the most magnificent garbs and all the most sumptuous adornments, which Idleness and Luxury have taught succeeding Pride. Lovers then expressed the passion of their souls in the unaffected language of the heart, with the native plainness and sincerity in which they were conceived, and divested of all that artificial structure which enervates what it labors to enforce. Imposture.\nDeceit and malice had not yet crept in and imposed themselves unbridled upon mankind in the disguise of truth and simplicity. Justice, unbiased by favor or interest, which now so shamefully perverts it, was equally and impartially dispensed. Nor were the judges' fancy, law; for there were neither judges nor causes to be judged.\n\nBut in this degenerate age, fraud and a legion of evils infecting the world, no virtue can be safe, no honor be secure, while wanton desires, diffused into the hearts of men, corrupt the strictest watches and the closest retreats; which, though as intricate and unknown as the Labyrinth of Crete, are no security for chastity. Thus that primitive innocence being vanished, and oppression daily prevailing, there was a necessity to oppose the torrent of violence. For this reason, the order of knighthood-errant was instituted, to defend the honor of virgins, protect widows, relieve orphans, and assist all the distressed in general. Now I myself am one of this order.\nFriends, I am grateful to you for your kindness and hospitality, even though it is my duty according to the laws of nature for people to be kind to those of my order. I particularly want to thank you for your generosity towards me and my squire, as you have extended this kindness to us without knowing my circumstances. I sincerely thank you.\n\nThis lengthy speech was due to the acorns, which reminded our knights of the Golden Age and caused him to hold forth to the goatherds, who listened devoutly but understood little, as the discourse was not suited to their capacities. Sancho, like them, was silent the whole time, eating acorns and frequently visiting the second skin of wine, which was hung on a nearby cork tree for coolness. Don Quixote, however, was more engrossed in his speech than in his supper. When he had finished, one of the goatherds addressed himself to him.\nSir Knight, he said, you'll be welcomed heartily. One of our Fellows will give us a song. He's coming now: A notable young scholar he is, and up to his ears in love. He can read and write, and rarely plays the fiddle, making it charming to hear him. As soon as the words left the goat-herd's mouth, the sound of the instrument he spoke of was heard, and a comely young man of about twenty-two appeared. The goat-herds asked if he had supper, and upon his affirmative response, the first speaker requested, \"Dear Antonio, please sing us a song. Let this gentleman, our guest, see that we have those among us who know something of music, for we live amongst woods and mountains. We've told him about you already, so please make our words good and sing us the ditty your Uncle the Prebendary made of your love, which was so liked in our town.\" Antonio replied with all his heart.\nand without further entreaty, sitting down on the stump of an oak, he tuned his fiddle and very handsomely sang the following song.\n\nThough love never parted,\n(The eyes, those silent tongues of love)\nYet, sure, Olalia, you're my prize:\nFor truth, with zeal, even heaven can move.\nI think, my love, you only try,\nEven while I fear you've sealed my doom:\nSo, though involved in doubts I lie,\nHope sometimes glimmers through the gloom.\nA flame so fierce, so bright, so pure,\nNo scorn can quench, nor art improve:\nThus like a martyr I endure;\nFor there's a heaven to crown my love.\n\nIn dress and dancing I have strived\nMy proudest rivals to outdo:\nIn serenades I've breathed my love,\nWhen all things slept but love and I.\nI need not add, I speak your praise\nTill every nymph's disdain I move:\nThough thus a thousand foes I raise,\n'Tis sweet to praise the fair I love.\n\nTeresa once your charms debased;\nBut I her rudeness soon reprov'd:\nIn vain her friend my anger faced;\nFor then I fought for her I lov'd.\n\nDear cruel fair.\n\"Why then so coy? How can you endure such love? Alas! I ask for no lawless joy, but with my heart I would give my hand. Soft, easy, strong is Hymen's knot: Oh! then no more refuse this bliss. Oh! wed me, or I swear to die, Or linger wretched and reclose. Here Antonio finished his song; Don Quixote begged him to sing another, but Sancho Panza, who had more inclination for sleep than for hearing the finest singing in the world, told his master, \"Sir, I understand you, Don Quixote. Your worship had better go and lie down where you are to take your rest this night. Besides, these good people are weary from their day's labor and rather wish to go to sleep than to sit up all night to hear ballads.\" I understand you, Sancho,\" cried Don Quixote, \"and indeed I thought your frequent visits to the tavern would make you fonder of sleep than of music. Let us be thankful,\" cried Sancho! \"We all liked the wine well enough.\" I do not deny it.\"\nA Young Fellow, who brought provisions from the next village, happened to arrive while this was happening. Addressing the goat-herds, he said, \"Friends, have you heard the news? What news?\" one asked. \"Chrystom, the shepherd and scholar, died this morning,\" the other replied.\nIt was for the love of the unruly, wealthy daughter of Richard, Marcella, that the shepherd went around the country. For Marcella, said one of the goatherds? I reply, for her, the man answered, and moreover, it is reported that in his will, he ordered to be buried in the fields like a pagan, at the foot of the rock near the Cork-Tree-Fountain, where it is said he first saw her. He has also ordered many other strange things to be done, which the head of the parish refuses to allow, as they seem to be after the ways of the pagans. But Ambrose, the other scholar, who also disguised himself as a shepherd, is determined to have his friend Chrystostome's will fulfilled in every detail. The entire village is in an uproar, but it is thought that Ambrose and his companions will prevail; and tomorrow morning, he is to be buried in great pomp.\nI'll go and see it, the Goat-herds replied, with one suggesting they cast lots to determine who would stay behind to tend the goats. Peter offered to forgo this step, explaining that he would remain due to a thorn in his toe preventing him from wearing his best shoes, not out of kindness. Don Quixote inquired about the deceased and the shepherdess from Peter, who shared that the deceased was a wealthy man living nearby, a University of Salamanca alumnus with improved learning, and renowned for his knowledge of the stars.\nAnd whatever the Sun and Moon do in the skies; he would tell us to the smallest detail about the Sun's and Moon's clips. We call it an eclipse, said Don Quixote, and not a clip, when either of those two great luminaries are darkened. He would also forecast whether the year would be fruitful or barren. You would say sterile or barren, cried Don Quixote, sterile or barren, replied the fellow, that's all the same to me; but this I say, that his parents and friends, ruled by him, grew wealthy in a short time. He would tell them to sow barley instead of wheat in this year; in this year, they could sow peas instead of barley; the year after would be good for oil; and three years after, they wouldn't gather a drop. Whatever he said would certainly come to pass. That science, said Don Quixote, is called astrology. I don't know what you call it, answered Peter, but I know he knew all this and much more. Within a few months after he had left the university.\n on a certain morning we saw him come drest for all the world like a Shepherd, and driving his Flock, having laid down the long Gown, which he us d to wear as a Scholar. At the same time one Ambrose, a great friend of his, who had been his fellow Scholar also, took up\u2223on him to go like a Shepherd, and keep him com\u2223pany, which we all did not a little marvel aCaro's which we sung on Christmas-live; and the Plays which the young Lads in our neighbour\u2223hood enacted on Corpus Christi day, and every one wou'd say that no body cou'd mend 'em. Somewhat before that time Chrysostome's Fa\u2223ther died, and left him a deal of Wealth, both in Land, Money, Cattle, and other goods, whereof the \nthat the reason of his altering his garb in that fashion, was only that he might go up and down after that Shepherdess Marcella, whom our Comrade told you of before, for he was faln mightily in love with her. And now Ill tell you such a thing you never heard the like in your born days\nAnd yet you may not hear of such another, though you live as long as Sarah. \"Sarah,\" said Don Quixote, disliking the error. The man they called Sarna, or the Scab, lives long enough too; and if you continue thus, making me halt my Tale at every word, we won't finish this within a year. Pardon me, Friend, replied Don Quixote; I merely spoke to clarify that Sarna and Sarah are distinct: However, you're correct; for the Sarna (that is, the Scab) lives longer than Sarah. Therefore, please finish your story; I will not interrupt further. Well then, master, you must know that there lived near us a yeoman named William, wealthier than Chrysostome's father. He had no child in the world but a daughter. Her mother died in childbirth of her (may her soul rest), and she was as good a woman as ever walked on two legs. I see her still standing before me.\nWith her blessed face, the Sun on one side and the Moon on the other, she was a prominent housewife, doing good among the poor. For this, I dare say she is now in paradise. Alas, her death grieved old William deeply; he followed her soon after, leaving all to his daughter, Marcella. The girl grew into a fine young woman, remarkably like her mother, who was often remembered in her likeness. However, it was thought she could become even more beautiful, and this proved true. By the time she was fourteen or fifteen years old, no man could help but bless heaven upon seeing her. Most men fell in love with her and were on the verge of madness. Her uncle kept her carefully, as if she were his most precious possession. Yet, despite his efforts to keep her hidden, reports of her great beauty and wealth spread far and wide.\nShe had numerous suitors, with young men from our town inquiring of her uncle, as well as those from unknown distances. Entire groups of suitors arrived, even the finest in the region, all pleading and urging her uncle to allow them to marry her. Despite his eagerness to be rid of her once she was ready for marriage, he would not force or marry her against her will. He was a good man, I'll give him that, and a true Christian through and through, refusing to keep her from marrying to enrich himself. His actions were commended on multiple occasions during parish meetings. In the countryside and our small towns, there's nothing that can be said or done without gossip. Let busybodies chatter as they may, the Parson must have been an exceptional person indeed.\nWho could persuade his parish to support him, especially in the country, replied Don Quixote. You're right, cried Peter. Go on, honest Peter, for the story is pleasant, and you tell it gracefully. May I never lack grace, quoth Peter, and may I be certain to guide our flocks aright, for that is the most important thing. But regarding our parson, as I mentioned before, he was not against allowing his niece to marry. Therefore, he informed her of all those who wished to marry her, revealing their identities and possessions, in order to help her choose a husband. Yet she never responded otherwise than by stating that she was not yet ready to wed, as she felt too young for the burden of marriage. With such persuasions, she managed to convince her uncle to leave her alone and wait until she was ready to choose for herself. For he was unwilling to force his children into marriages where there was no affection.\nAnd he spoke honestly. One day, unexpectedly, the coy lass found herself free. No one, not her uncle nor the villagers, could dissuade her. She went to the fields to tend her own sheep with the other town girls. But it was even worse then, for as soon as she was seen in public, numerous suitors, both gentlemen and wealthy farmers, changed their attire out of love for her. One of them was Chrysostome, who is now deceased. It is said that he not only loved but worshipped her. However, Marcella chose this rural life and was effectively unsupervised. She gave no sign of impertinence or frivolous behavior, for she was, and still is, so demure and vigilant in guarding her honor from gossip.\nAmong so many suitors who wooed her, none had the least hope of winning her heart. She did not shy away from the company of shepherds but behaved courteously towards them as long as they behaved themselves. However, if any shepherd dared to express his intentions to marry her, no matter how well-meaning, she rejected him harshly and showed no interest in him again.\n\nThis fair maiden caused more harm in the country than the plague would have. Her courteousness and beauty drew everyone to love her, but her stubborn, coy behavior broke their hearts, making them contemplate suicide, and all they could do was to make heavy complaints and call her cruel, unkind, ungrateful, and a world of such names, clearly revealing their sad state. If you were to stay here for some time, you would hear these hills echo with their lamentations.\nWith the doleful moans of those she has denied, who yet cannot give over her blood, there is a place not far off where there are some two dozen Beech-trees. On each of them, you may find I don't know how many carvings of Marcella, cut into the smooth bark. On some of them, there's a crown carved over the name, signifying that Marcella bears away the crown and deserves the garland of beauty. Here sighs one shepherd, there another whines; here one is singing doleful ditties, there another is wringing his hands and making woeful complaints. You shall have one lay down at night at the foot of a rock or by some oak, and there lie weeping and wailing without a wink of sleep, talking to himself till the sun finds him there the next morning; you shall have another lie stretched upon the hot sandy ground, breathing his sad lamentations to heaven, without heeding the sultry heat of the summer-sun. And all this while, the hard-hearted Marcella never minds any one of them.\nAnd he does not seem concerned for them. We are all at a loss to know what will be the end of all this pride and coyness. Who shall be the lucky man to tame her and bring her to his lure? Now, since there's nothing more certain than all this, I am more inclined to believe what our comrade has told us about the occasion of Chrysostome's death. I would have you go and see him laid in his grave tomorrow; I believe it will be worth your while, for he had many friends, and it is not half a league to the place where it was his will to be buried. I intend to be there, answered Don Quixote, and in the meantime, I return you many thanks for the extraordinary satisfaction this story has afforded me. Alas, Sir Knight, replied the Goat-herd, I have not told you half the mischiefs this proud creature has done here.\nBut tomorrow we may meet a shepherd who can tell you more. In the meantime, it would be wise for you to rest in one of the huts. The open air is not good for your wound, though what I've applied to it is a special medicine, so there's not much to fear. Sancho, tired of the shepherd's long story, agreed with him and managed to persuade Don Quixote to lie down in Peter's hut. Don Quixote spent the rest of the night making amorous declarations to Dulcinea, while Sancho slept between Rozinante and his ass, not like a discontented lover but like a man who had been kicked and bruised in the morning.\n\nScarcely had the rising day begun to appear in the eastern part of the sky when five of the shepherds got up and woke Don Quixote.\nasked him if he was still resolved to attend the funeral, as they were ready to accompany him. The knight, who desired nothing more, rose immediately and ordered Sancho to prepare Rozinante and the ass. Sancho did so promptly, and they set off. They had not traveled a quarter of a league before they saw six shepherds approaching from a crossroads. The shepherds were dressed in black skins and wore garlands of cypress and bitter coast-mary on their heads, carrying long holly staves. Two gentlemen on horseback followed, accompanied by three lackeys on foot. As they drew near, they greeted each other civilly, and after the usual question, \"Which way are you traveling?\", they discovered they were all heading to the same funeral and joined company. \"I suppose, Senior Vivaldo,\" one of the gentlemen said to the other.\nWe shall not consider our time wasted in seeing this famous funeral. It must be extremely extraordinary, as the men have described the dead shepherd and his mistress. I would not only stay one day but a whole week rather than miss it, answered Vivaldo. This prompted Don Quixote to ask them what they had heard about Chrysostome and Marcella. One gentleman replied that they had met those shepherds that morning and couldn't help inquiring about their mournful attire. One of them informed them of the sad occasion by recounting the story of a shepherdess named Marcella, as beautiful and cruel as she was, whose coyness and disdain had caused the death of Chrysostome, whose funeral they were attending. In summary, he repeated to Don Quixote all that Peter had told him the night before.\nVivaldo asked the Knight why he traveled so completely armed in such a peaceful country? The Knight replied, My profession does not permit me to ride otherwise. Luxurious feasts, sumptuous dresses, and downy ease were invented for effeminate courtiers; but labor, vigilance, and arms are the portion of those whom the world calls Knights-Errant, of which I have the honor to be one, though the most unworthy and meanest of the Fraternity. He didn't need to say more to satisfy them that his brains were out of order; however, to help them better understand the nature of his folly, Vivaldo asked him, what do you mean by a Knight-Errant? Have you not read, cried Don Quixote, the annals and history of Britain, where are recorded the famous deeds of King Arthur? According to an ancient tradition in that kingdom, he never died but was turned into a crow by enchantment, and shall one day resume his former shapes and recover his kingdom again? For this reason, since that time.\nIn King's time, the most noble Order of the Round Table was instituted, and the affairs between Sir Lancelot of the Lake and Queen Guinevere were transacted. The Lady Quintaniana mediated and managed these, resulting in the celebrated Spanish romance. There never was on Earth a knight so waited on by fair ladies as Sir Lancelot, when he first left his dear country. And the rest, which gives such delightful account of his loves and feats of arms. From that time, the order of Knight-Errantry began to expand and extend itself into most parts of the world. Amadis of Gaul then distinguished himself through heroic exploits, as did his offspring to the fifth generation. The valorous Felicimart of Hircania gained immortal fame, and the undaunted Knight Tirante the White.\nI. Who has never been worthy of applause. Had we lived sooner, we could have enjoyed the company of the invincible Knight of our modern age, the valiant Don Bellianis of Greece. This is the order of Chivalry, which, unworthy as I am, I profess to follow, with due observance of the laws that those brave Knights observed before me. For this reason, I wander through these solitary deserts, seeking adventures, determined to risk my person to the most formidable dangers that Fortune imposes on me, so that by the strength of my arm I may relieve the weak and the distressed.\n\nAfter all this, you can be sure that the travelers were convinced of Don Quixote's frenzied folly. Nor were they less surprised than those who had previously discovered such an inexplicable distraction in one who seemed a rational creature. However, Vivaldo, who was of a gay disposition, had no sooner made the discovery.\nBut he resolved to make the best use of it, as the shortness of the way allowed him. Therefore, to give him further occasion to amuse them with his whimsies, Sir Knight-Errant, said Sancho Panza to him. You have taken up one of the strictest and most mortifying professions in the world. I don't think that a Carthusian friar has a better time than you. Perhaps, answered Don Quixote, the profession of a Carthusian may be as austere, but I somewhat doubt whether it can be as beneficial to the world as ours. For, if we must speak the truth, the soldier who puts his captain's commands into execution does as much, at least, as the captain who commanded him. The application is clear: While those religious men have nothing to do but quietly and securely pray for the prosperity of the world, we knights, like soldiers, achieve what we do and procure benefits for mankind through the strength of our arms and at the risk of our lives.\nfor which they only intercede. Nor do we do this sheltered from the injuries of the Air, but under no other roof but that of the wide Heavens, exposed to Summer's scorching heat and Winter's pinching cold. So that we may justly style ourselves The Ministers of Heaven, and the Instruments of its Justice on Earth; and as the business of the War is not to be compassed without vast toil and labor, so the religious soldier must undoubtedly be preferred before the religious monk, who living still quiet and at ease, has nothing to do but to pray for the afflicted and distressed.\n\nHowever, Gentlemen, do not imagine I would insinuate that the profession of a Knight-Errant is a state of Perfection equal to that of a holy Recluse: I would only infer from what I've said, and what I myself endure, that ours is without question more laborious, more subject to the Discipline of heavy Blows, to Mace-ration, to the penance of Hunger and Thirst, and in a word, to Rags.\nIf some Knights-Errant have been raised to Thrones and Empires through their valor, you can be sure it came at the expense of much sweat and blood. And even those happier Knights would have been greatly disappointed in their expectations if they had been deprived of those constant advisors and sorcerers who helped them in all emergencies. I agree with you, replied Vivaldo. But one thing among many others which I cannot approve in your Protagonist, Don Quixote: a Knight-Errant should not alter that method. For if he did otherwise, he would deviate too much from the ancient and established customs of Knight-Errantry, which obligate him, in the very moment he is rushing on and giving birth to some dubious achievement, to have his Mistress still before his eyes, present to his mind by a strong and lively imagination, and with soft, amorous, energetic looks implore her favor and protection in that uncertain trance.\nIf no one can hear him, he is obliged to whisper or speak between his teeth some short exclamations, to recommend himself with all fervency imaginable to the lady of his desires. Sir, replied Vivaldo, you must give me leave to tell you, I am not yet thoroughly satisfied in this point. For I have often observed in my reading, that two knights-errant, having first talked a little together, have fallen out suddenly and been so highly provoked that, having turned their horse heads to gain room for the charge, they have wheeled about and then, with all speed, run full tilt at one another, hastily recommending themselves in the midst of their charge. The next thing has commonly been that one of them has been thrown to the ground over the crupper of his horse.\nA knight was thoroughly wounded through and through with his enemy's lance, and the other was forced to grasp his horse's mane to prevent falling. I cannot comprehend how the slain knight had any time to recommend himself to heaven, as his business was concluded so suddenly. I think those hasty invocations, which during his career were addressed to his mistress, should have been addressed to heaven, as every good Christian would have done. Besides, I believe every knight errant does not have a mistress to invoke or is not in love. Your conjecture is wrong, answered Don Quixote; a knight errant cannot be without a mistress, it is not more essential to the heavens to have stars than it is to us to be in love. In fact, I dare affirm that no history has ever mentioned any knight errant who was not a lover. For were any knight free from the impulses of that generous passion, he would not be allowed to be a lawful knight, but a misborn intruder.\nAnd one who was not admitted within the pale of knighthood at the door, but leapt the fence and stole in like a robber and a thief. Yet, Sir, replied the other, I'm much mistaken, or I have read that Don Galaor, the brother of Amadis, never had any certain mistress to recommend himself to, and yet for all that, he was not the less esteemed. One swallow does not make a summer, answered Don Quixote. Besides, I know, that knight was privately very much in love; and as for his making his addresses wherever he met with beauty, this was an effect of his natural inclination, which he could not easily restrain. But after all, 'tis an undeniable truth that he had a favorite lady, whom he had crowned empress of his will, and to her he frequently recommended himself in private, for he did not a little value himself upon his discretion and secrecy in love. Then, Sir, said Vivaldo, since it is so essential to knighthood to be in love, I presume, you, who are of that profession, are also in love.\nAnd therefore, if you do not value secrecy as much as Don Galaor, please let us know, in the name of the Company, the name and title of your mistress, her place of birth, and the charms of her person. For she cannot but consider herself happy, known by the world as the object of a knight as accomplished as yourself. Don Quixote sighed deeply, I cannot tell if this lovely enemy of my peace is affected by the world knowing of her power over my heart. In compliance with your request, I will only say that her name is Dulcinea, she is from La Mancha, and Toboso is the place where she resides. Her quality cannot be less than that of a princess.\nSeeing she is my mistress and my queen. Her beauty transcends all the united charms of her whole sex. Even those Chimerical Perfections which the hyperbolic imaginations of poets in love have assigned to their mistresses cease to be incredible descriptions when applied to her, in whom all those miraculous endowments are most divinely centered. The curling locks of her bright flowing hair are purest gold; her smooth forehead the Elysian plain; her brows are two celestial bows; her eyes two glorious suns; her cheeks two beds of roses; her lips are coral, and her teeth are pearl: her neck is alabaster; her breasts marble; her hands ivory; and snow would lose its whiteness near her bosom. Then for the parts which modesty has veiled, my imagination, not to wrong them, chooses to lose itself in silent admiration, for nature boasts nothing that may give an idea of their incomparable worth. Pray, Sir, oblige us with an account of her parentage and the place of her birth.\nSir, replied Don Quixote, she is not descended from the ancient Curtius, Caius, nor Scipio of Rome; nor from the more Modern Colonna's, Ursini's; nor from the Moncada's, Requesens's of Catalonia; nor from the Rebilla's, Villa\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430's of Valencia; nor from the Palafoxes, Nu\u00f1ez, Rocaberti's, Coreillas, Lunas, Alagones, Urreas, Foze's, or Gurrea's of Aragon; nor from the Cerda's, Manriquez, Mendoca's, and Guzm\u00e1n's of Castile; nor from the Alencastros, Palas, and Menezes of Portugal. But she derives her great original from the Family of Toboso in La Mancha, a Race, which, though it be Modern, is sufficient to give a noble Beginning to the most illustrious Progenies of succeeding Ages. And let no man presume to contradict me in this, unless it be upon those conditions which Zerbin fixed at the Foot of Orlando's Armour:\n\nLet none but he these Arms displace,\nWho dares Orlando's Fury face.\n\nI draw my Pedigree from the Cachopines of La Redondo, replied Vivaldo.\nI: yet I dare not make any comparisons with the Tobosos of La Mancha. I had never heard of this family until this moment. It's strange, said Don Quixote, that you have never heard of it before.\n\nThe entire company gave great attention to this discourse. Even the goat-herds were now fully convinced that Don Quixote's brains were turned topsy-turvy. But Sancho Panza believed every word that fell from his master's mouth to be truth, having known him from his cradle to be a man of sincerity. Yet what somewhat staggered his faith was this story of Dulcinea of Toboso. For he was sure he had never heard before of any such princess, nor even of the name, though he lived hard by Toboso.\n\nAs they went on thus discoursing, they saw, upon the hollow road between the two neighboring mountains, about twenty shepherds more. All were dressed in black skins with garlands on their heads. They later perceived\nSix goat-herds, all Ewe and Cyprus, carried a bier covered with various boughs and flowers. One goat-herd, spotting this, cried, \"These are they who are carrying poor Chrysostome to his grave.\" He indicated the burial site in a nearby valley. The goat-herds quickened their pace, reaching the spot just as the bearers had set down the bier and four of them had begun to dig the grave at its foot. They greeted each other courteously and expressed condolences for their shared loss. Don Quixote and his companions approached the bier, where they saw the dead body of a young man in shepherd's attire, covered in flowers. The deceased appeared to be around thirty years old, and despite his death, his face and form were remarkably handsome. The bier held a few books and several papers, some open.\nAnd the rest folded up. This doleful object strangely filled all the company with sadness. Not only the beholders, but also the grave-makers and all the mourning shepherds remained silent for a long time. At last, one of the bearers addressed himself to another: \"Look, Ambrose,\" he cried, \"is this the place which Chrysostome meant, since you must have his will so punctually performed? This is the very place,\" answered the other. \"Here it was that my unhappy friend many times told me the sad story of his cruel fortune. Here it was that he first saw that mortal enemy of mankind. Here it was that he made the first discovery of his passion, no less innocent than violent. Here it was that the relentless Marcella last denied, shunned him, and drove him to that extremity of sorrow and despair, that hastened the sad catastrophe of his tragic and miserable life. And here it was, that, in token of so many misfortunes, he chose to be buried.\"\nHe desired to be committed to the bowels of eternal oblivion. Then, addressing himself to Don Quixote and the rest of the travelers, this body, gentlemen, said he, which you now behold, was once enlivened by a soul, which Heaven had enriched with the greatest part of its most wealthy graces. This is the body of that Chrysostome, who was unrivaled in wit, matchless in courteousness, incomparable in gracefulness, a phoenix in friendship, generous and magnificent without ostentation, prudent and grave without pride, modest without affectation, pleasing and compliant without meanness. In a word, the first in every esteemable quality, and second to none in misfortune: He loved well and was hated; he adored and was disdained; he begged pity of cruelty itself; he strove to move obdurate marble; pursued the wind; made his moans to solitary deserts; was constant to ingratitude, and for the recompense of his fidelity became a prey to death in the flower of his age.\nThrough the barbarity of a shepherdess whom he strove to immortalize with his verse, these papers which are here deposited might have testified, had he not commanded me to sacrifice them to the flames, at the same time that his body was committed to the earth.\n\nShould you do so, cried Vivaldo, you would appear more cruel to them than their exasperated unhappy parent. Consider, Sir, it is not consistent with discretion, nor even with justice, so nicely to perform the request of the dead when it is repugnant with reason. Augustus Caesar himself would have forfeited his title to wisdom had he permitted that to have been effected which the divine Virgil had ordered by his will. Therefore, Sir, now that you resign your friend's body to the grave, do not hurry thus the noble and only remains of that dear unhappy man to a worse fate, the death of oblivion. What, though he has doomed them to perish, in the height of his resentment.\nYou ought not indiscreetly be their Executioner, but rather reprieve and redeem them from eternal silence; that they may live and flying through the World transmit to all ages the dismal story of your Friends Virtue and Marcella's Ingratitude; as a warning to others that they may avoid such tempting Snares and enchanting Destructions. Therefore, in the name of all the company, deeply affected with a sense of Chrysostome's extraordinary merit and his unhappy fate, and desirous to prevent such deplorable disasters for the future, I beg that you will permit me to save some of these Papers, whatever you resolve to do with the rest. And so, without expecting an answer, he stretched out his arm and took out those Papers which lay next to his hand.\n\nWell, Sir, you have found a way to make me submit, and you may keep those Papers; but for the rest, nothing shall make me alter my Resolution of burning them. Vivaldo said no more, but being impatient to see what those Papers were.\nwhich he had rescued from the flames, he opened one of them immediately and read the title of it, which was \"The Despairing Lover.\" That, said Ambrose, was the first piece my dear friend ever wrote. And so, that you may all hear to what a sad condition his unhappy passion had reduced him, read it aloud, I beseech you, Sir, while the grave is making. With all my heart, replied Vivaldo. And so the company, having the same desire, presently gathered round about him, and he read the following lines:\n\nRelentless tyrant of my heart,\nAttend and hear thy slave impart\nThe matchless story of his pain.\nIn vain I labor to conceal\nWhat my extorted groans reveal;\nWho can be racked, and not complain?\nBut oh! who duly can express\nThy cruelty, and my distress?\nNo human art, no human tongue.\nThen, fiends, assist, and rage infuse!\nA raving fury be my muse,\nAnd hell inspire the dismal song!\nOwls, ravens, terrors of the night,\nWolves, monsters, fiends, with dire affright,\nJoin your dread accents to my moans!\nJoin.\nHowling Winds, your sullen noise,\nThou grumbling Thunder, join thy voice,\nMad Seas your roar, and Hell thy groans.\nI still mourn in dreary caves,\nTo desert rocks, and silent graves,\nMy loud complaints shall wander far;\nBorn by the winds they shall survive,\nBy pitying echoes kept alive,\nAnd fill the world with my despair.\nLove's deadly cure is fierce disdain,\nDistracting fear, a dreadful pain,\nAnd jealousy a matchless woe,\nAbsence is death; yet, while it kills,\nI live with all these mortal ills,\nScorned, jealous, loathed, and absent too.\nNo dawn of hope ever cheered my heart,\nNo pitying ray ever soothed my smart,\nAll, all the sweets of life are gone.\nThen come, Despair, and frantic rage,\nWith instant fate my pains assuage,\nAnd end a thousand deaths by one.\nBut even in death, let Love be crowned,\nMy fair destruction guiltless found,\nAnd I be thought with justice scorned.\nThus let me fall, unloved, unblest,\nWith all my load of woes oppressed,\nAnd even too wretched to be mourned.\nOh! thou\nby whose destructive hate, I am hurried to this doleful Fate. When I'm no more, thy Pity spare! I dread thy Tears. Oh spare them then\u2014 But oh, I rave, I was too vain: My Death can never cost a Tear. Tormented Souls, on you I call; Hear one more wretched than you all. Come, Howl, as in redoubled Flames. Attend me to the eternal Night, No other Dirge, nor Funeral Rite, A poor despairing Lover claims. And thou, my Song, sad Child of Woe, When Life is gone, and I am below, For thy lost Parent cease to grieve. With Life, and Thee my Woes increase, And, should they not by dying cease, Hell has no pains like those I leave.\n\nThese Verses were well approved by all the Company. Only Vivaldo observed that the Jealousies and Fears of which the Shepherd complained, did not very well agree with what he had heard of Marcella's unspotted Modesty and Reservedness. But Ambrose, who had been always privy to Chysostome's writing of those Verses when he had torn himself from his adored Mistress, to try whether absence would lessen his love.\nChrysostom perplexed himself with jealousies and suspicions, which had no ground but in his disturbed imagination. Therefore, whatever he said in those uneasy circumstances could never affect or in the least prejudice Marcella's virtuous character. Marcella, setting aside her cruelty and disdainful haughtiness, envy itself could never fix the least reproach on. Convinced by this, they were about to read another paper when they were unexpectedly prevented by an apparition that presented itself to their view. It was Marcella herself who appeared at the top of the rock, at the foot of which they were digging the grave, but so beautiful that fame seemed rather to have diminished than magnified her charms. Those who had never seen her before gazed on her with silent wonder and delight; those who used to see her every day seemed no less lost in admiration than the rest. But scarcely had Ambrose spotted her when, with anger and indignation in his heart, he saw her.\n\"He cried out: What do you make here, you fierce, cruel Basilisk of these mountains? Have you come to see if the wounds of this murdered wretch will bleed afresh in my presence? Or have you come aloft to glory in the fatal effects of your native inhumanity, like another Nero at the sight of Flaming Rome? Or is it to trample this unfortunate corpse, as Tarquin's ungrateful daughter did her father's? Tell us quickly, why have you come, and what you yet desire? For I know that Chrysostome's whole study was to serve and please you while he lived. I come here for none of those ungrateful ends, Ambrose,\" replied Marcella. \"But only to clear my innocence and show the injustice of all those who lay their misfortunes and Chrysostome's death to my charge. Therefore, I entreat you all, who are here at this time, to hear me a little, for I shall not need to use many words.\"\nHeaven, you claim I am beautiful to such a degree that you are compelled to love me, despite your efforts to the contrary. I understand that whatever is beautiful is lovely. However, I cannot conceive that what is loved for its beauty should be bound to love the one who loves it merely because they do. One who loves a beautiful object may be ugly himself, and what is ugly does not deserve to be loved. It would be ridiculous to say I love you because you are handsome, and therefore you must love me again, even though I am ugly. However, if two people of different sexes are equally handsome, it does not follow that their desires should be alike and reciprocal. Not all beauties kindle love; some only delight the sight and never capture the heart. Alas.\nShould whatever is beautiful beget love and in a slave, the mind of mankind would ever run confused and wandering, unable to fix their determinate choice. For, as there is an infinite number of beautiful objects, desires would consequently be also infinite. On the contrary, I have heard that true love is still confined to one, and voluntary and unforced. Granted this, why would you have me force my inclinations, for no other reason but that you say you love me? Tell me, I beseech you, had Heaven formed me as ugly as it has made me beautiful, could I justly complain of you for not loving me? Please consider also that I do not possess those charms by choice; such as they are, they were freely bestowed on me by Heaven. And as the viper is not to be blamed for the poison with which she kills, seeing 'twas assigned her by Nature, so I ought not to be censured for that beauty which I derive from the same Cause. For beauty in a virtuous woman is but like a distant flame.\nOr a sharp-edged Sword, and it burns and wounds those who approach too near it. Honor and virtue are the ornaments of the soul, and he who is deprived of them cannot be esteemed beautiful, though he may be naturally so. If honor is one of those endowments which most adorn the body, why should she who is loved for her beauty expose herself to the loss of it, merely to gratify the loose desires of one who uses all means imaginable to make her lose it? I was born free, and in order to continue so, I retired to these solitary hills and plains, where trees are my companions, and clear fountains my looking-glasses. Those whom I have attracted with my sight, I have undeceived with my words. And if hope is the food of desire, I never gave any encouragement to Chrysostome, nor to any other; it may well be said, 'twas rather his own obstinacy than my cruelty that shortened his life. If you tell me that his intentions were honest.\nI answered that, at the very place where his grave was being made, I had told him I was resolved to live and die single, and that the earth alone should reap the spoils of my reservedness and beauty. If, after all the admonitions I gave him, he persisted in his obstinate pursuit and sailed against the wind, what wonder is it that he perished in the waves of his indiscretion? Had I ever encouraged him or amused him with ambiguous words, then I would have been false; and had I gratified his wishes, I would have acted contrary to my better resolves. He persisted, though I had given him a due caution, and he despaired ever to be hated. Now you are left to judge whether I ought to be blamed for his sufferings. If I have deceived anyone, let him complain. If I have broken my promise to anyone, let him despair. If I have encouraged anyone, let him presume. If I have entertained anyone, let him boast. But let no man call me cruel nor murderer.\nI will not deceive, break my promise, encourage, or entertain him. Heaven has not yet revealed whether it is my destiny to love him; and I cannot love by choice. Therefore, this general caution serves as a warning to anyone who makes private addresses to me. If anyone dies on my account, let their jealousy, scorn, or hate not be attributed to me. I have never pretended to love, so I cannot make anyone jealous. A free and generous declaration of our fixed resolution ought not to be considered hate or disdain. Let him who calls me a tigress and a basilisk avoid me as a dangerous thing; and let him who calls me ungrateful cease serving me. I assure them I will never seek nor pursue them. Let no one disturb my peace or make me pass away my time without coquetting with this man.\nMy thoughts are limited by these mountains; they wander no further than to admire Heaven's beauty and raise my soul towards her original dwelling. As soon as she had spoken these words, she left the place and ran into the thickest part of the adjoining wood, leaving all who heard her charmed by her discretion as well as her beauty. However, the charms of her beauty were so prevalent that some of the company, who were desperately struck, could not help but offer to follow her without being deterred by her solemn protestations made only moments before. But Don Quixote, perceiving their design and believing he had a fitting opportunity to exert his knight-errantry, cried out, \"Let no man, whatever his quality or condition, presume to follow the fair Marcella. She has made it clear by undeniable reasons.\"\nShe was not guilty of Chrysostome's death and had declared her firm resolution to never yield to any admirer's desires. Instead of being harassed and pursued, she should be respected and honored by good men, as she may have been the only woman in the world to live with such virtuous restraint. It is unclear whether Don Quixote's threats or Ambrose's persuasion kept the shepherds from leaving. None of them departed until the grave was made and the papers were burned, allowing the body to be buried in the earth. The grave was covered with a large stone until a monument could be made, which Ambrose planned to decorate with the following epitaph:\n\nHere lies a wretched swain,\nWhose frozen body's laid,\nSlain by the cold disdain\nOf an ungrateful maid.\nHere first Love's power was tried.\nHere first, he expressed his pains,\nHere first, he was denied,\nHere first, he chose to rest.\n\nYou, who mourn the Shepherd,\nFly from coy Marcella:\nWho could Chrysostome scorn,\nMay all Mankind destroy.\n\nThe Shepherds strewed the Grave with many Flowers and Boughs, and every one having condoled a while with his friend Ambrose, they took their leaves of him and departed. Vivaldo and his friend did the same; as did also Don Quixote, who was not a person to forget himself on such occasions. He likewise bid adieu to the kind Goatherds that had entertained him, and to the two Travelers, who desired him to go with them to Seville, assuring him, there was no place in the world more fertile in adventures, every street and every corner there producing some. Don Quixote returned them thanks for their kind information; but told them, he neither would nor ought to go to Seville, till he had cleared all those mountains of the Thieves and Robbers, which he heard very much infested all those parts. Thereupon the Travelers.\n being unwilling to divert him from so pious a design, took their leaves of him once more, and pursu'd their Journey, sufficiently supply'd with matter to discourse on, from the story of Marcella and Chrysostome, and Don Quixote's follies. As for him, he resolv'd to find out the Shepherdess Marcella, if possible, to offer her his service to protect her to the utmost of his power. But he happen'd to be crost in his designs, as you shall hear in the sequel of this true History. For here ends the second Book.\nTHe Sage Cid Hamet Benengeli relates, that when Don Quixote had taken his leave of all those that were at Chrysostome's Fu\u2223neral,\nhe and his Squire went after Marcella in\u2223to the Wood; and having rang'd it above two hours, without being able to find her, they came at last to a Meadow, whose springing Green, water'd with a delightful and refreshing Rivu\u2223let, invited, or rather pleasingly forc'd em to alight, and give way to the heat of the day\nDon Quixote and Sancho left the Ass and Rozinante to graze and ransacked the wallet. The master and the man then fed lovingly on what they found. Sancho had not tied up Rozinante, trusting him to be a chaste and modest horse. However, Fortune or the Devil intervened, as a good number of Galician Mares from some Yanguesian Carriers were in the same valley, and it was their custom to stop there during the hottest part of the day to refresh their horses. They found an ideal place where Don Quixote was. Rozinante, though chaste and modest, was still flesh and blood. As soon as he smelled the mares, he forsook his natural gravity and reservedness, without asking his masters' permission.\nBut they, who seemed more inclined to feed than to be merry, received their Gallant rudely with their heels and teeth. In an instant, they broke his girths and threw down his saddle, leaving him disrobed of all his equipment. And to add to his misery, the carriers, perceiving the violence offered to their mares, flew to their relief with poles and pack-staves. They soon overwhelmed poor Rozinante, and he sank to the ground under the weight of their unmerciful blows.\n\nDon Quixote and Sancho, perceiving from a distance the ill usage of Rozinante, ran with all speed to his rescue. As they approached the scene, panting and almost out of breath, Sancho cried out, \"Don Quixote, I see these are no knights, but only a pack of scoundrels. I say this so that you may lawfully help me.\"\nDon Quixote and Sancho drew their swords to avenge an injury done to Don Quixote in the presence of the Yanguesians. \"What is this talk of revenge, Sancho?\" asked Don Quixote. \"We are but two against over twenty. I alone am worth a hundred.\" Don Quixote charged at one of them, and Sancho followed suit. Don Quixote's first blow cut through the man's leather doublet and gave him a deep shoulder wound. The Yanguesians, seeing themselves attacked, grabbed their leathers and pack staves and surrounded Don Quixote and Sancho. They charged at them with great fury. In the second round, they knocked down Sancho, and Don Quixote, who fell at the feet of Rozinante.\nWho had not yet recovered his legs; neither could Knight's courage nor skill avail against the fury of a number of rural fellows, armed with pack-staves. The Yanguesians, fearing the ill consequences of the mischief they had done, made all the haste they could to be gone, leaving our two adventurers in a woeful condition. The first to come to himself was Sancho Panza, who finding himself near his master, called to him thus, with a weak and doleful voice: \"Ah, Master! Master! Sir Knight! What's the matter, friend Sancho?\" asked the Knight, in the same feeble and lamenting tone. \"I could wish, replied Sancho, that your worship would help me to two good draughts of the liquor you speak of, if you have any by you, perhaps it is as good to cure broken bones as it is to heal outward wounds. Oh! that I had some of it here now, cried Don Quixote, we could not then be said to want anything: But I swear to you, honest Sancho, by the faith of a Knight-Errant, we are without it.\nWithin two days, if no other disaster prevents me, I will have some at my disposal, or it shall hardly escape my hands. Two days, Sir, replied Sancho. Why, pray, how many days do you think it will be before we are able to stir our feet? As for myself, answered the bruised Don Quixote, I must own I cannot set a certain term to the days of our recovery. But 'tis I, who am the fatal cause of all this mischief, for I ought not to have drawn my sword against a company of fellows, upon whom knighthood was never conferred. And I do not doubt but that Providence suffered this punishment to befall me, for transgressing thus the laws of chivalry: therefore, friend Sancho, observe what I am going to tell thee, for it is a thing that highly concerns the welfare of us both - for the future, whenever you perceive us to be in any way abused by such inferiors, do not expect me to draw my sword against them. No, do thou then draw.\nAnd chastise them as you think fit: But if any knights come to take their parts, I will ensure to step between you and danger, and assault them with the utmost vigor and intrepidity. You have already had a thousand proofs of the greatness of my valor and the prevailing strength of my most dreadful arm: (So arrogant the knight had grown, since his victory over the bold Biscayan.) But Sancho was not so well pleased with his master's admonitions, but that he thought fit to answer him: \"Sir,\" says he, \"I am a peaceful man, a harmless, quiet fellow. I can make shift to pass by an injury as well as any man, having a wife to maintain and children to bring up. Therefore, pray take this from me, by way of advice, (for I'll not offer to command my master) that I will not in any wise draw my sword, neither against knight nor clown.\" I freely forgive all mankind, high and low, rich and poor, lords and beggars, whatever wrongs they ever did or may do me.\nSancho, I deeply wish I had enough breath to effectively answer you, or that the pain in one of my short ribs would leave me long enough to convince you of your error. Come, suppose, you foolish wretch, that the contrary gale of Fortune, which has hitherto hindered us, should at last turn favorable, filling the sails of our desires with such security and ease that we might reach some of the islands I have promised you: What would become of you, if, after I had conquered one of them, I were to make you its lord? You would certainly be found unqualified for that dignity, having renounced all knighthood, all thoughts of honor, and all intention to avenge injuries and defend your own domains. For you must understand that to kingdoms and provinces newly conquered:\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in old English, but it is clear and does not require translation. No OCR errors were detected. The text is also free of meaningless or unreadable content, and no introductions, notes, or logistical information have been added by modern editors. Therefore, the text can be output as is.)\n\n\"Sancho, I deeply wish I had enough breath to effectively answer you, or that the pain in one of my short ribs would leave me long enough to convince you of your error. Come, suppose, you foolish wretch, that the contrary gale of Fortune, which has hitherto hindered us, should at last turn favorable, filling the sails of our desires with such security and ease that we might reach some of the islands I have promised you: What would become of you, if, after I had conquered one of them, I were to make you its lord? You would certainly be found unqualified for that dignity, having renounced all knighthood, all thoughts of honor, and all intention to avenge injuries and defend your own domains. For you must understand that to kingdoms and provinces newly conquered:\")\nThe inhabitants' hearts and minds are not fully subdued or married to their new Sovereign's interests, so there is reason to fear they will attempt to raise commotions to alter the situation. Therefore, the new possessor must have not only understanding to govern but also valor to attack enemies and defend himself on all occasions. I wish I had your understanding and valor, Sancho; but now, I must be free to tell you, I have more need of a surgeon than a preacher. Try to rise, and we'll help Rozinante, though he doesn't deserve it, for he's the chief cause of all this beating. For my part, I could never have believed the like of him before, for I always took him for as sober and peaceable a person as myself. In brief, it's a true saying that a man must eat a peck of salt with his friend.\nBefore he knows him, and I find there's nothing sure in this world. For who would have thought, after the dreadful slashes you gave to that Knight-Errant, such a terrible tempest of bastinadoes would soon show upon our shoulders? As for yours, replied Don Quixote, I doubt they are used to endure such sort of showers. But mine, which were nursed in soft linen, will most certainly be longer sensible of this misfortune. And were it not that I imagine, Sancho, since these rubs are sometimes the veils of your trade of knighthood, tell me whether they use to be very brief among you or whether we may look for them at set times; for I fancy, if we meet but with two such harvests, Sancho, returned Don Quixote, that the life of knights-errant is subject to a thousand hazards and misfortunes. But on the other hand, they may at any time suddenly become kings and emperors, as experience has demonstrated in many knights.\nI have perfect knowledge of whose Histories. I could tell you now (were my pain permitting) about some of them who rose to high Dignities through the strength of their Arms. These very Knights, before and after their advancement, were involved in many Calamities. For instance, the valorous Amadis de Gaul found himself in the power of his mortal enemy Arcalaus the Sorcerer. It is credibly reported that when he held him prisoner, he gave him over two hundred strokes with his horse bridle, after tying him to a pillar in the courtyard of his house. There is also a secret author of no little credit who relates that the Knight of the Sun was taken in a trap in a certain castle and hurled into a deep dungeon. After binding him hand and foot, they forcibly gave him a gullet of snow-water and sand, which would likely have cost him his life.\nhad he not been assisted in that distress by a wise magician, his particular friend. I may well bear my misfortune patiently, since those which many greater persons have endured are greater. I want you to know, those wounds given with the instruments and tools a man happens to have in his hand do not truly disgrace the person struck. We read it explicitly in the laws of duels, that if a shoemaker strikes another man with his last, which he held in his hand, though it be of wood, like a cudgel, yet the party who was struck with it shall not be said to have been cudgelled. I tell you this, so that you may not think we are in the least dishonored, though we have been horribly beaten in this encounter; for the weapons which those men used were but the instruments of their profession, and not one of them, as I very well remember, had a tuck, or sword, or dagger. They gave me no respite, quoth Sancho.\nI had barely touched my weapon when they struck my shoulders with such force, leaving me senseless and motionless on the ground. I no longer cared whether I was being pummeled with cudgels or packstaves; I was only annoyed by their heavy weight on my shoulders, fearing they left deep imprints, both physically and mentally. Don Quixote replied, \"Friend Sancho, I must tell you that there is no memory that time cannot erase, nor any pain that death will not end. Thank you for nothing, Sancho! What could be worse than having only death to look forward to? If our affliction could be cured with a few plasters, a man might have some patience. But, from what I can see, all the salves in a hospital won't help us recover.\" Come, no more of this, Don Quixote urged, take courage.\nand make a virtue of necessity; for 'tis what I am resolved to do. Let's see how it fares with Rozinante; for, if I am not mistaken, the poor creature has not suffered at all in this adventure. No wonder at that, Sancho replied; seeing he is a knight-errant, just like Don Quixote. Fortune always leaves some door open to Sancho, because the little beast may now supply the want of Rozinante, to carry me to some castle, where I may get cured of my wounds. I do not esteem this kind of riding dishonorable, for I remember that the good old Silenus, tutor and governor to the jovial god of wine, rode very fairly on a goodly ass when he made his entry into the city with a hundred gates. Yes, Sancho said, it will do well enough. I could ride as fairly on my ass as he did on his, but there is a great difference between riding and being laid across the panel like a pack of rubbish. Don Quixote, rather than add to our honor, does not deprive us of it; therefore, good Sancho, trouble me with no more replies.\nI said, try to help me up and place me on your ass so we can leave this place before night falls. But, Sir, you've mentioned before that it's common for knights to sleep in fields and deserts for the better part of the year, considering it a happy way of life. That's true, replied Don Quixote, when we can't do better or when we're in love. Some knights have lived on rocks, exposed to the sun and other harsh weather conditions of the sky, for two years without their lady's knowledge. One such knight was Amadis, who assumed the name The Lovely Obscure and lived on the Poor Rock for either eight years or eight months, I can't precisely remember which. He did penance there for some unkindness shown to him by his lady Oriana. But setting aside these discussions, hurry up.\nIf some mischief befalls your ass, as it did Rozinante, replied Sancho. That would be the devil indeed, Sancho replied, and after breathing out thirty lamentations, sixty sighs, and one hundred and twenty plagues and poxes on those who had deceived him there, he finally got on his feet. However, he could not stand upright, but went stooping with his body bent like a Turk's bow. In this crooked posture, he managed to harness his ass, who had not forgotten to take his share of licentiousness that day. After helping Don Quixote onto the ass and tying Rozinante to its tail, Sancho led the ass by the halter. He took the nearest way he could guess to the high road and luckily came before he had traveled a short league. There, he discovered an inn. Despite all he could say,\nDon Quixote mistook an inn for a castle, and Sancho insisted it was an inn. Their dispute lasted so long that they reached the inn door before it was resolved. Sancho straightaway went in with his entourage, leaving Don Quixote at the door. The innkeeper, upon seeing Don Quixote lying across the ass, asked Sancho what was wrong. Sancho replied it was nothing, only Don Quixote had fallen from the top of a rock to the bottom and bruised his sides a little. The innkeeper's wife, unlike common hostesses, was charitable and compassionate, so she took care of Don Quixote and called her daughter, a good-looking girl, to help. One of the inn's servants was an Asturian woman, broad-faced, flat-headed, saddle-nosed, and dowdy, with one blind eye.\nShe was nearly out, but her active body supplied all other defects. She was no more than three feet tall from heels to head, and her heavy shoulders caused her to look down frequently. This charming original also assisted the mistress and the daughter, and with the latter, helped make the knight's bed - a sorry one, located in an old gambling cockloft. Somewhat further in a corner of that garret, a carrier had his lodgings. His bed was nothing but the panels and coverings of his mules, but it was much better than Don Quixote's, which consisted only of four rough-hewn boards laid upon two uneven trestles, a flock-bed that was full of knobs and bunches, which, had they not peeked out through many a hole, would have passed for a quilt.\nIn this ungracious Bed was the Knight laid to rest his weary body. The rest of his furniture was a pair of leather-like sheets and a coverlet whose every thread could be accounted for. The Hostess and her daughter anointed and plastered him all over while Maritornes, the Asturian wench, held the candle. The Hostess, as she anointed him, remarked, \"I fancy those bumps look more like a dry beating than a fall.\" \"No dry beating, Mistress,\" Sancho replied, \"but the rock had countless cragged ends and knobs, each one leaving its mark on my master.\" And by the way, Sancho added, \"do save a little of that same tow and ointment for me too, for I don't know what's wrong with my back.\"\n\"But I suppose I also need a little greasing, I suppose you felt the same, said the Landlady. Not I, said Sancho, but the fright I took seeing my master tumble down the rock has left my body so sore that I'm as bruised as if I had been badly beaten. It may well be as you say, cried the innkeeper's daughter; for I have had dreams several times of falling from the top of a high tower without ever reaching the ground, and when I woke up, I found myself as disordered and bruised as if I had fallen in earnest. That's just my case, Mistress, said Sancho; unfortunately, I find myself almost as battered and bruised as Don Quixote, and yet I'm as wide awake as I am now. What do you call this gentleman, said Maritornes? He's Don Quixote of La Mancha, replied Sancho; and he is a Knight-Errant, one of the most valiant and stoutest that ever shone in the sun. A Knight-Errant, cried the Wench.\"\n\"Heigh-day, cried Sancho, does the woman know no more of the world than that? A Knight-Errant is a thing, Sancho explained, that can be cudgelled and then an emperor. Today there's not a more wretched thing on earth, and yet tomorrow he'll have you giving away two or three kingdoms to his squire. How is it then, asked the landlady, that you, who are this great person's squire, haven't yet gotten at least an earldom? Fair and softly goes far, Sancho replied. We haven't been in our gears for a month yet, so we haven't encountered any adventure worth the name. Many a time we look for one thing and find another, but if Don Quixote manages to get well again and I don't remain a cripple, I won't take the best title in the land for what I'm sure will fall to my share. Here Don Quixote listened with great attention to all these conversations and raised himself up in his bed with effort, taking the hostess by the hand.\"\nA most obliging manner, believe me, lovely lady, you may well consider it a happiness to entertain my presence in your castle. Self-praise is unbecome a man of honor, and therefore I shall say no more of myself; but my squire will inform you who I am. I will eternally preserve your kindness in the treasury of my remembrance and strive to show my gratitude on all occasions. And I wish, continued he, that the powers above had so disposed my fate that I were not already a slave to love and captivated by the charms of the disdainful beauty, who engrosses all my softer thoughts; for then I would be proud to sacrifice my liberty to this beautiful damsel. The hostess, her daughter, and the kind-hearted Maritornes stared at one another, quite at a loss for the meaning of this lofty language, which they understood as well as if it had been Greek. Yet conceiving these to be words of compliment and courtship.\nThey looked upon him and admired him as a man from another world. Having made him such returns as an innkeeper's breeding could afford, they left him to his rest. Maritornes stayed to help Sancho, who needed her assistance as much as his master.\n\nYou must know that the carrier and she had agreed to spend the night together, and she had given him her word that as soon as all the people in the inn were in bed, she would come to him and be at his service. It is said of this good-natured woman that whenever she had given her word in such cases, she always kept it, even if she had made the promise in the midst of a wood and without any witness at all. For she valued her gentility highly, though she undervalued herself enough to serve in an inn, often saying that nothing but crosses and necessity could have made her stoop to it.\n\nDon Quixote's hard, scanty, beggarly, miserable bed was the first of the four in that wretched apartment. Next to it was Sancho's kennel.\nwhich consisted of nothing but a bed-mat and a coverlet, which seemed more like shorn canvas than a rug. Beyond these two beds was that of the carrier, made from the panels and furniture of two of the best of his twelve mules. Every one of them was a goodly beast and in special good case; for he was one of the richest muleteers of Arevalo, as the Moorish Author of this history relates, who makes particular mention of him, some even claiming he was somewhat kin to him. However it be, it appears that Cid Mahamet Benengeli was a very exact historian, since he takes care to give us an account of such seemingly insignificant and trivial things. A laudable example which historians should follow, who usually relate matters so concisely that they seem scarcely to have dipped in them, and rather left the most essential part of the story drowned in the bottom of the inkhorn, either through neglect or malice.\nAfter the carrier had prepared his mules and given them their night's provender, he lay down on his hard bed, expecting Maritornes's kind visit. By this time, Sancho, duly greased and anointed, entered Quixote's thoughts, offering him one of the most absurd follies that ever entered a disturbed mind from the perusal of romantic whimsies. He now imagined himself in a famous castle, for, as we have already mentioned, all the inns honored by his presence were, in his imagination, grand castles.\nHe found the inns' daughter's promises of embraces in the castle-like inn seemingly real to him. The inn-keeper's daughter, who was also the lord's castle's daughter, was strangely captivated by his graceful presence and gallantry. She had promised him the pleasure of her embraces once her parents were asleep. This fantasy disturbed him as if it were a real truth.\n\nHe was greatly perplexed, reflecting on the danger to his honor. But in the end, his virtue overcame the powerful temptation. He resolved not to be unfaithful to his Lady Dulcinea del Toboso, even if Queen Genever and her trusted handmaiden Quintaniona joined to lure him into the alluring snare.\n\nWhile these wild imaginations worked in his mind, the gentle Maritornes kept her appointment and, with soft and wary steps, barefoot and in her smock, stole into the room to feel for her beloved Carrier's bed. But scarcely had she reached the door when Don Quixote arrived.\nA scout whose ears were alert detected something approaching. He, sore and wrapped in plasters, raised himself from his bed and reached out to embrace his imagined damsel. Seizing Maritornes by the wrist as she groped her way to her lover, he pulled her to him and made her sit by his bedside, silencing her with a stern glance. His imagination, flattering as it was, transformed her smock of coarse canvas into finest holland, the glass beads on her wrist into precious oriental pearls, her rough hair into soft, curling threads of bright gold, and her breath, stronger than stale venison, into a fragrant compound of Arabian perfumes. In truth, he saw in her the likeness of romantic beauties, one of whom\nas he remembered, he came to pay a private visit to a wounded knight with whom she was desperately in love. The knight's obstinate folly had so intoxicated his senses that his feeling and smell could not in the least undeceive him. He thought he had no less than a venus in his arms, while he hugged a bundle of deformities that would have turned any man's stomach but a sharp-set carrier's. Therefore, clasping her still closer, with a soft and amorous whisper, oh! thou most lovely temptation, he cried, oh, that I now might but pay a warm acknowledgment for the mighty blessing which your extravagant goodness would lavish on me; yes, most beautiful charmer, I would give an empire to purchase your more desirable embraces; but fortune, madam, fortune, that tyrant of my life, that unrelenting enemy to the truly deserving, has maliciously hurried and riveted me to this bed, where I lie so bruised and macerated. Though I were eager to gratify your desires.\nI should be doomed to impotence at this unfortunate moment. Yet Fate has added another invincible obstacle. I have pledged my faith to Dulcinea del Toboso, the unrivaled mistress of my wishes and absolute sovereign of my heart. If she did not oppose my present happiness, I could never be so dull and insensible a knight as to forgo the benefit of this extraordinary favor you have granted me.\n\nPoor Maritornes sweated in fear and anxiety, locked in the knight's arms. She neither understood nor willingly consented to his florid excuses. She did what she could to get away from him, without speaking a word. On the other side, the carrier, lewdly listening in on Don Quixote's bed, eventually understood from Maritornes' struggling that it was not her fault.\nAnd he couldn't endure the Knight's attempts to keep her against her will. She found his familiarity intolerable, so in great anger, he struck the Knight a powerful blow on the jaw. The Knight's face was instantly covered in blood. Unsatisfied with this, the Knight climbed on top of him and trampled him underfoot, as if he were stepping on a haymow. The bed, whose foundation was weak, gave way under the added weight and fell with a loud noise, waking the innkeeper. Suspecting it was one of Maritornes' nightly skirmishes, he called out to her. When she didn't answer, he lit a lamp and went to the source of the commotion. Frightened by his approaching footsteps, Maritornes fled to Sancho's sty, where he lay snoring to some tune. She hid there and slipped under the coverlet.\nShe lay there comfortably, swathed like an egg. Her master entered in a rage. \"Where's this damned whore?\" he cried. \"I bet this is one of her pranks.\" Sancho awoke, feeling an unusual lump beside him. Thinking it was the Night-Mare, he began thumping the woman with all his might. Unable to bear the pain any longer, she retaliated with equal force, rousing the drowsy squire. Finding himself being pummelled, he grabbed Maritornes and the two began an enjoyable skirmish. The carrier, seeing his mistress in such a pitiful state by the innkeeper's lamp, took her side.\nThe Knight, having sufficiently injured his opponent, attacked the Squire. Simultaneously, the Inn-keeper, believing the woman to be the instigator of the chaos, assaulted her. The Carrier struck Sancho, Sancho retaliated against the woman, the woman battered the Squire, and the Inn-keeper pummeled her again. They all acted with great urgency, as if fearing they would lose time. The most amusing aspect was that, in the heat of the brawl, the lamp went out, plunging them into darkness. In the darkness, they continued to strike and tear at one another without mercy. That night, an officer of the Old Holy Brotherhood of Toledo lodged at the inn.\nAn officer whose chief duty is to deal with thieves and robbers was awakened by a loud noise. He quickly got out of bed, holding a short staff in one hand and a tin box containing his commission in the other. Gropping his way in the dark, he entered the room and shouted, \"I charge you all to keep the peace! I am an officer of the holy brotherhood.\" The first person he touched happened to be the injured knight, who lay unconscious at full length on the bed ruins. The officer, grabbing the knight by the beard, cried out, \"Help me!\" But when he couldn't stir the man, despite a firm grip, he assumed him dead and murdered by the others in the room. With that, he shouted for the inn gates to be shut. \"A man has been murdered!\" he cried. \"See that no one escapes!\" These words terrified all the combatants, causing them to immediately stop their fighting.\nAnd the argument remained undecided. The inn-keeper departed to his room, the carrier to his panels, and the wench to her kennel. Only the unfortunate knight and his equally unfortunate squire remained where they lay, unable to move. The officer, releasing Don Quixote's beard, went out to seek a light. But the inn-keeper, wisely extinguishing the lamp in the gateway as he slipped out of the room, forced the officer to make his way to the kitchen chimney. There, with much effort, he managed to get a light after puffing and blowing among the embers for some time.\n\nDon Quixote, now regaining consciousness, called out to Sancho in the same mournful tone as the day before, when he had been beaten by the carriers in the meadow. \"Sancho, my friend,\" he cried, \"are you asleep? Are you asleep, Sancho?\" \"Sleep?\" Sancho replied, greatly displeased, \"may the devil rock my cradle then. Why should I sleep?\"\nwhen all the imps of Hell have been tormenting me till night? Nay, you're right, answered Don Quixote. Either I have no skill in these matters, or this castle is enchanted. Listen to what I say to you, but first swear you will never reveal it until after my death. I swear it, said Sancho. I am cautious, said Don Quixote, because I hate to take away anyone's reputation. Why, said Sancho, I tell you again, I swear never to speak a word of it while you live; and I wish I may be free to talk about it tomorrow. How, cried Don Quixote! Have I done you such wrong, Sancho, that you wish me to die so soon? Nay, it's not for that, said Sancho; but because I can't abide keeping things long, for fear they should grow moldy. Well, let it be for whatever you please, said Don Quixote. I dare trust greater concerns to your courtesy and affection. In short, I know\nThat night I experienced one of the most extraordinary adventures imaginable. The daughter of this castle's lord visited me. She was an engaging and beautiful damsel, one of the most charming and lovely creatures nature had ever produced. I cannot describe to you the allure of her shape and face, or the perfections of her mind. I must remain silent about other hidden beauties to protect my allegiance and fidelity to my Lady Dulcinea del Toboso. I will only reveal that the heavens, envying my inestimable happiness or perhaps because this castle is enchanted, allowed the most tender and passionate conversations between us to occur. However, during these discussions, a mighty giant's profane hand struck me a fearsome blow on the jaws, leaving them still stained with blood. Afterward, this rude intruder took advantage of my momentary weakness.\nThe knight was so brutally treated by the carrier that I feel worse now than I did the day before, after the carriers had roughly handled me due to Rozinante's incontinence. I suspect, therefore, that the damsel's beauty is guarded by an enchanted Moor and not reserved for me.\n\nNor is it for me, Sancho replied, for I have been roasted by over four hundred Moors who have beaten my bones so severely that I can safely say the assault and battery inflicted on my body by the carrier's poles and packstaves were but ticklings and strokes with a feather in comparison. But, sir, pray tell me, do you truly consider this a pleasant adventure when we are so sadly pounded after it? And yet your fortune may well be considered better than mine, seeing you have embraced the fair maiden in your arms. But I, what have I had, I pray you, but the heaviest blows that ever fell on a poor man's shoulders? Woe is me and the mother who bore me, for I neither am nor ever intend to be a knight-errant.\nAnd yet the elder brother's portion of troubles falls still to me. \"Have you been beaten as well, Don Quixote?\" asked Sancho. \"What a plague,\" cried Sancho, \"haven't I been telling you so all this while?\" Come, never let it trouble you, friend Sancho,\" replied Don Quixote. \"For I'll immediately make the precious balsam that will cure you in the twinkling of an eye.\"\n\nBy this time, the officer had entered the room with a lit lamp to see who had been murdered. Sancho, seeing him enter in a shirt, a napkin wrapped around his head like a turban, and the lamp in his hand, and being also an ugly, ill-looking fellow, the squire asked his master, \"Sir, pray see whether this is not the enchanted Moor who has come again to have another bout with me and try whether he has not left some place unbruised for him to maul as much as the rest?\" It cannot be the Moor, replied Don Quixote. \"For enchanters never allow themselves to be seen.\" If they don't allow themselves to be seen, replied Sancho.\nat least they allow themselves to be felt: If not, let my body testify. So might mine, replied Don Quixote. Yet this is not enough reason to prove that what we see is the enchanted Moor.\n\nWhile they were thus debating, the officer advanced and wondered to be addressed as Don Quixote. I would show a little more manners than you, you fool, is that your way of approaching knights-errant in this country? The officer could not endure such a reprimand from one who made such a ridiculous figure and, lifting up the lamp and oil, hit Don Quixote on the head with it. The officer then quickly left the room, protected by the night. Well, Sir, thought Sancho, do you think it was the enchanted Moor or not? For my part, I think he guards the treasure you speak of for others. Therefore, let us put aside this resentment for these injuries.\nSancho, please rise and ask the castle governor for oil, salt, wine, and rosemary so I can make a healing balm for my severe wound inflicted by the enchanted Moor. Sancho got up as fast as his aching bones allowed and stumbled out of the room to find the innkeeper. Along the way, he encountered the officer listening for information about any mischief he had caused. Sancho pleaded with him for help in obtaining oil, salt, wine, and rosemary to make medicine for a renowned Knight-Errant lying injured within. The officer, upon hearing Sancho's eloquent speech, obliged.\nSancho took his master, who was believed to be out of his mind, to the innkeeper for ingredients at dawn. The innkeeper provided them, and Sancho returned with them to find Don Quixote holding his head in pain. Although the lamp had only caused him two large bumps, Don Quixote mistakenly believed his head was bleeding. Don Quixote mixed the ingredients together and kept them boiling over the fire until satisfied. He asked for a vial but had to settle for an old earthen jug from the innkeeper. Don Quixote mumbled over the pot more than eighty Hail Marys, Our Fathers, Salve Reginas, and Creeds.\nDon Quixote made the Sign of the Cross at every word during the benediction ceremony. Sancho, the inn-keeper, and the officer were present. The carrier had gone to attend to his mules and took no notice of the proceedings. Once the blessed medicine was made, Don Quixote resolved to try it on himself. He took a large draft from the jug, but had scarcely swallowed it when it caused him to vomit violently. He reached and strained, sweating profusely, and desired to be covered and left to rest. They left him, and he slept for three hours. Upon waking, he found himself greatly eased and believed he now possessed the true balsam of Fierabras, and therefore felt confident in undertaking the most dangerous adventures in the world.\nSancho begged Don Quixote to let him drink the remaining Balsam, which was a considerable quantity. Don Quixote consented, and Sancho lifted the pot with both hands and drank every drop down his throat. However, Sancho's stomach, not as refined as his master's, did not react in the same way. The drench caused him such wobbling in the stomach, bitter loathing, retching, and grinding pains, accompanied by cold sweats and fainting, that he truly believed his last hour had come. In the midst of his agony, he cursed both the Balsam and its maker to the devil.\n\nSeeing Sancho in such distress, Don Quixote began to think that all this pain befall him only because he had not received the order of knighthood. It was Don Quixote's opinion.\nThis Balsam should only be used by a knight. What did you mean by letting me drink it, Sancho? A curse on me and my entire generation, why didn't you tell me this before? The dose eventually took effect, forcing its way out at both ends so copiously that both his bed mat and coverlet were rendered unusable. He strained so hard that not only himself but those around him thought he would die. This terrible fit lasted for about two hours. Instead of finding himself free from pain like his master, he felt so weak and spent that he could not stand. But Don Quixote, as we have said, found himself in excellent health. His active soul, loathing an inglorious repose, was impatient to depart and perform the duties of his adventurous profession. He believed that those moments spent on amusements or other concerns were a waste.\nonly a blank in life; and all delays, a depriving distress'd persons, and the world in general, of his needed assistance. The confidence which he reposed in his balsam heightened if possible his resolution; and thus carried away by his eager thoughts, he saddled Rozinante himself, and then placed the panel upon the ass, and his squire upon the panel, after he had helped him to huddle on his clothes. That done, he mounted his steed, and having spied a javelin that stood in a corner, he seized and appropriated it to himself to supply the want of his lance. Above twenty people that were in the inn stood spectators of all these transactions, and among the rest, the inn-keeper's daughter, from whom Don Quixote had not power to withdraw his eyes; breathing out at every glance a deep sigh from the very bottom of his heart. Which those who had seen him so mortified the night before took to proceed from the pain of his bruises.\n\nAnd now being ready to set forward, he called for the master of the house.\nAnd with a solemn delivery, my Lord Governor, he cried, the favors I have received in your castle are so great and extraordinary that they bind my grateful soul to an eternal acknowledgment. Therefore, that I may be so fortunate as to discharge part of the obligation, consider if there is any proud mortal breathing whom you desire to be avenged for some affront or other injury. I shall inform you, and by my order of knighthood, which binds me to protect the weak, relieve the oppressed, and punish the wicked, I promise you I will take effective care that you shall have ample satisfaction, to the utmost of your wishes. Sir knight, answered the innkeeper with equal gravity, I shall not require your assistance to revenge any wrong that may have been offered to my person. For I would have you understand, I am able to do myself justice when any man presumes to do me wrong. Therefore, all the satisfaction I desire is that you would pay your reckoning for horsemeat and man's meat.\nand all your expenses in my inn. How! cried Don Quixote, is this an inn? Yes, answered the host, and one of the most noted and of the best reputations on the road. How strangely have I been mistaken then, cried Don Quixote! Upon my honor, I took it for a castle, and a considerable one too. But if it be an inn, and not a castle, all I have to say is, that you must excuse me from paying anything; for we knights-errant are bound to observe certain laws, and it's never been known that we've paid in any inn whatsoever. This is the least recompense that can be allowed us for the intolerable labors we endure day and night, winter and summer, on foot and on horseback, pinched with hunger, choked with thirst, and exposed to all the injuries of the air and all the inconveniences in the world. I have nothing to do with all this, cried the innkeeper. Pay your reckoning.\nAnd don't bother me with your foolish stories of a Cock and a Bull. I can't afford to keep house at that rate, replied Don Quixote. You're both a fool and a knave of an inn-keeper, he continued, as he spurred Rosinante on and brandished his javelin at his host. He rode out of the inn without opposition, getting a good distance before looking back to see if Sancho followed.\n\nThe knight having thus gloriously swindled his lodging and bullied the inn-keeper out of his reckoning, the innkeeper was left behind. The man, who had been effectively left as collateral, would have gladly departed as well, but was unable to escape the reckoning. However, he swore fiercely that he would not pay a penny; for, the same law that acquitted the knight acquitted the squire. This infuriated the innkeeper, who threatened Sancho severely, warning him that if he didn't pay up fairly.\nHe would have him laid by the heels at that moment. But Sancho swore by his master's knighthood, he would sooner part with his life than his money on such an account. Nor would the squires in after-ages ever have occasion to upbraid him for giving such a precedent or breaking their rights. But unfortunately, there happened to be in the inn four clothiers from Segovia, three point-makers from Cordoba, and two hucksters from Seville, all brisk, gamesome, arch fellows; who, agreeing in the same design, surrounded Sancho and pulled him off his ass. One of them went to get a blanket. Then they put the unfortunate squire into it and carried him into the backyard, where they tossed him in the air several times together in the blanket, as they do dogs on Shrove Tuesday in Spain. Poor Sancho made such grievous outcries all the while that his master heard him. And, imagining those lamentations were of some person in distress, he went to investigate.\nand consequently he encountered some adventure. But after distinguishing the voice, he rode to the inn with a broken gallop, only to find the gates shut. He rode around to see if he could find another way in. But as soon as he reached the back yard wall, which was not very high, he witnessed a deceitful trick being played on his squire. There he saw him climb up and down, and flick and caper in the air with such nimbleness and agility that it is believed the knight himself could not have held back a laugh, had he not been so angry. The squire struggled to get over the wall, but unfortunately, he was so bruised that he could not even dismount from his horse. This enraged him, and he vented his passion in a thousand threats and curses, so strange and varied that it is impossible to repeat them. But the more he raged, the more they tossed and laughed. Sancho, on the other hand, begged, howled, threatened, and cursed.\nTo little purpose did the donkey serve his master, for weariness alone could make the tossers relent. They charitably ended his high dancing and set him upon his ass again, carefully wrapping him in his mantle. But Maritones's tender soul pitied a male creature in such tribulation, and thinking he had danced and tumbled enough to be dry, she was so generous as to help him to a draught of water, drawing it from the well that moment, that it might be cooler. Sancho drank from the pot, but his master made him desist; \"hold, hold, cried he, Sancho, drink no water, child; 'twill kill thee. Behold, I have here the most holy balsam, two drops of which will cure thee effectively.\" \"Have you again forgotten that I am no knight?\" replied Sancho, shaking his head and looking sourly on the knight with a side face. \"Or would you have me cast up the few guts I've left since last night's job? Keep your brewings for yourself in the devil's name.\"\nAnd let me be. With that, he lifted the jug to his nose, but finding it to be only water, he spat out the little he had tasted and asked the woman to bring him some better liquor. She went and fetched him wine to make amends, and paid for it herself. For the devil's due, it was said of her that though she was somewhat too free with her favors, she had something of Christianity in her. As soon as Sancho had drained his wine, he visited his donkey's ribs twice or thrice with his heels, and, granted free egress, he trooped off, greatly amused by the thought of having achieved his goals and escaped unharmed, though at the expense of his shoulders, his usual bail. The innkeeper kept his wallet for the reckoning, but the squire was so dismayed and in such a hurry to leave that he never noticed it. The host was preparing to shut the inn doors after him for fear of the worst, but the drunken men would not let him.\nDon Quixote, a type of fellow who would not have mattered to Don Quixote if he had truly been a Knight of the Round Table. Sancho overtook his master, but so pale, so disheartened, and so mortified that he could scarcely sit on his ass. My dear Sancho, said Don Quixote, seeing him in this condition, I am now fully convinced that this castle or inn is enchanted. For, what could they be that made such barbarous sport with you, but spirits and people of the other world? And I the rather believe this, seeing that when I looked over the wall and saw you thus abused, I tried to get over it, but could not, nor by any means dismount from Rozinante. For, by my honor, had I either been able to get over the wall or dismount, I would have avenged you so effectively on those discourteous wretches that they would never have forgotten the severity of their punishment, though for once I would have spared you. My flesh and blood were neither spirits nor enchanted folks, as you have it.\nBut we are no more than flesh and blood; they called one another by their Christian names and surnames as they tossed me in the air. One was named Pedro Martinez, the other Tenorio Hernandez, and our host, the dog, they called Juan Palomeque the Left-handed. Do not imagine, therefore, that your inability to get over the wall or alight was an enchanter's trick. It is foolish to make many words. These same adventures we seek are likely to lead us into a great deal of trouble and mischief, and we will not be able to put one foot in front of the other. In short, I believe it is our wisest course to return home and attend to our harvest, lest we leap from the frying pan into the fire or out of God's blessing into the warm sun. Poor Sancho, cried Don Quixote! How ignorant you are in matters of chivalry! Come, say no more.\nAnd have patience: A day will come when you shall be convinced how honorable it is to follow this employment. For tell me, what satisfaction in this world, what pleasure, can equal that of vanquishing and triumphing over one's enemy? None without doubt. It may be so, for all I know, quoth Sancho; though I know nothing of the matter. However, I may venture to say that ever since we have turned knights-errant (your worship I mean, for 'tis not for such scrubs as myself to be named the same day with such folk), the devil of any fight you have had the better of, unless it be that with the Biscayan, and in that too, you came off with the loss of one ear and the visor of your helmet. And what have we gained ever since, pray, but bastinados, kicks, and thumps; kicks, thumps, and bastinados; and thumps, bastinados, and kicks; blows and more blows, bruises and more bruises? Besides this tossing in a blanket which fell to my share, and for which I cannot be revenged.\nI find that we both suffer from the same affliction, said Don Quixote. But I will make every effort to obtain a sword with such skill that no enchantment will be able to harm its wearer. Perhaps fortune will grant me the sword Amadis of Gaul wielded, called the Knight of the Burning Sword, one of the finest blades ever drawn by a knight. Besides the virtues I mentioned, it had an edge as sharp as a razor and could pierce the strongest armor, enchanted or tempered. I'll wager anything, Sancho, once you have this sword, it will prove as useless to anyone but my dubious knights. Fear not such a thing.\nDon Quixote replied, \"Heaven will be more propitious to you than you imagine. Thus they continued conversing, when Don Quixote, perceiving a thick cloud of dust arise before them in the road, cried out, \"This is the day, Sancho! The day has come, which fortune has reserved for me. This day, Sancho, shall the strength of my arm be signaled by such exploits that they will be transmitted even to the latest posterity. Do you see that cloud of dust, Sancho? It is raised by a prodigious army marching this way, composed of an infinite number of nations.\" Sancho looked and replied, \"Why, then, there should be two armies, for there is just as much dust on the other side.\" Don Quixote looked and was transported with joy at the sight, firmly believing that two vast armies were ready to engage each other in that plain. His imagination was so crowded with battles, enchantments, surprising adventures, amorous thoughts, and other whimsies.\nHe had read of this in Romances, and his strong Fancy changed everything he saw into what he desired to see. Thus, he couldn't conceive that the dust was only raised by two large flocks of sheep moving in two different roads in that spacious plain, and could not be discerned till they were very near. He was so positive that they were two armies that Sancho finally believed him.\n\n\"What are we to do, I beg you?\" asked the squire.\n\n\"We should assist the weaker and injured side,\" replied Don Quixote. \"For know, Sancho, that the army which moves towards us is commanded by the great Alifanfaron, Emperor of the vast Island of Taprobana. The other advances behind us is his enemy, the King of the Garamantians, Pentapolin, with the naked Arm, so called because he always went bare-armed.\n\nSancho, why are these two great men going to war by the ears? The occasion for their quarrel is this: Alifanfaron, a strong pagan, is in love with Pentapolin's daughter.\"\nA very beautiful and Christian lady, and her father refuses to give her in marriage to the Heathen prince unless he renounces his false beliefs and embraces the Christian Religion. \"Burn my beard,\" cried Sancho, \"if Pentapolin isn't right in this. I'll stand by Don Quixote; it's not only lawful but necessary. I guessed as much,\" said Sancho. \"But where will we leave my ass in the meantime, so I may be sure to find him again after the battle? For I've never heard of any man who ever charged upon such a beast. 'True,' answered Don Quixote, \"and that's why I would have you turn him loose, even if you were certain never to find him again. For we shall have so many horses after we have won the day that even Rozinante himself will be in danger of being replaced.\" Then, mounting to the top of a hillock, they could have seen both flocks had the dust not obstructed their sight. \"Look yonder, Sancho,\" Don Quixote said.\nDon Quixote called out, \"That knight you see with gilded arms, bearing a shield with a crowned lion at the feet of a lady, is the valiant Laurcalco, Lord of the Silver Bridge. He in armor powdered with gold flowers is the formidable Micocolembo, Great Duke of Quirocia. The giant-sized one marching on his right is the undaunted Brandarb\u00e1n of Boliche, Sovereign of the three Arabias. He is dressed in serpentskin and carries instead of a shield, a huge gate said to have belonged to the temple that Samson pulled down at his death, as revenge against his enemies. But look over there, Sancho, and at the head of the other army see the ever victorious Timonelo of Carcaiona, Prince of New Biscay. His armor is quartered azure, V and argent, and he bears in his shield a cat or, in a gules field, with the motto MIA\u0141 for a motto, being the beginning of his mistress's name.\nThe beautiful Miaulina, daughter of Alpheniquen, Duke of Algarva. That monstrous load on the back of the wild horse yonder, with arms as white as snow, and a shield without any device, is a new-created knight, called Pierre Papin, Baron of \u01b2trick in France. He, whom you see pricking that py'd courser's flanks with his armed heels, is the mighty Duke of Nervia, Espartasialardo of the Wood. In his shield, a field vert, powdered with asparagus, and a harrow for his device, with the motto, \"So trails my fortune. Rastrea mi Suerte.\" And thus he went on, naming a great number of others in both armies, to each one of whom his fertile imagination assigned arms, colors, impresses, and motto's, as readily as if they had really been that moment extant before his eyes. And then proceeding without the least hesitation, that vast body, said he, that's just opposite to us\nThe text is primarily in old English, but it is still readable. I will make some minor corrections and remove unnecessary line breaks and whitespaces.\n\nComposed of several nations. There you see those who drink the pleasant stream of the famous Xanthus. There the mountainers who till the Massilian fields. Those who sift the pure gold of Arabia Felix. Those who inhabit the renowned and delightful banks of Thermodon. Yonder, those who slave and drain the Golden Pactolus for its precious sand. The Numidians, unsteady and careless of their promises. The Persians, excellent archers. The Medes and Parthians, who make their flight a war. The Arabs, who have no fixed habitations. The Scythians, cruel and savage, though fair complexioned. The sooty Ethiopians, who bore their lips; and a thousand other nations whose countenances I know, though I have forgot their names. On the other side come those whose country is watered with the crystal stream of Betis.\nThose who are shaded with olive trees. Those who bathe their limbs in the rich flood of the golden Tagus. Those whose mansions are lavished by the profitable stream of the divine Guadalquivir. Those who range the verdant Tartesian meadows. Those who indulge their luxurious temper in the delicious pastures of Jerez. The wealthy inhabitants of La Mancha, crowned with golden ears of corn. The ancient offspring of the Goths, immured with iron. Those who wanton in the lazy current of Pisuerga. Those who feed their numerous flocks in the ample plains where the Guadiana, so celebrated for its hidden course, pursues its wandering race. Those who shiver with extremity of cold on the windy Pyrenean hills, or on the hoary tops of the snowy Appenines. In a word, all that Europe includes within its spacious bounds, half a world in an army. 'Tis scarce to be imagined how many countries he ran over, how many nations he enumerated, distinguishing every one by what is peculiar to them, with an incredible vivacity of mind.\nSancho listened to all this romantic muster-roll, mute as a fish, with amazement. All he could do was stare with his goggles and turn his jobber-noll this way and that to see if he could discern the knights and giants whom his master named. But at length, not being able to discover any, he cried, \"You had as good tell me it snows; the devil of any knight, giant, or man can I see, of all those you talk of now. Who knows but all this may be witchcraft and spirits, like yesterday!\"\n\n\"How, Sancho,\" replied Don Quixote, \"dost thou not hear their horses neigh, their trumpets sound, and the drums beat?\"\n\n\"Not I,\" quoth Sancho. \"I prick up my ears like a sow in the beans, and yet I can hear nothing but the bleating of sheep.\"\n\nSancho might justly say so, for by this time the two flocks were very near them. Thy fears disturb thy senses, said Don Quixote.\nAnd he hinders you from seeing or hearing right. But never mind; withdraw to some place of safety, since you are so terrified; for I alone am sufficient to give the victory to that side which I shall favor with my assistance. With that, he leaned his lance, spurred on Roquinante, and rushed like a thunderbolt from the hillock into the plain. Sancho hesitated after him as much as he could; hold, Sir, cried he; for heaven's sake come back. What do you mean? As sure as I'm a sinner, those you're going to maul are nothing but poor harmless sheep. Come back, I say. Woe to him that begot me! Are you mad, Sir? There are no giants, no knights, no cats, no asparagus gardens, no golden quarters, nor what do you call them. Does the devil possess you? You're leaping before the hedge, before you come at the stile. You're taking the wrong sow by the ear. Oh, that ever I was born to see this day. But Don Quixote still riding on, deaf and lost to good advice, outshouted his expostulating squire. Courage, brave knights.\nHe cried, \"March up, follow me! All who fight under the Standard of the valiant Peninsula, with naked arm. I will easily avenge Peninsula on that Infidel Alifanfaron of Taprobana. Charge the Squadron of Sheep with this gallantry and resolution, and you shall see. I pierced, broke, and put it to flight in an instant, charging through and through, not without great slaughter of my mortal enemies. They lay at my feet, biting the ground and wallowing in their blood. The shepherds, seeing their sheep go to rack, called out to him. When they found fair means ineffectual, they unloosed their slings and began to ply him with stones as big as their fists. But the champion, disdaining such a distant war, despite their showers of stones, rushed among the routed sheep, trampling both the living and the slain in a most terrible manner. Impatient to meet the enemy's general and end the war at once, he cried, \"Where, where are you?\"\nproud Alifarnasar, appear! Here is a single knight who seeks you everywhere, to try now, hand to hand, the boasted force of your strenuous arm, and deprive you of life, as a due punishment for the unjust war which you have audaciously waged with the valiant Pentapolin. As he had said this, while stones flew about his ears, one unfortunately hit his small ribs and came dangerously close to burying two of the shortest ones in the middle of his body. The knight thought himself slain or at least severely wounded; and therefore, recalling his precious balsam, he pulled out his earthen jug and put it to his mouth. But before he had swallowed a sufficient dose, another of St. Stephen's hard loaves spoiled his draught, hitting him so forcefully upon the jug, hand, and teeth, that it broke and struck off the first, maimed the second, and pulled out three or four of the last. These two blows were so violent, that the boisterous knight fell from his horse.\nlay upon the ground as quiet as the slain; so the shepherds, fearing he was killed, gathered their flock together with all speed and carried away their dead, which were no less than seven sheep, making what haste they could out of harm's way without looking any farther into the matter.\n\nAll this while, Sancho stood upon the hill, mortified by the sight of this brave adventure. There he stamped and swore, and banned his master to the bottomless pit; he tore his beard for madness and cursed the moment he first knew him. But seeing him at last knocked down and settled, the shepherds being scattered, he thought he might venture to come down; and found him in very ill plight, though not altogether senseless. \"Ah, master,\" quoth Sancho, \"this comes of not taking my counsel. Did I not tell you it was a flock of sheep and no army?\"\n\n\"Friend Sancho,\" replied Don Quixote, \"it is an easy matter for enchanters to change the shapes of things as they please: thus that malicious enchanter...\"\nWho is my inveterate enemy, denying me the glory I was about to acquire as I reaped a full harvest of laurels, transforming routed squadrons into sheep? If you don't believe me, Sancho, do this for my sake: Take your ass and follow those supposed sheep from a distance. I dare assure you, you will soon see them resume their former shapes and appear as I described. But wait, do not go yet, for I need your assistance. Draw near, and see how many teeth, especially cheek teeth, I am missing. For by the dreadful pain in my jaws and gums, I fear there is a total dilapidation in my mouth. With that, the knight opened his mouth as wide as he could, while the squire leaned in to examine his teeth, almost in his laps; but in that fatal moment, the balsam that had been simmering and fuming in Don Quixote's stomach rose up with an unfortunate hiccup; and, with the same violence that powder flies out of a gun, all that he had in his stomach was expelled.\ndischarged itself on the beard, face, eyes, and mouth of the officious squire. \"Oh holy Mother Mary,\" cried poor Sancho, \"what had I done? having thus paid him back in his own coin, half-blinded as I was, I ran to my ass to take out something to clean myself and my master. But when I came to look for my wallet and found it missing, not remembering until then that I had unfortunately left it at the inn; oh then I was ready to run quite out of my wits; I stormed and stamped, and cursed myself worse than before, and resolved within myself to let my master go to the devil, and even trudge home by myself, though I was sure to lose my wages, and my hopes of being governor of the promised island.\n\nThereupon Don Quixote got up with much ado, and clapping his left hand before his mouth, that the rest of his loose teeth might not drop out; he laid his right hand on Rozinante's bridle; (for such was the good nature of the creature, that he had not budged a foot from his master) then he crept along to Sancho.\nthat stood lolling on his ass's panel, with his Falsando, said he, seeing him thus abandoned to sorrow, learn from me that one man is no more than another, if he does not do more than another. All these storms and hurricanes are but arguments of the approaching calm; better success will soon follow our past calamities; good and bad fortune, Sancho? Have I no other share in them? Was not he who was tossed in the blanket this morning, the son of my father? And did not the wallet, and all that was in it, which I have lost, belong to the son of my mother? How, asked Don Quixote, have you lost the wallet? I don't know, replied Sancho, whether it is lost or not, but I'm sure I can't tell what has become of it. Nay, replied Don Quixote, we must fast today. Yes, we must, replied Sancho, unless you take care to gather in these fields some of those roots and herbs which I've heard you say, you know, and which used to help such unlucky knights-errant as yourself at a dead lift. For all that.\n\"cried Don Quixote, I would rather have at this time a good luncheon of bread or a cake and two pilchard heads, than all the roots and simples in Dioscorides' Herbal and Doctor Laguna's Supplement and Commentary; pray, therefore, get upon your ass, good Sancho, and follow me once more; for God's providence that relieves every creature will not fail us, especially since we are about a work so much to his service: you see he even provides for the little flying insects in the air, the wormlings in the earth, and the spawnlings in the water, and in his infinite mercy he makes his sun shine on the righteous and the unjust, and rains upon the good and the bad. \"Many words won't fill a bushel,\" quoth Sancho, interrupting him; you would make a better preacher than a knight errant, or I'm plagily out. \"Knights-errant,\" replied Don Quixote, \"ought to know all things. There have been such in former ages that have delivered as ingenious and learned a sermon or oration at the head of an army.\"\"\nas if they had taken their degrees at the University of Paris: From this we may infer, that the lance never dulled the pen, nor the pen the lance. Well then, quoth Sancho, for once let it be as you'd have it; let us even leave this unlucky place and seek out a lodging; where, I pray God, there may be neither blankets, nor blanket-makers, nor hobgoblins, nor enchanted moors; for before I'll be hampered as I have been, may I be cursed with bell, book and candle, if I don't give the trade to the devil. Leave all things to providence, replied Don Quixote, and for once let you lead which way you please, for I leave it wholly to your discretion to provide us a lodging. But first, I pray thee, feel a little how many teeth I want in my upper jaw on the right side, for there I feel most pain. With that, Sancho feeling with his finger in the knight's mouth, pray, Sir, quoth he, How many grinders did your worship use to have on that side? Four, answered Don Quixote, besides the eye-tooth.\nThink well on what you say, Sancho remarked. I say four, replied Don Quixote, though there were five, for I had never lost a tooth before this day. Bless me, Sancho, you have but two grinders and a stump in this lower jaw on this side, and in this upper jaw, neither stump nor grinder, alas, all's levelled there, as smooth as the palm of one's hand. Oh unfortunate Don Quixote, cried the knight. I'd rather have lost an arm, so it weren't my sword arm; for a mouth without cheek-teeth is like a mill without a millstone, Sancho. And every tooth in a man's head is more valuable than a diamond. But we who profess this strict Order of Knight-Errantry are all subject to these calamities. Since the loss is irretrievable, mount, my trusty Sancho, and go your pace; I'll follow you. Sancho obeyed and led the way, still keeping to the road they were on, which was very much beaten.\n\"promised to bring him soonest to a lodging. Thus, pacing along very softly, for Don Quixote's gums and ribs would not allow him to go faster, Sancho resolved to distract his uneasy thoughts by talking to him about something or other, as the next chapter will inform you.\n\nNOW, Sir, quoth Sancho, I can't help thinking that all the misfortunes that have befallen us of late are a just judgment for the grievous sin you have committed against the Order of Knighthood, in not keeping the oath you swore - not to eat bread at the same table, nor to have a merry bout with the queen, and the Lord knows what more, until you had won that man's helmet, a member you named him. Truly, answered Don Quixote, you are much in the right, Sancho. And to deal honestly with you, I had entirely forgotten that; and now you may certainly assure yourself, you were tossed in a blanket for not reminding me of it. However, I will make amends.\"\nFor knight-errantry has ways to reconcile all matters. Why, quoth Sancho, did I ever swear to remind you of your vow? 'Tis nothing to the purpose, replied Don Quixote. Let it suffice that I think thou art not yet clear from being accessory to the breach of my vow; and therefore, to prevent the worst, there will be no harm in providing a remedy. Hark you then, cried Sancho; See that you don't forget your atonement, as you did your oath, lest those confounded hobgoblins come and maul me, and perhaps you too, for being stubborn sinners.\n\nNight overtook them before they could discover any lodging; and what was worse, they were almost hunger-stricken, all their provisions being in the wallet which Sancho had unfortunately left behind; and to complete their distress, there happened to them an adventure, or something that really looked like one.\n\nWhile our benighted travelers went on dolefully in the dark, the knight very hungry, and the squire very sharp, they encountered:\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in good shape and does not require extensive cleaning. A few minor corrections have been made for clarity.)\nWhat should they see approaching them but a great number of Lights, which appeared like so many wandering stars. At this strange apparition, Sancho's heart sank at once, and even Don Quixote himself was not without some signs of surprise. Suddenly, one pulled on his ass's halter, the other on his horse's bridle, and both came to a stop. They soon perceived that the lights were making directly towards them, and the nearer they came, the bigger they appeared. At the terrible wonder, Sancho shook and shivered every joint, like one in a palsy, and Don Quixote's hair stood on end. However, heroically shaking off the amazement that this sight stamped on his soul, Sancho said, \"This must doubtless be a great and most perilous adventure, where I shall have occasion to exert the whole stock of my courage and strength. Woe is me, said Sancho, if this happens to be another adventure of enchanted ghosts, as I fear it is. Where shall we find ribs to endure it? Come, all the fiends in hell.\"\nDon Quixote cried, \"I won't allow them to touch a single hair on your head. If they insulted you recently, know that there was then a wall between us, over which I couldn't climb. But now we're in the open field, where I'll have the freedom to use my sword. Yes, Sancho,\" Don Quixote replied, \"you can talk, but if they enchant you as they did before, what good will it do for us to be in the open field? Come on, Sancho,\" Don Quixote urged, \"be brave; the outcome will soon prove the greatness of my courage.\" Sancho sighed, \"We must do as the devil drives; I'll do my best.\" They rode a little ways off, and once again earnestly gazing at the lights, they soon discovered a large group of people. At the terrifying sight, all of Poor Sancho's shaky courage abandoned him; his teeth chattered, as if he had a fever. And as the objects grew nearer, his chattering grew louder. They could now clearly make out about twenty men on horseback, all dressed in white.\nWith torches in hand, they followed a hearse covered in black, and six men in deep mourning, whose mules were also in black, down to their very heels. Those in white moved slowly, murmuring something in a low and lamentable tone. This dismal spectacle at such a time of night, in the midst of such vast solitude, was enough to have disheartened a stouter squire than Sancho, and even his master, had he been any other than Don Quixote. But his brain-sick imagination suggested to him that this was one of those adventures, of which he had so often read in his books of chivalry. The hearse appeared to him to be a litter, where, as he believed, lay the body of some knight, either slain or dangerously wounded. The revenge of his misfortunes was reserved for his prevailing arm. Without further ado, he couched his lance and seated himself firmly in his saddle, posting himself in the middle of the road where the company were to pass. As soon as they came near.\nStand, cried he to them in a haughty tone, who are you, and tell me where you come from, where you're going, and what you carry in that litter? For there's all the reason in the world to believe that you have either done or received a great deal of harm, and it's necessary I should be informed of the matter, either to punish you for the ill you have committed or else to avenge you of the wrong you have suffered.\n\nSir, answered one of the men in white, we're in a hurry, the inn is very far off, and we cannot stay to answer so many questions. But Don Quixote, highly dissatisfied with the reply, laid hold of the mule's bridle and stopped it. Stay, cried he, proud and discourteous knight, mend your behavior, and give me instantly an account of what I asked of you; or here I defy you all to mortal combat.\n\nNow the mule, being shy and skittish, was presently scared and rose up on her hind legs.\nDon Quixote threw his rider to the ground. One of the footmen from the company spoke ill of him, enraging Don Quixote. Resolved to avenge himself, he attacked the next man he encountered, who was one of the mourners. Don Quixote threw him to the ground, injuring him severely. Turning to the rest, he attacked them with great agility and fury, causing them all to flee. It seemed as if Rozinante had wings at this time, so active and fierce was Don Quixote.\n\nUnarmed men and naturally fearful opponents could not hold their ground against such an enemy. The gentlemen in white were quickly dispersed, some running one way, some another, across the plain with their lit torches. They appeared like a group of frolicsome masqueraders on Carnaval Night. The mourners, poor men, were so muffled up in their long, cumbersome cloaks.\nThe knight, unable to make his party successful or defend themselves, were soon routed and fled. The men thought it was not a mortal creature but the Devil himself coming to take away the dead body they were accompanying to the grave. Sancho was in awe and amazement, charmed by the sight of his master's valor, now convinced he was the formidable champion he boasted to be.\n\nAfter this, the knight, by the light of a torch lying on the ground, saw the man thrown by his mule nearby. He rode up to him and set his lance to his throat. \"Yield,\" he cried, \"beg for your life or you die.\" \"Sir,\" the other replied, \"why ask me to yield? I am unable to move; one of my legs is broken. And I implore you, if you're a Christian, do not kill me; I am in holy orders.\"\nAnd a Master of Arts; 'twould be a heinous sacrilege to take away my life. What a devil brought you here, if you're a clergy-man, cried Don Quixote? What else but my ill fortune, replied the supplicant. A worse one hovers over your head, cried Don Quixote, and threatens you if you do not answer this moment to every particular question I ask. I will, I will, sir, replied the other; and first, I must beg your pardon for saying I was a Master of Arts; for I have yet taken but a Bachelor's Degree. My name's Alonso Lopez, I'm of Alcovendas, and came now from the town of Baeca with eleven other clergy-men, the same that now ran away with the torches. We were going to Segovia to bury the corpse of a gentleman of that town who died at Baeca, and lies now in yonder hearse. And who killed him, asked Don Quixote? Heaven, with a pestilential fever, answered the other. If it be so, said Don Quixote, I am discharged from avenging his death.\nI am a Knight of La Mancha, named Don Quixote. My occupation is to travel the world in search of adventures, to right wrongs and relieve innocence, and to punish oppression. However, the inferior priest replied, I don't understand how you can call that righting wrongs when you've broken their legs. You've made what was straight crooked, and I fear it may never be set right as long as I live. Instead of relieving the injured, I believe you've caused me greater injury, and while you seek adventures, you've brought me a great misadventure. Don Quixote replied, not all things are blessed with a prosperous outcome. You should have been more careful not to go processioning in these desolate plains at this suspicious time of night, wearing your white surplices.\nFor I couldn't omit doing the duty of my profession; nor would I have dared to attack you, though you had really been all Lucifer's infernal crew. For such I took you to be, and till this moment had no better opinion of you.\n\n\"Well, Sir,\" said the bachelor, \"since it's my hard fortune, I must only request you, as you're a knight-errant and a reliever of the oppressed, to help me get from under my mule; for it lies so heavy on me that I can't get my foot out of the stirrup.\"\n\n\"Why didn't you inform me sooner of your grievance?\" cried Don Quixote. \"I could have talked on till tomorrow morning and never have thought of it.\"\n\nWith that, he called Sancho, who made no great haste for he was much better employed, rifling through a load of choice provision the holy men carried along with them on a pack mule. He had spread his coat on the ground; and having laid on it as much food as it would hold.\nHe wrapped it up like a bag and placed the precious booty on his ass, then he ran back to his master and helped him mount the mule. Afterward, he gave him the torch, and Don Quixote told him to follow the company. He excused his mistake, though he couldn't help but make it. Sancho, sir, if you want to know who thrashed their jackets so well, tell them it was Don Quixote of La Mancha, otherwise known as the Knight of the Sad Countenance.\n\nWhen the Bachelor had left, Don Quixote asked Sancho why he called him the Knight of the Sad Countenance. \"I'll tell you why, master,\" Sancho replied. \"I've been staring at you by the light of that unfortunate priest's torch for quite some time, and I swear I've never seen a sadder face in my life. I don't know what the cause could be, unless it's from exhaustion after this fight or the lack of your teeth.\" This is not the reason.\nDon Quixote cried out: \"No, Sancho, I believe the wise man who is destined by Fate to record my achievements thought it appropriate for me to adopt a new name, as all the knights of old had such bynames. One was called the Knight of the Burning Sword, another of the Unicorn, a third of the Phoenix, a fourth the Knight of the Damsels, another of the Griffin, and another the Knight of Death. By these bynames and distinctions, they were known throughout the world. Therefore, I assume this additional appellation, the Knight of the Sad Countenance, and I intend henceforth to be known by that solemn name. And, Sancho, you can save money; instead of having a sad face painted, you need only show your own: I'm only joking, as one might say; but, with the lack of your teeth and hunger, you look so strangely and so sadly.\"\nThat no painter can draw a face suited to your purpose as yours, Worship. This merry thought amused Sancho, drawing a smile from his master's stern countenance. Yet he remained resolute about the name and the picture. After a pause, a sudden thought troubled his conscience, and Sancho exclaimed, \"I am afraid of being excommunicated for laying violent hands on a man in holy orders: 'Juxta illud; si quis suadente Diabolo, &c. Can. 7. Distinct. 134.' But now I think better of it. I did not touch him with my hands but only with my lance; moreover, I did not suspect I was dealing with priests, whom I honor and revere as every good Catholic and faithful Christian should. But if the worst comes to the worst, I remember what befell the Cid Ruy-Diaz when he broke the chair of King Rodrigo de Vivar, acting that day like a valiant knight and a man of honor.\"\n\nWith this, Don Quixote was ready to visit the bier.\nAfter seeing if the bones were all that were in it, Sancho prevented Don Quixote from investigating further. \"Sir,\" Sancho said, \"you have managed to escape with your life this time, better than you have done before. These same men who have fled might regret their decision and return to attack us all at once. We will have our hands full then. The ass is in good health. There's a hill nearby, and our stomachs cry for food. Let's leave this place and not let the plowman's proverb 'To the grave with the dead; and them that live, to the bread' apply to us. With that, Sancho mounted his ass, and Don Quixote, thinking he was in the right, followed without responding.\n\nAfter they had ridden a little way\nThey came to a valley that lay between two hills. There they alighted, and Sancho opened his coat and spread it on the grass. Our two adventurers then feasted themselves with a variety of cold meat for breakfast, dinner, lunch, and supper all at once. The priests, who had brought the provisions for their own consumption, joined in and made the most of themselves.\n\nHowever, they soon became aware of a great misfortune. They had no wine to wash down their meat and quench their thirst, which now scorched and choked them even worse than hunger had before.\nSancho, noticing the grass was fresh and green, said to his master, \"In the following chapter, we will find what we are looking for. Sancho, half choked with thirst, exclaimed, \"The grass is so fresh that I dare lay my life we will find a spring or stream hereabouts. Therefore, Sir, let us look, I implore you, so we may quench this unbearable thirst that torments our throats ten times worse than hunger did our guts. Thereupon, Don Quixote led Rozinante by the bridle, and Sancho his ass by the halter, after they had secured their meal supplies. They had not gone more than two hundred paces when they heard the sound of a great waterfall. This was the most welcome sound in the world to them. But then, listening with great attention to determine from which direction the soothing murmur came, they suddenly heard another sound that strangely marred the pleasure of the first.\nIn Sancho, who was naturally no hero and sufficiently a coward, they heard a terrible din of obstreperous blows, struck with measure, and a more dreadful rattling of chains and irons. The roaring of the waters, the horrors of dark night and solitude in an unknown place, the loud rustling of the leaves of some lofty trees, and the whistling of the wind, which concurred with the other dismaying sounds; the falling of the waters, the thundering thumps, and the clinking of chains were all present. The worst was, the blows were redoubled without ceasing, the wind blew on, and daylight was far distant. But then it was that Don Quixote, secured by Sancho his timid companion, mounted his horse, braced his shield, brandished his lance, and showed a soul unknown to fear, superior to danger and fortune.\n\n\"Know, Sancho,\" cried he.\nI was born in this Iron Age to restore the Age of Gold, or the Golden Age, as some choose to call it. I am the Man for whom Fate has reserved the most dangerous and formidable attempts, the most stupendous and glorious adventures, and the most valorous feats of arms.\n\nI am the Man who must revive the Order of the Round Table, the twelve Peers of France, and the nine Worthies. I am the Man whose never-to-be-forgotten achievements must efface the memory of your Paladins, your Tablants, your Olivants, and your Tyrants. Now must your Knights of the Sun, your Belianis', and all the numerous throng of vulgar Heroes and Knights-Errant of former ages, see the glory of all their most dazzling actions eclipsed and darkened by my more illustrious exploits. Observe, O thou my faithful squire, what a multifarious assemblage of terrors surrounds us! A horrid darkness, a dolorous solitude, a confused rustling of leaves, a dismal rattling of chains, a howling of the winds, an astonishing noise of cataracts.\nIn the midst of these ominous sounds, which fell with boisterous Rapidity from the steep Mountains of the Moon, a terrible sound of redoubled Blows, still wounding our Ears like furious Thunderclaps, and a dead and universal Silence of those Things that might buoy up the sinking Courage of frail Mortality. In this Extremity of Danger, Mars himself might tremble with affright. Yet I, in the midst of all these unutterable Alarms, still remain undaunted and unshaken. These are but Incentives to my Valour, and but animate my Heart the more; it grows too big and mighty for my Breast, and leaps at the approach of this threatening Adventure, as formidable as it is likely to prove. Come, girt Roquinante, strengthen your girth; and then Providence protect thee: Thou mayst stay for me here; but if I do not return in three Days, go back to our Village; and from thence, for my sake, to Toboso, where thou shalt say to my incomparable Lady Dulcinea, That her faithful Knight fell a Sacrifice to Love and Honour.\nWhile he attempted things to make himself worthy to be called her admirer. When Sancho heard his master speak thus, he fell weeping in the most pitiful manner in the world. \"Why, Sir,\" cried he, \"why run yourself into mischief? What need you go about this rueful misadventure? 'Tis main dark, and there's never a living soul sees us; we have nothing to do but to sheer off and get out of harm's way, though we were not to drink a drop these three days. Who is there to take notice of our flinching? I've heard our parson, whom you well know, say in his pulpit that he who seeks danger perishes therein. And therefore we shouldn't tempt Heaven by going about a thing that we cannot compass but by a miracle. Isn't it enough, think you, that it has preserved you from being tossed in a blanket, as I was, and made you come off safe and sound from among so many goblins that went with the dead man? If all this won't work upon that hard heart of yours, do but think of me, and rest yourself assured.\"\n\"that once you've left your poor Sancho, he'll be ready to give up the Ghost for fear, to the next that comes; I left my house and home, wife, children, and all to follow you, hoping to be better, not worse; but covetousness has broken me and my hopes. Dear master, don't be so hard-hearted; and if you won't be persuaded not to meddle with this ungracious adventure, do but put it off until you can see. It's but three hours to daylight; for, according to my little skill, the muzzle of the lesser bear is just over our heads. How can you see the muzzle of the bear, asked Don Quixote? There's not a star to be seen in the sky? That's true, quoth Sancho; but fear is sharp-sighted, and can see things under ground, and much more in the skies. Let day come or not come, 'tis all one to me\"\nThe Champion cried out: it shall not be recorded that Don Quixote shed tears or be moved by entreaties from neglecting knightly duty. Sancho, say no more, heaven, which has inspired me with the resolve to attempt this dreadful adventure, will take care of me and you; come quickly, hitch up my horse, and wait here for me; for you will soon hear news of me, either alive or dead.\n\nFinding his master obstinate and unmoved by tears or good advice, Sancho resolved to try a policy trick to keep him there till daylight. He pretended to fasten the girths, but slyly tied Rosinante's hind legs with his donkey's halter without being suspected. So when Don Quixote thought to move forward, he found his horse would not go a step without leaping, no matter how sharply he spurred him on. Sancho, perceiving his plot discovered, said, \"Sir, heaven is on my side.\"\nDon Quixote wouldn't let Rozinante move forward; and if you still intend to spur him, I dare swear it will only be an effort against the stream, or, as the saying goes, kicking against the pricks. Don Quixote grew restless, chased, and raved, desperate to find his horse less stubborn. But observing that the harder he spurred and galled Rozinante's sides, the more reluctant he became, though unwilling to go, Quixote resolved to wait patiently till dawn. \"Well,\" he said, \"since Rozinante refuses to leave this place, I must remain here until dawn, though its slowness will cost me some sighs.\"\n\n\"You need not sigh nor be melancholic, sir,\" Sancho offered, \"for I'll tell you stories until it's daylight, unless, perhaps, your lordship would prefer to dismount and take a nap upon the grass, as knights-errant are wont, so you may be fresher and better able in the morning to face that monstrous adventure that awaits you.\"\n\nWhat do you mean by dismounting and taking a nap?\nDon Quixote replied, \"Think you I am one of those knights who abandon themselves to sleep and lazy ease when danger is at hand? No, sleep thou, born to sleep; or do what thou wilt. As for myself, I know what I have to do. Good sir,\" said Sancho, \"don't put yourself into a passion. I meant no such thing. Evil be to those who evil think.\" Saying this, he placed one hand on the pommel of Rozinante's saddle and the other on the crupper, and thus he stood embracing his master's left thigh, not daring to budge an inch for fear of the blows that dinned continually in his ears. Don Quixote then thought fit to claim his promise and desired him to tell some stories to help pass the time. \"Sir,\" said Sancho, \"I'm woefully frightened; and have no heart to tell stories, however, I'll do my best. And now, I think on it, there's one come into my head, which if I can but hit on it right, and nothing happens to put me out.\"\nIn the Days of Yore, when it was as it was, good betide us all, and evil to him who sought evil. Take notice, Sir, that they of old did not begin their tales with ordinary discourse. According to a wise man they called Cato Zonazor, \"evil to him who seeks evil,\" which is as pertinent for your purpose as a pudding for a fryer's mouth; you may neither meddle nor make, nor seek evil and mischief for the nonce, but rather get out of harm's way. Go on with your story, Sancho, cried Don Quixote, and leave the rest to my discretion. I say then, quoth Sancho, that in a country town in Estremadura, there lived a certain shepherd, whom I should call a goatherd. This shepherd, as the story goes, was named Lope Ruiz. And this Lope Ruiz was in love with a shepherdess, whose name was Toralva.\nThe Shepherdess named Toralva was the daughter of a wealthy grazier. Her shepherd suitor, whom I should have called a goatherd, was infatuated with her. Toralva was a well-built, round woman with a coy and froppish demeanor, and she had a beard-like growth on her upper lip. I can see her before me now. You knew her, don Quixote replied.\nDon Quixote said, \"I didn't know her in my born days, but the person who told me this story assured me it was true and I could swear I had seen it myself. However, as days pass and time makes medlars ripe, the Shepherd and his sweetheart had a falling out. The Devil, who rarely lies dead in a ditch but has a finger in every pie, managed to bring this about. The Shepherd's love turned into dudgeon and ill will due to reports from mischievous tale-bearers who harbored ill will towards both parties. They spread the rumor that the Shepherd thought the woman was no better than she should be and had let go of her hilt and hips. Grieving deeply about it and now hating her, he even resolved to leave the country to get out of her sight. The wench, perceiving that he no longer courted her, responded in kind.\nBut rather than tossing his nose at her, the Shepherd shunned her. She began to love him and dote on him like anything, haunting and following him up and down like a Tansey-pig. \"That's the nature of women,\" cried Don Quixote, \"not to love when we love them, and to love when we don't.\" But go on\u2014 The Shepherd then gave her the slip, continued Sancho, and driving his goats before him, went trudging through Estremadura, on his way to Portugal. But Toralva, with her long nose, smelled his design, and then what did she do? Come after him barefoot and bare-legged, with a pilgrim's staff in her hand and a wallet at her back, wherein they say she carried a piece of a looking-glass, half a comb, a broken pot with paint, and other trinkets to primp herself up. But let her carry what she would, 'tis no bread and butter of mine. The short and the long of it is, that the Shepherd with his goats finally reached the River Guadiana, which happened to be overflowed at that time.\nand worse than bad luck, there was neither boat nor bark to ferry him over. This annoyed him even more because he saw Toralva following him, and he feared being harassed and bothered by her weeping and wailing. At last, he spotted a fisherman in a small boat, but so small that it could only carry one man and one goat at a time. Nevertheless, he called to the fisherman and agreed to pay him to carry him and his three hundred goats over the water. The deal was struck, and the fisherman came with his boat and carried over one goat. Then he rowed back and fetched another goat, and after that another goat. \"Sir,\" said Sancho, \"please make sure you keep a good account of how many goats the fisherman ferries over. If you accidentally miss one, my tale ends there, and I have no more to say.\" Well then, where was I?\u2014 Ah, there\u2014 The landing place on the other side was very muddy and slippery, which made the fisherman take a long time going and coming.\nDon Quixote carried over one goat, then another, and then another. \"Suppose he has landed them all on the other side of the river,\" said Don Quixote. \"We won't have finished this for twelve months if we continue one by one,\" replied Sancho. \"Let me go on my way,\" Sancho pleaded. \"How many goats have been carried over already?\" asked Don Quixote. \"I don't know,\" Sancho answered. \"Here it is,\" Sancho insisted. \"The tale is at an end, and now you may go whistle for the rest,\" San Don Quixote found this ridiculous. \"Is there no continuing the story unless I know exactly how many goats have been wafted over?\" he asked. \"No, my lord,\" Sancho replied. \"As soon as you answered that you couldn't tell, the rest of the story quite slipped out of my head. It's a shame, for it was a special one.\" \"Then the story is ended,\" Don Quixote concluded. \"Yes, my lord,\" Sancho agreed. \"It's as dead as my mother.\" Don Quixote swore.\n cry'd Don Quixote, a most extraordinary Story, and told and concluded in as extraord nary a manner. 'Tis a None such I dare engage; tho' truly I expected no less from a Man of such uncommon Parts. Alas! poor Sancho, I am affraid this dreadful Noise has turn'd thy Brain: That may well be, quoth Sancho, but as for my Story I'm sure there's nothing more to be said; for where you lose the Account of the Goats there it ends. Let it be so, reply'd Don Quixote, but now let's try whether Rozinante be in Humour to March; with that he gave Rozi\u2223nante two Spurs, and the high mettl'd Jade an\u2223swer'd\nwith one Bound, and then stood stock still, not having the command of his hind Legs.\nMuch about this Time, whether it were the Coolness of the Night, or that Sancho had eaten some loosening Food at Supper, or which seems more probable, that Nature by a regular Impulse gave him notice of her Desire to perform a cer\u2223tain Function that follows the third Concoction, it seems\nHonest Sancho found himself urged to do that which no one could do for him: But such were his Fears that he dared not, for his life, stir the breadth of a straw from his master. Yet to think of bearing the intolerable load that pressed him so was to him as great an impossibility. In this perplexing situation, he could find no other expedient but to take his right hand from the crupper of the saddle and softly untie his breeches, letting them drop down to his heels. Having done this, he silently took up his shirt and exposed his posteriors, which were none of the least, to the open air. But the main point was how to ease himself of this terrible burden without making a noise. To this purpose, he clenched his teeth, screwed up his face, shrunk up his shoulders, and held his breath as much as possible. Yet see what misfortunes attend the best-projected undertakings. When he had almost accomplished his design\nDon Quixote couldn't prevent an obstreperous sound, very different from those causing his fear, from bursting out. \"What's that noise, Sancho?\" Don Quixote asked, hearing it. Some new adventure, I'll wager, Sancho replied, for ill luck comes seldom alone. Having dismissed the matter thus, Don Quixote even attempted another stratagem, and did it so cleverly that without the slightest report or whisper, his business was completed effectively, to the unspeakable ease of his body and mind.\n\nBut Don Quixote, with a sense of smell as acute as that of hearing, and Sancho standing very near or rather joined to him, began to be regaled with fumes that ascended perpendicularly. No sooner did the unpleasant steams disturb him than, taking the common remedy, he pinched his nose shut. Then, with a sniffling voice, he said to Sancho, \"You're certainly in great bodily fear.\" \"I am,\" Sancho replied.\n\"quoth Sancho, but what makes your lordship perceive it now more than before? Because, replied Don Quixote, thou smellest now more unpleasantly than thou didst before. Hoh, that may be, quoth Sancho. But whose fault is that? You may even thank yourself for it. Why do you lead me on a wild goose chase and bring me to such unseasonable hours to dangerous places? You know I am not used to it. Prethee, said Don Quixote, still holding his nose, get thee three or four steps from me; and for the future take more care and know your distance; for I find, thou thinkest my familiarity with thee gives thee license to lack respect. I warrant, quoth Sancho, you think I have been disrespectful. Don Quixote, the more you stir, the worse it will be.\nThis conversation, such as it was, served them to pass away the night; and now Sancho, seeing the morning arise, thought it time to untie Rozinante's feet.\"\nAnd he did up his master's breeches, and he did it with such caution that his master suspected nothing. As for Rozinante, he no sooner felt himself at liberty than he seemed to express his joy by pawing the ground; for, with his leave, I must tell you, he was a stranger to curvetting and prancing. Don Quixote also took it as a good omen that his steed was now ready to move, and believed it was a signal given him by kind fortune, to animate him to give birth to the approaching adventure.\n\nNow Aurora had displayed her rosy mantle over the blushing skies, and dark Night had drawn her sable veil; all objects stood concealed to human eyes, and Don Quixote could now perceive he was under some tall chestnut trees, whose thick spreading boughs diffused an awful gloom around the place, but he could not yet discover whence proceeded the dismal sound of those incessant strokes. Therefore, being resolved to find it out, once more he took his leave of Sancho, with the same injunctions as before; adding withal:\nThe sailor should not worry about the recompense for his services, as he had taken care of that in his will, which he had made before leaving home. If he emerged victorious from this adventure, he could certainly expect to be rewarded with the promised island. Sancho could not help but blubber again at these tender expressions from his master and resolved not to leave him until he had completed this enterprise. From Sancho's deep concern and his determination to attend him, the author of this history infers that the squire was of gentle descent or at least the offspring of old Christians. His good nature moved his master more than he was willing to show it at a time when he needed to put aside all softer thoughts. Instead, he rode towards the place from which the sounds of blows and water seemed to come, while Sancho trudged after him.\nThe knight led the way, his constant companion in good and bad fortune. After traveling a short distance under the pleasant cover of chestnut trees, they came upon a meadow adjacent to certain rocks from whose top a great waterfall issued. At the foot of the rocks, they discovered old, poorly constructed buildings that appeared more like ruins than inhabited houses. The terrifying noise of the continuing blows emanated from this place. When they approached, even patient Rozinante started at the dreadful sound. However, being encouraged and reassured by his master, the horse was eventually persuaded to draw nearer with cautious steps. The knight recommended himself to Dulcinea and Heaven in short prayers along the way. Sancho clung closely to his master, peering through his legs to see what he dreaded to discover.\nDon Quixote was struck dumb at this unexpected sight, and was ready to drop from his horse with shame and confusion. Sancho stared at him, and saw him hang his head with a despondent, dejected countenance, like a man quite dispirited by this cursed disappointment. At the same time, he looked at Sancho and, seeing the laughter in his eyes and cheeks, ready to burst, he could not help laughing himself, despite his vexation. So, seeing his master begin, Sancho immediately gave way to his mirth and broke out into such a fit of laughing that he was forced to hold his sides with both his knuckles for fear of bursting his aching paunch. He laughed four times.\nand he laughed obstreperously four times, which insolence Don Quixote began to resent with great indignation. Sancho, in a jeering tone, presumed to ridicule him with his own words, repeating part of the vain speech he made when they first heard the noise: \"Know, Sancho, I was born in this Iron Age to restore the Age of Gold. I am the man for whom Heaven has reserved the most dangerous and glorious adventures, &c.\" He went on in this manner until his master, enraged by his insolence, struck him twice on the shoulders with his lance. Sancho, finding his jest had turned to earnest, begged pardon with all submission: \"Mercy, good sir, I beseech you! I meant no harm, I only joked a little.\" Don Quixote replied, \"Come here, good jester, you who pretend to rally, tell me\"\nHad this been a dangerous adventure, as it proved to be only a false alarm, have I not shown enough resolution to undertake and finish it? Am I, who am a knight, bound to know the meaning of every mechanical noise and distinguish between sound and sound? Besides, it might happen, as it did, that I had never seen a fulling-mill before. But let the six fulling-maces be transformed into giants, then turn them towards me one by one or all together. If I do not lay them all at my feet with their heels upwards, then you may exercise your ill-bred raillery as much as you please.\n\nGood your worship, quoth Sancho, speak no more about it, I beg you. I confess I carried the jest too far. But now all is hushed and well, pray tell me in sober sadness, as you hope to succeed in all adventures and come off safe and sound from this, don't you think that the fright we were in...\nI mean I could be a good subject for people to make fun of? I grant that, answered Don Quixote, but I wouldn't have it told, for not all people are discreet enough to place things or look at them in the right position. I've shown you understand how to place things properly, said Sancho. I've heard my grandmother say, \"A man loves you well who makes you weep.\" Good masters may be hasty with a servant; but shortly after a harsh word or two, they usually give him a pair of cast breeches. What they give after a bastinado, Heaven knows; all I can tell is that knights-errant after bastinados give you some castles or some old-fashioned kingdoms on the mainland.\n\nFortune, said Don Quixote, may perhaps order every thing thou hast said to come to pass; therefore, Sancho, I pray thee think no more of my severity; thou knowest a man cannot always command the first impulse of his passions. On the other hand, however,\nLet me advise you not to be so saucy in the future; and not to assume such familiarity with me that is unbe becoming in a servant. In all the numerous books of knight-errantry that I have read, I have never found that any squire was allowed such great freedom of speech with his master as you take with me. I truly believe this to be a great fault in both of us: in you for disrespecting me, and in me for not making myself more respected. Gandalin, Amadis de Gaul's squire, though he was an earl of the Firm Island, never spoke to his master but with cap in hand, his head bowed and his body half bent, in the Turkish manner. But what can we say of Gasabel, Don Galaor's squire, who was such a strict observer of silence that, to the honor of this affected taciturnity, the author mentioned his name but once in that voluminous authentic history. From all this, Sancho, I would have you make this observation.\nThat there should be a distance kept between the Master and the servant, the knight and the squire. Therefore, I tell you again, let us live together in the future more in accordance with the proper decorum of our respective degrees, without giving each other any further vexation on this account. For, after all, it will always be to your disadvantage on whatever occasion we happen to disagree. As for the rewards I promised you, they will come in due time. And if you are disappointed that way, you have your salary to rely on, as I have told you.\n\nYou speak well, Sancho, replied Don Quixote. But now, suppose no rewards should come, and I was forced to rely on my wages, I would like to know how much a squire-errant earned in days of old? Did they get paid by the month or by the day, like laborers? I don't think, replied Don Quixote, they ever got paid by the hire, but rather they trusted in their master's generosity. And if I have assigned you wages in my will, which I left sealed at home.\n'twas only to prevent the worst; because I do not know yet what Success I may have in Chivalry in these miserable Times; and I would not have my Soul suffer in the other World for such a trifling Matter: For there is no state of Life so subject to Dangers as that of a Knight-Errant. \"It is likely, sir,\" said Sancho, \"that even the noise of the hammers of a fulling-mill is enough to trouble and disturb the heart of such a valiant Knight as you.\" But you may be sure I'll not hereafter so much as offer to jibe or joke at your doings, but always stand in awe of you, and honor you as my Lord and Master. By doing so, replied Don Quixote, \"thou shalt live on the face of the Earth; for next to our Parents we ought to respect our Masters, as if they were our Fathers.\"\n\nAt the same time, it began to rain, and Sancho wished to take shelter in the fulling-mills. But Don Quixote had conceived such an aversion against them for the shame they had brought upon him.\nHe would not be persuaded to go in and turning to the right, they came upon a highway. They had not gone far before he saw a horseman with something that glittered like gold on his head. As soon as the knight spotted him, he turned to his squire, Sancho, and said, \"I believe every proverb is true. For instance, the saying that where one door closes, another opens. Last night, Fortune deceived us with a false adventure, but this morning offers us a real one to make amends. And what an adventure, Sancho, that if I do not triumph in it, I will have no excuse left \u2013 no darkness or unknown sounds to blame. In all likelihood, that is the man wearing Mambrino's Helmet, and you know the vow I have made. Good sir,\" Sancho replied.\nAnd take heed what you do; I would willingly keep my body and my understanding from being pounded, mashed, and crushed with fulling hammers. Hell take thee, Blockhead, cried Don Quixote. Is there no difference between a helmet and a fulling-mill? I don't know, quoth Sancho, but I'm sure, were I suffered to speak my mind now, as I was wont, perhaps I would give you such clear reasons that you yourself would see you're wide of the mark. How can I be mistaken; thou eternal disbeliever, cried Don Quixote. Do you not see that knight who comes riding up directly towards us upon a dapple-gray steed, with a helmet of gold on his head? I see what I see, replied Sancho, and the devil of anything I can spy, but a fellow upon such another gray ass as mine is, with something that glistens atop his head. I tell thee, that's Mambrino's helmet, replied Don Quixote; and therefore stand at a distance.\nAnd leave me to deal with him: You shall see that I won't waste a moment in unnecessary talk. I'll finish this adventure and obtain the desired helmet. I'll stand at a distance, Sancho assuredly; but I hope this won't turn into another brawl, and a worse job than the Fulling-Mills. I have warned you already, fellow, Don Quixote said. Don't even mention the Fulling-Mills again, not even in thought. I swear, I'll turn your ship into jelly. These threats were enough to silence Sancho's lips; he had no intention of having his master's vow fulfilled at the expense of his bones.\n\nThe truth of the story was this: In that region of the country, there were two villages. One was so small it had no shop in it, nor even a barber. So the barber of the larger village served the smaller one as well. And a person, having need to be bled, went to the larger village.\nAnd the barber was going to shave another, carrying his brass basin on his head to keep his new hat dry from the rain. The basin was new and scoured, making a shining display from a distance. Sancho had well observed that Don Quixote rode on a gray ass, which he took for a dapple-gray steed, and the barber for a knight, and his brass basin for a golden helmet. His disordered mind applied every object to his romantic ideas. Therefore, when he saw the imaginary knight approaching, he fixed his lance or javelin to his thigh and, without stopping to parley with his thoughtless adversary, charged at him as fiercely as Rozinante could gallop. He resolved to pierce him through and through and cried out in the midst of his charge, \"Caitif, wretch, defend yourself, or immediately surrender what is justly yours.\" He thrust at him with the lance but, instead, threw himself off his ass to the ground.\nHe took up his heels and ran swiftly across the fields, leaving his ass and his basin behind him. Finding himself master of the field and the basin, Don Quixote declared, \"The miscreant who has left this helmet has shown himself as prudent as a hare, who, finding himself hotly pursued by hunters, tears and cuts off with his teeth that for which his natural instinct tells him he was followed.\" He then ordered Sancho to take up the helmet. \"On my word,\" Sancho replied, having taken it up, \"this is a special basin, and as valuable as a thief is worth a halter.\" He gave it to his master, who immediately put it on his head, turning it every way to find the beaver or visor. Disappointed, he remarked, \"The pagan for whom this famous helmet was first made must have had a head of prodigious size.\"\nSancho couldn't help but smile as he listened to his master call the barber's basin a helmet. He would have laughed outright if not for his fear. \"What is the fool looking at now, Don Quixote asked? \"I'm laughing,\" Sancho replied, \"at the thought of the enormous fool who must have owned this helmet, which looks just like a barber's basin. Don Quixote mused, \"This enchanted helmet must have fallen into the hands of some person who, not knowing its value, melted half of it for the sake of a little money, using the other half to make this helmet-peace. But to me, who know its worth, the transformation means little. As soon as I reach a town with an armorer, I will have it altered so much for the better that even the helmet made by the god of smiths for the god of war will be improved by it.\"\nI am afraid you are not a good Christian, Sancho, you never forget injuries. Truly, said Don Quixote, it is the part of noble and generous spirits to pass by trifles. Where are you hurt? Which of your ribs is broken, or what part of your skull is bruised, that you can never think on that jest without malice? For after all, 'twas nothing but a jest, a harmless piece of pastime; had I looked upon it otherwise.\nI had returned to that place before this, and had caused greater mischief in revenge for the abuse than the incensed Greeks did at Troy for the detention of their Helen, that famed beauty of the ancient world. She, however, had she lived in our age or if my Dulcinea had resembled her, would have found her charms outmatched by my Cavalier's Mistress's perfections. And saying this, he heaved a deep sigh. Well then, quoth Sancho, I'll not reopen old wounds: Let it go for a jest, since there's no avenging it in earnest. But what shall we do with this dapple-gray horse, which looks so much like an ass? You see that some poor knight-errant has left it to fend for itself, and by his haste to depart, I don't think he means to return for it. And Don Quixote replied, \"It is not my custom to plunder those I overcome, nor is it usual among us knights for the victor to take the horse of his vanquished enemy and let him go on foot.\nUnless his own steed is killed or disabled in the combat, therefore Sancho, leave the horse or the ass, whatever you please to call it; the owner will be sure to come for it as soon as he sees us gone. I have a strong inclination, said Sancho, to take him along with us, or at least to exchange him for my own which is not so good. What, are the laws of knight-errantry so strict, that a man must not exchange one ass for another? At least, I hope they'll allow me to swap one harness for another? Truly, Sancho, replied Don Quixote, I am not so very certain about this last particular; and therefore, till I am better informed, I give you leave to exchange the furniture, if you have an absolute need for it. I have such a need for it, said Sancho, that though 'twere for my own very self, I could not need it more. So, without any further ado, being authorized by his master's leave, he made a stop at Caparra, and his own ass was as fine as if it had a hundred holy-day cloaks on its back.\nThey breakfasted on what they had left at supper, having quenched their thirst at the stream that turned the fulling-mills. Don Quixote took care not to cast an eye towards them, for he abhorred the very thoughts of them. Easing their spleens, their choleric and melancholic humors were assuaged. They rose again, guided by Rozinante's discretion, the depository of his master's will and that of the ass, who kindly and sociably followed his steps wherever he went. Their guide soon brought them back onto the high road, where they kept on a slow pace, not caring which way they went.\n\nAs they jogged on, Sancho spoke to his master. \"May I, Sir, be permitted to speak to you a little?\" he asked. \"Since you have laid that bitter command upon me to hold my tongue, I have had four or five quaint conceits that have rotted in my gut; and now I have another at the tip of my tongue that I would not for anything let fail.\"\n\n\"Speak, Sancho,\" Don Quixote urged.\nBut be concise; for no discourse pleases when too long. Then spoke Sancho, I've been thinking to myself of late how little is gained by hunting through these barren woods and strange places. Though you may accomplish the hardest and most dangerous jobs of knight-errantry, yet no living soul sees it or hears of it, and so it is just as good as lost. Therefore, I humbly suggest (with your worship's better judgment considered), that we instead serve some emperor or other great prince who is at war. There, you could display your courage and wisdom, which would be perceived by the lord we serve, and he must surely reward us accordingly, based on our deserts. There, a learned scholar would not be lacking to record all your deeds, ensuring they are never forgotten. As for mine, I say nothing.\nA Knight-Errant cannot be named on the same day as your Worship's, yet I can assure you that if any notice is taken in Knight-Errantry of the feats of squires, mine will be included. There is reason in what you say, Sancho, replied Don Quixote. However, it is first necessary for a Knight-Errant to spend some time in various parts of the world as a prospector in quest of adventures. By achieving some extraordinary exploits, his renown will spread itself through neighboring climates and distant nations. Therefore, when he goes to the court of some great monarch, his fame preceding him as his harbinger, he secures such a reception that the knight has scarcely reached the gates of the metropolis of the kingdom when he finds himself attended and surrounded by admiring crowds, pointing and crying out, \"There rides the Knight of the Sun, or of the Serpent, or whatever other title the knight takes upon himself.\" That's him, they'll cry.\nWho vanquished in single combat the giant Brocabruno, named the Invincible Strength. This is he who freed the great Sophy of Persia from the enchantment that had kept him confined for almost nine hundred years. As they relate his achievements with loud acclamations, the spreading rumor at last reaches the king's palace, and the monarch, desiring to be informed with his own eyes, will not fail to look out of his window. As soon as he sees the knight, knowing him by his arms or the device on his shield, he'll be obliged to say to his attendants, \"My lords and gentlemen, hasten, all of you, as many as are knights, go and receive the Flower of Chivalry that's coming to our court.\" At the king's command, they all run to introduce him. The king himself meets him halfway on the stairs, where he embraces his valorous guest.\nAnd he kisses her cheek. Then taking the boy by the hand, he leads him directly to the queen's apartment. There, the knight finds the queen attended by her daughter, the princess. Fate disposes everything such that the knight and the princess gaze at each other, admiring one another as angelic rather than human beings. By an inexplicable charm, they both become entangled in the inextricable bonds of love and are left perplexed, unable to express their amorous anguish to one another. Afterward, the knight is conducted by the king to one of the richest apartments in the palace. There, having removed his armor, they bring him a rich scarlet vestment lined with ermine. If he looked so graceful in steel, imagine how striking he would be in this attire.\nThe stranger will appear most handsome in the height of courtly ornaments. Night falls, and he dines with the King, Queen, and Princess. The entire time, he feasts his eyes on his charm, unnoticed by others. She returns his glances with equal discretion, as I've mentioned, she is an accomplished person. After dinner, a surprising scene unfolds: First, an ill-favored little dwarf enters, followed by a fair damsel between two giants. They offer an adventure, devised by an ancient necromancer, so difficult to perform that the one who completes it will be regarded as the world's best knight. The king then orders all his courtiers to attempt it, but they all fail. The honor is reserved for the valorous stranger, who accomplishes the feat effortlessly. The princess is then overjoyed.\nAnd she considered herself the happiest creature in the world, having bestowed her affections on such a deserving man. By the fortunate decree of fate, this king or emperor was at war with one of his powerful neighbors. Informed of this, the knight, after a few days at court, offered his service, which was accepted with joy. The king courteously accepted the knight's homage in acknowledgment of such a great favor. That night, the lover took his leave of the princess at the iron grate before her chamber window, looking into the garden, where they had already had several conversations through the princess's confidante, a maidservant who facilitated their intrigue. The knight sighed; the princess fainted. The maidservant rushed for cold water to revive her, and was uneasy as well because the morning light was approaching and she did not want them discovered, lest it reflect poorly on her lady's honor. At last, the princess revived.\nAnd he gives the knight his lovely hand to kiss, which he does a thousand and a thousand times, bathing it all the while with his tears. After this cruel separation, he retires to his chamber, throws himself on his bed, but grief will not allow sleep to close his eyes. Rising with the sun, he goes to take his leave of the king and the queen. He desires to pay his compliment of leave to the princess, but is told she is indisposed. Believing that his departure is the cause of her disorder, he is so grieved at the news that he is on the verge of revealing the secret of his heart. The princess's confidant observes this and goes to inform her. Finding the lovely mourner bathed in tears, she tells her that the greatest affliction of her soul is her uncertainty about whether her charming knight is of royal blood. But the damsel reassures her, assuring her that such valor and gallantry are signs of nobility.\nAnd such noble qualifications were undoubtedly derived from an illustrious and royal original. This comforts the afflicted fair, who does all she can to compose her looks, lest the king or queen suspect the cause of their alteration; and so, some days later, she appears in public as before.\n\nAnd now, the knight, having been absent for some time, meets, fights and overcomes the king's enemies. He takes control of I don't know how many cities, wins I don't know how many battles, returns to court, and appears before his mistress Jaden with honor. He visits her privately as before, and they agree that he shall demand her in marriage from the king her father, as the reward of all his services. But the king will not grant his suit, being unfamiliar with his birth: however, whether it be that the princess allows herself to be privately carried away or that some other means are used, the knight marries her. In a little time, the king is very well pleased with the match.\nfor now, the Knight is revealed as the son of an unidentified mighty king. After his father's death, the Princess becomes the heir, and in no time, our Knight ascends the throne. Having achieved his happiness, his thoughts turn to rewarding those who contributed to his rise. He marries his squire to one of the Princess's maids, likely her favorite, who is also the daughter of one of the most influential dukes in the kingdom.\n\n\"That's what I've been looking for all this while,\" exclaimed Sancho. \"Give me that, and I'll be content. For every title you gain, and regardless of your own fate, this will come to pass, Sancho, if you'll only adopt the name of the Knight of the Woeful Countenance.\"\n\n\"Very well, Sancho,\" replied Don Quixote. \"I will do so, for I will follow the same path and achieve these outcomes in the same manner.\"\nKnights-Errant have always sought to ascend to the Throne. Our primary business, therefore, is to find a great potentate, either among Christians or pagans, who is at war with his neighbors and has a fair daughter. But we shall have time enough to search for that; as I have told you, we must first gain fame in other places before we presume to approach a court. Another matter troubles me: suppose we have found a king and a princess, and I have filled the world with the fame of my unparalleled achievements, what hopes can I have of ever being discovered to be of royal blood, even if it is only second cousin to an emperor? For it is not to be expected that the king will ever consent to my wedding his daughter until I have proven this with authentic documents, no matter how deserving my service may be. And thus, for lack of a formality, I am in danger of losing what my valor justly merits. It is true indeed that I am a gentleman and of a noted ancient family.\nFor the learned historian writing my biography may enhance and embellish my genealogy, finding me to be the fifth or sixth in descent from a king. There are two types of originals in the world. Some, who descended from mighty kings and princes, whose estates and titles dwindled and ended in insignificance, like a pyramid's point. Others, who began from humble origins but continued to rise, eventually reaching the pinnacle of human greatness. The disparity is so vast that those who were Something are now Nothing, and those who were Nothing, are now Something. Therefore, who knows but that I may be one of those whose origin is so illustrious, which, properly researched and examined, should certainly satisfy the king, my father-in-law. Even if he remained unconvinced.\nThe princess will be so desperately in love with me that she will marry me without her father's consent, even if I'm the son of a plebeian. If her tender honor has scruples about marrying against her father's will, it may not be amiss to put a pleasing constraint upon her by conveying her out of his reach.\n\n\"Ay, quoth Sancho, your rakish fellows have a saying that fits your purpose well,\" Sancho replied. \"Never cringe nor creep for what you can reap by force: Though I think it would be better said, 'The leap of a shrub is worth more than good men's prayers.' No more to be said, if the King, your father-in-law, won't let you have his daughter by fair means, I, for one, won't stand in your way. The only mischief I fear is that while you're making peace with him and waiting for a dead man's shoes, the poor squire is likely to go long barefoot.\nand may go hang himself if he cannot help him, unless the Damsel who is to be his wife runs away with the Princess, and he consoles himself with her until a better time comes. That's certain, answered Don Quixote. Why then, said Sancho, let us be lucky, over shoes and boots; let us take a chance and let the world deal. May fortune crown our wishes, cried Don Quixote, and let him be a wretch who thinks himself one. Amen, said Sancho; for I am one of your old Christians, and that is enough to make me an earl. And more than enough, said Don Quixote; for though you were not so well descended, as a king I could bestow nobility upon you without putting you to the trouble of buying it or doing me the least service; and making you an earl, men must call you my lord, though it grieves them never so much. Do you think, quoth Sancho.\nI would not become equal to my lord? You should say \"quality,\" said Don Quixote, not \"equality.\" Even so, replied Sancho: But, as I was saying, I would scarcely become an earl; for I was once a beadle to a brotherhood, and the beadle's gown became me so well that everyone said I had the presence of a warden. Then how would you think I'd look with a duke's robes on my back, all bedecked with gold and pearls like any foreign count? I believe we shall have people come a hundred leagues to see me, said Don Quixote. You will look well enough, replied Don Quixote; but then you must shave that rough bushy beard of yours at least every other day, or people will read your beginning in your face as soon as they see you. Why then, replied Sancho, it is only a matter of keeping a barber in my house; and if necessary, he shall trot after me wherever I go, like a grandee's master of horse. How did you come to know, said Don Quixote, that grandees have their masters of horse to ride after them? I'll tell you.\n\"quoth Sancho: I once spent a month among your court-folk and saw a little Dandin riding about, who was said to be a huge lord. A man on horseback followed closely behind him, like a little Anthony Pig, stopping and turning as he did, as if he were tied to the horse's tail. I asked why that man did not attend Don Quixote in this manner. You might just as reasonably have your barber do so. Customs did not develop all at once but rather emerged and were established by degrees. So, you may be the first Earl, and I the king. Never doubt it, replied Don Quixote, and with that, he looked around and discovered - the next chapter will tell you.\nCid Hamet Benengeli, an Arabian and Manchegan author, relates in this most grave, high-sounding, minute, soft, and humorous history\"\nAfter the discourse between Don Quixote and Sancho Panza, as recorded in the sixth chapter's end, Don Quixote raised his eyes and saw about twelve men on foot marching in a line, chained together by the neck with an iron chain and manacled as well. They were guarded by two horsemen, armed with carbines, and two footmen with swords and javelins.\n\nAs soon as Sancho spotted them, \"Look here, Sir,\" he cried, \"a gang of criminals being taken away by force to serve in the king's galleys.\"\n\n\"Is it possible the king would force anyone?\" Don Quixote asked.\n\n\"I'm not saying that, Sancho replied, \"but these are rogues who have been sentenced for their misdeeds to row in the king's galleys. Still, they are forced because they do not go willingly.\"\n\n\"If that's the case,\" Don Quixote said, \"they fall under my jurisdiction.\"\nDon Quixote, inquired civilly of the guards why certain people were being led away in chains. One horseman replied that they were criminals condemned to serve the king in the galleys. Don Quixote expressed a desire to know the reason for their misfortune and asked for permission to examine their sentences. The horseman suggested he could view them himself and the condemned individuals would likely explain their crimes.\nThey are not ashamed to boast of their rogueries. With this permission, which Don Quixote would have granted himself if they had denied it, he rode up to the chain, and asked the first, \"For what crime am I in this predicament, Don Quixote! If all those who are in love were treated thus, I myself might have been in the galleys long since. But reply, Slave, said I, your love was not of that sort which I suspect: I was so desperately in love with a basket of linen, and embraced it so closely, that had not the judge taken it from me by force, I would not have parted with it willingly. In short, I was caught in the act, and so there was no need to torture me, 'twas proven so clearly upon me. So I was tried, condemned, punished; and in addition, was sent for three years to be an oarsman, and that concludes the matter.\" An oarsman, cried Don Quixote, what do you mean by that? A galley slave, answered the criminal, who was a young fellow, about forty-two years old.\nDon Quixote examined the second rogue, but he was so sad and unresponsive. The first rogue explained Don Quixote's situation: \"Sir,\" he said, \"this Canary bird keeps us company because we sang too much. Isn't it impossible, Don Quixote exclaimed, that men are sent to the galleys for singing? Yes, replied the arch rogue, for there's nothing worse than singing in anguish. How, Don Quixote wondered, does that contradict the saying, \"Sing away sorrow, cast away care\"? Yes, but with us, the situation is different, the slave replied. He who sings in disaster weeps all his life after. This is a riddle I cannot understand, Don Quixote lamented. \"Singing in anguish, among these jailbirds,\" one of the guards explained, \"means to confess under torture. This fellow was put to the torture and confessed his crime, which was stealing cattle. And because he sang, or tattled, as they call it, he was punished further.\"\nHe was condemned to the galleys for six years, in addition to one hundred lashes with a cat-o'-nine-tails, which had already whipped and powdered his shoulders. The reason he goes about in such a mopey and disheveled manner is merely because his companions jeer and laugh at him for not having had the courage to deny. It seems just as easy for him to have said no as yes. Or, as the saying goes, a fellow taken up on suspicion is a lucky rogue when there is no positive evidence against him but his own tongue. I agree, said Don Quixote.\n\nThen, turning to the third man, and to you, said he, what have you done? The man answered readily and pleasantly enough, I must mow the great meadow for five years straight, for lack of five ducats. I would gladly give twenty to deliver you from this misery, said Don Quixote. \"Thank you for nothing,\" replied the slave. \"It's just like the proverb, After meat comes mustard.\"\nLike money to a starving man at sea, where none can be bought: Had I had the twenty ducats you offer me before being tried, I could have greased the clerk's or the recorder's fist, sharpened my lawyer's wit, and been in Toledo, in the place of Zocodover, instead of being led along like a dog on a leash. But heaven is powerful; Basta. I say no more.\n\nPassing to the fourth, who was a venerable old don with a grey beard reaching to his bosom, he put the same question to him. Whereupon the poor creature fell weeping and was unable to answer. So the next one behind him lent him a tongue. Sir, said he, this honest man is going to the galleys for four years, having already taken his progress through the town in state and rested at the usual stations. I'll be whipped, quoth Sancho, if that isn't to do penance at the cross and wear the wooden collar at the pillory. A smack of conjuring, cried Don Quixote. If it weren't for that addition of conjuring, he said.\nHe ought not to have been sent to the galleys, purely for being a pimp, unless it was to be the general of the galleys. The profession of a bawd, pimp, or messenger of love is not like other common employments, but an office that requires a great deal of prudence and sagacity; an office of trust and weight, and most highly necessary in a well-regulated commonwealth. It is requisite that there should be a controller and surveyor of the profession, as there are of others; and a certain and settled number of them, as there is of exchange-brokers. This would be a means to prevent an infinite number of mischiefs that happen every day, because the trade or profession is followed by poor, ignorant pretenders, silently waiting women, young, giddy-brained pages, shallow footmen, and such raw, unexperienced sort of people.\nWho unexpectedly encounter emergencies and allow themselves to be surprised, spoiling things due to a lack of quickness in invention, be it concealing, carrying on, or bringing off a thing artificially. I would detail what type of persons are best suited for this essential profession in the commonwealth, but I will do so at a more opportune time. For now, I will only express that the grief I felt seeing these venerable grey hairs following the useful and ingenious vocation of pimping has been replaced by my abhorrence of his additional character as a conjurer. However, I know that no sorcerer in the world can influence or force the will, as some ignorant, credulous persons foolishly imagine. Our will is a free agent, and no herbs nor charms can compel it. As for the philters and similar compositions that some silly women and deceitful charlatans create.\nThey are nothing but certain mixtures and poisonous preparations, which make those who take them run mad, though the deceivers labor to persuade us they can make one person love another. This is impossible, as I have said, for our will is a free, uncontrollable power. You speak truly, Sir, cried the old pimp; and upon my honor, I protest I am wholly innocent as to the imputation of witchcraft. As for the business of pimping, I cannot deny it; but I never took it to be a criminal function. For my intention was that all mankind should taste the sweets of love and enjoy each other's society, living together in friendship and peace, free from those griefs and jars that unpeople the world. But my harmless design has not been so happy as to prevent my being sent now to a place whence I never expect to return, stooping as I do under the heavy burden of old age, and being grievously afflicted with the strangury, which scarcely affords me a moment's respite from pain. This said.\nThe reverend Procurer burst into tears and lamentations again, melting Sancho's heart so much that he pulled out a piece of money from his bosom and gave it to him as alms. Then Don Quixote turned to the fifth man, who seemed unconcerned. \"I am going to serve the king,\" he said, \"because I have been too familiar with two of my cousins and two other kind-hearted virgins who were sisters. This has resulted in such an odd and intricate web of kinship that it would puzzle a convention of casuists to resolve the degrees of consanguinity. All this was proven against me. I had no friends, and even worse, no money, and was therefore likely to be hanged. However, I was only condemned to the galleys for six years, and I patiently submitted to it. I still feel young, to my comfort; so if my life holds out, all will be well in time. If you would be pleased to bestow something upon poor sinners, Heaven will reward you; and when we pray.\nA student and great talker, around thirty, with a noble and goodly presence, followed. He was a brisk spark and a good Latinist. After him came a man around thirty, clever and well-set, but he squinted horribly with one eye. He was heavily ironed: A heavy chain encumbered his leg, which he twisted about his waist like a girdle; he wore two collars around his neck, one to link him to the other slaves, and the other an iron ruff or keep-friend, from which two irons descended to his middle, and to their bars were riveted a pair of manacles that gripped him by the fists and were secured with a large padlock, thus preventing him from lifting his hands to his mouth.\nDon Quixote asked why he was more hindered by irons than the others. One guard replied, \"He is such a reprobate, such a devil of a fellow, that no goal nor fetters can hold him. We're not sure he's secured enough, despite being chained so. What kind of crimes has he committed, asked Don Quixote, that he is only sent to the galleys? \"He is condemned to ten years of slavery,\" answered the keeper, \"which is no better than a civil death. But I need not tell you more about him other than he is the notorious rogue Gines de Passamonte, alias Genesillo de Parapilla.\" \"Listen, Sir,\" cried the slave, \"be careful what you say, or it could be detrimental to you.\" Don't be so saucy, replied Don Quixote.\n\nGines explained, \"Gines is my Christian name, and Passamonte is my surname; it is not Ginesillo nor Parapilla as you say.\" \"Be careful with your words,\" warned the slave. \"Blood, let every man be mindful of what he says, or it could lead to dire consequences.\"\nMr. Crack-rope, said the Officer to him, or I may have to make you keep a quieter tongue in your head. 'Tis a sign, replied the Slave, that a man is whipped and in bondage, but one day or another someone will know whether I'm called Parapilla or not. Why, Mr. Slip-string, replied the Officer, don't people call you by that name? They do, answered Gines, but I'll make them call me something else, or I'll fleece and bite them worse than I care to mention now. But you, sir, who are so inquisitive, added he, turning to Don Quixote, if you wish to meet Gines de Passamonte, I am not ashamed of my name. As for my life and conduct, there's an account of them in black and white, written with this numerical H Reals. Yes, said Gines, and I will redeem it, even if it lies there for as many ducats.\n\nIt is an extraordinary piece, remarked Don Quixote. So extraordinary, replied Gines, that it far surpasses not only Lazarillo de Tormes.\nBut whatever has been and shall be written in that kind. For mine's is true every word, and no invented stories can compare with it for variety of tricks and accidents. What is the title of the book, asked Don Quixote? The Life of Gines de Passamonte, answered the other. Is it quite finished, asked the knight? How can it be finished, and I yet living, replied the slave? There's in it every material point from my cradle to this my last going to the galleys. Then it seems you have been there before, said Don Quixote. I was only some four years there once before, replied Gines: I already know how the biscuit and the bull's pizzle agree with my carcass. It does not grieve me much to go there again, for there I shall have leisure to give a finishing stroke to my book. I have the devil knows what to add; and in our Spanish galleys, there is always leisure and idle time enough, conscience keeping. Thou seemst to be a witty fellow.\n\"You should have said unfortunate too, replied the slave; for unkind is still the bitch Fortune to men of wit, said Don Quixote. You mean such wicked wretches as yourself, cried the officer. Look, Mr. Commissary, said Gines, I have already asked you to use good language; the law did not give us to your keeping for you to abuse us, but only to conduct us where the king requires us. Let every man mind his own business, and give good words or hold his tongue; for murder will out; there will be a time when some people's rogueries may come to light, as well as those of others. With that, the officer, provoked by the slave's threats, held up his staff to strike him. But Don Quixote stepped between them and desired him not to do it, and to consider that the slave was more to be excused for being too free with his tongue since he had no other members at liberty. Then addressing himself to all the slaves, My dearest brethren, cried he.\"\nby what I gather from your words, though you deserve punishment for the several crimes of which you stand convicted, yet you suffer execution of the sentence by constraint, and merely because you cannot help it. Besides, it is not unlikely that this man's lack of resolution on the rack, another's lack of money, the third's lack of friends and favor, and in short the judges perverting and wresting the law to your great prejudice, may have been the cause of your misery. Now, as heaven has sent me into the world to relieve the distressed and free suffering weakness from the tyranny of oppression, according to the duty of my profession of knight-errantry, these considerations induce me to take you under my protection. But because it is the part of a prudent man not to use violence where fair means may be effective, I desire you, gentlemen of the guard, to release these poor men.\nThere being enough people to serve His Majesty in their rooms; for 'tis a hard case to make slaves of men who were born free. You have less reason to use these wretches with severity, seeing they never did you any wrong. Let them answer for their sins in the other world; Heaven is just, you know, and will surely punish the wicked as it will certainly reward the good. Consider, gentlemen, that 'tis neither a Christian-like nor an honorable action for men to be the butchers and tormentors of one another, particularly when no advantage can arise from it. I choose to desire this of you with so much mildness and in so peaceable a manner, gentlemen, that I may have occasion to pay you a thankful acknowledgment if you will be pleased to grant so reasonable a request. But if you provoke me by refusal, I must be obliged to tell you that this lance and this sword, guided by this invincible arm, shall force you to yield that to my valor which you deny to my civil entreaties.\n\nA very good jest indeed.\nThe Officer cried, \"What a devil, can you pay at such a rate? We're leading the king's prisoners to due punishment according to law. Go, good Sir Errant, set your basin right on your empty head; don't meddle any further in what doesn't concern you. Those who play with cats must expect to be scratched.\"\n\nDon Quixote replied, \"You're a devil, a rat, and a coward, too.\" With that, he attacked the Officer with such sudden and surprising fury that before the Officer could defend himself, Don Quixote struck him down dangerously wounded with his lance. This happened to be the horseman who was armed with a carbine. His companions were astonished at such a bold and unexpected action, then fell upon the champion with their swords and darts, which could have proved fatal to him.\nSlaves had not seized the opportunity to break free and regain their liberty. Guards, perceiving their attempts, found it more crucial to prevent this than to observe a madman. However, as Don Quixote pressed the guards vigorously on one side and the slaves were freeing themselves on the other, the chaos was so great and the guards so perplexed that they accomplished nothing. In the meantime, Sancho helped Gines de Passamonte escape from his bonds, which he did more quickly than imagined. Once free, the resourceful desperado seized the wounded officer's sword and carbine and joined Don Quixote. He aimed at one and then the other, seemingly ready to shoot, yet never releasing the trigger. The other slaves, in turn, rained volleys of stone-shot at the guards, causing them to retreat, leaving Don Quixote and the criminals in control of the field. Sancho.\nWho was always for taking care of the main chance was not at all pleased with this victory. He guessed that the guards who had fled would raise a hue and cry and soon be at their heels with the whole posse of the Holy Brotherhood, and lay them up for a rescue and rebellion. This made him advise his master to get out of the way as fast as he could and hide himself in the neighboring mountains. I hear you, answered Don Quixote to this motion of his squire, and I know what I have to do. Then calling to him all the slaves, who by this time had uncased the keeper to his skin, they gathered about him to know his pleasure. He spoke to them in this manner: \"It is the part of generous spirits to have a grateful sense of the benefits they receive, no crime being more odious than ingratitude. You see, Gentlemen, what I have done for your sakes, and you cannot but be sensible of how highly you're obliged to me. Now all the recompense I require is only that every one of you\"\nloaded with the chain from which you have been freed, go immediately to the city of Toboso. There, present yourselves before Lady Dulcinea del Toboso and tell her that her faithful votary, the Knight of the Woeful Countenance, commands you to wait on her. Assure her of his profound veneration, and give her an exact account of every particular relating to this famous achievement, by which you have once more tasted the sweets of liberty. After this is done, you are permitted to seek your fortunes where you please.\n\nGines de Passamonte, the ring-leader and master thief, answered for all the rest: \"What you ask us to do, noble deliverer, is absolutely impracticable and impossible. We dare not be seen together for the world. We must rather part and hide some one way, some another, and lie low in creeks and corners underground.\"\nfor fear of these houndswith a Hue and Cry, therefore all we can and ought to do in this case is to change this homage and complement which you'd have us pay to Lady Dulcinea del Toboso into a certain number of Hail Marys and Creeds, which we will say for your benefit. This may be done by night or by day, walking or standing, and in war as well as in peace. But to imagine we shall take up our chains again and lug them the devil knows where is as unreasonable as to think it is night now at ten o'clock in the morning. God's death, to expect this from us is to expect pears from an elm tree. Now, by my sword, Sir Genesillo de Parapilla, or whatever be your name, you shall go alone, creeping like a dog under a door, with all the chain about your shoulders. Gines, who was naturally very choleric, winked at his companions, who, like men that understood signs.\npresently fell back to the right and left and pelted Don Quixote with a shower of stones. All his dexterity to cover himself with his shield was ineffectual, and poor Rozinante no longer obeyed the spur, as if he were only a statue of a horse. Sancho got behind his ass and shielded himself from the volleys of flints that threatened his bones. Don Quixote was so battered that he was soon thrown out of his saddle to the ground. The student leaped on him, took off the basin from his head, gave him three or four thumps on the shoulders with it, and then beat it against the stones so many times that he almost broke it to pieces. After this, they stripped him of his coat and would have robbed him of his hose as well, but his greaves prevented them. They also removed his upper coat and left him in his undershirt. Having divided the spoils, they each shifted for themselves.\nDon Quixote, finding himself ungratefully requited, said to his squire, \"I have often heard it said, save a thief from the gallows, and he'll be the first to hang you. Had I listened to your advice, I would have avoided this misfortune. But since the deed is done, it is needless to repine. This shall be a warning to me for the future.\"\n\"But since you say you had avoided this mischief if you had believed me, good Sir, believe me now and you'll avoid a greater one; for I must tell you, those of the Holy Brotherhood do not fear your chivalry, nor do they care for all the Knights-Errant in the world. I think I have them at my heels already, and their rusty weapons about my ears. You are naturally a coward, Sancho, cried Don Quixote; nevertheless, that you may not say I am obstinate and never follow your advice, I will take your counsel and for once remove myself from the reach of this dreadful Brotherhood that so strangely alarms you; but upon this condition, that you never tell to any mortal creature, neither while I live nor after my death, that I withdrew myself from this danger out of fear, but merely to comply with your entreaties: For if you ever presume to say otherwise, you will be lying to me; and from this time to that time, and from that time to the end of the world.\"\nI give you a lie, and you lie, and that lie will be in your throat every time you speak or think to the contrary. Therefore, do not attempt to reply, for if you even suspect that I would avoid any danger, and especially this one which seems to provide some cause for fear, I would certainly stay here, alone and unattended, and face not only the Holy Brotherhood, which you fear so much, but also the Faternity, or the twelve Heads of the Tribes of Israel, the seven Macchabees, Castor and Pollux, and all the Brothers and Brotherhoods in the universe. Your Worship, Sancho remarked, withdrawing is not running away, and staying is no wiser action when there is more reason to fear than to hope. Don Quixote made no reply. He managed to mount Rozinante, and Sancho led the way to the neighboring desert called Sierra Morena, which the cunning squire intended to cross over and exit at the farthest end, either at Viso or Almadovar del Campo.\nAnd in the meantime, Cervantes's protagonist hid in the craggy and almost inaccessible retreats of that vast wilderness, out of fear of falling into the hands of the Holy Brotherhood. Sancho advised his master to stay some days, at least until their provisions lasted. That night they took up lodging between two rocks among a great number of cork-trees. But fatal fortune, which, according to the opinion of those without faith, guides, appoints, and contrives all things as it pleases, directed Gines de Passamonte (that master rogue, who, thanks to Don Quixot's strength and folly, had been put in a position to do him harm) to this very part of the mountain, in order to hide himself till the heat of the pursuit, which he had good reason to fear, was over. He discovered our adventurers around the time they fell asleep. And as wicked men are always ungrateful.\nAnd urgently necessitating action, Gines, a stranger to Gratitude and Humanity, resolved to ride away with Sancho's ass; for as for Rozinante, Sancho lay snoring. He saw that before day he thought himself and his prize secure from the unhappy owner's pursuit.\n\nNow Aurora, with her smiling face, returned to enliven and cheer the earth, but alas, to grieve and affright Sancho with a dismal discovery: For he no sooner opened his eyes but he missed his ass, and finding himself deprived of that dear partner of his fortunes and best comfort in his peregrinations, he broke out into the most pitiful and sad lamentations in the world. O dear child of my bowels, he cried, born and bred under my roof, my children's play-fellow! The comfort of my wife, the envy of my neighbors, the ease of my burdens, the staff of my life.\nAnd in a word, half my maintenance; for with six and twenty maravedis which you earned daily, I managed to support half my family. Don Quixote, understanding the cause of your complaints, tried to console you with kind, condoling words and learned discourses on the uncertainty of human happiness. But nothing proved as effective in easing your sorrow as the promise his master made to draw a bill of exchange on his niece for three asses from the five he had at home, payable to Sancho Pancho or his order. This persuasive argument quickly dried up his tears, hushed his sighs and moans, and turned his complaints into thanks to his generous master for this unexpected favor.\n\nAnd as they continued their journey through these mountains, Don Quixote was filled with joy.\nThe knight found himself in the vast deserts, where he could entertain his ambition with the hopes of new adventures to showcase his valor. Filled with such notions, he thought of nothing else. Sancho, however, longed for more substantial food. Believing himself beyond the reach of the holy brotherhood's pursuit, his only concern was to fill his belly with the remnants of the clerical booty that Rozinante was now forced to carry. Plodding on, Sancho stole pieces of meat from the booty and ate them, keeping his jaws moving faster than his feet.\n\nWhile he was thus occupied, he noticed his master attempting to pick up something on the ground with the end of his lance. Sancho ran to help him lift up the bundle, which turned out to be a portmanteau and the saddle's seat.\nThat which was half or quite rotted, lying exposed to the weather. The portmanteau was somewhat heavy. Don Quixote ordered Sancho to see what it contained, though it was shut with a chain and a padlock. He easily saw what was inside through the cracks and pulled out four fine Holland shirts and other clean, fashionable linen, as well as a considerable quantity of gold tied up in a handkerchief: \"Bless my eyesight,\" quoth Sancho, \"and now Heaven, I thank thee for sending us a lucky adventure once, Don Quixote. Keep the gold, your worship.\" \"I suppose,\" said Don Quixote, \"that some person having lost his way in these mountains has been met by robbers, who have murdered him and buried his body somewhere hereabouts.\" \"Your worship is mistaken,\" answered Sancho. \"Had they been highwaymen, \"\nThey wouldn't have left such a Booty behind them. You're right, replied Don Quixote. I cannot imagine what it must be. But wait, I will examine the Table-Book. Perhaps we shall find something written in it that will help us discover what I want to know. With that, he opened it, and the first thing he found was the following rough draft of a Sonnet, written neatly enough to be read with ease. He read it aloud, so Sancho might know what it was as well as himself:\n\nLove's God sure never knows our Pain,\nOr Cruelty his darling Attribute:\nElse he'd ne'er force me to complain,\nAnd to his Spight my raging Pains impute.\nBut sure if Love's a God, he must\nHave knowledge equal to his Power;\nAnd 'tis a Crime to think a God unjust.\nWhence then the Pains that now my Heart devours?\nFrom Phillis? No: Why do I pause?\nSuch cruel Ills ne'er boast so sweet a Cause.\nNor from the Gods such Torments do we bear.\nLet Death then quickly be my Cure:\nWhen thus we Ills unknown endure.\n\"It's easiest to despair, said Sancho. Nothing can be picked out of this about Phill, unless you can tell who this Phill is. I didn't read Phill, but Phillis, said Don Quixote. Perhaps the man has lost his Philly-foal, said Don Quixote. Phillis, said Don Quixote, is the name of a lady loved by the author of this sonnet. He seems to be a good poet, or I have little judgment. Why then, said Sancho, do you understand how to make verses? I do, answered Don Quixote, and better than you imagine, as you shall see when I give you a letter written entirely in verse to carry to my Lady Dulcinea del Toboso. For I must confess, all the knights-errant, or at least the greatest part of them, in former times were great poets and musicians; these two qualities, or to speak better, these two gifts or accomplishments being almost inseparable from amorous adventurers.\"\nThe Verses of the Knights in former ages were not altogether so polite or adorned with words as with thoughts and invention.\n\nGood Sir, said Sancho, look again in the Pocket-Book. Maybe you'll find something that will inform you of what you want to know. With that Don Quixote turning over leaves, there's some Prose, he cried, and I think 'tis the sketch of a Love-Letter. O good sir, said Sancho, read it out by all means; for I greatly delight in hearing of love-stories.\n\nDon Quixote read it aloud, and found what follows:\n\nThe falsity of your promises and my despair hurry me from you forever; and you shall sooner hear the news of my death than the cause of my complaints. You have forsaken me, ungrateful fair, for one more wealthy indeed, but not more deserving than your abandoned slave. Were virtue a treasure esteemed equal to its worth by your unthinking sex, I must presume to say I should have no reason to envy the wealth of others, and no misfortune to bewail. What your beauty had raised.\nYour infidelity has destroyed me. The first time I mistook you for an angel, but the last time has convinced me you are a woman. Yet, O too lovely disrupter of my peace, may uninterrupted rest and downy ease engross your happy hours. May forgiving heaven keep your husband's perfidiousness concealed, lest it cause your repenting heart a sigh for the injustice you have done to such a faithful lover. And so I should be prompted to revenge, which I do not desire to take. Farewell.\n\nThis letter, said Don Quixote, provides no further insight into the matters we wish to know. All I can infer from it is that the person who wrote it was a betrayed lover. Turning over the remaining leaves, he found several other letters and verses. Some of which were legible, and some so scribbled that he could not well read them. As for those he could read, he found nothing but accusations, complaints, and exclamations, distrusts and jealousies, pleasures and discontents.\nThe Knight was engrossed in the Table-Book, while Sancho meticulously searched the Portmanteau, the saddlebag, and every seam, not missing a corner or a lock of wool. The hundred Ducats of gold he had discovered had only fueled his greed and desire for more. Despite the hardships he had endured - being confined in a sack, the application of the balsam, the blessings of the pack animals and porters, the fights with the lewd carrier, the loss of his wallet, cloak, and ass, and the hunger, thirst, and fatigue - he was content in his master's service. Conversely, the Knight with the sad countenance was curious to discover the owner of the Portmanteau, deducing from the verses and the letter.\nThe Linen and gold, he was a Person of Worth, whom his mistress's disdain and infidelity had driven to despair. However, he eventually gave up these thoughts, discovering no one through the vast desert. He rode on, guided solely by Rozinante's direction, which always chose the plainest, smoothest way. The master still believed that in those wooded, uncultivated fields, he would surely encounter some wonderful adventure.\n\nIndeed, while such hopes possessed him, he saw on the top of a stony crag before him a man skipping from rock to rock, over brambles and bushes, with remarkable agility. He seemed to the man naked from the waist up, with a thick black beard, long and strangely tangled hair, bare head, legs, and feet; on his hips, a pair of breeches that seemed to be of sad-colored velvet.\nBut tattered and torn, they revealed his skin in many places. These details were observed by Don Quixote as he passed by. He followed him, determined to overtake him, for he immediately guessed this was the owner of the portmanteau. But Rozinante, who was naturally slow and languid, was in no condition to keep pace with such a swift apparition. Yet the Knight of the woeful Countenance resolved to find that unfortunate creature, though he would have to spend a whole year in the search. And to that end, he ordered Sancho to beat one side of the mountain while he hunted on the other.\n\n\"In good sooth, Your Worship must excuse me from that,\" said Sancho. \"For if I so much as stir an inch from you, I'm almost frightened out of my seven senses. And let this serve as a warning, Your Worship, that you may not send me a nail's breadth from your presence.\"\n\n\"I will take your case into consideration,\" said the Knight. \"And it does not displease me, Sancho.\"\nTo see you rely on my valor, which I assure you shall never fail you, not even if your soul were scared out of your body. Follow me step by step with as much haste as is consistent with good speed. Let your eyes search every part of this rock, as it is probable we may find the wretched Mortal who doubtlessly lies here.\n\nSancho: I'd rather avoid him; for if we chance to meet him and he lays claim to the Portmanteau, I shall be forced to part with the money. I think it's much better, without making such a fuss, to let me keep it in good faith until we can find the right owner more easily, without chasing after him, which may not happen until we have spent all the money, and in that case, I am free from the law, and he may go whistle for it.\n\nYou're mistaken, Sancho, Don Quixote replied. For, seeing we have some reason to believe we know who the Owner is.\nWe are bound in conscience to endeavor to find him and restore the goods to him; for if we do not now strive to meet him, the strong presumption that the goods belong to him would make us wrongful possessors, making us as guilty as if the party we suspect to have lost the things were the rightful owner. Therefore, Sancho, do not think much of searching for him, for if we find him, it will greatly ease my mind. With that, he spurred Rozinante; and Sancho, not very pleased, followed him, comforting himself, however, with the hopes of the three asses that his master had promised him. So when they had ridden over the greatest part of the mountain, they came to a brook where they found a mule lying dead with her saddle and bridle about her, and herself half devoured by beasts and birds of prey. This discovery further confirmed their suspicion.\nThe man who fled nimbly from them was the owner of the mule and portmanteau. Pausing and pondering, they heard a whistle, like that of a shepherd tending his flocks. Soon after, on their left, they saw a large number of goats with an old herdsman atop the mountain. Don Quixote called out to him, asking him to come down. Instead of answering, the goatherd asked in a loud tone how they had come to this desert, where few living creatures resided except goats, wolves, and other wild beasts. Sancho promised he would explain if the goatherd would come to where they were. The goatherd descended and, seeing them looking at the dead mule, said, \"This mule has lain in this very spot for six months.\" But have you not encountered the master of the mule on the way, good people? We have seen no one, replied Don Quixote. But we found a portmanteau.\nI have seen a Saddle-Cushion near this place, said the Goatherd. I have seen it too, replied Sancho Panza, but I dared not approach it or come near it, for fear of being accused of some misdeed and charged with stealing something. Who knows what might happen? The devil is subtle and lays traps to tempt us or obstacles to make us stumble. 'Tis the same for me, Goatherd, said Sancho. I saw the Portmanteau as well; but I did not come within a stone's throw of it. I found it there and left it there still. He who keeps another man's dog shall have nothing left him but the leash, and I will not be among those who hang a bell around the cat's neck. Tell me, honest friend, asked Don Quixote, do you know who owns these things? I know nothing about that, answered the Goatherd, but it has been about six months since these items were left in a certain sheepfold, three leagues away.\nA young, well-featured gentleman in good clothes arrived, accompanied by this dead mule, along with the cushion and cloak-bag you mention but did not touch. He asked us about the most deserted and least frequented part of these mountains. We truthfully replied, \"This is it.\" We spoke honestly, as going even half a league further would make a hasty return difficult, and there was no highway or footpath leading this way. As soon as the young gentleman had heard our answer, he turned his mule towards the place we indicated, leaving us with a strong liking for his good looks and inexplicable wonder at his inquiry and haste towards the heart of the mountain. We did not hear from him for some time until, by chance, a shepherd passed by and encountered him without explanation or reason.\nand he was favorably beaten: After that, he went to the donkey that carried our provisions, and took away all the bread and cheese that was there. He hurried back to the mountain at remarkable speed. Hearing this, a good number of us resolved to find him. We spent the best part of two days in the thickest part of the forest and found him hiding in the hollow of a large cork tree. He came out to meet us as mildly as possible. But his face was so altered, wan and sunburnt, that if it hadn't been for his attire, which we managed to recognize, though it was all in rags and tatters, we wouldn't have recognized him. He greeted us courteously and told us in a few well-put-together words that we shouldn't be surprised to see him in this condition, as it was necessary for him to do so to fulfill a certain penance for the great sins he had committed. We asked him to tell us who he was.\nHe would not do it, we urged him to tell us where we could find him, so we could bring him supplies when needed. We assured him that we would do this to prevent him from starving in that barren place. We suggested that if he didn't like this plan, he should come and ask for what he wanted instead of taking it by force. He thanked us for our offer and asked for forgiveness for his previous injury. He promised to ask for help in the future instead. He mentioned that he had no fixed residence, but slept wherever night found him. He ended by lamenting so bitterly that we would have had to have hearts of flint not to feel compassion and keep him company. He was a very fine, comely young man before his strange transformation.\nAnd by his speech and behavior, we could guess him to be well-born and a courtly sort of man. As he spoke to us, he suddenly stopped, fixing his eyes steadfastly on the ground. We all stood in a maze. After he had stared a good while, he closed his eyes, then opened them again, bit his lips, knit his brows, and clenched his fists. Rising from the ground where he had thrown himself a little before, he flew at the man next to him with such fury that if we had not pulled him off by main force, he would have bitten and thumped him to death. And all the while he cried out, \"Ah, Traitor, Ferdinand, here, here you shall pay for the wrong you have done me; I must rip up that false heart of yours.\" He added a great deal more in the disparagement of Ferdinand. After that, he left us without saying a word, leaping over the bushes and brambles at a strange rate.\nThat it was impossible for us to approach him. From this we gathered that his madness came upon him in fits, and that someone named Ferdinand had wronged him, driving the poor young man to this state. This has been confirmed since, for when he is in his right mind, he comes and asks for food, thanking us with tears. But when in his mad fit, he beats us even if we offer him food civilly. And I, a goatherd, along with four others, two of whom are my men and the other two my friends, agreed yesterday to search for him until we find him. Either by fair means or by force, we intend to take him to Almodovar Town, eight leagues away, where we will have him cured if possible, or at least learn what he is when he regains his senses, and whether he has any friends to whom he may be returned. This is all I know about the matter, and I dare assure you that the owner of those things which you saw on the way is the madman.\nThe self-same Body was the one that passed nimbly by you; for Don Quixote had by this time made the goatherd aware that he had seen that Man among the rocks. The knight was greatly concerned when he had heard the goatherd's story, and renewed his resolution to find that madman, no matter the time and effort it might cost him. But fortune was more propitious to his desires than he could reasonably have expected; for just as they were speaking, they saw him right against the place where they stood, coming towards them from the cleft of a rock. He was muttering something to himself, which they could not well have understood had they stood closer, let alone guessed his meaning at that distance. His attire was as previously described, but Don Quixote observed, as he drew nearer, that he wore a shabby waistcoat torn in many places, which the knight recognized as perfumed with ambergris; and by this, as well as by the rest of his clothes and other conjectures, he was able to identify him.\nThe man was deemed to be of some importance. As soon as the unfortunate creature approached them, he greeted them politely but hoarsely. Don Quixote returned his greetings, dismounting from Rozinante. He approached the man in a gracious manner and embraced him warmly, as if they were old acquaintances. The other man, whom we may call the Ragged Knight of the Rock, and Don Quixote, the Knight of the Sad Countenance, managed to break free from the embrace. The Ragged Knight could not help but take a step back and place his hands on Don Quixote's shoulders. He stared at Don Quixote's face, perhaps trying to recall if they had met before, and was likely as surprised to see Don Quixote's countenance, armor, and strange appearance as Don Quixote was by the Ragged Knight's tattered condition. However, the Ragged Knight spoke first.\nThe History relates that the Knight of the Woful Countenance listened with great attention to the disastrous Knight of the Rock, who made him the following compliment. Truly, Sir, whomever you are (for I have not the honor to know you), I am much obliged to you for your expressions of civility and friendship; and I could wish I were in a condition to convince you otherwise than by words of the deep sense I have of them. But my bad fortune leaves nothing to return for so many favors but unprofitable wishes. Sir, answered Don Quixote, I have such a heartfelt desire to serve you that I was fully resolved not to depart from this wilderness until I had found you out, that I might know from yourself whether the discontents that have urged you to choose this unusual course of life might not admit of a remedy. If they do, assure yourself I will leave no means untried.\ntill I have purchased that ease which I heartily wish you, or if your disasters are of that fatal kind that excludes you forever from the hopes of comfort or relief, then I will mingle sorrows with you, and by sharing your load of grief, help you bear the oppressing weight of affliction. For 'tis the only comfort of the miserable to have partners in their woes. If then good intentions may plead merit, or a grateful requital, let me entreat you, Sir, by that generous nature that shoots through the gloom with which adversity has clouded your graceful exterior, nay, let me conjure you by the darling object of your wishes, to let me know who you are, and what strange misfortunes have urged you to withdraw from the conversation of your fellow creatures, to bury yourself alive in this horrid solitude, where you linger out a wretched being, a stranger to ease, to all mankind, and even to yourself. And I solemnly swear, added Don Quixote, by the order of knighthood, of which I am an unworthy professor.\nIf you grant my requests, I will help you to the fullest of my ability, either by rectifying your disaster if it's still redeemable, or by sharing in your sorrow and striving to alleviate it through mutual sadness. The Knight of the Sad Countenance, upon hearing this, fixed his gaze on the Knight of the Rock for a prolonged period, scrutinizing him from head to toe. After a considerable time, the Knight of the Rock exclaimed, \"If you have anything to eat, for Heaven's sake, give it to me. Once my hunger has subsided, I will be better equipped to fulfill your desires, which your kind gestures and undeserved offers oblige me to reciprocate.\" Sancho and the Goatherd, upon hearing this, promptly produced provisions from their bags and pouches, offering them to the Knight of the Rock to appease his hunger. The ravenous forester fell upon the food with such eagerness that it appeared he was devouring it rather than consuming it.\nfor he used no intermission between bit and bit, so greedily he chopped them up. When he had assuaged his voracious Appetite, he beckoned to Don Quixote and the rest to follow him; and after he had brought them to a neighboring Meadow, he laid himself at his ease on the Grass, where the rest of the Company sitting down by him, neither he nor they having yet spoken a word since he fell to eating, he began in this manner:\n\nSir, said he, If you intend to be informed of my Misfortunes, you must promise me beforehand not to cut off the thread of my doleful Narration with any Questions, or any other Interruption; for in the very instant that any of you do it, I shall leave off abruptly, and will not afterwards go on with the Story. This Preamble put Don Quixote in mind of Sancho's ridiculous Tale, which by his neglect in not telling the Goats, was brought to an untimely Conclusion. I only use this precaution, added the Knight of the Don Quixote for himself and the rest, having promised him uninterrupted attention.\nI am Cardenio, born in one of the finest cities in Andalusia. My descent is noble, and my parents were wealthy. However, my misfortunes are so great they cannot be remedied by wealth, and have undoubtedly caused deep sorrow for my relatives. In the same town lived the most beautiful creature ever created, Lucinda, equal in descent and fortune to myself, but more fortunate and less constant. I loved, nay, adored her almost from her infancy; and from her tender years, she returned my affection with kindness suitable to the innocent freedom of that age. Our parents were aware of this early friendship and did not hinder the growth of this inoffensive passion, which they perceived could have no other consequences than a happy union of our families through marriage \u2013 a union that the equality of our births and fortunes seemed to invite us to. As we grew older, our loves did as well.\nLucinda's father, believing our familiarity was harmful to her honor or for some other reasons, requested that I cease my frequent visits to his house. However, this restriction proved similar to that of Thisbe's parents in ancient poetry, fueling further flames and intensifying my longing. As our spoken words were now forbidden, we resorted to our pens, which granted greater freedom to reveal the deepest secrets of our hearts. The presence of the beloved often heightens a certain awe and bashfulness, disordering, confounding, and rendering even the most passionate lover speechless. I have written countless letters to that charming beauty. I have addressed her with countless soft, moving verses. I have received kind and honorable responses from her. We exchanged secret pledges of our love and found solace in the innocent passion that consumed us. Eventually, I grew weak and wasted away from desire.\nI deprived of that reviving Comfort of my soul, I resolved to remove the obstacles that prevented my only happiness by demanding her of her father in marriage. He civilly told me that he thanked me for the honor I did him, but that I had a father alive whose consent was also required, and who was the most proper person to make such a proposal. Going to my father with the intention of begging his approval and assistance, I found him in his chamber with an open letter in his hand. Father, you'll see by this letter the extraordinary kindness that Duke Ricardo has for you, I suppose I need not tell you that this Duke Ricardo is a Grandee of Spain, most of whose estate lies in the best part of Andalusia. I read the letter and found it contained so kind and advantageous an offer.\nMy father could not but accept the offer with gratitude. The duke requested that I join his eldest son as a companion, promising to grant me a position commensurate with his favorable opinion of me. This unexpected news left me speechless; yet my surprise and disappointment were even greater when I heard my father tell me, Cardenio, you must prepare to leave in two days. In the meantime, give thanks to Heaven for providing you with this opportunity, which I know you deserve. After this, he gave me fatherly advice and business counsel before leaving. The departure date arrived quickly. That night, I spoke to Lucinda at her window and informed her of the situation. I also visited her father and shared the news with him, asking him to maintain his good opinion of me and delay granting his daughter's hand until I had met with Duke Ricardo.\nwhich he kindly promised me, and then Lucinda and I, after exchanging vows and declarations of eternal fidelity, took our leaves of one another with all the grief that two tender and passionate lovers can feel at a separation. I left the town and went to wait upon the Duke, who received and entertained me with extraordinary kindness and civility, raising the envy of his greatest favorites. But he who most endearingly caressed me was Don Ferdinand, the Duke's second son, a young, airy, handsome, generous gentleman, and of an amorous disposition; he seemed overjoyed at my coming and, in the most obliging manner, told me he would have me be one of his most intimate friends. In short, he so truly convinced me of his affection that though his elder brother gave me many testimonies of love and esteem, yet could I easily distinguish between their favors. Now, as it is common for bosom friends to keep nothing secret from each other, Don Ferdinand, relying as much on my fidelity, confided in me.\nI had reason to trust him, so he revealed his most private thoughts to me. Among these was his love for the Daughter of a wealthy farmer, who was also his father's vassal. The beauty, virtue, discretion, and other graces of this country maid gained the admiration of all who approached her. These uncommon endowments had so charmed Don Ferdinand's soul that, finding it impossible to corrupt her chastity since she would not yield to his embraces as a mistress, he resolved to marry her. I felt obligated by all the ties of gratitude and friendship to dissuade him from such an unsuitable match, so I used arguments that might have deterred any other lover. However, finding them all ineffective, I resolved to inform the Duke of his intentions. But Don Ferdinand was too perceptive not to read my design in my great dislike of his resolutions.\nand, fearing such a discovery, which he knew my duty to his father might warrant, despite our intimacy, since I viewed such a marriage as highly prejudicial to them both, he made it his business to hinder me from revealing his passion to his father's knowledge. To effectively blind me, he assured me there would be no need to reveal it to him. He proposed that they take a journey together to my father's house, pretending to buy horses in our town where the best in the world were bred. No sooner had I heard this plausible proposal than I approved it, swayed by the interest of my own love, which made me fond of an opportunity to see my absent Lucinda. I have since heard that Don Ferdinand had already been blessed by his mistress with all that boundless love allows, in the quality of a husband, and that he only waited for an opportunity to discover it with safety.\nDon Ferdinand was afraid of incurring his father's indignation, but the love young people often experience is irregular and driven by sensual pleasure, which has no permanence. Once Ferdinand had satisfied his desires, his strong affection waned, and his hot love grew cold. If his initial proposal to test the power of absence was merely a pretense to possess his desires, he now earnestly desired to avoid them. With the duke's permission, we set off for my father's house. Ferdinand was entertained according to his rank, and I visited Lucinda. Through a thousand innocent endearments, she made me aware that her love, like mine, was intensified rather than weakened by absence.\nIf anything could heighten a love so great and perfect, I believed myself obligated by the laws of friendship not to conceal the secrets of my heart from such a kind and intimate friend, who had so generously trusted me with his. I praised Lucinda's beauty, her wit, and her virtue, and praised them so often and so highly that I aroused in him a great desire to see such an accomplished lady. To gratify his curiosity, I showed her to him one evening at a low window, where we used to hold our amorous interviews. She proved too charming and too strong a temptation for Don Ferdinand; and her prevailing image made such a deep impression on his soul that it was sufficient to blot out of his mind all those daily beauties that had until then employed his wanton thoughts. He was struck dumb with wonder and delight at the sight of the ravishing apparition, and in short:\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in good condition and does not require extensive cleaning. However, I have made some minor corrections to improve readability.)\nTo see her and to love her was the same thing for him, and when I say love, I mean an extreme form of it. If her face set him aflame, her wit quickly intensified the passion. He frequently urged me to share some of her letters with him, which I would never reveal to anyone but myself. Unfortunately, one day he discovered one in which she asked me to ask her father for her hand in marriage and to hasten the wedding. Written with such tenderness and discretion, when he had read it, he exclaimed that the amorous charms scattered among other beauties were all divinely centered in Lucinda, and in her alone. Shall I confess a shameful truth? Lucinda's praises, though deserved, did not sound pleasant to my ears from Don Ferdinand's mouth. I began to entertain doubts and jealous fears about Lucinda.\n\nIt happened one day that Lucinda, in her errantry,\nDesired you to lend her \"The Romance of Amadis de Gaul\"; Scarcely had Cardenio mentioned Knight-Errantry when Don Quixote interrupted, \"Sir,\" he said, \"had you mentioned earlier that Lady Lucinda was an admirer of knight-errantry tales, there would have been no need to elaborate on her being a person of uncommon sense. Yet, Sir, even if nature had bestowed upon her the richest gifts, I might still have doubted her perfections could have gained the love of a man of your merit. But now, you need not use your eloquence to extol her beauty, worth, or sense; for, from this account of her delight in chivalry tales, I dare pronounce her the most beautiful person.\"\nI am the most accomplished lady in the universe, and I sincerely wish you had sent Lady Lucinda the worthy Don Rugel of Greece along with Amadis de Gaule. I am confident that Lady Lucinda would have been extremely pleased with Danae and Garaya, as well as the discreet shepherd Darinel, and his admirable Bucolics, which he sang and recited with such grace. However, there may still be a time when I can give her the pleasure of reading these masterpieces if you grant me the honor of visiting my home. There, I can provide you with over three hundred volumes, which are the greatest delight of my soul and the dearest comfort of my life. Regrettably, I now recall that I have reason to fear that not one of them remains in my study, thanks to the malicious envy of wicked enchanters. I apologize for this interruption, contrary to my promise, but when I hear even the slightest mention of knight-errantry, I am powerless to restrain myself.\nWhile Don Quixote continued with his impertinent digression, Cardenio hung his head in sorrow, showing no signs of responding. Don Quixote implored him to look up and speak, but Cardenio remained silent. After a considerable time, Cardenio raised his head and exclaimed, \"I am positively convinced, and no man in the world will ever change my mind. That great villain, Mr. Elizalde the barber, did indeed lie with Queen Mendesuna.\"\n\n\"This is false!\" Don Quixote declared heatedly, and he swore several round oaths by the devils.\nas he would often do, 'tis all scandal and base detraction to say this of Queen Madasima. She was a most noble and virtuous lady; it is not to be presumed that so great a princess would ever stoop so low as to fall in love with a quack. Whoever dares say she did lies like an errant villain, and I'll make him acknowledge it, either on foot or horseback, armed or unarmed, by night or by day, or however he pleases. Carde\u00f1o earnestly fixed his eyes on Don Quixote while he was thus defying him, and taking Queen Madasima's part as if she were his true and lawful princess. Provoked by these abuses into one of his mad fits, he picked up a great stone that lay by him and hit Don Quixote such a blow with it that it struck him on the back. Sancho, seeing his lord and master so roughly handled, fell upon the mad Knight of the Rock with his clenched fists. But he beat him back at the first onset and laid him at his feet with a single blow. Then he fell to trampling his guts.\nSancho, like a Baker in a dough trough, found himself in a similar predicament as the Goatherd, who intended to take Sancho's part. The ragged Knight, having tumbled them one over another and beaten them handsomely, left without opposition. Sancho rose when he saw him gone, displeased to find himself roughly handled without reason. He began to quarrel with the Goatherd, blaming him for not warning them of the ragged Knight's fits, allowing them to prepare for defense. The Goatherd replied that he had given them warning initially, and if they could not hear, it was not his fault. Sancho countered and the Goatherd responded until they fell into a heated dispute, engaging in a fistfight, pulling each other by the beards, and tugging, hauling, and mercilessly pounding one another. Don Quixote intervened to prevent further harm.\nThey would have pulled each other's chins off. Sancho, still enraged, kept holding on and cried to his master, \"Let me go, Sir Knight of the Woeful Countenance.\" This is not a dubious knight but an ordinary fellow like myself; I may be avenged on him for the wrong he has done me; let me box it out and fight him fairly hand to hand like a man. Thou mayst fight him as he is thy equal, answered Don Quixote, but thou oughtst not to do it since he has done us no wrong. After this, he pacified them, and then addressing himself to the Goatherd, he asked whether it were possible to find Cardenio again, so that he might hear the end of his story. The Goatherd answered that, as he had already told him, he knew of no settled place where he resided, but that if they stayed in the area, they could be sure to meet him, mad or sober, some time or other.\n\nDon Quixote took leave of the Goatherd, and having mounted Rozinante, commanded Sancho to follow him, which he did, but with no very good will.\nhis master leading him into the roughest and most craggy part of the Mountain. They traveled in silence for a while. Sancho, almost dead from the want of conversation, waited impatiently for his master to speak. But when he could no longer contain himself, he said, \"Sir, I pray you grant me your blessing and permission to go home to my wife and children. I must tell you, Master, that this journey of yours, leading me like a Jack-a-Lantern over hedges and ditches, through hills and dales, by night and by day, without daring to open my lips, is like being buried alive. If beasts could speak, as they did in Giants' Time, it would not have been so bad for me, for then I would have had someone to talk with. But to trot on in this fashion for the rest of my life after adventures\"\nAnd I, Don Quixote, have endured nothing but thumps, kicks, and cuffs. I have played leapfrog in a blanket, and my belly's cowl came close to bursting, as it did just now. And after all this, I have had a man's mouth sewn shut, yet daring not to express my thoughts. I say again, no living soul can endure it, Sancho. I understand you, answered Don Quixote. You are eager to exercise your talking faculty. I am willing to release your tongue from this restraint that causes you such pain, on the condition that this license does not last beyond our time in these mountains. Let us make the most of it while the sun shines, Sancho. I'll talk as much as I may; what I may do later on, Heaven knows best. Beginning to take advantage of this privilege, Sancho asked, \"Sir, what was the reason you took such fierce defense of Queen Magimasa, or what was her name?\" What difference did it make to me whether that same Abbot was her friend in private?\nIf you hadn't noticed, the Madman would have continued with his story, and you would have missed a good thump on the breast, sparing me several doses on the Chapters, as well as the trampling of my Puddings. Indeed, replied Don Quixote to Sancho, had you known the virtuous and eminent Queen Madasima as I do, you would have acknowledged my patience in not striking that profane wretch for the blasphemies that came from his mouth. In truth, Master Elizabeth, of whom the Madman spoke, was a person of great prudence and sagacity. She was the Queen's physician and sought her advice on important matters. However, to suggest that she gave him her honor was a great slander.\nAnd she had prostituted herself to a man of an inferior order was an impudent, groundless, and slanderous accusation, worthy of the severest punishment. I cannot believe that Cardenio knew what he said when he charged the queen with that debasing guilt; for it is clear that his raving fit had disordered the seat of his understanding. \"Why, who but a madman would have heeded what a madman said?\" asked Sancho. \"What if the flint that had hit you in the breast had pierced your brains?\" We would have been in a delicate situation for taking the part of that same lady, with a pea-sized lump on her. Nay, and Cardenio would have escaped unscathed had he struck you on the head, for the law has nothing to do with madmen. \"Sancho,\" replied Don Quixote, \"we Knights-Errant are obligated to vindicate the honor of women of all qualities, however low, against both madmen and sane men; and even more so for queens of that magnitude and extraordinary worth as was Queen Madasimas.\nFor whose rare endowments I have a peculiar veneration; she was a most beautiful lady, discreet and prudent to admiration, and behaved herself with an exemplary patience in all her misfortunes. It was then that Master Elizabeth's company and wholesome counsels proved very useful to alleviate the burden of her afflictions. From this, the ignorant and ill-meaning vulgar took occasion to suspect and rumor that she was guilty of an unlawful commerce with him. But I say once more, they lie and they lie a thousand times, whoever they be, that shall presumptuously report, or hint, or so much as think or surmise so base a calumny.\n\nWhy, quoth Sancho, I neither say nor think one way nor the other not I: Let them that say it eat the lie and swallow it with their bread. If they lay together, they have answered for it before now. I never thrust my nose into other men's porridge. I don't love to tell a lie and find the truth; that were as bad as to buy and sell.\nAnd live by loss. Let the one who owns the cow take her by the tail. I was born naked and will die naked. Many go out for wool and come home shorn. Little is soon amended. It's a sin to lie to the devil. But misunderstandings bring lies to town, and there's no padlocking of people's mouths; a closed mouth catches no flies.\n\nGood heaven, cried Don Quixote, what a catalog of musty proverbs have you run through! What a heap of trifles have you woven together, and how wide from the purpose! Please stop, and for the future let your whole study be to serve your master; nor concern yourself with things that are out of your sphere. And remember this, that whatever I do, have done, and will do, is no more than what results from mature consideration and strictly conforms to the laws of chivalry, which I understand better than all the knights who have ever professed knight-errantry. Yes, yes, Sir, replied Sancho. But pray, don't forget.\nIt's not a good law of chivalry for us to wander up and down in this rocky wilderness, where there's neither footpath nor way, in pursuit of a madman. If we encounter him again, he may end not only his tale of a roasted horse but also ours, by exhausting us thoroughly. Once more, I beg you, said Don Quixote. I have business of greater moment than finding this frantic man. It's not that business that detains me in this barren and desolate wild, but a desire I have to perform a certain heroic deed that will immortalize my fame and make it fly to the remotest regions of the habitable globe. This adventure is not dangerous at all, Sancho asked. Not at all, replied Don Quixote, though, as fortune may order it.\nOur expectations may be baffled by disappointing accidents: but the main thing consists in your diligence. The Devil it does, quoth Sancho! I mean, said Don Quixote, that if you return with all the speed imaginable from the place where I intend to send you, my pain will soon be at an end, and my glory will begin. And because I do not doubt your zeal for advancing your master's interest, I will no longer conceal my designs from you. Know then, my most faithful squire, that Amadis de Gaul was one of the most accomplished knights-errant; nay, I should not have said he was one of them, but the most perfect, the chief, and prince of them all. And let not the Belianises nor any others pretend to stand in competition with him for the honor of priority; for, to my knowledge, should they attempt it, they would be egregiously in the wrong. I must also inform you, that when a painter studies to excel and grow famous in his art.\nHe takes care to imitate the best originals. This rule ought likewise to be observed in all other arts and sciences that serve for the ornament of well-regulated commonwealths. One who is ambitious of gaining the reputation of a prudent and patient man ought to propose to himself to imitate Ulysses, in whose person Homer has admirably delineated a perfect pattern and prototype of wisdom and heroic patience. So Virgil in his Aeneas has given the world a rare example of filial piety and of the sagacity of a valiant and experienced general. Both Greek and Roman poets representing their heroes not as they really were, but as they should be, to remain examples of virtue to ensuing ages. In the same manner, Amadis having been the polar star and sun of valiant and amorous knights, it is him we ought to set before our eyes as our great exemplar, all of us who fight under the banner of love and chivalry. For it is certain that the adventurer who shall emulate him best.\nAmong other things that disparaged the champion's prudence and fortitude, constancy and love, and other heroic virtues, none was more remarkable than his retreat from his disdainful Oriana to do penance on the poor rock, changing his name to that of The Lovely Obscure. I am resolved to imitate him in this, as I find it a more achievable task than replicating his other accomplishments, such as cleaving giants' bodies, cutting off dragons' heads, killing monstrous beasts, routing armies, dispersing navies, and breaking the power of magic spells. Since these mountainous wilds offer me such a fair opportunity, I see no reason to neglect it. Very well, Sancho; but pray, Sir.\nWhat do you mean to do in this Fag-end of the World? Have I not already told you, Don Quixote, that I intend to imitate Amadis in his madness, despair, and fury? At the same time, I will imitate the extravagance of Orlando Furioso when he went mad after finding the unhappy tokens of Angelica's dishonorable commerce with Medor at the fountain. In his frantic despair, he uprooted trees, disturbed the clear fountains, killed shepherds, destroyed their huts, demolished houses, drove their horses before him, and committed a hundred thousand other extravagances worthy of being recorded in the eternal register of fame. I do not intend, however, to imitate Roldan, Orlando, or Rotoland in all things, but only to choose such frantic effects of his amorous despair as I shall think most essential and worthy of imitation. I may even wholly follow Amadis.\nSir, without expressing my anguish in ravings, I gained a renown equal, if not superior, to that of the greatest heroes, quoth Sancho. I dare say, the knights who performed these penances were mad. But why do you need to be mad as well? What lady sent you packing or even turned up her nose at you? Why, there's the point, cried Don Quixote. In this lies the singular perfection of my undertaking: for a knight errant to run mad for any reason is neither strange nor meritorious. No, the rarity is to run mad without cause, without the least constraint or necessity. Thus, my mistress must have a vast idea of my love.\nIf it drove me to such a state without any provocation, it must have carried me to the strangest extremities, had I labored under any amorous misfortune. But besides, I have a just motivation to give free rein to my raving grief, considering the long date of my absence from my ever supreme Lady Dulcinea del Toboso. For as the shepherd in Mathias Ambrosio has it, \"Poor lovers absent from the darling fair, all ills not only dread, but bear.\" Then do not waste any more time trying to distract me from this rare, happy, and singular imitation. I am mad, and will be mad, until your return with an answer to the letter which you must carry from me to Lady Dulcinea; and if it is as favorable as my unshaken constancy deserves, then my madness and my penance shall end; but if I find she repays my vows and services with ungrateful disdain, then I shall be emphatically mad.\nand I scatter my thoughts so excessively that I will be insensible to my cruel fair's harsh treatment, one way or another. Either she returns my affection with signs of sensitivity, or I demonstrate my insensitivity to her cruelty through the height of my distraction. But in the meantime, Sancho, have you carefully kept Mambrino's Helmet? I saw you pick it up the other day, after that monster of ingratitude had in vain attempted to break it. By the way, this proves the helmet's excellent temper. \"Body of me, quoth Sancho,\" said I, Sir Knight of the woeful countenance, \"I can no longer endure to hear you speak thus of your knight-errantry, your winning of kingdoms with a wet finger, and your bestowing of islands.\nAnd Heaven knows if your squire's stories are mere flim-flam and nothing but shams and lies. For who can believe a man who calls a barber's basin a helmet, and stands by it for four days, without thinking him mad or lacking in brains? I have the basin safely in my pouch, and I'll get it mended for my own use if I ever get home to my wife and children. Now, I swear, said Don Quixote, you are the shallowest, silliest, and most stupid squire I have ever heard or read of in my life. How is it possible for you to be so dull of comprehension, not having learned in all this time that you have been in my service that all the actions and adventures of knights-errant are mere chimeras, folly, and impertinence? Not that they are so indeed, but either through the officious care or else through the malice and envy of those enchanters who always assist or persecute us unseen.\nAnd they can change the appearances of our actions into what they please, based on their love or hate. This is why what I perceive as Mambrino's Helmet may seem to you as only a barber's basin, and another man may take it to be something else. The sage who supports my interests wisely makes the helmet seem a basin; for if it appeared in its true form, its tempting value would attract many enemies, all eager to take the desirable prize from me. Keep it safe, Sancho, for I have no need of it at present; on the contrary, I plan to discard my armor and strip myself as naked as when I came out of my mother's womb, imitating Orlando's fury rather than the penance of Amadis.\n\nThis conversation led them to the foot of a solitary rock.\nThe knight, as if separated from the rest, stood by a stream that softly wound through an adjacent meadow. The grass's verdant freshness, the wild trees, plants, and flowers that adorned the place, invited the knight with the sad countenance to choose it for his penance. As soon as he had let his gaze rove over the scattered beauties of the place, he took possession of it, speaking as if he had lost the last remnants of reason. \"Behold, O heavens,\" he cried, \"the place chosen by an unhappy lover to lament the wretched state you have brought upon him. Here, my tears will swell the crystal rill, and my deep sighs will perpetually move the leaves of these shady trees, constant reminders of the torments my heart endures. Rural deities, whichever you may be.\"\nThat which makes these unfrequented deserts your abode, hear the complaints of an unfortunate lover. He, driven by a tedious absence and some slight impressions of jealous mistrust, has come to these realms of despair to bewail his rigorous destiny and deplore the distracting cruelty of the ungrateful fair who is the perfection of all human beauty.\n\nYe pitying Napaean nymphs and dryades, silent inhabitants of the woods and groves, assist me in lamenting my fate, or at least attend the mournful story of my woes. So may no designing satyrs, those just objects of your hate, ever have power to interrupt your rest.\n\nOh Dulcinea del Toboso! Thou sun that turnest my gloomy nights to day! Glory of my pain! North-star of my travels, and reigning planet that controls my heart! Pity I conjure thee, the unparalleled distress to which thy absence has reduced the faithfulest of lovers.\nand grant to my Fidelity that kind return which it so justly claims! So may indulgent Fate shower on thee all the blessings thou ever canst desire, or Heavens grant! \u2014 Ye lonesome trees, under whose spreading branches I come to linger out the gloomy shadow of a tedious being; let the soft language of your rustling leaves, and the kind nodding of your springing boughs satisfy me that I am welcome to your shady harbors. O thou my trusty squire, the inseparable companion of my adventures, diligently observe what thou shalt see me do in this lonely retreat, that thou mayst inform the dear cause of my ruin with every particular. As he said this, he alighted and presently taking off his horse's bridle and saddle, go, Rozinante, he said, giving the horse a clap on the hindquarters; he that has lost his freedom gives thee thine, thou steed as renowned for thy extraordinary actions as for thy misfortunes: go rear thy awful front where e'er thou pleasest, secure that neither the Hippogriffon of Astolpho nor any other danger shall harm thee.\nThe renowned Frontino, which Bradamante purchased at such a high price, could never be considered your equals.\n\n\"Now cry'd Sancho, a sliding knot, choke him who saved me from the trouble of sending my ass to grass too; poor thing, had he been here, he would not have wanted two or three claps on the buttocks, nor a fine speech in his praise, while I took off his panel. But wait, if he were here, what need would there be to strip him of his harness? Alas, poor creature, he never had anything to do with these mad pranks of love any more than I, who was his master, when Fortune pleased. But do hear me, now that I think about it, Sir Knight with the woeful countenance, if your worship is resolved to be mad and send me away in earnest, we must put the saddle back on Rozinante's back; for to tell you the truth, I'm but a sorry footman, and if I don't ride home, I don't know when I shall be able to come to you again. Do as you think fit for that, Sancho,\" answered Don Quixote.\nFor the next three days, you will set forth. In the meantime, you will witness what I will do for my lady's sake, so you can report back to her. \"Bless my eyesight,\" said Sancho. \"What more can I see than I already have?\" \"You have not seen anything yet,\" answered Don Quixote. \"You must see me throw away my armor, tear my clothes, bang my head against the rocks, and do a thousand other such things that will astonish you.\" \"For goodness sake, Sir,\" said Sancho, \"be careful not to quarrel with these unyielding rocks. You might get a crack on the head from the very first impact that could spoil an excellent madman, and a particularly penitent one at that.\" \"I don't like that way at all,\" replied Sancho. \"If you must knock your head, to go through with this ugly business, since it's all a mockery or between jest and earnest, I don't approve.\"\nI cannot play tricks on something softer than these unyielding stones? You may hit your head against water or the stuffing of Rosinante's saddle, and then leave me alone with the rest. I'll make sure to tell my Lady Dulcinea that you bumped your head against a rock harder than a diamond.\n\nI thank you for your goodwill, dear Sancho, Don Quixote replied. But I assure you that all these apparent extravagances I must endure are no jests. Far from it, they must all be performed seriously and solemnly; for otherwise, we would transgress the laws of chivalry, which forbid us to lie on pain of degradation. Pretending to do one thing and achieving another is an evasion I consider as bad as lying. Therefore, the blows I must give myself on the head should be real, substantial, and sound, without any trick or mental reservation; for this reason, I would have you leave me some lint and salve.\n\"since Fortune has deprived us of the sovereign balm which we lost, 'twas a worse loss to lose the ass, quoth Sancho, for with him we've lost bag and baggage, lint and all. But no more of your damned drench, if you love me; the very thoughts on it are enough not only to turn my stomach, but my soul, such a rumbling I feel in my womb at the name of it. Then as for the three days you'd have me loiter here to mind your mad tricks, you had as good make account they're already over; for I hold them for done, unsight unseen, and will tell wonders to my lady: wherefore write you your letter, and send me going with all haste; for let me be hung if I don't long already to be back to take you out of this Purgatory wherein I leave you. Dost thou only call it Purgatory, Sancho, cried Don Quixote? call it Hell rather, or something worse, if there be in nature a term expressive of a more wretched state. Nay, not so neither, quoth Sancho, I would not call it Hell; because as I heard our parson say\"\nThere's no escape from Hell. \"What do you mean by that word, Retention?\" asked Don Quixot. \"Retention, sir, is the state of being in Hell, from which no one can ever leave,\" replied Sancho. \"This won't be your fate in this duel, if I can spur on Rozinante and make him run swiftly to Lady Dulcinea. I'll tell her of your strange antics, your folly, and your madness. I swear by a hazel nut, I'll make her yield, though she was as hard-hearted as cork at first. Once I extract a confession from her, filled with sweet words, I'll carry it back to you, cutting through the air as swiftly as a witch on a broomstick, and free you from your purgatory. I'll consider this a purgatory, despite Hell's claim; and you shall not dispute my belief, for I've told you before that there's still hope for your redemption from this place.\n\nWell, if that's the case.\nThe Knight of the Woful Countenance spoke, but how shall I write this letter? And how about the order for the three asses, Sancho? I won't forget, replied Don Quixote. But since we have no paper here, I'll be forced to write on tree leaves or bark, or on wax, as they did in ancient times. Yet now I consider it, we are as poorly provided with wax as with paper. But wait, I remember, I have Cardenio's pocket-book, which will supply that need in this emergency. Then you shall get the letter transcribed properly at the first village where you can find a schoolmaster; or if not a schoolmaster, the parish clerk can do it. But under no circumstances give it to any notary or lawyer to write out, for they often write such confused hands that the devil himself would scarcely be able to read it. Well, said Sancho, but what shall I do for lack of your name on it? Why, answered Don Quixote, Amadis never signed his letters.\nSancho replied, but the bill of exchange for the three asses must be signed. If I get it copied later, they'll say it's not your hand, so I'll go without the asses, Don Quixote answered. I'll write and sign the order for them in the table-book. As soon as my niece sees my handwriting on it, she won't hesitate to deliver the asses. And regarding the love letter, when you get it transcribed, you must have it written below: \"Yours till Death, The Knight of the Woeful Countenance.\" It doesn't matter whether the letter and subscription are written by the same hand or not. I remember that Dulcinea could neither read nor write, nor had she ever seen any of my letters, not even a single word of mine in her life. For my love and hers have always been purely platonic, never extending beyond the lawful bounds of a modest look; and that too so very rarely, that I dare safely swear, that though for these twelve years she has been dearer to my soul than light to my eyes.\nI never saw her more than four times in my life, and perhaps on those few occasions when I did see her, she hardly noticed that I was there. Lorenzo Corchuelo, her father, and Aldonza Nogales, her mother, have kept and raised her most strictly and discreetly. Is it not remarkable, Sancho, that my Lady Dulcinea del Toboso, the daughter of Lorenzo Corchuelo, is in fact the one I have chosen to be the Sovereign of the Universe? Yes, replied Don Quixote. And do you know who she is, Sancho? It is she, answered Don Quixote. She is a fine woman, and when she sings, she is a match for any lusty young man in our parish. By the best knight-errant, I swear, if any knight dares to approach her. Good heavens, what a voice she has when she sings! I once saw her perched atop our steeple, calling to some farmers who were working in a fallow field. Despite being half a league away, I could still hear her voice clearly.\nThey heard her as plainly as if they had been in the churchyard with her. The best thing about her is that she's neither coy nor frumpy; she's a tractable lass and fit for a courtier. She'll play with you like a kitten and jibes and jokes at everyone. In truth, Sir Knight of the Woeful Countenance, you may play as many gambols as you please; you may go mad or hang yourself for her sake. There's no one who wouldn't say you took the wisest course, though the devil himself should carry you away. Now I'm wild to be gone, though it's for nothing else but to see her. I haven't seen her for many days; I fancy I shall hardly recognize her again, for a woman's face strangely alters with constant sun exposure and drudgery in the open fields. Well, I must admit I've been mistaken all along. I dared swear that this Lady Dulcinea was some great princess with whom you were in love, and such a one as deserved those rare gifts you bestowed on her.\nas the Biscayans, Galley-slaves, and many others whom you may have sent her before I was your squire, I cannot help but laugh to think how my Lady Aldonza Lorenzo (my Lady Dulcinea del Toboso) would behave if she found her combing flax or threshing in the barn. They would surely think the devil was to blame, and she herself would likely flout them and perhaps even be nettled by it. I have often told you, Sancho, said Don Quixote, and I tell you again, that you ought to bridle or immure your saucy prating tongue; for though you are but a dull-headed dunce, yet now and then your ill-mannered jests bite too sharp. But in order to make you sensible of your folly and my discretion, I will tell you a short story. A handsome, brisk, young rich widow fell in love with a well-set, lusty Monk, a Lay-Brother.\nA Lady, serving in a Convent or College, was known for her beauty and intelligence, as well as her wealth. The superior, upon hearing of her attachment to a seemingly insignificant fellow, expressed his surprise. He admonished her charitably, questioning how a lady of such merit could choose such a mean, silly, and despicable man, when there were many scholars, including bachelors and doctors of divinity, residing in the establishment. The lady responded with a smile, correcting the superior's assumptions. She explained that he misunderstood her intentions and that the man she had chosen was not a fool, but rather possessed more philosophy than Aristotle. She then asked the superior, \"Do you think the poets?\"\nWho were every one of them that celebrated the Praises of some Lady or other, had all real Mistresses? Or were the Amarillis, the Phillis, the Sylvia, the Diana, the Galatea, and the like, which you shall find in so many Poems, Romances, Songs and Ballads, on every Stage, and even in every Barber's Shop, Creatures of Flesh and Blood? No, no, never think it, for I dare assure you, the greatest part of them were nothing but the mere Imaginations of the Poets, for a ground-work to exercise their Wits upon, and to give the World occasion to look on the Authors as Men of an amorous and gallant Disposition. And so it is sufficient for me to imagine that Aldonza Lorenzo is beautiful and chaste; as for her Birth and Parentage, they concern me but little; for there's no need to make an enquiry about a Woman's Pedigree, as there is of us Men when some Badge of Honor is bestowed on us. And so she is to me the greatest Princess in the World: For thou ought'st to know, Sancho, if thou know'st it not already.\nThere are only two things that excite us to love a woman: attractive beauty and unspotted fame. Dulcinea possesses both; her beauty has no equal, and she excels in fame. I imagine her to be just such a woman in beauty and quality. Helen cannot compete with her, Lucretia cannot rival her, and all the heroines ancient civilization can boast, whether Greek, Roman, or barbarian, are surpassed by her incomparable perfections.\n\nLet the world say what it will. Should the ignorant and vulgar foolishly censure me, I take pleasure in the approbation of men of the strictest morals and nicest judgment. Sir, said Sancho, I yield: You are reasonable in all you say, and I acknowledge myself an ass. Nay.\nI'm an ass to talk of an ass in the house of a man who was hanged. But where is the letter I may jog with? With that, Don Quixote pulled out the table-book and, retreating a little aside, he very seriously began to write the letter. Once finished, he called Sancho and ordered him to listen while he read it over to him, so he might carry it in both memory and pocket-book, in case he should unfortunately lose it on the way; for he feared the worst of his malignant fortune. But, Sir, quoth Sancho, tear the book and give me two or three copies, and then I'll be sure to deliver my message safely. For 'tis a folly to think I can ever get it by heart; alas, my memory is so bad that many times I forget my own name. But yet, read it out to me, I beg you, for I have a huge mind to hear it. It's as fine as if 'twere in print. Well then, listen.\n\"said Don Quixote, Lady of high and sovereign rank! He who is stabbed to the quick with the poignard of Absence and wounded to the heart with Love's most piercing darts, sends you the health that he himself desires, Dulcissima Dulcinea, sweetest Dulcinea del Toboso. If your beauty rejects me, if your virtue refuses to raise my fainting hopes, if your disdain excludes me from relief, I must at last sink under the pressure of my woes, though much accustomed to sufferings. My trusty squire Sancho will give you an exact account of the condition to which Love and you have reduced me, oh cruel ingratitude. If you relent at last and pity my distress, then I may say, I live, and you preserve what is yours. But if you abandon me to despair, I must patiently submit and by ceasing to breathe, satisfy your cruelty and my desire. Yours till death, The Knight of the Woeful Countenance.\n\nNow may I never stir, said Sancho.\"\nMy dear Niece,\n\nUpon sight of this my first Bill of Sale, please deliver three of the five which I left at home in your custody, to Sancho Panza, my squire, for the value received by him here; and this, together with his receipt.\n\nI will, said Don Quixote, and with that he wrote it accordingly.\n\"shall be your discharge. Given in the very bowels of Sierra Morena, August 22, present year. 'Tis as it should be, quoth Sancho. There only lacks your name at the bottom. There's no need for me to set my name, answered Don Quixote. I'll only set the first two letters, and it will be as valid as if it were written in full, though not just for three asses, but for three hundred. I dare take your word, quoth Sancho. And now I'm going to saddle Rozinante, and then you shall give me your blessing; for I intend to set out presently, without seeing any of your mad tricks; for I am so sure of your going through-stitch with your penance, that I dare swear to more than will serve your turn. Nay, said Don Quixote, I will have you stay a while, Sancho, and see me stark naked; 'tis also absolutely necessary that you should see me practice some twenty or thirty mad gambols. I shall have dispatched them in less than half an hour: and when you have been an eye-witness of that essay\"\nYou may safely swear that you have seen me perform a thousand tricks with a clear conscience. Sir, as you love me, do not make me witness you naked, it will grieve me deeply, and I have wept profusely since last night for the loss of my donkey. My head aches from it, and I am unable to cry any longer. But if you insist on showing me some of your antics, please do so while wearing no clothes, and perform the first one that comes to mind. I am eager to bring you a response to your heart's content, and I will ensure that I do so, or else Lady Dulcinea will be held accountable. If she does not comply, may the devil take me and toss me into his blanket if I do not make her give a satisfactory answer, with a good kicking.\nAnd swinging fisticuffs on her Jobernol. It's not to be endured, that such a notable Knight-Errant as you are should run out of his wits without reason or rhyme for such a thing. Odsbobs, I know what I know, she had best not provoke me to say the rest. If she does, I shall tell her a piece of my mind. In truth, murder will out. I'll make her know her driver with a cane. I'll handle her without Mittius. She must not think to put tricks upon travelers.\n\nI protest, Sancho, said Don Quixote. I think thou art grown as mad as I. Nay, not so mad neither, replied Sancho, but somewhat more angry. But let's not speak of that. Instead, let's see, how will you provide for foodstuffs when I'm gone? Do you mean to do as that other madman over there, rob on the highway and snatch the goatherds' provisions from them by force? Never let that trouble your unmannered brain, replied Don Quixote. For though I had here all the dainties that can feed a luxurious palate,\nI'd feed on nothing but the herbs and fruits this wilderness affords me, as my task requires fasting and nearly starving myself, as well as performing other disciplines. But there's another concern crossed my mind, Sancho: how will I find my way back here again, given its secluded location? Take note of it beforehand, said Don Quixote, and I'll make an effort to stay nearby until your return. Furthermore, around the time when I might reasonably expect you back, I'll watch from atop that yonder high rock for your arrival. However, I now recall a better solution: you shall cut down a good number of branches and scatter them in your path as you ride along, until you reach the plains. This will help you find me again upon your return, much like Perseus's clue leading him out of the Labyrinth of Crete.\n\nI'll attend to it right away, Sancho replied, and he went to cut down a bundle of branches. Upon returning, he asked for his master's blessing.\nAfter shedding tears on both sides, Don Quixote mounted Rozinante, urging Sancho to take care of his excellent steed as he would his own person. He then set off towards the plains, scattering branches as he rode. Don Quixote had urged him to stay and watch him perform a few of his antics before he went, but Sancho couldn't persuade him. However, before Don Quixote was out of sight, Sancho considered it and rode back. \"I've changed my mind, sir,\" Sancho said. \"I should have listened to your advice, so I can swear I've seen you perform your mad tricks. I think I've already seen you do a great one, like staying by yourself in this desert.\"\n\n\"You gave good advice, and that's why I'm staying,\" Don Quixote replied. \"I'll show you what you'd see. With that, he slipped off his breeches.\nThe knight, stripping himself to the waist, gave a few airy frisks and then, pitching forward, kicked his heels over his head twice. As he tumbled with his legs aloft, he displayed such oddities that Sancho hastened to turn his horse's head, lest he continue to witness them, and rode away satisfied that his master was mad. The history recounts that as soon as the Knight of the Woeful Countenance found himself alone after this initial exercise of frisking and tumbling, the prelude to his amorous penance, he ascended to the top of a high rock and began in earnest to ponder a resolution to the perplexing dilemma that had already vexed his mind: whether to emulate Orlando in his furious rage or Amadis in his melancholic extravagances.\nI do not much wonder, said he, at Orlando's being so very valiant, considering he was enchanted in such a manner, that he could not be slain but by a thrust of a pin through the bottom of his foot, which he sufficiently secured, always wearing seven iron soles to his shoes. And yet this availed him nothing against Bernardo del Carpio, who understanding his enchantment, squeezed him to death between his arms at Roncevaux. But setting aside his valour, let us examine his madness; for that he was mad, is an unquestionable truth, nor is it less certain that his frenzy was occasioned by the assurances he had that the fair Angelica had resigned herself to the unlawful embraces of Medor, that young Moor with curled locks, who was Page to Agramant. Now after all, seeing he was too well convinced of his Lady's infidelity, 'tis not to be admired he should run mad. But how can I imitate him in his furies, if I cannot imitate him in their occasion? For I dare swear\nMy Dulcinea del Toboso had never seen such a Moor since she first saw the light, and she remained the same woman she was when her mother blessed the world with her birth. I would do her a great injustice if I entertained any dishonorable thoughts of her behavior, and plunged into the wild ocean of madness that tossed Orlando's soul. On the other hand, Amadis of Gaul, without punishing himself with such distraction or expressing his resentments in such boisterous and ravaging manner, gained a great reputation for being a lover. According to history, his abandoning himself to sorrow was only due to this: He found himself disdained, his Lady Oriana having charged him to get out of her sight and not presume to appear in her presence until she gave him leave. This was the true reason why he retired to the poor rock with the hermit, where he gave himself over entirely to grief and wept a deluge of tears.\ntill pitying Heaven at last commiserating his affliction sent him relief in the height of his anguish. Now then, since this is true, as I know it is, what need have I to tear off my clothes, to rend and root up these harmless trees, or trouble the clear water of these brooks, that must give me drink when I am thirsty? No, long live the memory of Amadis de Gaule, and let him be the great exemplar which Don Quixote de la Mancha chooses to imitate in all things that will admit of a parallel. So may it be said of the living copy as was said of the dead original, that if he did not perform great things, yet no man was more ambitious of undertaking them than he: And though I am not disdained nor discarded by my Dulcinea, yet 'tis sufficient that I am absent from her. Then 'tis resolved! And now ye famous actions of the great Amadis, occur to my remembrance, and be my trusty guides to follow his example.\nThe hero recalled that the primary activity of this character was prayer. Modern Amadis then went and made a rosary from gall nuts or acorns instead of beads. However, he was troubled because he couldn't find a hermit to hear his confession and console him in his distress. Instead, he entertained himself with his amorous contemplations, walking up and down the meadow, and writing poetic conceptions in the smooth sand and on the bark of trees, all of which expressed his sorrows and the praises of Dulcinea. Unfortunately, only these stanzas were found intact and legible:\n\nYe lofty trees, with spreading arms,\nThe pride and shelter of the plain;\nYe humbler shrubs, and flowery charms,\nWhich here in springing glory reign!\n\nIf my complaints can move your pity,\nHear the sad story of my love!\nWhile with me here you pass your hours,\nShould you grow faded with my cares,\nI'll bribe you with refreshing showers;\nYou shall be watered with my tears.\n\nDistant.\nThough she is present in my mind, I mourn for the absent Dulcinea Del Toboso. Love's truest slave, in despair, has chosen this lonely wild, this desert plain, the silent witness of the woes I must endure, though guiltless. Unknowing why these pains I bear, I groan, I rave, and I despair. With lingering fires, love torments my soul; in vain, I grieve, in vain I lament: like tortured fiends, I weep, I howl, and burn, yet never can repent.\n\nDistant, yet present in my mind, I mourn for my absent Dulcinea Del Toboso. While I rove through honor's thorny ways in search of distant glory, malignant fate repays my toils with endless woes and hopeless love. Thus, on barren rocks, I despair, and curse my stars, yet bless my fair one. Love, armed with snakes, has left his dart, and now rages, scourges, stings, and lashes his slave into madness.\n\nDistant, yet present in my mind, I mourn for my absent Dulcinea Del Toboso.\nI mourn for my absent Dulcinea of Toboso.\n\nThis addition of \"del Toboso\" amused those who found these verses later, imagining that when Don Quixote composed them, he was afraid that readers would not know to whom they referred if he did not mention the place of his mistress's birth and residence. This was indeed the case, as he later confessed. With this occupation, our disconsolate Knight passed some tedious hours. At times, he expressed his sorrows in prose, sighed to the winds, and called upon the woodland gods, fauns, nymphs of adjacent groves, and the mournful Echo, imploring their attention and condolence with repeated supplications. At other times, he occupied himself with gathering herbs to support languishing nature, which decayed so quickly due to this meager diet and his intense thinking.\nBut had Sancho remained for only three weeks instead of three days with Don Quixote, the Knight of the Sad Countenance would have been reduced to such a meager and dismal condition that his mother would never have recognized the child born of her womb.\n\nHowever, it is necessary for us to leave him for a while to his sighs, sobs, and amorous entreaties, and see how Sancho Panza conducted himself during his embassy. He made all the haste he could to leave the mountain and took the direct road to Toboso. The next day he arrived near the inn where he had been tossed in a blanket. Scarce had he spotted the fatal walls when a sudden shiver seized his bones, and he imagined himself once again dancing in the air. Consequently, he had a strong inclination to ride on further before stopping, even though it was dinner time, and his mouth watered strangely at the thought of a hot piece of meat.\nThe rather, as he had lived on cold food for a long while. This greedy longing drew him near the inn despite his aversion to the place. But yet, when he came to the gate, he had not the courage to go in, but stopped there, unsure whether he should enter or not. While he sat musing, two men happened to come out. Believing they knew him, one called to the other, \"Is not that Sancho Panza, whom the housekeeper told us her master had inveigled to go along with him?\" The same, answered the other. \"And more than that, he rides on Don Quixote's horse.\" These two happened to be the curate and the barber, who had tested his books and passed judgment on them. As soon as they said this, they called to Sancho and asked where he had left his master. The trusty squire recognized them and, having no intention of revealing his master's condition, told them his master was occupied with matters of great consequence at a certain place.\nSancho Panza, cried the Barber, you must not try to deceive us with empty words. If you won't tell us where Don Quixote is, we'll assume you've murdered him and stolen his horse. Either reveal where you left him, or we'll have you arrested.\n\nLook here, neighbor, Sancho replied, I'm not afraid of your threats. I'm no thief or murderer. I don't kill bodies, so no one should kill me. As for my master, I left him happily penancing in the midst of the mountain, according to his heart's content.\n\nAfter this, without any further persuasion, he gave them a full account of the business and all their adventures. He was then on his way from his master to deliver a letter to Dulcinea del Toboso, the daughter of Lorenzo Corchuelo.\nThe Curate and the Barber were astonished as they listened to these details about Don Quixote's love. Despite already being familiar with his madness, they were even more astonished by the increase and the bizarre nature of his extravagance. They asked Sancho to show them the letter, which he said was written in a pocket book. Don Quixote had instructed him to have it carefully transcribed onto paper at the next village. The Curate offered to write it out himself, so Sancho reached into his bosom to give it to him. However, despite fumbling around for a long time, he couldn't find it. He searched his clothes and turned his pockets inside out, growing pale and breaking out in a cold sweat.\nSancho fumbled in his bosom again, but, having at last been convinced he had not it about him, he fell into a rage and stamped and cursed himself like a madman. He tore his beard from his chin with both hands, boxed his own forgetful skull, and his blubber cheeks, and gave himself a bloody nose in a moment. The curate and the barber asked him what was the matter with him and why he punished himself in such a strange manner? \"I deserve it all,\" quoth Sancho, \"like a buffoon, cockle-brained mooncalf that I am, for losing at one cast no less than three asses, the least of which was worth a castle.\"\n\n\"How so?\" asked the barber.\n\n\"Why,\" cried Sancho, \"I've lost that same table-book, in which was written Dulcinea's letter, and a bill of exchange drawn by my master upon his niece for three of the five asses which he has at home; and with that, I told them how I had lost my own.\"\n\nBut the vicar cheered him up and promised him to get him another bill of exchange from his master.\nSancho, not having the Table Book in proper order, didn't care about losing Dulcinea's letter since he knew it by heart. The Barber urged, \"Let's hear it then, and we'll write it down.\" Sancho paused to recall the words. He scratched his head, stood on one leg then the other, stared at the sky, scowled at the ground, furrowed his brows, rubbed his forehead, placed a hand over his eyes, and bit his nails with the other. After gnawing on nearly half of them and keeping the Curate and Barber waiting for a long time, Sancho exclaimed, \"Ods bodkins, good Mr. Doctor, the Devil's in it! I can't remember a single word of this confounded letter, except that it began with 'High and subterranean or superhuman Lady.'\" The Barber remarked, \"Ay, Gaffer.\"\nQuoth Sancho, you're in the right\u2014But stay now, I think I can remember some of what followed; ho! I have it, I have it now. He who is wounded and wants sleep sends you the dagger\u2014which he wants himself\u2014that stabbed him in the heart. The hurt man does kiss your hands, my lord, with my deepest respect\u2014sweetest Dulcinea del Toboso; and thus he went on rambling with fainting and relief, and sinking, till at last he ended with Yours till Death, The Knight of the Woeful Countenance. The curate and the barber were greatly pleased with Sancho's excellent memory, so they asked him to repeat the letter twice or thrice more, so they too could memorize it and write it down. Each time, he made many odd alterations and additions, as delightful as the first. Then he told them many other things about his master.\nBut he spoke not a word of his own, tossed in a blanket at that very inn. He also told them that if he brought a favorable answer from Lady Dulcinea, his master would immediately set out to see her and make himself an emperor or at least a king; for so they had agreed between themselves, and his master's prowess and strong arm were such. After this, his master would marry him to one of the empress' damsels, and this fine lady was to inherit a large county on the mainland, but not any islands, for he was tired of them. Poor Sancho spoke all this seriously and feelingly, rubbing his nose and stroking his beard, so that now the curate and the barber were more surprised than before, considering the influence of Don Quixote's folly on that silly, credulous fellow. However, they did not think it worth their while to deceive him yet.\nBut seeing this was only a harmless delusion that might distract them for a while, they urged him to pray for his master's health and long life, as it was no impossible thing for him to become an emperor through his valor, a cardinal, or at least an archbishop due to his prudence.\n\nBut, good Mr. Doctor, Sancho asked, what would my master receive if he had no desire to be an emperor and preferred to be an archbishop instead? I would like to know what archbishops-in-waiting typically give their squires, the Curate replied. They usually give them a parsonage, a prebendary, or some other benefice or church living. With the altar profits and other fees, it brings them in a handsome revenue. But, Sancho replied, to put in for that, the squire must be a single man and able to answer and assist at Mass at least. How can I do that?\nseeing I have the misfortune to be spoken for? Nay, and besides, I don't even know the first letter of my cross-name? What will become of me if it comes into my master's head to make himself an archbishop, rather than an emperor, as it is the custom of knights-errant? Don't let that trouble you, friend Sancho, said the barber. We'll speak to him about it and advise him, nay, urge him as a matter of conscience to be an emperor, not an archbishop, which will be better for him due to his greater courage than learning.\n\nIndeed, I agree, quoth Sancho. He's such a headstrong man that I dare say he can turn himself to anything. Nevertheless, I intend to make it the burden of my prayers that Heaven may direct him to what is best for him and what may reward me most. You speak wisely and as a good Christian, said the curate. But all we have to do at present is...\nLet's discuss how to get your master to give up his severe, unprofitable penance. We should consider this and also eat our dinner, which is likely ready by now. You two go in if you'd like, but I'd rather stay outside. Please send me out a bit of hot food to eat here and some provisions for Rozinante. They went in, and a while later, the barber brought out his dinner. Upon returning to the curate, they consulted how to carry out their plan. The curate then had a brilliant idea, which seemed most likely to succeed, given Don Quixote's humor. He suggested that the curate disguise himself as a damsel-errant, and the barber alter his dress as well to pass for his squire or gentleman-usher. In this disguise, he added.\nWe will go to Don Quixote. Pretending to be a distressed lad, I will ask him for a boon. As a valorous Knight-Errant, he will not refuse. I will engage him to help me redress a great injury done to me by a false and discourteous knight. I will beg him not to reveal my face or ask about my circumstances until he has avenged me. This ploy will work, I dare assure you, and by this stratagem we will decoy him back to his own house, where we will try to cure him of his romantic frenzy.\n\nThe curate's plan was well received by the barber, and they immediately put it into action. First, they borrowed a complete man's apparel from the hostess, leaving her with a new cassock of the curate's. The barber made a long beard for himself using an ox's tail, which the innkeeper formerly used to hang his combs. The hostess was curious to know what they intended to do with these things.\nThe curate gave her a brief explanation of Don Quixote's behavior and their plan. The innkeeper and his wife recognized this as their romantic knight, and they recounted the entire story of Don Quixote's stay there, including Sancho being tossed in a blanket. Afterward, the hostess quickly outfitted the curate. She dressed him in a cloth gown with black velvet borders, a green velvet bodice, and white satin sleeves, all reminiscent of old Queen Bamba's days. The curate refused to be encumbered by women's headgear and instead wore a white quilted cap that he used at night and bound his forehead with one of his black taffeta garters.\nHe donned a muffler and vizard-mask with another man, then hid his head under his hat, pulling it down to cover his ears. The broad brim flapped down over his eyes, making it seem like an umbrella. He then wrapped himself in his long cloak and mounted his side-saddle like a woman. The barber added his ox-tail beard, half red and half grizzled, which hung from his chin to his waist. Having mounted his mule, they bid farewell to their host and hostess, as well as Maritornes, who vowed to toss her beads and say a rosary for their intentions.\n\nBut scarcely had they left the inn when the curate began to have scruples about his wearing women's apparel, fearing the indecency of the disguise for a priest, though the goodness of his intent might warrant a dispensation from decorum's strictness. Therefore, he asked the barber to change costumes.\nIn his belief that as a squire he should conceal his own dignity and character less, Don Quixote assured the barber that unless he agreed to this exchange, he would not continue. Sancho approached them just as the barber hesitated, ready to laugh at the strange masqueraders. In the end, the barber agreed to be the damsel, and allowed the curate to be the squire. As they exchanged genders, the curate offered to teach him how to behave as a damsel to deceive Don Quixote. But the barber asked him not to worry about that matter, assuring him that he was already well-versed in female affairs and could act as a damsel without any guidance. However, he refused to spend time pinning himself up and primping now.\nThey would have enough time to do that when they approached Don Quixote's Hermitage. Having folded up their clothes, the curate trimmed his beard, and they spurred on. Sancho entertained them with an account of the mad, tattered gentleman they had encountered in the mountain, but without mentioning the portmanteau or the gold. Though a fool, he loved to keep money when he had it and was wise enough to keep his own counsel.\n\nThe next day they reached the spot where Sancho had scattered branches to guide them to Don Quixote. He advised them to don disguises if, as they claimed, their goal was to make their master abandon his foolish lifestyle and become an emperor. They warned him not to reveal their identities to Don Quixote under any circumstances. As for Dulcinea's letter, they instructed him to say he had delivered it if Don Quixote inquired, but that she was unable to write or read.\nShe had given him her response orally, stating that he must immediately end his harsh penance and come to her presence or face her indignation. The Curat and the Barber relayed this message to Sancho, along with their own intentions to persuade his master to abandon his plans for the desert and pursue his goal of becoming an emperor instead, assuring him they would prevent any thoughts of an archbishopric.\n\nSancho listened intently to these instructions and expressed his gratitude for their advice, believing that an errant emperor was superior to an errant archbishop in his simple judgment, and could reward his squire more generously. He also suggested that he should go to his master before them.\nAnd give him an account of his lady's kind answer. This proposal pleased them, and they agreed to let him go and wait there until he returned to give them an account of his success. Sancho rode away and entered the clefts of the rocks to search for his master, leaving the curate and the barber by the side of a brook. The neighboring hills and some trees that grew along its banks combined to make a cool and pleasant shade. They sheltered themselves from the scorching beams of the sun, which shines intolerably hot in those parts around the middle of August and barely three o'clock in the afternoon. While they quietly refreshed themselves in this delightful place, where they had agreed to stay until Sancho's return, they heard a voice.\nThe person enchanted their ears with its melodious sound. And what increased their surprise and admiration was, to hear such artful notes and delicate music, in so unfrequented and wild a place, where scarcely any rustics ever strayed, much less such skilled songsters as the person they heard undoubtedly was. For though poets are pleased to fill the fields and woods with swains and shepherdesses who sing with all the sweetness and delicacy imaginable, yet it is well known that these Gentlemen deal more in fiction than in truth.\nWhat makes me languish and complain?\nIt is disdain!\nWhat yet more fiercely tortures me?\n'Tis jealousy.\nHow have I lost all my patience?\nAbsence has crossed it.\nThen farewell hopes; there's no relief:\nI sink beneath oppressing grief.\nNor can a wretch without despair,\nScorn jealousy, and absence bear.\nWhat drove this anguish in my breast?\nIntruding love.\nWhat could such mighty ills create?\nBlind fortune's hate.\nWhat cruel powers my fate approve?\nThe powers above.\nThen let me bear and cease to moan:\n'Tis glorious thus to be undone.\nWhen these invade, who dares oppose?\nHeaven, love.\nAnd Fortune are my foes. Where shall I find a speedy cure? Death is a sure thing. No milder means to set me free? Inconstancy. Can nothing else assuage my pains? Distracting rage. What dyed or changed? Lucinda lose? O let me rather choose madness! But judge, ye Gods, what we endure When Death or madness are a cure! The time, the hour, the solitariness of the place, the voice, and agreeable manner with which the unseen Musician sang, so filled the hearers' minds with wonder and delight, that they were all attention; and when the voice was silent, they continued so too a pretty while, listening with eager ears to catch the expected sounds, and expressing their satisfaction best by that dumb applause. At last suspecting it would sing no more, they resolved to find out the charming Songster; but as they were going to attempt it, they heard the wished-for Voice begin another air, which fixed them where they stood, till it had sung the following sonnet:\n\nO Sacred Friendship, Heaven's delight!\nWhich, tired by Man's unequal mind,\nTook to thy native skies thy flight,\nWhile scarce thy shadow's left behind.\nFrom thee, diffusive good, below\nPeace and her train of joys we trace,\nBut falsehood with dissembled show\nToo often usurps thy sacred face.\nBlessed Genius, then resume thy seat!\nDestroy imposture and deceit,\nWhich in thy dress confound the ball!\nHarmonious peace and truth renew,\nShow the false friendship from the true,\nOr nature must to chaos fall.\nThis sonnet concluded with a deep sigh,\nAnd such had given them of Cardenio.\nThey observed that he stopped short as soon\nAs he espied them, yet without\nAny signs of fear; only he hung\nHis head and went towards them.\nAddressing himself with great civility and discretion,\nHe earnestly intreated Cardenio,\nWho was then free from the distraction\nThat so often disturbed his senses,\nTo tell them what had happened.\nAnd hearing them speak as if they were not strangers to his concerns, he was somewhat surprised at first. However, having looked upon them earnestly for some time, Gentlemen, he said, whoever you are, I find Heaven pitying my misfortunes has brought you to these solitary regions to retrieve me from this awful retirement and recover me to the society of men. But because you do not know how unhappy a fate attends me, and that I am never freed from one affliction but to fall into a greater one, you perhaps take me for a man naturally endowed with a very small stock of sense, and what is worse, for one of those wretches who are altogether deprived of reason. And indeed, I cannot blame anyone who entertains such thoughts of me; for even I myself am convinced that the bare remembrance of my disasters often distracts me to such a degree that losing all sense of reason and knowledge, I unman myself for the time.\nAnd I, launching into extravagances during my frenzy and madness, am sensitive to being troubled by this disorder. People tell me what I did during the height of the terrible accident, and they certify the story of my hard fate to those who have the patience to hear it. Men of sense, perceiving the cause, will not wonder at the effects, and although they cannot give me relief, at least they will cease to condemn me. Therefore, gentlemen, if you come here with the intention of reproving or advising me, I beg that you will first attend to the relation of my calamities. Perhaps, after hearing it, you will think them past redress.\nThe Curate and the Barber, eager to hear the story directly from the unfortunate Cardenio, gratefully accepted his offer. Assuring him they had no intention of aggravating his miseries by pretending to remedy them or crossing his inclinations in any way, they begged him to begin his relation.\n\nCardenio then began his story, recounting the first part of it almost verbatim up to where he had related it to Don Quixote and the goatherd. It was at this point that Don Quixote, in his superstitious adherence to chivalric decorum, interrupted the narrative by quarreling over Master Elizabeth, as previously mentioned. He then continued with the account of the letter sent to him by Lucinda, which Don Ferdinand had unfortunately discovered.\nAnd in the Book of Amadis de Gaines, Cardenio opened the book first when Lucinda returned it to him with that letter between the pages. Cardenio explained, \"This letter reveals in you daily so much merit that I am obligated or rather compelled to esteem you more and more. If you consider this acknowledgment to your advantage, use it as what is consistent with your honor and mine. I have a father who knows you and is too kind a parent ever to obstruct my desires when he is satisfied with their being just and honorable. Therefore, it is now your turn to show that you love me as you claim, and I believe.\"\n\nThis letter caused me to resolve once more to ask for Lucinda's hand in marriage from her father, and it was the same letter that increased Don Ferdinand's esteem for her due to the discovery of her sense and discretion, which so inflamed his soul.\nFrom that moment, he secretly resolved to destroy my hopes before I could be so happy as to crown them with success. I told that perfidious friend what Lucinda's father had advised me to do when I rashly had asked for her hand before, and that I dared not now reveal this to my father, lest he would not willingly consent to my marrying yet. Not that he did not know that her nobility, beauty, and virtue were sufficient to make her an ornament to the noblest house in Spain. But because I was apprehensive he would not let me marry until Don Ferdinand, with a pretended officiousness, offered to speak to my father and persuade him to treat with Lucinda's. Ungrateful man! deceitful friend! ambitious Marius! cruel Catiline! wicked Sylla! perfidious Galalon! faithless Vellido! malicious Julian! treacherous, miserable Judas! Thou, false Ferdinand! What wrongs had that fond, confiding wretch done thee, who thus to thee unbosomed all his cares?\nall the delights and secrets of his soul? Why should you injure me, who still endeavored to discharge the duty of a friend, and scarcely scrupled to elevate friendship almost to the pitch of love? But oh! I rave, unhappy wretch, I should rather accuse the cruelty of my stars, whose fatal influence pours mischiefs on me, which no earthly force can resist, nor human art prevent. Who would have thought that Don Ferdinand, whose quality and merit entitled him to the lawful possession of beauties of the highest rank, and whom I had engaged by a thousand endearing marks of friendship and services, would forfeit thus his honor and his truth, and lay such a treacherous design to deprive me of all the happiness of my life? But I must leave expostulating to end my story. The traitor Ferdinand, thinking his project unpracticable while I stayed near Lucinda, bargained for six fine horses the same day that he promised to speak to my father.\nand presently desired me to ride away to his brother for money to pay for them. Alas, I was so far from suspecting his treachery that I was glad to do him this service. Accordingly, I went that very evening to take my leave of Lucinda and tell her what Don Ferdinand had promised to do. She bid me return with all the haste of an expecting lover, not doubting that our lawful wishes might be crowned as soon as my father had spoken for me.\n\nThis unusual scene of sorrow strangely amazed and moved me; yet, because I would not murder hope, I chose to attribute this to the tenderness of her affection and unwillingness to part with me. In short, away I went, buried in deep melancholy and full of fears and imaginations, for which I could give no manner of reason. I delivered Don Ferdinand's letter to his brother, who received me with all the kindness imaginable, but did not dispatch me as I expected. For to my sorrow, he enjoined me to tarry a whole week and take care that the duke might not see me.\nhis Brother had sent for money unknown to his Father, but this was only a deceit of false Ferdinand's; his Brother did not want money and could have dispatched me immediately if he had not privately requested that I defer my return. This was such a displeasing instruction that I was ready to leave without the money, not being able to live so long away from my Lucinda, primarily considering her condition I had left her in. Yet I eventually forced myself to stay, and my respect for my friend prevailed over my impatience. But before four tedious days had passed, a messenger brought me a letter which I immediately knew to be from Lucinda. I opened it with trembling hands and an aching heart, justly imagining it contained no ordinary concern that would urge her to send it to me. Before I read it, I asked the messenger who had given it to him; he answered me that he had found it in the street, in the hand of a person to whom it was addressed: \"You will do a very good deed in delivering this; and\"\n that you may not want Means to do it, take what's wrapp'd up in this; and saying this, she threw me a Hand\u2223kerchief wherein I found a hundred Reals, this Gold Ring which you see, and the Letter I now brought you: which done, I having made her signs to let her know I wou'd do as she desir'd, without so much as staying for an Answer, she went from the Grate. This Reward, but much more that beautiful Lady's Tears and earnest Prayers, made me post away to you that very Minute, and so in sixteen hours, I have travell'd Eighteen long Leagues. While the Messenger spoke, I was seiz'd with sad Apprehensions of some fatal News, and such a trembling shook my Limbs, that I cou'd scarce support my fainting Body. However, taking Courage, at last I read the Letter; the Contents of which were these.\nDon Ferdinand, according to his promise, has de\u2223sir'd your Father to speak to mine; but he has done that for himself which you had engag'd him to do for you; for he has demanded me for his Wife; and my Father\nI was drawn to the advantages of the alliance, and so, two days hence, the marriage is to be performed. It will be a private ceremony, with only heaven and some family members present as witnesses. Consider the sorrow in my soul that matches your own, and come to me, my dear Cardenio. The outcome of this matter will demonstrate how much I love you. And may propitious heaven ensure that this letter reaches you before mine is in danger of being joined with his who breaks his promises so poorly.\n\nI had barely finished reading the letter when Cardenio exclaimed, \"But I, upon reading it, immediately flew off without delay, for I then clearly perceived Don Ferdinand's deceit, and that he had sent me to his brother only to take advantage of my absence.\" Revenge, love, and impatience gave me wings, and I arrived home the next day just as it was growing dusk, in time to speak with Lucinda. I left my mule with the honest man who had brought me the letter.\nI went to wait for my mistress at the A la rexa, at the Iron-gate. In Spain, lovers make their courtship at a low window with a grate before it, seldom gaining admission into the house until the old people and they have agreed. The window, the only witness of our loves. She recognized me, and I her, but she did not welcome me as I had expected, nor did I find her dressed as I thought suitable for our circumstances. But what man of assurance dares to claim to understand thoroughly the riddle of a woman's mind, and who could ever hope to fix her mutable nature?\n\nCardenio, Lucinda told me, my wedding clothes are on, and the perfidious Ferdinand, with my covetous father, and the rest, wait in the hall to perform the marriage rites. But they shall sooner witness my death than my nuptials. Be not troubled, my dear Cardenio; but rather strive to be present at that sacrifice. I promise you, if entreaties and words cannot prevent it, I will try to join you afterwards.\nI have a dagger that shall do me justice; and my death at least shall give you undeniable assurances of my love and fidelity. Do, Madam, I cried to her with precipitation, and so disorderd that I did not know what I said. Let your actions verify your words. Let us leave nothing unattempted that may serve our common interests; and I assure you, if my sword does not defend them well, I will turn it upon my own breast, rather than outlive my disappointment. I cannot tell whether Lucinda heard me, for she was called away in great haste, the bridegroom impatiently expecting her. My spirit forsook me when she left me, and my sorrow and confusion cannot be expressed. Meethought I saw the sun set for ever; and my eyes and my senses partaking of my distraction, I could not so much as spy the door to go into the house, and seemed rooted to the place where I stood. But at last the consideration of my love having rous'd me out of this stupifying astonishment, I got into the house without being discovered.\nEvery thing in a hurry; entering the Hall, I hid behind the hangings where two pieces met, allowing me to see without being seen. Who can describe the thoughts, the doubts, the fears, the anguish that perplexed and tossed my soul while I stood waiting there? Don Ferdinand entered the Hall not as a bridegroom, but in his usual habit, accompanied only by a cousin of Lucinda's. Some time later, Lucinda herself entered, with her mother and two waiting women. I perceived she was as richly dressed as was consistent with her quality and the solemnity of the ceremony, but the distraction that possessed my soul granted me no time to note her apparel particularly. I only marked the colors that were carnation and white, and the splendor of the jewels that enriched her dress in many places; but nothing equaled the lustre of her beauty that adorned her person much more than all those ornaments. Oh memory.\nthou fatal Enemy, why do you now so faithfully represent to the eyes of my mind Lucinda's incomparable charms? Why do you not rather show me what moved me, so provoked by a wrong, to seek revenge or at least to die? I apologize for these tedious digressions, Gentlemen! Alas, my woes are not of those that can or ought to be related with brevity; for to me every circumstance seems worthy of expansion.\n\nThe curate assured Cardenio that they attended every word with a mournful pleasure that made them eager to hear the least passage. With that, Cardenio went on. All parties being met, said he, the priest entered and took the young couple by the hands. He asked Lucinda if she was willing to take Don Ferdinand as her wedded husband. With that, I thrust out my head from between the two pieces of tapestry, listening with an anxious heart to hear her answer.\nUpon which depended my life and happiness. Dull, heartless wretch that I was! Why didn't I then show myself? Why didn't I call to her aloud, \"Consider what thou doest, Lucinda,\" thou art mine, and canst not be another man's; nor canst thou speak now the fatal yes, without injuring heaven, thyself and me, and murdering thy Cardenio. And thou, perfidious Ferdinand, who darest to violate all rights, both human and divine, to rob me of my treasure: Canst thou hope to deprive me with impunity of the comfort of my life? Or dost thou think that any consideration can stifle my resentments when my honor and my love lie at stake? Fool that I am!\n\nNow that 'tis too late, and danger is far distant, I say what I should have done, and not what I did then: After I had suffered the treasure of my soul to be stolen, I exclaim against the thief whom I might have punished for the base attempt, had I had but the resolution to revenge.\nI have nothing to complain about now. Instead, let me accuse my cowardly heart that failed to act justly. I should die here, a wretch devoid of sense and honor, an outcast from society and nature. The priest waited for Lucinda's answer for a long time before she spoke. I expected she would either draw her dagger or loosen her tongue to uphold her previous commitment to me. But alas, to my eternal disappointment, I heard her weak voice utter the fatal \"yes.\" Don Ferdinand also said \"yes\" and gave her the ring, thus sealing the bond that only death can break. Then, the faithless groom approached his bride to embrace her, but she placed her hand on her heart and fainted in her mother's arms. Oh, the confusion, the pangs, the torments that wracked my soul, witnessing the falsehood of Lucinda's promises, having all my hopes dashed, and the only thing that made me wish to live.\nfor eternity rejected by me! Confused and despairing, I looked upon myself as abandoned by Heaven to the cruelty of my Destiny; and the violence of my grief stifled my sighs, denying a passage to my tears. I felt myself transfixed with killing anguish, burning with jealous rage and vengeance. In the meantime, the whole company was troubled by Lucinda's swooning. Her mother unclasped her gown to give her air, and a folded paper was found in her bosom. Don Ferdinand immediately snatched it, then stepped aside and opened it by the light of one of the tapers. As soon as he had finished reading it, he sat down on a chair with his hand upon the side of his face, displaying all the signs of melancholy and discontent, as if he had been insensible to her accident. For my part, seeing the whole house in an uproar, I resolved to leave the hated place without caring whether I was seen or not.\nI, perceiving myself on the verge of acting desperately in punishing the traitor Ferdinand, decided instead to let the world know of his perfidiousness and my just resentment. However, my fate, which had reserved greater woes for me, allowed me at that time the use of a small remainder of my senses, which later entirely abandoned me. I therefore left the house without taking revenge on my enemies, whom I could have easily sacrificed to my rage in this unexpected disorder, and instead chose to inflict upon myself for my credulity the punishment that their infidelity deserved. I went to the messenger's house where I had left my mule, and without bidding him farewell, I mounted and left the town like another Lot without turning to give it a parting look. As I rode along the fields, darkness and silence surrounded me, and I vented my passion in execrations against the treacherous Ferdinand.\nand in loud Complaints of Lucinda's breach of Vows and ingratitude. Abandoning myself to these tempestuous Thoughts, I rode all that Night, and about break of Day I struck into one of the Passes leading into these Mountains. I wandered for three Days together without keeping any Road, until at last coming to a certain Valley that lies somewhere\nhereabouts, I met some Shepherds whom I enquired about the way to the most craggy and inaccessible part of these Rocks. They directed me, and I made all the haste I could to get there, resolved to linger out my hated life far from the Converse of false, ungrateful Mankind. When I came among those deserts, my mule, through weariness and hunger, fell down dead. I myself was so weak, so tired and dejected, being almost famished, and with all destitute and careless of relief, that I soon laid myself down, or rather fainted on the ground. I lay a considerable while, I don't know how long.\nI extended like a corpse. When I came to myself again, I got up and couldn't perceive I had any appetite to eat. I found some goatherds nearby who, I suppose, had given me sustenance, though I wasn't aware of their relief. They told me they found me in a wretched condition, staring and talking strangely, leading them to believe I had lost my senses. I have indeed since then had cause to think that my reason sometimes leaves me, and that I commit extravagances which are only the effects of senseless rage and frenzy, tearing my clothes, howling through these deserts, filling the air with curses and lamentations, and idly repeating a thousand times Lucinda's name, all my wishes at that time being to breathe out my soul with the dear word upon my lips; and when I come to myself, I am commonly so weak and so weary that I am scarcely able to stir. My place of abode is usually some hollow cork-tree.\nI creep into which at night; and there, out of pity and Christian charity, a few goatherds leave some provisions for my miserable life, whose cattle browse on neighboring mountains. Even when my reason is absent, nature performs its animal functions, and instinct guides me to satisfy it. Sometimes these good people encounter me during my lucid intervals and reprimand me for taking from them by force and by surprise what they are always willing to give me; for which violence I can make no other excuse but the extremity of my distraction. Thus, I must drag out a miserable existence, until Heaven, pitying my afflictions, either puts an end to my life or blots out of my memory Perjured Lucinda's beauty and ingratitude, and Ferdinand's perfidiousness. Could I but be so fortunate before I die, I might then hope to be able to compose my frantic thoughts; but if I must despair of such a favor.\nI have no other way but to recommend my soul to Heaven's mercy; for I am not able to extract my body nor my mind from this misery, into which I have unfortunately plunged myself. Thus, Gentlemen, I have given you a faithful account of my misfortunes. Judge now whether it was possible for me to relate them with less concern. And pray do not lose time to prescribe remedies to a patient who will use none. I will and can have no health without Lucinda: Since she has forsaken me, I must die. She has convinced me by her infidelity that she desires my ruin; and, by my unparalleled sufferings, to the last I will strive to convince her I deserved a better fate. Let me then suffer on, and may I be the only unhappy creature whom despair could not relieve, while the impossibility of receiving comfort moves a cure to so many other wretches. Here Cardenio ended his mournful story, and just as the Curate was preparing to give him some proper consolation.\nHe was prevented by the doleful accents of another complaint, which engaged them in new attention. The account of that adventure is reserved for the fourth book of this history; for our wise and judicious historian Cid Hamet Benengeli puts an end to the third.\n\nThe End of the Third Book.\n\nTully's Morals; being his three Books of Offices, newly English'd, with Notes explaining the Method and Meaning of the Author. Published by Sam. Buckley in St. Paul's Church-yard.\n\nTHE HISTORY OF THE RENOWNED DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA.\n\nWritten in Spanish by Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra.\n\nTranslated from the Original by several Hands:\n\nPublished by Mr. Motteux.\n\nVOL. II.\n\nLONDON: Printed in the year 1712.\n\nSir,\n\nIt was the practice of most authors in the last age to prefix their own pictures to their books; but our present writers, much happier in their politics, have chosen to set off their productions with nobler frontispieces.\nprefixing the effigies of Persons of Quality and Merit to recommend their Works to the World. This practice, Sir, though prudent, is in many cases presumptuous. To draw in the wit and perfections of a fine gentleman to patronize the impertinence and folly of some insipid piece, may bring the patron's merit and the author's modesty into question. But here, Sir, I make bold to say, that I have suited my Book to my Patron. The great Cervantes begs the protection of the Noble Mr. Coke. The finest flowers, principally those of foreign growth, require the highest shelter and the warmest sun. Then where should wit fly in these tempestuous times, but where the nobility and greatness of a House may protect it from the storm; where a generous hospitality emboldens it to intrude, and the warmth of Fortune may cherish and enliven it? The blessing of a plentiful estate sets you above all anxieties in this life.\nAnd the riches of your mind secure your happiness in the future. To double your fortune, you have a charming and virtuous partner to share it: She makes your life truly happy, for your desires are at home. Cervantes expects a candid reception; he knows that where the mind is easy, the sentiments will be mild; he chooses to be entertained where he shall find no disputes but what are innocent and ingenious, like his own.\n\nYour youthful thoughts have been so improved by conversing with the best authors that what is the study of others is now your recreation; and those years, which among many are thrown away in superficial vanities, were by you employed in admiring the authentic worthies of history and modeling your life by their great examples. Among other observations that you have made on this subject, you found:\nThe greatest men have always been the greatest patrons, leading to your candor and indulgent favor towards wit and learning. From this, the declining stage finds benefit from your generous support. Your judgment in dramatic poetry can distinguish the improvement and morality of a scene from the viciousness of an exposed character, and you can find true diversion in a well-crafted play, as virtue is always rewarded and your merit is justly complimented.\n\nTherefore, D. Quixote, being a dramatic piece in nature, lays claim to your protection. Those who enjoy your conversation must draw this observation from your refined taste and judicious sentiments on this and other polite studies. The beauties of Cervantes are rightfully yours: instruction without severity, learning without pedantry, and the sense of philosophy in the words of a gentleman.\n\nThese motives alone were sufficient to make me request your acceptance of this work.\nI am certain that the approval of those ingenious Gentlemen who have joined me in translating this volume is mine. But I had an additional reason for addressing you, Sir, to express my personal gratitude for your generosity. I cannot help but compliment myself on the honor of having a person of your merit acknowledge my work. This occasion might have prompted me to make you an author's acknowledgment, were it not for your virtues being beyond the reach of my pen. However, as long as this work exists, your favors will be recorded, and I am, Sir, Your most humble and most obliged servant, P. Motteux.\n\nMost fortunate and happy was the age that brought into the world that daring knight, Don Quixote de la Mancha. For from his generous resolution to revive and restore the ancient Order of Knight-Errantry, which was not only neglected but almost lost and abolished.\nIn our age, which is rich in pleasurable pastimes, we derive pleasure from true history and the various tales and novels intermixed within it. We previously mentioned that as the curate was preparing to console Cardenio, he was interrupted by the sound of mournful complaints reaching his ears. \"O heavens!\" cried the unseen mourner, \"is it possible that I have at last found a place where this miserable body can find a private grave? Yes, if the silence and solitude of these deserts do not deceive me, here I may die concealed from human eyes. Ah me! Wretched creature! To what extremity has affliction driven me, reduced to consider these hideous woods and rocks a kind retreat! It is true, I may here freely complain to heaven and beg for that relief which I might ask in vain from false mankind; for it is in vain, I find, to seek below either counsel or ease.\"\nThe Curate and his company, having heard all this distinctly, correctly assumed they were near the person expressing his grief. They had not gone more than twenty paces when they saw a youth in country attire sitting at the foot of a rock behind an ash tree. They could not clearly see his face, as he was bowed almost upon his knees, washing his feet in a rivulet that flowed by. The curate and his companions approached him softly, allowing them time to discern that his legs were as white as alabaster and so slender, so beautifully proportioned. Our observers were amazed at this discovery, rightly assuming that such tender feet were not accustomed to rough paths or measuring the steps of oxen at the plow, common employments for people in such attire. The curate, who went ahead of the others, approached first.\nThose whose curiosity was piqued by this sight beckoned them to step aside and hide behind some of the small rocks. From there, they made a closer observation and discovered that he wore a short jerkin of coarse russet cloth tied about his waist, a linen scarf, and breeches of the same material. After washing his feet, he pulled out a handkerchief from under his cap to dry them. Looking up, he revealed a charming face and accomplished beauty, causing Cardenio to exclaim that this could not be Lucinda but an angel instead. The youth then removed his cap, shaking his head, and an incredible amount of lovely hair flowed down upon his shoulders, covering not only them but almost his entire body. They were now convinced that what they had initially taken to be a country lad was something supernatural.\nA young woman, one of the most beautiful creatures in the world, Cardenio was not less surprised than the other two. She declared that no face could rival hers, except Lucinda's. To disentangle her disheveled hair, she only used her slender fingers, and in the process, revealed a pair of fine arms and hands, so white and lovely, that our three admiring gazers grew more impatient to know who she was and moved forward to accost her. At the noise they made, the pretty creature started and, peeping through her hair which she hastily removed from before her eyes with both her hands, she saw three men coming towards her. In a mighty fright, she snatched up a little bundle that lay by her and fled as fast as she could, without so much as staying to put on her shoes or do up her hair. But alas! scarcely had she gone six steps when her tender feet were unable to endure the rough encounter of the stones.\nThe poor frightened fair woman fell to the hard ground. Those from whom she fled hurried to help her. \"Madam, stay,\" cried the curate. \"Whoever you are, you have no reason to flee. We have no other design but to serve you. Approaching her, he took her hand. Perceiving she was so disordered with fear and confusion that she could not answer a word, he tried to compose her mind with kind expressions. \"Be not afraid, Madam,\" he continued. \"Though your hair has revealed what your disguise concealed from us, we are all the more disposed to assist you. Pray tell us how we may best do it. I imagine it was no slight occasion that made you hide your singular beauty under such unworthy disguise and venture into this desert, where it was the greatest chance in the world that you would meet us. However, we hope it is not impossible to find a remedy for your misfortunes, since there are none which reason and time will not at last surmount.\"\nMadam, if you have not absolutely renounced all human comfort, I beseech you tell us the cause of your affliction, and assure yourself we do not ask this out of mere curiosity, but a real desire to serve you, and either to condole or assuage your grief. While the curate endeavored thus to remove the trembling fair one's apprehension, she stood amazed, staring, without speaking a word, sometimes upon one, sometimes upon another, like one scarcely well awake, or like an ignorant clown who happens to see some strange sight. But at last, the curate having given her time to recollect herself, and persisting in his earnest and civil entreaties, she fetched a deep sigh, and then disclosing her lips, broke silence in this manner: Since this desert has not been able to conceal me, and my hair has betrayed me, 'twould be unnecessary now for me to dissemble with you; and since you desire to hear the story of my misfortunes, I cannot in civility deny you.\nafter all the obliging offers you have made me: But yet, Gentlemen, I am much afraid that what I have to say will make you sad and afford you little satisfaction; for you will find my disasters cannot be remedied. There is one thing that troubles me even more; it shocks my nature to think I must reveal to you some secrets which I had intended to bury in my grave: But yet, considering the garb and the place you have found me in, I fancy it will be better for me to tell you all, than to give you occasion to doubt my past conduct and present designs through affected reservedness. The disguised lady, having made this answer with a modest blush and extraordinary discretion, the curate and his company, who now admired her the more for her sense, renewed their kind offers and pressing solicitations. And then they modestly let her retire a moment to put herself in decent order. Which done, she returned, and being all seated on the grass.\nI was born in a town in Andalusia, which is the title of a Duke, making him a Grandee of Spain. This Duke has two sons. The eldest is the heir to his estate and virtues. The younger inherits nothing I know of but deceit and perfidiousness from the greatest traitors who ever lived. My father, who is one of his vassals, is of low degree, but so very rich that, had his birth equaled his estate, he would have lacked nothing more, and I perhaps would never have been so miserable; for I believe my not being of noble blood is the chief cause of my ruin. And yet my parents are not meanly born. Their ancestry is not infamous or scandalously stained. They are good old Christians, as we call the true primitive Spaniards, and the antiquity of their family is considerable.\nThe possession of a large estate and port raised them above their profession, universally earning them the title of gentlemen. As their only child, they loved me with the tender affection of indulgent parents. Their great affection made them happier in their daughter than in the peaceful enjoyment of their wealth. Since I was the fortunate recipient of their love, they entrusted me with their wealth. The entire house was left to my management, and I took care not to abuse their trust in me, never forfeiting their good opinion of my discretion. In my spare time, I engaged in the usual pursuits of young women, sometimes making lace or sewing, and at other times reading good books.\nI have lived a quiet life, playing the Spanish harp and finding solace in music to refresh my weary mind. I share these details not out of vanity, but to demonstrate that my misfortunes were not brought about by my own misconduct. During my time as a nun, I lived a secluded life, rarely leaving the house except to attend church with my mother, always veiled so I could barely see my way. Despite our efforts to keep me hidden, rumors spread that I was beautiful, and love intruded into my peaceful retirement. Don Ferdinand, the second son of the duke I mentioned, caught a glimpse of me. Scarcely had Cardenio heard Don Ferdinand's name mentioned before he changed color and showed signs of distress.\nThe Curate and the Barber were afraid he would fall into one of his frantic fits. But fortunately, this did not happen, and he focused on the country maid, guessing who she was as she continued her story. No sooner had he seen me, she said, than he felt a violent passion in his breast, which he later proved to me in numerous ways. But I will spare you the details of how he expressed his love. He bought the goodwill of all our servants with private gifts. He made my father countless offers of service. Every day brought joy to our neighborhood, and every evening was ushered in by some serenade. The constant music was even a disturbance at night. He managed to get an infinite number of love letters transmitted to me.\nevery one was full of tender Expressions, Promises, Vows, and Protestations. But this assiduous Courtship did not incline my Heart to a kind Return. Instead, it moved my Indignation, making Don Ferdinand my greatest Enemy, seemingly bent on my Ruin. I was well pleased with his Gallantry and took secret Delight in being courted by a Person of his Quality. Such demonstrations of Love are never altogether displeasing to Women, and the most disdainful reserve a little Complaisance in their Hearts for their Admirers. However, the disproportion between our Qualities was too great to allow me to entertain reasonable Hopes, and his Gallantry was too singular not to offend me. Furthermore, my Father quickly made the right Construction of Don Ferdinand's Pretensions and, with his prudent Admonitions, concurred with the Sense I had of my Honor.\nand banished from my mind all favorable thoughts of his addresses. However, like a kind parent, perceiving I was somewhat uneasy and imagining the flattering prospect of such an advantageous match might still amuse me, he told me one day that he reposed the utmost trust in my virtue, esteeming it the strongest obstacle he could oppose to Don Ferdinand's dishonorable designs. Yet if I would marry, to rid me at once of his unwarranted pursuit and prevent the ruin of my reputation, I should have liberty to make my own choice of a suitable match, either in our own town or the neighborhood; and that he would do for me whatever could be expected from a loving father. I humbly thanked him for his kindness and told him that as I had never yet had any thoughts of marriage, I would try to rid myself of Don Ferdinand some other way. Accordingly, I resolved to shun him with so much precaution that he should never have the opportunity to speak to me. But all my reservedness, far from tiring out his passion.\nDon Ferdinand, suspecting I was to be married, contrived to thwart my plans one night. I was in my chamber, alone with my maid, the door double-locked and bolted for security. Suddenly, I saw Don Ferdinand before me, an astonishing sight that left me speechless and faint with fear. I had no chance to call for help, and I don't believe he would have given me the opportunity had I tried. Instead, he ran to me, took me in his arms, and spoke to me in endearing terms with great address, pretending tenderness and sincerity. His sighs and tears followed.\nI seemed to me undeniable proofs of his sworn integrity; and I, being young, bred up in perpetual retirement from all society but my virtuous parents, and unexperienced in those affairs in which even the most knowing are apt to be mistaken, my reluctance abated by degrees. I began to have some sense of compassion, yet none but what was consistent with my honor. However, when I was pretty well recovered from my first fright, my former resolution returned; and then, with more courage than I thought I should have had, I said to Love, \"If at the same time that you offer me your love and give me such strange demonstration of it, you would also offer me poison and leave me to take my choice, I would soon resolve which to accept, and convince you by my death that my honor is dearer to me than my life. To be plain, I can have no good opinion of a presumption that endangers my reputation; and unless you leave me this moment, I will so effectively make you know how much you're mistaken in me.\"\nIf you have the slightest sense of honor left, you'll regret driving me to this extremity as long as you live. I was born your vassal, not your slave. Your great birth does not entitle you to injure your inferiors or extract from me more than the duties all vassals pay. I do not consider myself less in my low degree than you consider yourself in your high rank. Do not think to intimidate or dazzle me with your grandeur, or frighten or force me into base compliance. I am not to be tempted with titles, pomp, and equipage, nor moved by vain sighs and false tears. In short, my will is entirely at my father's disposal, and I will not entertain any man as a lover without his appointment. Therefore, my lord, if you truly and sincerely love me, give up your vain and injurious pursuit; allow me peacefully to enjoy the benefits of life in the free possession of my honor.\n\"the loss of which forever bitters all Life's Sweets; and since you cannot be my husband, do not expect from me that affection which I cannot pay to any other. What do you mean, charming Dorothea? cried the perfidious Lord. Cannot I be yours by the sacred title of husband? Who can hinder me if you'll but consent to bless me on those terms? Too happy if I have no other obstacle to surmount. I am yours this moment, beautiful Dorothea; see, I give you here my hand to be yours, and yours alone forever: And let all-seeing Heaven, and this Holy Image here on your oratory, witness the solemn truth.\n\nCardenio, hearing her call herself Dorothea, was now fully satisfied she was the person whom he took her to be. However, he would not interrupt her story, being impatient to hear the end of it; only addressing himself to her, \"Is then your name Dorothea, madam?\" cried he. \"I have heard of a lady of that name whose misfortunes have a great resemblance with yours. But proceed, I beseech you, and when you have done.\"\"\nI may surprise you with an account of things related to yours. Dorothea examined Cardenio's face and wretched attire, then earnestly asked him to tell her anything concerning her if he knew any. She assured him that all her happiness was in bearing with resignation all the disasters that might befall her, and that no new one could make her more unfortunate than she already was. Truly, Madam, replied Cardenio, I would tell you all I know if I were sure my conjectures were true. But, based on what I have heard so far, it is not material to tell you yet, and I will find a more proper time. Dorothea resumed her conversation with Don Ferdinand. He repeated his marriage vows in the most serious manner, giving me his hand and pledging his faith with binding words and sacred oaths. However, I would not let him engage himself thus before I did.\nI advised him to be careful and not let unruly passions overpower his reason, endangering his future happiness. My Lord, I said, do not let a few transitory and imaginary charms rush you to ruin. Spare your noble father the shame and displeasure of seeing you married to someone so far below your birth. I added several other reasons to dissuade him from this hasty match, but they were all ignored. Don Ferdinand, deaf to everything but his desires, engaged and bound himself like an inconsiderate lover, who sacrifices all things to his passion, or rather like a cheat, who does not value a breach of vows. When I saw him so obstinate, I began to consider what I had to do. I am not the first, I thought to myself, whom marriage has raised to unexpected greatness.\nAnd whose beauty alone had supplied her want of birth and merit: Thousands besides Don Ferdinand have married merely for love, without any regard to the inequality of wealth or birth. The opportunity was fair and tempting; and as fortune is not always favorable, I thought it imprudent to let it slip. I thought to myself, while she kindly offers me a husband who assures me of an inviolable affection, why should I, by an unreasonable denial, make myself an enemy of such a friend? And then there was one thing more; I feared it would be dangerous to drive him to despair by an ill-timed refusal. Nor could I think myself safe alone in his hands, lest he should resolve to satisfy his passion by force; which done, he might think himself free from performing a promise which I would not accept, and then I should be left without either honor or an excuse; for it would be no easy matter to persuade my father, and the censorious world.\nThis noble man entered my chamber without my consent. Various reasons, which appeared in my mind in an instant, shook my previous resolutions. Don Ferdinand's sighs, tears, vows, and the sacred witnesses by which he swore, along with his gracious demeanor, extraordinary accomplishments, and the love I believed I saw in all his actions, contributed to my downfall. I called my maid to witness Don Ferdinand's vows and sacred engagements, which he repeated to me and confirmed with new oaths and solemn promises. He called upon heaven and many particular saints to witness his sincerity, wishing a thousand curses upon himself if he ever violated his word. Again he sighed, again he wept, and moved me more and more with fresh signs of affection. Once the treacherous maid had left the room, the perfidious lord took advantage of my weakness.\nThe design was completed. The day, which had not yet begun to dawn, found Don Ferdinand in a hurry to leave. He assured me, though not with the same affection or warmth as before, that I could rely on his honor and the sincerity of his vows and promises. As a further pledge, he removed a ring of great value from his finger and gave it to me. He departed, and my maid, who had let him in privately, saw him out into the street by dawn. I remained preoccupied with thoughts of these events, unable to determine whether to be sorry or pleased. I was in a state of distress and either forgot or lacked the heart to reprimand my maid for her betrayal, unaware of whether she had done me good or harm. I had informed Don Ferdinand before he left that I was now his own.\nHe might continue using the same means to visit me again until it was convenient for him to acknowledge me publicly as his wife. But he came to see me only the next night, and from that time I could not see him more, neither at church nor in the street, though for a whole month I tried to find him. I was informed he was still near us, and went hunting almost every day. I passed those tedious hours with great unease, when I perceived his neglect and had reason to suspect his breach of faith. This unexpected slight, which I considered the most grievous affliction that could befall me, almost overwhelmed me. Then I discovered my maid had betrayed me. I expressed my severe complaints against her presumption, which I had suppressed until then. I exclaimed against Don Ferdinand and exhausted my sighs and tears without alleviating my sorrow. What was worse\nI found myself obliged to set a guard on my looks, for fear my father and mother would inquire into the cause of my discontent, and so occasion my being guilty of shameful lies and evasions to conceal my more shameful disaster. But at last I perceived it was in vain to dissemble, and I gave loose to my resentments; for I could no longer hold when I heard that Don Ferdinand was married in a neighboring town to a young lady of rich and noble parentage, and extremely handsome, whose name is Lucinda. Cardenio, hearing Lucinda named, felt his former disorder, but by good fortune it was not so violent as it used to be, and he only shrugged up his shoulders, bit his lips, knit his brows, and a little while after let fall a shower of tears, which did not hinder Dorothea from going on. This news, continued she, instead of freezing up my blood with grief and astonishment, filled me with burning rage. Despair took possession of my soul.\nI was consumed by anger and considered running through the streets to expose Don Ferdinand's disloyalty, even if it damaged my reputation. However, a remnant of reason may have halted my violent intentions. I devised a plan, sharing my grief with a young servant who worked for my father. I asked him to lend me adult clothing and accompany me to the town where Don Ferdinand was. The servant tried to dissuade me with logical arguments, but I remained resolute. He agreed to serve me. I donned this attire, took some of my own clothes, gold, and jewels, and set out that very night with my servant and numerous anxious thoughts.\nI went to see Don Ferdinand without first informing my maid of my intentions. In truth, I was unsure of my own motivations; as there was no remedy since Don Ferdinand was already married to another, I could only hope to reproach him for his infidelity. We arrived at the town within two and a half days. The first person I approached for information about Lucinda's father's residence revealed both more than I desired to learn and the details of Lucinda's wedding, which had become a topic of town gossip. He informed me that Lucinda fainted upon answering the priest's questions and consented to become Don Ferdinand's wife. Upon attempting to adjust her dress to give her more room to breathe, he discovered a letter from her, bearing her signature.\nShe declared that she couldn't be Don Ferdinand's wife because she was already married to a gentleman named Cardenio from the same town. Her consent to the marriage had been given in obedience to her father. Don Ferdinand's letter and a dagger found on her suggested that she had intended to take her life after the ceremony. Enraged by being deceived, Don Ferdinand would have taken his own life with the same dagger but was prevented. It was reported that Don Ferdinand left the town immediately after this, and Lucinda didn't regain consciousness until the next day. She then told her parents that she was indeed Cardenio's wife and that they had made their contract before she had seen Don Ferdinand. Cardenio was present at the wedding, and upon seeing her married, he was shocked as he couldn't believe it.\nHe left the town in despair, leaving behind a letter full of complaints about Lucinda's breach of faith to inform his friends of his resolution to go to a place where they would never hear from him again. This was all the discourse in the town when I arrived, and soon after we heard that Lucinda was also missing, and that her father and mother were grieving almost to distraction, unable to learn what had become of her. For my part, this news revived my hopes, as I had reason to be pleased that Don Ferdinand was unmarried. I flattered myself that heaven had perhaps prevented his second marriage to make him sensible of his violating the first, and to touch his conscience, in order for him to acquit himself of his duty as a Christian and a man of honor. So I tried to beguile my cares with an imaginary prospect of a far distant change of fortune, amusing myself with vain hopes that I might not sink under the load of affliction.\nBut while I stayed in that town, not knowing what to do since I couldn't find Don Ferdinand, I heard a crier publicly describe my person, clothes, and age in the open street, promising a considerable reward to anyone who brought news of Dorothea. I also heard rumors that I had run away from my father's house with the servant who attended me, and this touched my soul as much as Don Ferdinand's perfidy. For I saw my reputation completely lost, and this for a base and unworthy reason. Therefore, I made all the haste I could to leave the town with my servant, who even then began to show signs of faltering in the fidelity he had promised me. Dreading discovery, we reached the most deserted part of this mountain that night.\nas it is a common saying, that misfortunes seldom come alone, and the end of one disaster is often the beginning of a greater, I was no sooner at that place where I thought myself safe, than the fellow, whom I had hitherto found to be modest and respectful, now, incited by his own villainy and the opportunity that place offered, had the impudence to talk to me of love. And seeing I answered him with anger and contempt, he would no longer lose time in clownish courtship, but resolved to use violence to accomplish his wicked design. But just heaven, with a happy presence of mind, assisted me in that distress; and his brutish passion so blinded him, that not perceiving he was on the brink of a steep rock, I easily pushed him down; and then, without looking to see what had become of him, I ran as fast as I could into the thickest part of the desert to secure myself. The next day I met a countryman, who took me to his house amidst these mountains.\nAnd he employed me ever since in the nature of his Shepherd. There I have continued some months, making it my business to be as much as possible in the fields, the better to conceal my sex. But notwithstanding all my care and industry, he at last discovered I was a woman; which made him presume to importune me with beastly offers. So that fortune not favoring me with the former opportunity of freeing myself, I left his house, and chose to seek a sanctuary among these woods and rocks. There with sighs and tears, I beseech heaven to pity me and to direct and relieve me in this forlorn condition; or at least to put an end to my miserable life, and bury in this desert the very memory of an unhappy creature, who more through ill fortune than ill intent, has given the idle world occasion to be too busy with her fame.\n\nTHIS, Gentlemen, continued Dorothea, is the true story of my tragic adventures; and now be you judges whether I had reason to make the complaint you overheard.\nAnd whether such an unfortunate and hopeless creature is capable of finding comfort, I ask only one favor of you: please direct me to some place where I may spend the remainder of my life in safety from the search and inquiry of my parents. I would gladly return to them if I could trust that they still held affection for me, based on my past conduct. But when I consider that they must believe me guilty, and can now only have my word to assure them of my innocence, I can never bring myself to face their gaze. Dorothea stopped here, and the blushes that spread across her cheeks were clear signs of the turmoil in her thoughts and the sincere modesty of her soul. Those who had listened to her story were deeply moved by compassion for her plight, and the curate wasted no more time in offering her some charitable comfort and advice. However, before he could begin, Cardenio interrupted him, addressing himself to Dorothea.\nHow, Madam, said he, taking her hand, are you the beautiful Dorothea, the only daughter of the rich Cleonardo? Dorothea was strangely surprised to hear her father named and by one in such tattered garb. Pray, who are you, friend, said she to him, that know so well my father's name? For I think I did not mention it once throughout the whole relation of my afflictions. I am Cardenio, replied the other, the unfortunate gentleman, whom Lucinda, as you told us, declared to be her husband. I am that miserable Cardenio, whom the perfidiousness of the man who has reduced you to this deplorable condition has also brought to this wretched state, to rags, to nakedness, to despair, nay, to madness itself, and all hardships and want of human comforts. I am the man, fair Dorothea, who was the unhappy eyewitness of Don Ferdinand's unjust nuptials.\nAnd who heard Lucinda give her consent to be his wife, that heartless wretch, unable to bear such a strange disappointment, lost in amazement and trouble, flung out of the house without staying to know what would follow her trance, and what the paper taken from her bosom would produce. I abandoned myself to despair; and having left a letter with a person whom I charged to deliver it into Lucinda's own hands, I hastened to hide myself from the world in this desert, resolved to end there a life which from that moment I abhorred as my greatest enemy. But fortune has preserved me \u2013 I see that I may venture it upon a better cause; for from what you have told us now, which I have no reason to doubt, Don Ferdinand cannot be Lucinda's, and Lucinda cannot be Don Ferdinand's. For my part, though my interests were not linked with yours, as they are:\nI have such a deep sense of your misfortunes that I would risk my life to help you be righted by Don Ferdinand. I swear and promise not to abandon you until he has made amends, and I will compel him to do so if reason and generosity fail. Dorothea, filled with joy and unable to express her gratitude for Cardenio's kind offers, would have thrown herself at his feet if he hadn't politely prevented it. At the same time, the curate wisely spoke on their behalf, praising Cardenio for his generous resolution and comforting them. He warmly invited them to his house, where they could gather necessities and plan how to find Don Ferdinand and bring Dorothea home to her father. The barber, who had been quiet until then, also requested a share.\nand handsomely assured them he would be very ready to do all the service that might lie in his power. After these civilities, he informed them of the reason that had brought the curate and him to that place, and gave them an account of Don Quixote's strange kind of madness, and of their staying there for his squire. Cardenio, upon hearing him mention it, recalled something of the scuffle he had with them both, but could only remember it as if it had been a dream; thus, though he told the company of it, he could not reveal the cause. By this time, they heard someone call, and by the voice they recognized it as Sancho Panza, who, not finding them where he had left them, tore his lungs with hollering. With that, they all went to meet him; upon doing so, they asked him what had happened to Don Quixote? Alas, answered Sancho, I left him yonder in a poor condition: I found him in his shirt, lean, pale, and almost starved, sighing and whining for his Lady Dulcinea: I told him how she had summoned him to come to her at Toboso.\nShe looked for him with her own eyes, yet he refused to move a foot, telling me he would never look upon her sweet face again until he had accomplished some deeds worthy of her goodness. Sancho remarked that if he continued this life, I feared my master would never become an emperor, as he was bound to be, nor even an archbishop, the least position he could attain. Therefore, good sir, help me persuade him to leave this place, I implore you. The curate reassured him, stating they would make him leave whether he wished to or not. Turning to Cardenio and Dorothea, the curate informed them of the plan he and the barber had made for his recovery, or at least for his return home. Dorothea, whose mind was eased by the prospect of better fortune, graciously agreed to act the distressed lady herself, believing it would suit her better than the barber.\nDorothea, having a suitable dress and having read many books of chivalry, knew how distressed ladies behaved when seeking a knight's assistance. \"This is obliging, Madam,\" the curate said. \"We lack nothing more; let us work as quickly as possible. We may now hope to succeed with your assistance.\" Dorothea immediately took out a rich petticoat and a fine green silk gown from her bundle, as well as a necklace and other jewels from a box. Ferdinand was most impressed by her, but Sancho Panza was even more so. He had never seen such a beautiful creature before, and he earnestly asked the curate who she was.\nAnd what brought Lady Sancho there among the Woods and Rocks? \"Answer's the Curate; she's the only heiress in a direct line to the vast Kingdom of Micomicon. Moved by the fame of your master's great exploits, which spreads itself over all Guinea, she comes to seek him out and beg a boon from him; that is, to redress a wrong which a wicked giant has done her. Why, that's well, replied Sancho; a happy seeking and a happy finding. Now if my master is but so lucky as to right that wrong by killing the giant you tell me of, I'll be made a man. Yes, he will kill him, he will, if he can reach him and he isn't a hobgoblin; for my master can do no good with hobgoblins. But, Mr. Curate, I have a favor to ask of you: I beg you to dissuade my master from all archbishops, for that's what I fear; and therefore, to rid me of my fears.\nput it into his head to arrange a marriage with this same princess; for by doing so, it would be beyond his power to make himself an archbishop, and I would become emperor and a great man, as certain as gun. I have carefully considered the matter, and I find it would not be to my benefit for him to become an archbishop for my sake; for what would I gain by it? I am unsuited for church preferment, being a married man; and the process of obtaining a license to hold church livings would be an endless task for me. Therefore, it would be better for him to marry this same princess, whose name I cannot tell, for I have never heard it called by that name. They call her the Princess of Micomico, said the curate; for her kingdom being called Micomico, it is clear she must be called by that name. Likewise, quoth Sancho; for I have known several men in my time go by the names of the places where they were born, such as Pedro de Alcala, Juan de Ubeda, Diego de Valladolid; and perhaps the same is done in Guinea.\nAnd the queens go by the names of their kingdoms. The curate replied: As for the match, I will do my utmost to promote it. Sancho was pleased with this promise, and on the other side, the curate was surprised to find the fellow so infected with his master's mad notions as to rely on his becoming an emperor. By this time Dorothea was mounted on the curate's mule, and the barber had put on his ox-tail beard. Nothing remained but to order Sancho to show them the way, and to renew their admonitions to him, lest he reveal himself and spoil the plot, which they warned him would be the ruin of all his hopes and his master's empire. Cardenio did not think it fitting to go with them, having no business there; besides, he could not tell but that Don Quixote might remember their recent altercation. The curate also did not think his presence necessary.\nresolved to stay and keep Cardenio's company. So after he had given Dorothea her cue once more, she and the barber went on ahead with Sancho, while the two others followed on foot at a distance.\n\nThey went on like this for about three quarters of a league, and then among the rocks they saw Don Quixote, who by this time had put on his clothes, though not his armor. As soon as Dorothea recognized him, she spurred her paltry and, when she drew near Don Quixote, her squire dismounted and helped her down. When she was on her feet, she gracefully advanced towards the knight and, with her squire falling to his knees before him, she said, \"Thrice noble and invincible knight, I will not rise from this place until your generosity has granted me a boon, which will reflect honorably upon you.\"\nAnd the relief of the most disconsolate and most injured damsel that the Sun ever saw. If your valor and the strength of your formidable arm are answerable to the extent of your immortal renown, you are bound by the laws of honor and the knighthood which you profess, to succor a distressed princess. She comes from the remotest regions, led by the resounding fame of your marvelous and redoubtable feats of arms, to implore your protection. I cannot make any answer, most beautiful lady, nor will I hear a word more unless you vouchsafe to rise. Pardon me, noble knight, replied the petitioning damsel; my knees shall first be rooted here unless you will courteously condescend to grant me the boon which I humbly request. I grant it then, lady, said Don Quixote, provided it is not to the disadvantage of my king, my country, or that beauty who keeps the key to my heart and liberty. It shall not tend to the prejudice or detriment of any of these.\nThe Lady cried out. Sancho approached her master, whispering in his ear, \"Grant it, Sir,\" Sancho urged. \"It's just a small matter, only to kill a giant. The one asking this is the high and mighty Princess Micomicona, Queen of the vast Kingdom of Micomicona in Ethiopia. Let her be who she may, replied Don Quixote. I will fulfill my duty and follow the dictates of my conscience, according to the rules of my profession. Turning to the damsel, he begged, \"Rise, Lady,\" he cried. \"I grant you your request, which your singular beauty demands. Lady, you ask that I accompany you immediately wherever you lead, and promise not to engage in any other adventure until I have avenged you on a traitor who usurps your kingdom, contrary to human and divine laws. I grant you all this.\"\n\"quoth Don Quixote; and therefore, from this moment, shake off all despondent thoughts that sit heavy on your mind, and study to revive your drooping hopes. For by the assistance of heaven and my strenuous arm, you shall see yourself restored to your kingdom and seated on the throne of your ancestors, in spite of all the traitors who dare oppose your right. Let us then hasten our performance; delay always breeds danger; and to protract a great design is often to ruin it. The thankful princess, to speak her grateful sense of your generosity, strove to kiss the knight's hand; however, he, who was in every thing the most gallant and courteous of all knights, would by no means admit of such submission. But having gently raised her up, he embraced her with an awful grace and civility, and then called for Sancho for his arms. Sancho went immediately and, having fetched them from a tree where they hung like trophies, armed his master in a moment. And now, the champion being completely accoutred, come on, he said.\"\nLet us go and vindicate the rights of this displaced princess. The barber had been on his knees the entire time, struggling to keep from laughing and holding onto his beard, which threatened to fall and reveal their plot. But when Don Quixote hurried to put on his armor, the barber rose, took the princess's hand, and they both helped her mount her mule. Don Quixote then mounted his Rozinante, and the barber climbed onto his own beast. Sancho was forced to walk, which caused him to sigh heavily for the loss of his dear Dapper. Yet he bore his burdens patiently, seeing his master in such a favorable position to marry the princess and become at least king of Micomicon. However, it grieved him that his master's domains would be in the land of the Negroes.\nAnd yet, he thought, the people I was to govern were all to be black. But he soon thought of a solution: \"What does it matter if they're blacks? Best of all; I'll load a ship with them and take them to Spain, where I'll find merchants enough to buy them off my hands and pay me ready money. I'll earn a good sum and buy a title or an office to live comfortably for the rest of my life. Foolish is he who has no shifts, I say; it's a sorry goose that won't baste itself. Why, even if I'm not as book-learned as others, I have a good enough head to sell ten, twenty, or thirty thousand slaves. It's as easy as jumping over a straw. Let them go higgledy-piggledy, little and great. What does it matter if they're as black as the devil in hell, let me alone to turn them into white and yellow boys; I think I know how to lick my own fingers.\" With such thoughts in mind.\nSancho trudged along so pleased and light-hearted that he forgot his pain of traveling on foot. Cardenio and the Curate had watched the pleasant scene through the bushes and were at a loss how to join companies. But the Curate, who had a clever mind, at last thought of a solution. He pulled out a pair of scissors which he carried in his pocket and snipped off Cardenio's beard in a trice. Having pulled off his black cloak and a sad-colored riding hood that he had on, he equipped Cardenio with them while he himself remained in his doublet and breeches. In this new garb, Cardenio was so strangely altered that he would not have recognized himself in a mirror. This done, they made their way to the highway and stayed there until Don Quixote and his company were clear of the rocks and bad ways, which did not permit horsemen to go as fast as those on foot. When they came near, the Curate looked earnestly upon Don Quixote.\nOne approached, studying if he could identify him; then, as one who had discovered him, he ran toward the knight with open arms, crying, \"Mirror of Chivalry, my countryman Don Quixote de la Mancha! Cream and Flower of Gentility! Shelter and Relief of the Afflicted, and Essence of Knight-Errantry! I am overjoyed to have found you!\" At the same time, he extended his left leg. Don Quixote, admiring this admirer of his heroic worth, looked at him earnestly. Recalling himself, he intended to dismount to pay his respects, surprised to encounter him there. But the curate hindered him. \"Reverend sir,\" cried the knight, \"I beg you not to let me be so rude as to dismount while a person of your worth and character stands on foot.\" \"Sir,\" replied the curate, \"you shall in no way dismount. Let your excellency please keep your saddle.\"\nSince you achieve the most stupendous feats of arms and adventures every day, it would be an honor for an unworthy priest like me to join your company. I would consider it as great a happiness as to ride on Pegasus or the zebra or elephant of the famous Moor Musarafe, who lies enchanted in the dreary Cavern of Zulma, not far from the great Compluto. Truly, good Sir, I did not think of this. Answered Don Quixote. But I suppose the Princess will be kind enough to command her squire to lend you his saddle, and for him to ride behind himself if his mule is accustomed to carrying double. \"I believe it will,\" cried the Princess. And my squire, I suppose, will not wait for my commands to offer his saddle, for he is too courteous and well-bred to allow an ecclesiastical person to go on foot when we can help him mount a mule instead. \"Most certainly,\" cried the barber. And with that, they dismounted.\nThe Curate accepted the offer of the saddle from the mule without much persuasion. Unfortunately, the mule was rented and therefore unlucky. As the barber was mounting behind the Curate, the restless animal gave a few jerks with its hind legs. If this had met Nicholas's skull or ribs, he would have bequeathed his rambling after Don Quixote to the devil. However, he agilely threw himself off and was more afraid than hurt. Yet, as he fell, his beard came off, and, sensing this accident, he could not think of a better solution than to clasp both hands over his cheeks and cry out that he had broken his jawbone. Don Quixote was astonished to see such a bushy beard lying on the ground, beardless and bloodless. \"Bless me,\" he cried, \"what an amazing miracle this is! Here's a beard taken off as skillfully by accident as if a barber had mowed it.\" The Curate, perceiving the danger of being discovered, quickly picked up the beard.\nAnd running to the barber, who roared and complained the whole time, he pulled his head close to his own breast and then muttered certain words, which he said were a charm for attaching fallen beards. He fixed it on again so handsomely that the squire was soon bearded and well-groomed once more, which amazed Don Quixote and led him to ask the curate to teach him the charm at his leisure, not doubting that its power extended beyond beard-growing, since it couldn't be torn off without taking flesh along with it; and thus, such a sudden cure might prove beneficial to him in the future. With everything now in order, they agreed that the curate would ride first alone, followed by Don Quixote and the princess in turns, relieving one another, sometimes riding and other times walking, until they reached their inn, which was about two leagues away. Don Quixote, the princess, and the curate mounted their horses accordingly.\nAnd Cardenio, the Barber, and Sancho prepared to proceed on foot. The Knight addressed the distressed Damsel. \"Now, Lady,\" he said, \"let me entreat Your Grace to tell me which way we must go to serve you. The Curate, before she could answer, thought it fitting to ask her a question that might better enable her to make a proper reply. \"Madam,\" he said, \"towards which country is it Your Grace's pleasure to make progress? Is it not towards the Kingdom of Micomicon? I am very much mistaken if that is not the part of the world where you wish to go. The lady, having understood the Curate, answered that he was correct. Then, said the Curate, \"Your Way lies directly through the village where I live. From there, we have a straight road to Carthagena, where you may conveniently take shipping. With a fair wind and good weather, you may reach the vast Lake Me, that is, the Palus Moeotis, in something less than nine years.\"\nwhich lies over a hundred days journey from your kingdom. \"Sir,\" replied the Lady, \"you are mistaken; for it is not quite two years since I left that place, and besides, we have had very little fair weather all the while, and yet I have already arrived, and have succeeded in my designs to the point of obtaining a sight of the renowned Don Quixote de la Mancha. The fame of his achievements reached my ears as soon as I landed in Spain, moving me to find him and throw myself under his protection, committing the justice of my cause to his invincible valor.\n\n\"No more, Madam,\" begged Don Quixote, \"spare me the trouble of hearing myself praised. I hate whatever looks like adulation; and though your compliments may deserve a better name, my ears are too modest to be pleased with such discourse. I study to deserve and to avoid applause.\" All I will venture to say is, that whether I have any valor or not, I am at your service.\nI would gladly know, Reverend Clergyman, why you have come here, unaccompanied by any of your servants, dressed so poorly. I must confess I am surprised to encounter you in this condition. The Curate replied, \"You must know that our friend Nicholas, Sevil, received some money from a relative of mine in the Indies where he has lived for many years. It was no small sum, amounting to twenty thousand pieces of eight, all of due weight, which is not common. But on the road here, we were robbed by four highwaymen who took everything from us, even our beards. The poor barber was forced to buy a chin-periwig. And as for that young gentleman you see there (pointing to Cardenio), after they had stripped him down to his shirt\"\nthey transformed him as you see. Now everyone around here claims that those who robbed us were undoubtedly a Pack of Rogues condemned to the galleys, who, as they were being taken to punishment, were rescued by a single man not far from this place, and that with such courage that despite the king's officer and his guards, he alone set them all free. Certainly that man was either mad or as great a rogue as any of them; for would anyone with a grain of sense or honesty have released a company of wolves among sheep, foxes among innocent poultry, and wasps among the honey pots? He hindered public justice from taking its course, broke his allegiance to his lawful sovereign, disabled the strength of his galleys, rebelled against him, and opposed his officers in contempt of the law, and set in an uproar the holy brotherhood, those honest thief-takers, who had lain quiet so long. Nay, what is yet worse\nHe had endangered his life on Earth and his salvation hereafter. Sancho had told the Curate about the adventure of the galley-slaves, which made him denounce it so severely. Scarcely had the Curate finished when Sancho, addressing himself to him, said, \"Faith and truth, Master Curate, the man who did that noble deed was my master himself, and not out of want of warning; for I warned him to be careful and told him repeatedly that it would be a grievous sin to release such a gang of wicked wretches from their chains, and that they all went to the galleys for their roguery. You simpleton, Don Quixote exclaimed, Is it for a knight-errant to examine whether people in chains and under oppression are in such circumstances for their crimes or only because of misfortune? We are only to relieve the afflicted, to look upon their distress, and not upon their crimes. I encountered a company of poor wretches who went along sorrowfully.\nRejected and linked together like the beads of a rosary, I did what my conscience and profession obliged me. And what can any man say to this? If anyone dares say otherwise, saving this reverend clergyman's presence and the holy character he bears, I say he knows little of knight errantry and lies, a son of a whore, and a base-born villain. I will make him know more effectively with the convincing edge of my sword. This said with a grim look, he fixed himself in his stirrups and pulled his helmet over his brows. For the basin, which he took to be Mambrino's helmet, hung at his saddle-bow, in order to have the damage repaired which it had received from the galley-slaves. Thereupon Dorothea, by this time well acquainted with his temper, seeing him in such a passion and that every body except Sancho Panza made a jest of him, resolved with her native sprightliness and address to carry on the humor. I beseech you, Sir, cried she, remember the promise you have made me.\nAnd yet you cannot embark on any adventure until you have completed what we are doing. So please calm your anger; had Master Curate known that the galley slaves were rescued by your invincible arm, I'm sure he would rather have sewn his lips shut or bitten off his tongue than spoken a word that would incur your displeasure. No, cried the Curate, I am satisfied, Madam. Don Quixote assured me, and for your sake, the flame of my just indignation is quenched. I will not be provoked into a quarrel until I have fulfilled my promise to your Highness. However, in return for my good intentions, I beg you will tell us the story of your misfortunes, if it will not be too great a trouble for you. I am willing to do so, replied Dorothea. But I fear a story like mine.\nFirst, gentlemen, you must know my name is - she paused and could not recall the name the curate had given her. Finding her at a loss, he hastily helped her. \"It's not at all strange, madam, that you're so discomposed by your afflictions as to stumble at the very beginning of the account you're going to give of them,\" he explained. \"Extreme affliction often distracts the mind to such a degree and deprives us of memory.\"\nThat sometimes we cannot for a while think on our very names: No wonder then, that Princess Micomica, lawful heir to the vast Kingdom of Micomicon, beset with many misfortunes and perplexed with various thoughts for the recovery of her crown, found her imagination and memory so encumbered. But I hope, gentlemen, that you will now recollect yourselves and be able to proceed. I hope so too, said the lady, and I will try to go through my story without any further hesitation.\n\nKnow then, gentlemen, that my father, the king called Tinacrio the Wise, possessed great skill in the magical art. Through his profound knowledge in this science, he understood that Queen Xaramilla, my mother, would die before him, that he himself would not survive her long, and that I would be left an orphan. Yet this did not trouble him as much as the foresight he gained through his speculations of my being threatened with great misfortunes, which would be occasioned by a certain giant.\nLord of a large island near the borders of my kingdom; his name was Pandafilando, surnamed for his gloomy sight; although his eyeballs were in their proper place, he deliberately squinted and looked askance to intimidate those he stared at. My father knew that this giant, upon learning of his impending death, would one day invade my kingdom with a powerful army and drive me out, leaving me no more than the smallest village as a refuge. Though he knew that I could have avoided this fate by consenting to marry him, my father, through his wisdom, believed that I would never consider such a match. And indeed, I had no intention of marrying this giant, or any other giant in the world, no matter how immeasurably great and mighty they might be. My father therefore urged me to endure my misfortunes and relinquish my kingdom to Pandafilando for a time, without attempting to keep him out by military force.\nSince this would be the best means to prevent my own death and that of my subjects, considering the impossibility of withstanding the devilish force of the giant. But he ordered me to direct my course towards Spain, where I would surely meet a powerful champion, in the person of a knight-errant. His name, my father said, should be, if I don't forget, Don Quixote, or Don Quxote. \"You would say Don Quixote, otherwise called the Knight of the woeful figure,\" answered Dorothea. \"Yes, that's right,\" my father also described him, saying he should be a tall, thin-faced man, and on his right side, under the left shoulder, or somewhere about there, he should have a tawny mole overgrown with a tuft of hair not much unlike that of a horse's mane. With that, Don Quixote called for his squire to come to him: \"Help me off with my clothes, Sancho,\" he said.\nI'm determined to discover if I am the knight the Negro-man tick King prophesied about. \"Why are you taking off your clothes, Dorothea asked?\" The knight replied. \"To see if I have the mole your father mentioned,\" he explained. \"You don't need to strip to check that,\" Sancho interjected. \"I know for a fact that you have the same mark as your lady described, on the small of your back, which indicates a strong-bodied man.\" Dorothea responded, \"Friends can trust one another without such a thorough examination. Whether it's on the shoulder or the backbone doesn't matter much.\" In short, I find that my father's predictions were accurate, and I recommend myself to Don Quixote, whose stature and appearance match my father's description, and whose renown is not limited to Spain but extends throughout La Mancha. Upon arriving at Ossuna, I had no sooner landed.\nBut the fame of his prowess reached my ears, so I was satisfied that he was the person I sought. But pray, Madam, how did you manage to get to Ossuna, since it's not a seaport town? \"Doubtless, Your Majesty would say,\" the curate replied before Dorothea could answer, \"that after landing at Malaga, the first place where you heard of his feats of arms was Ossuna.\" That's what I would have said,\" replied Dorothea. \"It's easily understood,\" said the curate. \"Then please proceed with your story, Your Majesty. I have nothing more to add,\" answered Dorothea. \"But I have been fortunate enough to find the noble Don Quixote, by whose valor I consider myself already restored to the throne of my ancestors. All I have to do is show him this Pandafilando with the gloomy sight.\"\nHe must kill him to return what was unjustly taken from me. This will be effortless, as Tinacrio the Wise, my father, foretold it. He left a prediction written in Chaldaean or Greek characters (which I cannot read). It states that after the Knight of the Prophecy beheads the giant and restores my kingdom, if he asks for my hand in marriage, I must not refuse but give him my person and kingdom immediately. Well, Sancho, my friend (said Don Quixote, turning to the squire), what do you think now? Do you not see how matters stand? I told you this before. Have we not a kingdom to command and a queen to wed? Yes, you do, replied Sancho. And a curse on the son of a whore, I say.\nThat will not wed and bed Her Majesty's Grace as soon as Master Pandafilando's Windpipes are slit. Look what a dainty bit she is! ha! I would never had a worse Flea in my Bed! With that to show his Joy, he gave two or three frisks in the Air; and turning to Dorothea, laid hold on her Mule by the Bridle, and flinging himself down on his Knees, begged she would be graciously pleased to let him kiss her Hand in token of his owning her as his Sovereign Lady. There was none of the beholders but was ready to burst for Laughter, having a sight of the Master's Madness, and the Servant's Simplicity. In short, Dorothea was obliged to comply with his Entreaties, and promised to make him a Grandee when Fortune should favor her with the recovery of her lost Kingdom. Whereupon Sancho gave her his thanks, obliging the Company to a fresh Laughter. Then going on with her Relation, Gentlemen, said she, this is my History; and among all my Misfortunes, this only has escaped a recital.\nThat not one of the numerous attendants I brought from my kingdom has survived the ruins of my fortune, but this good squire with the long beard: The rest ended their days in a great storm which dashed our ship to pieces in the very sight of the harbor; and he and I had been sharers in their destiny, had we not laid hold of two planks, by whose assistance we were driven to land, in a manner altogether miraculous, and agreeable to the whole series of my life, which seems indeed but one continued miracle. If in any part of my relation I have been tedious and not so exact as I should have been, you must impute it to what Master Curate observed to you, in the beginning of my story, that continual troubles oppress the senses and weaken the memory. Those pains and afflictions, be they ever so intense and difficult, shall never deter me (most virtuous and highborn lady) from adventuring for your service.\nAnd I will endure whatever I must suffer in it. Therefore, I again affirm the promises I have given you, and swear to accompany you, to the end of the world, in pursuit of this implacable enemy of yours. I will find him; his insolent head, with Heaven's help and my own invincible arm, I am resolved to cut off with this sword. A curse on Gines de Passamonte, who took away my own! He spoke these words to himself, then continued in this manner: After I have severed it from the body and left you peacefully in possession of your throne, it will be up to you to dispose of your person as you see fit. For as long as I have her image in my memory, my will captivated, and my understanding entirely subjected to her, whom I now refrain from naming, it is impossible for me to deviate from the affection I bear to her or consider marrying another.\nThough she were a Phoenix in her kind. The close of Don Quixote's speech, which related to his not marrying, touched Sancho so deeply that he could not forbear expressing his resentments: \"Body o' me, Sir Don Quixote,\" he cried, \"are you certainly out of your wits, or how is it possible you should hesitate to make an agreement with such a great lady as this? Do you think, Sir, that fortune will put such desirable opportunities in your way at every turn? Is Dulcinea prettier, do you think? No, she is not half as pretty: I could almost say she's not worthy to tie this woman's shoes. I am indeed likely to obtain the earldom I have nourished myself with hopes of, if you spend your time gathering mushrooms from the bottom of the sea. Marry, marry without delay, or the devil take you for me: Seize the kingdom that is ready to fall into your hands; and as soon as you become a king, even make me a marquess or a peer of the land; and afterwards let things go as they may.\"\nDon Quixote, no longer able to endure the blasphemies against Dulcinea, could no longer restrain himself from Sancho. He gave him two blows with his lance, causing Sancho to measure his length on the ground. Sancho would have breathed his last had not the knight relented due to Dorothea's persuasions. Do you think, most infamous peasant, that I will always have the leisure and disposition to endure your provocations? Is it your sole purpose to devise new offenses, while mine is to grant you new pardons? Do you not know, excommunicated traitor, that excommunication is the least punishment you deserve after profaning the name of the peerless Dulcinea? And are you not assured, vile slave and ignominious vagabond, that I have the strength to kill a flea?\nShe gave me strength and vigor. Speak, villain with the serpent's tongue; who do you think has restored the queen to her kingdom, beheaded the giant, and made you a marquess? I consider all this as already done, but it is the power of Dulcinea who uses my arm as the instrument of her action in me. She fights and overcomes in me; I live and breathe in her, holding life and being from her. You wretch born of the earth! Are you not possessed of the utmost ingratitude, seeing yourself exalted from the very dregs of the earth to nobility and honor, and yet repay such a great benefit with obloquies against the person of your benefactress?\n\nSancho was not seriously injured, but he could hear his master well enough. Therefore, getting upon his legs in a hurry, he ran for shelter behind Dorothea's palfrey. Sir, cry out if you have no thoughts of marrying this same lady, he called out to him.\nIt's a clear case that the Kingdom will never be yours. And if it isn't, what good can you do me? Therefore, good sir, marry her once and for all, now that we have her here, as if rained down from heaven to us. You may keep company with my Lady Dulcinea afterwards; for I guess you won't be the only king in the world who has kept a mistress in a corner. As for beauty, I'll not meddle nor make a judgment; for, to tell the truth, I like both ladies well enough in conscience. Though, now I think about it, I have never seen Lady Dulcinea. How, not seen her, you blasphemous traitor, replied Don Quixote, when just now you brought me a message from her! I say, replied Sancho, I have not seen her leisurely enough to take notice of her features and good parts one by one; but yet, as I saw them at a blush and all at once, I thought I had no reason to find fault with them. Well, I forgive you now, said Don Quixote.\nAnd thou must excuse me for the pleasure I have given thee; for the first motions are not in our power. I perceive that well enough, quoth Sancho, and that's the reason my first motions are always in my tongue; and I can't for my life help speaking what comes uppermost. However, Friend Sancho, said Don Quixote, thou hadst best think before thou speakest; for the pitcher never goes so often to the well--I need say no more. Well, what must be must be, answered Sancho; there's somebody above who sees all, and will one day judge which has most to answer for, whether I for speaking amiss, or you for doing so. No more of this, Sancho, said Dulcinea, but run and kiss your lord's hands and beg his pardon; and, for the time to come, be more advised and cautious how you run into the praise or dispraise of any person; but especially take care you do not speak ill of that Lady of Toboso, whom I do not know, though I am ready to do her any service; and for your own part.\ntrust in Heaven; for you shall certainly have a lordship, which will enable you to live like a prince. Sancho shrugged up his shoulders and, in a sneaking posture, went and asked his master for his hand, which he held out to him with a grave countenance. After the squire had kissed the back of it, the knight gave him his blessing and told him he had a word or two with him. Sancho did as his master commanded, and going a little from the company with him, Don Quixote addressed himself to him, saying, \"Since your return, I have neither had time nor opportunity to inquire into the particulars of your embassy, and the answer you have brought. Now, however, fortune has befriended us with convenience and leisure. Deny me not the satisfaction I may gain from your news. Ask what you will, and you shall not lack my interest in hearing it.\"\nDon Quixote replied, reason being, said Sancho, for the blows you gave me just now were more due to the quarrel the devil stirred up between you and me the other night, than to any dislike of anything spoken against my Lady Dulcinea. \"Please be careful, Sancho,\" Don Quixote urged, \"not to fall again into such irreverent expressions. They provoke me to anger and are highly offensive.\" I forgive you for your transgression then, but a new offense must be met with a new punishment, they continued in this vein when they saw a person riding towards them on an ass. Sancho, who couldn't take his eyes off asses and had a preoccupation with them, had barely given him a second glance before recognizing him as Gines de Passamonte.\nAnd by the looks, the Gypsy identified the face of his ass, as it was indeed the same one that Gines had ridden. To conceal himself from the public and have a better opportunity to sell his beast, Gines had dressed himself as a Gypsy. The cant of that sort of people, as well as the languages of other countries, being as natural and familiar to him as his own. Sancho recognized him and, scarcely having seen and taken notice, cried out as loud as his tongue would allow: \"Ah! you thief, Ginesillo, leave my goods and chattels behind you; get off my back, my dear life; you have no business with my dapple, my comfort; take to your heels, you hedge-bird, leave what is not yours.\" Gines had no occasion to use so many words, for he dismounted as soon as he heard Sancho speak and fled.\nAnd he was out of sight in an instant. Sancho ran immediately to his ass and embraced him. \"How have you done, my dear ass, since I last saw you, my darling and treasure, my dear Dapple, the delight of my eyes, and my dearest companion?\" He stroked and showered him with kisses, as if the beast were a rational creature. The ass, for its part, remained silent and allowed Sancho to kiss it as much as he pleased without uttering a word in response. The rest of the company joined Sancho and congratulated him on the recovery of his ass. Don Quixote also approached and told Sancho that although he had found his ass again, he would not revoke the warrant for the capture of three asses. Sancho thanked him profusely for this favor.\n\nWhile they were traveling together and conversing in this manner, the curate addressed himself to Dorothea and conveyed to her:\nShe had excellently discharged herself in the management of the history and in her brevity, adapting her style to the terms used in books of knight-errantry. She replied that she had frequently conversed with romances but was ignorant of the situations of the provinces and sea ports, which caused the blunder in saying she landed at Ossuna. I perceived it, replied the curate, and therefore I inserted what you heard, which brought matters to rights again. But isn't it amazing, said Cardenio, that this unfortunate gentleman is so ready to give credit to these fictitious reports because they have the air of the extravagant stories in books of knight-errantry? Cardenio thought this such a strange madness that he did not believe the wit of man could devise anything like it, should anyone ever start such a thought. The gentleman replied to the curate:\nhas some surprising qualities, even for a madman, in his unparalleled frenzy: For take him off his romantic humor to discuss any other subject, and you will find him handling it with a great deal of reason, and showing himself through his conversation to have clear and entertaining concepts. In such a case, if knight-errantry has no relation to his discourse, there is no man but will esteem him for his vivacity of wit and strength of judgment. While they were thus conversing, Don Quixote engaging in conversation with his squire Sancho, Sancho said, let us set aside all animosity, and tell me as quickly as you can, without any remains of your last displeasure, how, when\nAnd where did you find Lady Dulcinea? What was she doing when you first paid your respects to her? How did you express yourself to her? What answer did she give you? What expression did she wear upon reading my letter? Who transcribed it for you faithfully, and relate every detail concerning this matter without addition, lies, or flattery. On the contrary, be sure not to omit a single detail, lest you deny me part of the pleasure I anticipate from it. Sir, answered Sancho, if I must speak the truth and nothing but the truth, no one copied the letter for me; for I carried none at all. That's right, said Don Quixote, for I found the pocketbook, in which it was written, two days after your departure, causing me great grief because I did not know what you had done.\nWhen you found yourself without the letter, and I believed you would return to take it with you, I would have given it to you, replied Sancho, but for this head of mine, which kept it in memory since you read it to me and helped me say it over to a parish clerk who wrote it out for me word for word so purely that he swore, though he had written out many a letter of excommunication in his time, he had never in all his days read or seen anything so well spoken as it was. And do you still remember it, my dear Sancho, asked Don Quixote? Not I, replied Sancho; as soon as I had given it to her and your turn was served, I was eager to forget it. But if I remember anything, it is what was at the top: \"High and Sublime, I would say, Sovereign Lady; and at the bottom, Yours until Death, The Knight of the Woeful Figure; and I placed between these two things, three hundred souls.\"\nand she lived, and pigs were her maids.\n\"All this is well, said Don Quixote. Proceed, you arrived, and what was the Queen of Beauty doing then? On my conscience, you found her stringing Oriental pearls or embroidering some curious device in gold for me, her captive knight, did you not, Sancho? No faith, answered the squire, I found her winnowing a bushel of wheat very seriously in the backyard. Then said the Don, you may be assured that every grain of wheat was a grain of pearl since she did it the honor of touching it with her divine hand. Did the wheat have a fine quality, was it not? Very indifferent, I thought, said the squire. Well, this at least you must allow; it would make the finest, whitest bread if sifted by her white hands. But go on; when you delivered my letter, did she kiss it? Did she treasure it in her bosom, or what ceremony did she use worthy of such a letter? How did she behave herself? Why truly, answered Sancho:\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in Early Modern English, but it is mostly readable as is, with only minor corrections needed for modern English clarity.)\nwhen I offered her the letter, she was very busy handling her sieve; and, honest friend, she said, place that letter on the sack there; I can't read it till I have winnowed out what's in my hands. Unparalleled discretion, cried Don Quixote! She knew that a perusal required leisure, and therefore deferred it for her more pleasing and private hours. But on, my squire; while she was thus employed, what conversations passed? What did she ask about her knight, and what did you reply? Say all, say all, my dearest Sancho; let not the smallest circumstance escape your tongue; speak all that thought can frame, or pen describe. Her questions were easily answered, Sir, said Sancho, for she asked me none at all. I told her in what a sad state I had left you for her sake, naked to the waist; that you ate and slept like brute beasts; that you would let a razor as soon touch your throat as your beard; that you were still blubbering and crying.\n\"There you mistook, replied Don Quixote. I rather bless my Fortune and always will, while life affords me breath, since I am thought to merit the esteem of so high a lady as Dulcinea del Toboso. There you hit it, said Sancho. She is a high lady indeed, Sir, for she's taller than I am by a foot and a half. \"Why, how now, Sancho,\" said the Knight, \"did you measure your length with her?\" \"Ay marry, Sir,\" said the Squire, \"you must know that she asked me to lend her a hand in lifting a sack of wheat on an ass. So we buckled about it, and I came so close to her that I found she was taller than I by a full span at least.\" \"Right,\" answered Don Quixote, \"but you are also conscious that the uncommon stature of her person is adorned with innumerable graces and endowments of the soul. But Sancho, when you approached the charming she, did not an aromatic smell strike your sense, a scent so odoriferous, pleasing, and sweet, as I want a name for it; sweet as\u2014you understand.\"\"\nas the richest fragrance diffused around a Perfumer's Magazine of Odors? This at least you must grant me. I did indeed feel a sort of scent, said Sancho, somewhat vigorous or so; for I suppose she had worked hard and sweated plentifully. 'Tis false, answered the Knight, thy smelling has been debased by thy own scent or some canker in thy nose; if thou couldst tell the scent of opening roses, fragrant lilies, or the choicest amber, then thou mightst guess at hers. Cry mercy, Sir, said Sancho, it may be so indeed, for I remember that I myself have smelled often just as Dona Dulcinea did then; and that she should smell like me is no such wondrous thing neither, since there's never a barrel the better herring among us. But now, said the Knight, supposing the corn winnowed and dispatched to the mill, what did she do after she had read my letter? Your letter, Sir! answered Sancho, your letter was not read at all, Sir; as for her part, she said she could neither read nor write.\nShe trusted no one else and tore your letter, fearing they would tell tales. She believed what I told her about your love and penance was sufficient. She offered her service to you and preferred seeing you over hearing from you. If you loved her, she asked you to leave your madness in the bushes and come directly to Toboso, as she had something to say and wanted to see you. She laughed when I called you the Knight of the Woeful Figure. The Biscayan you had injured was there, she said, and he was an honest man. She had heard no news about the galley-slaves.\n\n\"And what jewel did she give you as a reward for the news you brought?\" asked Don Quixote. \"It's an ancient custom among knights and ladies-errant to bestow jewels on squires, dwarfs, or damsels.\"\nWho brought them good news of their ladies or servants, and received a precious jewel as a grateful reward for their welcome tidings. Yes, Sir, replied Sancho, that was the fashion in days of old; and a very good fashion, I take it. But all the jewels Sancho received were a luncheon of bread and a piece of cheese, which she handed to me over the wall when I was taking my leave; by the same token (I hope there's no ill luck in it), the cheese was made of sheep's milk. It's strange, said Don Quixote, for she is liberal, even to profusion; and if she had not presented you with a jewel, she certainly had none about her at that time; but what is deferred is not lost, I shall see her, and matters shall be accommodated. Do you know, Sancho, what raises my astonishment; it's your sudden return. For proportioning your short absence to the length of your journey, Toboso being at least thirty leagues distant, you must have ridden on the wind; certainly the sagacious enchanter who is my guardian and friend\nA true Knight-Errant undoubtedly encounters a wise Magician who helps you on your journey without your awareness. Such Magicians possess incredible power, enabling them to transport a sleeping Knight-Errant a Thousand Leagues from where he fell asleep. By this power, Knight-Errants aid one another in their most perilous situations, appearing when and where they are needed most. For instance, suppose I am engaged in combat with a monstrous creature, a fearsome sprite, or a giant knight, in the mountains of Armenia, and am on the brink of defeat. Just as my fate hangs in the balance, unexpectedly, a friend, who was in England only a minute before, appears at the critical moment. He saves me from death and returns that night to his lodging, where he enjoys a hearty meal after his journey.\nHaving sailed two or three thousand leagues that day: And this accomplished by the industry and wisdom of these knowing magicians, whose only business and charge is glorious knight-errantry. Some such expeditious power, I believe, Sancho, though hidden from you, has promoted such great dispatch in your late journey. I indeed believe, answered Sancho, that there was witchcraft in the case, for Rozinante rode without a spur all the way, and was as mettle-some as though he had been a gypsy's ass with quicksilver in his ears. Quicksilver! You coxcomb, said the Knight. Yes, and a troop of devils besides; and they are the best horse-coursers in nature, you must know, for they must needs go where the devil drives; but no more of that. What is your advice as to my Lady's commands to visit her? I know her power should regulate my will; but then my honor, Sancho, my solemn promise has engaged me to the Princess's service that comes with us, and the law of arms confines me to my word: Love draws me one way.\nand Glory the other way; on this side Dulcinea's strict commands, on the other my promised faith; but- it is resolved. I'll travel night and day, cut off this giant's head, and having settled the princess in her dominions, will presently return to see that sun which enlightens my senses: She will easily condone my absence, when I convince her it was for her fame and glory; since the past, present, and future success of my victorious arms depends wholly on the gracious influences of her favor, and the honor of being her knight. Oh sad, oh sad! said Sancho, I doubt your head is much the worse for wearing. Are you a head, Sir, to take so long a voyage for nothing? Why don't you seize this opportunity that now offers, where a fine kingdom is the reward, twenty thousand leagues round, they say; nay, bigger than Portugal and Castile both together- Good sir! hold your tongue, I wonder you are not ashamed- take a fool's counsel for once, marry her by the first priest you meet.\n\"here's our Curate able to help: Come, Master. I have enough beard hair to be a counselor, and my advice is as suitable for you as a shoe for your foot; a bird in hand is worth two in the bush, and he who will not take when he may, will have to give way when he would. You advise me this way, Don Quixote replied, so that I can promote you according to my promise; but I cannot marry this lady: For I will make this the condition of entering into battle; that after my victory, without marrying the princess, she shall leave part of her kingdom at my disposal, to grant to whom I please; and who could claim such a gratuity but you? That's clear, answered Sancho, but pray, Sir, make sure you reserve some part near the seashore for me; if the air does not agree with me, I may transport my black slaves, make a profit from them, and go live elsewhere; so resolve on it immediately, leave Lady Dulcinea for the present.\"\nAnd go kill this giant first, and end that business. I am convinced (said Don Quixote), but I warn you not to whisper to anyone the least hint of our conversation. Since Dulcinea is so cautious and secret, it is proper that I and my men follow her example. Why, then, said Sancho, do you send every person you overcome to Madam Dulcinea to pay obeisance, when this tells the whole world that she is your mistress as if they had it under your own hand? How dull of understanding and stupid you are, said the knight; have you not the sense to see that all this redounds to her greater glory? In chivalric proceedings, a lady's honor is calculated from the number of her servants, whose services must not tend to any reward but the favor of her acceptance and the pure honor of performing them for her sake.\nI have heard our curate tell Sancho to love our Maker for His own sake, without hope or fear. I, however, would love and serve Him for what I can get, Don Quixote remarked. You're an unaccountable fellow, Sancho replied. At times, you speak with such sense that it seems you're educated. I'm just an honest man, Sancho added, I don't know, as I am an illiterate. Master Nicholas called for them to stop and drink at a little fountain by the roadside. Don Quixote halted, and Sancho was relieved by the interruption, as his supply of lies was running low, and he was in danger of being trapped in his words, for he had never seen Dulcinea, though he knew she lived at Toboso. Cardenio had changed his clothes for those Dorothea wore.\nWhen they found her in the mountains, and though they made an ordinary figure, they looked much better than his own. They all stopped at the fountain and fell to the Curate's provisions, which was but a snap among so many, for they were all very hungry. While they sat refreshing themselves, a young lad traveling that way observed them and looking earnestly on the whole company, ran suddenly and fell down before Don Quixote, addressing him in a very doleful manner. \"Alas, good sir,\" said he, \"don't you know me? Don't you remember poor Sancho Panza, whom you caused to be untied from the tree?\" With that, the knight knew him; and turning to the company, he said, \"So that you may all know, understand that the business of knight-errantry is of great importance for the redressing of injuries, punishing vice, and the universal benefit of mankind.\" Prompted by the misery of the afflicted, I heard lamentable screams and outcries some days ago while riding through a desert.\nI found this boy bound to an oak. A peasant was beating his back with a bridle rein. I demanded to know why. The peasant replied that he was punishing his servant for being more knave than fool. The boy said his master had only accused him of demanding wages. The master made some reply, which I would not allow as an excuse. I ordered him to release the boy and take him home to pay him his wages in full. Is this true, Andrew? Did you see how I gave the order?\nAnd with how much humility did he promise to obey all that I commanded and desired? Answer me, Boy, and tell boldly all that passed to this worthy company, so it may appear how necessary the vocation of knight-errants is on the roads.\n\nAll that you have said is true enough, answered Andrew, but the business did not end in the manner that you and I had hoped. How? asked the knight. Has the peasant not paid you? Yes, he has paid me, said the Boy; but no sooner had your back been turned than he tied me once again to the same tree and lashed me so cruelly that I looked like St. Bartholomew flayed alive; and at every blow, he had some joke or another to laugh at you; and had he not laid me on as he did, I fancy I could not have helped laughing myself. At last, he left me in such a pitiful case that I was forced to crawl to a hospital, where I have lain ever since to get cured. And now I may thank you for this, for had you ridden on your journey.\nand he didn't interfere or make any moves since no one sent for you, and it wasn't your business. My master might have been satisfied with giving me ten or twenty lashes and then paying me what he owed me. But you were so huffy and called him so many names that it made him angry, and he took out his anger on you as soon as your turn was over, to the point that I fear I will never be my own man again. The mishap, replied the knight, is only my fault for leaving before I saw my orders executed. I could have remembered from experience that a peasant's word is not governed by honor but profit. But you remember, Andrew, how I swore that if he disobeyed, I would return and search for him throughout the universe, even if he hid in the whale's belly. Yes, sir replied Andrew, but that won't help my sore shoulders. You will be made right, replied the knight, rising fiercely and commanding Sancho to bridle Rozinante.\nWho was Baiting as fast as the rest of the company. Dorothea asked what he intended to do? He answered that he intended to find out the villain and punish him severely for his crimes, then force him to pay Andrew his wages in full. Maravedi, despite all the peasants in the universe. She then desired him to remember his engagement to her, which withheld him from any new achievements until that was finished. 'Tis but just and reasonable, said the knight, and therefore Andrew must wait with patience for my return; but when I do return, I do hereby ratify my former oath and promise, never to rest until he is fully satisfied and paid. I cannot trust that, answered Andrew; but if you will bestow on me as much money as will cover my charges to Seville, I shall be grateful to you more than for all the revenge you tell me of: Give me something to eat, and a bit for my pocket.\nand so Heaven be with you and all other Knight-Errants, and may they prove as foolish in their own business as they have been in mine. Sancho took a crust of bread and a slice of cheese; reaching it to Andrew, he said, \"Here's something for you; on my word, we, the squires of Knight-Errants, have all shared in your misfortune. What share, said Andrew? Why, the cursed misfortune of parting with this bread and cheese with you. For you must know, friend of mine, that we, the squires of Knight-Errants, often pick our teeth without a dinner, and are subject to many other things which are better felt than told. Andrew snatched at the provisions and, seeing no likelihood of any more, he made his leg and went off. But looking over his shoulder at Don Quixote, he cried out, \"Sir Knight-Errant, if ever I meet you again in your travels, which I hope I never shall; though I were torn in pieces, don't trouble me with your pesky help.\"\nBut mind your own business; and so farewell, cursed be you and all knight-errants that ever were born. The knight intended to chastise him, but the lad was too nimble for any there, and his heels carried him off. This left Don Quixote highly incensed by the story, which moved the company to hold their laughter, lest they raise his anger to a dangerous height.\n\nWhen they had eaten plentifully, they left that place and traveled all that day and the next without meeting anything worth noticing, until they came to the inn. This was such a frightful sight to poor Sancho that he would willingly not have gone in, but could by no means avoid it. The innkeeper, the hostess, and Mari met Don Quixote and Sancho. The barber begged, \"Sir, give me my tail, my husband wants it to stick his comb into, his tail I mean.\" The barber wrestled with her until the curate advised him to return it, telling him that he might now undisguise himself.\nAnd tell Don Quixote that after the galley-slaves had plundered him, he fled to that inn. If he asks for the princess's squire, pretend that I was dispatched to her kingdom before her, to give her subjects an account of her arrival and of the power she brought to free them all from slavery. The barber, thus instructed, gave the hostess her tail, along with the other trinkets he had borrowed to lure Don Quixote out of the desert. Dorothea's beauty and Cardenio's handsome shape surprised everyone. The curate ordered supper, and the host, feeling secure about his reckoning, soon provided them with a tolerable entertainment. They did not disturb the knight, who slept very soundly, as his illness required rest more than food; but they were entertained by the hostess's account of his encounter with the carriers and of Sancho's being tossed in a blanket. Don Quixote's inexplicable madness was the main topic of their conversation, on which the curate insisted.\nThe inn-keeper responded, \"Sir, I cannot share your opinion. In my mind, romances are the most pleasant reading. I have two or three such books in the house, along with other pieces, which have kept me and many others alive. During harvest time, many reapers come to the inn to rest in the heat of the day. The one among us who can read best takes up one of these books, and we all sit around him, listening with great pleasure. I, for one, am so engrossed in the mighty blows and dreadful battles of these knights-errant that I almost feel compelled to join in. I could listen from morning till night. Husband, the hostess pleaded, for then we would have some rest; for at all other times, you are so ill-tempered and snappish.\"\n\"that we lead a hellish life with you. That's true enough,\" Maritornes replied. \"I believe there are lovely stories in those books, particularly the one about the young lady who is so sweetly hugged by her knight under the orange tree, while the damsel watches lest someone comes and stands with her mouth watering. And what do you think of this matter, young miss?\" the curate asked the inn-keeper's daughter. \"I don't understand those things,\" she replied, \"but I enjoy listening to them. Yet I don't like the frightful, ugly fighting that pleases my father so much. Indeed, the sad lamentations of the poor knights for the loss of their mistresses sometimes make me cry. I suppose then, young woman, you will be tender-hearted and never let a lover die for you.\" \"I don't know what will happen in that regard,\" the girl responded.\nI will not be given reason to be called a tigress and lioness, and I do not know how many other ugly names those ladies are often called, and they deserve even worse, for they cannot have a soul or conscience to let such fine gentlemen die or drive them mad for a sight of them? What is the point of all their fiddling and coyness? If they are civil women, why don't they marry them, as that's all their knights would be asking for? Hold your tongue, mistress, said the hostess. How did you come to know all this? It is not for one such as you to speak of such matters. The gentleman only asked me a question, said she. Well, said the curate, do me the favor, good landlord, to bring out these books so I may have a look at them.\n\nWith all my heart, said the innkeeper; and with that, he went to his chamber and opened a little portmanteau that was shut with a chain.\nThe curate took out three large volumes and a parcel of manuscripts with legible titles: Don Quixote's books were labeled \"Don Quixote of Thrace,\" \"Felixmarte of Hircania,\" and \"History of the Great Captain Gon\u00e7alo Hernandez de Corduba, and Life of Diego Garcia Paredes\" bound together. The curate, reading the titles, turned to the barber and said, \"We need Don Quixote's housekeeper and his niece now.\" The barber replied, \"I can manage the way to the backyard or the chimney. There's a good fire that will do the job.\"\n\n\"Business!\" the innkeeper exclaimed. \"I hope you don't mean to burn my books.\"\n\n\"Only two of them,\" the curate assured him. \"Don Quixote's books \u2013 Don Cirongilio and Felixmarte.\"\n\n\"I hope they aren't heretics, schismatics, or phlegmatics,\" the barber clarified.\n\n\"That's what I meant,\" the innkeeper agreed. \"If you must burn any, let it be this one of Gon\u00e7alo Hernandez and Diego Garcia.\"\nFor you should sooner burn one of my Children than the others. These Books, honest Friend, which you appear so concerned for, are senseless Rhapsodies of Falsehoods and Folly. In contrast, this which you so despise is a true History and contains a true Account of two celebrated Men. The first, a Great General, earned immortal Fame through his Bravery and Courage, and his name is universally acknowledged as such by Mankind. The other, Diego Garcia de Paredes, was of Noble Extraction, born in Trujillo, a Town of Extremadura, and was a Man of singular Courage and such mighty Strength that with one hand he could stop a Mill-wheel in its most rapid Motion, and with his single Force defended the Passage of a Bridge against a great Army. Several other great Actions are related in the Memoirs of his Life, but all with so much Modesty and unbiased Truth that they easily pronounce him his own Historian. Had they been written by anyone else, they would have been written with Freedom and Impartiality.\nThey might have surpassed Hector's, Achilles', and Orlando's heroic feats. That's a joke, faith, said the innkeeper. My father could have told you another tale, Sir. Holding a mill-wheel! Why, is that such a great matter? Turn over a leaf of Felixmarte's book, and you'll find how, with one backstroke, he cut down five swinging giants in the middle, like beanstalks. Read how, at another time, he charged a mighty and powerful army of over a million and six hundred thousand fighting men, all armed cap-a-pee, and routed them all like sheep. And what can you say of the worthy Cirongilio of Thrace? He went by water one day and was assaulted by a fiery serpent in the middle of the river. He nimbly leapt upon her back, and hanging by her scaly neck, grasped her throat with both arms. The serpent, finding herself almost strangled, was forced to dive into the water to save herself.\nand carried the knight who refused to let go, to the very bottom, where he found a stately palace and such pleasant gardens, it was a wonder; and straight the serpent turned into a very old man, and told him such things as had never been heard or spoken. Cardenio and Dorothea, hearing the vehemence of his discourse, imagined that he would make another Don Quixote. I tell you, friend, (said the curate), there were never any such persons as your books of chivalry mention, on the face of the earth; your Felixmarte of Hircania and your Cirongilio of Thrace are all but chimeras and fictions of idle and luxuriant wits, who wrote them for the same reason that you read them, because they had nothing else to do. Sir, (said the inn-keeper), you must angle with another bait, or you'll catch no fish. I know what's what, as well as another; I can tell where my own shoe pinches me; and you must not think, sir, to catch old birds with chaff; 'tis a pleasant jest.\nYou should not pretend that these notable Books are lies and stories, why? Are they not in print? Are they not published according to order? Licensed by Authority from the Privy Council? And do you think that they would permit so many lies to be printed at once and such a number of battles and enchantments to set us all a-madding? I have already told you (friend), replied the Curate, that this is licensed for our amusement in our idle hours; for the same reason that tennis, billiards, chess, and other recreations are tolerated, that men may find a pastime for those hours they cannot find employment for. Neither could the government foresee this inconvenience from such books, that you urge, because they could not reasonably suppose any rational person would believe their absurdities. And were this a proper time, I could say a great deal in favor of such writings.\nAnd how with some Regulations they might be made both instructive and diverting; I intend to share my thoughts on this matter with those who can rectify it as soon as possible. In the meantime, honest landlord, you may believe your books to be true if you wish, and I hope you never encounter the same blind side with your guest Don Quixote. Around the middle of their conversation, Sancho entered, who, despite their contempt for chivalry, resolved to remain loyal to his master. If his intended expedition failed, he planned to return to his family and farm. As the innkeeper was taking away the books, the curate asked for permission to examine the manuscripts that seemed so well-written; he handed them to him, numbering eight sheets. On one of them, a large hand had written:\nThe Novel of the Curious Impertinent. The title promises something, the Curate said. It may be worth reading, he continued. Your Reverence, the Inn-keeper replied, may be better employed; these papers have received the approval of several ingenious guests who have asked for them. I would not part with them, the Inn-keeper emphasized, until I deliver them to the owner of this portmanteau who left it here with these books and papers. I may see him again, I'll restore them honestly, the Inn-keeper assured, for I am as Christian as my neighbors, despite being an inn-keeper. But I hope, the Curate insisted, you won't deny a copy of it. Nay, as to that matter, the Host agreed. Cardenio, having read it a little, recommended it to the Curate for the entertainment of the company. The Curate attempted to excuse himself by urging the unseasonable hour and the need for sleep.\nAnselmo and Lothario, two prominent men of Florence, the capital city of Tuscany, Italy, were renowned for their friendship. They were young and unmarried, of the same age and disposition, which contributed to the durability of their affection. Anselmo was more amorously inclined, while Lothario had a greater love for hunting; yet they loved each other above all other considerations, and willingly sacrificed their own pleasure for their friend's. Their wills, like the different motions of a well-regulated watch, were always subservient to their unity.\nAnselmo and his friend kept in touch. Anselmo eventually fell deeply in love with a Beautiful Lady from the same city, whose fortune and family were so appealing to him that he resolved, with his friend's consent, to ask for her hand in marriage. Lothario handled the affair, using his charm to secure Camilla for Anselmo within a few days. Both were greatly pleased with the outcome, and Anselmo expressed his gratitude to Lothario with a thousand acknowledgments.\n\nDuring the nuptials, Lothario was present every day, doing all he could to add to the festivities. However, as soon as the newlyweds had received the congratulations of their friends and the nuptial ceremonies were over, Lothario withdrew with the rest of their acquaintance, sensibly assuming that his visits were no longer welcome.\nAnselmo expressed concern over Lothario's decreased visits to his house after marriage. True friendship banishes suspicion and jealousy, but a married man's honor is delicate and susceptible to being tarnished by even the closest relations. Anselmo, who deeply valued his friendship with Lothario, lamented that he would have never paid such a price for marital satisfaction if he had believed it would cost him their cherished friendship. He begged Lothario, if it was permissible, to continue their close bond.\nLothario returned to his former familiarity and freedom of conversation with his friend, assuring him that his wife's will and pleasure were formed by his own. Being acquainted with their ancient and strict friendship, she was equally surprised at this unexpected change. Lothario replied to these endearing persuasions of his friend with prudence and discretion, convincing him of the sincerity of his intentions in what he had done. They agreed that Lothario should dine twice a week at his house besides holy days. Lothario's compliance with this resolution was only not to disoblige his friend. He designed to observe it no farther than he should find it consistent with Anselmo's honor, whose reputation was as dear to him as his own. A friend's or relation's house should be as cautious of the friends whom they brought home to their beautiful wife as other female acquaintance and visitors.\nA married man often finds it easy and unsuspected to accomplish things that cannot be done in the Church, markets, or public entertainments and places of resort. To this Anselmo replied that for this very reason, every married man should have a friend to remind him of the deficiencies in his conduct. A husband's fondness often prevents him from seeing, or at least from commanding or forbidding his wife from engaging in activities that may be advantageous or prejudicial to his reputation. A friend's warning and advice could provide him with a proper remedy. But where can we find such a friend, wise and truthful as Anselmo demands? I must confess I cannot tell, unless it were Lothario, whose care for his friend's honor made him so cautious as not to comply with his promised visiting days.\nIf the gentleman's frequent admission to Camilla's house raised concerns among malicious observers due to Camilla's celebrated beauty, the gentleman, despite his known virtue, chose to spend most of the time he had promised to Anselmo in other places and employments, offering reasonable excuses. Anselmo acknowledged the lack of love and friendship on one side and plausible excuses on the other, leading to accusations passing the days in the fields. Anselmo expressed, \"I know very well that of all the favors and benefits for which Heaven commands my gratitude, my birth and fortune are among them.\"\nAnd Nature; the greatest and most obliging is the gift of such a wife and such a friend; being both of you pledges of so great value, that though it's impossible for me to raise my esteem and love equal to your deserts, yet is no man capable of having a greater. And yet while I am in possession of all that can or usually does make a man happy, I live the most discontented life in the world. I am not able to tell you when my misery began, which now inwardly torments me with such strange, extravagant, and singular a desire, that I never reflect on it but I wonder at myself, and condemn and curb my folly, and would fain hide my desires even from myself: And yet I have received no more advantage from this private confusion than if I had published my extravagance to all the world. Since therefore it will at last break out, dear Lothario.\nI would have it go no farther than your known Fidelity and Secrecy; for that and my own Industry (which as my friend, you will turn to my assistance) will quickly, I hope, free me from the Anguish it now gives me and restore me that Tranquility of which my own Folly has deprived me. Lothario stood in great suspense, unable to guess at the consequence of so strange and prolix an introduction. In vain he racked his imagination for the causes of his friend's affliction; the truth was the last thing he could think of. But no longer to remain in doubt, he told Anselmo that he did his friendship a particular injury, in not coming directly to the point in the discovery of his thoughts to him, since his counsels might enable him to support, and perhaps to lose or compass such importunate desires.\n\n'Tis very true, replied Anselmo, and with that assurance, I must inform you, that the desire that gives me so much pain is...\nI cannot determine if Camilla is as virtuous as I believe, for this can only be proven through a trial that reveals the true measure of her worth, like gold refined by fire. In my opinion, no woman has more virtue than she who retains it despite the most earnest solicitations. The truly chaste woman is one who has withstood the force of tears, vows, promises, gifts, and all the importunities of a lover not easily denied. Where is the praise of a woman's virtue if no one has ever tried to corrupt her? Where is the wonder if a wife is reserved when she has no temptation or opportunity to be otherwise, especially if she has a jealous husband who punishes the slightest appearances of infidelity with death. I can never esteem highly one whose virtue is due only to fear or lack of opportunity to be unfaithful.\nI, who have triumphantly withstood all assaults of a vigorous and watchful lover, yet retain my virtue intact and unshaken. Reasons abound, which I could present to support my belief. I desire that my Camilla's virtue be put to the test through the fiery trial of vigorous solicitations and addresses from a gallant man, who may possess merit enough to deserve her good opinion. If, as I am confident she will, she is able to resist such an agreeable temptation, I shall consider myself the happiest man in the world, having attained the height and utmost aim of my desires. I shall then proclaim that a virtuous woman has come into my possession, as the Wise Man says, \"Who can find such a woman?\" If she yields, at least I shall find my opinion of women vindicated, and not be deceived by a foolish confidence that misleads most men. This consideration will be enough to help me bear the grief I shall experience from such an expensive experiment.\nassuring myself that nothing you can say will dissuade me from my resolution, I desire that you yourself, my dear friend, would be the person to put my design into execution. I will furnish you with opportunities enough for making your addresses, in which I would have you omit nothing you may suppose likely to prevail and mollify a woman of quality, without passion and reserved and discreet by nature. The most prevailing reason that makes me choose you for this affair above all others is, because if she should prove so frail as to be overcome by address and importunities, the victory will not cost me so dear, since I am secured from your taking that advantage of which another might make no scruple. And so my honor will remain untouched, and the intended injury a secret, in the virtue of your silence; for I know my friend so well that death and the grave will as soon divulge my affairs. Wherefore, if you would give me life indeed and deliver me from the most perplexing torment of doubt.\n you will immediately begin this Amorous Assault, with all that Vigour, Assi\u2223duity, and Courage, I expect from that Confi\u2223dence I put in your Friendship.\nLothario gave so great an Attention to Anselmo's Reasons, that he gave him no other Interruption, than what we mention'd. But, now finding his Discourse was at an end, full of Amazement at the Extravagance of the Proposal, he thus reply'd. Could I, my dear Anselmo, perswade my self that what you have said were any more than a piece of Raillery, I should not have been so long silent; no, I should have interrupted you at the beginning of your Speech. Sure you know neither your self nor me, Anselmo, or you would never have em\u2223ploy'd me in such an Affair, if you had not thought me as much alter'd from what I was, as you seem to be; for as the Poet has it, usque ad aras; A true Friend ought to desire nothing of his Friend that is offen\u2223sive to Heaven. But should a Man so far exert his Friendship\nAnselmo, as I am to deviate a little from the severity of religion in compliance to my friend, no trivial motive can excuse the transgression. Which of these is Anselmo in danger, to warrant my undertaking so detestable a thing as you desire? I dare not engage. On the contrary, you would make me the assassin of both, in which my own is included. For, to rob you of your reputation is to take away your life, since an infamous life is worse than death. And by making me the guilty instrument of this, as you would have me, you make me worse than a dead man by the murder of my reputation. Therefore, I desire you would hear with patience what I have to urge against your extravagant desire, and I shall afterwards hear your reply without interruption. Anselmo having promised his attention, Lothario proceeded in this manner. In my opinion, you are not unlike the Moors, who are incapable of being convinced of the error of their religion by scripture.\nspeculative Reasons, or those drawn from our Faith's Articles; and require nothing but Demonstrations as evident as mathematics, which can be denied no more than when we say, If from two equal parts we take away two equal parts, the remaining parts are also equal. And when they do not comprehend this proposition, which is seldom the case, we are obliged, by our hands, to make it yet clearer and more obvious to their senses; yet all this labor will ultimately prove ineffective in convincing them of our Religion's truths. The same method I shall use with you, since your strange desire is so very foreign to all reason, that I greatly fear I shall spend my time and labor in vain, in attempting to convince you of your own folly, for I can afford it no other name. Nay, had I not loved you as I do, I would leave you to the pursuit of your own odd humor, which certainly tends to your ruin. But to lay your folly a little more open:\n\n(Note: The text has been cleaned as much as possible while preserving the original content. No significant OCR errors were detected.)\nyou bid Anselmo attempt a woman of honor, cautious of her reputation, and one not much inclined to love. If you already know your wife possesses these good qualities of prudence, discretion, honor, and reservedness, what more do you have to inquire about? And if you believe, as I do myself, that she will be impregnable to all my advances, what greater and better names will you give her than she already deserves? Either you pretend to think better of her than really you do, or else you desire to know something unknown about yourself. But if you do not believe her as virtuous as you pretend, why put it to the trial, why not rather use her as you think she deserves? On the other hand, if she is as good as you profess to believe, why tempt truth and goodness itself without any reasonable prospect of advantage? For when the trial is over\nShe will be the same Virtuous Woman, unchanged. It is allowed that temerity and lack of reason lead one to attempt what only brings danger and harm to the undertaker, especially when there is no necessity for it and when the folly of the endeavor is easily foreseen. Motives for difficult attempts include Religion, Interest, or both combined. The first inspires saints to live angelic lives in these frail bodies, while the second drives us to face the hazards of long voyages and travels in pursuit of riches. The third motive is a combination of both, prompting us to act for the honor of God, our prince, and our country, as an example, the valiant soldier who, urged by duty to God, his prince, and his country, fiercely charges into the midst of a dreadful breach.\n\"unterrifed with any considerations of the danger that threatens him. These are things done every day, and let them be never so dangerous, they give honor, glory, and profit to those that attempt them. But by the project you design to reduce to an experiment; you will never obtain, either the glory of heaven, profit, or reputation: for should the experiment answer your expectation, it will make no addition either to your content, honor, or riches; but if it disappoints your hopes, it makes you the most miserable man alive. And the imaginary advantage of no man's knowing your disgrace will soon vanish when you consider, that to know it yourself will be enough to supply you perpetually with all the tormenting thoughts in the world. A proof of this is what the famous poet Ludovico Ariosto at the end of his first part of this poem, written originally in Italian, is translated into Spanish by Juan Sedeno, and into French by Malherbe. St. Peter's Tears says in these words: Shame, Grief.\"\nRemorse increases in Peter's breast, as morning reveals his crime. When unseen, he sees himself most clearly, and with horror, surveys his soul. A great spirit requires no censoring eyes to wound it, when conscious of a fault; but self-condemned and self-punished, lies in fear of upbraiding thought. Your boasted secrecy, far from alleviating your grief, will only serve to increase it; and if your eyes do not express it by outward tears, they will flow from your very heart in blood.\n\nSo wept the simple Doctor, who, as our poet tells us, performed an experiment on the fragile vessel, which the more prudent Reynoldo excused himself from doing. This is but a poetical fiction, yet the moral it enforces is worthy of observation and imitation. And accordingly, I hope you will discover the strange mistake into which you would run, Anselmo, had you a diamond.\nas valuable in the judgment of the best jewellers as such a stone could be, would you not be satisfied with their opinion without trying its hardness on the anvil? you must own, that should it be proof against your blows, it would not be one jot the more valuable, than really it was before your foolish trial; but should it happen to break, as well it might, the jewel were then entirely lost, as well as the sense and reputation of the owner. This precious diamond, my friend, is your Camilla, for so she ought to be esteemed in all men's opinions as well as your own; why then would you imprudently put her in danger of failing, since your trial will add no greater value to her than she has already? But if she should prove frail, reflect upon the unhappiness of your condition, and how justly you might complain of your being the cause of both her ruin and your own. Consider, that as a modest and honest woman is the most valuable jewel in the world.\nSo does all a woman's virtue and honor consist in the opinion and reputation she maintains with others. Since that of your wife is perfect, both in your own and all others' opinion, why go to no purpose and question its reality? Remember, my friend, that the nature of women is at best weak and imperfect. For this reason, we should not hinder its course to perfection, which is virtue, but with immense care remove every appearance that might obstruct it.\n\nThe naturalists tell us that the ermine is a very white little creature. When hunters have discovered its haunts, they surround it almost with dirt and mire, towards which the ermine, rather than sully its native white with dirt, suffers itself to be taken, preferring its color to its liberty and life. The virtuous woman is our ermine, whose chastity is whiter than snow; but to preserve her color unsullied, we must protect her from every obstacle.\nA contrary method requires you to avoid a woman's addresses and services from an importunate lover. These are the mire into which you should not drive a woman, as she may not be able to free herself and avoid it, being too apt to stumble into it. Instead, place before her the candor and beauty of virtue and the charms of a good fame and reputation. A good woman is like a crystal mirror, which will be dimmed and stained by too much handling. She should be used like religious relics, adored but not touched, or like a garden of delicate flowers, which can only be appreciated from a distance. I shall add a few verses from a recent play, suitable for our purpose, where a prudent old man advised his neighbor with a daughter to keep her locked up:\n\n\"A prudent old man said to his neighbor,\nWhose fair young daughter was a great favorite,\n'Lock up your daughter, keep her from the world,\nFor men's eyes, like a ravenous wolf,\nWill devour her youth and beauty,\nLeaving her a mere shadow of her former self.\nKeep her safe, my friend, from their lecherous gaze,\nAnd grant her the sweet bliss of innocence,\nPreserved in the sanctuary of your home.'\"\nBesides several others. Since nothing is frailer than woman and glass, He who exposes them to fall is a fool; And the rash mortal is yet more unwise, Who experiments on bodies so ticklish. With ease, both are damaged; then keep that with care Which no art can restore, nor any sorrow repair. Fond man, take my counsel, watch what is so frail; For where Danaus lie, golden showers will prevail. I have hitherto urged only what concerns you. I may now, at last, be allowed to consider what concerns myself; and if I am tedious, I hope you will pardon me; for, to draw you out of the labyrinth into which you have run yourself, I am forced on this prolixity. You call me friend, yet what is absolutely inconsistent with friendship, you would rob me of my honor; Nay, you stop not here, but would oblige me to destroy yours. First, that you would rob me of mine is evident; for, what will Camilla think when I make a declaration of love to her, but that I am a perfidious villain?\nthat make no scruple of violating the most sacred Laws of Friendship, and who sacrifice the Honor and Reputation of my Friend to a Criminal Passion. Secondly, I destroy yours is just as evident; for when she sees me take such a liberty with her, she will imagine that I have discovered some Weakness in her that has given me assurance to make her so guilty a discovery. By this reasoning, the husband, though never so deserving, cautious, and careful, suffers the infamy of a scandalous name if his wife goes astray. In reason, he ought rather to be an object of compassion than contempt, seeing the misfortune proceeds from the vice and folly of his wife, not his own defects. But since the reason and justice of the man's suffering for his wife's transgression may be serviceable to you.\nI'll give you the best account I can; please do not find me tedious, as this is meant for your good. When Woman was given to Man, and marriage first ordained in Paradise, Man and Wife were made and pronounced one flesh; therefore, the husband being a part of the wife, whatever affects her affects him. Though, as I have said, he has not caused it: For as the whole body is affected by the pain of any part, as the head will share the pain of the foot, though it never caused that pain, so is the husband touched by his wife's infamy because she is a part of him. And since all worldly honors and dishonors are derived from flesh and blood, and the scandalous baseness of an unfaithful wife proceeds from the same principle, it necessarily follows that the husband, though no party in the offense and entirely ignorant and innocent of it, must share the infamy. Let what I have said, my dear Anselmo, make you sensible of the danger into which you would run.\nby attempting to disturb the peaceful tranquility and repose that your wife currently enjoys, and for what vain curiosity and extravagant caprice, you would rouse and awake those wayward humors which are now lulled asleep by the power of unattempted chastity. Consider further, how small a return you can expect from such a hazardous voyage, and the valuable commodities you risk; for the treasure you will lose is so great and ought to be so dear, that all words are too inadequate to express how much you ought to value it. But if all I have said is too weak to deter your foolish resolve, employ some other means of your disgrace and ruin; for, though I would lose your friendship, a loss which I must esteem the greatest in the world, I will have no part in an affair so prejudicial to your honor.\n\nLothario said no more. Anselmo, noticing a despondent melancholy in his face, remained silent and confused for a long time. At last, I have said, Anselmo told his friend.\nI have listened to your discourse with all the attention nature affords, and every part of what you have said convinces me of your great wisdom and friendship. I must confess, if my desires prevail over your reasons, I shun the good and pursue the evil. But, my friend, you should also consider that my affliction is not much different from that of women who sometimes crave coals, lime, and even things loathsome to the sight. Therefore, some artful means should be employed to effect my cure, which could easily be accomplished if you would but persuade Camilla, however weakly or remissly; for I am certain she will not be so fragile as to surrender at the first assault, which will be sufficient to give me the satisfaction I desire. In this, you will fulfill the duty of our friendship by restoring me to life.\nAnd securing my honor with your persuasive reasons. You are indeed bound as my friend to do this much to prevent me from revealing my defects and folly to a stranger, which would certainly shock their reputation, which you have taken great pains to preserve. Since I am so determined on this experiment, if you refuse me, I shall certainly apply myself elsewhere. And though your reputation may suffer in Camilla's opinion for a while, yet when she has once proven triumphant, you may cure that wound and recover her good opinion through a sincere discovery of your design. Therefore, I implore you to comply with my importunity, despite all the obstacles that may present themselves to you, since what I desire is so little, and the pleasure I shall derive from it so great. For as I have promised, your very first attempt shall satisfy me as much as if you had gone through the whole experiment.\n\nLothario clearly saw that Anselmo's resolution was too fixed for anything he could say to alter it.\nAnd finding that he threatened to reveal his folly to a stranger if he persisted in refusal, to avoid greater inconveniences, he resolved to seem to comply with his desires. He privately designed to satisfy Anselmo's caprice without giving Camilla any trouble. Therefore, he asked him not to reveal it to anyone else, as he would handle it himself and begin as soon as Anselmo pleased. Anselmo embraced him with all the love and tenderness imaginable, and was as prodigal of his thanks as if the very promise had been the greatest obligation that could be laid on him. They immediately agreed on the next day for the trial, at which time Anselmo would give him the opportunity to be alone with her, and gold and jewels to present her with. He advised him to omit no point of gallantry, such as serenades, songs, and verses in her praise. Offering to make them himself if Lothario would not be at the trouble, but Lothario promised him to do it all himself.\nThough his design was different from Anselmo's. After settling the matter, they returned to Anselmo's house, where they found Camilla sad due to her husband's prolonged absence, beyond the usual. Lothario left Anselmo there and went home, pensive about how to handle this ridiculous affair gracefully, as he had left Anselmo pleased and contented with his involvement. But that night, Lothario devised a way to satisfy Anselmo without offending Camilla. The next day, he went to Anselmo's house and was received by Camilla with civility and respect, commensurate with the deep friendship she knew existed between him and her husband. After dinner, Anselmo asked his friend to keep Camilla company in his absence, which would take about an hour and a half. Camilla begged him not to go; Lothario offered to go with him, but he pleaded pressing business, insisting his friend stay.\nAnd he enjoined his wife not to leave him until his return; and so he left them alone together, with no one to observe their actions, as all the servants had retired for dinner. Thus Lothario entered the lists, his adversary before him, terribly armed with a thousand piercing beauties, sufficient to overcome all the women he would encounter, which gave him cause enough to fear his own fate. The first thing he did in this first onset was to lean his head carelessly on his hand and ask for permission to take a nap in his chair until his friend returned. Camilla told him he might rest more easily on the couch in the next room; he declared himself satisfied with the place where he was, and so slept until his friend returned. Anselmo, finding his wife in her chamber and Lothario asleep upon his return, concluded that he had given them ample time for conversation and repose; and therefore waited with great impatience for his friend's awakening.\nLothario answered that he didn't think it was convenient to praise Guiscardini's wife in detail yet, as it would best prepare her for what he might say later and make her more receptive. He used the devil as an analogy, explaining that the devil often deceives us by offering a pleasing disguise at first, gaining our trust before revealing his true nature. Anselmo was satisfied with Lothario's response and promised him regular opportunities to meet with Guiscardini's wife. Although Anselmo couldn't go out every day, he managed the situation so well that Camilla had no reason to suspect anything. Lothario, however, intentionally missed the opportunities given to him.\nHe soothed him still with assurances that his lady was inflexible, her virtue not to be surmounted, and she had threatened to reveal his attempts to her husband if he ever presumed to be so insolent again. Thus far 'tis well, said Anselmo, but yet Camilla has resisted nothing but words. Tomorrow I will furnish you with two thousand crowns in gold to present her with, and as a farther bait you shall have as much more in jewels. For women, especially if they are handsome, naturally love to go gaily and richly dressed, be they never so chaste and virtuous; and if she has the power to overcome this temptation, I'll give you no farther trouble. Since I have begun this adventure, replied Lothario, I will make an end of it. Though I am sure her repulses will tire out my patience, and her virtue overcome any temptation.\nAnd baffled my efforts. The next day Anselmo gave him the four thousand crowns, and with them came as many perplexing thoughts, as he didn't know how to supply his invention with a new story to entertain his friend. However, at last he resolved to return the money, assuring him that Camilla was unmoved by presents, as by praise, and untouched by promises and sighs of love; and therefore all further attempts would be in vain. This was his intention; but fortune, meddling too much in these affairs, disrupted his designs. For Anselmo, having left him alone with his wife one day as he usually did, privately conveyed himself into the closet and through the chinks of the door set himself to observe what they did. He found that for one half hour Lothario said not one word to Camilla, from which he concluded that all the addresses, importunities, and repulses with which he had amused him were pure fictions. But, to be fully satisfied in the truth of his surmise, he decided to spy on them further.\nLothario came to his friend and asked what Camilla had said to him and how she was inclined now. Lothario replied that he would make no further attempts at conversation with her since her answer had been so severe and awful that he dared not continue.\n\nAh, Lothario, Lothario, Anselmo cried, are you keeping your promises? Is this what I should expect from your friendship? I saw you through the door and saw that you said nothing to Camilla. From that, I am convinced that all the answers and relations you have given me were false. Why did you prevent me from seeking someone else if you had no intention of satisfying my desire? Anselmo said no more, but this was enough to confound Lothario and cover him with shame for deceiving me. Therefore, to appease his friend, Lothario swore from that time forward to take the matter seriously and deal with it effectively.\nHe himself, if he were to observe Anselmo again, would find sufficient proof of his sincerity. Anselmo believed him, and to provide a better opportunity, Anselmo's friend was instructed with great urgency to summon him to his house in a village near the city. There, Anselmo intended to spend eight days, with the hope of allaying both his friend's apprehensions and his wife's fears.\n\nUnhappy Anselmo, who contrived the plot of his own ruin and dishonor! He had a good wife, and she was content with him, without another man intruding upon their pleasures. Her thoughts were confined to her own house and her husband, the only earthly good she hoped or thought about, and her only pleasure and desire. When he possessed love, honor, beauty, and discretion, without pain or toil, what could provoke him to seek with such danger and risk to what he already had?\nHe who seeks impossible things should forfeit advantages within reach, as the poet sings. In Death, I seek Life, In Disease, Health, For Quietness in Strife, In Poverty, Wealth, And constant Truth in an inconstant Wise. But the Fates disdain My mad Desires to please, Nor shall I obtain What others get with Ease, Since I demand what no Man ever could gain.\n\nThe next day Anselmo left town. Having first informed Camilla that his friend Lothario would look after his affairs and keep her company in his absence. She begged him to consider how inappropriate it was for anyone to take his place in his absence. And told him, if he doubted her ability to manage her house, he should try her this time.\nAnd she questioned not that he would find she had the capacity to acquit herself to his satisfaction in greater matters. Anselmo replied that it was her duty not to dispute but obey his command. To this she returned, that she would comply, though much against her will. In short, her husband left the town. Lothario was received at her house the next day with all the respect that could be paid a friend so dear to her husband; yet with such caution that she never permitted herself to be left alone with him, but kept perpetually some of her maids in the room, and chiefly Leonela, for whom she had a particular love, as having been bred in her father's house with her from her infancy. Lothario said nothing to her the first three days, notwithstanding he might have found an opportunity when the servants were gone to dinner. Though the prudent Camilla had ordered Leonela to dine before her.\nShe remained in the room to avoid going out, but Camilla, who had other preoccupations and found this the most convenient time to indulge in them, was not always so obedient to her lady's commands. Lothario did not yet take advantage of these opportunities, as I mentioned earlier, due to Camilla's virtue and modesty. However, this silence from Camilla had an unexpected effect on Lothario. Although he said nothing, his thoughts were active and his eyes were occupied with surveying the outward charms of a form so perfect that it could ignite even the coldest and harden the most obstinate heart. During these periods of silence, Lothario contemplated how deserving she was of love.\nAnd these considerations, little by little, undermined and assaulted his friend's faith in him. He resolved to leave the city and retire where Anselmo would never see him, and where he would never again behold the dangerous face of Camilla. But the extreme pleasure he found in seeing her soon destroyed this feeble resolve. When he was alone, he would accuse Anselmo's folly and madness as greater than his infidelity, and often compared himself to Anselmo, concluding that Anselmo's folly would be more easily excused by Heaven than his own intentions, and that he had no cause to fear any punishment for the crime he was about to commit. In the end, Camilla's beauty and the opportunity given him by the husband himself vanquished his faith and friendship. And now, having an eye only to the means of obtaining that pleasure.\nLothario, prompted by great violence, spent the first three days of Anselmo's absence in a conflict between Love and Virtue. He then tried by all means possible to persuade Camilla and discovered so much passion in his words and actions that Camilla, surprised by the unexpected assault, threw him out of the room and retired hastily to her chamber. Hope is always born with love, and this repulse did not discourage Lothario from further attempts on Camilla, who appeared more charming and more worthy of his pursuit. Camilla, upon reflection, since she could not give him an opportunity to speak to her again without risk to her reputation and honor, decided to send a letter to her husband soliciting his return to his house. She sent the letter that very night by a messenger.\nAnd it was for this purpose. It is very improper to leave an army without a general, and a garrison without a governor. I find myself so entirely in your's, and so impatient and unable to endure it any longer, that if you do not come home quickly, I shall be obliged to return to my father's, though I leave your house without anyone to look after it. The person to whom you have entrusted the care of your family has, I believe, more regard for his own pleasure than your concerns. You are wise and prudent, and therefore I shall say no more. Anselmo was not a little satisfied with the receipt of this letter, which assured him that Lothario had begun the attempt, which she had repelled according to his hopes. Therefore, he sent her word not to leave his house.\nCamilla was surprised by his answer and more perplexed than before. She was equally afraid of disobeying her husband by going to her father and staying at home, as the latter ran the risk of compromising her honor. The worst resolution prevailed, which was to stay at her own house and not avoid Lothario's company, lest it give cause for suspicion to her servants. She repented her letter to Anselmo, fearing he would suspect an indiscretion on her part that made him lose respect for her and offer to corrupt her honor. But trusting in Heaven and her own innocence, which she believed was proof against all of Lothario's attempts, she resolved to make no answer to whatever he said to her and never again trouble her husband with complaints.\nFor fear of engaging him in disputes and quarrels with his friend, she considered how she might best excuse herself to Anselmo when he examined the cause of her writing to him in such a manner. With a resolution so innocent and dangerous, the next day she listened to all that Lothario said, and he assaulted her with such force and vigor that Camilla's constancy could not withstand the shock unmov'd, and her virtue could do no more than guard her eyes from betraying that tender compassion, of which his vows and entreaties, and all his sighs and tears had made her heart sensible. Lothario discovered this with infinite satisfaction, and no less addition to his flame; and found that he ought to make use of this opportunity of Anselmo's absence with all his force and importunity to win so valuable a fortress. He began with the powerful battery of the praise of her beauty, which being directly pointed on the weakest part of woman, her vanity.\nWith the greatest ease and facility in the world, Lothario made a breach as great as a lover would desire. Lothario was not unskilled or remiss in his attack, but followed his passion so closely that let Camilla's integrity be built on never so obdurate a rock, it must at last have fallen. He wept, prayed, flattered, promised, swore, and showed so much passion and truth in what he said that, bearing down the care of her honor, he at last triumphed over what he scarcely dared hope, though what he most of all desired; for she at last surrendered, even Camilla surrendered. Nor ought we to wonder if she yielded, since even Lothario's friendship and virtue were not able to withstand the terrible assault; an evident proof that love is a power too strong to be overcome by anything but flying, and that no mortal creature ought to be so presumptuous as to stand the encounter, since there is need of something more than human, and indeed a heavenly force.\nTo confront and quell that human Passion, Leonela was the only one who knew of this Love, which these new Lovers and faithless Friends could not conceal from her knowledge. Lothario would not reveal to Camilla that her Husband had deliberately given him this opportunity, to which he owed such extreme happiness, because she would not think he solicited her love with importunity or that she had been won over too easily.\n\nAnselmo returned home in a few days, but discovered not what he had lost, though it was what he most valued and esteemed. From thence he went to Lothario and embracing him, begged of him to reveal his fate. All I can tell you, my Friend, answered Lothario, is that you may boast of yourself as the husband of the best wife in the world, the ornament of her sex, and the pattern which all virtuous women ought to follow. Words, offers, presents, all are ineffectual; the tears I pretended to shed were meaningless.\nCamilla is not only the possessor of the greatest Beauty, but of Modesty, Discretion, Sweetness of Temper, and every other Virtue and Perfection that add to the Charms of a Woman of Honor. Therefore, my Friend, take back your Money; I have had no occasion to spend it, for Camilla's Integrity cannot be corrupted by such base and mercenary things as Gifts and Promises. And now, Anselmo, be content with the trial you have already made, and having successfully navigated the dangerous quicksands of Doubts and Suspicions that are to be found in the Ocean of Matrimony, do not venture out again with another pilot; believe yourself, as you are, securely anchored in a safe Harbor, at Pleasure and Ease, till Death, from whose Force no Title, Power, nor Dignity can secure us, comes and cuts the Cable. Anselmo was extremely satisfied with Lothario's Discourse.\nAnd he believed it as firmly as if it had been an oracle; yet he asked him to continue his pursuit, if only to pass the time: He did not ask him to press Camilla with the importunities he had used, but only to write verses in her praise, under the name of Cloris. He would make Camilla believe he celebrated a lady he loved under that name, to secure her honor and reputation from the censure that a more open declaration would incur. He added, if Lothario would not take on the trouble and time to compose them himself, he would do it for him with great pleasure. Lothario replied there was no need for that, since he himself was sometimes poetically inclined; tell Camilla of my love according to your design, and I will write the verses as well as I can, though not as well as the excellence of the subject requires. The curious, impertinent man and his treacherous friend having thus agreed on the matter, Anselmo went home.\nCamilla replied to Anselmo that her reason for writing him in such a manner was due to her jealousy, as she had suspected Lothario of looking at her with more criminal and desiring eyes while he was away. However, since she had learned that her suspicion was unfounded, as Lothario showed an aversion rather than love towards her, Anselmo assured Camilla that she had no reason to fear Lothario's infidelity, as he was now engaged with one of the noblest young ladies in the city, whose praise he had written under the name of Cloris. Despite this conversation, Camilla would have remained jealous of Lothario.\nHad he not told her of his plan to seduce her husband, using the pretext of another love, so he could praise her and express his passion more freely? The next day at dinner, Anselmo asked him to read some verses he had written about his beloved Cloris, suggesting he could speak freely about her before Camilla since she didn't know who the lady was. If Camilla knew her, Lothario replied, that wouldn't stop him from praising her or expressing his part of the praise she was due. A lover's complaints about his mistress's cruelty while praising her perfections would never harm her reputation. Therefore, without fear, I shall recite a sonnet I wrote yesterday on Cloris's ingratitude.\n\nAt dead of night, when every troubled breast\nIs eased of anxious pain by balmy sleep,\nWhen even slaves are blessed in pleasing dreams,\nHeaven and Cloris restless, I complain.\n\nThe rosy morn dispels the shades of night,\nThe sun, the pleasures of the day begin.\nAnd the day returns; all nature's cheered with reviving light. I, only I, can never cease to mourn. At noon in vain I bid my sorrow cease, The heat increases, and my pains increase. And still my soul in the mild evening grieves: The night returns, and my complaints renew. No moment sees me free; in vain I sue, Heaven never relents, and Cloris never relieves.\n\nCamilla was pleased with the sonnet, but Anselmo was transported. He was lavish with his commendation and added that the lady must be barbarously cruel who made no return for so much truth and such violent passion.\n\nCamilla: Must we then believe all that a poet in love tells us for truth?\n\nLothario: Madam, the poet may exceed, but the lover corrects his fondness for fiction, and makes him speak truth.\n\nAnselmo confirmed whatever Lothario said to advance his credit with Camilla, but she paid no heed to her husband's confirmations.\nI was sufficiently persuaded by my passion for Lothario to have an implicit faith in all he said; therefore, pleased with this composition, and more satisfied in the knowledge that it was addressed to me as the true Cloris, I asked him to repeat some other verses he had made on that subject if he could remember any. I remember some, replied Lothario, but, Madam, in my opinion, they are not so tolerable as the former; but you shall be the judge yourself.\n\nI Die your victim, cruel fair,\nAnd die without reprieve,\nIf you can think your slave can bear\nYour cruelty and live.\n\nSince all my hopes of ease are vain,\nTo die I now submit;\nAnd that you may not think I feign,\nIt must be at your feet.\n\nYet when my bleeding heart you view,\nBright Nymph, forbear to grieve;\nFor I had rather die for you,\nThan for another live.\n\nIn Death and dark Oblivion's grave\nOh! let me lie forlorn,\nFor my poor ghost would pine and rave.\nShould you yield and mourn, Anselmo praised this sonnet of his son as profusely as the last, adding new fuel to the fire consuming his reputation. He commended his false friend's attempts on his honor as the greatest service he could do, believing every step Camilla took towards contempt and disgrace was a degree she ascended towards the perfection of virtue he desired.\n\nSome time later, Camilla, alone with her maid, confessed, \"I am ashamed, my Leonela, that I gave Lothario such an easy conquest over me, and did not know my own worth enough to make him undergo greater trials before I made such a complete surrender. Ah, Madam, Leonela replied,\".\nLet that not disquiet you; for the speedy bestowal of a benefit of intrinsic value, which you intend to bestow last, can never lessen the favor; for, according to the old proverb, he who gives quickly gives twice. In response to your proverb, Camilla replied, \"That which costs little is less valued.\" But this has nothing to do with you, replied Leonela, since it is said of love that it sometimes goes, sometimes flies; runs with one, walks gravely with another; turns a third into ice, and sets a fourth in a flame: it wounds one, another it kills; like lightning, it begins and ends in the same moment: it makes that fort yield at night which it besieged but in the morning, for there is no force able to resist it. Since this is evident, what cause have you to be surprised at your own frailty? And why should you apprehend anything from Lothario, who has felt the same irresistible power and yielded to it as soon? For love, to gain a conquest, took the short opportunity of my lord's absence.\nWhich, being so short and uncertain, Love, having determined this should be done, added force and vigor to the lover, not leaving anything to time and chance, which might, by Anselmo's return, cut off all opportunities of accomplishing so agreeable a work. The best and most officious servant of Love's retinue is occasion or opportunity: This it is that Love improves in all its progress, but most in the beginning and first rise of an amour. I trust not in what I have said to the uncertainty of report, but to experience, which affords the most certain and most valuable knowledge. I will inform you, Madam, some day or other; for I am like you, made of frail flesh and blood, fired by youth and youthful desires. But, Madam, you did not surrender to Lothario till you had sufficient proof of his love from his eyes, his vows, his promises.\nAnd you were convinced of his person and mind's beauty, granting you the reason to love him. Disregard these fears and jealousies, Madam. Your stars have decreed that you be a love's victim, and you have fallen for one possessing the four S's of a good lover: agreeable, bountiful, constant, dutiful, easy, faithful, gallant, honorable, ingenious, kind, loyal, mild, noble, officious, prudent, quiet, rich, secret, true, valiant, wise. He is young and zealous for your honor and service. Camilla scoffed at her woman's alphabet, believing herself more knowledgeable in love's practicalities than she had admitted.\nShe informed her mistress of an affair between her and a young townman. Camilla was concerned, fearing her honor might be compromised by her servant's indiscretion. She asked if the affair had gone beyond words. Leonela, without fear or shame, admitted her guilty correspondence. The mistress's guilt emboldened her servant, who often imitated her mistress's indiscretions without fear of public censure.\n\nFinding the error irreversible, Camilla could only beg Leonela to reveal nothing of her affair to her lover and to handle it with secrecy and discretion, lest Lothario or Anselmo discover it. Leonela promised to obey but did so in a way that left Camilla perpetually fearful of the loss of her reputation due to her servant's confidence in her knowledge of her mistress's transgression. Leonela admitted her gallant into the house.\nNot caring if her lady knew it, she was certain her master would not discover her: For once a mistress has allowed her virtue to be vanquished and admits of criminal correspondence, she becomes subject to her own servants and bound to conceal their rogueries. This was the case with Camilla, who was forced to wink at Leonela's rendezvous with her lover in a certain chamber of the house she deemed appropriate. More than that, she was compelled to give her the opportunity to hide him by blinding her husband.\n\nBut even this caution did not prevent Lothario from being seen by him one morning as he was leaving the house at dawn. Surprised, Lothario had initially thought it a spirit. Had he not hurried away and muffled himself in his cloak to avoid recognition, he might have been convinced of his error and thrown into a new jealousy, which would have certainly undone them all.\nLothario, if not for Camilla's wit and address, would have mistakenly believed she had given in to another lover. He failed to recall Leonela's presence in the house. Once a woman relinquishes her virtue, Lothario reasoned she would yield just as easily to another man. He distorted the slightest suspicions into reality and took the most insignificant appearances for facts.\n\nConsumed by the most intense jealousy, Lothario, without pause, gave in to the transports of his rage and desire for revenge against Camilla, who had not wronged him. He went directly to Anselmo and, finding him in bed, declared, \"My friend, I have said to him...\"\nI have severe internal conflict about revealing this: Camilla is now ready to do as I wish, and I delayed telling you because I wanted to know if she was sincere or just testing me. However, since she has not informed you of this, I believe she is truly keeping her guilty promises to meet me in the Wardrobe when you are away from the town. (This was indeed the case)\nfor that was the Place of their common Rendezvous. Yet I would not have you, continued he, take a rash and inconsiderate Revenge, since it is possible before the time of Assignation her Virtue may Rally, and she repent her Folly. Therefore, as you have hitherto taken my Advice, be ruled by me now, that you may not be imposed on, but have a sufficient Conviction before you put your Resolves into Execution; pretend two or three Days Absence, and then privately convey yourself behind the Hangings in the Wardrobe, as you easily may, whence you may without difficulty be an Eye Witness with me of Camilla's Conduct; and if it be as Criminal as we may justly fear, then you may with secrecy and speed punish her, as the Injury deserves.\n\nAnselmo was extremely surprised at so unexpected a Misfortune, to find himself deceived in those imaginary Triumphs he pleased himself with in Camilla's supposed Victory over all Lothario's Assaults. A great while he was in a silent suspense, with his Eyes dejected, without Force.\nAnd without spirit, but turning at last to his friend, you have done all, said he, Lothario. I will therefore be entirely guided by your advice; do as you please, but use all the secrecy a thing of this nature requires. Lothario, assuring him of that, left him. But full of repentance for the rashness he had been guilty of in telling him so much, since he might have taken a sufficient revenge by a less cruel and dishonorable way. He cursed his want of sense and the weakness of his resolution, but could not find out any way to produce a less fatal event of his treachery than he could justly expect from the experiment. But at last he concluded to inform Camilla of all he had done. I am so oppressed, my Lothario, with a misfortune which I lie under, that it will certainly for ever destroy my quiet and happiness.\nIf there is not a swift remedy for this: Leonela has grown so presumptuous, knowing my affairs, that she admits her lover to her chamber all night, endangering my reputation with the scrutiny of those who see him leave my house at inappropriate hours. The most grievous and incurable part of my sorrow is that I dare not reprimand or chide her for her imprudence and impertinence; for, being aware of our correspondence, she compels me to conceal her faults. Lothario eventually grew jealous that Camilla was cunningly trying to pass her own lover off as Leonela's; but, convinced by her tears and the apparent concern on her face, he began to believe her. At the same time, he was infinitely confounded and grieved for what he had done. Yet he comforted Camilla, assuring her he would take effective measures to prevent Leonela's impudence from harming her.\nAnd he begged her not to torment herself any longer about it. Then he revealed the unfortunate consequences of his jealous rage, explaining that her husband had agreed to act as a witness to her weakness behind the arras. He asked for her forgiveness for his folly and counsel on how to rectify and prevent the negative effects, bringing them out of the difficulties into which his madness had plunged them.\n\nCamilla expressed her resentment and her fears, accusing his treachery, baseness, and lack of consideration. Yet her anger and fears were appeased, and a woman's wit being more resourceful in difficulties than a man's, she immediately thought of a way to deliver them from the dangers that bore such a dismal and helpless appearance. She therefore asked him to engage Anselmo to be there the next day, assuring him that by doing so, she would not only secure a more frequent opportunity to enjoy each other but also a more secure one than they had ever had before. She would not reveal her entire plan to him.\nBut bid him come after Anselmo had hidden, as soon as Leonela called him. He should answer directly to whatever she asked, as if Anselmo were not nearby. Lothario made no effort to obtain Leonela's complete design so he could act with greater assurance and better deceive her husband. Camilla replied, \"All you need do is answer me directly when I demand. I won't reveal more because I'm afraid you won't agree with my opinion, which I'm confident in. You'll raise difficulties and, consequently, obstacles that might prevent my plan from achieving the desired outcome or lead me to a less successful project.\" Lothario agreed and, in appearance, Anselmo left the town to retreat to a friend in the country, but he secretly returned to hide in the wardrobe.\nBecause Camilla and Leonela willfully gave him the opportunity. Anselmo hid himself in grief, as he was to witness his own dishonor and the loss of all the happiness he had in Camilla's embraces. On the other hand, Camilla, now certain that Anselmo was hidden, entered the wardrobe with Leonela. With a deep and pitiful sigh, she addressed herself: \"Ah, my Leonela, would it not be better if you pierced this infamous breast with Anselmo's dagger before I carry out what I intend, which I have kept from you so that you would not try to thwart me? Yet not so. For, where is the justice if I suffer for another's offense? No, I will first find out from Lothario what action of mine has given him the assurance to reveal a passion so injurious to his friend and my honor. Go to the window, Leonela, and call the wicked man to me.\"\nWho certainly waits in the street for the signal to gain admission, in order to carry out his villainous design; yet my resolution shall be performed first, which, though it be cruel, is what my honor strictly demands of me. Alas! my dear lady, cried the cunning Leonela, alas! What do you intend to do with that dagger? Is your fatal design against yourself or Lothario? Alas! you cannot attack either without the ruin of your fame and reputation. You had better give no opportunity to that bad man by admitting him while we are thus alone in the house. Consider, Madam, we are but two weak and helpless women, he a strong and resolute man, whose force is redoubled by the passion and desire that possesses him; so that before you may be able to accomplish what you design, he may commit a crime that will be more injurious to you than the loss of your life. We have reason to curse my master Anselmo, who gives such frequent opportunities to impudence and dishonesty to pollute our house. But, Madam, suppose you should kill him.\nas I believe you think, what shall we do with his dead body? Why, we would leave him here to be buried by Anselmo; for it must be a grateful trouble for him to bury with his own hands his own infamy and dishonor. Call him quickly, for I think every moment my revenge is being delayed. I am injuring the loyalty I owe to my husband.\n\nAnselmo gave great attention to all that was said, and every word of Camilla's made a strange alteration in his sentiments, so that he could scarcely forbear coming out to prevent his friend's death, when he heard her desperate resolution against his life; but his desire to see the end of so brave a resolve withheld him, till he saw an absolute necessity of discovering himself to hinder the mischief. Now Camilla put on a fear and weakness that resembled a swoon; and having thrown herself on a bed in the room, Leonela began a most doleful lamentation. Alas! said she, how unfortunate should I be, if my lady's fate were the same as his.\n\"so eminent in Virtue, Chastity, and Beauty, as to perish in my arms? She spoke more on this theme with such perfect dissimulation that anyone who saw her would have believed her one of the most innocent virgins in the world, and her lady a mere persecuted Penelope. Camilla soon regained her composure and cried to Leonela, \"Why don't you call the most treacherous and unfaithful of friends? Go, fly, but let not your delays waste my revenge and anger in mere words and idle threats and curses. Lady, replied Leonela, I will go, but you must first give me that dagger, lest you commit some outrage upon yourself in my absence, which may give eternal cause for sorrow to all your friends who love and value you. Do not let such fears detain you, said Camilla, but assure yourself I will not do anything until you return; for though I will not fear to punish myself in the highest degree, yet I shall not, like Lucretia,...\"\nI would clean the text as follows:\n\nIf I must punish myself instead of him, the one who caused my dishonor. I won't refuse death if it comes, but I'll first satisfy my revenge on him who led me to this guilty rendezvous, making him regret his actions without committing any wrong myself.\n\nCamilla could hardly persuade Leonela to leave her, but she eventually did, and Camilla entertained herself and her husband with this soliloquy: \"Heaven,\" she said, \"would I have been better off continuing my resistance, rather than allowing Lothario to think scandalously of me until my actions prove him wrong? Indeed, that might have been preferable in some ways, but then I would have missed this opportunity for revenge and the satisfaction of my husband's injured honor, if he were allowed to go unchecked in his insolence, offering such criminal advances to my virtue. No, no.\"\nLet the traitor's life atone for the guilt of his false and unfaithful attempts, and his blood quench the lewd fire he was not content should burn in his own breast. Let the world be witness, if it ever comes to know my story, that Camilla thought it not enough to preserve her virtue and loyalty to her husband entire, but also avenged the hateful affront and the intended destruction of it. It might be most convenient, however, to let Anselmo know of this before I put my revenge into execution; yet on the first attempt, I sent him word of it to the village. I can attribute his not resenting so notorious an abuse to nothing but his generous temper and confidence in his friend, incapable of believing so tried a friend could be guilty of so much as a thought against his honor and reputation. Nor is this incredulity so strange, since I, for so long together, could not persuade myself of the truth of what my eyes and ears conveyed to me. And nothing could have convinced me of my generous error.\nHad he kept his insolence within bounds and not dared to proceed to large gifts, large promises, and a flood of tears, which he shed as the undisguised testimony of his passion? But why these considerations? Or is there indeed any need to consider in order to persuade me to a brave resolve? Av false thoughts. Revenge is now my task. Let the treacherous man approach, let him come, let him die, let him perish; let him but perish, no matter what the fatal consequence. My dear Anselmo received me to his bosom, spotless and chaste, and so shall the grave receive me from his arms. Let the event be as unlucky as it will; the worst solution I can suffer in this way is mingling my own chaste blood with the impure and corrupted blood of the most false and treacherous of friends. Having said this, she traversed the room in such a passionate manner, with the drawn dagger in her hand, and showed such an agitation of spirit in her looks and motion, that she appeared like one possessed.\nAnselmo saw and heard Lothario confess his affair with Camilla, removing his doubts and jealousies. He wished Lothario wouldn't come, hoping to avoid the imminent danger. Hiding, he had discovered Camilla bringing Lothario into the room. As soon as Camilla saw him enter, she drew a line with her poniard on the ground and asked, \"Do you know my Husband, and do you know me?\" Lothario, not slow to understand Camilla's intent in hiding Anselmo behind the hangings, answered accordingly.\nLothario: I never imagined, fair Camilla, that you would make this assignment to ask such distant questions, hindering my promised happiness. If you had still intended to delay my happiness, you should have prepared me for the disappointment. The closer the hope of possession brings us to the good we desire, the greater the pain to have those hopes destroyed. However, I will answer your demands. I do know your husband, and he knows me; our knowledge of each other has grown from childhood. I must also admit, divine Camilla, that you are well aware of the tender friendship between us; yet love is a sufficient excuse for all my errors, if they were much more criminal than they are. And, Camilla, I know you, and I love you as much as him.\nfor nothing but your charms could have the power to make me forget what I owe to my honor and what to the holy laws of friendship. Alas, had I known you less, I would have been more innocent. If you confess all this, said Camilla, if you know us both, how dare you violate so sacred a friendship, injure so true a friend, and appear thus confidently before me, whom you know to be esteemed by him as the mirror of his love, in which that love so often views itself with pleasure and satisfaction; and in which you ought to have surveyed yourself so far as to have seen how small the temptation is that has prevailed upon you to wrong him. But alas! this points me to the cause of your transgression, some suspicious action of mine when I was least on my guard, but assure yourself, whatever it was, it proceeds not from looseness or levity of principle.\nBut a negligence and liberty which the sex sometimes innocently fall into when they think themselves unobserved. If this were not the cause, why did I listen to your prayers or in the least regard your tears and vows, so that you might derive from thence the smallest hope of accomplishing your infamous desires? Did I not always with the last aversion and disdain reject your criminal passion? Did I ever betray a belief in your lavish promises or admit of your prodigal gifts? But since without some hope no love can long subsist, I will lay that hateful guilt on some unhappy inadvertency of mine, and therefore will inflict the same punishment on myself that your crimes deserve. And to show you that I cannot but be cruel to you, who will not spare myself, I sent for you to be a witness of that just sacrifice I shall make to my dear husband's injured honor, on which you have fixed the blackest mark of infamy that your malice could inspire.\nAnd which I regretfully neglected to prevent, if I indeed provided any opportunity, for you to foster your wicked intentions. I tell you once more, the mere suspicion that my lack of caution and failure to closely guard my actions has led you to harbor such wild and infamous intentions is the sharpest of my afflictions. I will punish this with the utmost severity. For, if I leave this punishment to another, it will only increase my guilt. Yet I will die; but first, to satisfy my revenge and impartial justice, I will unmovably and unrelentingly destroy the fatal cause that has brought me to this desperate condition.\n\nAt these words, she flew at Lothario with such violence and convincingly acted out her fury with her naked dagger that he could scarcely believe it was feigned. He secured himself from her blow by avoiding it and holding her hand. To give more life to the fiction, she continued.\nIn a rage and seeking disappointed revenge on Lothario, she cried out, \"Since my malicious fortune denies complete satisfaction to my just desires, at least it shall not completely defeat my resolution.\" With that, she drew back her dagger-hand from Lothario, who held it, and plunged it into the part of her body where it would do her the least damage. Then she fell down, fainting from the wound. Lothario and Leonela were surprised by the unexpected event and did not yet know what to think, seeing her still lie there, all bloody on the ground. Lothario, pale and trembling, ran to her to remove the dagger, but was relieved of his fears when he saw little blood follow it. He admired the cunning and wit of the beautiful Camilla even more. Yet, to play his part as a friend, he lamented over Camilla's body in the most pathetic manner possible, as if she had truly been dead. He cursed himself.\nand cursed his friend who had put him on that fatal experiment. Knowing that Anselmo was listening, he said such things as could draw greater pity for him than even for Camilla, though she seemed to have lost her life in the unfortunate adventure. Leonela removed her body to the bed and begged Lothario to go seek some surgeon who might, with all secrecy in the world, cure her lady's wound. She also asked his advice on how to excuse herself to her master if he returned before it was perfectly healed. He replied they could say whatever they pleased, that he was not in a humor of advising, but bid her try to stanch her mistress's blood. He would go where they would never hear more of him; and so he left them, with all the appearance of grief and concern that the occasion required. He was no sooner gone but he had leisure to reflect with the greatest wonder imaginable.\nCamilla and her woman, Leonela, discussed Camilla's conduct in the affair and Anselmo's belief in her virtue. Camilla could no longer deny that she had deceived her husband, and she longed to meet Anselmo to enjoy the best-dissembled imposture. Leonela stopped the bleeding, just enough to cover the deception, and washed the wound with wine as she bandaged it. Leonela's moving words and convincing acting would have been enough to convince Anselmo of Camilla's virtue. Camilla spoke as well, expressing her cowardice and baseness for not being able to end her own life, which had become hateful to her. She asked Leonela whether she should inform Anselmo of the deceit or not. Leonela advised her to keep it concealed.\nCamilla yielded to reasons, but added that they must find a pretended cause for her wound, which he would certainly see upon his return. Leonela replied that it would be a difficult task for her, as she was incapable of dissembling the truth in jest. Camilla countered that she too was under the same difficulty, unable to save her life through the odious refuge of a lie. Had they not rather confess the truth than be caught in a lie? Leonela responded that this should give Camilla no further trouble, and by tomorrow morning she would find some expedient for the wound's location.\nAnselmo listened intently as the tragic unfolded, his ruined honor concealed from his observation, securing us from all apprehension. He left the outcome to Heaven, which always favors and assists the innocent. Anselmo watched and heard the formal tragedy of his ruined honor play out with all the attention imaginable. All the actors performed their parts so truthfully that they seemed to be living the truth they represented. Anselmo longed for the night to pass so he could leave his hiding place and rejoice at his friend's house over his wife's proven virtue. Camilla and her maid made sure he had the opportunity to depart, and Anselmo seized it, fearing he might lose it. It is impossible to tell you all the embraces he gave Lothario or the extreme joy and satisfaction he expressed at his good fortune, or the extravagant praises he gave Camilla. Lothario listened without sharing in the pleasure.\nAnselmo was shocked to see his friend Lothario grossly deceived, and was troubled by the guilt of his own infidelity in contributing to the dishonor. Anselmo understood that Lothario was not pleased by his account, but believed Camilla's wound caused by him was the reason for his lack of joy. Assuring Lothario that it would not be dangerous since Camilla and her maid had agreed to keep it hidden from him, Anselmo urged him to put on a happy face. With this fear allayed, Anselmo desired Lothario to join him in spreading Camilla's virtue to posterity through verse. Lothario agreed, and promised to do the same. Thus, Anselmo remained the most delightfully deceived man alive. He immediately took Lothario to his house, intending to use him as the means of his glory.\nThough he was indeed the only cause of his Infamy and Dishonor, Camilla received him with a face that poorly expressed the satisfaction of her Mind. She was forced to put on Frowns in her looks, while her Heart prompted nothing but smiles of Joy for his presence.\n\nFor some Months, the Fraud was concealed, but then Fortune turned her Wheel, and revealed to the World the Wickedness they had so long and artificially disguised. Anselmo's impertinent Curiosity cost him his Life.\n\nThe Novel was near a Conclusion, when Sancho Panza rushed out of Don Quixote's Chamber in a terrible Fright, crying out, \"Help, help, good People, help my Master! He's just now at it, Tooth and Nail, with that same Giant, the Princess Micomicona's Enemy:\" I've never seen a more dreadful Battle in my born days. He has lent him such a Slice, that whip, off went the Giant's Head, as round as a Turnip.\n\nYou're mad, Sancho, the Curate interrupted in his Reading; is your Master such a Devil of a Hero?\nas to fight a giant at two thousand leagues distance? Upon this, they heard a noise and bustle in the chamber. Don Quixote bawled out, \"Stay, villain, robber, stay.\" Since I have you here, your scimitar will do you little good. And they heard him strike with his sword against the walls. Good folks, said Sancho, \"My master does not need your help. He's probably after Meat Mustard. For I'm certain the giant is gone by now, and his head, which is bigger than any wine bag in Spain, is likely spilled and floating in the middle of it. Death and hell (cries the innkeeper), I'll be cut like a cucumber if Don Quixote, or Don Devil, has not been hacking my wine bags that stood filled at his bedside. Then the whole company ran into the room.\nThe knight was found in a comical position. He stood in just his shirt, the front barely reaching his belly and shorter still at the back, giving his long, lean legs a peculiar appearance. Atop his head was a little red, greasy night-cap from the innkeeper. He had wrapped a bed-blanket around his left arm for a shield and wielded his drawn sword in his right hand, laying about haphazardly. With occasional military expressions, as if truly engaged in battle with a giant, he slept soundly. His imagination, fueled by the adventure he had undertaken, had so affected him that in his sleep, he believed he was fighting the giant of Micomicon, and assaulted the wine-bags accordingly.\nThe chamber was filled with good wine by Don Quixote. The innkeeper, enraged by the damage, attacked Don Quixote with his fists. Cardenio and the curate intervened before the innkeeper could cause harm. The innkeeper could not rouse Don Quixote until the barber threw a bucket of cold water on him, waking him from his sleep, though not from his dream. Dorothea was disgusted by the brevity of Sancho's shirt during the battle. Sancho searched the room for the giant's head, but found his efforts fruitless. \"Now I see plainly that this house is haunted,\" he said. \"When I was here before, in this very room, I was beaten like a stockfish. I knew no more then than the Man in the Moon who struck me. And now the giant's head, which I saw cut off with these eyes, has vanished. I'm sure I saw the body spout blood like a pump.\" The innkeeper scoffed, \"What nonsense this damned son of a whore keeps talking about blood and a pump and such.\"\nI tell you, Rascal, my wine bags are flashed, and my wine runs about the floor here. I hope to see the soul of him who spilt it swimming in hell for his pains. Well, well, (said Sancho), don't trouble me; I can't find the Giant's Head, and my earldom is gone after it. I'm undone, as a man would undo an oyster. And truly Sancho's waking dream was as pleasant as his master's when asleep. The inn-keeper was almost mad to see the foolish squire harp on the same string with his frantic master. He swore they would not come off now as before, that their chivalry would be no satisfaction for his wine, but that they should pay him damages for the spilled wine and the leather patches the wounded wine bags would require. In the meantime, believing he had finished his adventure, Don Quixote mistook the curate, who held him by the arms, for Princess Micomicona and fell on his knees before him.\nAnd with respect due a Royal Presence, he said. Your Highness, great and illustrious Princess, may you live secure and free from further apprehensions from your conquered enemy. I am now acquitted of my engagement, for with Heaven's assistance and the influence of your favor, by whom I live and conquer, your adventure has been successfully achieved. Did I not tell you so, gentlemen? (said Sancho) Who is drunk or mad now? Did I not say that he had paid off the giant? The battle is over, and I am an earl. The whole company, except the inn-keeper who gave himself to the devil, were about to split from the extravagances of master and man. At last, Cardenio and the curate managed to get Don Quixote to bed, where he immediately fell asleep, exhausted. They then left him to comfort Sancho Panza for the loss of the giant's head.\nThe inn-keeper complained about the unexpected fate of his wine-bags. The hostess grumbled and whined, running up and down the house. She regretted the unlucky knight-errant's unexpected arrival. He and his servant, horse, and ass had left without paying for their supper, bed, litter, and provisions the last time, all because he was seeking adventures. She questioned the relevance of his chivalric codes, stating that if they prevented him from paying, they should also prevent him from eating. The other fellow had taken her good tail, spoiled, with all the hair fallen off, and her husband could never use it again. The knight returned, destroying her wine bags and spilling her liquor. She vowed to be paid, and handsomely so, seeking satisfaction.\nJill by Jill, every piece, for what I have lost. Her honest Maid Maritornes seconded her fury; but Mr. Curate stopped their mouths, promising that he would see them satisfied for their wine and their bags, but especially for the tail which they kept such a clutter about. Dorothea comforted Sancho, assuring him that whenever it appeared that his master had killed the giant and restored her to her dominions, he would be sure of the best earlom in her disposal. With this, he huckled up again, and swore that he himself had seen the giant's head, by the same token that it had a beard that reached down to his middle; and if it could not be found, it must be hid by witchcraft, for everything went by enchantment in that house, as he had tried it to his cost when he was there before. Dorothea answered, \"I believe you\"; and desired him to pluck up his spirits, for all things would be well. All parties being quieted, Cardenio, Dorothea, and the rest, entertained the curate to finish the novel.\nAnselmo, satisfied with Camilla's virtue, lived contentedly and securely. Camilla's aversion to Lothario was evident in her looks, causing Lothario to ask Anselmo to stay away from his house. Anselmo refused, and despite Camilla's disdain for Lothario, Anselmo's blindness to his own dishonor kept him from yielding. Leonela, consumed by her love, abandoned herself to her gallant with Camilla's connivance. One night, Anselmo heard someone in Leonela's chamber and, upon discovering it was held against him, managed to force the door open.\nAnselmo saw one leap out of the window the instant he entered the room. He would have pursued him, but Leonela clung to him, begging him to appease his anger and concern since the person who made his escape was her husband. Anselmo didn't believe her, but drawing his dagger, he threatened to kill her if she didn't immediately make a full discovery of the matter. Distracted by fear, she begged him to spare her life, and she would discover things that more nearly related to him than he imagined. Speak quickly then, Anselmo replied, or you die. \"It's impossible,\" she returned, \"that in this confusion and fright I should say anything that can be understood; but give me until tomorrow morning, and I will lay such things before you as will sufficiently surprise and amaze you. But believe me, Sir, the person who leapt out of the window is a young man of this city who is contracted to me.\" This appeased Anselmo.\nand prevailed upon him to allow her until the next morning\nto make her confession; for he was too well assured of Camilla's virtue by past experience, and saw no reason to suspect that there was anything relating to her in what Leonela had to tell him. So he locked her in her room and threatened that she would not be released until she had fulfilled her promise. He then returned to Camilla's chamber and told her all that had transpired, without omitting the promise she had made to make some strange discovery the next morning. Camilla was deeply concerned; she had no doubt that the discovery Leonela had promised was of her disloyalty. That very night, as soon as Anselmo was asleep, she took all her jewels and some money and left the house undetected, going to Lothario to seek safety.\nLothario was confused by the unexpected revelation that Leonela intended to leave with him, intending to enjoy each other's company free from Anselmo's fears. For a while, Lothario was unsure of what to do or decide. With Camilla's consent, he put Leonela in a monastery where his sister was the abbess. Without informing anyone of his departure, Lothario left the city.\n\nAnselmo rose early the next day, unaware of his wife's absence. He hurried to Leonela's chamber to hear what she had to say, but found no one there. Instead, he saw sheets tied together and fastened to the window, revealing her escape route. Anselmo returned sadly to tell Camilla the news, but was surprised when he found her missing from the entire house. He could not obtain any information about her from his servants. However, upon searching, he discovered her trunks open and most of her jewels missing. Convinced of his dishonor, Anselmo, in a pensieve state and half-dressed, searched further.\nHe went to Lothario's lodging to tell him his misfortune, but his servants informed him that he had departed that very night with all his money and jewels. His pangs were redoubled, and his grief increased almost to madness. In conclusion, he returned home to find his house empty. Fear had driven away all his servants. He did not know what to think, say, or do; he felt abandoned by his friend, his wife, and even his servants, whom he imagined had forsaken him along with heaven itself. But his greatest trouble was the loss of his honor and reputation. Camilla's crime was all too evident from these concurring circumstances. After much distraction, he resolved to retreat to the village where he had previously retired to give Lothario an opportunity to ruin him. He closed the doors of his house, mounted his horse, and set off in despair and languishing sorrow. The violence of his emotions was so great that he could barely ride halfway before being forced to alight.\nAnd he tied his horse to a tree, then lay beneath it for a thousand torturous reflections, most of the day, until just before night when he saw a traveler approaching on the same road. Anselmo asked the traveler about news from Florence. The traveler replied that the most surprising news was that Lothario had taken Camilla, Anselmo's wife, away that very night. This was confirmed by Camilla's maid, who was caught leaving Anselmo's house that night with a pair of sheets.\n\nThe truth of the story I cannot confirm, the traveler continued; but everyone is astonished by the incident. For no one could have suspected such a crime from a person as close a friend to Anselmo as Lothario was, for they were called the Two Friends. Do you know yet, Anselmo, where Lothario and Camilla have gone? No, sir, the traveler replied.\nThe Governour made a strict search for them, but Anselmo asked no more questions. After taking their leaves of each other, the traveler left him and continued his journey. This sad news struck Anselmo, and he was near death when he arrived at his friend's house. He knew nothing yet of his disgrace, but seeing him so pale and melancholic, Anselmo concluded that some great misfortune had befallen him. Anselmo requested to be taken to his chamber and provided with pen, ink, and paper, and left alone with the door locked. Finding that his end was near, he resolved to leave in writing the cause of his sudden and unexpected death. Taking the pen, he began to write but was unable to finish, and died a martyr to his impertinent curiosity. The gentleman, finding he had not been called and that it was growing late, resolved to enter his chamber.\nAnd he found Anselmo half out of bed, lying face down with a pen in his hand and a paper open before him. Seeing him in this position, he approached, called out to him, but soon discovered he was dead. The servants were summoned to view the unfortunate event, and the gentleman took up the paper, which he saw was written in Anselmo's own hand. It read:\n\nA foolish and impertinent desire has taken my life. If Camilla learns of my death, tell her I forgive her; for she was not obligated to perform miracles, nor was there any reason I should have desired or expected it. Since I brought about my own dishonor, there is no cause \u2013\n\nThus far Anselmo had written, but life would not hold out long enough for him to provide the reasons he intended. The following day, the gentleman of the house sent word of Anselmo's death to his relatives, who already knew of his misfortune.\nas well as the Monastery where Camilla was retired. She herself was indeed very near death, not because of her husband's passing but due to a recent report of Lothario's death. But though she was a widow now, she would neither take the veil nor leave the Monastery until a few days later when the news was confirmed of his being killed in a battle between Monsieur de Lautrec and the great General Gonzalo Fernandez de Cordoba, in the Kingdom of Naples. This was the end of the offending and penitent friend; the news of which made Camilla immediately profess herself and soon after, overwhelmed with grief and melancholy, pay for her transgression with the loss of her life. This was the unfortunate end of them all, resulting from such an impertinent beginning.\n\nI like this novel well enough, said the Curate; yet after all, I cannot convince myself that there's anything of truth in it; and if it is purely invention, the author was in the wrong.\nfor it is not imaginable that there could ever be a husband so foolish as to undertake such a dangerous experiment. Had he made his husband and wife a gallant and a mistress, the fable would have appeared more probable. However, I must confess, I have nothing to object against his manner of telling it.\n\nAt the same time, the inn-keeper, who stood at the door, seeing company coming, cried, \"A brave jolly troop, on my word. If they stop here, we may sing 'O be joyful.' What are they?\" said Cardenio. \"Four men,\" said the host gallantly, \"mounted with black masks on their faces and armed with lances and targets; a lady too, all in white, who rides single and masked; and two running footmen.\" Are they near? asked the curate. \"Just at the door,\" replied the inn-keeper. Hearing this, Dorothea veiled herself, and Cardenio had just time enough to step into the next room, where Don Quixote lay, when the strangers came into the yard. The four horsemen\nWho made a very genteel appearance dismounted and went to help down the Lady, whom one of them took in his arms and carried into the house. He seated her in a chair by the chamber-door, and Cardenio had withdrawn. All this was done without discovering their faces or speaking a word. The Lady, as she sat down in the chair, breathed out a deep sigh and let her arms sink down in a weak and fainting posture. The Curate, marking their odd behavior, which raised in him a curiosity to know who they were, went to their servants in the stable and asked what their masters were. \"Sir, that's more than I can tell you,\" said one of them. \"They seem of no mean quality, especially that gentleman who carried the Lady into the house. For the rest, he pays them great respect, and his word is law to them.\" Who is the Lady?, asked the Curate. \"We know no more of her than of the rest,\" answered the fellow, \"for we could never see her face all the time.\"\nand it's impossible for us to know her or them any other way. They picked us up on the road, my comrade and I, and persuaded us to wait on them to Andalusia, promising to pay us well for our trouble. So, bating the two days traveling in their company, they are utter strangers to us. Could you not hear them name one another the whole time, asked the curate? No, truly, Sir, answered the footman, for we heard them not speak a syllable all the way. The poor lady indeed sighed and grieved so pitifully that we are persuaded she has no stomach for this journey. Whatever may be the cause we don't know; by her garb she seems to be a nun, but by her sighs and melancholy one might guess they are taking her to make her one, when perhaps the poor girl has no inclination to live in a nunnery. Very likely, said the curate; and with that, he left them, returning to the place where he left Dorothea. Hearing the masked lady sigh so frequently, Dorothea, moved by the natural pity of the fair sex, was moved.\nCould not forbear inquiring the cause of her sorrow, pardon me, madam, said she, if I beg to know your grief; and assure yourself that my request does not proceed from mere curiosity, but an earnest inclination to serve and assist you, if your misfortune be any such as our sex is naturally subject to, and in the power of a woman to cure. The melancholy lady made no return to her compliment, and Dorothea pressed her in vain with new reasons, when the gentleman, whom the foot-boy signaled to be the chief of the company, interposed: Madam, said he, don't trouble yourself to throw away any generous offers on that ungrateful woman, whose nature cannot return an obligation; neither expect any answer to your demands, for her tongue is a stranger to truth. Sir, said the disconsolate lady, my truth and honor have made me thus miserable, and my sufferings are sufficient to prove you the falsest and most base of men. Cardenio being only parted from the company by Don Quixote's chamber-door.\nI heard those last words distinctly and exclaimed, \"Good heaven, what do I hear? What voice struck my ear just now?\" The lady started at my exclamation, jumped from her chair, and attempted to run into the chamber from which the voice came. But the gentleman, perceiving this, grabbed her to prevent her. The sudden struggle caused the lady's mask to fall off, revealing an incomparable face, as beautiful as an angel's, though very pale and strangely discomposed. Her eyes, eagerly rolling in every direction, made her appear distracted. Dorothea and the others, not understanding what her eyes were seeking with their violent motion, looked at her with grief and wonder. She struggled so hard and the gentleman was so disordered by holding her that his mask dropped off, revealing to Dorothea, who was helping to hold the lady, the face of her husband, Don Ferdinand. Scarce had she recognized him when, with a long and dismal oh!, she fainted and would have fallen to the floor with all her weight.\nHad not the barber fortunately stood by and supported her, Lucinda would have fallen. The curate rushed to help her, pulling off her veil to splash water in her face. Don Ferdinand recognized her immediately and was struck speechless. He did not release Lucinda, who was desperately trying to escape his grasp. Cardenio, hearing Dorothea's exclamation and believing it to be Lucinda's voice, entered the room in disarray. The first person he saw was Don Ferdinand holding Lucinda. They were all struck dumb with amazement. Dorothea stared at Don Ferdinand, Don Ferdinand at Cardenio, and Cardenio and Lucinda at each other. Finally, Lucinda broke the silence. \"Let me go,\" she said. \"Release your hold, my lord. By your generosity or your inhumanity, since it must be so, I implore you, leave me. From whom neither your threats, nor prayers, nor gifts\"\nNor promises could ever alienate my love. Do not contend against Heaven, whose power alone could bring me to my dear husband's sight, by such strange and unexpected means. You have a thousand instances to convince you that nothing but death can make me ever forget him. Let this at least turn your love into rage, which may prompt you to end my miseries with my life, here before my dear husband, where I shall be proud to lose it, since my death may convince him of my unshaken love and honor till the last minute of my life. Dorothea, by this time recovered, finding by Lucinda's discourse who she was and that Don Ferdinand would not release her, made a virtue of necessity and falling at his feet, my lord, cried she, all bathed in tears, if that beauty which you hold in your arms has not altogether dazzled your eyes, you may behold at your feet, the once happy, but now miserable Dorothea. I am that poor and humble villager, whom your generous bounty, I dare not say your love.\nI am she, once confined to peaceful innocence, leading a contented life, until your importunity, show of honor, and deluding words charmed me from my retreat and made me resign my freedom to your power. My grief and being found here in this strange place, to which I was led not through dishonorable ends but purely by despair and grief to be forsaken by you, attest how I am recompensed. It was at your desire I was bound to you by the strictest tie, and whatever you do, you can never cease to be mine. Consider, my dear lord, that my matchless love may balance the beauty and nobility of the person for whom you would forsake me; she cannot share your love, for it is only mine; and Cardenio's interest in her will not admit a partner. It is easier far, my lord, to recall your wandering desires and fix them upon her who adores you, than to draw her to love who hates you. Remember how you solicited my humble state.\nAnd conscious of my meanness, yet I paid veneration to my innocence, which joined with the honorable condition of my yielding to your desires, pronounce me free from ill design or dishonor. Consider these undeniable truths: Have some regard to your honor! Remember you're a Christian! Why then make her life end so miserably, whose beginning your favor made so happy? If I must not expect the usage and respect of a wife, let me serve you as a slave; thus, I belong to you, though in the meanest rank, I never shall complain. Let me not be exposed to the slandering reflections of the censorious world by such a cruel separation from my lord. Afflict not the declining years of my poor parents, whose faithful services to you and yours have merited a more suitable return. If you imagine the current of your noble blood should be defiled by mixing with mine, consider how many noble houses have run in such a channel.\nThe Woman's side is not essentially necessary to ennoble Descent! But consider this, that Virtue is the truest Nobility. If you stain it by base wrongs against me, you bring a greater Blot upon your Family than marrying me could cause. In truth, my Lord, you cannot, must not disown me as your Wife. To prove this truth, I call your own Words, which must be true if you prize yourself for Honor, and that Nobility whose want you so despise in me; witness your Oaths and Vows, witness that Heaven which you so often invoked to ratify your Promises. And if all these should fail, I make my last Appeal to your own Conscience, whose sting will always represent my Wrongs fresh to your Thoughts, and disturb your Joys amidst your greatest Pleasures.\n\nThese, and many such Arguments, did the mournful Dorothea urge, appearing so lovely in her Sorrow, that Don Ferdinand's Friends, as well as all the rest, sympathized with her. Lucinda, in particular, admiring her Wit and Beauty as much as moved by her Tears.\nThe piercing sighs and moans that followed her entreaties, and she would have gone nearer to comfort her had not Ferdinand's arms, which still held her, prevented it. He stood full of confusion, with his eyes fixed attentively on Dorothea for a great while. At last, opening his arms, he quit Lucinda. \"Thou hast conquered,\" he cried, \"Charming Dorothea, thou hast conquered me. It is impossible to resist so many united truths and charms.\" Lucinda was still so disordered and weak that she would have fallen when Ferdinand quit her had not Cardenio, without regard to his safety, leaped forward and caught her in his arms. Embracing her with eagerness and joy, he exclaimed aloud, \"Thanks, gracious heaven, my dear, my faithful wife, thy sorrows now are ended. For where canst thou rest more safe than in my arms, which now support thee, as once they did when my blessed fortune first made thee mine.\" Lucinda, opening her eyes, found herself in the arms of her Cardenio.\nWithout regard to ceremony or decency, she threw her arms about his neck and laid her face to his. \"Yes, you are he,\" she said. \"You are my lord indeed! It is even you yourself, the rightful owner of this harassed captive. Now let Fortune act her worst, nor fears nor threats shall ever part me from the sole support and comfort of my life. This sight was surprising to Don Ferdinand and the other spectators. Dorothea, perceiving by Don Ferdinand's changed countenance and laying his hand to his sword that he prepared to assault Cardenio, fell suddenly on her knees. \"What means this, my lord,\" she cried, all in tears, the only refuge of my hope? See here, thy own and dearest wife at thy feet, and her you would enjoy in her true husband's arms. Think then, my lord, how unjust is your attempt to dissolve the knot which Heaven has tied so fast. Can you ever think or hope for success in your design upon her, who, contemning all dangers,\nAnd confirmed in strictest constancy and honor, before you lies bath'd in tears of joy and passion her true lover's bosom. For Heaven's sake, I entreat you, by your own words I conjure you to mitigate your anger and permit that faithful pair to consummate their joys and spend their remaining days in peace. Thus, you make it appear that you are generous and truly noble, giving the world so strong a proof that you have reason at command and your passion in submission. All this while, Cardenio held Lucinda in his arms, keeping a watchful eye on Don Ferdinand. Resolving, if he made the least offer to his prejudice, to make him repent and all his party, if possible, though at the expense of his life. But Don Ferdinand's friends, the curate, the barber, and all the company, entreated him to pity Dorothea's tears. Considering what she had said, the truth of which was apparent.\nIt would be the highest injustice to frustrate her lawful hopes; that their strange and wonderful meeting could not be attributed to chance, but the peculiar and directing providence of heaven; that nothing, as Mr. Curate very well urged, but death could part Cardenio from Lucinda; and that though the edge of the sword might separate them, he would make them happier by death than he could hope to be by surviving; that in irrecoverable accidents, a submission to fate, and a resignation of our wills, showed not only the greatest prudence, but also the highest courage and generosity; that he should not envy those happy lovers what the bounty of heaven had conferred on them, but that he should turn his eyes on Dorothea's grief, view her incomparable beauty, which, with her true and unfeigned love, made large amends for the meanness of her parentage; but primarily it lay upon him, if he gloried in the titles of nobility and Christianity.\nTo keep his promise unviolated: The more reasonable part of mankind could not otherwise be satisfied, or have any esteem for him. It was the special prerogative of beauty, heightened by virtue and adorned with modesty, to lay claim to any dignity without disparagement or scandal to the person raising it. And the strong dictates of delight, having once been indulged, we are not to be blamed for following them afterwards, provided they be not unlawful. In short, to these reasons they added so many enforcing arguments that Don Ferdinand, who was truly a gentleman, could no longer resist reason. But embracing Dorothea, he rose and said, 'tis not proper that she should lie prostrate at my feet who triumphs over my soul. If I have not hitherto paid you all the respect I ought, 'twas perhaps so ordered by heaven, that having by this a stronger conviction of your constancy and goodness.\nI may henceforth set greater value on your merit: Let the future respects and services I shall pay you plead a pardon for my past transgressions. The violent passions of my love, which first made me yours, be an excuse for what caused me to forsake you. Consider the happy Lucinda's eyes and find a thousand further excuses. I promise henceforth never to disturb her quiet, and may she live long and contented with her dear Cardenio. As I hope to do with my dearest Dorothea. Thus concluding, he embraced her again so lovingly that it was with no small difficulty that he kept in his tears, which he endeavored to conceal, being ashamed to discover so effeminate a proof of his remorse.\n\nCardenio, Lucinda, and the greatest part of the company could not so well command their passions but all wept for joy. Even Sancho Panza himself shed tears, though, as he afterwards confessed, it was not for downright grief, but because he found not Dorothea to be the Queen of Micomicona.\nas he supposed, and of whom he expected many Favors and Preferments. Cardenio and Lucinda fell at Don Ferdinand's feet, giving him thanks with the strongest expressions Gratitude could suggest. He raised them up and received their acknowledgments with much modesty. Then he begged to be informed by Dorothea how she came to that place. She related to him all she had told Cardenio, but with such grace that what were misfortunes to her proved an unaccountable pleasure to those who heard her relation. Afterwards Don Ferdinand told all that had befallen him in the city, after he found the paper in Lucinda's bosom, which declared Cardenio to be her husband. He would have killed her had not her parents prevented him. Afterwards, mad with Shame and Anger, he left the city, to wait a more commodious opportunity of Revenge. In a short time he learned that Lucinda was fled to a Monastery, resolving to end her Days there if she could not spend them with Cardenio.\nHaving requested that the three gentlemen accompany him, they went to the monastery. They waited until they found the gate open and left two of the gentlemen to secure the door. He entered the house with the third gentleman, where they found Lucinda speaking with a nun in the cloister. They forcibly took her from there and brought her to a village. They disguised themselves for easier escape, as the monastery was situated in the fields, some distance from any town. He also mentioned how Lucinda, finding herself in his power, fainted, and upon regaining consciousness, she continually wept and sighed but spoke not a word. Accompanied only by silence and tears, they traveled until they reached the inn, which proved to him as his arrival in heaven, bringing a happy conclusion to all his earthly misfortunes.\n\nThe joy of the entire company was indescribable with the successful conclusion of this dangerous business. Dorothea, Cardenio.\nAnd Lucinda found the sudden change in their affairs too surprising to be real; through a disuse to good fortune, she could hardly be induced to believe their happiness. Don Ferdinand thanked heaven a thousand times for its propitious conduct, leading him out of a labyrinth in which his honor and virtue were like to have been lost. The curate, as he was very instrumental in the general reconciliation, had likewise no small share in the general joy. To ensure no discontent soured their universal satisfaction, Cardenio and the curate engaged to see the hostess satisfied for all damages committed by Don Quixote. Only poor Sancho drooped pitifully; he found his lordship and his hopes vanished, and Princess Micomicona was changed to Dorothea, and the giant to Don Ferdinand. Thus, very musty and melancholy, he slipped into his master's chamber, who was just waking up.\n\n\"I hope your early rising will do you no harm,\" he said.\nSir Knight of the woeful Figure; but you may now sleep on till Doomsday if you will; nor need you trouble your head any longer about killing any Giant, or restoring the Princess, for all that is done to your hand. That's more than probable, answered the Knight, for I have had the most extraordinary and prodigious engagement with the Giant, that I ever did, or shall maintain during the whole course of my life. Yes, with one cross stroke I laid his head thwack on the ground, whence the great effusion of blood seemed like a violent stream of water. Of wine you mean, said Sancho, for you must know (if you know it not already) that your Worship's dead Giant is a broached wine-bag, and the blood some thirty gallons of wine which it held in its belly. And your head so cleverly struck off is the cork, and so the Devil take both Giant and cork, and altogether, for Sancho. What sayest thou, madman, said the Don, thou art frantic surely. Rise, rise, Sir, said Sancho.\nAnd see what fine work you have cut out for yourself; here's the Devil and all to pay for, and your great queen is changed into a private gentleman, named Dorothea, along with other such odd matters that will leave you wondering in anger. I can wonder at nothing here, said Don Quixote, for all things are ruled by enchantment. I believe it, replied Sancho, but my tossing in a blanket was of that kind; but surely it was the likest tossing in a blanket I ever knew in my life. And this same innkeeper, I remember very well, was one of those who tossed me into the air, and as cleverly and heartily he did it as any man could wish. So after all, I begin to suspect, and do fearfully suspect, that all our enchantments will end in nothing but bruises and broken bones. Heaven will retrieve all, said the knight; therefore, I will dress and march to the discovery of these wonderful transformations. While Sancho made him ready.\nThe curate explained to Don Ferdinand and the others the cause of Don Quixote's madness and how he was lured away from the rock where he had retreated in his imagination due to his supposed disdain for his mistress. Sancho's adventure was also part of the story, which proved entertaining to the strangers. The curate added that since Dorothea's change of fortune had thwarted their plan, they needed to find another way to entice him home. Cardenio offered his assistance in the matter, suggesting that Lucinda should pretend to be Dorothea. \"No, no,\" answered Don Ferdinand, \"Dorothea shall continue to humor the jest if this gentleman's residence is not too far away. It's only a two-day journey,\" said the curate. \"I would travel twice as far for the pleasure of such a worthy deed,\" replied Don Ferdinand. Don Quixote then donned his armor, wearing Cap-a-pee as his helmet, which had a large hole in it, and carried his shield on his left arm.\nAnd with his right, he leaned on his lance. The dun complexion of his meager and weather-beaten face, the unaccountable medley of his unsuitable arms, along with his grave and solemn mien, struck Don Ferdinand and his companions speechless with admiration. The champion, casting his eyes on Dorothea, spoke with great gravity and solidity.\n\n\"I have been informed, beautiful lady, that your greatness is annihilated, and your majesty reduced to nothing. For a queen and mighty princess, as you once were, you have become a private damsel. If any express order from the Negromantic King, your father, has caused this change, I must tell him that he is no conjurer in these matters; nor is he skilled in the revolutions of chivalry. For had he been conversant in the study of knight-errantry as I have been, he might have found that in every age, champions of less fame than Don Quixote de la Mancha have achieved great victories.\"\nI have finished more desperate adventures; since the killing of a pitiful giant, however arrogant he may be, is no great achievement. I encountered one myself not many hours ago. I will not mention the success, lest some people might doubt its reality. But time, the discoverer of all things, will disclose it when we least expect. Hold there, said the host. It was with two wine-bags, not a giant, that you fought. Don Ferdinand silenced the inn-keeper and bid him not interrupt Don Quixote, who went on. To conclude, most high and disinherited lady, if your father has caused this metamorphosis in your person for the reasons already mentioned, do not believe him. For there is no peril on earth through which my sword shall not open a way. And assure yourself that in a few days, by the overthrow of your enemy's head, it shall be yours \u2013 the crown that is your lawful inheritance. Here Don Quixote stopped.\nI am the same as I was yesterday, despite some unexpected and fortunate accidents that have changed certain aspects of my fortune to my advantage. I have not changed in my person or in my resolution to use the power of your renowned and invincible arm on my behalf. I therefore apply myself to your usual generosity to have those words spoken to my father's dishonor recalled. I believe these easy and infallible means to redress my wrongs are the pure effects of your wisdom and policy. The good fortune I now enjoy has been the consequence of your surprising deeds.\nas this Noble presence can testify; what should hinder us then from setting forward tomorrow morning, depending for a happy and successful conclusion, on the Will of Heaven, and the Power of your unparalleled Courage. The ingenious Dorothea having concluded, Don Quixote turning to Sancho, with all the Signs of Fury imaginable, now must I tell thee, poor pathetic scoundrel (said he), thou art the very rascal in all Spain; and did not you just now inform me, that this Princess was changed into a little private damsel, called Dorothea; and the head which I lopped from the Giant's shoulders, was the Whore your mother, with a thousand other absurdities: Now by all the Powers of Heaven, (looking up, and grinding his teeth together) I have a mind so to use thee, as to make thee appear a miserable example to all succeeding squires, that shall dare to tell a Knight-Errant a lie. Good your Worship, cried Sancho, have patience, I beseech you: Maybe I am mistaken or so.\nabout my Lady Princess Micomicona's concern, I swear that the Giant's head came off the Wine-bag's shoulders, and that the blood was as good as any tent ever pitched over tongue. Gadzooks, Sir, aren't the bags hacked and slashed where your bed's head is, and isn't the wine all in a puddle in the chamber? You'll know the meat soon enough by the sauce; the proof of the pudding is in the eating, Master. And if my landlord here doesn't tell you this at your cost, he's an honest and civil Fellow, that's all.\n\nSancho, said Don, I pronounce you non compos. I therefore forgive you. 'Tis enough, said Don Ferdinand. Therefore, in pursuit of the Princess's orders, we will refresh ourselves this night, and tomorrow, when the sun sets, we will attend Lord Don Quixote in the prosecution of the important enterprise he has undertaken.\nDon Quixote, eager to witness your renowned bravery, I will be proud to serve and attend to you, my lord. I consider it a great honor, and I will strive to uphold and enhance it, even at the cost of my last drop of blood. Don Quixote and Don Ferdinand exchanged many compliments. However, their conversation was interrupted by the arrival of a stranger. His attire suggested he was a Christian recently returned from Barbary. He wore a short-skirted blue coat, short-sleeved shirt with no collar, blue linen breeches, and a cap of the same color. He carried a Turkish scimitar slung over his shoulder with a scarf. A woman rode with him, dressed in Moorish attire, her face covered by a veil. She wore a golden tissue cap.\nA Turkish mantle reached from the woman's shoulders to her feet. The man was well-shaped and strong, around forty years old, with a tanned face, long mustaches, and a handsome beard. In short, his gentle demeanor and person were too distinguishable for the gentleman to be hidden by his mean habit. He called for a room, but was answered that they were all full. He seemed troubled, but went to the woman who accompanied him and helped her down from her ass. The ladies were surprised by the oddness of the Moorish dress and flocked around the stranger. Dorothea, imagining that both she and her conductor were tired and took it ill that they could not have a chamber, said, \"Madam, I hope you will bear your ill fortune patiently. Lack of a room is an inconvenience incident to all public inns. But if you please, Madam, to favor us with your company, you may perhaps find that you have met with worse entertainment on the road.\"\nThe unknown Lady made no response, but rising up, she placed her hands on her chest, bowed her head, and bent her body as a sign of acknowledgement. They inferred she was undoubtedly a Moor and unable to speak Spanish. Her companion had returned from the stable and reported, \"Ladies, please excuse this woman from answering any questions. She is a complete stranger to our language.\" We are merely making her an offer, answered Lucinda, \"which civility obliges us to extend to all strangers, especially of our own sex. She would make us happy with her company all night and fare as we do. We will make much of her, Sir, and she shall want for nothing that the house affords.\" I return humble thanks, dear Madam, replied the stranger on behalf of the Lady and herself; and I greatly value the favor granted in this unexpected situation and by such esteemed donors. Is the Lady, pray, Sir?\nA Christian or a Moor, asked Dorothea? Our Charity hoped she was the former, but her attire and silence led us to fear the latter. Madam, he answered, she appears and is a Moor outwardly, but in her heart, a zealous Christian. Her longing desires for baptism have explicitly testified this. I have not had the opportunity to baptize her since she left Algiers, her habitation and native country. Nor has any imminent danger of death obliged her to be brought to the font until she is better instructed in the principles of our religion. But, I hope, with Heaven's assistance, to baptize her shortly with decency suitable to her quality, which is much above what her equipage or mine promise.\n\nThese words aroused their curiosity to be further informed about who the Moor and her conductor were, but they thought it improper then to put them to any more particular relation of their fortunes.\nDorothea asked the Lady to take off her veil and beggged her to reveal her identity in the Arabic language. The Lady looked at her companion for confirmation before replying. When he translated, she revealed a captivating face that made Dorothea believe she was more beautiful than Lucinda. The Lady, in turn, thought Dorothea was handsomer than she was. Most of the company agreed, and their desires were drawn to the lovely Moor. Don Ferdinand asked the stranger her name, which she answered as Lela Zoraida. Hearing this, she corrected them, saying, \"No, no, Zoraida, Maria, Maria.\" Her urgent words alarmed everyone.\nThe Ladies, in particular, showed their tenderness through tears. Lucinda hugged Maria affectionately, and Maria, Maria, the Moorish Lady repeated in response. Zoraida Macange she added, meaning not Zoraida. As the night approached, and at the order of Don Ferdinand's friends, the innkeeper hurried to prepare the best supper possible. The tablecloth was laid on a long table, as there was neither round nor square in the house. Don Quixote, after much ceremony, was persuaded to take a seat at the head. He requested Lady Micomicona to sit next to him, and the rest of the company arranged themselves according to their rank and convenience. They ate their supper generously. Don Quixote, to create amusement, paid no heed to his food. Inspired by the same spirit that had moved him to preach so much to the shepherds, he began to speak in this manner:\n\nCertainly, Gentlemen, if we truly consider it\nThose who make Knight-Errantry their profession often meet with surprising and stupendous adventures. For what mortal in the world, entering this castle and seeing us sitting together as we do, will imagine and believe us to be the same persons in reality? Who can judge that this lady by my side is the great queen we all know her to be, and that I am the knight of the woeful figure so universally made known by fame? It is then no longer to be doubted that this exercise and profession surpasses all others invented by man, and is so much the more honorable because it is more exposed to dangers. Let none presume to tell me that the pen is preferable to the sword; for they who they will, I shall tell them they know not what they say. For the reason they give, and on which they chiefly rely, is that the labor of the mind exceeds that of the body.\nAnd that the exercise of arms depends only on the body; as if its use were the business of porters, which requires nothing but much strength. Or as if this, which we call chivalry, did not include the acts of fortitude, which depend very much on the understanding. Or else, as if the warrior who commands an army or defends a besieged city did not labor as much with the mind as with the body. If this is not so, let experience teach us whether it is possible by bodily strength to discover or guess the intentions of an enemy. The forming of designs, laying of stratagems, overcoming of difficulties, and shunning of dangers are all works of the understanding, wherein the body has no share. It being therefore evident that the exercise of arms requires the help of the mind as well as learning, let us see in the next place whether the scholar's or the soldier's mind undergoes the greatest labor. Now this may be the better known.\nThe intention of each pursuit should be most valued, as it determines the noblest end. I speak here of human learning, not divinity, whose aim is to guide souls to Heaven, an infinite design unmatched. Learning's scope and end is to perfect distributive justice, granting each their due, and to procure and cause good laws to be observed. This is a truly generous, great, and commendable end. However, it does not equal the objective of knight-errantry, which is peace, the greatest blessing men can wish for in life. The world first received good news on the night the angels sang in the air, \"Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, good will towards men.\" The only manner of salutation taught by the best Master in Heaven or on Earth to his friends and favorites was\nThat entering any house they should say, \"Peace be in this house.\" At other times he said to them, \"My peace I give to you, My peace I leave to you, Peace be among you.\" This peace is a jewel and legacy worthy of such a donor, a jewel so precious that without it there can be no happiness, either on earth or in heaven. This peace is the true end of war; for arms and war are one and the same thing. If we accept this truth, that the end of war is peace, and that it surpasses the end of learning in value, let us now compare the bodily labors the scholar endures to those the warrior suffers, and see which are greater. Don Quixote used such a method and language in delivering himself that none of his hearers at that time regarded him as a madman. On the contrary, most of them being gentlemen, to whom the use of arms properly belongs, they gave him their willing attention. These, then, are the sufferings and hardships a scholar endures. First, poverty.\nAnd yet, not all of them are poor, but I shall speak of the worst case. He endures poverty and believes nothing more needs to be said to convey his misery. For a poor man knows no happiness, but experiences poverty in all its forms: at one time in hunger, at another in cold, and sometimes in nakedness, all at once. His poverty is not so great that he never eats, even if it is later than the usual hour and of the scraps of the rich. The scholar's greatest misfortune is that he cannot entirely lack another man's fire or chimney corner. Though they do not get thoroughly heated, they still gather warmth and eventually sleep under cover. I shall not discuss less significant circumstances, such as the lack of linen and scarcity of shoes, the thinness and baldness of their clothes, and their surfeiting when good fortune provides a feast. This is the difficult and uncouth path they tread, often stumbling and falling.\nYet, they continue to rise and press on until they reach their goal. Upon arrival, some have gone from poverty to ruling the world. Their hunger transformed into satiety, their cold into comfortable warmth, and their nakedness into magnificent apparel. A reward for their virtue. However, their sufferings pale in comparison to those of the soldier, as I will demonstrate next.\n\nSince we began discussing the scholar and his poverty, let us now examine whether the soldier is wealthier. We will find that poverty itself is not impoverished. He relies on his meager pay, which he receives infrequently, or perhaps never. Alternatively, he earns through marauding, with the risk to his life.\nAnd yet he grapples with the troubles of his conscience. Such is his lack of apparel that a slashed buff-coat is all his holiday attire and shirt; and in the depth of winter, being in the open field, he has nothing to shield him against the harshness of the season but the breath of his mouth, which I am convinced is itself cold, though contrary to the laws of nature. But now see how he anticipates that night will make amends for all these hardships in the bed prepared for him. This, unless it is his own fault, never proves too narrow; for he may freely spread out as much of the ground as he pleases and toss and turn without fear of losing the sheets. But above all, when the day comes upon which he is to put his profession into practice and strive for some new degree, when the day of battle comes, then as a mark of his honor, his head will be adorned with a cap made of lint to stop a bullet hole or perhaps he will be carried off maimed.\nAt the expense of a limb or an arm. And if this does not happen, but that merciful Heaven preserves his life and limbs, it may fall out that he shall remain as poor as before, and must run through many encounters and battles, and always come off victorious, to obtain some little preferment; and these miracles are rare. But, I pray tell me, Gentlemen, if ever you made it your observation, how few are those who obtain due rewards in war, in comparison of those numbers that perish? Doubtless you will answer, that there is no parity between them; that the slain are without number, that three numerical figures will serve to make the sum of those that live to be rewarded. It is quite otherwise with scholars, not only those who follow the law, but others also, who all either by hook or by crook get a livelihood. So, though the soldier's sufferings be much greater, yet his reward is much less. To this it may be answered, that it is easier to reward two thousand scholars than thirty thousand soldiers.\nAmong the difficulties in determining the preference due to arms over learning, one issue is that soldiers are compensated at the expense of the public by providing them with employment, which must be given to those of their profession. In contrast, scholars cannot be satisfied otherwise than by the master who employs them. However, this very challenge strengthens my argument. Let us set this matter aside as a difficult point to decide and return to the debate over the preference due to arms above learning.\n\nLearning argues that without it, warfare itself could not exist, as war has its laws and is governed by them, and laws are the domain of learning and scholars. To this objection, soldiers respond that without them, the laws cannot be enforced, as commonwealths are defended, kingdoms supported, cities secured, highways made safe, and the sea delivered from pirates through their efforts. In essence, without them:\n\n\"were it not for them\"\nCommonwealths, kingdoms, monarchies, cities, roads by land, and waters of the sea would be subject to the ravages and confusion that attend war while it lasts and is at liberty to make use of its unbounded privileges and strength. It is beyond controversy that what costs dearest is, and ought most to be valued. A man must endure numerous hardships to attain an eminent degree in learning: time, watchfulness, hunger, nakedness, dizziness in the head, and weakness in the stomach are just a few of the inconveniences. However, the path to becoming a good soldier is more costly than that of a scholar, as the requirements for soldiering far surpass those for learning. A scholar cannot be reduced to the same danger or distress as a soldier, who, being besieged in some strong place or on guard, is constantly in peril of his life.\nA soldier in a ravelin or bastion perceives the enemy digging a mine beneath him and must not leave or avoid the imminent danger. He can only advise his commander to countermine and remain in place, fearing that at any moment he will be catapulted to the clouds without wings and plunged back down against his will. If this danger seems insignificant, consider instead the greater peril when two galleys collide in the open sea. When they have rammed each other and are clinging together, the soldier is confined to the narrow beak, barely two feet wide. Despite the many deadly weapons threatening him, such as cannons pointed less than a pike's length away, and knowing that a single misstep sends him to the depths of Neptune's domain, he must still remain.\nInspired by honor, with an undaunted heart, he stands in the path of so much fire and strives to make his way into the enemy's vessel. What is most admirable is that as soon as one falls, never to rise again until the end of the world, another takes his place. If he also falls into the sea, lying in wait like an enemy, another steps up immediately, without allowing any time for their deaths to be separated. Their resolution and boldness are scarcely to be paralleled in any other trials of war. Blessed are those happy ages that were strangers to the dreadful fury of these devilish artillery instruments. I am satisfied that their inventor is now in hell, receiving the reward of his cursed invention. It is often the cowardly, base hand that takes away the life of the bravest gentleman, in the midst of his vigor and resolution that animates and inflames the bold.\nA bullet, possibly fired by one who was frightened by the flash when it discharged, suddenly ends the brave plans and life of one who deserved to live many more years. I almost regret taking up the profession of a knight-errant in this despised age. Though danger does not daunt me, I am affected by the thought that powder and lead may deprive me of the opportunity to become famous and known throughout the world through the strength of my arm and the dint of my sword. But let heaven decide the outcome, for if I achieve my goals, I will be even more honored by the greater dangers I have exposed myself to than those the knights-errant of past ages avoided. Don Quixote made this lengthy speech while the company supped, paying no mind to eat a mouthful.\nSancho Panza had several times advised him to eat, telling him there would be time enough later to speak his mind. Those who heard him were moved with compassion once again to see a man, who seemed in all other respects to have a sound judgment and clear understanding, so absolutely mad and distracted whenever his cursed knight-errantry was mentioned. The curate told him he was in the right in all he had said for the honor of arms, and though a scholar and graduate, he shared the same opinion. Supper ended, and the cloaks were taken away. While the innkeeper, his wife, his daughter, and Maritornes prepared Don Quixote's loft for the ladies to sleep in that night, Don Ferdinand begged the slave to give an account of his life. Conscious that the relation could not but be very delightful and surprising, as could be guessed by his coming with Zoraida, the slave answered that he would gladly comply with their desires.\nAnd he feared that the relation would not give them all the satisfaction he could wish, but rather than disobey, he would do it as well as he could. The curate and all the company thanked him, and made fresh instances to the same effect. Seeing himself courted by so many, there is no need of entreaties, he said. For what you may command, I will do; therefore, give me your attention, and you shall hear a true relation, perhaps not to be parallel'd by those fabulous stories which are composed with much art and study. This caused all the company to seat themselves and observe a very strict silence. Then, with an agreeable and sedate voice, he began in this manner.\n\nIn the mountains of Leon, my family had its first origin. It was more kindly dealt with by nature than by fortune, though my father might pass for rich among the inhabitants of those parts, who are but poorly provided for. To speak the truth, he had been so, had he had as much industry to preserve it.\nMy Father, finding that the only way to curb his spending inclination was to dispossess himself of that which sustained it, his estate, called us one day into his chamber and spoke to us as follows:\n\nMy sons, to persuade you that I love you, I am resolved to dispossess myself of my estate, leaving myself appearant as a pauper.\n\nAs he had an inclination to dissipate his income, but having been a soldier and spending his youth in that employment, he had developed a propensity to spend under the name of liberality in his old age. War is a school where the covetous grow free, and the free prodigal: to see a soldier a miser is a kind of prodigy which happens but seldom. My Father was far from being one of them; for he passed the bounds of liberality and came very near the excesses of prodigality. A thing which cannot suit well with a married life, where the children ought to succeed to the estate as well as the name of the family. We were three of us, all at men's estate, and my Father, finding that the only way to curb his squandering inclination was to dispossess himself of that which maintained it, his estate; without which, he himself must have appeared poor.\nI need only tell you I am your father, and you are my children. On the other side, you have reason to think me unkind, considering my carelessness in preserving what should one day be yours. But to convince you that I have the heart of a parent, I have made a resolution, which I have carefully weighed and considered for many days. You are all now of an age to choose the kind of life you each incline to, or at least to enter upon some employment that may one day provide you with both honor and profit. Therefore, I intend to divide all I have into four parts, of which I will give three to you, and retain the fourth for myself, to maintain me in my old age, as long as it pleases Heaven to continue me in this life. After each of you has received his part, I could wish you would follow one of the employments I shall mention to you, each as he finds himself inclined. There is a proverb in our vulgar tongue, which I take to contain a great deal of truth: \"\n\n\"Divide your inheritance with your brothers, And your clothes with the one who is the apple of your eye, With a cloak covered with the skin of an armadillo, And with a belt of violas, Divide your inheritance with your beloved, And do not let your own eyes pity.\" (Proverbs 13:22-23, NKJV)\nThis proverb is generally true: it consists of short, observational sentences. The proverb states, \"Either the Church, the Sea, or the Court.\" This means that anyone who wants to succeed must choose one of these three paths: become a Church member, try your luck at sea as a merchant, or enter the king's service at court. Another proverb states, \"A king's chaff is better than another man's corn.\" I mention this because I want one of you to pursue studies, another to become a merchant, and the third to serve the king in war. It's challenging to gain entry at court, but war may not immediately lead to riches, but it often brings honor and reputation. Within eight days, I will distribute your portions fairly and without deceit.\nas you shall see. Now tell me if you are resolved to follow my advice about settling into the world. Turning to me as the eldest, he asked me to answer first. I told him that he ought not, on our account, to divide or lessen his estate or way of living. We were young men and could shift in the world. I concluded that for my part, I would be a soldier and serve God and the king in that honorable profession. My second brother made the same respectful offer and chose to go to the Indies, resolving to lay out in goods the share that would be given him here. The youngest, and I believe, the wisest of us all, said he would be a churchman and go to Salamanca to finish his studies. After this, my father embraced us all three, and in a few days performed what he had promised. I remember that it was three thousand ducats each, which he shared among us. We had an uncle who bought all the estate and paid for it in ready money.\nI could not bear to leave my father in such strait conditions, so I persuaded him to accept two thousand of my three thousand ducats. My brothers followed my example, each giving him a thousand ducats. Father was left with four thousand ducats in ready money and three thousand more in land, which he chose to keep rather than sell. We took our last leave of Father and the uncle I mentioned, with much grief and tears on all sides. They asked us to keep them informed of our good or ill fortunes. We promised to do so and, having received Father's blessing, one of us went straight to Salamanca, another to Seville, and I to Alicante, where I learned of a Genoese ship.\nI have left my father's house two decades ago. In all this time, I have written letters but received none from him or my brothers. I will now recount my own adventures. I embarked at Alicant and arrived safely with a good passage at Genoa. From there, I went to Milan to buy my equipment, intending to join the army in Piedmont. However, I was informed that the Duke of Alva was passing into Flanders with an army. This changed my resolution. I followed him and was present at all his engagements, including the deaths of Counts Egmont and Horne. I later served as a colonel under a famous captain from Guadalajara named Diego d' Urbina. After arriving in Flanders, news came of the Holy League formed by Pope Pius V.\nI in conjunction with Spain, opposed the common enemy, the Turk, who at that time had taken Cyprus from the Venetians; a unfortunate and lamentable loss to Christendom. It was certain that the commander of this Holy League was the Most Serene Don Juan of Austria, the natural brother of our good King Don Philip. The great fame of the preparations for this war incited me with a vehement desire to be present at the engagement expected to follow these preparations. Although I had certain assurance and an earnest of being advanced to be a captain upon the first vacancy, I resolved to leave all those expectations and return, as I did, to Italy. My good fortune was such that I arrived just about the same time that Don Juan of Austria landed at Genoa, in order to go to Naples and join the Venetian fleet, which he did at Messina. In short, I was at that great action of the Battle of Lepanto, being a captain of foot.\nTo which post had my good fortune advanced me more than my desert, and that day, which was fortunate for all of Christendom because the world had been disabused of the error that the Turk was invincible by sea; that day I say, in which the pride of the Ottomans was first broken, and which was fortunate for all Christians, even for those who died in the fight, who were happier than those who remained alive and conquerors - I alone was the unhappy man. Instead of a naval crown, which I might have hoped for in the time of the Romans, I found myself that very night a slave, with irons on my feet and manacles on my hands. This happened in the following way: Vehali, king of Algiers, a brave and bold pirate, had boarded and taken the Capitana galley of Malta. In this galley, only three knights were left alive, and they were desperately wounded. The galley of John Andrea Doria hurried to succor them. In this galley, I was embarked with my company, and I did my duty in this occasion.\nI leapt into the enemy's galley, which broke free from ours, preventing my soldiers from boarding the Algerian vessel. I remained alone among a great number of enemies, unable to resist. I was taken and received several wounds. Vahali had escaped with his entire squadron, leaving me the only afflicted man among so many joyful ones, and the only captive among so many free; for on that day, over 15,000 Christians, who rowed in the Turkish galleys, gained their long-desired freedom. I was taken to Constantinople, where the Grand Signior Selim appointed Vahali as my master general of the sea, having performed well in the battle and captured the great flag of the Order of Malta as proof of his valor.\n\nDuring my second year of captivity, I was a slave in the Capitana galley at Navarino. I observed the faults of the Christians.\nIn letting slip the opportunity, the Christians failed to take the entire Turkish fleet in that port. The Janissaries and alien pirates anticipated attack and were prepared to escape without fighting, such was their terror of the Christian fleet. However, it pleased God to order otherwise, not due to any fault of the Christian general, but because of the sins of Christendom. Vehali saved himself on the island of Modon, not far from Navarino, and upon landing his men, fortified the harbor entrance, remaining safe there until Don Juan was forced to return home with his fleet. In this expedition, the galley named La Presa, captained by Barbarossa's own son, was taken by the Naples admiral's galley, named the Wolf, commanded by the thunderbolt of war, the happy and never conquered captain, Don Alvaro de Bazan.\nThe Marquis of Santa Cruz recounted the capture of a galley belonging to the son of Barbarossa. The son's cruelty towards his slaves led them to seize him as he walked on the deck, passing him from hand to hand and brutally beating him from one end of the galley to the other. He was killed before reaching the main mast. This was the consequence of his cruelty and the slaves' hatred.\n\nAfter this, we returned to Constantinople. In the following year, 1573, it became known that Don Juan of Austria had taken Tunis and its kingdom from the Turks, giving its possession to Muley Hamed. This thwarted Muley Hamida's aspirations to reign.\nOne of the cruelest and bravest Moors in the world, the Grand Signior, was troubled by this loss. He used his customary artifices with the Christians to secure peace with Venetians, who were more eager for it than he. In the year 1574, he attacked Goletta and the fort that Don Juan had begun but not finished before Tunis. I was a galley slave during this time, with no hope of liberty; I could not promise myself to obtain it through ransom; I resolved not to write my father the news of my misfortune. Goletta and the fort were both taken after some resistance. The Turkish army consisted of 75,000 Turks in pay and over 400,000 Moors and Arabs from Africa near the sea; they had such provisions of war of all kinds and so many pioneers that they could have covered Goletta and the fort with earth by handfuls. The Goletta was first taken.\nThough always before reputed impregnable, and it was not lost by any fault of its defenders, who did all that could be expected from them, but because it was found by experience that it was practicable to make trenches in that sandy soil, which was thought to have water under it within two feet. The Turks dug above two yards before they came at any, by which means filling sacks with sand and laying them on one another, they raised them so high that they commanded from that fortification the fort, in which none could be safe, nor show themselves upon the walls. It has been the opinion of most men that we did ill to shut ourselves up in the Goletta; and that we ought to have been drawn out to hinder their landing; but they who say so, talk without experience, and at a distance, of such things. If in all there were not above 7000 men in the Goletta and the fort, how could so small a number, though never so brave, hold back the enemy?\nTake the open field against such forces as those of the enemies? And how is it possible for a place to avoid being taken which can have no relief, particularly being besieged by such numbers, and those in their own country? But it seemed to many others, and that is also my opinion, that God Almighty favored Spain particularly, in suffering that sink of iniquity and misery, as well as that sponge and perpetual drain of treasure to be destroyed. For infinite sums of money were spent there to no purpose, without any other design than to preserve the memory of one of the emperor's, Charles V's, conquests; as if it had been necessary to support the eternity of his glory (which will be permanent) that those stones should remain in being. The fort was likewise lost, but the Turks gained it foot by foot; for the soldiers who defended it sustained two and twenty assaults, and in them killed above 25,000 of those barbarians; and when it was taken, of the 300 who were left alive.\nThere was not one man unwounded; a sign of the bravery of the garrison and their skill in defending places. A small fort in the midst of a lake, under the command of Don John Zanoguerra, a Valencian gentleman and renowned soldier, was taken by composition. Don Pedro Puerto Carrero, the General of the Galletta, was taken prisoner and died of grief before reaching Constantinople. The commander of the fort, Gabriel Cerbellon, a Milanese great engineer and valiant soldier, was also taken prisoner. Several persons of quality were killed in these two fortresses, including Pagan Doria, brother of the famous John Andrea Doria, a generous and noble-hearted man. His death was more compassionate as it was inflicted by some Arabs.\nAmong the people to whom he had entrusted his safety after the loss of the fort, they had promised to take him disguised in a Moor's habit to Tabarea, a small fort held on that coast by the Genoese for diving for coral. However, they beheaded him, and brought his head to the Turkish general, who kept his promise to our Spanish commander that the traitors would be punished, but not the treason. Among the Christians taken in the fort was Don Pedro de Aguilar, from some place in Andalusia, who was an ensign there. I mention him because it was his fortune to be a slave in the same galley with me, chained to the same bench. Before we left the port, he composed two sonnets as epitaphs for the Goletta and the fort, which I must beg leave to repeat here, having learned them by heart:\n\n[The text does not provide the sonnets.]\nAnd I believe they will rather distract than tire the company. When the captive named Don Pedro de Aguilar, Don Ferdinand looked upon his comrades, and they all smiled. And when he spoke of the sonnets, one of them said, before you go on to repeat the sonnets, I desire, Sir, you would tell me what became of that Don Pedro de Aguilar whom you mentioned. All that I know of him, answered the slave, is that after having been in Constantinople for two years, he escaped, disguised as an Arnaut, and in the company of a Greek spy; but I cannot tell whether he obtained his liberty or not, though I believe he did, because about a year after, I saw the same Greek in Constantinople but had not an opportunity to ask him about the success of his journey. Then I can tell you, replied the gentleman, that the Don Pedro you speak of is my brother, and is currently at home, married, rich, and has three children. God be thanked, said the slave, for the favors he has bestowed on him.\nFor in my mind there is no happiness equal to that of recovering one's lost liberty; and moreover, replied the slave, I can say the Sonnets you mentioned, which my brother made. With all my heart, answered the gentleman. This was upon the Goletta:\n\nBlessed souls, discharged of life's oppressive weight,\nWhose virtue proved your passport to the skies:\nYou there procured a more propitious fate,\nWhen for your faith you bravely fell, to rise.\nWhen pious rage diffused through every vein,\nOn this ungrateful shore inflamed your blood:\nEach drop you lost was bought with crowds of slain,\nWhose vital purple swelled the neighboring flood.\nThough crushed by ruins and by odds, you claim\nThat perfect glory, that immortal fame,\nWhich like true heroes nobly you pursued;\nOn these you seized, even when of life deprived,\nFor still your courage even your lives survived.\nAnd it is thus conquered. I know it's just as you say, replied the Captive. Well then, replied the Gentleman, I'll give you now that which was made upon the fort, if I can remember it.\n\nIn these barren fields and ruined towers,\nThe bed of honor of the falling brave,\nThree thousand champions of the Christian powers,\nFound a new life, and triumph in the grave.\n\nLong did their arms repel their haughty foes,\nYet strewed the fields with slain in vain,\nOvercome by toils, the pious heroes fell,\nOr but survived more nobly to be slain.\n\nThis dismal soil, so famous in ills of old,\nIn every age was fatal to the bold,\nThe seat of horror, and the warrior's tomb!\nYet hence to heaven more worth was never resigned,\nNor has the earth combined,\nResumed more noble bodies in her womb.\n\nThe sonnets were applauded.\nThe captive was pleased to hear good news about his friend and companion: The Turks ordered the dismantling of the Galletta; the fort had been taken by the siege, but their mines failed to blow up the old walls, which were always considered the weakest part of the place. However, the new fortifications built by Engineer Fratin came down easily. In the end, the Turkish fleet returned in triumph to Constantinople, where my master Vehali died not long after. The Turks called him Vehali Furtare, which in Turkish means the Scabby Renegade, reflecting his true nature. The Turks give names based on virtues or defects in their characters, as there are only four families descended from the Ottoman family, and the rest take their names from some bodily defect.\nA slave of good mind endured fourteen years at the oar in the Grand Signior's galley until he was thirty-four. He defected to avenge a Turk who struck him on the ear while chained to the oar. Abandoning his religion for revenge, he demonstrated valor and conduct, becoming King of Algiers and Admiral of the Turkish Fleet, the third command in the empire. Born in Calabria, he was kind to his slaves and had good morals. He owned over three thousand slaves, whom, upon his death, he ordered divided between the Grand Signior, his sons, and his renegades. I inherited a Venetian renegade, a cabin boy on a Venetian ship captured by Khiva.\nWho loved him sufficiently to make him one of his favorite boys; and he eventually proved to be one of the cruellest renegades ever known. His name was Azanaga. He amassed such riches as to rise by them and become King of Algiers. With him, I left Constantinople, finding some satisfaction in being in a place so near Spain. I had no intention of offering advice to any friend concerning my misfortunes, but I hoped to try my luck in Algiers, where I had attempted a thousand ways to escape from Constantinople, but could never execute any of them. I hoped I would have better success in Algiers, as I had not given up hope despite the numerous disappointments I encountered in my quest for freedom. By these means, I managed to stay alive, confined in a prison or house that the Turks call a bagnio, where they keep their Christian slaves, including those belonging to the king, as well as those who are called El Almacen.\nThose who belong to the Public and are employed by the city in its works are finding it difficult to gain their freedom. Since they have no particular master, they cannot negotiate for ransom, even if they have the money. The king's slaves, who can be ransomed, are not required to leave for work unless their ransom takes too long to arrive. In such cases, they are made to work and fetch wood with the others, which is no small labor. I was one of those to be ransomed, for even though I told them the impossibility of my being redeemed due to my poverty, they placed me among the gentlemen to be ransomed. To signify this, they put me on a slight chain, more as a mark of distinction than to restrain me by it. I spent my life in that prison, along with several other gentlemen of quality, who were also awaiting their ransom; and though hunger and nakedness might have been my companions,\nOur master frequently caused us trouble, but nothing gave us as much affliction as witnessing and hearing about the excessive cruelties he inflicted upon other Christian slaves. He would hang one person one day, impale another, and cut off the ears of another, often for trivial reasons. The Turks themselves acknowledged that he did these things for pleasure and because of his inherent hatred for humanity. Only one Spanish soldier, named Saavedra, knew how to deal with him. Our master never harmed him, neither in word nor deed, despite Saavedra's mischievous pranks. We were always afraid that even the smallest of his antics would lead to his impalement, and he himself shared our fear. If I weren't concerned about taking up too much of your time, I could recount numerous incidents involving Saavedra that would entertain you more than my own adventures.\nAnd the windows of a wealthy Moor's house looked upon our prison court. These windows, according to the country's custom, functioned more as peeping holes than windows, and they had lattices or jealousies on the inside. One day, while on a terrace of our prison with only three of my companions, entertaining ourselves as best we could by trying to leap the farthest in our chains while the other Christians were out at work, I happened to look up at those windows and saw that from one of them emerged a long cane with a piece of linen tied to it. We all took notice and one of us went and stood directly beneath it to see if they would let it fall; however, just as he reached for it, the cane was drawn up and shook side to side.\nas if he had made the same sign as people do with their head when they deny. He withdrew and the same motion was made with it as before. Another of my comrades advanced and had the same success as the former; the third man was treated the same way; which I seeing, resolved to try my luck. As I came under the cane, it fell at my feet. Immediately I untied the linen, within which was a knot, which, when opened, revealed about ten zianins \u2013 a sort of gold of base alloy used by the Moors, each worth about two crowns of our money. 'Tis not to be much questioned whether the discovery was not as pleasant as surprising; we were in admiration, and I in particular, not being able to guess from what part these favors proceeded; for it was apparent that I was more meant than any of my comrades, since the cane was let go to me alone when it was refused to them. I took my money, broke the cane.\nAnd upon the terrace, we saw a fine white hand opening and shutting the window hastily. We imagined that a woman living in that house had shown us kindness, so we bowed in the Moorish fashion, with our arms across our chests. A little later, a small cane cross appeared in the same window and was quickly pulled back in. This confirmed our belief that a Christian woman was a slave in that house and was the one who had pity on us. However, the whiteness of the hand and the richness of the bracelets glimpsed on the arm seemed to contradict this thought again. We then believed it was a Christian woman who had converted to Islam, whom their masters often married, and considered it a great fortune.\nThey are more highly valued by them than the country women. But in all our guessing, we were far from discovering the truth of the case. We resolved to be diligent in observing the window, which was our north star. Fifteen days passed before we saw the hand or cane or any other sign whatsoever. Though during that time we tried to find out who lived in that house and if there was any Christian woman who was a renegade, all we could discover was that the house belonged to one of the chief Moors, a very rich man named Agimorato, who had been Alcayde of the Pata, an office much valued among them. But when we least expected it, out of that window we saw the cane appear again, with a bigger piece of linen and a larger knot. And this was when the bagnio was without any other slaves in it. We all tried our fortunes as the first time.\nAnd it succeeded, for the Cane was given only to me. I untied the knot and found forty gold crowns in Spanish currency, along with a paper written in Arabic. At the top of the paper was a large cross. I kissed the cross, took the crowns, and returning to the terrace, we all made our Moorish reverences. The hand reappeared, and I signaled that I would read the paper. The window was then shut. We were all overjoyed and astonished by what had happened, and eager to know the paper's contents. But none of us understood Arabic, and it was even more difficult to find a suitable interpreter. I finally resolved to trust a renegade from Murcia, who had shown me great kindness. We made mutual assurances, and on his part, he was obligated to keep secret all that I would reveal to him. The renegades, who harbored thoughts of one day returning to their own country.\nIn the past, individuals could obtain certificates from persons of high standing among the Slaves in Barbary. These certificates served as a kind of affidavit, attesting that a particular renegade was an honest man who had been kind to Christians and harbored a desire to escape. Some obtained these certificates with sincere intentions, while others used them to facilitate piracy on Christian shores. When captured or shipwrecked, these individuals would present the certificates, claiming they had come in the Turkish company to seek an opportunity to return to Christendom. This ruse allowed them to initially evade Christian retaliation and be reconciled to the Church without harm. One such renegade was a friend of mine, and we had all provided certificates for him.\nWhen I was a child, my father had a slave who taught me in my tongue the Christian worship. But if the Moors had caught him with those papers about him, they would have burned him alive. I knew that not only he understood the Arabic tongue, but also that he could both speak and write it fluently. Yet before I fully trusted him, I asked him to read a paper I had found. He opened it and was a good while looking upon it and construing it to himself. I asked him if he understood it; he replied, \"yes, very well.\" And if I would give him a pen and ink and paper, he would translate it word for word. We furnished him with what he desired, and he went to work. Having finished his translation, he said, \"all that I have here put into Spanish is word for word what is in the Arabic; only observe that wherever the paper says 'Lela Marien,' it means our Lady the Virgin Mary.\" The contents were as follows:\n\nWhen I was a child, my father had a slave who taught me in my language the Christian worship.\nand told me many things about Lela Marien: The Christian slave died, and I am certain she did not go to the Fire, but is with Allah. I have seen her twice; she asked me to go to the Land of the Christians to see Lela Marien, who had great kindness for me. I do not understand the situation; but though I have seen many Christians outside this window, none have appeared to me as much as a gentleman as you. I am very handsome and young, and can carry with me a great deal of money and other riches. Consider whether you can help us escape together. If you are willing, I will be your husband in your own country. But if not, Lela Marien will provide me with a husband. I have written this; be careful who you let read it. Do not trust any Moor, for they are all treacherous. I am greatly perplexed by this and wish there were no need to trust anyone, for if my father were to learn of it.\nHe would certainly throw me into a well and cover me with stones. I will tie a thread to the cane, and with that, you may fasten your answer. If you cannot find anyone to write in Arabic, make me understand your meaning by signs. Lela Marien will help me guess it. She and Alla keep thee, as well as this cross, which I often kiss, as the Christian slave bided me.\n\nYou may imagine, Gentlemen, that we were in admiration at the contents of this paper and overjoyed at them, which we expressed so openly. The renegade came to understand that the paper was not found by chance but was really written to someone among us. Accordingly, he told us his suspicion but desired us to trust him entirely and that he would venture his life with us to procure us our liberty. Having said this, he pulled a crucifix of metal out of his bosom and with many tears, swore by the God which it represented, and in whom he, though a wicked sinner, did firmly believe.\nThe Renegade promised to be true and faithful to us with all secrecy in what we should impart to him. He believed that through the woman who had written that letter, we could all regain our lost liberty, and he in particular could be received again into the bosom of his mother, the Church. The Renegade spoke these words with so many tears and signs of repentance that we were all of the opinion to trust him and tell him the whole truth of the business. We showed him the little window from which the Cane used to appear, and he took note of the house from there. We agreed that it would be necessary to answer the Moorish Lady's note immediately. The Renegade wrote down what I dictated to him, which was exactly as I shall relate, for I have not forgotten the least material circumstance of this adventure, nor can I forget them in all my life. The words then were these:\n\nThe true Allah keep thee, my dear Lady.\nAnd that blessed Virgin, the true Mother of God, who inspired you to go to the land of the Christians, ask her to help you understand how to carry out her commands, for she is so good that she will do so. I and the Christians with me offer to help you in every way we can, even risking our lives. Do not fail to write to me and inform me of your decision. The Great Alla has given us a Christian slave who can read and write your language, as you can see by this letter. You may freely communicate your intentions to us. Regarding your statement that as soon as you reach the land of the Christians, you intend to be my wife, I promise you on the word of a good Christian that I will take you as my wife. Christians keep their promises better than the Moors. Alla.\nand his mother Mary be thy guard, my dear lady. Having written and sealed this note, I expected the bathhouse to be empty in two days, and then I went onto the terrace, our usual place for conversation, to see if the cane was out. As soon as it appeared, I showed my note so that the thread could be attached, but I found that it was attached to my hand instead. The cane being lowered, I fastened the note to it. Not long after, the knot was released, and I, having picked it up, found in it several pieces of gold and silver, amounting to over fifty crowns, which gave us great joy and strengthened our hopes of eventually gaining our freedom. That evening our renegade came to us and told us he had discovered that the master of that house was indeed Agimorato, the Moor we had been told of, who was extremely rich and had only one daughter to inherit all his estate. It was reported throughout the city that she was the most beautiful maiden in all of Barbary.\nHaving been demanded in marriage by several Bassas and Viceroys, but always refusing, he told us she had once had a Christian slave who had died. We held a council with the renegade about carrying off the Moorish lady and going to Christendom. We expected an answer from Zoraida, who now desired to be called Mary, as she could best advise on overcoming the difficulties in our way. The renegade assured us again that he would lose his life or deliver us from captivity.\n\nThe bagnio was filled with people for four days, and during this time the cane was invisible. However, as soon as it returned to its solitude, the cane reappeared, with a knot much bigger than usual. Upon untying it, I found a letter inside.\nAnd a Hundred crowns in gold. The renegade happened to be with us that day, and we gave him the letter to read, which he said contained these words:\n\nI cannot tell, Sir, how to contrive that we may go together for Spain; neither has Lela Marien told me, though I have earnestly asked her. All I can do is to furnish you with a great deal of riches, buy your ransom and your friends with that; and let one of you go to Spain, buy a bark there, and come and fetch the rest. As for me, you shall find me in my father's garden out of town, by the seaside, not far from Babasso Gate; where I am to pass all the summer with my father and my maids. From this you may take me without fear in the night time, and carry me to your bark; but remember thou art to be my husband; and if thou failest in that, I will desire Lela Marien to chastise thee. If thou canst not trust one of thy friends to go for the bark, pay thy own ransom.\nAnd go yourself; I trust you will return sooner than another, as you are a Gentleman and a Christian. Find my Father's garden, and I will ensure the bathhouse is empty and give you more money. Alla keep my dear Lord.\n\nThe contents of the second letter we received. Upon reading it, each of us offered to be the one to buy the boat, promising to return punctually. But the renegade opposed this proposition, and said he would never consent to any of us obtaining our liberty before the others because he had learned that once free, people do not keep their promises when they were captives. He gave examples of some slaves of quality who had used this remedy, sending one to Valencia or Majorca with money to buy a boat and come back to fetch the rest. But they never returned because the joy of having obtained their liberty and the fear of losing it again made them forget their promises.\nAnd he related to us a strange story, which had happened in those parts, confirming all his obligations in the world. After this, he said that the only way to redeem one of us was for him to buy a barque with the money. He could buy one in Algiers and pretend to turn merchant, dealing between Algiers and Tetuan. Being master of the vessel, he could easily find ways to get us out of the bagnio and take us on board. The only difficulty would be that the Moors do not allow renegades to keep any barques, only large ones fit for cruising on Christians. However, he knew how to overcome that difficulty.\nby taking a Tagarin Moor as partner in the gains of the barque and trade, enabling him to remain master, and then the rest would be easy for us. We dared not oppose this opinion, though each of us had a stronger inclination to go to Spain for a barque, as the Lady had advised; but we were afraid that if we contradicted him, he might betray us and endanger our lives, especially if the business of Zoraida was discovered, for whose liberty and life we would have given ours. So we decided to place ourselves under the protection of God and the renegade. At the same time, we answered Zoraida, telling her that we would do as she advised, which was very pleasing to her and seemed as if Lela Marien herself had instructed her; and that it now depended on her alone to provide the means for bringing this plan to pass. I promised her once more to be her husband. After two days, when the bagnio was empty.\nShe gave us two thousand gold crowns through the cane, along with a letter. In it, she informed us that the next Jewish Sabbath, she would visit her father's garden, and before departing, she would provide us with more money. If we lacked sufficient funds, she promised to give us what we deemed adequate; her father's wealth was so vast that he would hardly notice its absence. We handed the renegade fifteen hundred gold crowns to purchase a boat, and I paid my ransom with eight hundred crowns. I entrusted the money to a Valencian merchant in Algiers, who negotiated the deal with the king and kept me at his house on parole until the arrival of the first Valencian ship, as paying the money immediately might have raised suspicion that it had been hidden in Algiers.\nAnd the merchant had concealed it for his own profit, and I dared not trust my master with ready money, knowing his distrustful and malicious nature. The Thursday preceding the Friday that Zoraida was to go to the garden, she gave us an additional thousand crowns; at the same time, she requested that if I paid my ransom, I would find out her father's garden and contrive some way of seeing her there. I answered in a few words that I would do as she desired, and she should only recommend us to Lela Marien through the prayers which the Christian slave had taught her. An order was given to pay the ransom for my three friends as well, lest they, seeing me at liberty and themselves not so, though there was money to set them free, be troubled in mind and give in to the temptation of the devil, doing something that might prejudice Zoraida; for though their quality ought to have given me security of their honor.\nI did not consider it proper to take the slightest risk in the matter, so they were redeemed in the same way, and by the same Merchant who had the money in advance. But we never revealed the rest of our plan to him, as we were unwilling to face the danger involved.\n\nOur renegade had bought a good barque within two weeks, capable of carrying more than thirty people. To arouse no suspicion of any other intention, he undertook a voyage to a place on the coast called Sargel, about thirty leagues to the east of Algiers towards Oran, where there is a great trade for dried figs. He made this voyage two or three times, accompanied by the Tagarin Moor, his partner. Those Moors are called Tagarins in Barbary, who were driven out of Aragon; as they call those of Granada, Mudajares; and the same in the Fez kingdom are called Elches, and are the best soldiers the prince has.\n\nEvery time he sailed along the coast with his barque,\nHe used to anchor in a bay no more than two bowshots from Zoraida's garden. There, he would exercise the Moorish rowers, either performing the Sala ceremony or engaging them in some other employment. In jest, he would sometimes visit Zoraida's garden and ask for fruit. Her father would grant him some, despite not recognizing him. He wished to find an opportunity to speak to Zoraida and reveal that he was the man assigned by my order to transport her to the land of the Christians. She could depend on it. However, he could never find a chance to do so because Moorish and Turkish women do not allow themselves to be seen by their own people except by their husbands or fathers. However, Christian slaves were permitted to see them.\nI should have been very sorry if the Renegade had seen or spoken to Zoraida, as it would have troubled her greatly to see her business trusted to a Renegade. However, God Almighty, who governed our design, ordered it so that the Renegade was disappointed. Seeing that he went and came along the coast securely and without suspicion, staying where and when he pleased by the way, and that his partner, the Tagarin Moor, was of the same mind, I was at liberty. All that was needed was some Christians to help us row. He urged me to consider whom I intended to carry with me besides those who were ransomed, and I should make sure of them for the first Friday, as he had pitched on that day for our departure. Upon notice of this resolution, I spoke to twelve lusty Spaniards, good rowers.\nand those who could most easily leave the City. It was a great fortune that we managed to get so many out in such a conjuncture, as there were over twenty sails of rovers that had gone out and had taken aboard most of the slaves fit for the oar. We would not have had these slaves but for their master staying at home that summer to finish a galley he was building to cruise with, and was then constructing on the stocks. I said no more to them than that they should steal out of the town in the evening on the next Friday and wait for me on the way to Agimorato's Garden. I spoke to each one privately and gave each of them orders to say nothing to any other Christian they saw, except that they said I was there. Having done this, I had another matter of great importance to attend to, which was to inform Zoraida of our plans and how far we had progressed; she should be ready for a short warning and not be surprised if we came to her house suddenly.\nAnd before I could think that the Christian barque had arrived, I resolved to go to the Garden to try and speak to her. One day, under the pretext of gathering a few herbs, I entered the Garden, and the first person I met was her father. He spoke to me in the language used throughout the Turkish Dominions, a mixture of all Christian and Moorish languages, with which we understand one another from Constantinople to Algiers. He asked me what I was looking for in his garden and to whom I belonged. I replied that I was a slave of Arnaute Mami, a man I knew was his intimate friend, and that I wanted a few herbs to make a salad. He then asked if I was a slave to be redeemed or not and how much my master asked for me. During these questions, the beautiful Zoraida came out of a garden house nearby, having seen me for some time before. And, unlike Moorish women who make no difficulty in showing themselves to Christian slaves, she appeared.\nShe drew near without hesitation to the place where her father and I were talking. Her father showed no dislike of her coming and called for her to come closer. I was astonished and surprised by the beauty, rich dress, and charming air of my beloved Zoraida. She was adorned with pearls that hung thick on her head, neck, and arms. Her feet and legs were bare, according to the custom of that country. She wore a bracelet of gold and diamonds on her feet, which her father valued at ten thousand pistoles a pair, and her wristlets were of equal value. The pearls were of the finest quality, as Moorish women greatly delighted in them and possessed more pearls of all kinds than any nation. Her father was reputed to have the finest pearls in Algiers and was worth over two hundred thousand Spanish crowns. At that time, Zoraida was the mistress of all these possessions.\nAt that time, she appeared to me as the most ravishing object I had ever seen. Her beauty, despite her sufferings, hinted at her wonderful appearance in prosperity. The handsomeness of most ladies has its days and times, and is influenced by accidents or passions, which either enhance or diminish their lustre, or extinguish it entirely. At that time, she seemed to me like a goddess sent from heaven for my relief and satisfaction. As she approached, her father spoke to her in his native language, informing her that I was a slave belonging to his friend Arnaute Mami, and had come to pick a salad in his garden. She immediately picked up on this, and in Lingua Franca asked me if I was a gentleman, and if so, why I did not ransom myself. I replied that I had already been ransomed, and that the price my master had paid for me could be inferred from that.\nsince she had bought me for 1500 Pieces of Eight: \"If you had been my father's slave, I would not have let him part with you for twice as much,\" she replied. \"For you Christians never speak the truth in anything you say and make yourselves poor to deceive the Moors.\" \"That may be, Madam,\" I replied, \"but I have dealt honestly with my master, and I intend to deal honestly with all those I shall have to deal with.\" \"When do you go home?\" she asked. \"Tomorrow, Madam,\" I replied, \"for there is a French barque sailing tomorrow that I intend not to miss. Is it not better,\" Zoraidasaid, \"to stay till a Spanish barque comes and go with them, rather than with the French, who I am told are not your friends?\" \"No,\" I replied, \"but if the report of a Spanish barque's coming proves true, I would perhaps stay for it. And besides, the desire I have to be at home and with those I love.\"\nI am married in Spain and eager to be with my wife, you said, Zoraida replied. I am not married yet, I have only given my word to a lady when I can reach my own country, I answered. And is the lady beautiful who has my promises, Zoraida inquired. She is very beautiful, I replied, so beautiful that I can only truthfully say she resembles you. At this, her father laughed heartily and said, you are to be pitied if she is like my daughter, who is the greatest beauty of this kingdom. Look upon her well, and you will see I speak the truth. Zoraida's father served as our interpreter for most of our conversation, as she understood the Lingua Franca but was not accustomed to speaking it, instead communicating more through signs than words. During this conversation, a Moor rushed in, breathlessly crying out that four Turks had jumped over the garden fence.\nAnd they were gathering the fruit though it was not ripe. The old man started at that, and so did Zoraida, for the Moors do naturally stand in great awe of the Turks, particularly of the soldiers, who are so insolent on their side that they treat the Moors as if they were their slaves. This made the father bid his daughter go home and shut herself up close, while I, said he, go and talk with those dogs; and for you, Christian, gather the herbs you want and go your ways in peace. I bowed to him, and he left me with Zoraida to go and find the Turks. She made as if she were going away, as her father had bid her, but she was no sooner hidden from his sight by the trees of the garden than she turned towards me with her eyes full of tears and said in her language, \"Amexi Christiano Amexi,\" which is, \"Thou art going away, Christian, thou art going.\" To this I answered, \"Yes, Madam, I am, but by no means without you; you may expect me the first Friday.\"\nand not be surprised, for we will most certainly go to the Land of the Christians. I spoke this passionately, and she understood me. She threw an arm about my neck and began to walk softly and trembling towards the house. It was fortunate that as we were in this position, walking together (which might have proved very unfortunate for us), we met Agimorato returning from the Turks, and we saw that he had seen us. But Zoraida, without taking away her arm from about my neck, drew still nearer to me and leaned her head upon my breast, letting her knees give way, and was in the posture of one who faints. I, at the same time, made as if I had much ado to bear her up against my will. Her father came hastily to me, and seeing his daughter in this condition, asked her what was the matter? But she did not answer readily, and he presently said, \"Without a doubt, these Turks have frightened her.\"\nShe faints; he takes her in his arms. She regains consciousness, taking a deep sigh. With tears still in her eyes, she says, \"Amexi Christiano Amexi, depart, Christian, depart.\" Her father replies, \"It matters not, child, whether he goes or stays. He has caused you no harm, and the Turks have departed.\" I explain, \"It was the Turks who frightened her, Sir. But since she wishes me to leave, I shall return another time for my salad, with your permission; for my master says the herbs from your garden are the finest we can obtain.\" The father grants this, saying, \"You may have what you will, and when you will. My daughter does not find Christians bothersome; she merely wished the Turks away, and inadvertently asked you to depart or gather your herbs.\" With this, I take my leave of them both. Zoraida, showing great distress, departs with her father. I continue to gather herbs throughout the garden.\nI have observed all the necessary places for coming and going, as well as the strengths of the house and other conveniences for our business. After completing this assessment, I departed and provided a detailed account of the events to the renegade and my other friends. Longing earnestly for the time when I could promise my dear Zoraida's company without fear of disturbance, that happy hour eventually arrived. On the Friday following my conversation with Zoraida, towards the evening, we anchored our bark nearly opposite the place where my beloved mistress resided. The Christians who were to be employed at the oars were already assembled at the rendezvous, hidden up and down around the area. They were eagerly anticipating my arrival and eager to seize the bark they saw before them, unaware of our agreement with the renegade.\nBut as we approached, they thought they could gain control and their freedom by killing the Moors on board. As soon as I and my friends appeared, all the others came out from their hiding places to us. By this time, the city gates were shut, and no one appeared in the country near us. When we were all together, it was a question whether we should first go fetch Zoraida or take control of the few Moors in the bark. As we were in this consultation, the renegade came to us and asked what we intended to do, idly standing there. He told us that his Moors had all gone to rest, and most of them were asleep. We told him of our dilemma, and he immediately suggested that the most important thing was to secure the bark, which could easily be done without danger, and then we could go for Zoraida.\n\nWe all agreed, and without further delay, he led us to the bark. He jumped into it first, drew a scimitar, and cried out loudly in the Moorish language, \"Let no man of you stir.\"\nexcept he meant it should cost him his life; and while he said this, all the other Christians were getting on board. The Moors, who are naturally timid, hearing the master use this language, were frightened, and without resistance allowed themselves to be manacled. This was done with great efficiency by the Christians, who told them at the same time that if they made the least noise, they would immediately cut their throats. Having done this and leaving half of our number to guard them, the remainder, along with the renegade, went to the Garden of Agimorato. Our good fortune was such that, upon forcing the gate, we found it open with such ease that it seemed not to have been shut at all. So we marched on in great silence to the house, without being perceived by anyone. The lovely Zoraida, who was at the window, asked softly, upon hearing us tread, whether we were Nizarani, that is, Christians? I answered, \"Yes\"; and she did not hesitate but to come down as soon as she recognized my voice.\nA woman appeared to us without speaking, looking like a goddess due to her beauty and rich attire. I seized her hand and kissed it, followed by the renegade and then my friends. The renegade asked her in Morisco if her father was in the garden. She replied yes, and that he was sleeping, and that her father must not be touched. In the house, there was nothing more valuable than what she would carry with her. She stepped into the house, bid us be quiet, and promised to return soon. I asked the renegade what had transpired between them, and he recounted his words. I replied:\nZoraida was bringing back a trunk full of gold, which she could hardly carry. But to our misfortune, her father woke up while this was happening. Hearing noise in the garden, he opened a window and cried out in Arabic, \"Thieves, Thieves, Christians, Christians!\" These cries put us all into a terrible disorder and fear. The renegade, seeing our danger, ran up with some of our men to where Agimorato was. I refused to leave Zoraida, who had fainted in my arms. Those who went up managed to subdue Agimorato, tying his hands behind his back and stuffing a cloth in his mouth to prevent him from speaking. They threatened him as well.\nif he tried to speak, it would cost him his life. When his daughter, who had regained consciousness, saw him, she covered her eyes to avoid looking at him, and he remained even more astonished because he did not know if she had willingly given herself to our hands. We used diligence and managed to reach our barque, where our men grew concerned that we had encountered some misfortune. We boarded about two hours after it was dark. The first thing we did upon boarding was to untie the father's hands and ungag him, but we continued to threaten the renegade with execution if he made any noise. When he saw his daughter there, he sighed most passionately, and even more so when he saw me embracing her tenderly, and she seemed to endure it without resistance or struggle. Despite this, he remained silent, fearing that the renegade's threats would be carried out. Seeing us aboard, Zoraida...\nand she requested that I have her father and the other Moorish prisoners released so they could be taken ashore. She threatened to throw herself into the sea if we did not comply, as she did not want to witness her father being taken captive before her eyes. The renegade relayed her message to me, and I agreed. However, the renegade held a different opinion. He warned us that if we set them ashore there, the locals would raise an alarm, potentially leading to the dispatch of light frigates in pursuit of us. This would make it impossible for us to escape, as we would be trapped between the shore and the sea. He suggested instead that we release them in the first Christian land we reached. This reasoning seemed sound to us all, and even Zoraida, once informed of our reasons for not granting her request immediately, agreed. We began to row in silence and content.\nWe recommended ourselves to Providence with all our hearts and attempted to make for Majorca, the nearest Christian land. However, the North wind rose slightly, causing the sea to follow suit, preventing us from maintaining that course. Instead, we were forced to head towards Oran, fearing discovery from Sargel on the coast, about thirty leagues from Algier. We were also apprehensive about encountering Galliots from Tetuan with merchandise. In truth, we did not fear these last as much; on the contrary, we all hoped to meet one well-laden with merchandise, as we could then acquire a better vessel to transport us. Zoraida hid her face between my hands so she would not see her father, and I could hear her call upon Lela Marien for help. By this time, we had traveled about thirty miles; the day broke, and we found ourselves within a mile of the shore, which appeared to us a desert, solitary place.\nBut yet we rowed hard to get out to sea, fearing discovery by someone. Once about two leagues out, we proposed taking turns rowing to rest, but the oar men said it wasn't time yet and they could eat and row simultaneously if those not rowing helped and provided meat and drink. We did this, and shortly after, with the wind picking up, we set sail for Oran, unable to maintain any other course. We made over eight miles an hour, only concerned about encountering cruisers. We gave provisions to our Moorish prisoners, and the renegade reassured them they were not slaves but would be freed upon the first opportunity. The same was told to Zoraida's father. He replied, \"I might expect other things from your courtesy, Christians.\"\nbut that you should give me my liberty I am not simple enough to believe; for you never would have run the risk of taking it from me if you intend to restore it so easily, particularly since you know who I am, and what you may get for my ransom. When he had said this, he burst into tears so violently that Zoraida could not help but look up at him. Compassion moved us all, but particularly her. Starting from my arms, she flew to her father's, and putting her head to his, they began again a passionate and tender scene. But her father, seeing her so richly dressed and so many jewels about her, said to her in his language, \"What does this mean?\"\nDaughter, before last night's tragic event, you were in your usual attire. Now, without even having the time to change, I see you adorned with all the fineries I could give you, if we were free and meant to celebrate? This leaves me more wonder and trouble than even our sad misfortune. Answer me. The renegade understood all that the Moor said, and we saw that Zoraida answered not a word. But suddenly, he spotted the little casket in which she used to keep her jewels, which he thought had been left in Algiers, and remained even more astonished. He asked her how that trunk could have come into our hands and what was in it. To this, the renegade, without expecting Zoraida's answer, replied, \"Do not trouble yourself to ask your daughter so many questions. Know then that she is a Christian, and it is she who has freed us and given us liberty. She is with us of her own free will.\"\nand I hope you are pleased, as people should be who come from darkness to light and from death to life. Is this true, Daughter, asked the Moor? It is so, replied Zoraida. How then, asked the Old Man, are you really a Christian, and are you she who has put your father in the power of his enemies? To this, Zoraida replied, I am the one who is a Christian, but not I who have brought you into this condition. For my design was never to injure my father, but only to do myself good. And what good have you done yourself, asked the Moor? Ask that of Lela Marien, replied Zoraida. The Old Man had no sooner heard this than he threw himself with incredible fury into the sea, and without a doubt, he would have been drowned in it had not his garments, which were somewhat large, kept him above water for a time. Zoraida cried out to us to help him, which we all did so readily that we pulled him out by his vest, but he was half drowned and without feeling. This troubled Zoraida.\nShe threw herself upon her father and lamented as if he were truly dead. We turned him onto his belly, and he recovered a little within two hours due to the large amount of water coming out of him. The wind had shifted, forcing us ashore, so we had to row to avoid being driven onto the land.\n\nFortunately, we reached a small bay formed by a promontory, known as the Cape of Caba Rumia in our tongue, or the Cape of the Wicked Christian Woman to the Moors. It is a tradition among the Moors that Caba, the daughter of Count Julian, is buried there, causing the loss of Spain. They consider it ominous to enter this bay except by necessity. However, it was a safe retreat for us, given the height of the sea at the time. We posted guards on shore but kept our oars ready to be rowed if necessary.\nTaking refreshment as given by the Renegade, we prayed fervently to God and the Virgin Mary for protection and successful completion of our plan. At Zoraida's request, we resolved to set her father and all other Moors we held captive ashore. Zoraida lacked the courage and her tender heart could no longer bear to witness their mistreatment. We did not intend to do this until we were ready to depart, ensuring they could not cause significant harm, as the location was secluded with no nearby settlements. Our prayers were answered as the wind subsided and the sea grew calm, urging us to continue our voyage. We released our prisoners one by one, who were greatly astonished. When we helped Zoraida's father ashore, who had regained consciousness, he asked, \"Why do you think Christians...\"\nthat this wicked woman desires I be set at liberty; do you think it is for any pity she feels for me? No, certainly, but it is because she cannot bear my presence, which hinders the prosecution of her ill desires. I would not have you think that she has embraced your religion because she knows the difference between yours and ours, but because she has heard that she may live more loosely in your country than at home. And then turning himself to Zoraida, while I and another held him fast by the arms, so he might commit no extravagance, he said, O infamous and blind young woman, where are you going in the power of these dogs, our natural enemies? cursed be the hour in which I begot you, and the care and affection with which I bred you. But I, seeing he was not likely to make an end of his exclamations soon, made haste to set him on shore.\nFrom that point, he continued to curse and complain, begging on his knees to Mah to ask God Almighty to confound and destroy us. When, under sail, we could no longer hear him, we saw his actions, which were to tear his hair and beard and roll himself on the ground. But he once raised his voice so high that we heard what he said, which was, \"Come back, my dear daughter, I forgive thee all; Let those men keep the treasure that is already in their possession, and you return to comfort your disconsolate father, who must otherwise lose his life in these sandy deserts.\" All this Zoraida heard, and shed abundant tears, but could answer nothing but beg that Lela Marien, who had made her a Christian, would comfort him. \"God knows,\" she said, \"I could not avoid doing what I had done, and these Christians are not obligated to me, for I could not rest until I had done this, which to you, dear father, seems so ill a thing.\"\nWhen we were far enough away that we could scarcely see him, I comforted Zoraida as best I could, and we focused on our voyage. The wind was now favorable for our purpose, and we had no doubt of reaching the Spanish shore the next morning. However, our good fortune was tempered with sorrow. Either ill fortune or the Moor's curses had such an effect that around midnight, with our sails full and oars laid by, we saw a round vessel with all sails out approaching us. It came so close that we were forced to strike our sail to avoid colliding with it. The vessel likewise seemed to be trying to let us pass. They came so near to ask where we came from and where we were going, but the renegade forbade us to answer.\nThese are French pirates, who consider everything as prize. We fell silent as we sailed on, with them under the wind, firing two guns, one of which struck our mast near the board and the other went through us without killing anyone. Perceiving we were sinking, we called to them to take us, as we were going to drown. They then struck their own sails, put out their boat, and about a dozen Frenchmen came aboard us. They said this had happened to us because we did not answer their questions. The renegade had time to heave Zoraida's treasure trunk overboard, and it went unnoticed by anyone. When we were aboard their vessel, after learning all they could from us, they began to strip us.\nThey plundered Zoraida of all her jewels and bracelets on her hands and feet. I was more concerned about the safety of the jewel of her chastity, which she valued above all else. But such people rarely have desires beyond ordinary riches, which they saw in abundance before them. Their covetousness was sharpened by it, and even our slave habits tempted them. They consulted what to do with us. Some suggested throwing us overboard, wrapped up in a sail, because they intended to put into some Spanish ports under the notion of being from Brittany. If they carried us with them, they might be punished, and their roguery come to light. But the captain, who considered himself rich with Zoraida's plunder, resolved not to touch in any Spanish port but to make his way through the Straits by night or as he could, for Rochel, from whence he came.\nThey found it convenient to give us their longboat and all we required for our short voyage. As soon as it was day and we saw the Spanish shore, the longing for liberty made all our miseries disappear from our minds in an instant. They began to prepare things, and around noon they put us on board, giving us two barrels of water and a small quantity of biscuit. The captain, touched by some remorse for Zoraida, gave her about 40 crowns in gold at parting and would not allow his soldiers to take off the clothes she was wearing. We went aboard, showing ourselves rather thankful than complaining. They set sail for the Straits, and with the land before us as our north star, we rowed our oars. By sunset, we were close enough to have landed before it was completely dark, but considering the moon was hidden in clouds and the heavens were growing dark, and we were ignorant of the shore.\nWe did not think it safe to venture on, though many among us were so desperate for Liberty and to be out of all Danger that they would have landed on a desert rock. This would at least allow us to avoid the small boats of the Barbary Coast pirates, such as those from Tetuan, who come home when it's dark and by morning are early on the Spanish Coast. There, they often make a prize and return home to bed the same day. But the other opinion prevailed, which was to row gently on and if the sea and shore allowed, to land quietly where we could. We did accordingly and about midnight we came under a great hill, which had a sandy shore, convenient enough for our landing. Here we ran our boat in as far as we could and being got on land, we all kissed it for joy and thanked God with tears for our Deliverance. This done, we took out the little provision we had left and climbed up the mountain, thinking we were safer, for we could hardly persuade ourselves.\nWe didn't believe the land we were on was the Christian shore. We thought the day was long in coming, and when we reached the top of the hill, we couldn't see any habitations or people, nor a path. We resolved to go further in, thinking we couldn't miss encountering someone to inform us of our location. What troubled me most was seeing my Zoraida go on foot among the sharp rocks. I would sometimes want to carry her on my shoulders, but she was as concerned about the pains I took as she was about what she endured. Leaning on me, she went on with much patience and content. After we had gone about a quarter of a league, we heard the sound of a pipe, which we took to be a certain sign of a flock near us. We saw, at the foot of a cork-tree, a young shepherd who was cutting a stick with his knife with great attention and repose. We called to him, and he, looking up, approached us.\nThe man ran away as fast as he could. We later learned that the first people he saw were the Renegade and Zoraida, who were dressed in Moorish clothing. He thought all the Moors in Barbary were chasing him and fled into the woods, shouting \"Moor, Moor, Arm, Arm, the Moors are Landed.\" Hearing this cry, we were unsure what to do. Considering that the shepherd's cries could only alarm the countryside and that the horse guard of the coast would be approaching us, we decided that the Renegade should remove his Turkish attire and wear a slave's coat, which one of us lent him, while the lender remained in his shirt. Trusting in God, we continued on the same path, expecting the horsemen to catch up with us. Within two hours, as we descended the hills into a plain, we saw about fifty horses approaching us at a half gallop. Upon seeing this, we stood still.\nWhen they appeared and instead saw many Christian captives instead of Moors, one asked us if we were the cause of the alarm in the country. Yes, I replied, and began to tell him who we were and where we came from. But one of our companions recognized the horseman who had asked the question, and before I could continue, he exclaimed, \"God be praised, Gentlemen, for bringing us to such a good part of the country. I believe, if my memory of my long captivity hasn't failed me, that you, Sir, who ask us these questions, are my Uncle Don Pedro Bustamante.\" The Christian slave had scarcely spoken these words when the gentleman dismounted hastily to embrace the young slave, saying, \"Dear nephew, my joy, my life, I know you, and have often lamented your loss, with your dear mother and other relatives.\"\nYou have provided a well-written and clear text that requires minimal cleaning. I will make only a few minor corrections for clarity and consistency:\n\n\"whom you will yet find alive. God has preserved them, that they may have the pleasure of seeing you. We had heard that you were in Algiers, and by what I see of your dress, and that of all this company, you must all have had some miraculous deliverance. It is so,\" replied the young man, \"and we shall have time enough now to tell all our adventures. The rest of the horsemen, hearing that we were Christians who had escaped from slavery, dismounted and offered us their horses to carry us to the town of Velez de Malaga, which was about a league and a half away. Some of them went where we had left our boat and got it into the port. We got behind some of them, and Zoraida behind the gentleman, uncle to our captive. All the people, who had already heard something of our adventure, came out to meet us; they did not wonder to see captives at liberty, nor Moors prisoners; for in all that coast they are accustomed to it; but they were astonished at the beauty of Zoraida.\"\nAt that moment, she appeared to be at the peak of perfection. The excitement of traveling and the relief of reaching Christendom, free from the dread of being recaptured, gave her a stunning countenance. So beautiful was she that, without fear of being biased, I would have sworn there was no more beautiful creature in the world, at least none I had seen. We went directly to the church to give thanks to God for His great mercy to us. As we entered and Zoraida looked at the paintings, she remarked that several faces resembled Lela Marien's. We told her they were her portraits, and the renegade explained the story behind them as best he could, allowing her to revere them as if each were the true Lela Marien. With her good and clear understanding, she immediately grasped the meaning behind the paintings and images. Afterward, we were dismissed.\nAnd lodged in different houses in the town, but the young Christian slave of Velez led me, Zoraida, and the renegade to his father's house, where we were accommodated quite well, according to their fortune, and treated with as much kindness as their own son. After six days in Velez, the renegade having made proofs of his honesty, went to Granada, there to be received by the holy Inquisition into the bosom of the Church. Zoraida and I remained without other help than the forty crowns which the pirate gave her, with which I bought this ass on which she rides; and hitherto have been to her a father and a friend, but not a husband: We go with an intention of seeing whether my father is alive or any of my brothers have had better fortune than I; though since it has pleased heaven to give me Zoraida and make me her partner, I reckon no better fortune could befall me. The patience\nwith which she bears the inconvenience of poverty, the desire she shows of being made a Christian.\nI confess, the expectation of being hers is not little alleviated by the uncertainties of knowing whether I shall find in my country one to receive us or a corner to pass my life with her. I fear time may have so altered the affairs of our family that I shall not find any body that will know me, if my father and brothers are dead. This is the sum of my adventures, which if it has anything entertaining, you are best judges. I wish I had told them more compactly. Yet, I assure you, the fear of being tedious has made me cut short many circumstances of my story.\n\nThe stranger ended his story, and Don Ferdinand making him a compliment on behalf of the whole company, truly, captain, said he, the wonderful and surprising turns of your fortune are not only entertaining.\nBut the pleasing and graceful manner of your Relation is as extraordinary as the Adventures themselves. We are all bound to pay you our acknowledgments, and I believe we could be delighted with a second recital, even if it lasted until tomorrow, provided it were made by you. Cardenio and the rest of the company joined him in offering their utmost service in the re-establishment of his fortune, and they did so with such sincerity and earnestness that the captain had reason to be satisfied of their affection. Don Ferdinand in particular proposed to engage the marquess his brother to stand godfather to Zoraida, if he would return with him; and farther, promised to provide him with all things necessary to support his figure and quality in town. But the captain made them a very handsome compliment for their obliging favors, excusing himself from accepting those kind offers at that time. By this time it grew towards the dark of the evening when a coach stopped at the inn.\nAnd the hostess replied that her house was full. Some horsemen asked for lodging and one of them declared that his lord judge was in their coach. The hostess, concerned, replied that she had no empty beds. \"If you were ten times fuller,\" the horseman said, \"room would be made for my lord judge.\" A gentleman then alighted from the coach, easily distinguishable by his long gown and great sleeves. He led a young lady, about sixteen years old, dressed in a riding suit. Her beauty and charming air attracted the admiration of everyone present. The other ladies were also there.\nOne might have thought it difficult for her outward graces to be matched, as Don Quixote saw them approaching the door. \"Sir,\" said he, \"you may enter undismayed, and refresh yourself in this castle. Though little and indifferently provided, it will nevertheless allow room and afford accommodation to arms and learning. And especially to arms and learning, which bring beauty as their guide and conductor. For certainly, at the approach of this lovely damsel, not only castles ought to open and expand their gates; but even rocks should divide their solid bodies, and mountains bow their ambitious crests, to make her entrance and afford her a retreat. Therefore, enter here, Sir, this paradise, where you shall find a bright constellation worthy to shine in conjunction with that heaven of beauty which you bring. Don Quixote's speech, mien, and garb.\nThe judge was taken aback by the unexpected appearance of the Three Ladies, who had come out to welcome and entertain the young lady upon learning of the judge's arrival and her beauty. However, Don Ferdinand, Cardenio, and the curate quickly reassured the judge that he was in the company of gentlemen and notable persons, despite the knight's unusual appearance and behavior leaving the judge uncertain. After exchanging polite formalities, they discovered that all the women would have to share a room with Don Quixote, while the men would remain outside to guard them. The judge agreed to allow his daughter to serve the ladies, and he settled for sharing a room with the innkeeper and the gentlemen. The captain was taken aback upon first seeing the judge.\nThe man had a strong presumption that Juan Perez de Viedma was his brother and asked one of his servants for confirmation. The servant replied that Juan was born in the Highlands of Leon. This information, along with the man's own observations, strengthened his belief that this was his long-lost brother. He called aside Ferdinand, Cardenio, and the curate to share the news. Juan's master had been appointed a judge in Mexico and was on his way to the Indies. The young lady was his only daughter, whose mother had died in childbirth and had settled her dowry on her. The father had remained a widower and was wealthy. The man sought advice from his companions on whether he should reveal himself to his brother immediately or test the waters first.\nby which he might guess at his reception. Why should you doubt a kind one, Sir, said the Curate? Because I am poor, Sir, said the Captain, and would therefore find a way to determine his affections; for should he prove ashamed to own me, I would be more ashamed to reveal myself. Then leave the management to me, said the Curate; the affable and courteous behavior of the Judge seems to me so very far from pride, that you need not doubt a welcome. Supper was now upon the table, and all the gentlemen had seated themselves, but the Captain, who ate with the ladies in the next room. When the company had half finished eating, My Lord Judge, said the Curate, I remember about some years ago I was happy in the acquaintance and friendship of a gentleman of your name when I was a prisoner in Constantinople. He was a captain of as much worth and courage as any in the Spanish infantry, but as unfortunate as brave. What was his name, pray, Sir?\nThe Judge spoke? Ruy Perez de Viedma replied, from a town in the Mountains of Leon. He recounted an unusual tale, told to him by his Father. I would have dismissed it as mere story if the speaker were not of such unquestioned credit and reputation. He narrated that his Father evenly distributed his estate among his three sons, offering them advice fitting Cato's words. The eldest chose arms and, with great success, became captain of a foot company, with a promising prospect of promotion to colonel. However, his fortune abandoned him at the most opportune moment; during the memorable Battle of Lepanto, where countless Christians regained their freedom, he unfortunately perished. I was captured at Goletta. Subsequently, we were companions in Constantinople, and later transported to Algiers.\nThe Curate recounted the strange adventures of the gentleman, detailing the story of the Captain and Zoraida, who were taken and stripped by the French. The Curate had heard nothing of them since and could not determine if they had come to Spain or been carried as prisoners to France. The Captain listened intently in a corner as the Curate spoke, observing the Judge's expressions. When the Curate finished, the Judge sighed deeply and tears stood in his eyes. \"Sir,\" he said, \"if you knew how closely your relative's story relates to mine, you would understand my emotional response. The Captain you mentioned is my eldest brother, who chose a military career and the glory and fame of war over the other two options presented by our father.\nI applied myself to study, and my younger brother has purchased a vast estate in Peru. From this, he has transmitted enough to my father to support his liberal disposition and provide me with means to continue my studies and advance. My father is still alive but dies daily from grief that he cannot learn anything about his eldest son. It is strange, considering his discretion in other matters, that neither prosperity nor adversity drew a line from him to give his father an account of his fortunes. Had he or we had the least hint of his captivity, he would not have had to wait for the miracle of the Moorish lady's cane for his deliverance. Now I am in the greatest uneasiness in the world, fearing that the French, to better conceal their robbery, may have killed him. The thoughts of this will dampen the pleasure of my voyage.\nI thought to procure your pleasant release, dear Brother. If I could guess where you were hidden, I would risk life and fortune for your deliverance. If our aged father could but understand that you were alive, even in the deepest and darkest dungeon in Barbary, our estate, mine, and my brother's, would fly for your ransom. And for the fair and liberal Zoraida, what thanks, what recompense could we provide? O, might I see the happy day of her spiritual birth and baptism, to see her joined to him in faith and marriage, how we all would rejoice! The Curate, foreseeing the happy success of his design, resolved to prolong the discovery no farther. To free the company from suspense, he went to the lady's room and led out Zoraida, followed by the rest. He took the captain by the other hand and presented them to the judge. Suppress your grief, my lord.\nHe said this, and fill your heart with joy, behold what you so passionately desired, your dear brother, and his beautiful Algerian captive; this gentleman is Captain Viedma. The French have only reduced them to this low condition to make way for your generous sentiments and liberality. The captain then approached to embrace the judge, but the judge held him off with both hands to examine him closely. However, once he recognized him, the judge flew into his arms with such affection and tears that all the spectators sympathized with his emotions. The brothers spoke so feelingly, and their mutual affection was so moving, the surprise so wonderful, and their joy so transporting, that it must be left purely to imagination to conceive. Now they tell one another the strange turns and mazes of their fortunes, then renew their caresses to the height of brotherly tenderness. Now the judge embraces Zoraida.\nThen, he proposes his entire fortune to her, and his daughter embraces her. The beautiful and touching conversation between the Christian woman and the lovely Moor moves the entire company to tears. Don Quixote listens intently, attributing these strange occurrences to the fanciful notions inherent in chivalry. The captain and Zoraida, along with the entire company, decide to return with their brother to Seville. They will advise their father of his arrival and freedom, allowing the old gentleman to make his way as far as possible to witness Zoraida's baptism and marriage. The judge embarks on his voyage to the Indies, compelled to depart immediately as the Indian fleet is ready to set sail from Seville for New Spain in a month. With everything now settled to the satisfaction of all, they all retire for the night.\nDon Quixote remained to guard the castle while everyone else slept, preventing any tyrant or giant from attempting to steal the castle's treasure of beauty. The house thanked him, and the judge laughed heartily upon learning of his quirks. Sancho Panza grew uneasy and cranky due to lack of sleep, despite having a bed, but he would soon pay dearly for it. The ladies retired to their chambers, and everyone else withdrew to rest. Don Quixote positioned himself as sentinel at the castle gate. Suddenly, the ladies heard someone singing sweetly, capturing their full attention, particularly Dorothea, who shared a room with the judge's daughter, Donna Clara de Viedma. The music seemed to come from different locations - sometimes from the yard, sometimes from the stable. Cardenio softly knocked at their door.\n\"said he, are you awake? Can you sleep while being charmingly serenaded? Don't you hear how sweetly one of the footmen sings? Yes, Sir, replied Dorothea, we hear him clearly. Listening as intently as she could, Dorothea heard this song.\n\nToss'd in Doubts and Fears I rove,\nOn the stormy Seas of Love;\nFar from Comfort, far from Port,\nBeauty's Prize, and Fortune's Sport:\nYet my heart disclaims Despair,\nWhile I trace my leading Star.\n\nBut Reserv'dness, like a cloud,\nDoes too often hide its crown;\nPierce the gloom, reviving sight,\nBe auspicious as you're bright.\n\nAs you hide or dart your Beams,\nYour Adorer sinks or swims.\n\nDorothea thought it would not be much amiss to give Donna Clara the opportunity to hear such an excellent voice. Therefore, she gently nudged her first on one side and then the other. And the young lady waking, I beg your pardon, my Dear, cried Dorothea, for interrupting your rest.\"\nDonna Clara, barely awake, didn't fully comprehend Dorothea's words and asked her to repeat. Dorothea obliged, which prompted Clara to listen. However, she only heard the early musician sing two verses before being seized with a strange trembling, as if she had a quartan ague. Embracing Dorothea, she sighed and cried, \"Why did you wake me, dear Madam? Alas! The greatest happiness I could have expected was to have stopped my ears. That unfortunate musician!\" Dorothea exclaimed, \"Have you not heard, Clara, that the young man who sings now is but a muleteer?\" \"No, he's not,\" Clara replied. \"He's a young lord, heir to a great estate, and has such a hold on my heart that if he doesn't spurn me.\"\nIt must be his forever. Dorothea was strangely surprised at the young lady's passionate expressions, which seemed to exceed those of persons of her tender years. \"You speak so mysteriously, Madam,\" she replied, \"that I can't rightly understand you, unless you will please to let me know more plainly, what you would say of hearts and sighs, and this young musician, whose voice has caused such great alteration in you.\" However, speak no more of them now; for I'm resolved I'll not lose the pleasure of hearing him sing. \"Hold, continued she,\" I fancy he's going to entertain us with another song.\" With all my heart, returned Clara, and with that she stopped her ears, that she might not hear him; at which again Dorothea could not choose but admire. But listening to his voice, she heard the following song:\n\nUnconquer'd Hope, thou bane of fear,\nAnd last deserter of the brave;\nThou soothing ease of mortal care,\nThou traveller beyond the grave.\nThou soul of patience, airy food,\nBold warrant of a distant good,\nReviving cordial.\nThough Fortune frowns and friends depart,\nThough Sylvia flies me, flattering Joy,\nNeither you, nor Love, shall leave my enamored heart.\nThe Phoenix Hope can wing her flight\nThrough the vast deserts of the skies,\nAnd still defying Fortune's spite,\nRevive, and from her ashes rise.\nThen soar, and promise, though in vain,\nWhat Reason herself despairs to gain,\nYou alone, O presumptuous Trust,\nCan still feed us, yet never cloy:\nAnd even a Virtue when unjust,\nPostpone our Pain, and anticipate our Joy.\nNo Slave, to lazy Ease resigned,\nE'er triumphed over noble Fees.\nThe Monarch Fortune most is kind\nTo him who bravely dares oppose.\nThey say, Love sets his Blessings high,\nBut who would prize an easy Joy!\nThen I'll my scornful Fair pursue,\nThough the coy Beauty still denies,\nI grovel now on Earth, 'tis true,\nBut raised by her, the humble Slave may rise.\nHere the Voice ended, and Donna Clara's sighs began; which caused the greatest curiosity imaginable in Dorothea, to know the occasion of so moving a Song.\nA gentlemen's son from Aragon, whose father was a great lord, lived near Dorothea's father at court. Despite their windows being covered with oiled cloth in winter and shaded with lattice in summer, this young man, who attended school, caught sight of Dorothea. Whether it was at church or another place, she couldn't precisely remember. In brief, he fell in love with her and expressed his passion through various signs and tears, which she could see from her own windows that faced his.\nAmongst the usual signs he showed me, one was joining his hands together, indicating his desire to marry me. I wished it too, but being motherless and having no one I could trust with the management of such an affair, I was forced to keep silent. I allowed him only to gaze at me by lifting up the lattice or oiled cloth a little when my father and his were away. This filled him with such joy that it seemed he was distracted. My father's business called him away, but not so soon that the young gentleman wasn't aware of it before his departure. I don't know how he found out, as I couldn't tell him. This news sensibly afflicted him.\nI could not see him on the day of our departure due to his sickness. Two days into our journey, at an inn in a village a day's journey ahead, I saw him, dressed as a muleteer, making it impossible for me to recognize him without the image of him etched in my soul. Yes, I recognized him, and was amazed and overjoyed. He saw me unnoticed by my father, whom he avoids crossing paths with during our journey and at inns. Since I now know who he is and the pain and fatigue he must endure traveling on foot, I am ready to share in his suffering. Wherever he sets his feet, I set my eyes. I cannot fathom his intentions in this journey, nor how he managed to escape his father.\nI love him beyond expression; both because he has no other son to inherit, and because the young gentleman's merits oblige me to it. You must confess this when you see him, and I dare affirm that all he has sung was his own immediate thought. He is an excellent scholar and a great poet. Whenever I see him or hear him sing, I start and tremble, as at the sight of a ghost, lest my father should know him and be informed of our mutual affection. I have never spoken one word to him in my life, yet I love him dearly, making it impossible for me to live without him. This, dear madam, is all the account I can give you of this musician, whose voice you have been so well entertained by, and which alone might convince you that he is no muleteer, but one who is master of a great estate, and of my poor heart.\n\nEnough, dear madam, replied Dorothea, kissing her a thousand times.\nCompose yourself until daylight, and I trust, in Heaven, I shall manage your affairs in such a way that their end will be as fortunate as their beginning is innocent. Alas, Madam, returned Clara, what end can I propose to myself; since his father is so rich and of such a noble family that he will hardly consider me worthy to be his son's servant, let alone his wife? And yet, I would not marry without my father's consent for the universe. All I can desire is that the young gentleman would return home and leave his pursuit of me. Happily, by a long absence and the great distance between us, the pain that now so much afflicts me may be somewhat mitigated, though I fear what I now propose as a remedy would rather increase my distress. I cannot imagine whence or by what means this passion for him seized me, since we are both so young, being much about the same age.\nAnd my Father says I won't be sixteen until next Michaelmas. Dorothea couldn't help laughing at the young lady's innocent talk. My Dear (said Dorothea), let us rest a little longer this night, and when day breaks, we will put an end to your sorrows; or my judgment fails me. Then they prepared to sleep again, and there was a deep silence throughout the inn, except for the innkeeper's daughter and Maritornes, who, knowing Don Quixote's eccentric behavior well, and that he sat armed on horseback, guarding outside, decided to have some fun with him.\n\nYou must know then, that there was only one window in the entire inn looking out into the field, and that was just a hole, through which they usually threw their straw: To this same hole came these two ladies, from where they saw Don Quixote mounted and leaning on his javelin.\nAnd often he sighed mournfully and deeply, his soul seeming to be torn from him with each sigh. They also noted that he spoke in a soft, amorous tone: \"O, my Divine Dulcinea of Toboso, The Heaven of all Perfections! The End and Quintessence of Discretion! The Treasury of sweet Aspect and Behavior! The Magazine of Virtue! And, in a word, The Idea of all that is Profitable, Modest, or Delightful in the Universe! What noble occupation engages your Excellency at present? May I presume to hope that your soul is entertained with thoughts of your Captive-Knight, who voluntarily exposes himself to so many dangers for your sake? O thou Triformed Luminary, give me some account of her. Perhaps you are now gazing with envy upon her as she walks through some stately gallery of her sumptuous palaces, or leans on her happy window, there meditating how, with safety of her honor and grandeur, to respond to your love.\"\nShe may ease and alleviate the torture that torments my heart for love of her; with what glories shall she crown my pains, what rest give to my cares, what life to my death, and what reward to my services? And thou, more glorious planet, which by this time I presume art harnessing thy horses to pay thy earliest visit to my Adorable Dulcinea; I entreat thee, as soon as thou seest her, to salute her with my most profound respects. But take heed, that when thou lookest on her and addressest thyself to her, that thou dost not kiss her face; for if thou dost, I shall grow more jealous of thee than ever thou wert of the swift ingrate who made thee run and sweat so over the plains of Thessaly or the banks of Peneus. I have forgotten through which of them thou ranst so raging with love and jealousy.\n\nAt these words, the inn-keeper's daughter began to call to him softly: Sir Knight, said she, come a little nearer this way, if you please. At these words, Don Quixote turned his head.\nAnd the Moon shining very bright, he heard someone call him from the hole. He imagined it was a large window full of iron bars, all richly gilded, suitable to the stately castle, which he mistook for the inn. In this thought, he turned Rozinante and approached the hole. Seeing the two ladies there, he said, \"I cannot but pity you in your misplaced affection, since it is altogether impossible you should meet with any return from the object of your wishes proportionate to your great merits and beauty. But yet you ought not to condemn this unhappy knight-errant for this coldness. Love has utterly incapacitated him to become a captive to any other but her, who, at first sight, made herself absolute mistress of his soul. Pardon me therefore.\"\nLady, please retire to your apartment. I implore you not to use further arguments of love to make me less grateful or civil than I would be. But if your passion for me commands it, think of something else where I can serve you, except love itself. I swear to you by my absent, yet most charming enemy, to sacrifice it to you immediately, even if it is a lock of Medusa's hair, which are all snakes, or the very sunbeams enclosed in a glass vial.\n\nMy lady does not need those things, Sir Knight, replied Maritornes. Then what would she command, asked Don Quixote? Only the honor of one of your fair hands, returned Maritornes, to satisfy, in some measure, that violent passion which has obliged her to come here with great risk to her honor. For if, my lord, her father were to know it, he would take off even the least part of her beautiful ears. Oh, that he would dare to attempt it, cried Don Quixote. But I know he will not.\nunless he has a mind to die the most unhappy Death that ever a father suffered, for sacrilegiously depriving his amorous Daughter of one of her delicate members. Maritornes had no doubt that he would comply with her desire, and having already laid her plan, she went to the stable in a flash and brought Sancho Panza's ass's halter to the hole. Don Quixote, standing on Rozinante's saddle, more easily reached the window barricaded window, where he imagined the enamored lady stayed; and lifting up his hand to her, said, \"Take this hand, Madam, or rather, as I may say, the executioner of all earthly miscreants! Take, I say, this hand which no woman had touched before: not even she who has entire possession of my whole body. Nor do I hold it up to you that you may kiss it; but that you may observe the texture of the sinews, the ligament of the muscles, and the largeness and dilation of the veins; from which you may conclude how strong that arm must be.\nMaritornes replied, \"We will take notice of that later.\" She placed the noose she had made around his wrist with the hand joined to it. Then, descending from the hole, she quickly fastened the other end of the rope to the door lock. Don Quixote, feeling the rough bracelet he had been given was an abuse rather than a compliment to his hand, cried out, \"It seems you are taking your revenge on a small part of me, but truly those who love cannot be so cruel. Consider, it is not just or equal to unleash the full force of your vengeance on such a small part.\" However, no one heeded his words. As soon as Maritornes had secured him, she and her confederate, nearly dead with laughter, ran away, leaving Don Quixote so strongly bound that it was impossible for him to free himself. He stood there, as I said, on Rozinante's saddle, with his entire arm drawn into the hole.\nand the rope fastened to the lock, the knight, under a fearful apprehension that if Rozinante moved the slightest, he would slip and hang by the arm, remained motionless despite his reasonable expectation of Rozinante's patience and gentle temper not urging him to move. In short, perceiving himself trapped and abandoned by the ladies, the knight concluded that this was done by enchantment, as in the last adventure in the same castle when the enchanted moor (the carrier) had so damably mauled him. He then began to curse his lack of discretion and conduct, having once escaped from the castle in such miserable condition, he should venture back a second time. It was an observation among all knights-errant that if they were once foiled in an adventure.\n'twas a sign it was not reserved for them, but for others to finish. Yet they would never prove it again. Still, he attempted to draw back his arm to free himself, but was so securely bound that his effort proved fruitless. True, he drew it carefully, fearing Rozinante would stir. He then tried to sit in the saddle, but found he could either stand or leave his arm as a hostage. A hundred times he wished for Amadis's sword, on which no enchantment had power. Then he cursed his stars. He reflected on the great loss the world would sustain while he remained under this enchantment. Then his beloved Dulcinea came to mind. Many times he called to his trusty squire, Sancho Panza, who lay buried in a deep sleep, stretched out on his donkey's panel.\nThe unhappy Knight, never having so much as dreamt of his Mother's pangs during childbirth, then summoned the aid of Necromancers Lirgandeo and Aquife. By dawn, he was left in despair and confusion, bellowing like a bull, believing there was no hope for a cure or relief from his pain, which he thought was eternal. Convinced he was under a spell, since Rozinante no longer moved, he was certain neither he nor his horse would eat, drink, or sleep until the malevolence of the stars passed or a more powerful magician broke the charm.\n\nHowever, this was an erroneous belief. It was barely dawn when four well-armed horsemen arrived, finding the inn gate shut.\nDon Quixote cried out roughily and haughtily, \"Knights or squires, or whatever degree you are, stop knocking at this castle's gates! Those within are either resting or not accustomed to opening their fortress until Phoebus has risen. Retire and wait until it is daylight, and then we will see if it is just for them to open their gates to you. One of them exclaimed, \"What kind of castle or fortress is this that we are subjected to such a long ceremony? Please, friend, if you are the innkeeper, tell them to open the door for us. We ride post and can stay no longer than to rest our horses.\" Don Quixote replied, \"Gentlemen, do I look like an innkeeper to you?\" The other replied, \"I cannot tell what you look like, but I am certain I do not see the appearance of an innkeeper in you.\"\nYou speak like a madman, calling this inn a castle. It is a castle, Don Quixote replied, one of the best in the province, and it houses one who has held a scepter in her hand and a crown on her head. It would be more fitting, replied the traveler, for you to say a scepter in her tail and a crown in her hand. Yet it is not unlikely that there is a troupe of players within; and they often wield such scepters and wear such crowns as you speak of. Indeed, no person worthy of wielding a scepter or wearing a crown would stoop to lodge in such a paltry inn as this, where I hear so little noise. You have not been much worldly (said Don Quixote), and therefore so ignorant of the accidents frequently encountered in knight-errantry. The companions of the man who engaged in this lengthy conversation with Don Quixote grew tired of their foolish prattle and returned with greater fury to the gate.\nThe horses' loud and violent knocking woke the innkeeper and his guests. In the interim, Rozinante, sad and pensive, stood still with drooping ears and an outstretched lord. One of the horses from the four that had arrived last approached Rozinante to sniff him. Sensing the horse's presence, Rozinante couldn't help but return the favor. However, he had barely moved an inch before Don Quixote's feet, which were close together, slipped apart, causing him to fall from the saddle. He would have hit the ground had his wrist not been securely fastened to the rope. The sudden fall caused him such agony that he believed his hand was being cut off or his arm torn from his body. Despite being so close to the ground, he could barely reach it with the tips of his toes.\nThe miserable cries of Don Quixote drew the inn-keeper to the door. Surprised, the strangers and the inn-keeper rushed to the scene. Maritornes, awakened by the noise, slipped the halter and released Don Quixote, who fell prostrate on the ground in gratitude. Ignoring their demands, Don Quixote unmanacled his wrist, bounced up, and mounted Rozinante.\nDon Quixote braces his target, holds his lance, and taking a large circumference in the field, comes up with a hand-gallop. Whoever dares deny the recent remarkable state of my affairs, the just title of enchantment (by the gracious permission of my Lady the Princess Micomicona), I affirm, he lies, and I will maintain my assertion by immediate combat. The travelers were amazed at Don Quixote's words until the host removed their wonder by informing them of his usual extravagances in this regard, and that his behavior was not to be taken seriously. They then asked the innkeeper if a certain youth, near the age of fifteen, had been staying with him, mounted like a muleteer; adding further marks and tokens denoting Donna Clara's lover. He told them that among the number of his guests, such a person might pass unnoticed. However, one of them, accidentally spying the coach that the judge rode in, called to his companions, \"O! Gentlemen, gentlemen.\"\nHere stands the coach that we were told young Master followed; he must be here: Let's not waste time. One guard the door, the rest enter the house to find him. Ride one about to the other side of the house lest he escapes through the back yard; agreed, they positioned themselves accordingly. The innkeeper, though he might suspect they sought the young gentleman they described, was still puzzled by their diligent search. By this time, fair daylight and Don Quixote's outcries had roused the entire house. The two ladies, Clara and Dorothea, having slept poorly, were otherwise disturbed - one through concern for being near her lover, and the other by grief for being separated from hers. Don Quixote, seeing the travelers pay no heed to him or his challenge, was on the verge of bursting with fury and indignation. And if he could have disregarded the rules of chivalry.\nA Knight-Errant, bound by tradition to complete one adventure before embarking on another, had assaulted all who opposed him and forced them to answer him at great cost. However, he was unfortunately obligated to help reinstate Princess Micomicona, leaving him unable to continue his search. One of the travelers found the young gentleman asleep next to a footman, unaware of being followed. The footman, pulling the arm of the youth, exclaimed, \"Ah, Ah, Don Lewis, these fine clothes you have on suit a gentleman of your rank perfectly; this filthy bed is also very fitting for the care and tenderness your mother raised you with.\" The youth, rubbing his sleepy eyes and fixing them steadfastly on the man, recognized him as one of his father's servants, leaving him speechless with surprise. The footman continued, \"There is but one way, Sir, rally your spirits.\"\nAnd return with us to your father, who is certainly deceased unless you have recovered. How did your father come to know, asked Don Lewis, that I took this path and this disguise? One of your fellow students, replied the servant, whom you confided in, moved by your father's lamentation for your loss, discovered it. The good old gentleman dispatched four of his men in search of you; and here we are all at your service, Sir, and the happiest men alive, for our old master will give us a hearty welcome, having so soon restored him what he loved so much. \"That next to heaven, is as I please,\" said Don Lewis. \"What would you or heaven either please, Sir,\" asked the servant, \"but return to your father?\" Come, come, Sir, talk no more about it, home you must go, and home you shall go. The footboy who lay with Don Lewis heard this dispute and related the business to Don Ferdinand, Cardenio, and the rest who were now dressing, adding that the man had given him the title of \"Don.\"\nWith other circumstances of their conversation. They, already charmed by the sweetness of his voice, were curious to be informed more particularly of his circumstances and resolved to assist him in case of any violence offered. They went presently to the place where he stood contending with the servant.\n\nDorothea had left her chamber, and with her Donna Clara in great disorder. Dorothea beckoning Cardenio aside, gave him a short account of the musician and Donna Clara. He told her how the servants who pursued him had arrived. Donna Clara, overhearing him, suffered such alterations that had not Dorothea run and supported her, she would have sunk to the ground. Cardenio promised to bring the matter to a fair and successful end and advised Dorothea to retire with the indisposed Lady to her chamber. All the four who pursued Don Lewis were now come about him, pressing his return without delay to comfort his poor father. He answered, \"It was impossible, being engaged to put a business in execution first.\"\non which depended no less than his honor and his present and future happiness: They urged that since they had found him, there was no returning for them without him, and if he would not go, he should be carried; not unless you kill me, answered the young gentleman; upon which all the company were joined in the dispute - Cardenio, Don Ferdinand and his companions, the judge, the curate, the barber, and Don Quixote, who thought it needless now to guard the castle any longer. Cardenio, who knew the young gentleman's history, asked the fellows on what pretense or by what authority they could carry the lad away against his will: Sir, answered one of them, we have a good reason for what we do; no less than his father's life depends upon his return. Gentlemen, said Don Lewis, it is not perhaps proper for me to trouble you with a particular relation of my affairs; only thus much, I am a gentleman, and have no dependence that should force me to anything beside my inclination: Nay, but sir, answered the servant.\nReason, I hope, will compel you; and though it cannot move you, it must govern us, who must carry out our orders and force you back. We only act as we are instructed, Sir. Hold, said the judge, and let us know the entire state of the case. O Lord, Sir, answered one of the servants who knew him, my lord judge, do you not recognize your neighbor's child? See here, Sir, he has run away from his father's house, and has put on these dirty, tattered rags to the scandal of his family, as you can see. The judge then viewed him more attentively and, recognizing him, greeted him. What jest is this, Don Lewis, he cried? What grand intrigue are you carrying on, young sir, to cause this metamorphosis, so unbecoming your quality? The young gentleman could not answer a word, and tears stood in his eyes. The judge, perceiving his distress, desired the four servants to trouble themselves no further, but leave the youth to his care.\nengaging his word to act to their satisfaction; and retiring with Don Lewis, he asked the reason for his flight. During their conference, they heard a great noise at the inn door. It was caused by two strangers who, having lodged there overnight and seeing the whole family so preoccupied with the Four Horsemen's business, attempted to leave without paying. But the innkeeper, who minded no man's business more than his own, stopped them and demanded his money. The strangers returned the compliment with kicks and cuffs, and the poor host cried out for help. His wife and daughter saw none so idle as Don Quixote. The daughter addressed him, \"Sir Knight, I conjure you by that virtue delivered to you from heaven, to succor my distressed father, whom two villains are beating to a pulp.\" Don Quixote answered the damsel with a slow tone and profound gravity.\nYour petition cannot prevail at present. I am prevented from undertaking a new adventure due to a promise to finish another. All I can offer is counsel in this important affair. Go with all speed to your father and advise him to continue and maintain the battle with his utmost resolution. Once I obtain permission from Princess Micomicona to reinforce him, there will be no doubt of his safety. Unfortunate wretch that I am, said Maritornes, who overheard him. Before you can have this leave, my master will be sent to the other world. Then, Madam, he said, procure me the permission I mentioned, and though he were sent to the other world, I'll bring him back despite hell and the devil, or at least take revenge on his enemies, giving ample satisfaction to his surviving friends. Breaking off the conversation, he went and threw himself prostrate before Dorothea, imploring her in romantic style.\nThe princess granted him a commission to march and sustain the governor of the castle, who was fainting in a dangerous engagement. Don Quixote stopped at the inn door where two guests were mercilessly assaulting their landlord. Don Quixote paused, saying, \"I must use my sword only against those not under the order of knighthood. Call my squire; this matter is within his jurisdiction.\" In the meantime, Drubs and bruises were exchanged, and the poor host was badly beaten. His wife, daughter, and maid, who watched on, were on the verge of madness at Don Quixote's delay and the unequal combat. We shall leave Don Quixote here, intending to return to his assistance shortly.\nThough his foolhardiness deserves a sound beating, for attempting a thing he was not likely to compass. We now return to what Don Lewis answered the Judge, whom we left retired with him; and demanding the reason for his traveling on foot and in such a mean disguise. The young gentleman, pressing his hands very passionately, made this reply, not without giving a proof of the greatness of his sorrow by his tears.\n\nWithout ceremony or preamble, I must tell you, dear Sir, that from the instant Heaven made us neighbors, and I saw Donna Clara, your daughter and my mistress, I resigned to her the whole command of my affections; and if you, whom I most truly call my father, don't prevent me, I shall this day be happy in her embraces; for her sake have I abandoned my father's house; for her have I thus disguised my quality; her would I thus have followed through the world: She was the North Star to guide my wandering course.\nThe amorous Gentleman spoke, revealing the mark of my desires. Her ears are strangers to my passion, but her eyes may guess, by the tears they saw in me. You know my fortune and my quality; if these can plead with you, Sir, make me your happy son, and if my father, biased by contrary designs, does not approve my choice, yet time may work some favorable change, and alter his mind. The amorous gentleman thus concluded. The judge was surprised by the handsome display of his affections and was puzzled how to behave in such sudden and unexpected circumstances. He therefore advised him only to compose his thoughts, to divert himself with his servants, and to prevail upon them to allow him that day to consider what was proper to be done. Don Lewis expressed his gratitude by forcibly kissing the judge's hands and bathing them in his tears, enough to move the heart of a rock, much more a judge's.\nA man, who was a worldly individual, had the advantage and preference in the matter of his daughter's match and promotion in the wind, despite his doubts about Don Lewis's father's consent to marry his son into the nobility.\n\nBy this time, Don Quixote's entreaties, rather than threats, had ended the altercation at the inn door. The strangers paid their bill and left, and Don Lewis's servants waited for the outcome of the judge's conversation with their young master.\n\nUnfortunately, just as this was happening, the barber whom Don Quixote had robbed of Mambrino's helmet entered the inn. He was leading his animal gravely to the stable. Upon seeing Sancho mending something near the panel, the barber recognized him and attacked him roughly.\n\n\"Ah, you thief, you rogue!\" the barber exclaimed. \"I've finally caught you, and all of my donkey's furniture is in your hands!\"\n\nSancho, taken aback and annoyed by the insulting language, responded:\nA man firmly grasped the panel with one hand, and gave the barber such a blow on the chin with the other that his mouth ran over with blood. Despite this, the barber held on and cried out so loudly that the entire house was alarmed by the noise and commotion: \"Gentlemen, I command you, in the King's name, to assist me; this rogue has robbed me on the king's highway, and now intends to murder me because I seize my goods.\"\n\n\"That's a lie,\" Sancho cried out. \"It was no robbery on the king's highway, but lawful plunder won by Don Quixote fairly in the field.\"\n\nDon Quixote himself had now arrived, proud of Sancho's behavior on this occasion and considering him a man of courage. He intended to bestow the honor of knighthood upon him on the first opportunity, believing that his courage might prove an ornament to the Order. Among other things the barber argued to prove his claim, gentlemen.\nThis is my Pack-Saddle; I know it as well as I know myself, and my ass will testify if it doesn't fit him perfectly. On the day they stole my Pack-Saddle from me, they also took a new basin which had never been used, costing me a crown. Don Quixote could no longer contain himself and intervened, causing the Pack-Saddle to be placed on the ground for all to see. \"Gentlemen,\" he cried, \"behold in what error this good squire insists, as he degrades that which is the Helmet of Mambrino, which I fairly won from him in the field and lawfully made mine by the force of arms. As for the Pack-Saddle,\"\n\"It is a matter of indifference to me; all I have to say about that matter is, my squire begged my permission to remove the trappings from the defeated coward's horse to adorn his own. He had my authority for the deed, and he took them. And now, for his converting it from a horse's furniture to a pack saddle, no other reason can be given except that such transformations frequently occur in the affairs of chivalry. Confirm this, Sancho, and produce the helmet which this squire maintains to be a basin. O my faith, Sir, said Sancho, if this is all you can say for yourself, Mambrino's helmet will prove as clearly a basin as this same man's furniture is a mere pack saddle. Obey my orders, said Don Quixote, I cannot believe that everything in this castle is guided by enchantment. Sancho brought the basin, which Don Quixote holding up in his hands, continued he, with what face can this impudent squire affirm this to be a basin?\"\nand not the Helmet I mentioned: I swear before you all, by the Order of Knighthood I profess, that this is the same individual Helmet which I won from him, without any addition or diminution. I swear to that, said Sancho. For since my lord won it, he never fought but once in it, and that was the battle where he freed those ungrateful galley-slaves. They would have knocked out his brains with a shower of stones had not this same honest basin-helmet saved his skull.\n\nPRAY, good gentlemen, let us have your opinion in this matter. I suppose you will grant this same Helmet to be a basin. He who dares grant any such thing, said Don Quixote, must know that he lies plainly, if a knight; but if a squire, he lies abominably. Our barber (who was privy to the whole matter) to humor the jest and carry the diversion a little higher took up the other shaver. Mr. Barber, (you must pardon me, Sir)\n\"if I don't grant you your titles), I must make it clear (said he) that I served an apprenticeship in your trade and have been a free-man in the company for thirty years. Therefore, I am not to be taught what belongs to shaving. You must also know that I have been a soldier too in my younger days and consequently understand the differences between a helmet, a morion, and a close-helmet, as well as all other accoutrements belonging to a man of arms. Yet I say (with submission still to better judgment), that this piece, in dispute before us, is as far from being a basin as light is from darkness. On the other hand, I affirm, that although it be a helmet, it is not a complete one: the lower part and the beaver are missing. A clear case, a clear case, said the Don, Cardenio, Don Ferdinand, and his companions, and the judge himself (had not Lewis's concern made him thoughtful) would have humorously resolved the matter. Lord have mercy upon us now\"\n\"is it possible that so many honorable Gentlemen cannot distinguish a Basin from a Helmet like this? Gadzooks, I challenge the wisest university in all Spain with their scholarship to show me its equal again. Well, if it must be a Helmet, then my pack saddle must come along as well, as this gentleman says. I must confess, said Don Quixote, that in appearance it is a pack saddle. But, as I have already said, I will not pretend to determine the dispute of this matter. Nay, said the curate, if Don Quixote remains silent, the matter will never come to a decision; for in all chivalric affairs, we must all give him preference. I swear, worthy gentlemen, said Don Quixote, that the adventures I have encountered in this castle are so strange and supernatural\"\nI must inconclusively conclude they are the effects of pure magic and enchantment. The first time I entered its gates, I was embarrassingly confronted by an enchanted Moor who inhabited it, and Sancho himself had no better entertainment from his attendants. Last night, I hung suspended for nearly two hours by this arm, unable to help myself or assign any reasonable cause for my misfortune. Therefore, for me to meddle or give my opinion in such confused and intricate events would appear presumptuous. I have already given my final determination regarding the Helmet-Controversy, but I shall not pronounce a definitive sentence on the Pack-Saddle. Instead, I shall remit it to the discerning judgment of the company. Perhaps the power of enchantment may not prevail upon you who are not dubbed knights, so that your understandings may be free, and your judicial faculties more piercing to enter into the true nature of these events, and not conclude upon them from their appearances.\n\nUndoubtedly, answered Don Ferdinand.\nThe decision of this process depends on our sentiments, according to Don Quixote's opinion. To ensure fair discussion and solid grounds, we'll put it to a vote. Everyone, give me your suffrage in my ear, and I will report it faithfully to the board. This proved excellent sport for those who knew Don Quixote, but to others unacquainted with his humor, such as Don Lewis and his four servants, it appeared the most ridiculous stuff in nature. Three travelers who happened upon the scene and were found to be officers of the Holy Brotherhood or pursuants thought the people were bewitched in earnest. Everyone laughed heartily to see Don Ferdinand whispering each particular person very gravely to have his vote on the important contention of the pack-saddle. After he had gone around among his own faction, privy to the jest, Honest Fellow exclaimed loudly.\nI grow weary of asking so many impertinent questions. Every man has his answer at his tongue's end. It is mere madness to call this a pack saddle and that great horse furniture; besides, friend, your allegations and proofs are of no force. Therefore, in spite of your ass and you, we will give it for the defendant that this is, and will continue to be, the furniture of a horse \u2013 a great horse, too. Now the devil take me, said the barber, if you are not all damnably deceived; and may I be hung if my conscience does not plainly tell me it is a downright pack saddle. But I am neither mad nor drunk, for I am fresh and fasting this morning from every thing but sin.\n\nThe barber's raving was no less diverting than Don Quixote's clamors. \"Sentence is passed,\" he cried, \"and let every man take livery of his goods and chattels. Heaven give him joy.\" This is a jest.\nA servant spoke up, \"This is just a joke, gentlemen. You can't be serious, you're too wise to talk like this. I maintain that the barber is not being wronged. This is a basin, and that's a pack saddle of a donkey. Can't it be a female donkey's pack saddle, friend?\" The curate countered, \"That's all the same, sir. The issue is not whether it's a male or female donkey's pack saddle, but whether it's a pack saddle or not, that's the point, sir.\" One of the Holy Brotherhood's officers, who had heard the entire argument, grew angry at the error being maintained. \"Gentlemen,\" he said, \"this is no more a horse saddle than it is my father, and he who says otherwise is drunk or mad.\" The knight retorted, \"You lie, unmannerly rascal,\" and at the same time, he charged his lance at the officer's head.\nThat which would have laid Don Quixote flat if he hadn't jumped aside. The lance shattered upon impact, and the other officers cried out for assistance, charging towards the Holy Brotherhood. The innkeeper, a member of the Fraternity, grabbed his sword and staff and joined the fray. Don Lewis's servants formed a circle around their master to protect him from harm and prevent his escape. The barber, spotting the chaos, reached for his pack saddle. Sancho, keeping a watchful eye, secured the other end.\n\nDon Quixote drew his sword and assaulted the officers haphazardly. Don Lewis called upon his servants to join him and those siding with him; Cardenio, Don Ferdinand, and their companions engaged on his behalf. The curate shouted, the landlady screamed, her daughter wept, Maritornes howled, and Dorothea was consumed by fear.\nLucinda couldn't decide what to do, and Donna Clara was strangely frightened. The barber pummeled Sancho, and Sancho retaliated against the barber. One of Don Lewis's servants attempted to intervene, but Sancho gave him such a rebuke that his teeth were in danger of being dislodged. The judge then intervened and took Sancho under his protection. Don Ferdinand had managed to bring down one of the officers and laid him on his back and side. The innkeeper continued to cry out, \"Help the Holy Brotherhood!\" The entire house was in chaos with wailings, cries, shrieks, confusions, fears, terrors, disasters, slashes, buffets, blows, kicks, cuffs, battery, and bloodshed.\n\nIn the midst of this chaos, it occurred to Don Quixote that he was indeed involved in the disorder and confusion of King Agramant's camp. He called out in a voice that echoed throughout the house, \"Halt, valiant knights!\" he cried. \"Sheathe your swords! None shall strike, on pain of death!\"\nBut hear me speak. The loud and monstrous Voice surprised every body into obedience, and the Don proceeded: I told you before, Gentlemen, that this castle was enchanted, and that some legion of devils did inhabit it; now let your own eyes confirm my words: Don't you behold the strange and horrid confusion of King Agramant's army moved here, and put in execution among us? See, see how they fight for the sword, and yonder for the horse; behold how some contend for the helmet, and here others battle it out for the standard; and all fight we don't know how, nor can tell why. Let therefore my Lord Judge, and his Reverence Mr. Cureto represent, one, King Agramant, and the other, King Sobrino; and by their wisdom and conduct, appease this tumult; for, by the powers divine, 'twere a wrong to honor, and a blot on chivalry, to let so many worthies, as here engage, fall on so slight a cause.\n\nDon Quixote's words were Hebrew to the officers, who having been roughly handled by Cardenio and Ferdinand, were unable to understand them.\nAnd his friends would not relinquish it. But the barber was satisfied, as Sancho had destroyed his beard and pack-saddle in the scuffle. The squire withdrew at the first sound of his master's voice; Don Lewis's servants remained calm, finding it prudent to be quiet; but the innkeeper was obstinate. He swore that the madman should be punished for his misbehavior, and that every hour he was causing some disturbance or another in his establishment. However, the matter was eventually resolved. The pack-saddle was deemed to be horse furniture, the basin a helmet, and the inn a castle, until the Day of Judgment, if Don Quixote so desired. Don Ferdinand, the judge, and the curate, in consultation with Don Ferdinand, resolved that Don Ferdinand would use his authority to inform Don Lewis's servants that he would take him to Andalusia, where he would be entertained according to his rank by his brother, the marquess.\nAnd they should not oppose this plan, seeing Don Lewis was determined not to return to his father yet. Don Ferninand's rank, and Don Lewis's resolution prevailed on the men to arrange matters thus: three of them would return to inform their old master, and the fourth would wait on Don Lewis. Thus, this monstrous heap of confusion and disorder was shaped into order by the authority of Agramentero and the wisdom of King Sobrino.\n\nBut the enemy of peace, finding his plan of causing chaos among them eluded, resolved once again to try his skill and torment them all the second time: for though the officers, understanding the caliber of their adversaries, were willing to withdraw, one of them, whom Don Ferninand had kicked most mercilessly, remembering that among other warrants, he had one to arrest Don Quixote for freeing the galley slaves (which Sancho was sadly afraid would come to pass).\nHe resolved to examine if the marks and tokens given of Don Quixote agreed with this person. Drawing out a parchment, he opened his warrant and read it, looking cunningly at Don Quixote's face. Upon folding up the parchment and taking his warrant in his left hand, he clapped his right hand on the knight's collar and cried, \"You're the king's prisoner! Gentlemen, I am an officer. Here's my warrant. I charge you all to aid and assist the Holy Brotherhood.\"\n\nDon Quixote, finding himself treated so rudely by one whom he took to be a pitiful scoundrel, was filled with such rage that he shook with indignation. Catching the man by the neck with both hands, he squeezed him so eagerly that if his companions had not intervened, the knight would have squeezed out his life before releasing his hold.\n\nThe innkeeper, obliged to assist his brother officer, joined him. The hostess, seeing her husband engaging a second time, joined in as well.\nraised a new outcry. Daughter and Maritornes bore the burden of the song, sometimes praying, some times crying, some times scolding. Sancho seeing what passed, by the Lord, said, my master is in the right; this place is haunted, that's certain; there's no living quietly an hour together. At last Don Ferdinand parted Don Quixote and the officer, who were both pretty well pleased to quit their bargain. However, the officers still demanded their prisoner and to have him delivered bound into their hands, commanding all the company a second time to help and assist them in securing that public robber on the king's high road.\n\nDon Quixote smiled at the supposed simplicity of the fellows. At last, with solemn gravity, come hither, said he, you offspring of filth and extraction of dungheaps, dare you call releasing the fettered, freeing the captive, helping the miserable, raising the fallen, and supplying the indigent? I say, base-spirited rascals.\nYou call these actions robbery? Your thoughts are too servile and groveling to comprehend or reach the pitch of chivalry. If you had understood, you would have known that even the shadow of a knight-errant had a claim to your adoration. You are a band of officers; you are a pack of rogues and robbers by authority. What blockhead of a magistrate would dare issue a warrant to apprehend a knight-errant like me? Could he not discern that we are exempt from all courts of judicature? Our valour is the bench, our will the common-law, and our sword the executioner of justice. Could he not tell that no rank of nobility or peerage enjoys more immunities and privileges? Has he any president that a knight-errant ever paid taxes, subsidy, poll-money, or so much as fare or ferry? What tailor ever had money for his clothes, or what constable ever made him pay a reckoning for his lodging in his castle? What kings are not proud of his company.\nAnd what were the damsels of his love? Lastly, have you ever read of any knight-errant who ever was, is, or will be, that could not, with his single force, defeat four hundred such rogues as you if they dared to oppose him?\n\nWhile Don Quixote spoke in this manner, the curate attempted to persuade the officers that he was mad, as they could easily gather from his words and actions. But the one who had the warrant replied, \"It is not my business to examine whether he is mad or not. I am an officer on commission, and must obey orders. But if the superior power acquits him, I will do so willingly.\"\n\nHowever, the curate persisted, assuring them that they would not be allowed to take Don Quixote away this time. In short, he said so much, and the knight did so much, that they would have been fools to do otherwise.\nThey could not have failed to see his madness. Consequently, they not only desisted but offered their services in settling the difference between Sancho and the barber. Their mediation was accepted, as they were officers of the law, and they succeeded in bringing both parties to their arbitration, although neither was entirely satisfied with their award. The award ordered them to change their panels but not their halters or girths. The curate settled the matter regarding the basin, paying the barber eight reales under the table for his share and obtaining a general release from him under his hand for all claims or actions concerning it. These two significant disputes being thus happily resolved, the only remaining obstacle to a general peace were Don Lewis's servants and the innkeeper. The former were eventually persuaded to accept the proposals, which were that three of them should return home and the fourth attend Don Lewis, where Don Ferdinand would appoint. Thus, this dispute was also settled.\nTo the unspeakable joy of Donna Clara, the innkeeper made a hideous bawling after discovering that the barber had received money for shaving Don Quixote. He reasoned that he should be paid just as well as anyone else, and threatened that Rozinante and Sancho's donkey would pay for their master's extravagance before they could leave his stable. The curate pacified him, and Don Ferdinand paid his bill. Zoraida, not fully understanding the situation, was interchangeably merry or sad, depending on the expressions of those around her, but the motions of her lover (on whom her eyes were always fixed) primarily influenced her affections. With all matters accommodated, the inn no longer resembled the confusion of Agramant's camp, but appeared hushed in the general calm of peace. By universal consent, the curate and Don Ferdinand left.\nHad the House's thanks; as a just acknowledgment for their effective mediation. Don Quixote, now free from the difficulties and delays that recently hindered him, deemed it high time to prosecute his voyage and bring the general enterprise he had a voice and election for to some decision. He therefore resolved to press his departure and fell on his knees before Dorothea, but she would not hear him in that posture. Instead, she prevailed upon him to rise. He then addressed her, in his usual forms: \"Most beautiful lady, it is a known proverb that diligence is the mother of success, and we have found the greatest successes in war still to depend on expedition and dispatch, by preventing the enemy's design and forcing a victory before an assault is expected. My inference from this, most high and illustrious lady, is that our residence in this castle appears to be nothing conducive to our designs.\"\nBut may our enemy, the giant, learn of our plans through spies or other secret intelligence, and fortify himself in an impregnable fortress, making my invincible arm ineffective? Let us, dear madam, through diligence and sudden departure, prevent such designs and seize every opportunity to ensure good fortune. He paused, waiting for the princess's answer. She replied with a grave aspect and a style fitting his extravagance: \"Your great inclination and indefatigable desire to redress the injured and restore the oppressed lays claim to the praises and universal thanks of mankind. But your singular concern and industrious application in assisting me deserve my particular acknowledgments and gratification. I shall make it my peculiar request to Heaven.\"\nthat your generous designs in my favor may be soon accomplished, so that I may be enabled to convince you of the honor and gratitude found in some of our sex. Regarding our departure, I will depend upon your pleasure; to whose management I have not only committed the care of my person but also resigned the whole power of command. Then, by the assistance of the Divine Power, I will lose no opportunity to exalt your highness, whom you thus condescend to humble to my orders; let our march be sudden, for the eagerness of my desires, the length of the journey, and the dangers of delay are great spurs to my dispatch. Depending therefore on the vigor of my courage, which neither danger nor hell can daunt, fly, Sancho. Saddle Rozinante, harness your ass, and make ready the lady's palfrey. Let us take leave of the governor here and these other lords and set out from here immediately.\n\nPoor Sancho, hearing all that passed, shook his head. \"Lord, lord, master,\" he said.\nThere's always more tricks in a town than are talked about (with reverence spoken). Ho! Villain, cried Don Quixote; What tricks can any town or city show to impair my credit? Nay, Sir, quoth Sancho, if you grow angry, I can hold my tongue, if that be all; but there are some things which you ought to hear, and I should tell as becomes a trusty squire and honest servant. Say what thou wilt, said the Knight, so it tend not to cowardice; for if thou art afraid, keep it to thyself, and trouble not me with the mention of Fear which my soul abhors. Pshaw, hang Fear, Sir, answered Sancho, that's not the matter; but I must tell you, Sir, that which is as certain and plain as the nose on your face. This same madam here who calls herself the Queen of the great kingdom of Micomicon, is no more a queen than my grandmother. For, do but consider, Sir, if she were such a fine queen as you believe.\nYou would think she would always be kissing and slobbering over a certain person, whom I shall not name, in this company? Dorothea blushed at Sancho's words, for Don Ferdinand had indeed, at times and in private, taken the liberty with his lips, to reap some part of the reward his affection deserved. Sancho, having observed this by chance, drew some conclusions, rather unfavorable to her royalty. She, however, took no notice of his aspersions, but let him continue. I relate this, Sir, Sancho continued, because after our trudging through all weather, fair and foul, day after night, and night after day, this same person in the inn here is about to entertain himself at our expense, and to gather the fruit of our labors?\n\nI think therefore, Master, there is no reason, you see, for saddling Rozinante, harnessing my ass, or making ready the lady's palfrey. We had better stay where we are; and let every whore brew as she bakes.\nAnd every man who is hungry go to dinner? Heavens! Into what a fury did these disrespectful words of Sancho put the knight? His whole body shook, his tongue faltered, his eyes glowed. Thou villainous, ignorant, rash, unmannerly, blasphemous detractor, said he, how dare thou entertain such base and dishonorable thoughts, much more utter thy rude and contemptible suspicions before me and this honorable presence? Away from my sight, thou monster of nature, magazine of lies and deceits, publisher of folly, foe of all honor! Away, and never let me see thy face again, on pain of my most furious indignation. Then, bending his sour brows, puffing his cheeks, and stamping on the ground, he gave Sancho such a look as almost frightened the poor fellow to annihilation.\n\nIn the height of this consternation, all that the poor squire could do was to turn his back and sneak out of the room. But Dorothea, knowing the knight's temper, undertook to mitigate his anger: Sir knight of the woeful figure, said she.\nAssuage your Wrath, I beseech you; 'tis beneath your Dignity to be offended at these idle words of your squire. I dare not affirm, but that he has some color of reason for what he said. We must therefore search deeper into this affair, and believe that, as you have found all transactions in this castle governed by enchantments, so some diabolical illusion has appeared to Sancho, and represented to his enchanted sight what he asserts to my dishonor. Now by the Powers supreme, said the Knight, your Highness has cut the knot. The misdeed of that poor fellow must be attributed purely to enchantment, and the power of some malicious apparition; for the good nature and simplicity of the poor wretch could never invent a lie or be guilty of an aspersions to anyone's disadvantage. 'Tis evident, said Don Ferdinand, we therefore all intercede on behalf of honest Sancho.\nthat he may be restored to your favor, as it was at the beginning, before these illusions had influenced his senses. Don Quixote agreed, and the curate brought in poor Sancho trembling, who on his knees made an humble acknowledgment of his crime and begged to have his pardon confirmed by a gracious kiss from his master's hand. Don Quixote gave him his hand and his blessing. Now, Sancho, will you believe what I have often told you, that the power of enchantment rules everything in this castle? I will, and so will you, Sancho, replied Don Quixote, all but tossing in a blanket; for truly, Sir, that happened according to the ordinary course of things. Do not believe it, Sancho, replied Don Quixote, for I would not be convinced otherwise, you would have had ample revenge; but neither then nor now.\nI could find no object to rouse my fury or resentment. Everyone wanted to know what the business was about, so the innkeeper gave them an account of Sancho's tossing, which set them all laughing. This would have made Sancho angry had not his master reassured him that it was only an illusion. After two days at the inn, the company decided to leave. The curate and barber devised a plan to take Don Quixote home without putting Don Ferdinand and Dorothea to further trouble with his importunity. They first hired a wagoner with his team of oxen to carry him home. Then, they had a large wooden cage made so that the knight could sit or lie in it comfortably. Shortly after, all the company of the inn disguised themselves, some with masks, others by disfiguring their faces, and the rest by changing their clothing.\nDon Quixote shouldn't recognize them as the same people. After ensuring this, they all entered his chamber, where he slept soundly after his recent exertions. They seized him forcefully, holding his arms and legs so tightly that he couldn't move or act except to stare at the strange shapes surrounding him. This immediately confirmed his long-held belief, born from his madness, that he was indeed enchanted, and that these terrifying figures were the spirits and demons of the enchanted castle. The innkeeper's invention succeeded in this regard. Sancho, the only one present in his right mind and senses, watched quietly, though he knew them well. His master remained silent, patiently awaiting his fate and the outcome of his misfortune. They had by now lifted him out of bed.\nAnd placing him in the Cage, they shut him in and nailed the bars so fast that no great strength could force them open. Mounting him on their shoulders as they carried him out of the chamber-door, they heard a dreadful voice speak these words from the Barber:\n\nBe not impatient, O Knight of the Woeful Countenance, at your imprisonment, since it is ordained by the Fates, for the more swift completion of that most noble adventure, which your incomparable valor has intended. For it shall be accomplished, when the rampant Manchegan Lion and the white Tobosian Dove are united, by humbling their lofty and erected crests to the soft yoke of wedlock. From their wonderful coition shall spring, to light the world, fierce whelps which shall imitate the ravaging paws of their valorous sire. And this shall happen before the bright Pursuer of the fugitive Nymph takes a double circuit in visitation of the luminous signs. And thou, knight, shalt be present at this glorious sight.\nThe most noble and faithful squire, he who has ever borne a sword on his thigh, a beard on his face, and a sense of smell in his nose, be not disheartened or discontented by this captivity of the Flower of Chivalry. For very soon, by the eternal will of the World's Creator, you shall find yourself ennobled and exalted beyond the knowledge of your greatness. I confirm to you, from the sage Mentorian, that you shall not be defrauded of the promises made by your noble lord. I therefore conjure you to follow closely the steps of the courageous and enchanted knight; for it is necessarily enjoined that you both go where you both shall stay. The Fates have commanded me no more, farewell. For I now return, I well know whither.\n\nThe barber managed the cadence of his voice so artificially towards the latter end of his prophecy that even those who were made acquainted with the jest had almost taken it for supernatural. Don Quixote was much comforted by the prophecy, understanding its meaning immediately.\nand applying it to my marriage with Dulcinea del Toboso, from whose happy womb should issue the Cubs - my sons - to the eternal glory of La Mancha. On the strength of this belief, I raise my voice and heave a profound sigh. Whatever you are, I said, whose happy prognostication I own and acknowledge, I implore you in my name to request the wise magician, whose charge I am, to use his power to protect me in this captivity and not permit me to perish before the fruition of these grateful and incomparable promises made to me. For the confirmation of such hopes, I would think my prison a palace, my fetters freedom, and this hard field-bed on which I lie more easy than the softest down or most luxurious lodgings. And as for the consolation offered my squire Sancho Panza, I am so convinced of his honesty, and he has proven his honor in so many adventures.\nI mistrust not his deserting me through any change of fortune. Though his or my harder stars should disable me from bestowing on him the island I have promised, or some equivalent; his wages at least are secured to him by my last will and testament. Sancho Panza made him three or four very respectful bows, and kissed both his hands; for one alone he could not, being both tied together. In an instant, the demons hoisted up the cage and yoked it very handsomely to the team of oxen. Don Quixote was not so much amazed at his enchantment as the manner of it. Among all the volumes of chivalry that I have turned over, said he, I never read before of knight-errants drawn in carts or tugged along so leisurely by such slothful animals as oxen. For they used to be hurried along with prodigious speed.\n\"enveloped in some dark and dusky cloud; or in some fiery chariot drawn by winged griffins, or some such expeditious creatures; though perhaps the enchantments of our times take a different method from those in former ages. Or rather, the wise magicians have invented some new course in their proceedings for me, being the first reviver and restorer of arms, which have long been lost in oblivion and rusted through the disuse of chivalry. What is your opinion, my dear Sancho? Why truly, Sir, said Sancho, I cannot tell what to think, being not so well read in these matters as your worship, yet for all that I'm positive and can take an oath on it, that these same visions that run up and down here are not orthodox. Orthodox, my friend, said Don Quixote, how can they be orthodox, when they are devils and have only assumed these fantastic bodies to surprise us into this condition? To convince you, endeavor to touch them, and you will find their substances are not material, but only subtle air.\"\n\"and outward appearance. 'Gadzooks, Sir,' said Sancho, 'I have touched them, and touched them again, Sir; and this busy devil here, who is fiddling about, is as plump and fat as a capon.' Besides, he has another property, very different from a devil; for devils, they say, smell of brimstone and other filthy things, and this spark has such a fine scent of essence about him that you may feel him at least half a league away. (Meaning Don Ferdinand, who, in all probability, like other gentlemen of his quality, had his clothes perfumed.)\n\nAlas, honest Sancho, answered Don Quixote, the cunning of these fiends is beyond your simplicity; for you must know that spirits, as spirits, have no scent at all, and if they had, it must necessarily be some unsavory stench because they still carry their hell about them.\"\nAnd the least of a Perfume or grateful Odour were inconsistent with their Torments. So this must be attributed to some farther Delusion of your Sense, Don Ferdinand and Cardenio, upon these discourses between master and man, were afraid that Sancho would spoil all, and therefore ordered the inn-keeper privately to get ready Rozinante and Sancho's Ass. While the Curate agreed with the officers for so much a day to conduct them home. Cardenio hanging Don Quixote's target on the pommel of Rozinante's saddle and the basin on the other side, signaled to Sancho by signs that he should mount his ass and lead Rozinante by the bridle. Lastly, two officers with their fire-locks on each side of the cart.\n\nBeing just ready to march, the hostess, her daughter, and Maritornes came to the door to take their leave of the knight, pretending uncontrollable Grief for his misfortune.\n\nRestrain your tears, most Honorable Ladies, said Don Quixote.\nFor these misfortunes are incident to those of my profession; and from these misfortunes it is, we date the greatness of our glory and renown; they are the effects of envy, which still attends virtuous and great actions, and brought upon us by the indirect means of such princes and knights as are envious of our dignity and fame; but spite of all oppression, spite of all the magic that ever its first inventor z understood, virtue will come off victorious; and triumphing over every danger, will at last shine out in its proper lustre, like the sun to enlighten the world. Pardon me, fair ladies, if (through ignorance or omission of the respects due to your qualities) I have not behaved myself to please you; for to the best of my knowledge I never committed a wilful wrong. And I crave the assistance of your prayers towards my enlargement from this prison, which some malicious magician has confined me to; and the first business of my freedom.\nI will clean the text as requested:\n\nThe Curate and Don Ferdinand made mutual promises to keep each other informed of their respective fortunes. Don Ferdinand requested a detailed account of Don Quixote's adventures, assuring the Curate that it would be a great obligation. In return, the Curate agreed to provide updates on Zoraida's baptism and Don Lewis's success in his amour. As the Curate was about to leave, the innkeeper offered him a bundle of papers found in the folds of the same cloak-bag where he had retrieved the Curious Impertinent.\nThe Curate and the Barber were all at his service because the owner was not expected to arrive and he couldn't read. The Curate thanked him heartily, and upon opening the papers, he found them titled \"The Story of Rinconete and Cortadillo.\" The title indicated it was a novel, possibly written by the author of \"The Curious Impertinent,\" as it was found in the same wallet. He put it in his pocket with the intention of reading it at the first opportunity. Then, mounting with his friend the barber and both wearing masks, they followed the procession. The Carter led the way in a cart, with two officers and their fire-locks flanking him on either side. Sancho followed on his ass, leading Rozinante, and the Curate and Barber brought up the rear on their mighty mules, all with a grave and profound air.\nThey marched no faster than their heavy oxen allowed. Don Quixote sat leaning against the back of the cage with his hands tied and his legs extended, but so silent and motionless that he seemed more like a statue than a man. They had traveled about two leagues at this slow and leisurely pace when their conductor suggested a little valley as a good place to rest and bait the animals. However, he was persuaded to defer halting a little longer, having been informed by the barber of a certain valley beyond a small hill in their view, better stocked with grass and more convenient for their purpose. They had not traveled much farther when the curate spotted six or seven men approaching them at a round pace. They seemed in a hurry to reach their inn, which was about a league farther. In short, they soon caught up with our slow travelers, and one of them, the Canon of Toledo and master of those who came with him, marked the formal procession of the cart.\nGuards, Sancho, Rozinante, the Curate, and the Barber, but mainly the imprisoned Don Quixote couldn't help asking what meant their strange method of securing that man. Though he already believed (having observed the guards) that he was some notorious criminal in the custody of the Holy Brotherhood, one of the Fraternity told him, \"I cannot tell the cause of that knight's imprisonment, but he can answer for himself, as he best can.\"\n\nDon Quixote, overhearing their conversation, said, \"Gentlemen, if you are conversant and skilled in matters of knight-errantry, I will communicate my misfortunes to you; if you are not, I have no reason to give myself the trouble.\"\n\n\"Sir,\" answered the Curate, \"I am better acquainted with books of chivalry than with Villalpando's Summa; and if that is your only objection, you may safely impart to me what you please.\"\n\n\"Heaven's permission be it so,\" said Don Quixote. \"You must then understand, Sir Knight,...\"\nI am born in this cage through the force of enchantments, due to the envy and malice of some cursed magicians. Virtue is more zealously persecuted by evil men than it is beloved by the good. I am, by profession, a Knight-Errant, and not one whose deeds never merited a place in the records of fame. But one who, in spite of Envy and all the magi of Persia, the Brahmans of India, or the Gymnosophists of Ethiopia, shall secure a place in the Temple of Immortality as a pattern and model to following ages. The noble Don Quixote de la Mancha speaks the truth. The Curate approached the company and said, \"He is indeed enchanted in this cart, not through his own demerits or offenses, but the malicious treachery of those whom Virtue displeases and Valor offends.\" This is, Sir, the Knight of the woeful figure, of whom you have undoubtedly heard.\nThe Canon, hearing the Prisoner and his Guard speak in the same style, was amazed, and blessed himself in wonder, as did the rest of the company. Sancho Panza approaching, spoke the truth. \"Sirs,\" he said, \"my master is no more enchanted than my mother. He eats and drinks, and does his needs, like other men. Yet you persist in believing that a man who can do this is enchanted. My master can speak too; if you let him alone, he'll prattle more than thirty attorneys. Turning towards the Curate, \"Mr. Curate, Mr. Curate,\" Sancho continued, \"I do know you, and I guess what these new enchantments are driving at!\"\nfor all you hide your face; and understand your design, for all your sly tricks, Sir. But 'tis an old saying, there's no striving against the stream; and the weakest still goes to the wall. The devil take the luck on't; had not your reverence spoiled our sport, my master had been married before now to Princess Micomicona, and I had been an earl at least; nay, that I was sure of, had the worst come to the worst. But the old proverb is true again, fortune turns round like a mill wheel, and he that was yesterday at the top lies today at the bottom. I wonder, Mr. Curate, you that are a clergyman should not have more conscience; consider, Sir, that I have a wife and family who expect all to be great folks, and my master here is to do a world of good deeds; and don't you think, Sir, that you won't be made to answer for all this one day.\n\nSnuff me those candles, said the barber, hearing Sancho talk at this rate. What, fool! are you brainsick of your master's disease too? If you be.\nYou're likely to keep him company in his cage, I assure you, friend. What enchanted island is this that floats in your skull, or what succubus has been riding your fancy and got it pregnant with these hopes? Pregnant! Sir, what do you mean, Sancho asked. I scorn your words, Sir; the best lord in the land wouldn't get me pregnant, no, not even the king himself, heaven bless him. For though I'm a poor man, yet I'm an honest man, and an old Christian, and don't owe anyone a farthing; and though I desire islands, there are many more. Therefore, pray, Mr. Barber, take heed what you say. For all does not consist in shaving beards, and there's some difference between a hawk and a handsaw. I say so, because we all know one another, and no one shall put a false card on me. As to my master's enchantment, let it stand, as it is.\nHeaven knows best; a Stink is still worse for the stirring. The Barber thought Silence the best way to quiet Sancho's impertience; and the Curate, doubting that he might spoil all, urged the Canon to put on a little before, and he would unfold the mystery of the encaged knight. The Canon rode forward with him, and his men followed, while the Curate related the account of Don Quixote's life and quality, madness, and adventures, with the original cause of his distraction, and the whole progress of his adventures till his being shut up in the cage, to bring him home in order to have him cured. They all admired at this strange account, and then the Canon turning to the Curate said, \"Believe me, Mr. Curate, I am fully convinced that these books of chivalry are very prejudicial to the public. And though I have been led away by an idle and false pleasure\"\nI cannot read most of the printed editions of these books past their beginnings; they all seem to contain the same thing to me, and there is as much content in one as in all the others. The composition and style resemble those of the Milesian fables, which are merely idle stories meant for amusement and not instruction. However, this is not the case with fables called \"apologues,\" which delight and instruct. Yet, even though the primary purpose of such books is to please, I cannot fathom how they can do so, given their multitude of inexplicable extravagances. The pleasure derived from the soul must come from the beauty and proportion it perceives in the things presented to it; nothing inherently deformed or incongruous can provide us with true satisfaction. Now, what beauty or proportion could there be in such texts?\nIn a book or fable, if a sixteen-year-old boy effortlessly slices through a giant as tall as a steeple with one stroke of a sword, as if he were made of pasteboard? Or when they recount a battle, stating the enemy's forces consisted of a million combatants; yet, we are compelled, despite our reluctance, to imagine that the hero of the tale secured the victory solely through his own valor and the strength of his powerful arm? What rational being, not entirely barbarous or uncivilized, would find pleasure in reading about a great tower filled with armed knights cutting through the sea like a ship before the wind? Setting out from the coast of Italy in the evening, it lands in Prester John's country by break of day.\nIf these problems are not identified by Ptolemy or discovered by Columbus? If the answer is that those who write these Books confess to lying and therefore are not bound by niceties or truth, I will reply that falsehood is more commendable the more it resembles truth and is more pleasing the more it is doubtful and possible. Fabulous tales should be suited to the reader's understanding, contrived so that all impossibilities cease, all great accidents appear easy, and the mind remains in suspense. This cannot be achieved by one who flees from probability and imitation, which is the perfection of what is written. I have not yet seen any book of knight-errantry that composes an entire fable with all its parts, so that the middle answers to the beginning.\nand the end to the beginning and middle, but on the contrary, they form them of so many limbs, that they rather seem to design a chimera or monster, than a well-proportioned figure. Besides all this, their style is uncouth, their exploits incredible, their love immodest, their civility impertinent, their battles tedious, their language absurd, their voyages preposterous; and in short, they are altogether void of solid ingenuity, and therefore fit to be banished a Christian commonwealth, as useless and prejudicial. The curate was very attentive, and believed him a man of sound judgment and much in the right in all he had urged; and therefore told him, that he being of the same opinion, and an enemy to books of knight-errantry, had burnt all that belonged to Don Quixote, which were a considerable number. Then he recounted to him the scrutiny he had made among them, what he had condemned to the flames, and what spared; at which the canon laughed heartily, and said.\nDespite all the harm he spoke of those Books, he found one good thing: they provided a Man of Understanding with a vast scope to express himself, as they allowed free description of shipwrecks, storms, skirmishes, and battles. They depicted a brave Commander with all the necessary qualities: prudence in thwarting the enemy's plans, eloquence in persuading or dissuading soldiers, judgment in council, swiftness in execution, and valor in assault or defense. The texts presented both dismal and melancholic accidents and delightful and unexpected adventures. They introduced a beautiful, modest, discreet and reserved Lady, a Christian-like, brave and courteous Gentleman, a boisterous, inhuman, boasting Ruffian, and an affable, warlike and wise Prince.\nA sovereign may exhibit generosity and bounty, and at times demonstrate skill in astrology, cartography, music, and policy. He can also delve into the mysteries of necromancy if he chooses. He may describe the cunning of Ulysses, the piety of Aeneas, the valor of Achilles, the misfortunes of Hector, the treachery of Sinon, the friendship of Euryalus, the liberality of Alexander, the valor of Caesar, the clemency and sincerity of Trajan, the fidelity of Zopyrus, and the prudence of Cato. Such actions, eloquently presented in a gracious style and with ingenious invention, will result in a beautiful and varied work. Upon completion, its excellence and perfection will achieve the ultimate goal of writing: to delight and instruct.\nI have previously stated: The loose method in these Books allows the Author freedom to write epics, lyrics, dramas, and other parts of Poetry and Rhetoric; epics can be written in prose as well as verse. You are correct, Sir, the Curate replied. Those who have published such Books before are to be blamed for disregarding good Sense, Art, and Rules. By adhering to these Observations, they could have made themselves as famous in Prose as the two Princes of Greek and Latin Poetry are in Verse. I must confess, the Canon admitted, I was once tempted to write a Book of Knight-Errantry myself, adhering to all the Rules. And to be truthful, I wrote over a hundred pages. To test their worth, I shared these with some learned and judicious men fond of such subjects, as well as with some ignorant persons.\nI am only pleased by extravagances, and they all gave me their approval. Yet I made no further progress, as I consider it unsuitable for my profession, and because I am aware that the illiterate outnumber the learned. It is better to be commended by the few wise than scorned by the ignorant multitude, but I will not subject myself to the censure of the frivolous, whose primary concern is to read such books. However, the greatest reason I had to abandon and think no more of completing it was an argument I formed for myself based on the plays currently in use. For, I reasoned, if plays now in vogue, whether entirely of the poet's invention or grounded in history, are all, or at least the majority, composed of the most absurd extravagances and incoherences; and yet the multitude finds satisfaction in them, esteems and approves them.\nThough they are so far from being good; if poets who write, and players who act them, insist that they must be so contrived and no other way, because they please the general audience, and those which are regular and according to art serve only to please a few judgmental persons who understand them, while the rest of the company cannot follow the contrivance; and therefore poets and actors prefer to earn their bread by the greater number, rather than the applause of the fewer: Then may I conclude the same will be the success of this book. So, after I have strained my brain to observe the rules, I shall reap no other advantage than to be laughed at for my pains. I have sometimes attempted to convince the actors that they are mistaken in their opinion, and that they will draw more company and gain better credit with regular plays, rather than these preposterous representations now in use; but they are so set in their humor that no strength of reason, nor even demonstration can change their minds.\nI can divert them from their conceit. I remember once speaking to one such obstinate fellow; Do you not remember, I said, that within these few years, three tragedies were acted in Spain, written by a famous poet of ours, which were so excellent that they surprised, delighted, and raised the admiration of all who saw them, both the ignorant and the judicious; and the actors received more from these three than from thirty of the best that have been written since? Indeed, Sir, replied the actor, you mean the tragedies of Isabella, Phillis, and Alexandra? Yes, I replied, and do you determine whether they observed the rules of drama, and whether, by doing so, they lost anything of their esteem or failed to please all sorts of people? Therefore, the fault does not lie in the audience's desire for absurdities but in those who cannot give them anything else. Nor was there anything preposterous in several other plays, for example, Ingratitude Reveng'd, Numancia, the amorous Merchant.\nAnd the favorable Enemy, nor in some others, composed by judicious Poets to their honor and credit, and to the advantage of those who acted them. Much more I added, which in my opinion, somewhat confounded, but in no way satisfied or convinced him, so as to change his opinion. You have touched upon a subject, Sir, said the Curate, which has stirred up in me an old aversion I have for the Plays now in use, which is not inferior to that I bear to books of knight-errantry. For whereas Plays, according to the opinion of Cicero, ought to be mirrors of human life, patterns of good manners, and the very representatives of truth; those now acted are mirrors of absurdities, patterns of follies, and images of lewdness. For instance, what can be more absurd than for the same person to be brought on the stage a child in swaddling-bands in the first scene of the first act, and to appear in the second grown a man? What can be more ridiculous than to represent to us a fighting old fellow, a cowardly youth?\nA rhetorical footman, a politic page, a churlish king, and an unpolished princess. Regarding their regard to the time in which those actions they represent either might or ought to have happened, in a play, the first act began in Europe, the second in Asia. It's worth noting that Spanish plays have only three jornadas or acts. The third ended in Africa. If there had been another act, they likely would have carried it into America, making it acted in the four parts of the world. However, if imitation is a principal part of drama, how can any tolerable judgment be pleased when, representing an action that happened in the time of King Pepin or Charlemagne, they attribute it to Emperor Heraclius and bring him in carrying the Cross into Jerusalem and recovering the Holy Sepulchre, like Godfrey of Bouillon.\nThere being a vast distance between these actions causes people to connect historical events in their own plays, combining relations of things that happened to different people and in various ages. They do this without any contrivance to make it more probable and with such visible mistakes as are entirely inexcusable. However, there are idiots who consider this perfection and believe everything else to be mere pedantry. But if we look into the pious plays, what a multitude of false miracles we find in them, how many errors and contradictions, how often miracles wrought by one saint are attributed to another. Even in the profane plays, they presume to work miracles on the bare imagination and believe such a supernatural work or machine, as they call it, will be ornamental and draw the common sort to see the play. These things are a reflection upon truth itself, a lessening of history.\nAnd a reproach to all Spanish Wits, because strangers, who are very exact in observing the rules of the drama, look upon us as an ignorant and barbarous people when they see the absurdities and extravagances of our plays. Nor would it be any excuse to allege that the principal design of all good governments in permitting plays to be publicly acted is to amuse the commonality with some lawful recreation and so to divert those ill humors which idleness is apt to breed. And since this end is attained by any sort of plays, whether good or bad, it is needless to prescribe laws to them or oblige poets or actors to compose and represent such as are approved by them. I say that this end proposed would be infinitely better answered by good plays than by bad ones. He who sees a play that is regular and answerable to the rules of poetry is pleased with the comedy formed by the serious part, surprised at the variety of accidents, improved by the language, warned by frauds, and instructed by examples.\nIncensed against Vice, and enamored with Virtue; for a good play must cause all these emotions in the soul of him who sees it, though he were never so insensible and unpolished. And it is absolutely impossible that a play which has all these qualities should not infinitely divert, satisfy, and please, beyond another that lacks them, as most of them do which are now usually acted. Neither are the poets who write them at fault, for some of them are very sensitive to their errors and capable of performing their duty; but plays being now altogether become venial, they say, and with reason, that the actors would not purchase them unless they were of that stamp; and therefore the poet endeavors to suit the humor of the actor, who is to pay him for his labor. For proof of this, let any man observe the infinite number of plays composed by an exuberant Spanish wit, Lope de Vega, who wrote an incredible number of plays so full of gaiety and humor, in such lofty verse and language, so sententious.\nAnd to conclude, his fame is so magnificent that it spreads throughout the universe. However, because he catered to the whims of the actors, some fell short of their potential, while others reached it. Some writers create plays so carelessly that after they have been performed on stage, the actors have been forced to flee and hide for fear of punishment, as has happened frequently, for having offended kings and disgraced entire families. I omit many other negative consequences. These could be eliminated by appointing an intelligent and judicious person at court to examine all plays before they were performed \u2013 not only those presented at court, but throughout all of Spain. Therefore, no magistrate should allow any play to be performed in public without his license. Players would then send their plays to court and could perform them safely, and writers would be more cautious.\nAs standing before an Examiner who could judge their works, by these means we would be furnished with good plays, and the intended end would be achieved: the people would be entertained, Spanish wits esteemed, actors secured, and the government spared the trouble of punishing them. If the same person or another were entrusted with examining all new books of chivalry, there is no doubt some would be published with all the perfection you, Sir, have mentioned, to the enhancement of eloquence in our language, and the extirpation of the old books which would be supplanted by the new. For the innocent pastime, not only of idle persons but of those who have the most employment: for the bow cannot always be bent, nor human frailty subsist without some lawful recreation.\n\nThe Canon and Curate had reached this period when the Barber, overtaking them, informed the latter that this was the place he had chosen for baiting.\nThe Canon induced by the pleasantness of the valley and the satisfaction he found in the Curate's conversation, as well as to be further informed of Don Quixote's adventures, bore them company. He ordered some of his men to ride to the next inn and send down all provisions if his sumter-mule had arrived. They should make much of themselves and their mules with what the inn could afford.\n\nMeanwhile, Sancho having disengaged himself from the Curate and Barber, and finding an opportunity to speak to his master alone, he brushed up to the cage where the knight sat.\n\n\"That I may clear my conscience, Sir,\" Sancho said, \"it is fitting that I tell you the plain truth of your enchantment here: Who do you think now are those two fellows that ride with their faces covered? None other than the parish priest and the barber.\"\nSir, and they are plotting against you out of mere spite because your deeds will be greater than theirs. Given that assumption, it follows that you are not enchanted but only deceived and abused. If you will but answer me one question fairly and squarely, you shall find this to be a palpable cheat, and that there is no enchantment in the case, but merely your senses turned topsy-turvy. Ask me any questions you please, dear Sancho, said the Knight, and I will willingly answer them. But for your assertion that those who guard us are my old companions, the curate and barber, it is an illusion. The power of magic indeed, as it has the art to clothe anything in any shape, may have dressed these demons in their appearances to infatuate your sense and draw you into such a labyrinth of confusion that even Theseus's clue could not extricate you from it; and this with a design perhaps to plunge me deeper into doubts.\nand make me endanger my understanding in searching into the strange contrivance of my enchantment, which in every circumstance is so different from all I have ever read. Therefore, be satisfied that these are no more what you imagine, than I am a Turk. But now to your questions, propose them, and I will endeavor to answer.\n\nBless me, said Sancho, this is madness upon madness; but since it is so, answer me one question. Tell me, on your hope of being delivered out of this cage here, and on your hope of finding yourself in my Lady Dulcinea's arms when you least think on it; on your knighthood's honor, conjure me no more. Answer freely, said Don Quixote, I promise to answer punctually. That's what I want, said Sancho, and you must tell me the truth, the whole truth, neither more nor less. Prithee, no more of your preliminaries or preambles, cried Don Quixote, I tell thee I will answer to a tittle. Then, said Sancho, I ask, with reverence be it spoken.\n\"Have you, Sir, since being imprisoned or enchanted, as Sancho puts it, had any desire to act, however slight? I do not understand that phrase, replied the Knight. Heighday! don't you understand what I mean, Sancho? A child in our country, not versed in the Christ's cross-roads, can grasp this. I mean, do you have the inclination to perform actions that others cannot for you. Yes, I understand you now, Sancho, said the Knight; and to directly answer your question, yes, I often do; therefore, help me escape from this predicament. I must confess, I am not as clean and pure as I would like.\"\n\n\"Ah, Sir, have I finally caught you? This is what I've longed to know from the depths of my heart and soul. Come now, you cannot deny, that when someone is out of sorts, unable to eat, drink, sleep, or perform natural functions, we commonly say they are bewitched.\"\n\"drink their drink, speak when spoken to, and go to the backside when occasion arises, are not bewitched nor enchanted. Your conclusion is good, answered Don Quixote, as to one sort of enchantment; but, as I said to you, there is variety of enchantments, and the changes in them through the alteration of times and customs branch them into so many parts, that it is impossible to fix them under the force of any single conclusion. In my conscience, I am verily persuaded of my enchantment, and this suppresses any uneasiness in my temper, which might arise upon any suggestion to the contrary. To think of myself thus idly and dishonorably born about in a cage, and held like a lazy, idle coward from the great offices of my function, when at this hour perhaps hundreds of wretches may want my assistance, would be unsupportable. Then your worship's only way is to endeavor to get your heels at liberty, said Sancho. Come, sir, let me alone.\"\nI'll get you out, I warrant; then on your horse Rozinante's back, and a fig for them all. The poor thing jogs on as drooping and heartless, as if enchanted too. Take my advice once now, and if things don't go as your heart wishes, we have time enough to creep into our cage again. On your word as a loyal squire, I'll go in with you and be content to be enchanted as long as you please. I commit the care of my freedom to your management, said Don Quixote. Lay hold on the opportunity, friend Sancho, and you shall find me ready to be governed in all particulars; though I'm still afraid you'll find your cunning strangely overreached in your pretended discovery. The knight and squire had laid their plan when they reached the place the Canon, Curate, and Barber had chosen to alight. The cage was taken down, and the oxen unyoked to graze. Sancho addressing the curate, \"Pray,\" he said.\nThe Curate understood him, answering that he would comply, but feared Don Quixote would escape if given freedom. I'll guarantee him, said Sancho, body for body. The Canon agreed, relying on his master's bare honor. You have my word, said the Knight, and you require no further security, for enchanted bodies have no free will to dispose of themselves or move without the Necromancer's permission. The magical charms could hold them for three whole centuries in one place and bring them back swiftly if they fled to another region. Lastly, he urged, unless they freed him or moved farther off, he would cause trouble.\nHe would be compelled to offend their sense of smelling. They understood his meaning immediately and granted him his freedom. The first thing he did was to stretch his numb limbs a few times, then marching up to Rozinante, he slapped him twice or thrice on the buttocks: \"I trust in heaven, thou flower and glory of horse-flesh,\" he said, \"that we shall soon be restored to our former circumstances; I, mounted on thy back, and thou between my legs, while I exercise the function for which heaven has bestowed me on the world.\" Then, walking a little aside with Sancho, he returned, after a convenient delay, much lighter in body and mind, and full of his squire's project.\n\nThe Canon gazed on him, admiring his unusual sort of madness, all the more because in all his words and answers he displayed excellent judgment. This moved the Canon to compassion as we have already observed.\nwhen they had all seated themselves on the grass, expecting the coming up of his sumter-mule; \"Is it possible, Sir,\" he said to Don Quixote, \"that the unhappy reading of knight-errantry books has had such an influence over you as to destroy your reason, making you believe you are now enchanted, and many other such extravagances, as remote from truth as truth itself is from falsehood? How is it possible that human sense could conceive that there ever were in the world such multitudes of famous knights-errant, so many emperors of Trebizond, so many Amadis, Felixmartes of Hircania, Palfreys, rambling damsels, serpents, monsters, giants, unheard-of adventures, so many sorts of enchantments, so many battles, terrible encounters, pompous habits and tournaments, amorous princesses, earls, squires, and jesting dwarfs, so many love-letters and gallantries, so many Amazonian ladies, and, in short, such an incredible number of extravagant passages?\"\nas are they contained in Books of Knight-Errantry? For my part, I confess that while I read them and do not reflect that they are nothing but falsehood and folly, they give me some satisfaction; but I no sooner remember what they are, than I cast the best of them from me, and would deliver them up to the flames if I had a fire near me. They deserve that fate, like false impostors who act contrary to the common course of nature, and inventors of new sects and a new manner of living, who seduce the ignorant vulgar to give credit to all their absurdities. Nay, they presume to disturb the brains of ingenious and well-bred gentlemen, as appears by the effect they have wrought on your judgment, reducing you to such a condition that it is necessary to shut you up in a cage and carry you on a cart drawn by oxen, like some lion or tiger that is carried about from town to town to be shown. Have pity on yourself, good Don Quixote, retrieve your lost judgment.\nAnd make use of those abilities Heaven has blessed you with, applying your excellent talent to some other study, which may be safer for your conscience and more for your honor; but if led away by your natural inclination, you will read books of chivalry and great exploits; read in the Holy Scripture the Book of Judges, where you will find wonderful truths and glorious actions not to be questioned. Lusitania had a Viriatus, Rome a Caesar, Carthage an Hannibal, Greece an Alexander, Castile a Count Fernan Gonzalez, Valentia a Cid, Andaluzia a Gonzalo Fernandes, Estremadura a Diego Garcia de Perezes, Xerez a Garcia Perez de Vergas, Toledo a Garcilaso, and Seville Don Manuel de Leon. The reading of whose brave actions diverts, instructs, pleases, and surprises the most judicious readers. This will be a study worthy of your talent, and by which you will become well-read in history, in love with virtue, knowing in goodness, improved in manners, brave without rashness.\nAnd he listened carefully without cowardice; all of which would bring glory to God, your advancement, and the honor of the Province of La Mancha, from which you originate. Don Quixote listened attentively to the Canon's discourse, and upon fixing his gaze on him for a considerable time, he said, \"Your entire discourse, I find, implies that all the books of chivalry are false, fabulous, useless, and harmful to the public. I have erred in believing and have been blameworthy in imitating them by taking on the painful profession of chivalry. You also denied that there were ever any Amadises of Gaul or Greece, or any of the knights mentioned in those books. You further stated, Canon, that those books had harmed me, depriving me of my reason.\"\nand reduced me to being carried in a cage; therefore, it would be to my advantage to take up some time and apply myself to the reading of other books, where I might find more truth, more pleasure, and better instruction.\n\nYou are in the right, said the Canon. Then I am satisfied, replied Don Quixote. You yourself are the man who raves and is enchanted, since you have thus boldly blasphemed against a truth so universally received, that whoever presumes to contradict it, as you have done, deserves the punishment you would inflict on the books, when in reading them they offend you. For it were as easy to persuade the world that the sun does not enlighten, the frost cool, and the earth bear us, as that there never was an Amadis or any of the other adventurous knights, whose actions are the subject of so many histories.\n\nWhat mortal can persuade another that there is no truth in what is recorded of the Princess Floripes and Guy of Burgundy?\nAnd of Fierabras at the Bridge of Martible in the Reign of Charlemagne? These passages, I dare swear, are as true as it is day. But if this is false, you may as well say there was no Hector, nor Achilles, nor Trojan War, nor Twelve Peers of France, nor King Arthur of Britain, who is now converted into a crow and hourly expected in his kingdom. Some may presume to say that the history of Guerino Meshin and that of the Search for the Holy Grail are false, as well as the amours of Sir Tristan and Queen Isolde and those of Queen Guinevere and Sir Lancelot du Lac. And yet there are people living who can almost remember they have seen the old Lady Quintana, who had the best hand at filling a glass of wine of any woman in all Britain. I am so well assured of this that I can remember my grandmother by my father's side, who used to tell me, Look yonder, Grandson.\nThere's an old woman who looks like Dame Quintana. I infer she knew her or at least saw her picture. The veracity of the History of Pierres and the lovely Magalona is not deniable. The pin with which Pierres turned his wooden horse, carrying him through the air, is still in the King's Armory. This pin is somewhat bigger than a wagon wheel. At Roncesvalles, they keep Orlando's horn, which is as big as a great beam. Therefore, there were twelve peers, and such men as Pierres and the famous Cid, along with many other adventurous knights, whose names are known to all people. You may as well tell me that the brave Portuguese, John de Merlo, was no Knight-Errant; that he did not go into Burgundy, where, in the City of Ras, he fought the famous Moses Pierre, Lord of Chargny, and in the City of Basil, Moses Henry de Ramestan, coming off victorious in both places.\nAnd loaded with honor. You may deny the adventures and combats of the two Spanish knights, Pedro Barba and Gutierre Quixada, from whose male line I am descended, who in Burgundy overcame the sons of the Earl of St. Paul. You may claim that Don Ferdinand de Guevara never went to Germany to seek adventures, where he fought Sir George, a knight of the Duke of Austria's court. You may label the tilting of Suero de Quinones del Paso and the exploits of Moses Lewis de Falses against Don Gonzalo de Guzman, a Castilian knight, as mere fables. And so of many other brave actions performed by Christian knights, both Spanish and foreigners. I repeat, he who denies these authentic and true actions has neither sense nor reason. The canon was astonished at the medley Don Quixote made of truths and fables, and no less to see how well-read he was in all things relating to the achievements of knights-errant. Therefore, I cannot deny, Sir, that he answered.\nI will grant that there is some truth in what you have said, particularly with regard to the Spanish Knights-Errant. I agree that there were Twelve Peers of France, but I do not believe they performed all the actions attributed to them by Archbishop Turpin. Instead, I imagine they were brave gentlemen chosen by the kings of France and called peers because they were equal in valor and quality. If they were not already peers, they ought to have been. These men formed a military order, similar to the orders of Santiago or Calatrava, into which only gentlemen of birth and proven valor were admitted. In those times, a knight who was one of the Twelve Peers was referred to as such because there were only twelve of this military order. It is not doubted that there were men like Bernardo del Carpio and the Cid.\nYet we have reason to question whether they ever performed those great exploits that are ascribed to them. Regarding the pin, Count Plerre's pin which you mentioned, and which you say stands by Babieca's saddle, I confess my ignorance. Though I saw the saddle, I did not perceive the pin, which is somewhat strange if it is as large as you described it. 'Tis there without doubt, replied Don Quixote, by the same token they say it is kept in a leather case to keep it from rusting. That may very well be, said the Canon, but upon the word of a priest, I do not remember ever seeing it. Yet grant it were there, that does not enforce the belief of so many Amadises, nor of such a multitude of knights-errant as the world talks of. Nor is there any reason why such a worthy and judicious person as you should imagine there is any truth in the wild extravagances contained in all the fabulous nonsensical books of knight-errantry.\n\nVery well, cried Don Quixote.\nThen all those books must be fabulous, though licensed by kings, approved by examiners, read with general satisfaction, and applauded by the better sort and the common people, rich and poor, learned and unlearned, gentry and commonality, and in short, by all sorts of persons of what state and condition soever. And though they carry such an appearance of truth, setting down the father, mother, country, kindred, age, place, and actions to a title, and day by day, of the knights and knights-errant whom they treat. For shame, Sir, continue he, forbear uttering such blasphemies; and believe me, I advise you to behave yourself as becomes a man of sense, or else read them and see what satisfaction you will receive. As for instance, pray tell me, can there be anything more delightful than to read a lively description, which as it were brings before your eyes the following adventure: A vast lake of boiling pitch, in which an infinite multitude of serpents, snakes, and crocodiles lie in wait.\nAnd in the lake, a knight-errant sees and other frightful creatures swimming and traversing, backward and forward. From the lake's midst, a mournful voice speaks these words: \"O knight, whomever you are, gazing upon the dreadful lake, if you wish to obtain the bliss hidden beneath these sorrowful waters, prove your valor by casting yourself into the midst of these black, burning surges. Unless you do so, you are not worthy to behold the mighty wonders enclosed in the seven castles of the seven fairies beneath these gloomy waves.\" The last words of the voice reach the knight's ears, and without further reflection or consideration of the danger, he plunges himself into the lake's middle, even without removing his heavy armor, only commending himself to heaven and his lady. And when he least expects it or can guess where he will stop.\nHe finds himself suddenly in the midst of verdant fields, which the Elysian fields bear no comparison to. The sky appears more transparent to him, and the sun shines with redoubled brightness. Next, he discovers a most delightful grove made up of beautiful shady trees. Their verdure and variety regale his sight, while his ears are ravished with the wild and yet melodious notes of an infinite number of pretty painted birds that hop and sing on the twining boughs. Here he spies a pleasing rivulet, which, through its slow banks, glides along over the brightest sand and murmurs over the whitest pebbles that dimple its smooth surface. Through its liquid crystal, it feasts the eye with a prospect of gold and orient pearl. There he perceives an artificial fountain formed of party-colored jasper and polished marble; and hard by another, constructed in grotesque, where the small cockle-shells are placed in orderly confusion among the white and yellow shells.\nand mixed with pieces of bright crystal and counterfeit emeralds, yield an agreeable sight; so that art imitating nature seems here to outdo her. At a distance, on a sudden, he casts his eyes upon a strong castle or stately palace, whose walls are of massy gold, the battlements of diamonds, and the gates of hyacinths; in short, its structure is so wonderful that though all the materials are no other than diamonds, carbuncles, rubies, pearls, gold, and emeralds, yet the workmanship exceeds them in value. But having seen all this, can anything be so charming as to behold a numerous train of beautiful damsels come out of the castle in such glorious and costly apparel, as would be endless for me to describe, were I to relate these things as they are to be found in history. Then to see the beauty that seems the chief of all the damsels take the bold knight, who cast himself into the burning lake, by the hand, and without speaking one word, lead him into the sumptuous palace.\nHe is caused to strip naked and then placed in a delicious bath, perfumed with precious essences and odoriferous oils. Afterward, he puts on a fine scented shirt. Another damsel throws over his shoulders a magnificent robe worth at least a whole city, if not more. In the next room, they lead him to another room of state, where he finds the tables so orderly covered that he is surprised and astonished. They pour water distilled from amber and odoriferous flowers over his hands. He is seated in an ivory chair, and while all the damsels attending him observe profound silence, a variety of delicacies is served up, all incomparably dressed, leaving appetite uncertain which to satisfy its desire. At the same time, his ears are sweetly entertained with a variety of excellent music, none perceiving who makes it or from where it comes. But after the dinner ends, what shall we say?\nAnd the tables taken away, the knight leaned back in his chair, possibly picking his teeth, as is usual. Then another damsel, more beautiful than any of the former, entered unexpectedly into the room and sat down by the knight. She began to inform him which castle it was and how she was enchanted in it, sharing many other particulars that surprised the knight and astonished the readers. I will not expand further on this matter, as what has been said already suggests that reading any passage in a history of knight-errantry would be delightful and surprising to the reader. And you, good sir, believe me, and as I told you before, read these books. You may find they banish melancholy if you are troubled by it and sweeten your disposition if it is harsh. Since becoming a knight-errant, I have been brave, courteous, bountiful, well-bred, generous, civil, bold, affable, patient, and a sufferer of hardships.\nAnd though I have recently been confined in a cage, like a madman, I expect, with Heaven's favor and Fortune not opposing my designs, to become a king within a few days, so that I may provide proofs of my innate gratitude and liberality. For, on my word, a poor man is incapable of exhibiting his liberality, though he may be naturally disposed to do so. Now, that gratitude which consists only in wishes may be said to be dead, as faith without good works is dead. Therefore, I wish Fortune would soon provide an opportunity for me to become an emperor, so that I might demonstrate my generosity by advancing my friends, and in particular, this poor Sancho Panza, my squire, whom I have long promised an earldom. However, I fear he may not have the judgment to govern his estate.\n\nSancho, hearing his master's last words, replied, \"Well, well, Sir,\" he said.\nnever trouble your Head about that matter; all you have to do is get me this same earldom, and let me alone to govern it. I can put in a deputy or servant, who shall take all the trouble off my hands, while I, as a great man, should loll at my ease, receive my rents, mind no business, live merrily, and so let the world rub for Sancho. As to the management of your revenue, a deputy or steward may do well, friend; but the lord himself is obliged to stir in the administration of justice, to which there is not only a sufficiency to govern required, but a judicious head also to distinguish nicely, conclude justly, and choose wisely. I don't understand your philosophy, quoth Sancho; all I said, and I'll say it again, is that I wish I had as good an earldom as I could govern. For I have as great a soul as another man, and as great a body as most men. The first thing I would do in my government, I would have no body to controul me.\nI would be absolute; and who besides me? He that is absolute can do what he pleases; he that can do what he pleases can be content; and he that can be content has no more to desire; so the matter's over, and come what may, I'm satisfied. If an island, welcome; if no island, farewell; we shall find ourselves in no worse a condition. This is no ill reasoning of yours, friend, said the Canon, though there is much more to be said on this topic of earldoms, than you imagine. Undoubtedly, said Don Quixote, but I pattern my actions after the example of Amadis de Gaul, who made his squire Gandalin earl of the Firm Island; which is a fair precedent for granting Sancho the same dignity, to which his merit also lays an unquestionable claim. The Canon was amazed at Don Quixote's methodical and orderly madness; and Sancho's simplicity in so eagerly contending for his earlordom.\nThe whole company was entertained by this. By this time, the canon's servants had brought out the provisions, and spreading a carpet on the grass under the shady trees, they sat down to dinner. Suddenly, they heard the tinkling of a little bell among the copses nearby, and immediately afterward, they saw a pretty speckled goat bolt out of the thicket, followed by a goatherd running after it. He called to it in his familiar dialect to stay and return to the fold. But the fugitive ran towards the company, frightened and panting, and stopped close by them, as if it had begged for their protection. The goatherd overtook it and caught it by the horns, chiding it in a familiar way.\n\n\"You little wanton Nanny,\" he said, \"you spotted elf, what has made you trip so much of late? What wolf has scared you thus, Huzzy! Tell me, little fool, what is the matter?\"\n\nBut the cause was plain; she was a female.\nAnd therefore you can never be quiet: Curse on your strange Humors, and all those who resemble you so much; turn back, my Love, turn back. Though you cannot be content with your Fold, yet there you may be safe among the rest of your kind; for if you, who should guide and direct the Flock, wander thus, what will become of them? The Goatherd's words to his Goat were entertaining enough for the Company, especially to the Canon, who called to him, \"Priest honest Fellow,\" he said, \"have a little Patience, and let your Goat take its Liberty a while; for, since it is a Female, as you say, she will follow her natural Inclination the more you would confine it.\" Come then, and take a Bit, and a Glass of Wine with us, you may be better humored after that. He then gave him a leg of cold Rabbit and ordered a Glass of Wine; the Goat-herd drank it off and returned his thanks, pacified. Gentlemen, he said, I would not have you think me a Fool.\nI speak seriously to this senseless animal, for my words bear a mysterious meaning. I may appear rustic and unpolished, yet I am not so ignorant that I cannot converse with men as well as brutes. The woods have bred learned men, and simple sheepcots contain philosophers, the goat-herd replied. At least, they harbor men with some knowledge of the world. To prove this truth, I would share an incident with you, Don Quixote said, if I thought it wasn't an impertinent offer or my company troublesome. I will listen attentively, the Curate answered, for your coming has something about it that resembles a knight-errantry adventure. I dare say, the whole company will not question our parts so much as to refuse to hear a story so pleasing, surprising, and amusing as I believe yours will be. So please, begin your tale, friend.\nFor we will all give you our attention. You must excuse me for one thing, said Sancho. I must have a word or two in private with this same Pasty at the little brook; for I design to fill my belly for tomorrow and the next day. We squires of knight-errants should always lay up for a rainy day, and when we want meat, chew the cud upon what we laid in beforehand. You're in the right, Sancho, said the knight. But I have, for my part, satisfied my bodily appetite, and now want only refreshment for my mind, which I hope this honest fellow's story will afford me. All the company agreed with Don Quixote. The goatherd then stroked his pretty goat once or twice. Lie down, thou speckled fool, he said. Lie by me here. For we shall have time enough to return home. The creature seemed to understand him, for as soon as her master sat down, she stretched herself quietly by his side and looked up in his face, as if she would let him know that she minded what he said. Then he began thus:\n\nAbout three leagues from this valley\nThere is a village, though small, one of the richest in the area. In it lives a farmer in high esteem. While the rich are usually respected, this man is more considered for his virtue than his wealth. He took greatest pride in his daughter, whose extraordinary beauty, prudence, wit, and virtue drew admiration from all who knew or beheld her. From a young age, she was handsome, and as she grew, she became more beautiful, so that by the age of sixteen, she was completely beautiful. The fame of her beauty spread to neighboring villages, but why say villages? It entered the palaces of kings and reached the ears of all manner of people, who flocked to see her as a rare sight or a prodigy. Her father carefully guarded her.\nShe took great care of herself, for no guards, bolts, or locks could protect a young woman like her as effectively as her own care and caution. The father's riches and the daughter's beauty attracted a large number of suitors, both strangers and inhabitants of the country, to seek her hand in marriage. However, the vast number of suitors made it difficult for the old man to make a decision on whom to bestow such a valuable treasure. Among the crowd of admirers was I, and I had good reason to hope for success due to the father's knowledge of me. I was a native of the same place, from a good family, in the prime of my years, possessed of a considerable estate, and not to be despised for my lack of understanding. Another person from our village also made a court to her at the same time. This seemed to hold the father in suspense until his daughter declared in favor of one of us. To bring this affair to a speedier issue,\nHe resolved to inform Leanora, for that was this Fair One called, that since we were equals in all things, he left her entirely free to choose which of us was most agreeable to herself. An example worthy of being imitated by all parents who have any regard for their children. I do not mean that they should be allowed to choose in things ill or mischievous; but only that proposing to them ever those things which are good, they should be allowed in them to gratify their inclination. I do not know how Leandra approved this proposal; this I only know, that her father put us both off with the excuse of his Daughter's being too young to be disposed of; and that he treated us both in such general terms as neither could well please nor displease us. My rival's name is Anselmo, mine Eugenio. For it is necessary you should know the names of the persons concerned in this tragedy, the conclusion of which, though depending, is not yet reached.\nAbout that time, a man named Vicente de la Rosa arrived in our village. The son of a local laborer, Vicente had been a soldier in Italy and abroad. He was only twelve years old when a passing captain, with his company, took him from this country. After twelve years, he returned, dressed like a soldier in grand and glorious attire, adorned with a thousand crystal toys and chains of steel. Each day he wore a new piece of finery, but it was all false, counterfeit, and worthless. The country people, who by nature are malicious and living in idleness are more inclined to malice, soon observed this and discovered that his fine things amounted to only three sets of clothes, which did not match the stockings and garters that went with them.\nHe entertained us all under a large spreading alder tree in the street, recounting his exploits with such tricks and inventions that it seemed he had more than ten suits and twenty plumes of feathers. I shall not seem impertinent by mentioning this detail about his clothes and habit, as the story depends on it. He sat on a bench under a large spreading alder tree and regaled us with tales of his travels. He claimed to have been to every country on earth and engaged in every battle; he had killed more Moors than Tunis and Argier could hold, and fought more duels than Gante, Luna, Diego Garcia Paredes, and a thousand others he named, yet in all of them he emerged victorious without a scratch or loss of blood. He then showed us the scars of wounds he had received, though they were not visible to the naked eye.\nThis soldier, named Vicente de la Rosa, treated his equals with unmatched arrogance, even claiming that his own arm was his father and his achievements were his pedigree, despite the knowledge of their meaningless birth. He was also a musician who could play a little on the guitar and took great pride in poetry. He frequently composed lengthy verses on insignificant occasions. This soldier, this musician, this poet, Vicente de la Rosa, was often observed by Leandra from a window of her house that overlooked the street. She was captivated by his flashy attire and charmed by his poetry.\nof which he took care to disseminate many copies; her ears were pleased with the exploits he related about himself, and in short, as the devil would have it, she fell in love with him before ever he had the confidence to make his advances to her. And just as in all affairs of love, where the lady's affection is pre-engaged, so was it here no hard thing for Leandra and Vicente to have frequent meetings to discuss their plans. Before any of her many suitors had the least suspicion of her inclination, she had granted it; and leaving her father's house, had run away with this soldier, who came off with greater triumph in this enterprise than in any of the others he boasted about. The entire village was surprised by this turn of events, as was everyone who heard about it. I was amazed, Anselmo was distraught, her father wept, her relatives were outraged, justice was demanded; a party with officers was sent out, who traversed the roads and searched every wood.\nAnd after three days, they found Leanora in a mountain cave, naked and bereft of her clothes, money, and jewels. They brought her to her father, who questioned her about her misfortune. She confessed that Vicente de la Rosa had deceived her, persuading her to leave her father's house with promises of marriage, only to take her to the debauched city of Naples. She had foolishly believed him, robbed her father, and given him the treasure the first night. He had then taken her to a steep mountain and imprisoned her in the cave where she was found. In summary, she admitted that Vicente had robbed her of all she had.\nHe had never attempted to defile her honor; instead, he left her in that state and fled. It was not easy for any of us to hold a good opinion of a soldier's continence, but she insisted on it with so many repeated affirmations that it provided some comfort to her father in his affliction, who valued nothing more than his daughter's reputation. The very same day that Leandra reappeared, she disappeared from us once more. Her father immediately confined her in a monastery in a nearby town, hoping that time would help alleviate some of her disgrace. Those who were not concerned with Leandra excused her behavior due to her youth. However, those who knew her wit and sense did not attribute her miscarriage to her ignorance but to the levity and vanity natural to womankind. Since Leandra's confinement.\nAnselmo's eyes could never find an object that gave him ease or pleasure. I, too, could find nothing but sad and gloomy sights in Leandra's absence. Our melancholy increased as our patience decreased. We cursed the soldier's finery and trinkets and railed at the father's lack of precaution. At last, Anselmo and I agreed to leave the village and retire to this valley. Here, he tended a large flock of sheep, and I, a herd of goats, all our own. We spent our time under the trees, expressing our passions through song - praises or reproaches for the beautiful Leandra, or sighing alone and lamenting our misfortune. Imitating us, many more of Leandra's lovers came to these steep and craggy mountains and found employment. There were many of them.\nThe place appears to have transformed into the old Arcadia we read about. Atop the hill, there is a gathering of shepherds and their cottages. There is not a part of it where the name of Leandra is not heard. This man curses and reviles her, criticizing her qualities; in fact, all blame her yet adore her. The extent of this infatuation is such that there are those who complain of her disdain, having never spoken to her, and others who boast of favors she never granted. For as I mentioned earlier, her inclination was unknown before her disgrace. There is not a hollow place on a rock, a bank of a brook, or a shady grove where some amorous shepherd is not recounting his sorrowful tales to the air and winds. Echo has learned to repeat the name Leandra, Leandra echoes from all the hills, the brooks murmur Leandra, and it is Leandra that holds us all enchanted, hoping without hope, and fearing without knowing what we fear. Among these foolish people\nThe person who shows the least but has the most sense is my rival Anselmo. He forgets all other causes of complaint and complains only of her absence. To his lute, which he touches to admiration, he joins his voice in verses of his own composing, which declare the greatness of his genius. I, for my part, take another course, a better one, I'm sure an easier one. I speak ill of women's levity, their lack of constancy, their broken vows and promises, their fondness for show and disregard for merit. This was the occasion of those words, which I addressed to this goat: for being a she, I hate her, though she is the best of my herd. This is the story I promised to tell you; if you have thought it too long, I shall endeavor to reward your patience in any way I can serve you. Nearby is my cottage, where I have some good fresh milk and excellent cheese, with several types of fruit.\nI hope you find The Goatherd's Story agreeable, both in sight and taste. The whole company greatly enjoyed it, particularly the Canon, who was impressed by the goatherd's scholarly and gentlemanly manner of telling it. The Canon believed that even the mountains could breed scholars and sensible men, based on Eugenio's refined storytelling. They all offered their friendship and service to Eugenio. Don Quixote offered more than anyone else, addressing Eugenio and saying, \"If I were currently capable of undertaking an adventure, I would begin from this moment to serve you. I would soon release Leandra from the nunnery, where she is undoubtedly detained against her will. Despite all opposition from the Lady Abbess and her followers, I would return her to your hands, allowing you sole disposal of her, consistent with the laws of knighthood.\"\nwhich explicitly forbids that any man should offer the least violence to a damsel; yet (I trust in heaven) that the power of a friendly magician will prevail against the force of a malicious enchanter. And whenever this occurs, you may assure yourself of my favor and assistance, to which I am obliged by my profession, which instructs me to relieve the oppressed.\n\nThe goatherd, who until then had taken no notice of him, now looked earnestly at him and, finding his dismal countenance and wretched habit were no great encouragement for him to expect a performance of such mighty matters, whispered to the barber sitting next to him. \"Who is this man who speaks so extravagantly?\" he asked. \"For I swear I have never seen such a strange figure in all my life.\"\n\n\"Whom do you imagine it could be, sir?\" replied the barber. \"None other than the famous Don Quixote de la Mancha, the Establisher of Justice, The Avenger of Injuries, The Protector of Damsels, The Terror of Giants.\"\nAnd the Invisible in Combatss? The account you give of this Person, returned by the Goatherd, is much like what we read in Romances and Books of Chivalry about those doughty Donss, who for their mighty Prowess and Achievements were called Knight-Errantss; and therefore I dare say you jest, and that this Gentleman's Brains have deserted their Quarters.\n\nThou art an impudent insolent varlet, cried Don Quixote, 'tis thy paper-skull that is unfit to hold a rational Soul; I have more Brains than the prostitute thy mother had about her when she carried thy lump of nonsense in her womb. With that, snatching up a loaf that was near him, he struck the Goatherd so furious a Blow with it, that he almost levelled his Nose with his Face. The other, not accustomed to such Salutations, without any respect to the Table-cloth, Napkins, or to those who were eating, he leapt furiously on Don Quixote, and taking hold on his Collar with both his Hands.\nHad certainly strangled him, Sancho Panza had arrived just in time. Gripping the man firmly behind, Sancho threw him back onto the table, bruising dishes, breaking glasses, spilling and overturning all that lay upon it. Don Quixote, now free, fell violently upon the goatherd. All besmear'd with blood and trampled to pieces under Sancho's feet, the goatherd groped here and there for some knife or fork to take a fatal revenge. The canon and curate prevented his purpose, and in the meantime, with the barber's assistance, the goatherd got Don Quixote under him. He let fall such a tempest of blows that as great a shower of blood poured from the poor knight's face as had streamed from his own. The canon and curate were ready to burst with laughter, the officers danced and jumped at the sport. Every one cried \"Halloo!\" as men do when two dogs are snarling or fighting. Sancho Panza was the only one vexed.\nand raved because he could not quit himself from the embraces of one of the Canon's serving men, who kept him from assisting his master. In short, all were exceedingly merry, except the bloody combatants, who had mauled one another most miserably. When, on a sudden, they heard the sound of a doleful trumpet; but he who was most troubled at this dismal alarm was Don Quixote. Therefore, though he lay under the goatherd full sore against his will and was most lamentably bruised and battered, Don Quixote cried out to him. (For surely nothing less could have such valor and strength to subdue my forces.) Let us have a ceasefire for an hour, for the dolorous sound of that trumpet strikes my soul with more horror than your hard fists do my ears with pain, and I am excited to some new adventure. With that, the goatherd, who was as weary of beating as of being beaten, agreed.\nThe knight immediately granted a truce and, once on his feet, directed his steps to the source of the mournful sound. He then saw a group of men in white, resembling penitents, descending from a rising ground. The true reason was that the people had gone without rain for an entire year. To remedy this, they organized rogations, processions, and disciplines throughout the country, imploring heaven to open its treasury and shower them with plenty. The inhabitants of a nearby village came in procession to a devout hermitage on one of the hills surrounding the valley.\n\nNoticing the strange habit of the penitents, Don Quixote, forgetting that he had seen similar sights before, immediately believed it was a new adventure, one in which he alone was to engage, as required by the laws of knight-errantry.\nwas his mistake taking an Image, all covered with Black, for some great Lady, whom these miscreant and discourteous Knights were carrying away against her will. As soon as this whimsy took him in the head, he moved with all expected speed towards Rozinante, who was feeding up and down on the plains. Dismounting his bridle from the pommel and his target which hung on that, he bridled him in an instant. Then taking his sword from Sancho, he mounted in a trice on Rozinante's back. Embracing his target and addressing himself aloud to all present, he cried, \"O valorous company, you shall now see of how great importance it is to mankind that such illustrious persons as those who profess the Order of Knight-Errantry exist in the world. Now, I say, you shall see by my freeing this noble Lady, who is there basely and barbarously carried away captive, that Knight-Adventurers ought to be held in the highest and greatest estimation.\"\nHe struck Rozinante with his heels instead of spurs, urging him into a hand gallop (for it is not recorded in this true history that Rozinante ever ran full speed). He rode towards the Penitents, disregarding the efforts of the Curate, Canon, and Barber to stop him. Sancho Panza's exclamations of \"Master! Sir! Don Quixote!\" did not deter him.\n\n\"Behold, Sir!\" Sancho cried out, pointing. \"That is a procession of Penitents, and the lady they carry is the image of the immaculate Virgin, our blessed Lady.\"\n\nBut Sancho might as well have saved his breath, for Don Quixote was driven by such a strong desire to encounter the white-robed men and release the mourning lady, that he paid no heed to Sancho's words, or if he did, it was only in passing.\nHe would not have turned back at the King's express command. At last, coming near the procession, and stopping Rosinante, who already had a great desire to rest a little, in a dismal tone and with a hoarse voice, \"Ho! cried he, you there, who cover your faces, perhaps because you are ashamed of yourselves and of the crime you are now committing, give heed and attention to what I have to say! The first who stopped at this alarm were those who carried the image. When one of the four priests who sang the litanies, seeing the strange figure that Don Quixote made and the leanness of Rosinante, with other circumstances which he observed in the knight sufficient to have forced laughter, made this answer: \"Good sir! if you have anything to say to us, speak it quickly; for these poor men whom you see are very tired, therefore we neither can, nor is it reasonable that we should, stand thus in pain to hear anything that can't be delivered in two words. I will say it in one,\" replied Don Quixote.\nI charge you to immediately release the beautiful lady, whose tears and sorrowful looks clearly show that you are carrying her away by force and have caused her some unheard-of injury. Do this, or I, who was born to punish such outrages, will not allow you to advance another step with her until she is entirely free and deserves the liberty she so earnestly seeks. This speech caused them all to conclude that the knight was certainly mad, resulting in a general laughter. However, this only fueled Don Quixote's anger, and without further words, he attacked those carrying the image. At the same time, one of them abandoned his post and came to face our hero with a wooden fork, which he used to support the bier whenever they stopped, and defended against the heavy blow Don Quixote intended for him.\nThe fork was split in two, but the one holding the remaining piece struck the knight on the left shoulder with such rural force that the target couldn't withstand it, causing poor Don Quixote to fall and sustain bruises. Sancho Panza, who had followed as fast as his breath and legs allowed, cried out to his adversary to cease striking, arguing that he was a poor enchanted knight who had never harmed a man in his life. However, the country fellow's only motivation was fear that he had killed him, since he couldn't perceive any movement from him. Thus, he quickly pulled up his coat to his girdle and dashed across the fields like a greyhound. Meanwhile, Don Quixote's companions rushed to where he lay, and those in the procession who saw them coming towards them.\nThe Officers of the Holy Brotherhood, attended by them with crossbows, began to have apprehensions of some ill design from the approaching party. They drew up in a body around the image, the Disciplinants lifting up their hoods and grasping fast their whips, while the priests did the same with their tapers. They expected the assault with the greatest bravery, resolving to defend themselves and offend their enemy as long and as much as possible. But Providence had ordered the matter much better than they could hope.\n\nWhile Sancho threw himself on his master's body, lamenting in the most ridiculous manner the supposed death of such a noble and generous lord, the curate of the knight's party arrived, immediately known to him.\nTheir acquaintance put an end to the fears of both sides regarding an engagement. Don Quixote's curate, in a few words, acquainted the other with the knight's circumstances. He and the entire squadron of penitents went over to see if the unfortunate knight was living or dead. Sancho Panza, with tears in his eyes, bewailed over his master: \"Oh Flower of Knighthood,\" he cried, \"you have come to an untimely end with one single perilous blow! Honor of your family and glory of all La Mancha, and indeed of the entire world beyond, which has lost you, will be overrun by miscreants and outlaws who will no longer be afraid to be mauled for their misdeeds. Oh, most bountiful one, above all the Alexanders in the world, you who have rewarded me for only eight months of service with the best island washed by salt water! You who were humble to the proud and haughty to the humble! You who dared to undertake perils and patiently endured affronts! You who were in love...\"\nNo body knows why. True pattern of good men and scourge of the wicked, sworn foe to all reprobates! And to say all at once, thou knight-errant,\n\nThe woeful accents of the squire's voice at last recalled Don Quixote to himself. When after a deep sigh, the first thing he thought of was his absent Dulcinea. O charming Dulcinea, he cried, the wretch that lingers banished from your sight endures far greater miseries than this!\n\nAnd then looking on his faithful squire, Sancho, he said, help me once more into the enchanted chariot. For I am not in a condition to mount at present; this shoulder is all broke to pieces.\n\nWith all my heart, my good lord, replied Sancho, and pray let me advise you to go back to our village with those gentlemen who are your special friends. At home we may think of some other journey that may be more to the purpose than this.\n\nWith reason thou hast spoken, Sancho.\nDon Quixote replied, \"It will be wise for us to remain inactive until the malevolent aspects of the planets currently in power have passed. This solemn decision was highly commended by the canon, curate, and barber, who had been sufficiently entertained by Sancho Panza's ridiculous lamentation. Don Quixote was placed back in the wagon as before. The processionists resumed their order and continued on with their business. The goatherd took his leave of the entire company. The curate reassured the officers for their attendance, as they would not be going any further. The canon requested that the curate keep him informed of Don Quixote's condition, expressing a desire to know whether his madness abated or increased. After taking his leave, the canon continued his journey. Thus, the curate, the barber, Don Quixote, and Sancho Panza were left together, along with the patient Rozinante. The wagoner then harnessed his oxen, setting Don Quixote on a bed of hay in the wagon.\nJogged on after his slow, accustomed pace, Don Quixote followed the Curate's direction. In six days, they reached the Knight's village. They entered the town around noon on a Sunday, and as this happened to be the market day, all the people were there. The cart carrying Don Quixote had to pass through the marketplace, and everyone was curious to know what was inside. They were astonished when they recognized their townsman. While they gaped and wondered, a little boy ran to the knight's house and informed the housekeeper and niece that their master had returned, looking pale, lean, and ghostly, lying stretched out on a bundle of hay in a wagon, pulled by a team of oxen.\n\nIt was a pitiful sight to see the wailing of those two poor creatures; the blows they inflicted upon themselves, and the curses and execrations they hurled against all books of chivalry.\nSancho's wife was almost as numerous in her sighs and tears as when Don Quixote entered. Upon hearing his arrival, she hurried there to inquire about him. She was informed that he was squiring with the knight. As soon as she saw him, she asked, \"Is the ass in good health?\" Sancho replied, \"He has returned in better health than his master.\" \"Heaven be praised for the good news,\" she said. But, my friend, she continued, \"what have you brought me this time from your new squireship? Have you brought me a gown or petticoat, or shoes for my little boys?\" Sancho replied, \"I have brought you none of these things; I am laden with better things.\" \"Very well,\" she said. \"Let me see some of these fine things. I vow that the sight of them will comfort my poor heart.\"\nSancho: Which has been on the verge of overflowing with sorrow and grief since you left. I'll introduce you to them when we return, Sancho; in the meantime, be content. If Heaven wills that we embark on new adventures again, soon after my return, you will find me an earl or the governor of some island \u2013 one of the best in the world. I sincerely hope this comes to pass, replied the good wife; for, by my truth, Husband, we sorely need it. But what do you mean by the word \"islands\"? I confess, I don't understand it. All in good time, Wife, said Sancho; Honey is not for an ass's mouth; I'll explain it to you later. Thou wilt be astonished to hear that all thy servants and vassals never speak a word to thee without adding \"please you, Madam,\" \"like your ladyship,\" and \"your honor.\" What do you mean by \"ladyship, islands, and vassals,\" asked Joan Pan\u00e7a? For so she was called.\nThough her Husband and she were not related, it is a custom in La Mancha for wives to be called by their husbands' surnames. \"Prithee Joan,\" said Sancho, \"do not worry your mind with understanding these matters all at once. However, I will assure you that there is nothing better for an honest man than to be a squire to a knight-errant while he is seeking adventures. It is true that most adventures he goes about do not meet a man's expectations as much as he would hope. I speak from experience: I myself have been kicked and tossed in some, and soundly beaten and beaten down in others. Yet, for all that, it is rare sport to be on the lookout for unexpected opportunities, to cross forests, to search and beat through woods, to scramble over rocks, to visit castles, and to take lodgings in an inn at will.\nAnd all the while Sancho Panza and his wife Joan conversed, as the housekeeper and niece tended to Don Quixote and put him to bed. He looked intently at them, but couldn't comprehend his surroundings. The curate instructed the niece to care for her uncle diligently and keep a watchful eye, warning them of the difficulty in bringing him home again. The women renewed their outcries, condemning the books of chivalry and damning their \"bewitching chimeras and lies\" to the depths of hell. Fearful of losing their master and uncle anew upon his recovery, they succeeded in their dread.\nThe author of this History was very curious and diligent in learning about Don Quixote's achievements during his third expedition for adventures. However, he could never obtain a perfect account from any credible source. Fame and tradition preserved some details in the memoirs of La Mancha inhabitants. For instance, after the Knight's third sortie, he attended famous tilts and tournaments in Saragosa, encountering worthy occasions for his wit and valor. However, the Knight's death remained unknown to the author. He only learned about it through an ancient physician who possessed a leaden box. The physician claimed to have found the box in the ruins of an old hermitage during its rebuilding. Inside the box were scrolls of parchment with Gothic characters and Spanish verses that sang of the Knight's noble deeds.\nAnd Dulcinea del Toboso's beauty celebrated, Rozinante's figure described, and Sancho Panza's fidelity applauded. They gave an account of Don Quixote's sepulcher, with several epitaphs and elogies on his life and manners. Those that could be thoroughly read and transcribed are added by the faithful author of this new and incomparable history. Desiring no other compensation or reward from readers for all his labor and pains in searching all the large and old records of La Mancha to perfect this matchless piece, he asks only that they give it as much credit as judicious men give to books of knight-errantry, which are nowadays so generally popular. This is the utmost of his ambition, and will be his satisfaction, and will likewise encourage him to furnish them with other material for entertainment; which, though possibly not altogether so true as this, yet it may be as fanciful and diverting. The first words in the parchment found in the leaden box are these: Cachidiablo.\nHere lies a knight, doughty and bruised,\nOn Rosinante's back he was mounted and cruised,\nNext to him Sancho was laid,\nA clown they said, but a noble squire he made.\n\nHere lies Dulcinea, once brawny and plump,\nNow to death she's surrendered, lean and musty,\nFor her, the country folk stood steadfast and true,\nJust as Quixote did, long and unwavering and few.\n\nThese were the verses that could be read:\nAs for the rest, the characters being defaced,\nThey were delivered to a university student,\nTo give us his conjectures concerning their meaning.\n\nWe're informed that after much labor and thought,\nHe's succeeded in deciphering the text,\nIntending to oblige the world with it.\n giving us at the same time some hopes of Don Quixote's third Sally.\nPor si altro cantera con miglior pletro.\nThe End of the first Part, and of the second Volume.\nTHE HISTORY Of the RENOWNED DON QUIXOTE De la MANCHA.\nWriten in Spanish, By Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra.\nTranslated from the Original by several Hands: And Publish'd by Mr. Motteux.\nVOL. III.\nLONDON: Printed for Sam. Buckley at the Dolphin in Little Britain, 1712.\nSIR,\n'TIS a Hardship that I am destitute of other Means to acknowledge my Obligations, than by ha\u2223zarding the Forfeiture of my Pretences to your Favour; and that I am forced to repay your Acts of Generosity in this manner, by an Imposition on your Hu\u2223manity: But the Muses are of that Sex, which, if once obliged, think they have a Right still to persecute their Benefactor.\nThe Encouragement You are pleas'd to give my Attempt upon Don Quixote was one great Motive to my Prosecution of the Design; and, to crown my En\u2223deavours with a Success answerable\nI must beg you to patronize what you so generously promoted. I apologize for my presumption, but I have one unanswerable plea as a translator: I must do my author justice. If the great Cervantes were alive, he would have deposited the original where I deposit the copy. He would have chosen a person whose illustrious birth might honor his book, whose knowledge in polite learning might silence criticism, and whose personal virtues might even silence the mouth of envy. He would certainly have sought protection from an influence superior to his own; and where could the great Cervantes find it but in the name of Boyle? Philosophy, poetry, and literature have dressed this name with all their charms, making it known to the world as their darling. I need not particularize the branches of your illustrious house that are worthy of such distinction. Fame has them on record.\nAnd they may be found in all the private studies of England, all the public libraries in Europe; but most of all, Sir, in yourself. It is a reflection, Sir, upon epistles dedicatory, that all writers address their patrons much after the same manner. But men should consider that there is a transmigration of virtue from one illustrious person to another, and that whatever was said of Maecenas, should for the same reason be said of you. His capacity for arduous affairs was highly evident, from his great share in the management of public business. Your employments in the state, with your assiduity in the Senate, make you an ornament to your station, and a benefit to your country. He was famous for his countenancing of parts and learning, and you are no less eminent for your encouragement of arts and ingenuity. The subject of our praise is the same; the Roman is every way here, but there lacks a Virgil or a Horace to make the parallel complete. Had I the spirit of the poet.\nSir, I would have confessed myself your servant with less shame, if I met your qualifications. I am,\n\nSir,\nYour most humble and obedient servant, Peter Motteux.\n\nBless me, reader, whatever your gentle or simple nature, you must be growing impatient by this time for this preface, supposing it to be nothing but revengeful invectives against the author of a book titled \"The Insurmountable Adventures of the Man from Tordesillas,\" published at Tarragona while our author was preparing the second part of \"Don Quixote\" for the press. But I must ask your pardon; for I shall say no more about him than is commonly said, that Tordesillas is the place of his birth, and Tarragona the place of his conception. Although it is universally said that even a worm, when trodden upon, will turn again, I am determined for once to defy the proverb. You may now expect me to call him names such as coxcomb or fool.\nAnd yet the madman; but I am of a different mind. Let his folly be its own punishment. However, there is something I cannot pass over in silence: He takes pleasure in upbraiding me with my age. If it were within man's power to stop the course of time, I would not have allowed the old gentleman to lay his hands on me. Then, reflecting, he reminds me of the loss of one of my hands. This maim did not occur in a scandalous or drunken quarrel in some tavern, but on the most memorable occasion of the Battle of Lepanto. An occurrence that past or present ages have beheld, and which perhaps future generations will never parallel. If my wounds do not bring honor to my thoughts in the minds of some who look upon them, they will at least secure me the esteem of those who know how they were gained. A soldier makes a nobler figure as he lies bleeding in the bed of honor than in an inglorious flight. I am not ashamed of the loss of my hand. If it were possible to recall the same opportunity, I would not have spared it.\nI should think my wounds but a small price for the glory of sharing in that prodigious action. The scars on a soldier's face and breast are the stars that, by a laudable imitation, guide others to the port of honor and glory. Besides, it is not the hand, but the understanding of a man, that may be said to write; and those years that he is pleased to quarrel with always improve the latter.\n\nI am not wholly insensible of his epithets of Ignorant and Envious; but I take heaven to witness, I never was acquainted with any branch of envy beyond a sacred, generous, and ingenuous emulation, which could never engage me to abuse a clergyman, especially if made the more reverend by a post in the Inquisition. And if any such person thinks himself affronted, as that author seems to hint, he is mightily mistaken; for I have a veneration for his parts and admire his works.\nI thank this critic, a dogmatic gentleman, for his assessment of my novels. He rightly observes they contain more satire than morality, yet acknowledges their merit. I once believed if something was good, it must be so in every respect. Reader, you may think I show too little resentment towards this man and treat him too gently. But consider, it is not good to be overly harsh towards one who is so modest and in such distress. This man lacks the courage to appear publicly, concealing his identity as if he had committed treason or some other punishable crime. Should you ever encounter him, please convey my sympathies.\nOnce upon a time, there was a madman in Seville who had one of the most unusual whims of any madman in the world. He obtained a hollow cane, small at one end. Seizing a dog in the street or elsewhere, he placed his foot on one of the cur's legs and held up its hind leg in his hand. He then fitted the cane to the dog's backside.\nAnd he blew the man up into a ball shape; then giving him a few thumps on the gut, he turned to the bystanders, who were always numerous on such occasions. \"Well, Gentlemen,\" he said, \"What do you think? Is it such an easy matter to blow up a dog? And what do you, Sir, think it is to write a book? But if this picture is not like him, please, honest reader, tell me another story of a madman and a dog.\n\nThere was a madman in Cordova who made it his business to carry a large stone around on his head in the streets. Whenever he encountered a dog without a master, especially a surly one that would approach his nose, he would drop his load suddenly, souse, upon the beast. The poor dog would howl, growl, and clasp its tail between its legs, limping away without looking back for at least two or three streets' length. The madman, greatly pleased with his new trick, served every dog that had the courage to look him in the face.\nWith the same sauce, the madman encountered a sportsman's dog, a capmaker by trade, though that's neither here nor there. The dog was greatly valued by its master, but the madman was unaware; he struck the poor dog with a stone. The animal was nearly crushed to death, and it yelped pitifully. The master, recognizing his dog by the howl, rushed out and, touched by the injury, grabbed a stick nearby and attacked the madman, crying out at each blow, \"You son of a bitch! Abuse my spaniel! You inhumane rascal! Did you not know that my dog was a spaniel?\" The madman was pummeled until he had no whole bone in his skin. He eventually crawled away and it took a month for him to heal. Nevertheless, he emerged once more with his invention, and it was heavier than the previous one. However, he encountered the same dog again.\nThough he had Month's Mind to give him another thought, yet recalling himself and shrugging up his shoulders: No, quoth he, I must be careful, this dog is a spaniel. In short, all dogs I met, whether mastiffs or hounds, were downright spaniels to him ever after. Now the moral of the fable is this: this author's wit is the madman's stone, and 'tis likely he will be cautious how he lets it fall for the future.\n\nOne word more, and I have done with him. Pray tell the mighty man, that as to his meanances of taking the bread out of my mouth, I shall only answer him with a piece of an old song: God prosper long our noble king, our lives and safety all,\u2014 and so peace be with him. Long live the great Conde de Lemos, whose humanity and celebrated liberality sustain me under the most severe blows of fortune! And may the eminent charity of the Cardinal of Toledo make an eternal monument to his fame! Had I never published a word, and were as many books published against me\nAs there are letters in Mingo Revulgo's Poems, yet the bounty of these two princes, who have taken charge of me without any soliciting or adulation, was sufficient in my favor. I consider myself richer and greater in their esteem than I would be from any profitable honor that can be purchased at the ordinary rate of advancement.\n\nThe indigent man may attain their favor, but the vicious cannot. Poverty may partly eclipse a gentleman, but it cannot completely obscure him; and those glimmerings of ingenuity that peek through the chinks of a narrow fortune have always gained the esteem of the truly noble and generous spirits.\n\nNow, reader, I have finished speaking of him and you. I only ask that you allow me to tell you that this second part of Don Quixote, which I now present to you, is cut from the same hand and of the same piece as the first. Here you have the knight once more fitted out, and at last brought to his death.\nAnd he was fairly laid in his grave; no one should presume to tell more stories about him. He has committed extravagances enough, he regrets it, and that is enough. Too much of one thing clogs the appetite, but scarcity makes everything go down.\n\nI forgot to tell you that my Persiles is nearly finished and will soon present itself to your hands. The second part of Galatea will follow suit shortly.\n\nCid Hamet Benengeli relates in the second part of this history and in Don Quixote's third Sally, that the curate and the barber went without visiting him for nearly a month, lest reminding him of his former extravagances would give him occasion to renew them. However, they did not fail to see his niece and housekeeper every day. They instructed them to take care of him and give him a proper diet to comfort his heart and brain, from which his disorder likely originated. They replied that they were doing so.\nAnd they continued to care for him with all their power, as they believed he sometimes regained his senses. This news was welcome to the curate and the barber, who attributed his improvement to their efforts in bringing him home in the enchanted wagon, as recorded in the last chapter of the first part of this important and punctual history. They resolved to visit him and assess the progress of his recovery, vowing not to speak a word of knight-errantry to avoid reopening a wound so recently closed and tender. They went to see him and found him sitting up in bed, wearing a green waistcoat and a red Toledo cap. However, the poor gentleman appeared so withered and wasted that he resembled a mummy. He received them cordially and reported on his condition when they inquired.\nDon Quixote expressed himself handsomely and with judgment during their conversation. After discussing various matters, they eventually turned to state affairs and forms of government. They corrected grievances, condemned practices, reformed customs, and rejected old laws while establishing new ones. They appeared to have completely refined and remodeled the commonwealth, as if they were the Lycurgus or Solon of their age. Don Quixote reasoned with discretion on every subject, causing his two visitors to believe he was in his right senses once again. His niece and housekeeper, who were present during these discussions, were grateful for this extraordinary blessing. However, the curate, who was amazed by this sudden improvement, resolved to test whether Don Quixote had fully recovered.\nDon Quixote expressed a desire to change his resolution to avoid discussing knight-errantry and instead spoke of news. He mentioned a report at court that the Grand Seigneur was advancing with a large army, and no one knew where the attack would occur; that all of Christendom was alarmed, as was the case almost every year; and that the king was preparing for the defense of Sicily, Naples, and Malta's coasts. His Majesty, said Don Quixote, acts like a wise warrior by putting his dominions in a state of defense beforehand to prevent enemy surprises. But if my advice were to be considered in this matter, I would suggest another kind of preparation, which His Majesty likely hasn't thought of yet. Now Heaven help you, poor Don Quixote (thought the Curate to himself, hearing this). I am afraid you are now falling from the pinnacle of your madness.\nThe Barber, having reached the bottom of Simplicity, made the same reflection. He urged Don Quixote to share his grand project with them, as it might be among the frivolous suggestions often presented to kings. Don Quixote assured him that his project was not frivolous but highly advisable. The Barber replied that most proposals to the king were either impractical, whimsical, or detrimental. But Don Quixote's was neither impossible nor ridiculous; instead, it was the easiest, most thoroughly considered, and most concise ever devised by man. The Curate urged Don Quixote to reveal it sooner. Don Quixote hesitated, preferring not to disclose it there and then.\nAnd I fear if I reveal my invention to a Privy-Counsellor tomorrow, it may be stolen by someone else. The barber assured me, swearing by heaven, he would never reveal it to anyone: king, queen, rook, pawn, or knight. I've learned this oath from the Curate's romance, where he reveals the one who stole his hundred doublons and ambling mule in the preface. I'm unfamiliar with the story, said Don Quixote, but I trust the barber's oath, for I believe him to be an honest man. Even if he weren't, said the Curate, I'll vouch for him and ensure he keeps silent, under any penalty you choose. And who will guarantee your silence, Mr. Curate, the knight inquired. My profession, replied the Curate, which binds me to secrecy. Body of me then, exclaimed Don Quixote.\nWhat has the King to do more than cause a public proclamation to be made, enjoining all the knight-errants dispersed in this kingdom to make their personal appearance at court on a certain day? For though but half a dozen should meet, there may be one among them who alone might be able to destroy the whole united force of Turkey. Observe well what I say, gentlemen, and take me along with you. Is it a new thing for one knight-errant alone to rout an army of two hundred thousand men with as much ease as if all of them joined together had but one throat or were made of sugar-paste? You know how many histories are full of such wonders. Were the renowned Don Quixote living now, with a vengeance against me (for I'll curse no body else), or some knight of the innumerable race of Amadis de Gaul, and he met with these Turks, let the Turks land where they please, how they please, and when they please.\nA certain person, having studied civil law and taken degrees at Ossuna, was confined in the madhouse at Seville by his relatives when he became distracted. After living some years in this confinement, he believed himself to have recovered his senses. He wrote to the archbishop, imploring him in earnest and with all the reason he could muster to release him from his misery through his authority.\nThe Archbishop, persuaded by numerous letters he wrote on the subject, ordered one of his chaplains to investigate the truth of the matter regarding the graduate's mental state. The chaplain questioned the governor of the house, who reported that the graduate was still mad, albeit at times speaking like a man of excellent sense, only to relapse into his former extravagances. The chaplain decided to speak with the graduate himself.\nand conversed with him for over an hour, and in that entire time could not perceive the slightest disorder in his brain. On the contrary, he spoke with such composure and provided direct and relevant answers to every question that the chaplain was convinced of his soundness of mind. In fact, he made a persuasive complaint against his keeper, alleging that, in exchange for the presents his relatives sent him, he was portrayed to those who came to visit him as still being distracted, with only occasional lucid intervals. However, he claimed that his greatest enemy was his estate, the possession of which his relatives were unwilling to relinquish. They refused to acknowledge the mercy of heaven that had once again made him a rational creature. In summary, he argued so convincingly that the keeper was suspected, his relatives were criticized as greedy and unnatural, and he himself was thought to be in possession of a great deal of sense.\nThe Chaplain resolved to take the graduate with him so the Archbishop could verify the truth of the matter. The Chaplain requested the Governor grant the graduate the habit he had brought upon his arrival. The Governor used all arguments he thought might dissuade the Chaplain from his plan, assuring him the man was still mad and disordered. But the Chaplain could not be dissuaded, and the Governor was forced to comply with the Archbishop's order, returning the man's neat and decent habit.\n\nOnce he had donned the habit of rational beings, the man begged the Chaplain, for charity's sake, to allow him to take leave of his former companions in affliction. The Chaplain agreed, intending to see the madfolk in the house. They ascended the stairs together.\nAnd with them came some other people. The graduate approached a type of cage where a man lay, outrageously mad yet still and quiet. Addressing him, the graduate said, \"Brother, do you have any service to command me? I am about to go to my own house, thank God, who in His infinite goodness and mercy has restored me to my senses. Be of good comfort, and put your trust in the Father of Wisdom, who I hope will be as merciful to you as He has been to me. I will be sure to send you some choice victuals, which I urge you to eat; for I must tell you, from my own experience, that I believe all our madness stems from keeping our stomachs empty of food and our brains full of wind. Take heart, my friend, and be cheerful; for this despondence in misfortunes harms our health and rushes us to the grave. There was another madman lying just opposite that room.\nWho, having listened with envious attention to all this discourse, stands up from an old mat on which he lay stark naked. Who's that, he cried aloud, that's going away so well recovered, and so wise? It is I, Brother, replied the graduate. I have no need to stay here any longer; for this blessing, I can never cease to return my humble and hearty thanks to the infinite goodness of Heaven. Dr. quoth the madman, be careful what you say, and let not the devil delude you. Stir not a foot, but keep snug in your old lodging, and save yourself the cursed vexation of being brought back to your kennel. Nay, answered the other, I'll warrant you there will be no occasion for my coming here again. I know I am perfectly well. You are well! cried the madman, we shall soon see that. \u2014 Farewell, but, by the sovereign Jupiter, whose majesty I represent on earth, for this very crime alone, for setting you at large, I say, and presumptuously affirming that thou art sound in thy intellects.\nI will take such severe revenge on this whole city that it shall be remembered with terror from age to age, and for ever and aye. Dost thou not know, my poor brainless thing in a gown, that this is in my power? I who am the thundering Jove, who grasp in my hands the red-hot bolts of heaven, with which I keep the threatened world in awe, and might reduce it all to ashes. But stay, I will commute the fiery punishment, which this ignorant town deserves, into another: I will only shut up the floodgates of the skies, so that there shall not fall a drop of rain upon this city, nor on all the neighboring country round about it for three years together; to begin from the very moment that gives date to this my inviolable execration. Thou art free! thou art well, and in thy senses! and I here, mad, distempered, and confined! By my thunder, I will no more indulge the town with rain, than I would hang myself. As every one there was attentive to these loud and frantic threats, the graduate turned to the chaplain.\nAnd taking him by the hand, Sir, said Neptune, let not that madman's threats trouble you. Never mind him; for, if he is Jupiter, and will not let it rain, I am Neptune, the parent and god of the waters, and it shall rain as often as I please, wherever necessity requires it. However, answered the chaplain, good Mr. Neptune, it is not convenient to provoke Mr. Jupiter. Therefore, please stay here a little longer, and some other time at convenient leisure, I may chance to find a better opportunity to wait on you and bring you away. The keeper and the rest of the company could not bear laughing, which put the chaplain almost out of countenance. In short, Neptune was disrobed again, stayed where he was, and there's an end of the story.\n\nWell, Mr. Barber, said Don Quixote, and this is your tale which you said came so pat to the present purpose that you could not forbear telling it! Ah, Goodman Cobard (sic)\nGood-man Cut-beard! How blind must he be who cannot see through a sieve! Is it possible, your practical Worship, that you do not know that comparisons made between Wit and Wit, Courage and Courage, Beauty and Beauty, Birth and Birth, are always odious and ill-taken? I am not Neptune, the God of the Waters, good Mr. Barber; neither do I pretend to set myself up as a wise man when I am not so. All I aim at is only to make the world sensible of how much they are to blame, in not laboring to revive those most happy times, in which the Order of Knight-Errantry was in its full glory. But indeed, this degenerate age of ours is unworthy of the enjoyment of so great a happiness, which former ages could boast. In those days, knights took upon themselves the defense of kingdoms, the protection of damsels, the relief of orphans, the punishment of pride and oppression, and the reward of humility. Most of your knights nowadays keep a greater rustling with their sumptuous garments of damask, gold-brocade, and other costly stuffs.\nNo Knight now lies on the hard ground in the open field, exposed to the injurious air, from head to foot enclosed in ponderous armor. Where are those who, without taking their feet out of the stirrups and only leaning on their lances, strive to disappoint invading sleep rather than indulge it? Where is the Knight who, having first traversed a spacious forest, climbed up a steep mountain, and journeyed over a dismal barren shore, washed by a turbulent, tempestuous sea, and finding on the brink a little skiff destitute of sails, oars, mast, or any kind of tackling, is yet so bold as to throw himself into the boat with an undaunted resolution, and resigns himself to the implacable billows of the main, which now mount him to the skies and then hurry him down to the most profound recesses of the waters; till, with his insuperable courage, he surmounts at last the hurricane, even in its greatest fury.\nHe finds himself above three thousand leagues from the place where he first embarked, and leaping ashore in a remote and unknown region, meets with adventures that deserve to be recorded, not only on parchment, but on Corinthian brass. But now, alas! Sloth and effeminacy triumph over vigilance and labor, idleness over industry, vice over virtue, arrogance over valor, and the theory of arms over the practice, that true practice, which only lived and flourished in those golden days, and among those professors of chivalry. For, where shall we hear of a knight more valiant and honorable than the renowned Amadis of Gaul? Who more discreet than Palmerin of England? Who more affable and compliant than Tirante the White? Who more gallant than Lisuarte of Greece? Who more skilled in combat?\nWho is a greater Cutter and Hacker than Don Bellianis? Who is more intrepid than Perion of Gaul? Who is more daring than Felixmarte of Hyrcania? Who is more sincere than Esplandian? Who is more courteous than Ciriongilio of Thrace? Who is more brave than Rodomont? Who is more prudent than King Sobrino? Who is more desperate than Rinaldo? Who is more invincible than Orlando? And who is more agreeable or more courteous than Rogero? From whom (according to Turpin in his Geography), the Dukes of Ferrara are descended. All these Champions, Mr. Curate, and a great many more that I could mention, were Knights-Errant, and the very light and glory of Chivalry. Now, such as these are the men I would advise the King to employ. By which means, his Majesty would be effectively served, and freed from a vast expense, and the Turk would tear his very beard for madness. For my part, I don't design to stay where I am, because the Chaplain will not fetch me out. However, if Jupiter, as Mr. Barber said, sends no rain, here stands one that will, and can rain.\nwhen he pleases,\" said Don Quixote, \"I understand your meaning, Good-man Basan. Truly, good sir, the barber replied, I meant no harm; Heaven is my witness. My intent was good, and I hope your worship will not take offense. Whether I should take offense or not, Don Quixote replied, is best known to myself. Well, the curate interjected, I have hardly spoken a word yet, and before I leave, I would gladily be relieved of a scruple that Don Quixote's words have started within me, and which grates and gnaws my conscience. Mr. Curate, you may be free with me in greater matters, Don Quixote granted, and so you may tell your scruple; for it is no pleasure to have a burden on one's conscience. With your leave, then, Sir, the curate said, I must tell you that I cannot prevail upon myself to believe that all this multitude of knights-errant that your worship has mentioned were ever real men of this world, and true substantial flesh and blood; but rather they were figments of the imagination.\nThat whatever is said about them is all false and fiction, lies and dreams, related by men rather half asleep than awake. This is indeed another mistake, said Don Quixote, into which many have been led, who do not believe that there ever were any of those knights in the world. And in several companies, I have had occasion to vindicate that manifest truth from the almost universal error, which is entertained to its prejudice. Sometimes my success has not been answerable to the goodness of my cause, though at others it has; being supported on the shoulders of truth, which is so apparent, that I dare almost say, I have seen Amadis of Gaul with these very eyes. He was a tall, comely personage, of a good and lively complexion, his beard well shaped and black, his aspect at once awful and affable: A man of few words, slowly provoked, and quickly pacified. And, as I have given you the picture of Amadis.\nI can easily describe all the Knights-Errant in history. I believe, as I do, that they were just as their histories depict them. It is an easy matter to guess their features, statures, and complexions based on the rules of ordinary philosophy and the accounts of their achievements and various humors. \"How tall then might the Giant Morgante be?\" asked the barber. \"Whether there ever were giants or not is a much debated point among the learned,\" answered Don Quixote. \"However, the Holy Writ, which cannot deviate an atom from truth, informs us that there were some giants. We have an instance in the account it gives us of that huge Philistine, Goliath, who was seven cubits tall. Sicily has been found to have thigh-bones and shoulder-bones of such immense size that from these necessities we must conclude, by the certain rules of geometry, that the men to whom they belonged were giants, as big as huge steels. But, for all this, \" (end of text)\nI cannot positively tell you how big Morgante was. I believe he was not very tall. This is indicated in the history that gives a particular account of his exploits, as it mentions that he often slept under a roof. Therefore, he could not have been of extraordinary size. The curate, who took pleasure in hearing him speak in this strange manner, asked him for his opinions on the faces of Rinaldo of Montalban, Orlando, and the other twelve peers of France, who were all knights-errant. Regarding Rinaldo, I dare say he had a broad face, a ruddy complexion, his eyes were large and sparkling, he was very captious, extremely choleric, and favored robbers and profligate fellows. As for Orlando, also known as Rotolando, I am of the opinion and am sure of it.\nHe was of mean stature, broad-shouldered, somewhat bandy-legged, brown-faced, red-bearded, very hairy on his body, surly-looking, a quiet man but civil and good-humored. If Orlando was no handsomer than you say, the Curate remarked, it was no wonder Angelica rejected him and preferred the young Moor instead; nor was she to blame for neglecting Orlando's roughness for the Moor's soft embraces.\n\nAngelica, Mr. Curate, Don Quixote interjected, was a dissolute damsel, a wild, flirtatious, capricious creature. She left the world filled with her impertinences as much as with the fame of her beauty. She scorned a thousand princes, a thousand valiant and discreet knights in the whole world, and took up with a insignificant beardless page, who had neither estate nor honor, and who could claim no other reputation than that of being grateful when he proved his affection to his friend Dardinel. Indeed, she-\nEven Ariosto, the great extoller of her beauty, either dared not or did not desire to recount what happened to Angelica after she had basely prostituted herself. He dropped her character and left her with these verses:\n\nSome better lyre may sing\nHow Love and she made Cataya's king.\n\nThis was likely a prophecy, as the term \"Vates\" signifies a prophet, which is common to those we otherwise call poets. Indeed, this truth has been made evident, for in due time, a famous Andalusian poet wept for her and celebrated her tears in verse. Another eminent and choice poet of Castile made her beauty his theme. But among so many poets who have written in praise of Lady Angelica, did none of them ever write a satire about her? Had Sacripante or Orlando been poets, they would have answered Don Quixote.\nI make no question they would have handled her to some purpose; for there's nothing more common than for cast-aside poets, when disdained by their feigned or false mistresses, to revenge themselves with satyrs and lampoons - a proceeding certainly unworthy of a generous spirit. However, I have never yet heard of any defamatory verses on Lady Angelica, though she made much mischief in the world. That's a miracle indeed, cried the curate. But here they were interrupted by a noise below in the yard, where the niece and housekeeper, who had left them some time before, were being very obstinate.\n\nThe history informs us, that the occasion of the noise which the niece and housekeeper made was Sancho Panza's attempting to force his way into the house, while they held the door against him to keep him out. \"What have you to do in this house, ye paunch-gutted squob?\" cried one of them. \"Go, go, keep to your own home, friend. 'Tis all along of you.\"\n\"and no one else, my poor master is Distracted; Debauched, and roaming around the country. You, housekeeper, replied Sancho, I am the one who is Distracted, Debauched, and roaming, not your master. 'Twas not the point. 'Twas he who lured me from my house and home with his persuasive talk, promising me an island that has not yet come, and I still wait for. May you be choked with your plaguey islands, you cursed glutton! And what are your islands? Anything to eat, goodman Greedy-gut, is that it? Hold there, answer him, Sancho replied. They are not for eating, but for governing; and better governments than any four cities or as many heads of the king's best corporations. For all that, the housekeeper retorted, you will not enter these doors, you bundle of wickedness and sack of roguery! Go, govern your own house, you lazy rogue! To the plow.\"\nAnd never let your mind be troubled about Islands or Oylets. The curate and the barber took great pleasure in hearing this dialogue. But Don Quixote, fearing that Sancho might stray beyond bounds and make discoveries prejudicial to his reputation, called him in. He enjoined the women to be silent. Sancho entered, and the curate and the barber took their leave of Don Quixote, despairing of his cure, considering how deeply his folly was rooted in his brain and how bewitched he was by his silly knight-errantry.\n\n\"Well, neighbor,\" said the curate to the barber, \"I now expect nothing better of our gentleman than to hear soon that he is off on another ramble.\"\n\n\"Neither do I,\" answered the barber, \"but I don't wonder so much at the knight's madness as at the silliness of the squire, who thinks himself so sure of the island that I fancy all the art of man could never beat it out of his skull.\"\nThe Curate spoke. In the meantime, let's observe them. They seem to have been molded from the same template. The Knight's extravagance without the Squire's impertinence is not worth enduring. \"That's true,\" said the Barber, \"and now that they're together, I'm eager to know what transpires between them. I have no doubt that the two women will be able to provide an account, for they are not the type to resist the temptation of eavesdropping. In the meantime, Don Quixote, locked up with his squire, had the following conversation.\n\n\"I take it ill, Sancho, that you report, as you do, that I enticed you out of your humble hut, when you know that I myself left my own mansion-house. We set out together, continued together, and traveled together. We faced the same fortune and the same hazards together. If you have been tossed in a blanket once, I have been battered and bruised a hundred times.\"\nAnd that's all the advantage I have had over you. Andreason good, answered Sancho; for you yourself say that ill-luck and cross-misfortunes often befall knights more than their squires. Thou art mistaken, Sancho, replied Don Quixote; for the proverb will tell you that \"when the head aches, all the members feel the pain.\" Nay, I understand no other language but my own, said Sancho. I mean, said Don Quixote, that when I, as your master, am your head; and you, as my servant, are one of my members; it follows therefore that I cannot feel pain without you also being affected, and nothing evil can befall you but I must share it. Right, said Sancho; but yet when I, as a limb of you, was tossed in a blanket, my head was pleased to stay \"on the other side of the wall,\" and saw me frisking in the air, without sharing in my bodily trouble. Thou art greatly mistaken, Sancho, answered Don Quixote.\nIf you think I was not sensitive to your suffering: I was more tortured in mind than you were in body at the time, but let us postpone this conversation for another time, which no doubt will provide us with an opportunity to rectify past grievances. Please tell me now, what does the town say of me? What do the neighbors, what do the people think of me? What do the gentry and the better sort say? How do the knights speak of my valor, my high feats of arms, and my courteous behavior? What thoughts do they entertain regarding my plan to revive the Order of Knight-Errantry from the grave of oblivion and restore it to the world? In short, tell me honestly and sincerely whatever you have heard; neither embellished with flattering commendations nor diminished by any omission of my disparagement; for it is the duty of faithful servants to present truth before their masters in its honorable nakedness. And I want you to know, Sancho, that if it were to be presented before princes in its native simplicity.\nand disrobed of the odious Disguise of Flattery, we should see happier Days; this Age would be changed into an Age of Gold, and former Times compared to this, would be called the Iron Age. Remember this, and be advised, that I may hear thee impart a faithful Account of these Matters. That I will, with all my Heart, answered Sancho. So your Worship will not take it amiss, if I tell what I have heard, just as I heard it, and neither better nor worse. Nothing shall provoke me to Anger, answered Don Quixote; speak freely, and without any Circumlocution. Why then, quoth Sancho, first and foremost you are to know, that the common People take you for a downright Madman, and me for one that has not much Guts in his Brains. The Gentry say, that not being content to keep within the Bounds of Gentility, you have taken upon you to be a Don, and set up for a Knight, and Right Worshipful, with a small Vineyard, and two Acres of Land, a Tatter before, and another behind. The Knights, forsooth, take Pepper in the Nose.\n\"and say, they don't like to consider themselves equal to you, especially the old-fashioned country squires who mend and black their own shoes and darn their old black stockings with a needleful of green silk. This doesn't concern me, said Don Quixote, for I always wear good clothes and they are rarely patched. True, they may be torn more from my armor than from my long-wearing clothes. As for your lady, said Sancho continuing, along with your feats of arms, your courteous behavior, and your undertaking, there are various opinions about it. Some say he's mad, but a pleasant sort of madman; others say he's valiant, but his luck is nonexistent; others, he's courteous, but impertinent. And thus they pass so many judgments upon you, and dissect us both so thoroughly, that they leave neither you nor me with a sound bone in our skins. Consider, Sancho, said Don Quixote, that the more eminently virtue shines.\"\nFew or none of those Famous Heroes of Antiquity escaped the Venomous Arrows of Calumny. Julius Caesar, the most Courageous, Prudent and Valiant Captain, was marked as being Ambitious and neither so clean in his Apparel nor in his Manners as he ought to have been. Alexander, whose mighty Deeds gained him the Title of the Great, was charged with being addicted to Drunkenness. Hercules, after his many Heroic Labors, was accused of Voluptuousness and Effeminacy. Don Galaor, the Brother of Amadis de Gaul, was taxed with being Quarrelsome, and his Brother himself with being a Whining, Blubbering Lover. And therefore, my Sancho, since so many Worthies have not been free from the Attacks of Detraction, well may I be content to bear my Share of that Epidemic Calamity, if it be no more than thou hast told me now. \"Body of my Father!\" quoth Sancho. \"You speak truly, if this were all.\" Why, said Don Quixote.\nWhat can they say more, cried Sancho, Oddsnigs! We are still to flee the Cat's Tail. You have had nothing yet but Apple-Pies and Sugar-Plums. But if you have a mind to hear all those slanders and backbitings that are about town concerning your worship, I'll bring you one anon who shall tell you every kind of thing that's said of you, without bating you an ace on it; Bartholomew Carrasco's son I mean, who has been a scholar at the University of Salamanca and is now a Bachelor of Arts. He came last night, you must know, and as I went to bid him welcome home, he told me that your worship's history is already in books, by the name of the most renowned Don Quixote de la Mancha. He says I am in it too, by my own name of Sancho Panza, and eke [sic] also my Lady Dulcinea del Toboso. Nay, and many things that passed between none but us two, which I was amazed to hear, and could not for my soul imagine, how the devil he that set them down could come by the knowledge of them. I dare assure thee, Sancho, it is true.\nDon Quixote remarked that the author of our history must be a wise enchanter, from whose universal knowledge, nothing could be concealed. How could he be wise and an enchanter, queried Sancho? The Bachelor Sampson Carrasco, whose name is in my tale, told me that the writer is called Cid Hamet. That's a fruit in Spain, boiled with their beef and mutton, much like carrots, Sancho replied. Don Quixote corrected, That may be so, answered Sancho. But if you'd have me fetch you the young scholar, I'll go get him. Truly, friend, Don Quixote said, you will do me a great favor; for what you have already told me has filled me with doubts and expectations.\nI shall not eat anything beneficial until I have learned the whole story. Sancho went to fetch the bachelor, and after bringing him along, they had a pleasant conversation. Don Quixote remained strangely deep in thought, expecting the bachelor Carrasco, from whom he hoped to hear news of himself recorded and printed in a book, as Sancho had told him. He could not be persuaded that such a history existed, as the blood of his enemies he had slain had scarcely stopped reeking on the blade of his sword. Yet, he eventually concluded that some learned sage had, by some means, managed to commit his mighty feats of arms to the press, either as a friend to extol his heroic achievements above the noblest performances of the most famous knights-errant, or as an enemy.\nTo fully annihilate the lustre of his great exploits and debase them below the most inferior actions that had ever been mentioned of any mean squire. Though he thought to himself, the actions of squires had never been recorded. And after all, if there were such a book printed, since it was the history of a knight-errant, it could not help but be pompous, lofty, magnificent, and authentic. This thought gave him some small consolation for a while, but then he relapsed into melancholic doubts and anxieties, when he considered that the author had given himself the title of Cid, and consequently must be a Moor: a nation from whom no truth could be expected, they all being given to impose on others with lies and fabulous stories, to falsify and counterfeit, and very fond of their own chimeras. He was not less uneasy, lest that writer be too lavish in treating of his amours, to the prejudice of his Lady Dulcinea del Toboso's honour. He earnestly wished\nHe found his inviolable Fidelity celebrated in history and the Reservedness and Decency he had always observed in his passion for her, disregarding queens, empresses, and damsels of every degree for her sake, and suppressing the dangerous impulses of natural desire. Sancho and Carrasco found him thus agitated and perplexed with a thousand melancholic fancies, which did not hinder him from receiving the stranger with great civility.\n\nThis bachelor, though his name was Sampson, was not the biggest in stature but a very great man at all kinds of drollery. He had a pale and bad complexion but good sense. He was about twenty-four years old, round-faced, flat-nosed, and wide-mouthed, all signs of a malicious disposition and one who would delight in nothing more than making sport for himself by ridiculing others, as he clearly revealed when he saw Don Quixote. Falling on his knees before him, he said, \"Admit me to kiss your honor's hand.\"\n\"cried he, most noble Don Quixote; for by the habit of St. Peter, which I wear (though indeed I have taken but the first four of the Holy Orders), you are certainly one of the most renowned knights-errant that ever was, or ever will be throughout the habitable globe. Blessed, may the sage Cid Hamet Benengeli be, for enriching the world with the history of your mighty deeds; and more blessed, that curious virtuoso, who took care to have it translated from the Arabic into our vulgar tongue, for the universal entertainment of mankind! Sir,\" said Don Quixote, making him rise, \"is it then possible that my history is extant, and that it was a Moor, and one of the sages that penned it?\" \"It is so notorious a truth,\" said the bachelor, \"that I do not in the least doubt but at this day there have already been published above twelve thousand copies of it. Portugal, Barcelona, and Valencia, where they have been printed, can witness that, if there were occasion.\"\"\nthat it is also now in the press at Antwerp. And I verify believe there is scarcely a language into which it is not to be translated. Truly, Sir, said Don Quixote, one of the things that ought to yield the greatest satisfaction to a person of eminent virtue is to live to see himself in good reputation in the world, and his actions published in print. I mean in good reputation, for otherwise there is no death but would be preferable to such a life. As for a good name and reputation, replied Carrasco, your worship has gained the palm from all the knight-errants that ever lived: for, both the Arabian in his history and the Christian in his version have been very industrious to do justice to your character; your peculiar gallantry, your intrepidity and greatness of spirit in facing danger; your constancy in adversities, your patience in suffering wounds and afflictions; your modesty and continence in that amour, so very Platonic.\nbetween your Worship and my Lady Dulcinea del Toboso. \"Odsbobs!\" cried Sancho. I never heard her called that before, that Donna is a new kick; for she used to be called only my Lady Dulcinea del Toboso. That's no material objection, said Carrasco. No, certainly, added Don Quixote. But pray, good Bachelor, on which of all my adventures does the history seem to lay the greatest stress of remark? As to that, answered Carrasco, the opinions of men are divided according to their tastes: some cry up the adventure of the windmills, which appeared to your Worship so many Briareus's and Giants. Some are for that of the fulling-mills. Others stand up for the description of the two armies, that afterwards proved two flocks of sheep. Others prize most the adventure of the dead corps that was carrying to Segovia. One says that none of them can compare with that of the galley-slaves.\nNone can stand in competition with the Adventure of the Benedictine Giants and the Valorous Biscayners. Pray, Mr. Bachelor, is there nothing said about the Yanguesians, Sancho asked, when our precious Rozinante was mauled for offering to take a little carnal recreation with their mares? There's not the least thing omitted, Carrasco answered; the Sage has inserted all with the nicest punctuality imaginable; so much as the capers which honest Sancho fetched in the blanket. I fetched none in the blanket, quoth Sancho, but in the air; and that too, oftener than I could have wished, the more my sorrow. In my opinion, said Don Quixote, there is no manner of History in the world where you shall not find variety of Fortune; much less any story of Knight-Errantry, where a man cannot always be sure of good success. However, some who have read your History, Carrasco added.\nThe Author should have spared himself the effort of recording some of Don Quixote's infinite number of injuries, according to Sancho. Those things, said Don Quixote, could have been omitted in human fairness, as actions that do not harm or alter the history should be kept silent if they reflect poorly on the main character. Aeneas was not as pious as Virgil portrayed him, nor was Ulysses as prudent as Homer depicted him. Carrasco agreed; it is one thing to write like a poet and another to write like a historian. The former need only deliver matters as they should have been, while the latter must relate them as they truly transpired, without adding or omitting anything, for any reason. Well, said Sancho, if this Moorish lord can be put on the path of truth.\nAmong my master's rib-roastings, he has not forgotten mine. For they never measured his shoulders without doing the same for my whole body. But 'twas no wonder; for it is his own rule, that if once his head aches, every limb must suffer too.\n\nSancho, said Don Quixote, you are an arch unlucky knave. Upon my honor, you can find memory when you have a mind to have it. Nay, quoth Sancho, though I were minded to forget the rubs and drubs I had suffered, the bumps and tokens that are yet fresh on my ribs would not let me. Hold your tongue, said Don Quixote, and let the learned bachelor proceed, that I may know what the history says of me. And of me too, quoth Sancho, for they tell me I am one of the top persons in it.\n\nPersons, you should say, Sancho, said Carrasco. Hey-day! quoth Sancho, have we got another corrector of hard words? If this be the trade, we shall never have done. May I be cursed, said Carrasco.\nIf you are not the second person in history, honest Sancho; no, and some prefer to hear you talk over the best there. Some say, you were overly credulous, believing yourself to have the government of that island, which your master here promised you. While there's life, there's hope, said Don Quixote; when Sancho has grown mature with time and experience, he may be better qualified for a government than he is now. Odsbodikins, Sir, replied Sancho, if I am not fit to govern an island at this age, I shall never be a governor, no matter how long I live; but the problem lies, we have the brains, but we lack the island. Come, Sancho, said Don Quixote, have hope for the best; trust in Providence; all will be well, and perhaps better than you imagine. But know, there's not a leaf on any tree that can be moved without the permission of Heaven. That's very true, replied Carrasco.\nSancho would not need a thousand islands to govern, not even one, if it was Heaven's Will. Why not, asked Sancho? I have seen governors in my time who, in my opinion, were not as good as I, and yet they were called \"your Honor,\" and they ate their food with silver. Yes, replied Carrasco, but those were not your island governors, but governors of easier governments. Why, man, those at least should know their grammar. Yes, yes, replied Sancho, give me just one gray mare, and I will know her well enough, I promise you. But leaving the government in the hands of him who will best provide for me, I must tell you, Master Bachelor Sampson Carrasco, I am very glad that, as your author has not forgotten me, he has not given me an unjust character. By the faith of a trustworthy squire, had he said anything that did not become an Old Christian like me, I would have rung him a bell.\nThat the Deaf should have heard me. That's a miracle, said Carrasco. No more miracles, cried Sancho. Let every man take care how he talks or writes of other men, and not set down at random, higgledy-piggledy, whatever comes into his noddle. One fault found with this History, said Carrasco, is that the author has thrust into it a novel, which he calls The Curious Impertinent. It's not ill-written, or the design of it to be disliked, but because it is not in its right place and has no coherence with the story of Don Quixote. The son of a mongrel has made a gallimaufry of it all. Now, said Don Quixote, I perceive that he who attempted to write my history is not one of the sages, but some ignorant prating fool, who would need to meddle and set up for a scribbler, without the least grain of judgment to help him out. And so he has done like Orbaneja, the painter of Ubeda, who being asked what he painted, answered:\nas it may hit; and when he had scrawled out a misshapen cock, he was forced to write underneath it in Gothic letters, \"This is a cock.\" At this rate, I believe he has performed in my history so that it will require a commentary to explain it. Not at all, answered Carrasco, for he has made everything so plain that there's not the least thing in it but what anyone may understand. Children handle it, youngsters read it, men understand it, and old people applaud it. In short, 'tis universally thumbed, gleaned, studied, and known, that if the people but see a lean horse, they presently cry, \"There goes Rozinante.\" But none apply themselves to the reading it more than your pages. There's never a nobleman's antechamber where you won't find a Don Quixote. No sooner has one laid it down, but another takes it up. One asks for it here, and there it's snatched up by another. In a word, 'tis esteemed the most pleasant and least dangerous diversion that ever was seen.\nas a Book that does not betray the least indecent expression, nor so much as a profane thought. To write after another manner, said Don Quixote, is not to write truth but falsehood; and those historians who are guilty of this, should be punished like those who counterfeit the lawful coin. But I cannot conceive what could move the author to stuff his history with foreign novels and adventures not at all to the purpose, while there was a sufficient number of my own to have exercised his pen. Without doubt they should observe the proverb: never stuff the cushion with straw if you have down enough. And certainly, had he altogether confined himself to my thoughts, sighs, tears, laudable designs, adventures, he might yet have swelled his book to as great a bulk at least as all Cicero's works. I have also reason to believe, Mr. Bachelor, that to compile a history or write any book whatsoever requires great diligence and dedication.\nA more difficult task than men imagine. There's need of a vast judgment and a ripe understanding. It belongs to none but great geniuses to express themselves with grace and elegance, and draw the manners and actions of others to life. The most artful part in a play is the fool's, and therefore a fool must not pretend to write it. On the other hand, history is in a manner a sacred thing, so far as it contains truth; for where truth is, the supreme father of it may also be said to be, at least in as much as concerns truth. However, there are men who will write and release books with as much dispatch as they would do a dish of fritters. There's no book so bad, said the bachelor, but some good thing may be found in it. That's true, said Don Quixote, yet it's a common thing for men, who had gained a very great reputation by their writings before they were printed, to lose it afterwards quite, or at least the greatest part. The reason's plain, said Carrasco.\nTheir faults are more easily discovered after their books are printed, as they are then more read and more narrowly examined. This is especially true if the author has been greatly praised beforehand, for the scrutiny is then all the more severe. Those who have gained renown through their ingenuity, great poets and celebrated historians, are most commonly, if not always, envied by a certain type of man who derives pleasure from criticizing the writings of others, though they themselves have never published anything. \"That's no wonder,\" said Don Quixote. \"For there are many divines who could make but very dull sermons, and yet are very quick at finding faults and superfluidities in other men's sermons.\" All this is true, replied Carrasco. Therefore, I wish these critics would be more merciful and less scrupulous, and not dwell ungenerously upon small faults, which are in a manner but atoms on the face of the clear sun which they murmur at. If ever Homer slept well.\nLet him consider how many nights he kept himself awake to bring his noble works to light as little darkened with defects as possible. Nay, many times what is censured for a fault is rather an ornament, like moles that sometimes add to the beauty of the face. And yet he who publishes a book runs a very great risk, since nothing can be more impossible than to compose one that may secure the approval of every reader. Quite contrary, said Don Quixote, for as the number of fools is infinite, so an infinite number have admired your history. Only some have taxed the author with a want of memory or sincerity; because he has forgotten to give an account of who stole Sancho's Dapple; for that particular is not mentioned there. Only we find by the story that it was stolen; and yet by and by we find him riding the same ass again.\nSancho: \"I cannot settle my accounts now. I've suddenly fallen ill with a wobbling stomach and find myself so queasy that if I don't eat and drink some good old Bub soon, I'll waste away like a candle's snuff. I have that cordial at home, and my servant is waiting for me. After I've eaten, I will satisfy anyone about anything in the world, be it the loss of the ass or the spending of those hundred pieces of gold. I said this without further ado.\"\nDon Quixote desired and entreated the bachelor to stay and do penance with him. The bachelor accepted his invitation and stayed. A couple of pigeons were prepared for their meal. All dinner-time they discussed knight-errantry, Carrasco humoring him the whole while. After they had slept out the heat of the day, Sancho returned, and they renewed their former conversation.\n\nSancho returned to Don Quixote's house, and beginning again where he left off. Now, I answer, as to what Master Sampson wanted to know - when, where, and by whom my ass was stolen? I answer that the very night that we marched off to the Sierra Morena, to avoid the hue and cry of the Holy Brotherhood, after the rueful adventure of the galley-slaves, and that of the dead body that was being carried to Segovia, my master and I slunk into a wood. There, he leaning on his lance, and I, without dismounting from Dapple, both sadly bruised and tired from our recent skirmishes, fell fast asleep.\nAnd we slept soundly, as if we had four feather-beds beneath us. I, in particular, was as serious as any dormouse. The thief, whoever he was, had the leisure to plant four stakes under the corners of the pack-saddle. Then, leading the ass away from between my legs, he left me mounted unnoticed. This is no new thing, said Don Quixote. Nor is it difficult to be done. With the same stratagem, Sacripante had his steed stolen from under him by the notorious thief Brunelo during the siege of Albraca. It was broad day, went on Sancho, when I, half awake and half asleep, began to stretch myself in the pack-saddle. But with my stirring down came the stakes, and down I went with a confounded squelch onto the ground. Presently, I looked for my ass, but none was to be found. Oh, how tears trickled from my eyes, and what a pitiful moan I made! If he who made our history has forgotten to set it down word for word.\nI wouldn't give a rush for his book, I'll tell him that. Some time after, I can't tell you how long it was, as we were going with my Lady the Princess Micomicona, I recognized my ass again, and he who rode it, though he went like a Gypsy; and who should it be, do you think, but Gines de Passamonte, that son of mischief, that crack-rope, whom my master and I saved from the galleys. The mistake does not lie there, said Carrasco; but only that the author sets you upon the same ass that was lost, before he gives an account of its being found. As to that, replied Sancho, I don't know very well what to say. If the man made a blunder, who can help it? But perhaps it was a fault of the printer. I make no question of that, said Carrasco; but pray, what became of the hundred pieces? were they sunk? I fairly spent them on myself, quoth Sancho, and on my wife and children; they helped me to lay my spouse's clack.\nand she endured patiently my rambling and trotting after Don Quixote, for if I had returned empty-handed and without my ass, I would have received a disapproving welcome. Now, if you have more to say to me, I am here, ready to answer on behalf of the king himself; for what does anyone have to do with whether I found or did not find, or spent or did not spend? If the blows and jolts I received during our adventures were priced at three maravedis each, and I were paid in cash for each one, a hundred pieces of gold would not be enough to cover half of them. So let every man keep quiet and not confuse black with white and white with black; for each man is as heaven made him, and sometimes much worse. Well, the bachelor said, if the author prints another edition of the history, I will make sure he does not forget to include what honest Sancho said, which will make the book as good as new. Please.\nMr. Batchelor asked Don Quixote if there were any other emendations necessary in this History. Some there are, answered Carrasco, but none of great importance than those already mentioned. Does the author promise a Second Part, asked Don Quixote? He does, replied Carrasco, but he cannot find it, nor can he discover who has it. So we doubt whether it will be published or not, as well for this reason as because some people say that second parts are never worth anything, others cry \"there's enough of Don Quixote already.\" However, those who love mirth more than melancholy cry out, \"Give us more Quixotery!\" Let Don Quixote appear, and Sancho talk, be it what it will, and we are satisfied. And how does the author feel, asked the Knight? Truly answered Carrasco, as soon as ever he can find the history, which he is now searching for with all imaginable industry, he is resolved to send it immediately to the press.\nThough more for his own profit than through any ambition of applause, what does he intend to do it to get a penny by it? Nay, then we are like to have a rare history indeed. We shall have him botch and whip it up, like your tailors on Easter Eve, and give us a hodgepodge of flim-flams that will never hang together. For your hasty work can never be done as it should be. Let Mr. Moore take care how he goes to work; for, my life for his, I and my master will stock him with such a heap of stuff in matters of adventures and odd chances that he'll have enough not only to write a second part but a hundred. The poor fellow, believe it or not, thinks we do nothing but sleep on a haymow. But let us once put foot in the stirrup, and he'll see what we are about. At least I'll be bold to say that if my master would be ruled by me, we had been in the field by this time, undoing of misdeeds and righting of wrongs, as good knights-errant use to do. Scarce had Sancho finished his discourse.\nwhen Rozinante's neighing reached their ears, Don Quixote took it for a lucky omen and resolved to take another turn within three or four days. He shared his resolutions with the bachelor and consulted him on which way he should steer his course. The bachelor advised him to take the road to Saragossa in the Kingdom of Aragon, as a solemn tournament was shortly to be performed at that city on St. George's Festival. There, by out-tilting all the Arragonian champions, he could win immortal honor. The bachelor also approved of his plan but cautioned him not to be too desperate in exposing himself to dangers, as his life was not his own but that of those who in distress stood in need of his assistance and protection. \"That's it now, quoth Sancho, that makes me sometimes ready to run mad, Mr. Bachelor,\" for his master made no more of setting upon a hundred armed men.\nA young, hungry Taylor devours more than half a dozen cucumbers. Master Bachelor, there's a time to retreat as well as a time to advance; Santiago and the honor of Spain should not always be the priority. I've heard someone say, and if I'm not mistaken, it was my master himself, that valor lies halfway between rashness and cowardice. I would not have him run away without a reason, nor would I have him charge in when there's no benefit. But above all, I would have him understand, if I am to go with him, that the agreement is he will fight for both of us, and that I am bound to nothing but to look after his food and clothes. I will fetch and carry like any water spaniel, but I will not draw my sword, even against poor rogues, shirkers, and hedge-birds, for I must ask for his entertainment. For my part, Mr. Bachelor,\nI'm not the one seeking fame for being a valiant squire to a knight-errant. I desire to be regarded as the most trusted and loyal squire instead. If, after all my services, my master Don Quixote grants me one of the many islands he mentions, I will be grateful. But if he doesn't, then I was born Sancho, and one man must live relying on his Maker, not another. The bread I'll eat without a government might taste better than if I were a governor. Perhaps the devil is preparing a government as a stumbling block for me to fall and break my jaws or ding my teeth. I was born Sancho, and I intend to die as such. Yet, if Heaven grants me an island or something similar with little trouble and less danger, I'm not a fool.\n\"as to refuse a good thing when it's offered me. No, I remember the old saying, When the ass is given to thee, run and take him by the halter; and when good luck knocks at thy door, let him in, and keep him there. My friend Sancho, said Carrasco, you have spoken like any university-professor. However, trust in heaven's bounty and the noble Don Quixote, and he may not only give thee an island, but even a kingdom. One as likely as the other, quoth Sancho; and yet, let me tell you, Mr. Bachelor, the kingdom which my master is to give me, you shan't find it thrown into an old sack. For I have felt my own pulse, and find myself sound enough to rule kingdoms and govern islands. I have told my master as much before now. Have a care, Sancho, said Carrasco, honors change manners; perhaps when you come to be a governor, you will scarcely know your own mother. This, said Sancho, may happen to those that were born in a ditch, but not to those whose souls are covered, as mine is.\"\n\"four fingers thick with good old Christian fat. No, think how well-conditioned I would be, and then you need not fear I would do poorly by anyone. Grant it, good heaven, said Don Quixote! We shall see when the government comes, and I think I have it already before my eyes. After this, he asked the bachelor to oblige him with some verses on his departure from his mistress Dulcinea del Toboso. Every verse should begin with one of her name's letters, so that joining every first letter of every verse together, they would make Dulcinea del Toboso. The bachelor told him that, though he was not one of Spain's famous poets, who they say were but three and a half, he would try to make this acrostic; though he was aware this would not be an easy task, as there being seventeen letters in the name; so that if he made four stanzas of four lines each, there would be one letter too many; and if he made his stanzas of five lines, making a double decima or a redondilla\"\n there wou'd be three Letters too little; however he wou'd strive to drown a Letter, and so take in the whole Name in sixteen Verses. Let it be so by any Means, said Don Quixote, for no Woman will believe that those Verses were made for her where her Name is not plainly to be di\u2223scern'd. After this 'twas agreed they should set out within a Week. Don Quixote charg'd the Bat\u2223chelor not to speak a Word of all this, especially to the Curate, Mr. Nicholas the Barber, his Niece, and his House-keeper, lest they shou'd obstruct his honourable and valorous Design. Carrasco gave him his Word, and having desir'd Don Quixote to send an Account of his good or bad Success at his Conveniency, took his Leave, and left him; and Sancho went to get every thing ready for his Jour\u2223ney.\nTHE Translator of this History, being come to this fifth Chapter, thinks fit to inform the Reader, that he holds it to be Apocryphal; be\u2223cause it introduces Sancho speaking in another Style than could be expected from his slender Capacity\nSancho came home cheerful and merry, and his wife read his joy in his looks as much as she could see. Impatient to know the cause, she asked, \"What makes you so merry, my dear husband?\" Sancho replied, \"I would be even merrier, my dear, if only heaven had decreed that I wasn't already so pleased. You speak in riddles, wife. I don't understand what you mean when you say a man can take pleasure in not being pleased. Look here, Teresa, I am merry because I am once again going to serve my master Don Quixote, who has resolved to go on another frolic and hunt for adventures, and I must go with him; for he cannot do without me.\nWhom the Devil drives. What should I lie starving at home for? The hopes of finding another parcel of gold like that we spent rejoice the cockles of my heart. But then it grieves me to leave thee and those sweet babes of ours. And would Heaven but be pleased to let me live at home dry-shod, in peace and quietness, without gadding over hills and dales, through brambles and briars (as Heaven might well do with small cost, if it would, and with no manner of trouble, but only willing it should be so), why then 'tis a clear case that my mirth would be more firm and sound, since my present gladness is mingled with a sorrow to part with thee. And so I think I have made out what I have said, that I should be merrier if I did not seem so well pleased. Look you, Sancho, quoth the Wife, ever since you have been a member of a knight-errant, you talk so roundabout the bush, that no body can understand you. 'Tis enough, quoth Sancho.\nHe who understands all things understands me; therefore, Spouse, ensure Dapple's wellbeing for the next three days, doubling his rations, checking his panel and harness, and making all preparations. We are not heading to a wedding but to travel the world, encountering giants, dragons, hobgoblins, and various other creatures. Wife, I believe you think I, as squires-errant, do not eat my master's bread for free. Consequently, I shall pray daily for your swift release from this bothersome trouble. Truthfully, Wife, Teresa replied, I am confident you do not serve your master for nothing, and I hope to see myself govern an island soon, Sancho added.\n\"o' my Conscience I should drop down Dead on the Spot. Not so, my Chicken, quoth the Wife, Let the hen live, though it be with Pip. Thou camest out of thy mother's belly without government, thou hast lived hitherto without government, and thou mayst be carried to thy long home without government, when it shall please the Lord. How many people in this world live without government, yet do well enough, and are well looked upon? There's no sauce in the world like hunger, and as the poor never lack that, they always eat with a good stomach. But look ye, my precious, if it should be thy good luck to get a government, prithee don't forget thy wife and children. Take notice that little Sancho is already full fifteen, and 'tis thought fit he go to school, if his Uncle the Abbot means to leave him something in the Church. Then there's Mary Sancha, thy daughter; I dare say the burden of wedlock will never be the death of her.\"\nI shrewdly guess she longs as much for a Husband as you do for a Government; and when all is said and done, I'd rather my Daughter be ill-married than well kept. \"I vow, Wife,\" said Sancho, \"if it is Heaven's blessed Will that I obtain anything by the Government, I'll see that Mary Sancho is well matched, so that she will at least be called my lady.\" \"No, Husband,\" cried the Wife, \"let her marry whom she will: If you set her upon high heels and take her from her clouted shoes, and from her coarse russet coat put her into a farthingale, and from plain Moll and Thee and Thou change it to Madam and your Ladyship, the poor girl won't know how to behave herself. She'll stumble and show her home-spun country breeding.\" \"Fool,\" answered Sancho, \"it will only take her two or three years of apprenticeship; and then you'll see how strangely she'll alter. Your Ladyship and keeping of state will become her as if they were made for her; and suppose they should not\"\nWhat is it to anyone? Let her be a lady, and let what may happen. Good Sancho, said the Wife, don't look above yourself; I say, keep to the proverb, \"Birds of a feather flock together.\" It would be a fine thing, indeed! for us to go and throw away our child on one of your lordlings or right worshipfuls, who, when the toy should take him in the head, would find new names for her and call her Country Joan, Plough-Jobber's Daughter, and Spinster's Web. No, no, Husband, I haven't bred the girl up as I have to throw her away at that rate. Do you but bring home money, and leave me to get her a husband. Why, there's Lope Tocho, old John Tocho's son, a hale, jolly young fellow, and one whom we all know. I have observed he casts a sheep's eye at the wench; he's one of our kin, and will be a good match for her. Then we shall always have her under our wings, and be all as one, father and mother, children and grandchildren.\nAnd Heaven's peace and blessing will always be with us. But don't speak to me of marrying her at your courts and great men's houses, where she'll be misunderstood by all, and they by her. Why, you beast, Sancho exclaimed, why do you prevent me from marrying my daughter to one who will give me grandchildren I can call your honor and your lordship? Haven't I always heard my betters say, he who will not when he may, when he will he shall have nay? When good luck is knocking at our door, is it fit to shut him out? No, no, let us make hay while the sun shines and spread our sails before this prosperous gale. [This mode of speech, and the following huddle of reflections and apopthegms, said to have been spoken by Sancho, made the translator of this history suspect this chapter was apocryphal.] Can't you perceive, you senseless animal, Sancho continued, that I will risk everything to secure some good, gainful government.\nThat which might free our ancestors from the bond of necessity, and marry Mary Sancha to whom I please? Then you would see how people would call me Lady Teresa Pan\u00e7a, and you would sit in the church with your carpets and cushions, and lean and loll in state, even if the best gentlewoman in town was filled with spite and envy. No, no, remain as you are, still in the same position, neither higher nor lower, like a picture in the hangings. Let us have no more of this, little Sancha shall be a countess despite your teeth, I say. Well, well, Husband, quoth the wife, be careful what you say, for I fear these high kicks may be my Molly's undoing. Yet do what you will, make her a duchess or a princess, but I'll never give my consent. Look you, Yoke-Fellow, for my part, I ever loved to see everything upon the square, and cannot abide to see people assume roles they should not. I was christened plain Teresa, without any fiddle-faddle or addition of Madam.\nI, Teresa Pan\u00e7a, formerly Teresa Cascajo, acknowledge your title, my lady. My father's name was Cascajo, but I adopted the name Pan\u00e7a upon marriage. I am content with this name, without any added titles or flourishes, to avoid being a source of amusement. I shall not provide them with reason to laugh, when they see me dressed as a countess or a governor's lady. It was but yesterday that I tugged a distaff, capped with hemp, from morning till night, and went to mass with my coat over my head due to lack of a hood. Now, however, I go in a farthingale, with rich trimming and fallals, resembling a whole tradesman's shop on my back. No, husband, if Heaven grants me the ability to maintain my seven senses, or even five, I shall not forget my humble origins.\nI'll take care to keep people from spreading false rumors about me at this rate. You may go and be a governor or an islander, and look as big as a bull-beef as you will; but by my grandmother's daughter, neither I nor my girl will move a foot from our thatched house. It's better to have a broken leg than a blemish on my reputation; and let those who can't work with their ten fingers seek for jointures. March you and your Don Quixote together to your islands and adventures, and leave us here to our unfortunate fate; I'll warrant you heaven will improve it, if we live as we ought to do. I wonder though who made him a don; neither his father nor his grandfather ever had that feather in their caps. The Lord help you, woman! quoth Sancho, what a jumble of things have you tangled together without a beginning or end! What do your Cascajo's, your Fardingsales and Fallals, your old saws, and all this tale of a roasted horse, have to do with what I have said? Hark, Gammer Addlepate, (for I can find no better name for you)!\nSince you're such a blind buzzard as to miss my meaning and stand in your own light, I wouldn't have told you that my girl was going to throw herself headfirst from the top of some steeple or trot about the world like a gypsy, or as Infanta Donna Urraca did. But if, in the twinkling of an eye and while one might toss a pancake, I clap a don and a ladyship upon her back; if I fetch her out of her straw and seat her under a stately bedstead; and squat her down on more velvet cushions, then all the Almohads of Morocco had Moors in their generation, why shouldn't you be pleased and not mind it? Husband, answered Teresa. It's because of the proverb, he that covers you discovers you. A poor man is scarcely noticed, but everyone's eyes will stare upon the rich; and if that rich man has formerly been poor.\nThis sets others to grumbling and back-biting. Your evil tongues will never cease, swarming about the streets like bees and buzzing stories into people's ears. Look, Teresa, Sancho said, heed what I tell you. I'll relate things that perhaps you've never heard in your life. Nor do I speak of my own head, but what I heard from that good father who preached in our town all last Lent. He told us, if I'm not mistaken, that all things which we see before our eyes appear, remain, and exist more vividly and impressively in our memories than things that have passed.\n\nFrom thence it arises, Sancho continued, that when we encounter a person well-dressed, richly equipped, and accompanied by a great train of servants, we find ourselves moved and prompted to pay him respect, despite our teeth.\nThough at that very moment our memory recalls some low circumstances in which we had seen that person before. Now this ignominy, be it due to his poverty or mean parentage, as it has already passed, is no more. So then, if this person, whom fortune has raised to such height out of his former obscurity, by his father's means, is well-bred, generous and civil to all men, and does not affect to vie with those of noble descent, assure yourself, Teresa, no one will remember what he was, but look upon him as what he is, unless it be your envious spirits, from whose taunts no prosperous fortune can be free. I don't understand you, Husband, Teresa replied; follow your own inventions, and don't puzzle my brains with your harangues and tricks. If you are so resolved to do as you say, Husband, said Teresa. Resolved, you should say, Wife, Sancho replied, and not devolved. Prithee, Husband, Teresa pleaded.\nLet's have no further discussion about that matter: I speak as I please, and I give the Curate his share of harsh words. All I have left to say is this: if you still intend to be a governor, then take your son Sancho with you and train him in the art of governing. Once I become a governor, Sancho promised, he would send for him by post and send money as well; for he was certain he would have no lack of funds. Those who lend money to governors when they have none, he added. But Teresa, Sancho continued, I suppose we have agreed that our Moll will be a countess. The day I see her as a countess, Teresa replied, I will consider her dead. However, I tell you once more, go ahead and follow your own inventions; you men will be masters, and we women are born to bear the burden of obedience.\nThough our husbands have no more sense than a cuckoo. Here she fell weeping as heartily as if she had seen her daughter already dead and buried. Sancho comforted her and promised her that though he was to make her a countess, yet he would see and put it off as long as he could. Thus ended their dialogue, and he went back to Don Quixote to dispose of everything for a march.\n\nWhile Sancho Panza and his wife Teresa Cascajo had this impertinent dialogue, Don Quixote's niece and housekeeper were not idle. Guessing by a thousand signs that the knight intended a third sally, they endeavored by all possible means to divert him from his foolish design. But all to no avail, for this was but preaching to a rock and hammering cold, stubborn steel. Among other arguments, the housekeeper said, \"Sir, if you will not be ruled but will run wandering over hill and dale, like a stray soul between heaven and hell, seeking for mischief.\"\nI'll never complain to Heaven or the King about your hopeful adventures until there's a solution, said Don Quixote. I don't know what answer Heaven will give you, nor what the King will make of your petition. I tell you, woman, one of the many fatigues of royalty is being obliged to hear every petition and give an answer to all people. So please don't trouble the King with anything concerning me. But tell me, replied she, aren't there many knights in the King's court? I must confess, said Don Quixote, that for the ornament, grandeur, and pomp of royalty, many knights should be maintained there. Why then, said the woman,\nIt would be better for your Worship to be one of those brave Knights who serve the King, their master, on foot in his court. Hear me, dear heart, Don Quixote answered, not all knights can be courtiers, nor all courtiers knight-errants. There must be all sorts in the world; and though we were all to agree in the common appellation of knights, yet there would be a great difference between the one and the other. For your courtiers, without stirring out of their chambers or the shade and shelter of the court, can journey over all the universe on a map, without the expense and fatigue of traveling, the heat, the cold, the hunger, and the thirst. We, who are the true knight-errants, exposed to those extremities and all the inclemencies of heaven, by night and by day, on foot as well as on horseback, measure the whole surface of the earth with our own feet. Nor are we only acquainted with the pictures of our enemies but with their very persons.\nready upon all occasions and at all times to engage them, without standing on trifles or the ceremony of measuring weapons, stripping, or examining whether our opponents have any holy relics or other secret charms about them, whether the sun be duly divided, or any other punctilioes and circumstances observed among private duelists; things which you understand not, but I do. And further let me tell you, that the true knight-errant, though he meets ten giants, whose tall aspiring heads not only touch but overtop the clouds, each of them stalking with prodigious legs like huge towers, their sweeping arms like masts of mighty ships, their staring eyes like large mill-wheels, and glowing like fiery furnaces; yet is he so far from being afraid to meet them, that he must encounter them with a gentle countenance and undaunted courage, assail them, close with them, and if possible, vanquish and destroy them all in an instant. Nay, though they came armed with the scales of a certain fish.\nwhich is said to be harder than Adamant, and instead of swords, had dreadful sabres of keen damask or steel, or mighty maces with points of the same metal, as I have seen more than twice. I have condescended to tell you this, so that you may see the vast difference between Knights and Knights. I believe it would be wished that all princes knew so far how to make the distinction, as to give the preeminence to this first species of knight-errants. Among whom there have been some whose fortitude has not only been the defense of our kingdom, but of many more, as we read in their histories. Ah, Sir, said the niece, be careful what you say; all the stories of knight-errants are nothing but a pack of lies and fables. And if they are not burned, they ought at least to wear a sanbenito, the badge of heresy, or some other mark of infamy, that the world may know them to be wicked and perverters of good manners. Now by the powerful sustainer of my being, cried Don Quixote.\nIf you were not so closely related to me, if you were not my sister's daughter, I would take such revenge for the blasphemy you have spoken, that it would echo throughout the entire universe. Who has ever heard of such impudence! That a young woman, who scarcely knows her bobbins from a bodkin, presumes to insert herself and censure the histories of knight-errants! What would Sir Amadis have said, had he heard this! But he undoubtedly would have forgiven you, for he was the most courteous and compliant knight of his time, especially towards women, being a great protector of damsels; but your words might have reached the ears of some who would have sacrificed you to their indignation; for not all knights are possessed of civility or good nature, some are rough and revengeful; and not all those who assume the name are of a disposition suitable to the function; some indeed were of the right stamp, but others are either counterfeit or of such an alloy as cannot bear the touchstone.\nThough some deceive the eye. Inferior mortals strive for knighthood and aspire to reach the heights of honor. Conversely, high-born knights seem to delight in groveling in the dust and losing themselves in the crowd of inferior mortals. The former elevate themselves through ambition or virtue, the latter descend through negligence or vice. It takes discerning understanding to distinguish between these two types of knights, so similar in name yet so different in actions. \"Bless me, dear uncle,\" cried the niece, \"that you should know so much, that if there was a need, you could get up on a pulpit or preach in the streets, a common occurrence in Spain for the friars, in an extraordinary fit of zeal. Yet, how strangely mistaken, how grossly blind you are in understanding, to believe a man of your years and infirmity could be strong and valiant, capable of setting everything right and forcing stubborn malice to bend. \"\nWhen you yourself stoop beneath the burden of age, and more oddly, that you are a knight, though gentlemen can be knights, a poor gentleman cannot purchase knighthood. Therefore, you speak well, Niece, answered Don Quixote. Regarding this last observation, I could tell you things that would astonish you concerning families. But because I will not mix sacred things with profane, I will refrain from the discussion. However, listen to both of you, and for your further instruction, know that all lineages and descents of mankind are reducible to these four heads. First, there are those who, like a pyramid reversed, have raised themselves from a very small and obscure beginning to a spreading and productive magnitude. The Family of the Ottomans is an instance of this, deriving their great power and empire from the base and groveling beginning of a poor shepherd. A second are the counterpart to this, whose honors originate from large foundations.\nhave dwindled into less compass, and at last been extended till vanished into nothing, of which there are infinite examples. For all your Egyptian monarchs, your Pharaohs and Ptolemies, your Caesars of Rome, and all the swarm (if I may use that name) of monarchs, princes and potentates, Medes, Assyrians, Persians, Greeks and barbarians, and all these mighty things are ended in a point. The shadow of their greatness now serves only to obscure their mean successors, who are lost in the ignoble crowd of vulgar mortals. A third sort there are, who, deriving their greatness from a noble spring, still preserve the dignity and character of their original splendor. The last are those whose beginning, continuance, and ending are mean and altogether obscure, such are the common people, which I hate to mention, being only the lumber and ballast of the world, and only thrown in as ciphers to increase the general sum, their utmost attempts deserving no further renown nor elogy. Now\nmy good-natured souls, you may at least draw this inference from what I have said about this promiscuous dispensation of honors and this uncertainty and confusion of descent: that virtue, wealth, and liberality in the present possessor are the most just and undisputable titles to nobility; for the advantages of pedigree without these qualifications serve only to make vice more conspicuous. The great man who is vicious will be greatly vicious, and the rich miser is only a covetous beggar; for, not he who possesses, but he who spends and enjoys his wealth, is the rich and the happy man; nor he who merely spends, but who does it with discretion. The poor knight indeed cannot show himself to be one by his magnificence, but yet by his virtue, affability, civility, and courteous behavior, he may display the chief ingredients that enter into the compositions of knighthood; and though he cannot claim liberality, wanting riches to support it.\nHis charity may repay that defect; for an alms of two maravedis cheerfully bestowed upon an indigent beggar by a man in poor circumstances speaks him as liberal as the larger donative of a vain-glorious rich-man before a fawning crowd. These accomplishments will always shine through the clouds of fortune and at last break through them with splendor and applause. There are two paths to dignity and wealth, arts and arms. I have chosen arms, and the influence of the planet Mars that presided at my nativity led me to this adventurous road. So that all your attempts to shake my resolution are in vain; for in spite of all mankind, I will pursue what heaven has fated, fortune ordained, what reason requires, and (which is more) what my inclination demands. I am sensible of the many troubles and dangers that attend the pursuit of knight-errantry, but I also know what infinite honors and rewards are the consequence of the performance. The path of virtue is narrow.\nAnd the way of Vice is easy and open, but the difference in the end is considerable. The latter is a broad road indeed, and downhill all the way, but Death and Contempt await at the journey's end. In contrast, the former leads to Glory and Life, not a life that must soon end, but an immortal being. For I know, as our great Boscan, one of the first Reformers of Spanish Poetry, the Castilian Poet expresses it: \"Through steep ascents, through straight and rugged ways, we raise ourselves to Glory's lofty seats. In vain he hopes to reach the blessed abode, who leaves the narrow path for the easier road.\" Alas, day! cried the Niece. My uncle is a poet too! He knows everything. I'll lay my life he could turn mason in case of necessity. If he would but undertake it, he could build a house as easily as a birdcage. Why truly, Niece, said Don Quixote, were not my understanding wholly involved in thoughts relating to the exercise of knight-errantry.\nThere is nothing I would not attempt, no curiosity escaping my hands, particularly cages and tooth-pickers. Someone knocked at the door, and upon being asked who it was, Sancho replied, 'twas he. The housekeeper stepped aside, unwilling to witness him, and the niece let him in. Don Quixote welcomed him with open arms; they both locked themselves in the closet for another pleasant dialogue as before.\n\nThe housekeeper, upon seeing her master and Sancho lock themselves away, immediately surmised the purpose of their private conference and, concluding that nothing less than villainous knight-errantry would result from this secret meeting, she threw her veil over her head and, cast down with sorrow and vexation, she set off to seek Sampson Carrasco, the bachelor of arts, relying on his wit and eloquence to dissuade his friend Don Quixote from his frantic resolution. She found him walking in the yard of his house.\nAnd she fell on her knees before him in a cold sweat, with signs of a disordered mind. \"What's the matter, woman?\" he asked, surprised by her posture and confusion. \"Nothing, dear sir,\" she replied, \"but my master is departing - he's leaving, that's certain.\"\n\n\"What do you mean?\" Carrasco asked, astonished. \"Is his soul departing from his body?\"\n\n\"No,\" she answered, \"but all his wits are quite and clean departing. He intends to go gadding again into the wide world and is spurring on now for the third time to seek ventures, though I don't know why he calls those chances so. The first time he was brought home on an ass and was almost beaten to a pulp. The second time, he was forced to ride home in a wagon, locked up in a cage, where he would make us believe he was enchanted; and the poor soul looked so dismal.\"\nthat the mother who bore him would not recognize the child, so meager, wan, and withered, with sunken and hidden eyes in the deepest recesses of his brain. I spent about six hundred eggs trying to fatten him up again. The bachelor said this, for your hens are so well-bred, so fat and good, that they never lie. But is this all? Has no other misfortune befallen you, besides your master's intended journey? No other, sir, she replied. Then worry your head no more, he said, but go home. As you go, say the prayer of St. Apollonia to me if you know it, then bring me some warm bit for breakfast, and I'll come to you presently, and you shall see wonders. Dear me, she exclaimed, the prayer of St. Apollonia! It's only good for toothache, but his ailment lies in his skull. Grandmother, he said.\nDon't argue with me; I know what I'm saying. I have begun studies at Salamanca, and you think I obtained my degree for free? After that, he went to find the Curate to consult about what should be declared in due time.\n\nWhen Sancho and his master were locked in a room together, they had the following conversation, which the history records in a precise and impartial manner. \"Sir,\" said Sancho to his master, \"I have finally convinced my wife to let me go with you wherever you wish.\" \"Reduced, you would say, Sancho,\" replied Don Quixote, \"not convinced.\"\n\n\"Look here, Sir,\" said Sancho, \"if I'm not mistaken, I have asked you once or twice not to correct my words if you understand my meaning. If you don't, then just tell me, 'Sancho, you're wrong,' or whatever you'd like, as long as I understand that you don't understand me. But if I don't express myself clearly, then take me to task; for I am quite forceful \u2013 I don't understand you, said Don Quixote, interrupting him.\nI can't understand the meaning of your \"Forcible.\" Why, so \"Forcible\" quoth Sancho, is as much as to say, I am so and so. Less and less do I understand you, said the Knight. Why then, quoth Sancho, there's an end of the matter, it must be that for me. For I can speak no better. Oh! now, quoth Don Quixote, I think I understand your meaning; you mean \"Docile,\" I suppose, implying that you are so ready and receptive, that you will soon observe what I shall teach you. I'll lay an even wager now, said the Squire, you understood me well enough at first, but you had a mind to put me out, merely to hear me put your fine words out of joint. That may be, said Don Quixote, but pray tell me, what does Teresa say? Why, an't please you, quoth Sancho, Teresa bids me make sure to do your bidding.\n\"and that we may have less Talking and more Doing; that certainty is good; that a Bird in Hand is worth two in the Bush. One Hold-fast is better than two; a woman's counsel is not much, but he who despises it is no wiser; I believe so too, said Don Quixote. But pray, good Sancho, proceed; for you speak most sententiously today. I say, quoth Sancho, since we're all mortal men, here today and gone tomorrow; as quickly goes the young lamb to the spit as the old weather; no man can tell the length of his days; for Death is deaf, and when he knocks at the door, mercy on the porter. He comes in haste, neither fair words nor foul, crowns nor mitres can stay him, as the report goes, and as we are told from the pulpit. All this I grant, said Don Quixote. But what do you infer from this?\"\nYour Worship, I request that you allow me to receive my wages monthly from your estate, as is the custom in Spain, while I am in your service. I no longer trust in promised rewards that may not materialize. I prefer to know exactly what I will earn, whether more or less. A little money in one's own pocket is better than much in another man's purse. It's wise to save for a rainy day. Every penny saved makes a difference, and a man earns more the longer he works. If, by some chance, you were to give me this island you promised, though I dare not hope for such a thing, I would not be an ungrateful or unconscionable man, but would continue to work for the wages I receive. Would not a larger quantity of wages have been better than a smaller quantity, Don Quixote might ask? However, I now understand your meaning.\n\"cried Sancho? I dare lay a wager I should have said quantity and not cantity; but never mind that, since you knew what I meant. Yes, Sancho, said the Knight, I have probed to the very depth of your thoughts, and now understand the intent of all your numerous proverbs. Look you, Friend Sancho, I would not hesitate to pay you wages, had I any precedent for such practice. Nay, could I find the slightest hint of a precedent in all the chivalric books I have read, for any yearly or monthly stipend, your request would be granted. But I have read all, or the greatest part of the histories of knight-errants, and find that all their squires depended purely on the favor of their masters for subsistence; till by some surprising turn in the knight's fortune, the servants were advanced to the government of some island, or some equivalent reward, at least they had honor and a title conferred upon them as a reward. Now, Friend Sancho, if you will depend upon these hopes of advancement\"\nand return to my service, that's well; if not, go home and tell your wife that I will not disregard all the rules and customs of chivalry to appease her petty diffidence and yours. Let there be no more words about this matter, but let us part as friends. And remember this, if there are vetches in my dove-house, it will not lack pigeons. Good arrears are better than ill pay, and a fee in reversion is better than a farm in possession. Take notice, there's a proverb for a proverb, to let you know that I can match a volley of them as well as you. In short, if you will not go along with me in courtesy and run the same course with me, heaven be with you and make you a saint; I do not doubt that I shall find a squire more obedient, more careful, and less saucy and talkative than you.\n\nSancho, hearing his master's firm resolution, was instantly struck dumb with disappointment, and his heart sank to his girdle.\nHe truly believed he could have persuaded him, thinking the Knight would not forgo him. Deep in thought, in came Sampson Carrasco and the Niece, eager to hear the Bachelor's arguments against Don Quixote's intended expedition. But Sampson, a skilled comedian, embraced the Knight and began in a grandiose manner. \"O Flower of Chivalry, radiant glory of Arms, living Honor and mirror of our Spanish Nation,\" he cried, \"may those who hinder the third Expedition that your heroic spirit contemplates lose the labyrinth of their perverse desires and find no thread to lead them to their wishes. Turning to the housekeeper, you no longer need to pray to St. Apollonia, for I find it written in the stars that the Illustrious Champion must no longer delay the pursuit of Glory; and I would injure my conscience by dissuading him.\"\nShould I presume to dissuade him from the benefits that shall redeem mankind by exerting the strength of his formidable arm and the innate virtues of his heroic soul. Alas, his stay deprives the oppressed orphans of a protector, damsels of a deliverer, champions of their honor, widows of an obliging patron, and married women of a vigorous comforter; and delays a thousand other important exploits and achievements, which are the duty and necessary consequences of the honorable Order of Knight-Errantry. Go on then, my graceful, my valorous Don Quixote, rather this very day than the next, let your greatness be upon the wing, and if anything is wanting towards the completing of your equipage, I stand forth to supply you with my life and fortune, and ready, if it be thought expedient, to attend your excellence as a squire. An honor which I am ambitious to attain. Well, Sancho, (said Don Quixote, hearing this)\nAnd turning to his squire, I did not tell you I would not need squires; behold, who offers me his service, the most excellent Bachelor of Arts, Sampson Carrasco, the perpetual darling of the Muses and glory of the Salamanca-Schools, sound and active of body, patient of labor, inured to abstinence, silent in misfortune, and in short, endowed with all the accomplishments that constitute a squire. But heaven forbid, that to indulge my private inclinations I should presume to weaken the whole body of learning by removing from it so substantial a pillar, so vast a repository of sciences, and so eminent a branch of the liberal arts. No, my friend, remain another Sampson in your country, be the honor of Spain, and the delight of your ancient parents; I shall be content with any squire, since Sancho does not vouchsafe to go with me. I do, I do (cried Sancho, relenting with tears in his eyes), I do vouchsafe; it shall never be said of Sancho Panza.\nI no longer pipe or dance. I no longer have a heart of flint, Sir. For the world, and our town, may not know what the Panca's generation has ever been. I well know, and have already found through many good turns and more good words, that your worship has had a good will towards me all along. If I have done otherwise regarding wages or so, it was merely to humor my wife, who, once she sets her mind on something, digs and hammers at a man like a cooper at a tub, till she clinches the point. But hang it, I am the husband, and will be her husband, and she's but a wife, and shall be a wife. None can deny that I am a man every inch of me, wherever I am, and I will be a man at home despite anyone; therefore, you have no more to do but to make your will and testament. But ensure you make the conveyance firm, so it cannot be rebuked, and then let's be gone as soon as you please.\nMaster Sampson's conscience troubled him, and he couldn't rest until he set you on another journey through the world. I offer myself once more to accompany your worship, promising to be faithful and loyal, even surpassing all the squires who have served knight-errants. The bachelor was astonished by Sancho Panza's words and, despite having read much about him in the first part of his history, could not believe him to be as pleasant as he was depicted. But hearing him now speak of rebuke instead of revoking testaments and conveyances, the bachelor was convinced of his solemnity and concluded him to be one of the most extravagant men of the age. Don Quixote and Sancho embraced, becoming good friends once more, with the approval of the Grand Carrasco, who was then the knight's oracle.\nIt was decreed that they would set out after three days, during which time all necessities should be provided, especially a whole helmet. Don Quixote resolved to purchase this at any cost. Sampson offered him one that he could easily obtain from a friend, but it looked more dull with mold and rust than bright with the steel's lustre. The niece and housekeeper made a woeful outcry. They tore their hair, scratched their faces, and howled like mourners at funerals, lamenting Don Quixote's departure as if it were his actual death. They cursed Carrasco mercilessly, though his behavior was a result of a contrivance plotted between the curate, the barber, and himself. In the end, Don Quixote and his squire had everything ready. Don Quixote had pacified his wife, and the niece and housekeeper by evening. Without being seen by anyone but the bachelor, who insisted on accompanying them for about half a league from the village.\nThey set forward for Toboso. The Knight mounted his Rozinante, and Sancho his trusty Dapple. Sancho ensured his wallet was well-stuffed with provisions and his purse with money, which Don Quixote gave him to cover expenses. At last, Sampson took his leave, asking the Champion to keep him informed of his success so they could share in each other's good or evil fortune. Don Quixote promised, and they parted. Sampson returned home, and the Knight and squire continued their journey to the great city of Toboso.\n\nBlessed be the mighty Allah, Hamet Benengeli begins his eighth chapter; blessed be Allah. He repeated this blessing three times, considering the blessing that Don Quixote and Sancho had once more taken to the field, and from this point, readers of their delightful history may date the Knight's achievements.\nAnd the squire's pleasantries; he asks them to forget the previous knightly transactions and focus on his future exploits, which begin after he sets out for Toboso. The squire and Don Quixote were not longer with the bachelor when Rozinante neighed and Dapple brayed. The knight and squire considered this a good omen and a fortunate sign of their success. Sancho drew the inference that his fortune would surpass his master's from the fact that Dapple's braying was louder than Rozinante's neighing. While the history is silent on this, it is recorded that Sancho was knowledgeable in judicial astrology.\nThat often, when his ass fell or stumbled, he wished he hadn't gone out that day, and from such accidents, he predicted nothing but dislocated joints and broken ribs, and besides his foolish character, this was no good observation. Friend Sancho, said Don Quixote to him, I find the night will overtake us before we can reach Toboso. Before I embark on any expedition, I am resolved to pay my vows, receive my blessing, and take my leave of the peerless Dulcinea. I am of your mind, quoth Sancho, but I am afraid, Sir, you will hardly come to speak with her, at least not meet her in a place where she can give you her blessing, unless she throws it over the mud-wall of the yard, where I first saw her.\nWhen I brought her the news of your mad pranks in the midst of Sierra Morena, Don Quixote exclaimed, \"Mud-Wall!\" I replied in error, Don Quixote! The wall could only exist in your muddy understanding; it was a mere creature of your dirty fancy. \"Perhaps so,\" Sancho conceded, \"but to me it seemed neither better nor worse than a mud-wall.\" \"It matters not,\" Don Quixote retorted, \"let us go there. I will visit my dear Dulcinea. Let me but see her - whether it be over a mud-wall, through a chink of a cottage, or the pales of a garden, at a lettuce, or any place - as long as the least beam from her bright eyes reaches mine, it will enlighten my mind, fortify my heart, and invigorate every faculty of my being, making me unrivaled in prudence and valor.\" \"Truly, Sir,\" Sancho replied.\nI beheld the same Lady's Sun not shining as bright, with beams at all, perhaps due to the dust from the grain she was winnowing raising a cloud around her face, making her look dull. Fool, said Don Quixote, your imagination is dusty and foul; will it never be beaten out of your stupid brain, that my Lady Dulcinea was winnowing? Are such exercises used by persons of her quality, whose recreations are always noble and suitable to their birth and dignity? Can't you remember the verses of our poet, when he recounts the employments of the four Nymphs at their crystal-mansions, advancing their heads above the streams of the lovely Tagus, and sitting upon the grass, working those rich embroideries where silk and gold, and pearls embossed, were so curiously interwoven.\nand which does the ingenious Bard so artfully describe? In that moment, my princess was engaged, but the envious malice of some base necromancer distorted your sight, presenting whatever is most pleasing to me in different and displeasing forms. This makes me fear that, if the history of my achievements, which I'm told is in print, was penned by some magician who is no well-wisher to my glory, he has certainly delivered many things with partiality, misrepresented my life, inserting a hundred falsehoods for one truth, and entertaining himself with the relation of idle stories, unrelated to the continuation of a true history. Oh, Envy, Envy! Thou gnawing worm of virtue, and spring of infinite mischiefs! There is no other vice, my Sancho, but pleads some pleasure in its excuse; but Envy is always attended by Disgust, Rancor, and distracting Rage. I am much of your mind, said Sancho.\nI have read in the same book, which my neighbor Carrasco mentioned having read about our lives, a story that has impudently damaged my reputation and treated it haphazardly. I, being an honest man, have never spoken ill of magicians throughout my life, and they need not be envious of my condition. The truth is, I can be mischievous at times, but I have always been considered more of a fool than a rogue, and that was indeed the case. My religion, being a firm believer in the teachings of the Holy Roman Catholic Church and hating Jews, should be enough for historians to show me mercy and leniency in their writings. However, they can continue to the end of the chapter. I was born and will die naked. This is all a matter of indifference to Sancho; I cannot win nor lose. They have included me in their books regardless.\nAnd I toss my name from post to pillar. I don't care a fig for the worst they can say. Whatever you say, Sancho, reminds me of a story. A celebrated poet of our time wrote a scurrilous and abusive lampoon on all the intriguing ladies of the court, forbearing to name one, not being sure whether she deserved to be included or not. But the lady, not finding herself there, was not a little affronted at the omission and made a great complaint to the poet, asking him what he had seen in her that he should leave her out of his list; at the same time, she demanded that he expand his satire and include her, or else expect to hear further from her. The author obeyed her commands and gave her a character with a vengeance, making her as famous for infamy as any woman about town. Such is the story of Diana's Temple, one of the seven wonders of the world, burned by an ignoble fellow merely to eternize his name.\nDespite an Edict forbidding all people from mentioning it, either verbally or in writing, Erostratus is still known to have existed. The story of Emperor Charles the Fifth and a Roman knight is similar. The Emperor greatly desired to see the famous temple once called the Pantheon, now more happily known as the Church of All Saints. It's the only entire edifice remaining from Heathen Rome, and the one that best conveys the glory and magnificence of its great founders. The building is shaped like a half orange, of vast extent and very light, though it admits no light except through one window, or more accurately, a round aperture on the roof's top. After the Emperor had been taken up there and looked down at the edifice from its brink with a Roman knight by his side, who pointed out all its beauties, the knight addressed the Emperor, saying, \"It came to mind, Sacred Sir,\" after they had left the place.\nTo embrace your Majesty and cast myself at your feet from the top of the church to the bottom, that I might thus purchase an immortal name. I thank you, said the Emperor, for not doing it; and for the future I will give you no opportunity to put your Loyalty to such a test. Therefore I banish you from my presence forever, which done, he bestowed some mighty favor on him. I tell thee, Sancho, this desire for honor is a strange bewitching thing. What do you think made Horatius, armed at all points, plunge headlong from the bridge into the rapid Tiber? What prompted Curtius to leap into the profound flaming chasm? What made Mutius burn his hand? What forced Caesar over the Rubicon, despite all the omens that dissuaded his passage? And to instance a more modern example, what made the undaunted Spaniards sink their ships, when under the most courteous Cortez, but that scorning the stale honor of this so often conquered world, they sought a maiden glory in a new scene of victory?\nAnd a multitude of other great actions are due to the immediate thirst and desire for Fame, which mortals expect as the proper price and immortal recompense of their great actions. But we, as Christian Catholic knight-errants, must fix our hopes on a higher Reward, placed in the Eternal and Celestial Regions, where we may expect permanent Honor and complete Happiness; not like the vanity of Fame, which at best is but the shadow of great actions and must necessarily vanish when destructive Time has eaten away the Substance which it followed. So, my Sancho, since we expect a Christian Reward, we must suit our actions to the Rules of Christianity. In Giants we must kill Pride and Arrogance: But our greatest Foes, and whom we must chiefly combat, are within. Envy we must overcome by generosity and nobleness of Soul: Anger by a composed and easy Mind; Riot and Drowsiness, by Vigilance and Temperance; Lasciviousness, by our inviolable Fidelity to those who are Mistresses of our Thoughts; and Sloth.\nby our indefatigable journeys through the universe, seeking occasions for military, as well as Christian honors. This, Sancho, is the path to lasting fame and an honorable renown. I understand every word you have said, answered Sancho; but pray now, Sir, will you clarify one doubt that has come into my mind. Clarify it, replied Don Quixote: Very well, speak, and I will try to satisfy your question. Why then, asked Sancho, where are those same Julys and Augusts, and all the other famous knights you speak of who are dead? Without a doubt, answered Don Quixote, the pagans are in hell. The Christians, if their lives were in accordance with their profession, are either in purgatory or in heaven. So far so good, said Sancho; but pray tell me, do the tombs of these lords have silver lamps still burning before them, and are their chapel walls hung with crutches, winding-sheets, old periwigs, legs, and wax eyes?\nThe Monuments of the dead Heathens, said Don Quixote, were for the most part sumptuous pieces of architecture. The ashes of Julius Caesar were deposited on the top of an obelisk, all of one stone of a prodigious size, which is now called the Aguglia di San Pietro. Emperor Adrian's sepulcher was a vast structure as big as an ordinary village, and called Moles Adriani, and now the Castle of St. Angelo in Rome. Queen Artemisia buried her husband Mausolus in so curious and magnificent a pile that his monument was reputed one of the seven wonders of the world.\n\nBut none of these, nor any other of the Heathen sepulchers, had any winding-sheets or other offerings that might imply the persons interred were saints.\n\n\"Thus far we are right, quoth Sancho; now, Sir, pray tell me, which is the greatest wonder, to raise a dead man or kill a giant?\" asked Sancho.\n\n\"The answer is obvious, said Don Quixote, to raise a dead man certainly.\"\n\n\"Then, Master, I have nick'd you,\" said Sancho.\nFor he who raises the dead, makes the blind see, the lame walk, and the sick healthy, the man who has lamps burning night and day before his sepulchre and whose chapel is full of pilgrims adoring his relics on their knees - such a man, I say, has more fame in this world and the next than any heathenish emperors or knight-errants ever had or will ever have. I grant it, said Don Quixote. Very good, replied Sancho. This fame, these gifts, these privileges that the saints possess; by the consent and good liking of our Holy Mother the Church, they have their lamps, their lights, their winding-sheets, their crutches, their pictures, their heads of hair, their legs, their eyes, and the Lord knows what else, by which they stir up people's devotion and spread their Christian fame. Kings will grant the bodies of saints or their relics the honor of being carried on their shoulders, and they will kiss the pieces of their bones.\nAnd they spared no cost to set off and deck their shrines and chapels. What's your inference, Don Quixote? Why, truly, Sancho replied, we're turning saints as fast as we can, and that's the quickest and cheapest way to gain the honor you speak of. It was but yesterday or the day before, or I can't remember exactly when, that two poor, barefoot friars were canonized. You can't imagine the crowd of people there to kiss the iron chains they wore about their waists instead of girdles, to humble the flesh. I dare say they are more revered than Orlandosa's sword, which hangs in the armory of our Sovereign Lord the King, may he reign long! So, for all I see, it's better to be a friar, even of a beggarly order, than a valiant errant knight. A dozen or two sound lashes, well-meant and well-laid on, will gain more heaven than two thousand thrusts with a lance, even if they are given to giants or dragons.\nAll this is very true, replied Don Quixote; but not all men can be friars; we have different paths allotted us, to ascend to the high seat of Eternal Felicity. Chivalry is a religious order, and there are knights in the fraternity of saints in Heaven. However, quoth Sancho, I have heard say there are more friars there than knights-errant. That is, said Don Quixote, because there is a greater number of friars. But aren't there many knights-errant too? asked Sancho. There are many indeed, answered Don Quixote, but very few that deserve the name. In such discussions as these, the knight and squire passed the night and the whole succeeding day, without encountering any occasion to distinguish themselves, at which Don Quixote was very much disappointed. At last, towards evening on the next day, they discovered the goodly city of Toboso, which revived the Knight's spirits wonderfully, but had a quite contrary effect on his squire, because he did not know the house where Dulcinea lived.\nDon Quixote and Sancho descended from a hill and entered Toboso as the sable night had spun out half its course. A profound silence reigned over the town, and all its inhabitants were fast asleep and at ease. The night was somewhat clear, but Sancho wished it darker to hide his master's folly and his own. Nothing disturbed the general tranquility but the occasional barking of dogs, which wounded Don Quixote's ears and more so Sancho's heart. An ass brayed and hogs grunted occasionally.\nCats mewed; the jarring mixture of sounds was not a little augmented by the stillness and serenity of the night, filling the enamored champion's head with a thousand inauspicious chimera's. Turning to his squire, \"Show me the way to Dulcinea's palace, my dear Sancho,\" he said. \"Which palace, my lord?\" Sancho asked, bewildered. \"Perhaps she was retired into some corner of the palace to amuse herself in private with her damsels, as great ladies and princesses sometimes do,\" the knight replied. \"Well, Sir,\" Sancho said, \"since it must be a palace whether I will or not, yet can you think this is a time of night to find the gates open, or a seasonable hour to thunder at the door, until we raise the house and alarm the whole town? Are we going to a bawdy-house, think you, like your wenchers, who can rap at a door any hour of the night and knock people up when they please?\" Let us once find the palace.\nThe Knight spoke, \"I'll tell you what we should do, but wait, either my eyes deceive me or that lofty, gloomy structure I see in the distance is Dulcinea's palace. Come, Sir, said the Squire, and lead on. The Knight rode on for about two hundred paces and reached the building he took to be Dulcinea's palace, but found it to be the town's church instead. \"We've made a mistake, Sancho,\" the Knight said. \"I see it is a church,\" the Squire replied. \"And pray God we haven't found our graves,\" the Squire continued. \"For it's a bad omen to be haunting churchyards at this hour, especially since I told you that this lady's house is in a secluded alley with no thoroughfare.\" \"Curse on your confused mind!\" exclaimed Don Quixote.\n\"Sir, every country has its own fashions. You may build great houses and palaces in blind alleys at Toboso. Let me hunt up and down in by-lanes and alleys; we may find this palace. Would the devil have led us on such a jaunt, pestering me in this way. Sancho, speak with greater respect of my lady's concerns. Be merry and wise, and do not throw the helve after the hatchet. Cry mercy, Sir. But wouldn't it make any man mad, to have you constantly urging me to find your lady's house, which I have only seen once in my life? Nay, and to find it at midnight, when you yourself cannot find it, having seen it a thousand times? You will make me desperately angry, said the knight.\"\nHeretick, I have repeated it a thousand times that I never saw Dulcinea or entered her palace. I love her purely based on hearsay and her renowned beauty and accomplishments. You say the same, Sancho. And since you admit you never saw her, I must tell you I haven't either. That's impossible, Don Quixote, you told me you saw her winnowing wheat when you brought me an answer to the letter I sent by you. Sancho, that's neither here nor there, I replied. I saw her only by hearsay as well, and the answer I brought you was also by hearsay. I know Dulcinea no more than the Man in the Moon. Sancho, Sancho, Don Quixote said, there's a time for all things; unseasonable mirth always turns to sorrow. Why do you make light of it, Sancho, that I declare I have never seen or spoken to the Mistress of my soul?\nHere their Discourse was interrupted. A fellow with two mules passing by them, they guessed it might be a country laborer going out before dawn to his husbandry. It was indeed so. He went singing the mournful Ditty of the Defeat of the French at Roncesvalles: \"Ye Frenchmen all must rue the woeful Day.\" \"Let me die,\" said Don Quixote, hearing what the fellow sang, \"if we have any good success tonight. Does thou hear what this peasant sings, Sancho?\" \"Ay marry do I,\" quoth the squire. \"But what's the Rout at Roncesvalles to us? It concerns us no more than if he had sung the Ballad of Colly my Cow. We shall speed neither better nor worse for it.\" By this time the ploughman had come up to them. \"Good morrow, honest friend,\" cried Don Quixote to him. \"Pray, can you inform me which is the palace of the peerless Princess the Lady Dulcinea del Toboso?\" \"Sir,\" said the fellow, \"I am a stranger.\"\nAnd lately arrived in this town, I am a plowman for a wealthy farmer. But right opposite you live the curate and the sexton, who are most likely to provide information about the Lady-Princess, as they keep a list of all the townsfolk. There are indeed many gentlefolk here, and each may be a princess in her own house for all I know. Perhaps, Don Quixote said, we will find the lady I seek among these. \"Tis dawn,\" the Ploughman replied. \"As you say, it may be,\" he answered, \"and good luck to you! The day is breaking. With that, he urged his mules forward and left without answering more questions.\n\nSancho, perceiving his master in thought and not fully satisfied, said, \"Sir, the day is coming on, and it will not be becoming for us to remain here and be gawked at. We had best leave town again and make our way to a wood nearby, and then I will return.\"\nand search every hole and corner in town for this same house, castle, or palace of my Lady's. It will be difficult if I don't find it in the long run. Then I will speak with her Highness and tell her how you are doing, and how I was left waiting for her orders and instructions about speaking with her in private without mentioning her name. Dear Sancho, you have spoken, and you have included a thousand sentences in the span of a few words. I approve and lovingly accept your advice. Come, my child, let us go and find a convenient retreat in some nearby grove. Then, as you suggest, you may return to seek, see, and deliver my embassy to my Lady. I hope for a thousand favors from her discretion and most courteous mind. Sancho sat on thorns until he had gotten his master out of town, lest he discover the falseness of the account he brought him concerning Dulcinea's response to his letter in Sierra Morena. So, hastening to be gone.\nThey were now two miles from the town, and Don Quixote took cover in a wood. Sancho was dispatched to Dulcinea. The author of this history, upon reaching the matters of this chapter, expresses his desire to have left them buried in oblivion, doubting his reader's belief due to Don Quixote's madness reaching such an extravagant pitch. However, he has recorded every detail exactly as it transpired, without adding or diminishing the slightest truth throughout the entire history. He disregards such objections that may question his veracity. This is a commendable action, as truth alleviates rather than hurts and always floats above falsehood, like oil on water. Continuing his narration, he informs us:\nWhen Don Quixote retired into the wood or forest, or rather into the grove of oaks near Grand Toboso, he ordered Sancho to return to the city and not to come back to his presence until he had audienced his lady. He begged her to grant him the favor of allowing him to see her, and to bestow her blessing on him. By the virtue of this blessing, he hoped for a prosperous outcome in all his onsets, perilous attempts, and adventures. Sancho agreed to this task, promising him a successful return, just as with his previous message.\n\nGo then, child, said the knight, and be careful not to be daunted when you approach the beams of that resplendent sun of beauty. Happy, you will be.\nObserve and engrave in your memory the manner of your reception. Note if her color changes upon the delivery of your commission. Observe her looks for any emotion or concern when she hears my name. Does she seem uneasy on her cushion, if seated on her throne of authority? If she is standing, observe if she stands on one leg at times and on another. Does she repeat her answer three or four times, or change it from kind to cruel and then again from cruel to kind? Does she adjust her hair, though every lock appears in perfect order? Observe all her actions, every motion, every gesture. By the accurate relation you give of these things, I shall divine the secrets of her breast and draw just inferences in relation to my love. I must tell you, Sancho, if you do not know it already,\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in standard English and does not require significant cleaning or correction.)\nthat the outward Motions of lovers are the surest indications of their inward affections, they are the most faithful intelligencers in an amorous negotiation. Go then, my trusty squire, thy own better stars, not mine, attend thee; and meet with a more prosperous event than that which in this doleful desert, tossed between hopes and fears, I dare expect. I'll go, Sir, quoth Sancho, and I'll be back in a trice. Meanwhile, cheer up, I beseech you; come, Sir, comfort that little heart of yours, no bigger than a hazelnut. Don't be cast down, I say; remember the old saying, Faint heart never won fair lady; where there's no hook, to be sure there will hang no bacon; the hare leaps out of the bush where we least look for her. I speak this to give you to understand, that though we could not find my lady's castle in the night, I may light on it when I least think on it now 'tis day; and when I have found it, let me alone to deal with her. Well, Sancho, said the knight.\nthou hast a rare talent in applying thy proverbs. Heaven give me better success in my designs! Having said this, Sancho turned his back and, switching his dapple horse, left Don Quixote on horseback, leaning on his lance and resting on his stirrups, filled with melancholy and confused imaginations. Let us leave him too, to go along with Sancho, who was no less uneasy in his mind. No sooner was he out of the grove than, turning about, and perceiving his master quite out of sight, he dismounted and laid himself down at the foot of a tree. Friend Sancho, quoth he, pray let me ask you, where is your worship going? Is it to seek some ass you have lost? No by my troth. What then are you hunting after? Why, I am looking, you must know, for a thing of nothing, only a princess, and in her the sun of beauty, indeed, and all heaven together. Well, and where do you think to find all this, friend of mine? Where! why in the great city of Toboso.\nWho set you to work? Who set me to work! That's a question! Why, only the most renowned Knight Don Quixote de la Mancha, the one who rights the wronged, gives drink to the hungry, and meat to those in need. But do you know where she lives, Sir? I don't, indeed! But my master claims it's somewhere in a king's palace or stately castle. Have you ever seen her, Sancho? No, indeed, I haven't. Why, my master himself has never laid eyes on her in his life. But tell me, Sancho, what if the people of Toboso were to find out that you have come to woo their princesses and make their ladies stray, and they were to bastinado your carcass handsomely, leaving you with not a sound rib, wouldn't they be in the right? They would indeed, though I think they should consider that I am but a servant and sent on another master's errand, and so I am not at all to blame. Nay, never trust that, Sancho, for the people of La Mancha are quite hot-headed and touchy.\nAnd I will endure no tricks; if they but smoke me, they'll maul me in a strange way. No, no, forewarned, forearmed: Why do I go about looking for more feet than a cat has, for another man's maggot? Besides, when all's done, I may as well look for a needle in a bottle of hay, or for a scholar at Salamanca, as for Dulcinea all over the town of Toboso. Well, it's the devil, and nothing but the devil, who has put me upon this troublesome piece of work. This was Sancho's dialogue with himself, and the consequence of it was the following soliloquy. Well, there's a remedy for all things but death, which will be sure to lay us flat one time or another. This master of mine, by a thousand tokens I have seen, is a downright madman, and I think I come within an inch of him. Nay, I am the greater codshead of the two, to serve and follow him as I do, if the proverb isn't a liar: \"Show me your company.\"\n\nI'll tell you what you are; and another old saw:\nBirds of a feather flock together. Now then, my master, being mad and mistaking one thing for another at times, such as Black for White and White for Black, like when he took windmills for giants, the friar's mules for dromedaries, and flocks of sheep for armies, I suppose it won't be difficult for me to pass off the first country wench I meet as Lady Dulcinea to him. If he doesn't believe me, I'll swear; if he swears again, I'll outswear him; and if he is positive, I'll be more positive than he and stand to it, come what may. When he finds I won't flinch, he'll either stop sending me his sleeveless errands due to the poor reports I bring him or think that one of those wicked wizards, who he believes owes him a grudge, has transmogrified her into some other shape out of spite. This clever plan helped to calm Sancho's mind.\nAnd now he looked on his grand affair to be completed. Having therefore stayed till evening, so his master wouldn't think he had spent so much time going and coming, things fell out luckily for him. As he rose to mount his dapple, he saw three country wenches approaching him from Toboso on three young asses. Whether male or female, the author has left undetermined, though we may reasonably suppose they were she-asses, as they were most frequently used by country lasses in those parts. But this being no very material circumstance, we need not dwell any longer on this decision: it is sufficient they were asses and discovered by Sancho. Thereupon, Sancho made all the haste he could to reach his master and found him breathing out a thousand sighs and amorous lamentations.\n\n\"Well, my Sancho,\" said the knight immediately upon his approach, \"what news? Are we to mark this day with a white or a black stone?\"\n\n\"Answer me rather with red ochre,\" Sancho replied.\n\"as they mark Church-Chairs, so that every body may know which ones belong to them. Why then, said Don Quixote, I suppose you bring good news. Yes, marry I do, quoth Sancho; you have no more to do but to spur on Rozinante and ride out into the open fields, and you'll see my Lady Dulcinea del Toboso, with a retinue of her handmaidens, coming to see you. Blessed heaven! cried Don Quixote, what are you saying, my dear Sancho? Take heed and do not try to deceive my real grief with false joy. Adsookers! Sir, said Sancho, what would I gain by deceiving you and being found out the next moment? Seeing is believing all over the world. Come, Sir, put on, put on, and you'll see our Lady Princess coming, dressed up and adorned like herself in truth. Her handmaidens and she are all one spark of gold, all pearls, all diamonds, all rubies, all cloth of gold above ten inches high. Their hair spread over their shoulders like so many sunbeams, and hanging and dancing in the wind; and moreover\"\nThey ride on three flea-bitten gambling hags; not a piece of horse flesh can match them in three kingdoms. Ambling nags, thou meanest Sancho, said Don Quixote. Gambling hags or ambling nags, quoth Sancho, there's no such difference, methinks; but be they what they will, I'm sure I've never seen finer creatures than those that ride on their backs, especially my Lady Dulcinea. Let us move on, my Sancho, said Don Quixote, and as a gratification for these unexpected happy tidings, I freely bestow on thee the best spoils the next adventure we meet with shall afford. And if that doesn't content thee, take the colts which my three mares, thou knowest, are now ready to foal on our town-common. Thank you for the colts, said Sancho; but as for the spoils, I'm not sure they'll be worth anything. They were now out of the wood and discovered the three country lasses at a small distance. Don Quixote cast his eyes towards Toboso.\nAnd seeing no body on the road but the three women, Don Quixote was strangely troubled in mind and asked Sancho, \"Have the princess and her maids left the city yet when you departed?\"\n\n\"Out of the city, Sancho exclaimed! Why, where are your eyes? Can't you see them coming towards us, shining as bright as the sun at noon-day?\"\n\n\"I see nothing,\" Don Quixote replied, \"but three women on three asses.\"\n\n\"Heaven deliver me from the devil,\" Sancho exclaimed. \"Is it possible, your worship, that you could mistake three what-you-call-ems for three ambling nags? I mean, as white as driven snow, for three ragged ass colts. I'll even pluck out my beard by the roots if that's not the case. Take it from me, friend Sancho, said the knight, they are either he or she-asses, at least they appear to be such.\"\n\n\"Sir, don't speak at that rate,\" the squire urged, \"but snuff your eyes.\"\nAnd go pay your homage to the Mistress of your soul, for she is near at hand, Sancho hastened up to the three country-wenches and alighting from Dapple, he took hold of one of the asses by the halter. Falling on his knees, he addressed them as Queen, Princess, and Duchess of Beauty. \"An't please your Highnesses and Greatnesses,\" he said, \"graciously receive this knight, your prisoner and captive. He has suddenly turned into cold marble-stone, struck speechless, to see himself before your High and Mightiness. I am Sancho Panza, his squire, and he himself the wandering, weather-beaten knight, Don Quixote of La Mancha, otherwise known as the Knight of the Woeful Figure. By this time, Don Quixote had placed himself down on his knees beside Sancho. He gazed at the woman, whom Sancho called Queen and Lady, with doubtful and disconsolate eyes. Perceiving her to be no more than a plain country-woman, far from being well-favored, with blubber cheeks and a flat nose.\nHe was lost in astonishment, could not utter a word. On the other side, the women were no less surprised to see themselves stopped by two men in such different appearances, and on their knees. But at last, the woman whose ass was held by Sancho, took courage and broke the silence in an angry tone. \"Come, cryed she, get out of our way with a murrain, and let us go about our business; for we are in a hurry.\"\n\n\"Oh Princess! and Universal Lady of Toboso,\" answered Sancho, \"why does not that great heart of yours melt, to see the post and pillar of knight-errantry fall down before your high and mighty presence!\"\n\n\"What's here to do!\" exclaimed another woman, hearing this. \"Look how your small gentry come to jeer and flout poor country-girls, as if we could not give them as good as they bring.\"\n\n\"Go, get about your business, and let us go about ours,\" said the women, \"and speed you well.\"\n\n\"Rise, Sancho,\" said Don Quixote, hearing this, \"for I am now convinced, that my malicious stars, not yet satisfied with my past misfortunes, have brought me to this.\"\nstill they shed their baleful influence, and have barred all the passages that could convey relief to my miserable soul, in this frail habitation of animated clay. Oh! thou extremity of all that's valuable, masterpiece of all human perfection, and only comfort of this afflicted heart, thy adorer; though now a spiteful enchanter persecutes me, fascinates my sight, hiding with mists and cataracts from me, and me alone, those peerless beauties, under the foul disguise of rural deformity, if he has not transformed thy faithful knight into some ugly shape to make me loathsome to thy eyes, look on me with a smiling amorous eye; and in the submission and genuflection which I pay to thy beauty, even under the fatal cloud that obscures it, read the humility with which my soul adores thee.\n\n\"Tittle-tattle, quoth the country-wench. Spare your breath to cool your porridge, and rid me of your idle gibberish. Get you on, Sir, and let us go; and we shall think it a kindness.\" This said, Sancho made way for her.\nAnd she passed, overjoyed that his plot had succeeded so well. The imaginary Dulcinea was no sooner free than she scourged the ass with the end of her staff and began to ride swiftly across the plain. But the angry beast, not accustomed to such sharp prodding, kicked and winced at such a rate that down came Lady Dulcinea. Quickly, Don Quixote ran to help her up, and Sancho to adjust and gird her pack saddle. Once done, the knight courteously reached for his enchanted mistress to help her onto her saddle. But she, now on her feet, took off and, clapping her hands on the ass's crupper, leapt into her panel with a single bound, and there she sat astride, like a man. By Saint Roque, exclaimed Sancho, our lady mistress is as nimble as an eel. Let me be hanged.\nIf she isn't thought to be the best jockey in Cordova or Mexico, she can still mount a horse effortlessly. At a jump, she was placed in the saddle without spurs, making her horse race away like a greyhound. Her damsels are skilled whipsters as well; they fly through the wind. He spoke truly, for when Dulcinea was once mounted, they all raced after her at full speed, not even looking back for half a league. Don Quixote followed them as far as he could with his eyes. Turning to his squire, Sancho, he said, \"What do you think of this matter? Are these sorcerers not inexorable? How far-reaching is their spite, to deprive me of the happiness of seeing the object of my desires in her natural shape and glory. I am doomed to be an example of misfortunes, and the mark against which those wretches aim all the arrows of their hatred.\" Note, Sancho.\nThese traitors were not content to transform my Dulcinea, but they changed her into the vile and deformed likeness of a country wench. They even took from her the sweet scent of fragrant flowers and amber, those grateful odors essential to ladies of her rank. When I went to help her mount her nag, as you call it (for to me it seemed nothing but an ass), such a whiff, such a rank smell of garlic invaded my nostrils, nearly overcoming me and causing a convulsion. Oh, you vile wretches, cried Sancho! Oh, you wicked and ill-minded enchanters! Oh, that I might but once see the whole nest of you threaded together on one string and hung up smoking by the gills like so many pilchards! You know a deal, you can do a deal, and you make a deal of mischief. One would have thought you might have been contented, like a pack of rogues as you are, with having changed the pearls of my Lady's eyes into acorns.\nand her most pure golden locks into a red cow's tail, but you must be meddling with her breath. By it, we might have guessed what lay hid under that disguise; though for my part, she did not appear to me deformed at all, but rather fair and beautiful. She had a mole on the right side of her upper lip, like a whisker, from which sprouted seven or eight red hairs, each about a span in length, looking like so many strings of gold-wire. As moles on the body are generally a counterpart to those on the face, Dulcinea should have such another mole on that thigh which is opposite to that side of her face where that beauty-spot is seated. But methinks, Sancho, the hairs you speak of are of a length somewhat extraordinary for moles. That's neither here nor there, quoth Sancho, there they were I'll assure you, and they looked too as if she had brought them with her into the world. That I believe, said Don Quixote.\nfor every part of Dulcinea should be naturally perfect and complete; so that though a hundred moles were scattered over her fair outside, and as conspicuous too as that which you did see, they would not be deformities in her; but so many moons and stars, an additional lustre to her beauty. But tell me, Sancho, was that saddle which appeared to me to be the panel of an ass, a pillion or a side-saddle? It was a side-saddle, answered Sancho, with a field-covering, and so rich that it might purchase half a kingdom. And could not I see all this, cried Don Quixote. Well, I have said it, and must repeat it a thousand times, I am the most unfortunate man in the universe. The cunning rogue of a squire, hearing his master talk at that rate, could hardly keep his countenance and refrain from laughing to see how admirably he had fooled him. At last, after a great deal of discourse of the same nature, they both mounted again and took the road for Saragossa.\nBut they encountered many incidents on their journey, some so extraordinary that they must be recorded. Don Quixote rode melancholically, troubled by the magicians' transformation of Dulcinea. His thoughts were consumed with finding a way to break the enchantment and restore her beauty. In this distraught state, he carelessly let go of Rozinante's reins. The horse, finding itself free, grazed contentedly. Sancho, observing this, Sir, (he said, shaking him from his reverie) Sorrow is not for beasts but men. But if men give in to it too much, they become beasts themselves. Come, Sir, awake.\nawake by any means, pull up the Reins and ride like a man; cheer up and show yourself a Knight-Errant. What's the matter with you; Have I ever seen a man so moped? Are we here or are we in France, as the saying is? Let all the Dulcinea's in the world be damned to the pit of hell, rather than one single Knight-Errant be cast down at this rate. Hold, Sancho, cried Don Quixote, with more spirit than one would have expected; hold, I say; not a blasphemous word against that beautiful enchanted lady. For all her misfortunes are charged to the unhappy Don Quixote, and flow from the envy which those necromancers bear to me. So say I, replied the squire, for would it not vex anyone who had seen her before, to see her now as you saw her! Ay, Sancho, said the knight, your eyes were blessed with a view of her perfections in their entire lustre, you have reason to say so. Against me, against my eyes only is the malice of her transformation directed. But now I think on it, Sancho.\nYour Description of her beauty was a little absurd in comparing her eyes to pearls; surely such eyes are more like those of a whiting or a sea-bream, than those of a fair lady. In my opinion, Dulcinea's eyes are rather like two verdant emeralds rail'd in with two celestial arches, which signify her eyebrows. Therefore, Sancho, you must take your pearls from her eyes and apply them to her teeth, for I verily believe you mistook the one for the other. \"Troth, Sir,\" replied Sancho, \"it might be so. For her beauty confounded me as much as her ugliness did you. But let us leave all to Heaven, which knows all things that befall us in this vale of misery, this wicked, troublesome world, where we can be sure of nothing without some spice of knavery or roguery. In the meantime, there's a thing come into my head that puzzles me greatly. Pray, Sir, when you get the better of any giant or knight and send them to pay homage to the beauty of your lady and mistress, what should they do?\nThe poor Knight or Giant will have difficulty finding Dulcinea. I cannot help but think they will wander about Toboso Town, gaping and staring, yet if they encounter her in the middle of the King's Highway, they still won't recognize her. Perhaps, Sancho replied, the enchantment's power does not prevent vanquished knights and giants from seeing her in her unclouded beauty. I will try this with the first one I conquer and command them to return immediately to inform me of their success. I agree, Sancho said, we may discover the truth in this way; and if our Lady is merely hidden from you, she has less reason to complain than you may think; but when all is said and done, let us make the best of a bad situation, as long as our mistress is safe and sound.\nAnd even go seek Adventures. The rest we'll leave to Time, which is the best Doctor in such Cases, nay, in worse Diseases. Don Quixote was going to return an answer, but was interrupted by a cart that was crossing the road. He who drove it was a hideous devil, and the cart being open, without either tilt or boughs, exposed a parcel of the most surprising and different shapes imaginable. The first figure that appeared to Don Quixote was no less than Death itself, though with a human countenance; on one side of Death stood an angel with large wings of different colors; on the other side was placed an emperor with a crown that seemed to be of gold, at the feet of Death lay Cupid with his bow, quiver, and arrows, but not blindfold. Next to these figures, a knight appeared, completely armed except for his head, on which instead of a helmet he wore a mirror.\nA man wore a hat adorned with a large plume of party-colored feathers. Several other people were dressed strangely. This strange appearance initially surprised and frightened Don Quixote, causing the squire to lose his composure. However, Don Quixote soon clarified his thoughts, believing it to be a rare and hazardous adventure. Delighted by this notion and armed with the resolve to confront any danger, Don Quixote positioned himself in the middle of the road and demanded, \"You Carter, coachman, or devil, tell me immediately where you come from, where you are going, and what strange figures are in that carriage, which seems more like Charon's boat than a terrestrial vehicle.\" The devil answered civilly, stopping the cart, \"We are strolling players belonging to Angulo's company.\"\nAnd this morning, during Corpus Christi tide, we performed a tragedy titled \"The Parliament of Death\" in a town beyond the mountain. This afternoon, we will perform it again in the town you see before us. To save time and effort, we travel there in the same costumes we wear during the performance. The young man portrays Death, another is an angel; this woman, our poet's bedfellow, plays the queen; there is one who acts as a soldier, and the emperor is next to him. I, myself, play the devil, a role I must tell you is the best in the play. Should you have any questions, please ask and I will answer, for the devil knows all. By the faith of my role, Don Quixote remarked, we should not trust appearances before putting them to the test; for such a scene would have led me to believe some strange adventure was approaching. Farewell, good people; proceed to act your play.\nand if I can be of service to you in any particular, believe me ready to assist you with all my heart. In our friendly conversation, it unfortunately happened that one of the company, dressed as the fool of the play, approached, frisking with his Morrice-bells and three full-blown cow bladders attached to a stick. In this odd appearance, he began to flourish his stick in the air and bounce the bladders against the ground near Rozinante's nose. The jingling of the bells and the rattling noise of the bladders startled and affrighted the quiet creature, causing Don Quixote to lose control. With the curb between his teeth, the horse hurried its unwilling rider up and down the plain at great speed, despite his feeble bones. Sancho, considering the danger of his master's being thrown, dismounted.\nAnd he ran as fast as he could to his assistance, but before he could reach him, Rozinante made a false step and both master and horse fell to the ground. On the other side, the Fool, upon seeing Sancho slide off to help his master, leaped upon poor Dapple and, rattling his bladders over the terrified animal's hide, made him fly through the field towards the town where they were to perform. Sancho beheld his master's fall and his ass's flight at the same time, and stood divided in himself, not knowing which to assist first. At length, the duty of a good servant and a faithful squire prevailed, and he ran to his master, though every obstinate blow from the bladders upon Dapple's hindquarters struck him to his very soul. He would have wished every blow upon his own eye-balls rather than on the least hair of his ass's tail. In this agony of spirit, he came to Don Quixote.\nDon Quixote found someone in worse circumstances than the knight could have wished. Helping him remount, the man cried, \"Sir, the Devil has taken Dapple. What Devil?\" asked Don Quixote. \"The Devil with the Bladders,\" answered Sancho. \"Never mind,\" said Don Quixote. \"I'll make the traitor restore him, even if he locks him up in the deepest and darkest caves of Hell. Come, Sancho. We can easily overtake the wagon, and the mules will make amends for the loss of the ass.\"\n\n\"You need not be in such a hurry now, Sancho,\" quoth Sancho. \"For I see the Devil has already left Dapple and gone his way. Both ass and Devil were tumbling for company, imitating Don Quixote and Rozinante. Dapple, having left his new rider to walk to town on foot, now came running back to his master.\n\n\"All this,\" said Don Quixote, \"will not prevent me from avenging the insult inflicted upon us by that impolite Devil, at the expense of some of his companions.\"\ntho' it were the Emperor himself, Oh good your Worship!\" cried Sancho. \"Never mind it; I beseech you take my counsel, Sir,\" he continued. \"Never meddle with players. They are a sort of people who always find many friends. I have known one of them taken up for two murders, yet escape the gallows. You must know, that as they are a merry and witty lot, making sport wherever they come, everyone is fond of them and is ready to stand as their friend, especially if they are the King's Players or some of the noted gangs, who go at such a tearing rate that one might mistake some of them for gentlemen or lords. I care not,\" said Don Quixote, \"though all mankind united to assist that buffooning devil, he shall never escape unpunished, to Cupid as well as the rest, having taken up their shares of flints, stood ranked in battle array, ready to receive their enemy, as soon as he should come within stone-shot. Don Quixote, seeing them drawn up in such excellent order, with their arms lifted up.\nAnd he was ready to let fly at him a furious volley of shot, he made a halt, to consider in what quarter he might attack this dreadful battalion with least danger to his person. Pausing, Sancho overtook him, and seeing him ready to charge, \"For goodness sake, Sir,\" cried he, \"what do you mean! Are you mad, Sir? There's no fence against the beggar's bullets, unless you could fight with a brazen bell over you. Is it not rather rashness than true courage, think you, for one man to offer to set upon a whole army? Where death is too, and where emperors fight in person; nay, and where good and bad angels are against you? But if all this weighs nothing with you, consider, I beseech you, that though they seem to be kings, princes and emperors, yet there's not a knight-errant among them all. Now you have hit upon the only point, said Don Quixote, that could stop the fury of my arm: For indeed, as I have often told you, Sancho, there is not a single knight-errant in their ranks.\nI am bound up from drawing my sword against anyone below the order of knighthood. It is your business to fight in this cause if you have a just resentment of the indignities offered to your ass, and I, from this post, will encourage and assist you with salutary orders and instructions. No, I thank you, Sir, said Sancho, I hate revenge; a true Christian must forgive and forget; and as for Dapple, I don't doubt but to find him willing to leave the matter to me and stand to my verdict in the case, which is to live peaceably and quietly as long as Heaven is pleased to let me. Nay then, said Don Quixote, if that is your resolution, Good Sancho, Prudent Sancho, Christian Sancho, downright Sancho, let us leave these idle apparitions and proceed in search of more substantial and honorable adventures, of which, in all probability, this part of the world will afford us a wonderful variety. So saying, he wheeled off, and Sancho followed him. On the other side, Death with all his flying squadron.\nDon Quixote returned to his cart and continued their journey. This concluded the most dreadful adventure of the Chariot of Death, ending more favorably than anticipated, thanks to Sancho Panza's wise counsel. The following day, Don Quixote had another notable encounter, with a knight-errant and a lover.\n\nDon Quixote spent the night after his encounter with Death under the protection of some tall trees, where, at Sancho's urging, he refreshed himself with some of Dapple's provisions. As they were having supper, Sancho said, \"Sir, what a fool I would have been if I had taken the spoils from your first venture instead of the three mares' breed! Indeed, a bird in hand is worth two in the bush.\" Don Quixote replied, \"Had you let me fall, as I would have done, you could have at least shared the Emperor's golden crown.\"\nAnd I would have taken away Cupid's painted wings, giving them to you instead. But, Sancho, your emperor's crowns and scepters are not made of pure gold, but tin and copper. I grant it, said Don Quixote. Nor should the decorations on the stage be real, but imitations, and a resemblance of realities. The plays themselves must be this way. I would have you, Sancho, love and esteem them, and consequently those who write and act them. For they are all instrumental to the good of the commonwealth, and hold up mirrors reflecting a lively representation of human life. Nothing can give us a more just idea of nature and what we are or ought to be than comedians and comedies. Have you never seen a play acted, where kings, emperors, prelates, knights, ladies, and other characters are introduced on the stage? One man acts the part of a ruffian, another a soldier; this man a cheat.\nAnd a merchant plays the role of a deceitful fool, while another is a foolish lover. But once the play is over and the actors have undressed, they are all equal, and as they were before. I have seen this, said Sancho. Such is comedy on the grand stage of the world, where some play the emperors, others the prelates, and all the parts in a dramatic piece. Until death, which is the catastrophe and end of the action, strips the actors of all their marks of distinction and levels their quality in the grave. \"What a fine comparison, Sancho,\" said Don Quixote, \"though not a new one, as I have heard it many times.\" Just such another is the game of chess, where each piece has its particular role while the game lasts. But when the game is over, they are all mixed and huddled together, and put into a bag. Just as when life has ended, we are laid in the grave. \"Indeed, Sancho,\" said Don Quixote, \"your simplicity lessens, and your sense improves every day.\"\n\"quoth Sancho: some of your Wit must needs stick with me; for your dry, unyielding land, with good dunging and tilling, will in time yield a good crop. I mean, Sir, that the dung and muck of your conversation, being thrown on the barren ground of my wit, along with the time I have served you and kept you company - which is, as one might say, the tillage - I must needs bring forth blessed fruit at last, so as not to shame my master, but keep in the paths of good manners, which you have beaten into my sodden understanding. Sancho's affected style made Don Quixote laugh, though he thought his words true in the main; and he could not but admire his improvement. But the fellow never revealed his weakness more than by attempting to hide it, being most apt to tumble when he strove to soar too high. His excellence lay chiefly in a knack at drawing proverbs into his discourse, whether to the purpose or not, as anyone that has observed his manner of speaking in this history.\"\nIn such discussions, they spent a large part of the night. Sancho grew tired and wanted to close his eyes, signaling his intention to sleep. He unsaddled Dapple and let him graze. But Rozinante was forced to remain saddled all night, per his master's instruction, a practice used by all knight-errants who never dismounted their horses in the field, but only removed their bridles and hung them at the pommel of the saddle. However, Dapple was not abandoned by his faithful friend Rozinante. Their friendship was unparalleled and inviolable. Unquestioned tradition has passed this down from father to son. The author of this true history composed particular chapters about their united affection, although he did not include them in the work to maintain the decorum of such a heroic history. Yet he sometimes cannot help but give us a few touches on this subject, as when he writes:\nThe two friendly creatures took great pleasure in scrubbing and licking each other. Once they had finished, Rozinante would lean his head at least half a yard over Dapple's neck, and they would stand lovingly together, looking wistfully at the ground for two or three days, unless someone forced them to leave this contemplative posture or hunger compelled a separation. The author reportedly compared their friendship to that of Nysus and Euryalus, and that of Pylades and Orestes, which, if true, is worthy of admiration. The sincere affection of these quiet animals reflects men, who are all too guilty of breaking their friendships with one another. From this came the saying, \"There's no friend; all friendship's gone.\" Now men hug, then fight anon. And this other, \"Where you see your friend, trust yourself.\" The world would not take it ill.\nThe author compared the affection of animals to that of men, as important principles of prudence and morality have been learned from irrational creatures. For instance, the use of clysters from the stork and the benefit of vomiting from the dog. The crane represented vigilance, the ant providence, the elephant honesty, and the horse loyalty. Eventually, Sancho fell asleep at the root of a cork-tree, and his master dozed off under a spacious oak. However, Sancho was soon disturbed by a noise behind him. He looked and listened on the side from which he thought the voice came, and discovered two men on horseback. One man carelessly slid down from the saddle and called to the other, \"Alight, friend,\" he said. \"And unbridle the horse; this place will supply us plentifully with pasture, and me with silence and solitude to indulge my amorous thoughts.\"\nDon Quixote laid himself down on the grass. The noise from his armor signaled to him that a knight-errant was nearby. He woke Sancho and whispered, \"Look, Sancho. Isn't that a knight-errant lying on the ground over there? I believe he is in melancholic circumstances. I saw him throw himself off his horse and stretch out on the ground in a disconsolate manner, and his armor clashed as he fell. What of that, Sancho? How do you make this an adventure? I don't yet affirm that it is an adventure, Sancho answered, but a promising beginning.\" Meanwhile, the knight-errant was tuning an instrument.\nAnd by his coughing and spitting, he clears his throat to sing. \"Truly, Sir,\" said Sancho, \"it is indeed in earnest; and I believe it is some knight who is in love.\"\n\n\"But let us listen,\" answered Don Quixote, \"and if he sings, we shall learn more about his circumstances shortly; for out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaks. Sancho was about to respond, but the Knight of the Wood's indifferent voice interrupted him with the following song:\n\nBright Queen, how shall your loving slave\nBe sure not to displease?\nSome rule of duty let him crave,\nHe begs no other ease.\nMust I die, or hopeless live?\nI'll act as you ordain:\nDespair a silent death shall give,\nOr love himself complain.\n\nMy heart, though soft as wax, will prove\nLike diamonds firm and true:\nFor, what the impression can remove\nThat's stamped by love and you?\n\nThe Knight of the Wood concluded his song with a sigh that seemed to come from the very depths of his heart; and after some pause.\nwith a mournful and disconsolate voice, Oh the most beautiful, but most ungrateful of womenkind, cried he, how is it possible, most serene Casildea de Vandalia, that a knight who idolizes your charms should waste the flower of his youth and kill himself with continual wanderings and hard labors? Is it not enough, I have made you acknowledged the greatest beauty in the world by all the knights of Navarre, Leon, Tartesians, Castilians, and, in fine, by all the knights of La Mancha? Not so, neither, said Don Quixote then. For I myself am of La Mancha, and never acknowledged nor could, nor ought to acknowledge such an injurious thing to the beauty of my mistress. Therefore, Sancho, it is a plain case, this knight is out of his senses. But let us hearken; perhaps we shall discover something more. You will, I'll warrant you, replied Sancho.\nFor he seemed to have mourned together for a month. But it happened otherwise; for the Knight of the Wood overheard them, ceased his lamentation, and raising himself on his feet, in a loud but courteous tone called out, \"Who's there? What are you? Are you of the happy or the miserable?\" \"Of the miserable,\" answered Don Quixote. \"Approach then,\" said the Knight of the Wood, \"and be assured you have met Misery and Affliction itself.\" Upon such a moving and civil invitation, Don Quixote and Sancho drew near him. And the Mournful Knight, taking Don Quixote by the hand, said, \"Sit down, Sir Knight. For since your profession is chivalry, I need no other conviction than to have found you in this retirement, where solitude and the cold night-dews are your companions, and the proper stations and resting places of knight-errants.\" \"I am a knight,\" answered Don Quixote, \"and of the order you mention. And though my sorrows, disasters, and misfortunes usurp the seat of my mind,...\"\nI have a heart disposed to entertain the afflictions of others. Yours, as I gather from your complaints, is derived from love, and, I suppose, owing to the ingratitude of the beauty you now mention. While they were thus conversing, they sat close by one another on the hard ground, very peaceably and lovingly, and not like men who by break of day were to break one another's heads. And is it your fortune to be in love, asked the Knight of the Wood? It is my misfortune, answered Don Quixote; though the pleasant reflection of having placated our affections worthily balances the weight of our disasters and turns them to a blessing. This might be true, replied the Knight of the Wood, if the disdain of some mistresses were not often so galling to our tempers, as to inspire us with something like the spirit of revenge. For my part, said Don Quixote, I never felt my mistress's disdain. No, truly, quoth Sancho, who was near them, for my lady is as gentle as a lamb.\nAnd as soft as butter. Is that your squire, said the Knight of the Wood? It is, answered Don Quixote. I never saw a squire, said the Knight of the Wood, who dared presume to interrupt his master while he spoke. There's my fellow yonder; he's as big as his father, and yet no man can say he was ever so bold as to open his lips when I spoke. Well, well, quoth Sancho, I have spoken, and may speak again. But I have done. At the same time, the Squire of the Wood, pulling Sancho by the arm, come, brother, said he. Let us two go where we may chat freely by ourselves, like downright squires as we are. And let our masters get engrossed in the stories of their loves: I'll warrant you they'll be at it all night and won't have finished by the time it's day. With all my heart, quoth Sancho; and then I'll tell you who I am and what I am.\nAnd you shall judge if I am not fit to be a talking squire. With that, the two squires withdrew and had a conversation as comical as that of their masters was serious.\n\nThe knights and their squires thus divided, the latter to tell their lives, and the former to relate their amours. The story begins with the squire of the wood. \"Sir,\" he said to Sancho, \"this is a troublesome kind of life that we squires of knight-errants lead. We can truly say, we eat our bread with the sweat of our brows, one of the curses laid on our first parents. Yes, we can also say, Sancho, we eat it with a cold shivering of our bodies; for there are no poor creatures that suffer more by heat or cold than we do. Nay, if we could but eat at all, it would never vex us; for good fare lessens care. But sometimes we go for a day or two and never so much as breakfast, unless it be on the wind that blows. After all, we may bear with this.\"\nWhen we think of the reward we are to expect. A knight-errant must be extremely unfortunate who has not governed some island or good, handsome earldom to bestow on his squire. As for me, I have often told my master, I would be contented with the government of any island; and he is so noble and free-hearted that he has promised it to me over and over. For my part, the other squire would think himself well paid for his services with some good canonry, and I have his master's word for it too. Why then, said Sancho, be like your master and become a church knight, and may bestow such a living upon me, for he's a sorry country squire indeed who lacks his horse, his couple of hounds, or his fishing tackle, to live pleasantly at home. I can have all this at will, said Sancho. Indeed, I have no nag; but I have an honest ass here worth two of my master's horses any day in the year. A bad Christmas be my lot, and may it be the next.\nIf I would swap beasts with him, though he gave me four bushels of barley to boot, no, I wouldn't. Laugh as much as you will at the value I set on my Dapple; for Dapple you must know is his color. Now, as for hounds, we have enough to spare in our town; and there's no sport like hunting at another man's cost. Faith and truth, Brother Squire, quoth the Squire of the Wood, I am fully set upon it. These vagrant knights may even seek their mad adventures by themselves for me. I'll go home, and breed up my children as becomes me; for I have three, as precious as three orient pearls. I have but two, quoth Sancho; but they might be presented to the Pope himself, especially my girl, whom I breed up to be a countess (Heaven bless her), in spite of her mother's teeth. And how old, pray, may this same young lady countess be? Why, she's about fifteen, answered Sancho, a little over or a little under; but she's as April-morning, and as strong as a porter. With these parts, quoth the other.\nShe may set up not only as a Countess, but as one of the Wood-Nymphs! Ah, the Young Buxom Whore's Brood! What a Spring the Merryman in a grumbling tone, and her mother was an honest woman before her; and they shall be honest, by Heaven's blessing, while I live and do well. So, Sir, pray keep your tongue between your teeth, or speak as you ought. Methinks your master should have taught you better manners; for knight-errants are the very epitome of courtesy. Alas, quoth the Squire of the Wood, how you're mistaken! how little you know the way of praising people nowadays! Have you never observed when any gentleman at a bull-feast gives the bull a home thrust with his lance, or when anyone behaves himself cleverly upon any occasion? The people will cry out, \"What a brisk son of a whore that is! a clever dog, I'll warrant him.\" So, what seems to be slander, in that sense, is notable commendation. And be advised by me, don't think those children worth the owning.\nWho will not do what might commend their parents in such a way. Nay, if that be so, quoth Sancho, I'll disown them if they don't; and henceforth you may call my wife and daughter all the whores and bawds you can think of, and welcome; for they do a thousand things that deserve all these fine names. Heaven send me once more to see them, and deliver me out of this mortal sin of squire-erranting, which I have been drawn into a second time, by the wicked bait of a hundred ducats, which the devil threw in my way in Sierra Morena, and which he still haunts me with, and brings before my eyes here and there and every where. Oh that accursed purse, 'tis still running in my head, I think I am counting it over and over! Now I hug it, now I carry it home, now I'm buying land with it; now I let leases, now I'm receiving my rents, and live like a prince! Thus I pass away the time, and this lulls me on to drudge on to the end of the chapter, with this dull-headed master of mine.\nWho is more mad than a Knight, the Squire of the Wood remarked. Indeed, covetousness breaks the sack. Speaking of madmen, my master is worse than yours. He is one of those described in the proverb, \"Fools meddle,\" and \"He who meddles with another's business milks his cow into a sieve.\" In pursuit of another knight's wits, he loses his own and hunts relentlessly for that which may cause him regret. And isn't every man in love, Sancho asked? Yes, replied the other, with Casildea de Vandalia, one of the oddest pieces in the world. She neither roasts nor boils and is neither fish flesh nor good red herring. But that's not the issue plaguing his mind now. He has other quirks in his crown, and you'll hear more about it soon. There is no path without a hole or rub to make one stumble. In some houses, they boil beans.\nAnd in mine are whole kettles full. So madness requires good attendants more than wisdom. But if the old saying is true, that it lightens sorrow to have companions in our grief, you are the fittingest to comfort me; you serve one fool and I another. My master, quoth the Squire of the Wood, is more stout than foolish, but more knave than either. Mine is not like yours then, quoth Sancho, he has not one grain of knavery in him; he's as dull as an old cracked pitcher, hurts no one, does all the good he can to every one, a child may persuade him it is night at noon-day, and he is so simple, that I can't help loving him with all my heart and soul, and can't leave him, in spite of all his folly. Have a care, brother, said the Squire of the Wood, when the blind lead the blind, both may fall into the ditch. 'Tis better to wheel about fair and softly.\nThe Squire of the Wood noticed Sancho spitting frequently and dryly. He surmised, \"Brother, I believe our tongues stick to the palates of our mouths from all this talking. I have a remedy for that hanging from the pommel of my saddle.\" He then retrieved a leather bottle of wine and a large, cold pie. The pie was at least half a yard long. Sancho, upon seeing it, mistook it for a baked goat rather than a kid, despite it being only an oversized rabbit. \"What's this, Master?\" Sancho asked in astonishment. \"Do you take me for a simple country squire?\" The Squire replied, \"I carry as good provisions for my horse as any general on his march.\" Sancho didn't wait for an invitation and began to eat in the dark, consuming morsels as large as his fist. \"Indeed, marry,\" Sancho exclaimed.\nSir, you are a true and trusty squire, noble and free-hearted, round and sound. This good cheer is proof of it, not obtained by witchcraft, but one would almost think so. I, a poor wretch, have nothing in my knapsack but a hard crust of cheese and a few acorns, walnuts, and filberts. Shame on my master's niggardly temper and his cursed maggot, imagining that all knight-errants must live on little dried fruit and salads. Well, well, brother, our masters may diet themselves by rules of chivalry if they please; your thistles, herbs, and roots do not agree with my stomach. I must have good meat, I swear! And this bottle here at hand at the pommel of my saddle is my joy, my life, the comfort of my soul. I hug and kiss it every moment, and now recommend it to you as the best friend in the world. Sancho took the bottle.\nAnd, raising it to his thirsty lips and fixing his eyes on the stars, he remained in this contented contemplation for a quarter of an hour. At last, after taking a draught, he groaned deeply and nodded to one side with a cunning leer. Oh! the son of a harlot! What rare and Catholic bubblier it is! Oh ho! exclaimed the Squire of the Wood, have I caught you at your son of a harlot's! I told you so, now that it was a way of commending a thing. I yield, replied Sancho, and it is no dishonor to call one a son of a harlot when we mean to praise him. But now, by the memory of the one you love best, please tell me, is not this your right Ciudad-Real Wine? Thou hast a rare palate, answered the Squire of the Wood, it is the very same, and of good standing too. I knew it, faith! said Sancho, is this not strange now? Turn me loose among a parcel of wines to find the difference.\nAnd all the qualities of the parcel: And this is natural to me, Sir; for I had two relatives by my father's side who were the finest tasters known for a long time in La Mancha. I'll relate to you a story that supports what I said. It happened once that some wine was drawn fresh from a hogshead and given to these same friends of mine to taste. They were asked for their opinions regarding the condition, quality, and goodness of the wine, and all that. One tried it with the tip of his tongue, the other only smelled it. The first said the wine tasted of iron; the second said it had a tang of goat leather. The vintner swore his vessel was clean, and the wine neat and so pure that it could have no taste of anything. Well, time passed, the wine was sold, and when the vessel was emptied, what do you think was found in the cask? A little key with a bit of leather thong tied to it. Judge you by this.\nThe two friendly squires had talked and drank, holding out as long as their bottle allowed. After filling their bellies, they fell asleep, each holding onto their nearly empty bottle. Meanwhile, many conversations passed between Don Quixote and the Knight of the Wood. The Knight said to Don Quixote, \"You must know, Sir Knight,\" he began.\nI became enamored of the peerless Casildea de Vandalia by fate or my own choice. I call her peerless because of her great stature, state, and beauty, which are singular. However, this lady has taken no other notice of my honorable passion than employing me in numerous perilous adventures, like Hercules's step-mother, promising me that the completion of each one would grant me my desires. But after a succession of countless labors, I do not know which of her commands will be the last to crown my lawful wishes. By her particular injunction, I challenged the famous Giantess La Giralda of Seville, who is as strong and undaunted as one made of brass, and who, without changing place, is the most changeable and unconstant woman in the world. I went, I saw, and overcame her; I made her stand still and fixed her in a constant point.\nfor the entire week, no wind blew in the skies. Another time she joined me in removing the ancient stones of the bulls of Guisando \u2013 a task more suitable for porters than knights. Then she commanded me to descend and dive into the cave of Cabra (a terrible and unheard-of attempt), and bring her an account of all the wonders in that dismal depth. I stopped La Giralda's motion, weighed the bulls of Guisando, and with a precipitous fall, plunged to the distant bottom of the den and brought to light the treasures of Spain, exacting a confession from all the knight-errants who roamed the land that her beauty alone surpassed that of all others. I, the most valiant and most enamored knight in the world, have already journeyed over the greatest part of Spain on this expedition, and have overcome many knights who dared to contradict my assertion. But the perfection of my glory\nI have conquered the renowned Don Quixote of La Mancha in single combat, compelling him to submit the beauty of his Dulcinea to that of my Casildea. Now I consider all wandering knights of the universe vanquished by my prowess. Their fame, glory, and honors are now vested in this great Don Quixote, who before made them the spoils of his valorous arm. However, they must now attend the triumphs of my victory. The reputation of the conqueror rises in proportion to that of the vanquished, and all the latter's laurels are transferred to me.\n\nDon Quixote was astonished to hear the knight speak in this manner and had a lie ready at his tongue's end to refute him a thousand times. But, designing to make him own his falsehood with his own mouth, he strove to contain his anger. Arguing the matter calmly, Sir Knight, he said, \"Your victories have extended over all the knights in Spain, and perhaps over the whole world.\"\nI will not dispute, but if you have vanquished Don Quixote de la Mancha, I must have your permission to doubt: It might have been someone like him, though he is a person whom very few can resemble. What do you mean? Answered the Knight of the Wood: By that spangled canopy of the skies, I fought Don Quixote hand to hand, vanquished him, and made him submit. He is a tall, withered-faced, leathery-jawed fellow, scraggly-haired, grizzled, hawk-nosed, and wears long, black, lank mustachios. He is distinguished in the field by the title of the Knight of the Woeful Figure. He rides and manages that far-famed courser Rozinante, and has for the object of his affections, one Dulcinea del Toboso, sometimes called Aldonza Lorenzo. As mine, whose name was Casildea, and who is of Andalusia, is now distinguished by the denomination of Casildea de Vandalia: and if all these convincing marks be not sufficient to prove this truth, I wear a sword that shall force even incredulity to credit it. Not so fast, good Sir Knight.\nDon Quixote said, \"Pay attention to what I'm about to tell you. You must know that Don Quixote is my dearest friend in the world. His descriptions match his person and circumstances so perfectly that it seems he could be the one you've captured. However, I am convinced by the more compelling argument of common sense that it cannot be him. But I will allow that, as there are many enchanters who are his enemies, especially one whose malice relentlessly persecutes him, perhaps one of them has assumed his likeness to achieve a false conquest and deprive him of the glory he gained through his renowned chivalry throughout the universe. I can also provide further confirmation.\"\nIt has only been two days since these envious magicians transformed the figure and person of Dulcinea del Toboso into that of a rustic wench. And if this does not convince you of your error, behold Don Quixote himself, who stands ready to maintain his words with his arms, whether on foot or on horseback, or in any other manner you may think convenient. He said this as he rose up and placed his hand on his sword, expecting the motions and resolutions of the Knight of the Wood. But with great calmness, Sir, he replied, \"A good paymaster grudges no surety. He who could once vanquish Don Quixote when transformed has no reason to fear him in his proper shape. But since darkness is not proper for the achievements of knights, but rather for robbers and ruffians, let us wait for the morning light so that the sun may witness our valor. The conditions of our combat shall be that the conquered shall be entirely at the mercy of the conqueror.\nWho shall dispose of him at discretion; provided he does not abuse his power by commanding anything unworthy of knighthood. \"I agree, Don Quixote replied. We must find our squires and prepare our horses. The first rays of the rising sun must witness our bloody and unprecedented single combat. This news thunder-struck Sancho, putting him in a state of great anxiety for his master's safety, having heard the knight of the wood's courage exaggerated by his squire. However, without a word, Sancho went with his companion to seek their beasts, which by now had found each other and were lovingly united. \"Friend,\" said the squire to Sancho as they went, \"our masters are to fight, so you and I are likely to have a skirmish as well; for it is the way among us Andalusians.\nNot allowing the conditions to remain idle with crossed arms while their friends are engaged in it, said Sancho. This may be a custom in your country, but let me tell you, it's a damned custom, Sir Squire, and only ruffians and bloody-minded fellows would uphold it. But if there is such a law, I will not obey it; I'd rather pay the penalty. I don't believe the fine can be more than two pounds of wax, which will cost me less than the lint would to make tents for my squire, who I believe is already cleft down to my chin. Moreover, how should I fight? I have neither a sword nor have I ever worn one. No matter, replied the Squire of the Wood. I have a cure for that. I have here a pair of linen-bags, both of a size. You shall take one, and I'll take the other.\nand so we'll let each other drive with these equal weapons, \"ay, ay, with all my heart,\" quoth Sancho. This will dust our jackets purely, and won't hurt our skins. Not so neither, replied the Squire of the Wood. For we'll put half a dozen of smooth stones into each bag, so the wind won't blow them to and fro, and they may play better, and so we may brush one another's coats cleverly, yet do ourselves no great hurt. \"Body of my father!\" quoth Sancho. \"What soft sable-fur, what dainty carded cotton and lambswool he crams into the bags, to hinder our making pap of our brains, and touch-wood of our bones!\" But I say again and again, I am not in a humor to fight, though they were only full of silk-balls. Let our masters fight, and hear it in another world; but let us drink and live while we may, for why should we strive to end our lives before their time and season; and be so eager to gather the plums that will drop of themselves when they're ripe? Well, said the Squire of the Wood, for all that.\nwe must fight for half an hour or so. Not a minute, replied Sancho: I haven't the heart to quarrel with a gentleman with whom I have been eating and drinking. I'm not angry with you in the least, and if I were to be hanged for it, I could never fight in cold blood. Nay, if that's all, said the Squire of the Wood, you'll be angry enough, I'll warrant you; for, before we go to it, you see, I'll walk up very handsomely to you and lend your worship three or four sound slaps on the cheeks, and knock you down; which will be sure to awaken your choler, though it slept as sound as a dormouse. Nay then, quoth Sancho, I have a trick for your trick, if that's all, and you shall have as good as you bring; for I will take a pretty middling lever (you understand me) and before you can waken my choler, I will lay yours asleep so fast that it shall never wake more, unless in the other world; where 'tis well known, I am one who lets no man's fist dust my nose. Let every man look before he leaps. Many come for wool.\nThat which goes home sheared. No man knows what another can do: So, friend, let every man's anger sleep with him; Blessed are the peace-makers, and cursed are the peace-breakers. A baited cat may turn as fierce as a lion. Who knows then what I, that am a man, may turn to, if provoked? Take it therefore for a warning from me, Sir Squire, that all the mischief you may be hatching in this manner shall lie at your door. Well, said the other, 'twill be day anon, and then we shall see what's to be done.\n\nAnd now a thousand sorts of pretty birds began to warble in the trees, and with their various cheerful notes seemed to salute the fresh Aurora, who then displayed her rising beauties through the gates and arches of the east, and gently shook from her dewy locks a shower of liquid pearls, sprinkling and enriching the verdant meads with that reviving treasure, which seemed to spring and drop from the bending leaves. The willows distilled their delicious manna, the rivulets fondly murmured, the fountains smiled.\nThe woods and fields were cheered and enriched by her approach. But as the dawning light recalled distinction, the first thing that presented itself to Sancho's view was the squire of the wood's nose. It was so large that it overshadowed almost his entire body. In truth, it is said to have been of monstrous size, crooked in the middle, studded with warts and carbuncles, tawny as a russet pippin, and hanging down two fingers below his mouth. The unreasonable bulk, dismal hue, protuberancy, and crookedness of that nose so disfigured the squire that Sancho was seized with a trembling at the sight, and resolved to take two hundred cuffs before his servant should awaken to encounter such a hobgoblin. As for Don Quixote, he fixed his eyes upon his antagonist; but as his helmet was on, and he had pulled down the visor, his face could not be seen. However, he observed him to be strongly built, though not very tall. Over his armor he wore a coat that looked like cloth of gold.\noverspread with Looking-glasses cut into the shape of Half-Moons, which made a very glittering show: A large plume of yellow-green and white feathers waved about his helmet; and his lance, which he had set up against a tree, was very thick and long, with a steel-head a foot in length. Don Quixote surveyed every particular, and from his observations, judged him to be a man of great strength. But all this was so far from daunting his courage, like Sancho, that, with a gallant demeanor, Sir Knight of the Mirrors, said he, if your eager desire of combat has not made you deaf to the entreaties of civility, be pleased to lift up your visor a while, that I may see whether the gracefulness of your face equals that of your body. Whether you be vanquished or victorious in this enterprise, answered the Knight of the Mirrors, you shall have leisure enough to see my face: I cannot at present satisfy your curiosity; for every moment of delay from combat is, in my thoughts, undesirable.\na. Wrong done to the Beautiful Casildea de Vandalia. However, replied Don Quixote, \"Let's get on horseback, and you can tell me if I am the same Don Quixote you claim to have defeated? To this I answer you, said the Knight of the Mirrors, you are as similar to the knight I vanquished as one egg is to another. But considering what you tell me, that you are persecuted by enchanters, I dare not affirm that you are the same. 'Tis enough for me, said Don Quixote, that you have your doubts; but to prove them entirely, let's mount our horses. For, if Providence and my arm assist me, I will see your face in less time than it would have taken you to lift up your beard, and make you know that I am not the Don Quixote you speak of having defeated.\" This said, without further words, they mounted. Don Quixote wheeled about with Rocinante.\nThe Knight of the Mirrors called out to Don Quixote to take ground for their fight. Don Quixote had only gone twenty paces when they met. \"Remember, Sir Knight,\" the Knight of the Mirrors said, \"the conditions of our fight. The vanquished, as I previously mentioned, shall be at the mercy of the conqueror. I agree, answered Don Quixote, on the condition that the victor imposes nothing on me that violates the laws of chivalry. I mean nothing more, replied the Knight of the Mirrors. As Don Quixote looked at the Squire's strange nose, he was as amazed as Sancho. Believing the Squire to be more of a monster than a man, Don Quixote worried that the greater force might be too much for the less, or that fear might cause him to falter. Sancho, fearing the same, did not trust himself alone with the Squire and ran after Don Quixote.\ntill he had taken hold of Rozinante's stirrup leathers; and when he thought him ready to turn back to take his course, good sir, cried he, before you run upon your enemy, help me to get up into that cork tree, where I may better, and much more to my liking, see your brave battle with the knight. I rather believe, said Sancho, that fellow's unconscionable nose has so frightened me that I dare not stay within his reach. It is indeed such a sight, said Don Quixote, as might affect anyone with fear, except for myself; and therefore, come, I'll help you up. Now while Sancho was climbing up the tree with his master's assistance, the Knight of the Mirrors took as much ground as he thought proper for his charge; and imagining Don Quixote had done the same, he faced about, without expecting the trumpet's sound or any other signal for a charge, and with his horse's full speed.\nDon Quixote, a middling Trot on his horse Rozinante, went to encounter his enemy. Seeing the enemy helping up his squire, Don Quixote held his steed in the middle of the charge, allowing the horse to rest, grateful for the respite as it was barely able to move. Don Quixote believed his enemy was charging towards him and spurred Rozinante's flanks vigorously, waking the horse's mettle and causing it to gallop slightly for the first time. With this newfound energy, Don Quixote reached his opponent, who was frantically spurring his horse. Don Quixote, unaware of his own disarray, failed to set his lance in the rest or use proper timing.\nEncountered him without danger, so furiously that the Knight of the Mirrors was hurried off his horse's crupper; and was so hurt from falling to the ground that he lay unmoving, or any sign of life. Sancho, upon seeing him fallen, slid down from the tree and ran to his master. Having dismounted, Don Quixote was attending to the Knight of the Mirrors, unlacing his helmet to see if he was dead or alive and give him air. But who can describe what Sancho saw when he saw the face of the Knight of the Mirrors, without raising wonder, amazement, or astonishment in those who hear it? He saw, says the history, in that face, the very visage, aspect, physiognomy, make, features, and effigy of Bachelor Sampson Carrasco. \"Come Sancho,\" cried he as he saw it, \"come hither, look and admire what you may see, yet not believe.\" Sancho drew near.\nAnd seeing Bachelor Sampson Carrasco's face, the defeated knight began to cross himself a thousand times and bless himself as many more. The poor knight gave no sign of life. Sir, said Sancho to his master, if you'll be ruled by me, act now: right or wrong, thrust your sword down this fellow's throat, who looks just like Bachelor Sampson Carrasco. That thought's not amiss, said Don Quixote, and with that, drawing his sword, he was going to put Sancho's advice into execution. But the knight's squire came running up, without the nose that had disguised him before, and calling to Don Quixote, \"Hold, Noble Don Quixote,\" he cried. \"Take heed! Beware! It's your friend Sampson Carrasco who now lies at your mercy, and I am his squire.\" And where's your nose, Sancho asked, seeing him now without his disguise? Here in my pocket.\nThe squire answered and, saying \"Blessed Virgin protect me! Who is this?\" pulled out the nose of a varnished pasteboard visor, as described. Sancho stared at him in earnestness. \"Thomas Cecial, my friend and neighbor?\" the squire asked. \"Yes, it's me, Squire,\" Sancho replied. \"I'll tell you later how he tricked me into coming here. In the meantime, tell your master not to harm, kill, or interfere with the Knight of the Mirrors, who now lies at his mercy. I assure you it's our ill-advised countryman Sampson Carrasco, and no one else.\"\n\nThe Knight of the Mirrors began to come to his senses. Noticing this, Don Quixote held the point of his sword to the knight's throat. \"You die, Knight,\" he cried, \"if you refuse to confess that the peerless Dulcinea del Toboso surpasses your Casildea de Vandalia in beauty.\" Besides this.\nIf you survive this battle, you will promise me to go to the City of Toboso. There, present yourself to the woman I desire, and submit yourself to her will. If she lets you go, return to me and report on your dealings with her. These terms follow our pre-battle agreement and adhere to the rules of knighthood. The disgraced knight replied, \"I admit that the tattered shoe of Dulcinea del Toboso is more appealing than Casildea's untidy hair. I will go to her and return to you with a complete account of your instructions.\" Additionally, you must acknowledge and accept that the knight I defeated was not Don Quixote of La Mancha.\nbut someone else in his likeness; I confess and believe that you appear to be Bachelor Sampson Carrasco, but are not he, but another who has been transformed to resemble him by my enemies, to mollify my anger and make me receive with moderation the glory of my victory. The knight made this confession and belief. I now implore you to let me rise, if my injuries from my fall permit; for I find myself greatly bruised. Don Quixote helped him up with the aid of his squire, Thomas Cervantes. Sancho fixed his eyes on him, asking him a thousand questions; the answers convinced him that he was the real Thomas Cervantes, as he claimed, though the idea that the magicians had transformed the Knight of the Mirrors into Sampson Carrasco had made such an impression on his fancy that he could not believe the testimony of his own eyes. In short,\nDon Quixote and the Knight of the Mirrors persisted in their error. The Knight and his squire, out of humor and out of order, left Don Quixote to go to a town where he could get ointments and plasters for his ribs. Don Quixote and Sancho continued their progress toward Saragosa. The history leaves them there, describing neither the Knight of the Mirrors nor his squire.\n\nDon Quixote was extremely pleased and joyful, proud of and glorying in the victory he had gained over such a valiant knight as the Knight of the Mirrors. He relied on his word of honor, which he could not violate without forfeiting his title to chivalry, to return and give an account of his reception. But Don Quixote dreamed of one thing, and the Knight of the Mirrors thought of another. His only concern for the present was how to cure his bruises.\n\nHere the history relates:\nWhen Carrasco advised Don Quixote to resume his knight-errantry, it was the outcome of a conversation he had with the curate and the barber, regarding the most effective means to persuade Don Quixote to remain at home and abandon his ill-fated adventures. Carrasco, along with the others, believed it futile to attempt to prevent him from embarking on another journey. Instead, they decided to let him go and intercept him en route, dressed as a knight-errant. Carrasco planned to seize the opportunity to engage him in combat, which he believed he could easily win, provided they reached an agreement that the defeated party would submit to the victor's discretion. After Carrasco had vanquished Don Quixote, he would command him to return home and remain there for two years without seeking permission to depart. It was assumed that Don Quixote would faithfully adhere to this condition.\nFor fear of infringing the Laws of Chivalry, and hoping he might be weaned of his frantic imaginations or they might find means to cure him of his madness, Carrasco undertook this task. Thomas Cecial, a brisk, pleasant fellow, Sancho's neighbor and gossip, offered to be his squire. Sampson equipped himself, and Thomas Cecial fitted a huge pasteboard nose to his own, so Sancho wouldn't recognize him when they met. They followed Don Quixote so closely they nearly overtook him during his encounter with the Chariot of Death. They eventually found him in the wood where their encounter occurred, which could have proved fatal for the bachelor and ended his quest forever had Don Quixote not been so obstinate in not believing it was the same man.\n\nThomas Cecial, seeing the ill-success of their journey, Master Carrasco, said he.\nWe have been served well enough. 'Tis easy to begin a business, but a hard matter to see it through. Don Quixote is mad, and we think ourselves wise; yet he's gone away sound, and laughing in his sleeve; and your Worship is left here well-treated, but in low spirits. Now pray, who's the greatest madman, he that is so because he cannot help it, or he that does so for his pleasure? The difference, answered the bachelor, is that he who cannot help being mad will always be so; but he who only plays the fool for his fancy may give over when he pleases. Well then, quoth Cecil, I, who was pleased to play the fool in going squire-erranting with your Worship, for the same reason will give it over now, and even make the best of my way home again. Do as you will, replied Carrasco, but 'tis a folly to think I ever will go home till I have vengefully paid that unaccountable madman. 'Tis not that he may recover his wits neither: No, 'tis pure revenge now.\nFor the pain in my bones wouldn't let me show any charity towards him. They continued conversing until they reached a town, where by good fortune they encountered a bone-setter. He eased the bruised bachelor. Thomas Cecil left him, and went home, while the other stayed to plan revenge. In due time, the history will speak of him again, but for now, let us not forget Don Quixote's joy.\n\nDon Quixote continued his journey, filled, as we mentioned before, with joy and satisfaction. His recent victory made him believe he was the most valiant knight-errant of the age. He considered all his future adventures already finished and happily achieved. He defied all enchantments and enchanters. He no longer remembered the countless blows he had received during his errantry; nor the shower of stones that had knocked out half of his teeth; nor the ingratitude of the galley slaves; nor the insolence of the Tanguesian carriers.\nDon Quixote, having been brutally attacked by the innkeepers with their packstaffs, concluded that if he could somehow break the enchantment of his beloved Dulcinea, he would have no reason to envy the greatest happiness ever achieved or attainable by the most fortunate knight in the world. While he was deeply engrossed in these delightful thoughts, Sancho interrupted, \"Is it not a pleasant thing, Sir, that I can't get the huge, unconscionable nose and whapping nostrils of Tomas Cecial, my squire, out of my mind?\" Don Quixote answered, \"Sancho, do you still believe that the Knight of the Mirrors was Bachelor Carrasco, and that Thomas Cecial was his squire? I don't know what to say about that, Sancho, but this I am sure: no one but he could have given me those items of my house and of my wife and children as he did. Moreover, when his enormous nose was off...\"\nHe had Tom Cecil's face to a hair. I ought to know it; we are next-door neighbors. And he had his speech to a tittle. Come, returned Don Quixote; let us reason about this business. How can it enter anyone's imagination that Bachelor Sampson Carrasco would come armed, like a knight-errant, to fight with me? Have I ever been his enemy or given him any occasion to be mine? Am I his rival? Or has he taken up the profession of arms in envy of the glory which I have purchased by my sword? But then, replied Sancho, what shall we say to the resemblance between this same knight, whoever he be, and Bachelor Carrasco, and the likeness between his squire and my goopher? If 'tis an enchantment, as your worship says, were there no other people in the world but they two, to make them like? All, all, cried Don Quixote, it is the artifice and delusion of those malevolent magicians that persecute me.\nforeseeing that I would get the Victory, they disguised their vanquished property under the resemblance of my friend, the bachelor; that at the sight, my friendship might interpose between the edge of my sword and moderate my just resentment, and so rescue him from death, who basely had attempted on my life. But you, Sancho, by experience, which could not deceive you, know how easy it is for magicians to transform the face of anyone into another resemblance, fair into foul, and foul again into fair; since not two days ago, with your own eyes you beheld the peerless Dulcinea in her natural state of beauty and proportion; when I, the object of their envy, saw her in the homely disguise of a bleary-eyed, fetid, ugly country wench. Why then should you wonder so much at the frightful transformation of the bachelor and your neighbor Cecilia? But however, this is a comfort to me, that I got the better of my enemy, whatever shape he assumed. Well, quoth Sancho.\nHeaven knows the truth of all things. This was all the answer he thought fit to make, for as he knew that Dulcinea's transformation was only a trick of his own, he was willing to waive the discussion, though he was less satisfied in his master's chimera's; but feared to drop some word that might have betrayed his roguery.\n\nWhile they were in this conversation, they were overtaken by a gentleman on a very fine flea-bitten mare. He wore a riding coat of fine green cloth, faced with murrey-colored velvet, a hunter's cap of the same. The furniture of his mare was country-like and after the Jennet-fashion, and also murrey and green. By his side hung a Moorish scimitar in a large belt of green and gold. His buskins were of the same work as his belt. His spurs were not gilt, but burnished so well with a certain green varnish that they looked better, to suit with the rest of his equipment, than if they had been of pure gold. As he came up with them, he very civilly saluted them.\nAnd riding his horse, Don Quixote began to leave them behind. \"Sir,\" he called out, \"if you're not in too much of a hurry, we'd be glad of your company as far as you're traveling this road.\" The gentleman replied, \"I wouldn't be riding so close to you, if not that I'm afraid your horse might be unruly with mine. But if that's all, Sir, Sancho said, you may hold your horse; for ours is the most honest and sober horse in the world. He's never done anything wrong on such occasions. Once upon a time, he did forget himself and stray, but then we were very upset about it. I assure you, Sir, if your horse were served up to him in a dish, he wouldn't even touch it. Upon this, the traveler stopped his horse and couldn't help but gaze at Don Quixote, who rode without his helmet.\"\nA gentleman, approximately fifty years old, with gray hair and a sharp, pleasing expression, sat atop Sancho's ass. Don Quixote appraised him with equal curiosity, deeming him a man of consequence. The gentleman's appearance spoke of quality. As the gentleman scrutinized Don Quixote, he marveled at the lank horse beneath him, considering the long-backed, raw-boned creature that carried Don Quixote. He took in the wan, meager face, the grave air, the gravity, the arms, and the equipment - a figure seldom seen in those parts. Don Quixote noticed the gentleman's intense gaze and, being a man of courtesy and fond of pleasing others, addressed him before being questioned.\n\nSir, he said.\nI am one of those knights who go in quest of adventures. I have left my country, mortgaged my estate, quit my pleasures, and thrown myself into the arms of fortune. My design was to give a new life to knighthood, which so long had been lost to the world. I have endured infinite toils and hardships, sometimes stumbling, sometimes falling; casting myself headlong in one place and rising again in another. I have passed a great part of my desire, relieving widows, protecting damsels, assisting married women and orphans, the proper and natural office of knight-errants. And thus, by many valorous and Christian-like achievements, I have merited the honor of having thirty thousand volumes of my history printed already, and thirty thousand millions more are likely to be printed.\nIf Heaven forbids. In brief, to summarize everything in one word, I am Don Quixote of La Mancha, also known as The Knight of the Sad Countenance; I acknowledge that it diminishes the value of praise to publish it myself; yet, I am compelled to do so when there is no one present to do justice for me. And now, good sir, let not this steed, this lance, this shield, this armor, nor this squire, nor my pale countenance, nor my exhausted body, elicit your admiration, since you know who I am and the profession I follow. Having said this, Don Quixote fell silent, and the Green Gentleman, by delaying to answer him, seemed as if he did not intend to respond. But at last, after some pause, Sir Knight, said he. You were aware of my curiosity by my looks, and were pleased to say that my wonder would cease when you had informed me who you were; but I must confess, since you have done that, I remain no less surprised and amazed than ever. For\nIs it possible that there should be at this time any Knight-Errants in the world, and there should be a true history of a living Knight-Errant in print? I cannot convince myself that there is anyone now on Earth who relieves widows, protects damsels, or assists married women and orphans. I would still hold this opinion, had I not seen such a person as yourself. Now heaven be praised, for this history of your true and noble feats of arms, which you say is in print, will blot out the memory of all those idle romances of pretended Knight-Errants that have so filled and pestered the world, to the detriment of good education, and the prejudice and dishonor of true history. There is much to be said, Don Quixote, for the truth of histories of Knight-Errantry, as well as against it. How, returned the gentleman in green! Is there anyone living who makes the least scruple but that they are false? Yes, Sir.\n\"But let that pass. If we continue traveling together, I hope to convince you that you have been wrong to go along with the general disbelief of such things. The traveler, at this discourse, began to suspect that Don Quixote was mad, and expected the next words would confirm his suspicion. But before they entered into any further conversation, Don Quixote asked him to tell who he was, since he had given some account of his own life and condition. Sir Knight of the Woeful Figure replied, \"I am a gentleman, born in a village. My name is Don Diego de Miranda. I have a reasonable competency. I spend my time contentedly with my wife, children, and friends. My usual diversions are hunting and fishing; yet I keep neither hawks nor hounds, but some tame partridges and a ferret. I have about three or four score books, some Spanish among them.\"\"\nI am more inclined to read profane books than religious ones, if they are entertaining, stylish, and inventive, though we have few such in our language. I eat meals with neighbors and friends and invite them to dine with me. My hospitality is neither stingy nor extravagant. I do not grumble or gossip, nor do I enjoy listening to others do so. I am not nosy about other people's lives. I attend divine services every day and give to the poor without drawing attention to it or assuming I am superior due to my good deeds, to avoid hypocrisy and vanity. I try to reconcile those in dispute. I pay my respects to the Blessed Virgin.\nSancho listened attentively to the Gentleman's description of his pious way of living. Believing a person who led such a good life was capable of miracles, Sancho jumped off his ass and, with tears in his eyes and devotion in his heart, kissed the Gentleman's foot.\n\n\"What's the matter, Friend?\" the Gentleman wondered, surprised by Sancho's actions. \"Why are you kissing my foot?\"\n\n\"Let me kiss the foot of such a dear saint, I beg of you, Sir,\" Sancho replied.\n\n\"I am no saint, but a great sinner,\" the Gentleman responded. \"But I believe you are a good soul, as your simplicity shows.\"\n\nWith that, Sancho returned to his pack saddle, his master's grave expression softening into a smile due to Sancho's actions.\nDon Quixote caused new admiration in Don Diego. Don Quixote then asked him how many children he had, telling him that, according to ancient philosophers who did not have true knowledge of God, happiness consisted in part of having many friends and a numerous and virtuous offspring. \"I have a son, Sir Knight,\" answered the Gentleman. \"And if I didn't, I wouldn't consider myself unhappy. He isn't bad, but he isn't as good as I'd like. He is eighteen years old. The last six years he has spent at Salamanca, perfecting himself in Latin and Greek. But when I wanted him to study law, which I had intended for him, or divinity, I found him so engrossed in the study of poetry \u2013 if it can be called a science \u2013 that it was impossible to make him look away from it.\nI. The noblest part of all learning. He had hoped that he might have become an honor to his family, living in an age in which good and virtuous literature is highly favored and rewarded by princes. For learning without virtue is like a pearl on a dung heap. He now spends whole days examining whether Homer in such a verse of his Iliads speaks well or not, whether such an epigram in Martial ought not to be expunged for obscenity, and whether such and such verses in Virgil are to be taken in one sense or another. In short, his whole conversation is with the celebrated poets, with Horace and Persius, Juvenal and Tibullus. But as for modern poets, he has but an indifferent opinion of them. And yet, for all this disgust of Spanish poetry, he is now breaking his brain on a paraphrase or gloss on four verses sent him from the university, which I believe are designed for a prize.\n\nSir, replied Don Quixote, children are the flesh and blood of their parents, and, whether good or bad, they are the source of our greatest joys and sorrows.\nA father is to cherish his children as part of himself. It is his duty to train them in the paths of virtue, good discipline, and Christian principles from their tender years. When they advance in years, they should become the staff and support of their parents' old age and the glory of their posterity. Forcing them into a particular study, however, I do not approve. Persuasion is all that is proper in such a case. Especially when they are fortunate enough to be above studying for bread, as having parents who can provide for their future subsistence, they ought, in my opinion, to be indulged in the pursuit of the science to which their own genius gives them the most inclination. Though the art of poetry is not as profitable as delightful, yet it is not among those that disgrace the ingenious professor. Poetry, Sir, in my judgment, is like a tender virgin in her bloom, beautiful and charming to amazement. All other sciences are like virgins whose care it is to enrich.\nA good poet is a kind of alchemist, who can transform the matter he prepares into the purest gold and an inestimable treasure. But he must keep his muse within the rules of decency and not let her prostitute her excellence in lewd satires, lampsoons, or licentious sonnets. She must not be mercenary, though she need not give away the profits she may claim from heroic poems, deep tragedies, and pleasant and artful comedies. She is not to be attempted by buffoons or the ignorant vulgar, whose capacity can never reach a due sense of the treasures that are locked up in her. I mention the vulgar not only meaning the common rabble; for whoever is ignorant, be he lord or prince.\nA poet to be listed in the Number of the Muses. Anyone who applies himself to the Muses with the necessary qualifications, essential to a good poet, will be famous and valued in all refined nations of the world. Regarding your comment, Sir, that your son does not esteem modern poetry; in my opinion, he is at fault. The reason being, Homer did not write in Latin because he was Greek, and Virgil did not write in Greek because Latin was the language of his country. In brief, all ancient poets wrote in their native language and did not seek other languages to express their lofty thoughts. Therefore, it would be fitting for custom to extend to every nation; there is no reason for a German poet to be despised because he writes in his own tongue, or for a Castilian or Biscayner because they write in theirs. However, I assume your son does not dislike modern poetry.\nBut such modern poets as have no tincture of any other language or science to adorn, awaken, and assist their natural impulse. Though even in this there may be error. For, 'tis believed, and not without reason, that a poet is naturally a poet from his mother's womb, and that, with the talent which heaven has infused into him, without the help of study or art, he may produce those compositions that verify that saying, Est Deus in nobis, &c. Not but that a natural poet who improves himself by art shall be much more accomplished, and have the advantage of him who has no title to poetry but by his knowledge in the art; because art cannot go beyond nature but only adds to its perfection. From which it appears, that the most perfect poet is he whom nature and art combine to qualify. Let then your son proceed and follow the guidance of his stars, for being so good a student as I understand he is, and already got up the first step of the sciences, the knowledge of the learned tongues.\nA gentleman's honor and ornament is to reach the pinnacle of learning. If your son writes satires to harm a person's reputation, you should reprimand him and tear out his defamatory verses. But if he writes satires in verse to ridicule and expose vice in general, as Horace did elegantly, then encourage him. A poet's pen is allowed to criticize envy and envious men, and other vices, as long as it does not target specific individuals. However, there are poets so consumed by scurrility that they risk banishment for a low jest. If a poet is modest in his manners, his verses will reflect the same. The pen is the tongue of the mind; the thoughts formed in one, and those expressed by the other.\nA gentleman, struck by Don Quixote's eloquence about poetry's ability to bring honor and riches to the virtuous, began to reconsider his low opinion of Don Quixote's understanding. Sancho, who didn't appreciate this lofty talk, took advantage of the interruption to slip away and obtain some milk from nearby shepherds. As the gentleman prepared to continue their conversation, Don Quixote caught sight of a wagon on the road adorned with small flags.\nSancho, hearing Don Quixote call out to him, left the Shepherds and hurried to his master, who was having a terrifying and desperate adventure. The history states that Sancho was haggling with the Shepherds over some curds when Don Quixote called to him. Finding his master in a hurry, Sancho didn't know what to do with the curds or how to bring them along. Reluctant to lose his purchase (as he had already paid for them), he finally came up with a solution: he put the curds into the helmet, ensuring their safety, and went to find out what his master wanted. As soon as he arrived, Don Quixote said, \"Give me this helmet, friend. I sense an adventure over there that requires me to arm myself.\" The man in green looked around to see what was happening.\nbut could perceive nothing but a wagon approaching them, and by the little flags about it, he judged it to be one of the king's carriages. He told Don Quixote. But his mind was too preoccupied with notions of adventures to give any credence to what the gentleman said. \"Sir,\" answered he, \"forewarned, forearmed, a man loses nothing by standing on his guard. I know by experience that I have visible and invisible enemies, and I cannot tell when, nor where, nor in what shapes they may attack me.\" At the same time, he snatched the helmet out of Sancho's hands before he could discharge it of the curds and put it on his head without examining the contents. Now the curds, squeezed between his bare crown and the iron, caused the whey to run all about his face and beard. This surprised him so much that, calling to Sancho in great disorder, he cried, \"What's this, Sancho! What's wrong with me! Is my skull growing soft, or are my brains melting?\"\nBut if I do [sweat] from head to foot, I'm not afraid. This must be a very dreadful Adventure approaching. Give me something to wipe me if you can, for I'm almost blinded with the torrent of sweat. Sancho dared not speak, but giving him a cloth, I blessed his stars that I hadn't discovered him. Don Quixote dried himself, and taking off the helmet to see what it was that felt so cold on his head, perceiving some white stuff, he soon found what it was. Now, by the life of my Lady Dulcinea del Toboso, cried he, you have put curds in my helmet, vile traitor and unmannerly squire. Nay, replied Sancho, cunningly keeping his composure, if they are curds, good sir, give them here and I'll eat them: but hold, now I think on it, the devil eat them for me; for I myself must have put them there. What! I offer to do such a beastly trick? Do you think I have no more manners? As sure as I live, sir.\nI have got enemies who owe me a grudge and harass me as if I were a limb belonging to your worship. I assure you they have deliberately placed that nasty substance there to turn you against me and make you hostile towards my bones. But I believe they have missed their mark this time, indeed! My master is a wise man and must surely know that I had neither curds nor milk, nor anything of that kind; and if I had encountered curds, I would have consumed them in my stomach instead of his helmet. Well, said Don Quixote, there may be something in that. The gentleman had observed these incidents and was astonished, especially at what followed next; for the knight-errant, having put on the helmet once more, adjusted himself well in the stirrups and tested whether his sword was loose enough in its scabbard. Now, he cried out, come what may; here I am, ready to face the devil himself in person. By this time, the wagon had caught up with them, attended only by the Carter, riding on one of the mules.\nA man sat on the front of the wagon. \"Where are you going, friends?\" asked Don Quixote. \"What is this wagon? What do you carry in it? And what do these colors mean?\"\n\n\"This is my wagon,\" answered the wagoner. \"I'm transporting two brave lions for the General of Oran. These colors signify that what's inside belongs to him. The lions are quite large,\" he added. \"I've never seen bigger ones from Africa in Spain. I'm their keeper and have cared for many others, but none like these. The largest cage holds a male lion, and the smaller one behind contains a female lion. They're quite hungry now, as they haven't eaten that day. So, please ride out of the way, good sir, as we must hurry to reach the feeding place.\"\n\n\"What!\" exclaimed Don Quixote with a scornful smile.\nLion-whepps against me! Against me, puny Beasts! And at this time of day! Well, I'll make those who sent their lions my way know I'm no man to be scared of lions: Get off, honest Fellow, and since you are the keeper, open their cages and let them out; for maugre and in spite of those enchanters who have sent them to try me, I'll make the creatures know in the midst of this very field, who Don Quixote de la Mancha is. So thought the gentleman to himself, now has our poor knight discovered what he is; the curds, I find, have softened his skull and mellowed his brains. While he was making this reflection, Sancho came up to him and begged him to dissuade his master from his rash attempt. Oh good dear sir! cried he, for pity's sake, hinder my master from falling upon these lions, by all means, or we shall be torn apart. Why, said the gentleman, is your master so rash then, that you should fear he would set upon such fierce beasts? Ah sir! said Sancho.\nHe is not mad, but windy venturesome. \"Well, replied the Gentleman, I'll make sure no harm is done; and advancing up to Don Quixote, who was urging the Lion-keeper to open the cage, Sir, said he, Knight-Errants should engage in adventures from which there may be some hope of coming off with safety; but not in such as are altogether desperate. For that courage which borders on temerity is more like madness than true fortitude. Besides, these lions are not sent against you, but as a present to the king, and therefore it is not the best way to detain them or stop the wagon. Pray, good sir, replied Don Quixote, go and amuse yourself with your tame partridges and your ferrets, and leave everyone to his own business. This is mine, and I know best whether these worthy lions are sent against me or not. Then turning to the Keeper, Sirrah! you rascal you, said he, open the cages immediately, or by heaven I'll pin you to the wagon with this lance. Good Sir.\nThe Waggoner cried out, seeing this strange apparition in armor so resolute: \"For Mercy's sake, let me take out our mules first, and get out of harm's way with them as fast as I can, before the lions get out. For if they should once set upon the poor beasts, I would be undone for ever; for alas! this cart and they are all I have in the world to get a living with. Incredulous wretch,\" said Don Quixote, \"take them out quickly then, and go with them where you will; though you shall presently see that your precaution was needless, and you might have spared your pains. The Waggoner made all the haste he could to take out his mules, while the keeper cried out as loud as he was able, \"Bear witness, all ye that are here present, that it is against my will I'm forced to open the cages and let loose the lions, and that I protest to this gentleman here, that he shall be answerable for all the mischief and damage they may do; together with the loss of my salary and fees. And now, gentlemen.\"\nshift for yourself as fast as you can, before I open the Cages: For, as for myself, I know the Lions will do me no harm. Once more the gentleman tried to dissuade Don Quixote from doing such a foolish thing, telling him that he tempted Heaven in exposing himself without reason to such great danger. To this Don Quixote made no other answer but that he knew what he had to do. Consider what you do, replied the gentleman, for 'tis most certain that you are very much mistaken. Well, Sir, said Don Quixote if you care not to be a spectator of an action which you think is likely to be tragic, then set spurs to your mare and provide for your safety. Sancho, hearing this, came up to his master with tears in his eyes and begged him not to go about this fearful undertaking. To which the adventure of the windmills, and the fulling-mills, and all the brunts he had ever born in his life were but child's play. Good sir, cried Sancho, do but mind, there's no enchantment in the case.\nSir, I peeped through the cage grates now and saw a true lion's claw. What a lack! said Don Quixote. Sir, I'm certain the lion that wields such a claw must be as big as a mountain. Alas, poor fellow! Don Quixote exclaimed. Thy fear will make him as large as half the world. Retire, Sancho, and leave me. If I fall here, thou knowest our old agreement; go to Dulcinea, I say no more. He added some expressions that dashed all hopes of his relinquishing his madness. The gentleman in green would have opposed him, but considering the other was better armed, and it was not prudent to engage a madman, he took the opportunity while Don Quixote was storming at the keeper, to march off with his mare, as Sancho did with Dapple, and the Carter with his mules.\nevery one making their way to get as far as possible from the Wagon before the Lions were released. Poor Sancho lamented for his master's death, believing him to be already taken by the Lions. He cursed his misfortune and the hour he returned to his service, but continued to punch Dapple to get as far away as possible. The keeper, seeing the people fleeing at a distance, began arguing and pleading with Don Quixote as before. But Don Quixote told him again that his reasons and pleas were futile, and urged him to act immediately. As the keeper took time to open the first cage, Don Quixote debated with himself whether to attack on foot or on horseback. After careful consideration, he decided to attack on foot, so as not to risk Rozinante, who was not accustomed to fighting lions.\nThe knight should be put into disorder. Accordingly, he dismounted his horse, threw aside his lance, grasped his shield, and drew his sword. Then, advancing with a deliberate motion and an undaunted heart, he positioned himself just before the door of the cage, commending himself to Heaven and then to his Lady Dulcinea.\n\nHere, the author of this faithful history could not help but interrupt the narrative, and in awe and enthusiasm, exclaims:\n\nOh, most magnanimous hero! Brave and unutterably bold Don Quixote de la Mancha. Thou mirror and grand exemplar of valor. Thou second, and thou new Don Manuel de Leon, the late glory and honor of all Spanish cavaliers! What words, what colors shall I use to express, to paint in equal lines this astonishing deed of thine! What language shall I employ to convince posterity of the truth of this thy more than human enterprise! What praises can be coined, what elogies invented?\nThat will not be outdone by your superior merit, though hyperboles were piled on hyperboles! You alone, on foot, intrepid and magnanimous, with nothing but a sword, and that not of the sharpest, with your single shield, and that not of the brightest, stood ready to receive and encounter the savage force of two vast lions, as fierce as ever roared within the Lybian deserts. Then let your own unrivaled deeds, that best can speak your praise, amaze the world, and fill the mouth of fame, brave champion of La Mancha: while I'm obliged to leave off the high theme for want of vigor to maintain the flight. Here ended the author's exclamation, and the history goes on.\n\nThe keeper observing the posture Don Quixote had put himself in, and that it was not possible for him to prevent letting out the lions without incurring the resentment of the desperate knight; set the door of the foremost cage wide open, where, as I have said, that lion lay, who then appeared of monstrous size.\nAnd he rolled and turned himself round in his cage. Next, he stretched out one paw, put forth his claws, and roused himself. After that, he gaped and yawned for a while, and showed his dreadful fangs. Then he thrust out half a yard of broad tongue and licked the dust out of his eyes and face. Having done this, he thrust his head quite out of the cage and stared about with his eyes that looked like two live coals of fire. A sight and motion enough to strike terror into temerity itself. But Don Quixote only regarded it with attention, wishing his grim adversary would leap out of his hold and come within his reach, so he could exercise his valor and cut the monster piecemeal. To this height of extravagance had his folly transported him. But the generous lion, more gentle than arrogant, taking no notice of his vaporing and bravadoes, after he had looked about him a while, turned his tail.\nDon Quixote, having shown his posteriors, contentedly lay down again in his apartment. Don Quixote commanded the keeper to roust him with his pole and force him out whether he would or not. I, indeed, answered the keeper; I dare not do it for my life. Let me advise you, Sir, to be satisfied with what you have done. 'Tis as much as the bravest man who wears a head ought to do. Then pray go no further, I beseech you. The door stands open, the lion is at his choice, whether he will come out or no. You have waited for him; you see he does not care to look you in the face, and since he did not come out at first, I dare engage he will not stir out this day. You have shown enough the greatness of your courage. No man is obliged to do more than challenge his enemy and wait for him in the field. If he comes not, that's his own fault, and the scandal is his, as the honor the challenger's. 'Tis true\nDon Quixote replied, \"Shut the cage door, honest friend, and give me a certificate under your hand in the fullest form you can devise, detailing what you have witnessed me do; how you opened the cage for the lion; how I anticipated his arrival and he did not emerge; how, upon his failure to appear, I waited patiently and instead he turned tail and lay down. I am obligated to do no more. So, incantations be gone! And heaven prosper truth, justice, and knight-errantry! Shut the door as I bid you, while I make gestures to those who fled from us and bring them back to hear an account of this exploit from your own mouth.\" The keeper obliged, and Don Quixote, clapping the handkerchief he had used to wipe the curds from his face onto the tip of his lance, waved it in the air and called out as loudly as he could to the fugitives, who continued to flee, looking back over their shoulders all the way.\nand they marched on with the gentleman in green leading the way. At last Sancho noticed the signal of the white flag and called out, \"Hold! My master has won against the lions.\" The men turned around and saw Don Quixote waving his flag. Recovering a little from their fright, they leisurely rode back and approached the wagon. As soon as they were near it, Don Quixote said to the Carter, \"Put your mules back in the wagon and continue your journey. Sancho, give him and the lion-keeper two ducats as amends for the time I have kept them.\" \"I will gladly do so, with all my heart,\" Sancho replied. \"But what happened to the lions? Are they dead or alive?\" The keeper then related the entire incident, not forgetting to exaggerate Don Quixote's bravery when describing how he had single-handedly defeated the lions.\nThe Lion was so terrified that he refused to leave his stronghold, even though the cage door was kept open for a long time. The Knight urged to have the Lion forced out, but the Lion remonstrated that it was presumptuous to assume Heaven's will. Reluctantly, the Lion was allowed to be shut up again. Don Quixote turned to Sancho, \"What do you think, Sancho? Can enchantment prevail over true fortitude? No, these magicians may rob me of success, but never of my invincible greatness of mind. In short, Sancho gave the Wagoner and the Keeper the two pieces. The first harnessed his mules, and the last thanked Don Quixote for his noble bounty, promising to inform the king himself of this heroic deed when he came to court. \"If his Majesty should ask who performed this feat, tell him it was the Knight of the Lions; a name I intend to adopt from now on.\"\nIn place of what I previously assumed about the Knight of the woeful Figure, I now conform to the ancient custom of Knights-Errant, who changed their names as often as they pleased or as it suited their advantage. After this, the wagon made its best way, as Don Quixote, Sancho, and the Gentleman in Green did. The latter was so taken up with making observations on Don Quixote that he had no time to speak a syllable, not knowing what opinion to have of a person in whom he discovered a mixture of good sense and extravagance. He was a stranger to the first part of his history; had he read it, he could not have wondered at his words or actions. But not knowing the nature of his madness, he took him to be wise and distracted by fits, since in his discourse he still expressed himself justly and handsomely enough, but in his actions all was wild, extravagant, and unaccountable. For, said the Gentleman to himself.\nCan there be anything more foolish than a man putting on a helmet full of curds and believing it was conjured there by sorcerers? Or anything more extravagant than attempting to fight lions? In the midst of this soliloquy, Don Quixote interrupted. \"Without a doubt, Sir,\" he said, \"you take me for a madman, and indeed my actions may seem to confirm it. But give me leave to tell you, I am not so mad, nor is my understanding so defective as you may suppose. What a noble figure does the gallant knight make, who in the midst of some vast open space transfixes a furious bull with his lance in the presence of his prince? What a noble figure does the knight make, who before ladies at a harmless tournament comes prancing through the lists enclosed in shining steel? Or those court champions, who in exercises of martial kind, or at least appear to be, display their activity; and though all they do is nothing but for recreation.\nA Knight-Errant is considered an ornament in a prince's court. However, a more noble figure is the Knight-Errant, driven by the thirst for glorious fame, who roams through deserts, solitary wildernesses, woods, crossroads, over mountains and valleys, in pursuit of perilous adventures, determined to bring them to a successful conclusion. Yes, I affirm, a Nobler Figure is that of a Knight-Errant aiding a widow in some deserted place, rather than the court-knight making his advances to city dames. Every Knight has his particular employment. Let the courtier wait on ladies, let him adorn his prince's court with splendid equipage, and support his companions with a magnificent table. Let him give birth to feasts and tournaments, and display his grandeur, liberality, munificence, and especially his piety; in all these things he fulfills the duties of his station. But as for the Knight-Errant, let him explore all corners of the world, enter the most intricate labyrinths.\nAnd every hour be ready to attempt impossibility itself. Let him in desolate wilds baffle the rigor of the weather, the scorching heat of the sun's fiercest beams, and the inclency of winds and snow; let lions never frighten him, dragons daunt him, nor evil spirits deter him. To go in quest of these, to meet, to dare, to conflict, and to overcome them all, is his principal and proper office. Since then my stars have decreed me to be one of those adventurous knights, I think myself obliged to attempt anything that seems to come within the verge of my profession. This, Sir, engaged me to encounter those lions just now, judging it to be my immediate business, though I was sensible of the extreme rashness of the undertaking. For well I know, that valor is a virtue situated between the two vicious extremes of cowardice and temerity. But certainly 'tis not so ill for a valiant man to rise to a degree of rashness.\nAs it is easier for a prodigal to become liberal than a miser, and for the hardy and rash person to be reduced to true bravery than for the coward to ever rise to that virtue. In attempting adventures, believe me, Signior Don Diego, it is better to exceed the bounds a little and over-do, rather than under-do the thing. For it sounds better in people's ears to hear it said that such a knight is rash and hardy, than such a knight is dastardly and timorous. For my part, Sir, answered Don Diego, I think all you have said and done is agreeable to the exactest rules of reason. And I believe if the laws and ordinances of knight-errantry were lost, they might be all recovered from you, your breast seeming to be the safe repository and archive where they lodged. But it grows late; let us make a little more haste to get to our village and to my habitation, where you may rest yourself after the fatigues.\nSir, replied Don Quixote, I value your offer greatly; and, picking up their pace, they reached the village around two in the afternoon and arrived at Don Diego's house, which Don Quixote now referred to as the Knight of the Green Coat.\n\nUpon arriving, Don Quixote discovered that Don Diego's country house was spacious, with the family crest over the gate in rough stone, a buttery in the yard, a cellar under the porch, and numerous large jars typical of Toboso. The sight of these jars reminded Don Quixote of his enchanted and transformed Dulcinea, causing him to sigh deeply and exclaim:\n\nOh, sweet pledges, the beginning of a sonnet in the Diana of Montemayor. Once my comfort and relief, though pleasing still.\nDiscovered now with grief, Oh Tobosian urns, in my mind awaken thoughts of the sweet pledge of my most bitter sorrows! Don Diego's son, who was a student and poetically inclined, heard these words as he came with his mother to welcome him home. Don Quixote alighted from Rozinante, and very courteously he asked to kiss her ladyship's hands: Madam, said Don Diego, this gentleman is the noble Don Quixote de la Mancha, the wisest and most valiant knight-errant in the world; pray let him find a welcome suitable to his merit, and your usual civility. Thereupon Donna Christina (for this was the lady's name) received him very kindly, and with great marks of respect; to which Don Quixote made a proper and handsome return, and then almost the same compliments passed between him and the young gentleman.\nDon Quixote judged the man to be a man of wit and sense based on his conversation. The author inserts a lengthy description of every detail in Don Diego's house, providing an inventory of all the goods and peculiarities of a country gentleman's home. However, the translator believed it would be better to omit such insignificant matters, as they are unrelated to the main subject of this history, which should be based on material truth rather than cold and insipid digressions.\n\nDon Quixote was brought into a fair room. Sancho removed his armor, and the knight then appeared in a pair of close breeches and a doublet made of shamoy leather, both covered in the rust of his armor. Around his neck, he wore an unstarched band, in the manner of a student. Around his legs, he wore sad-colored spatter-dashes.\nAnd on his feet, a pair of wax-leather shoes. He hung his trusty sword by his side in a belt of sea-wolf skin, leading some to believe he had long suffered from kidney pain. Over all this, he donned a long cloak of good russet cloth. Before doing so, he washed his head and face in five or six kettles of water. It is worth noting that the water still retained a tint of whey, a result of Sancho's gluttony, who had emptied curds into his master's helmet, staining his awe-inspiring head and face. In this attire, the knight, with a graceful and sprightly gait, entered another room. Don Lorenzo, the young gentleman we have previously mentioned, awaited his arrival to keep him company until the cloth was laid. The mistress of the house had gone in the meantime to prepare a handsome entertainment.\nDon Lorenzo questioned his father about the knight before they were ready to entertain their guest. \"Who is this gentleman you have brought with you, Sir?\" Don Lorenzo asked. Considering the knight's name, appearance, and title of knight-errant, neither my mother nor I can determine what to make of him, Don Lorenzo continued. \"I'm not sure what to say, Son,\" Don Diego replied. \"All I can tell you is that I have seen him do the most foolish things in the world, yet he has also said a thousand sensible things that contradict his actions.\" Don Lorenzo then approached Don Quixote to engage in conversation. Sir, the knight said.\nI am not entirely unfamiliar with your merit. Don Diego de Miranda has informed me that you are a person of excellent parts, and particularly a great poet. Sir, I replied, I may perhaps claim to poetry, but never to being a great poet. 'Tis true, I am fond of rhyming and enjoy reading good authors; but I am far from deserving to be thought one of their number. I do not dislike your modesty, Don Quixote replied; it is a virtue not commonly found among poets, for each one of them usually thinks himself the greatest in the world. There is no rule without an exception, Don Lorenzo interjected; and it is not impossible that there may be one who deserves the name, though he does not think so himself. That's very unlikely, Don Quixote retorted. But pray, Sir, tell me which verses are those that your father mentions which have puzzled you? If they are what we call a gloss or a paraphrase, I understand something of that way of writing.\nAnd if the composition is for a poetical prize, I would advise you to apply for the second; the first is usually granted by favor to an author's great quality, not merit. But the second is adjudged to the most deserving, making the third akin to the second, and the first no more than the third, according to the method used in our universities. Yet, gaining the honor of being called the first is no small matter. So far, Don Lorenzo thought to himself, I can't think you mad yet; let's go on.\n\nAddressing himself to Don Quixote, Sir, Don Lorenzo said, you seem to have frequented the schools. Pray, what science has been your particular study? That of knight-errantry, answered Don Quixote. I don't know what sort of science that is, nor indeed had I ever heard of it before. It's a science, Don Quixote replied.\nA person who embarks on the study of Don Quixote should be versed in all the major sciences. He must be knowledgeable in law and possess a understanding of distributive and commutative justice to right wrongs for all mankind. He must be a divine, capable of defending his faith through argument. He must be proficient in physics, particularly in the botanical aspect, to identify the properties of simples and have access to herbs for healing wounds; a knight-errant cannot rely on finding surgeons in forests and deserts. He must be an astronomer, adept at understanding celestial orb movements, determining the hour of the night via the stars, and calculating the climate's longitude and latitude upon being cast there by Fortune. Furthermore, he should be well-versed in all other branches of mathematics.\nA Professor of Arms must possess various qualifications, both moral and material. He must possess divine and moral virtues, and in addition, be able to swim, shoe a horse, mend a saddle or harness. He should be devout and chaste in mind, modest in speech, liberal and valiant in deeds, patient in afflictions, charitable to the poor, and a maintainer of truth. These are the endowments that constitute a good Knight-Errant. Sir, are the requirements for Professors of Chivalry an easy task to fulfill? Does this Science not compete with the best taught in colleges? If so, answered Don Lorenzo, I say it deserves precedence over all other sciences. What do you mean, Sir, by that?\nIf it be so, said Don Quixote? I mean, replied Don Lorenzo, that I doubt whether there are now, or ever were, any Knights-Errant, especially with so many rare accomplishments. This makes good what I have often said, answered Don Quixote: most people will not be convinced there ever were any Knights-Errant in the world. Now, Sir, because I truly believe, that unless Heaven will work a miracle to convince them that there have been, and still are, Knights-Errant, those unconvinced persons are too wedded to their opinion to admit such a belief; I will not now lose time to endeavor to let you see how much you and they are mistaken. All I design to do is only to beseech Heaven to convince you of your error, that you may see how useful Knights-Errant were in former ages, and the vast advantages that would result in ours from the assistance of men of that profession. But now, Effeminacy, Sloth, Luxury, and ignoble pleasures triumph for the punishment of our sins.\nDon Lorenzo muttered to himself, \"Our gentleman has already revealed his blind spot; but still, he gives a reason for his extravagance. I would be a fool to think otherwise.\" They were called to dinner, ending their conversation. At that time, Don Diego pulled his son aside and asked, \"What do you think of the stranger, Don Lorenzo?\" \"I believe, Sir,\" replied Don Lorenzo, \"that no physicians in the world can cure his madness. He is beyond recovery, but he has pleasant lucid intervals.\" They dined, and their entertainment proved to be, as the old man had told the knight, neat, plentiful, and well-ordered. What most admired Don Quixote was the extraordinary silence he observed throughout the house, as if it were a monastery of mute Carthusians. After the cloth was removed, Grace was said, and hands were washed, Don Quixote earnestly requested that Don Lorenzo show him the verses he had written for the poetical prize. \"Very well, Sir,\" answered he.\nI will not act like poets who refuse to share their verses when asked, but instead tire you with them when no one desires them. I will show you my gloss or paraphrase, which I did not write to win a prize, but only to exercise my muse. Don Quixote, a friend of mine with good sense, once advised against such composition. He gave this reason: the gloss or comment could never exactly agree with the theme; in fact, it often ran contrary to the author's thought. Furthermore, he said, the rules that bind composers of such elaborate amusements are too strict, allowing no interrogatives or interjections.\nI would not change nouns into verbs, nor alter the meaning: Besides several other restrictions that limit those who struggle with such a crabbed way of interpreting, as you yourself, Sir, undoubtedly know. Really, Signior Don Quixote, said Don Lorenzo, I want to catch you making a mistake, but you still manage to elude me like an eel. I don't know, Sir, replied Don Quixote, what you mean by eluding? I'll tell you another time, answered the young gentleman; in the meantime, please listen to the theme and paraphrase, which is this:\n\nCould I recall departed joy,\nThough barred the hopes of greater gain,\nOr now the future hours employ,\nThat must succeed my pleasant pain.\nAll Fortune's blessings disappear,\nShe's fickle as the wind;\nAnd now I find her as severe,\nAs once I thought her kind,\nHow soon the fleeting pleasure's past!\nHow long the lingering sorrows last!\nUnconstant goddess, through your hate,\nDo not your prostrate slave destroy,\nI'd never complain, but bless my fate.\nCould I recall departed joy,\nOf all thy gifts I beg but this,\nTo glut all mankind with more;\nTransport them with redoubled bliss,\nBut only mine restore.\nWith thought of pleasure once possessed,\nI'm now as cursed as I was blessed:\nOh, would the charming hours return,\nHow pleased I'd live, how free from pain!\nI never would pine, I never would mourn,\nThough barred the hopes of greater gain.\nBut oh, the blessing I implore:\nNot Fate itself can give!\nSince time elapsed exists no more,\nNo power can bid it live.\nOur days soon vanish into nothing,\nAnd have no being but in thought.\nWhatever began must end at last,\nIn vain we twice would enjoy youth;\nIn vain would we recall the past,\nOr now the future hours employ.\nDeceived by hope, and racked by fear,\nNo longer life can please.\nI'll then no more its torments bear,\nSince death so soon can ease.\nThis hour I'll die \u2014 but let me pause \u2014\nA rising doubt my courage awes.\nAssist ye powers, that rule my fate;\nAlarm my thoughts, my rage refrain,\nConvince my soul.\nThere's yet a state that must succeed my present pain. As soon as Don Lorenzo had finished reading his paragraph, Don Quixote rose from his seat and took him by the hand. By the highest mansions in the skies, cried the knight aloud, Noble youth, you're the best poet in the world, and deserve to be crowned with laurel, not at Cyprus or Gaeta, as a certain poet said, whom heaven forgive, but at the University of Athens, were it still in being, and at those of Paris, Bologna, and Salamanca. May those judges who deny you the honor of the first prize be shot with arrows by the god of verse, and may the Muses abhor to come within their houses. Pray, sir, if I may beg this favor, let me hear you read one of your loftiest productions. I need not tell you that Don Lorenzo was greatly pleased to be praised by Don Quixote, though he believed him to be mad. So bewitching and welcome is adulation.\nEven from those we despise, they comply. Don Lorenzo verified this truth by his readiness to grant Don Quixote's request and recited the following sonnet about the story of Pyramus and Thisbe.\n\nSee how, to bless the lovely boy,\nThe nymph for whom he burns with equal fires,\nPierces the wall that parts them from their joy,\nWhile hovering love prompts, gazes, and admires.\n\nThe trembling maid in whispers and in sighs\nDares hardly breathe the passion she betrays,\nBut silence speaks, and love through ravished eyes,\nTheir thoughts, their flames, their very souls conveys.\n\nWild with desire, they sally out at last.\nBut quickly find their ruin in their haste,\nAnd rashly lose all pleasure in despair.\n\nOh strange misfortune! But do not blame Fortune,\nLove joined them first, then death, the grave, and fame,\nWhat loving wretch would not desire a nobler fate!\n\nNow heaven be praised! said Don Quixote, when Don Lorenzo had finished. Among the infinite number of insipid men of rhyme.\nI have at last found a man of rhyme and reason, an absolute poet. Don Quixote stayed four days at Don Diego's house, and during all that time, he received very generous entertainment. However, he then decided to leave Spain; his intention was to employ his time in this until the tilts and tournaments began at Saragossa, to which place he was determined to go. However, he first wanted to go to Montesino's Cave, about which so many wonderful stories were told in those parts. There he intended to explore and discover the source and original springs of the seven lakes, commonly called the Lakes of Ruydera. Don Diego and his son highly commended his noble resolution and desired him to command whatever their house could provide. They assured him he was sincerely welcome to do so, their respect for his honorable profession and his particular merit obliging them to do him all manner of service. In short, the day of his departure came, a day of joy and gladness for Don Quixote.\nbut of Grief and Sadness afflicted poor Sancho, who had no inclination to change quarters. He preferred the good cheer and plenty at Don Diego's house to his meager provisions in forests and deserts, and the scanty funds in his wallet. Quixote, taking Lorenzo aside, said, \"Perhaps I have already told you this, but I will say it again: if you harbor ambitions of reaching the lofty, inaccessible pinnacle of Fame's temple, your most certain path is to abandon the narrow road of Poetry and follow the narrower path of Knight-Errantry. This can swiftly elevate you to an Imperial Throne.\" With these words, Don Quixote summarized the evidence of his madness. Yet he could not conclude without adding more. \"Heaven knows,\" he said, \"how willingly I would take Don Lorenzo with me to instruct him in the virtues associated with the profession I have chosen.\"\nDon Quixote, not yet qualified by tender years for the hardships of his life as a knight-errant, had to content himself with letting others know that one way to acquire fame in poetry is to value others' judgments more than one's own. Fathers and mothers, he noted, are prone to this error in regard to their offspring, an error particularly common in the realm of the mind. Don Diego and his son were surprised to hear this mixture of good sense and extravagance from the poor gentleman, who was so determined to pursue his unlucky adventures, the sole aim and object of his desires. After this exchange and many compliments and mutual offers of service, Don Quixote, on Rozinante, and Sancho, on Dapple, set out and continued their journey.\n\nDon Quixote had not traveled far when he was overtaken by two men who appeared to be students or ecclesiastics.\nTwo farmers, both riding on asses, followed. One scholar carried a small bundle of linen and two pairs of stockings, wrapped in green buckram like a portmanteau. The other carried no luggage but two foils and a pair of fencing pumps. The farmers had various other items, indicating they had sold their wares at a nearby town and were now returning home. All were amazed by Don Quixote's appearance, as were all others who had seen him, since he presented such a different figure. Don Quixote greeted them and, noticing their path was the same, offered them his company, asking them to slow down as their asses went faster than his horse. To further engage them, he shared his circumstances and profession: he was a knight-errant, traveling the world in search of adventures.\nThe knight's proper name was Don Quixote of La Mancha, but the locals knew him as The Knight of the Lions. They understood this, but the students soon discovered his true identity. One of them addressed him respectfully, \"Sir Knight, if you aren't committed to a specific engagement, as is usually the case for people in your position, we would be honored by your presence. You will be entertained at one of the finest and most sumptuous weddings this area has ever seen. I assume it's for a young prince, Sir?\" \"No, Sir,\" the other replied, \"but for the son of a yeoman and the most beautiful daughter of a neighbor. The entertainment at the wedding will be new and extraordinary. It will be held in a meadow near the village where the bride lives. She is called Quiteria, the Beautiful, due to her great beauty.\"\nAnd the Bridegroom, deservingly named Camacho the Rich, is well matched to his Bride. Their ages suit, as she approaches eighteen and he is around twenty. Some particular individuals, boasting extensive pedigrees, may argue that the Bride hails from a superior family. However, this is no longer a concern, as wealth conceals many flaws. Indeed, Camacho behaves like a prince, intending to spare no expense for his wedding. He has arranged for the meadow to be shaded with boughs, creating an arbor that will make it difficult for the sun to penetrate and illuminate the green grass below. Entertainment for the guests includes various types of antics and Morrice-dancers, some wielding swords and others bells. Young men in his village can skillfully manage these performances. I shall not mention those who perform tricks with the soles of their shoes while dancing.\nBut nothing I've told or will tell you about this wedding will make it as remarkable as Basil's despair. Basil is a young man who lives next door to Quiteria's father. Love gave birth to an affection between them, similar to the ancient tale of Pyramus and Thisbe, as Basil's love grew for Quiteria since childhood. She encouraged his passion with all the modest returns she could grant, and their mutual affection was the talk of the village. However, when Quiteria reached maturity, her father denied Basil access to his house and declared his intention to marry her to Camacho, who is wealthier but lacks all other qualifications. Basil, to be fair, is the cleverest fellow we have; he can pitch a bar and wrestle.\nHe runs like a stag, leaps like a buck, plays nine-pins so well, it seems by witchcraft, sings like a lark, touches a guitar so rarely, he even makes it speak, and handles a sword like a fencer. For this very quality, said Don Quixote, he deserves not only Quiteria, the handsome one, but a princess; nay, Queen Guinevere herself, where she now lives, in spite of Sir Lancelot and all who would oppose it. Well, quoth Sancho, who had been listening all the while, my wife used to say, everyone should marry their match. Like likes to like, the devil to the collier, and every sow to her own trough, as the saying goes. As for me, I only wish honest Basil would marry her; for I have a great liking to the young man. Heaven bless them together, I say.\nAnd a murrain seize those who spoil a good match between those who love one another! Nay, said Don Quixote, if marriage were always the consequence of mutual love, what would become of the prerogative of parents and their authority over their children? If young girls could always choose their own husbands, the best families would intermarry with coachmen and grooms; and young heiresses would throw themselves away upon the first young wild fellows, whose promising outsides and assurance make them set up for fortunes, though all their stock consists in impudence. For, the understanding, which alone should distinguish and choose in these cases as in all others, is apt to be blinded or biased by love and affection; and marriage is so nice and critical a point that it requires not only our own cautious management but even the direction of a superior power to choose right. Whoever undertakes a voyage, if he be wise.\nA man must be cautious when choosing a companion for life, as she will be inseparable from him, sharing both pleasures and fatigues, much like a wife. She is not a commodity that can be discarded at will; once purchased, no exchange, sale, or alienation is possible. A woman is an inseparable aspect of a man; marriage is a noose that tightens around the neck, growing more uncomfortable the more one struggles to escape; it is a Gordian knot that cannot be untied, and, intertwined with the thread of life, can only be severed by death. I could expand further on this topic, but I am eager to learn more about Basil from the gentleman. The student replied, \"I can tell you little more than what has already been shared.\"\nHe has been in a desperate state ever since he learned of the upcoming marriage. He no longer smiles or talks rationality, instead, he falls into deep melancholy, bordering on a dozing frenzy. He speaks to himself and appears to be out of his senses. He barely eats or sleeps, instead living like a hermit in the open fields. His only sustenance is a little fruit, and his only bed is the hard ground. Sometimes he gazes up at the sky, other times he fixes his gaze on the ground, standing like a statue in either position. In essence, he has been reduced to a condition that those who know him believe will result in his death with the consummation of the wedding the following day. Heavens forbid, Marry and Amen, cried Sancho! Who can tell what may happen? He that gives a broken head can give a plaster. This is one day, but tomorrow is another, and strange things may occur in the making of an egg. After a storm comes a calm. Many a man who went to bed well.\nHas found himself dead in the morning when he awakened. Who can stop Fortune's wheel? No one, I'm sure. Between a woman's yes and no, I would not risk engaging, so close they be. If Mrs. Quiteria loves Master Basil, she'll give Camacho the bag to hold; for this same love, they say, looks through spectacles, making copper look like gold, a cart like a coach, and a shrimp like a lobster. Whether, in the name of bad luck, are you running now, Sancho, said Don Quixote? When you fall to threading your proverbs and old women's sayings, the devil can't cut you short. What do you know, poor Sancho, of fortune or her wheel or anything else? Why, truly, Sir, quoth Sancho, if you don't understand me, no wonder if my sentences seem nonsensical. But let that pass, I understand myself; and I'm sure I haven't spoken like a fool. But you, indeed, are a sharp-witted critic. A blockhead, a corrupter of human speech! You confounded cricket, said Don Quixote.\nAnd yet, replied Sancho, what makes you so angry, Sir? I was never brought up at school nor university to know when I murder a hard word. I was never at court to learn to spell, Sir. Some are born in one town, some in another; one at St. Jago, another at Toledo, and even there all are not so nicely spoken. You are in the right, friend, said the student. Those natives of that city who live among the tanners or about the market of Zocodover, and are confined to mean conversation, cannot speak as well as those who frequent the polite part of the town, and yet they are all of Toledo. But propriety, purity, and elegance of style may be found among the gentry and men of breeding and judgment; and it is the spring and grammar of good language, though practice and example will go a great way. As for my part, I have had the happiness of good education; it has been my fortune to study the civil law at Salamanca, and I have made it my business all along to express myself properly.\nNeither like a rustic nor a pedant. \"Ay, ay, Sir,\" said the other student, your parts might have qualified you for a Master of Arts degree, had you not misused them in minding so much those foolish foils you carry about with you, and that make you lag behind your juniors. Look you, good Sir Bachelor, said the other, your mistaken opinion of these foils is erroneous and absurd. For I can derive the usefulness of the art of fencing from several undeniable axioms. Pshaw, said Corchuelo, don't tell me about axioms. I'll fight you, Sir, at your own weapons. Here am I who understand neither quart, nor tierce; but I have an arm, I have strength, and I have courage. Give me one of your foils, and in spite of all your distances, circles, falsifies, angles, and all other terms of your art, I'll show you there's nothing in it, and will make reason glitter in your eyes. That man breathes not vital air, that I will turn my back on. And he must have more than human force.\nThat can stand against me. The artist replied, I won't be obliged to do so. But be careful, Sir, when you press a man of skill. At the very first advance, ten to one he's in your body up to the hilt. I'll try that soon, said Corchuelo, and springing briskly from his ass, he snatched one of the foils the student carried. Hold, hold, Sir, said Don Quixote, I will judge the field and ensure fair play on both sides. Interposing with his lance, he alighted and gave the artist time to assume his position and take his distance. Then Corchuelo attacked him like a fury, helter-skelter, cutting and thrusting, back-stroke and fore-stroke, single and double, and laid on like any lion. But the student stopped him in the middle of his charge with such a dab to the teeth that he made Corchuelo foam at the mouth. He made him kiss the button of his foil, as if it were a relic, though not altogether with such devotion. In short,\nHe told all the buttons of his short cassock with pure clean stockings, making the skirts hang about him in rags like fish tails. Twice he struck off his hat, and in the end, so mauled and tired him that, through perfect vexation, Corchuelo took the foil by the hilt and hurled it from him with great violence. One of the country-men, who happened to be a notary public, has it on record to this day that he threw it almost three quarters of a league; this testimony has served, and still serves, to let posterity know that strength is overcome by art. At last, puffing and blowing, Corchuelo sat down to rest himself. Sancho coming up to him: \"Bachelor,\" he said, \"henceforth take a fool's advice, and never challenge a man to fence, but to wrestle or pitch the bar; you seem cut out for those sports. But this fencing is a ticklish point, Sir, meddle no more with it; for I have heard some of your masters of the science say...\"\nThey could hit the Eye of a Needle with a sword point. Corchuelo acknowledged his error through experience and, embracing the artist, they became better friends than before. Without waiting for the notary who went for the foil and could not return soon, they headed towards Quiteria's town, all residing in the same village. The student expounded on the excellence of the noble art of defense with so many clear and convincing reasons, drawn from expressive figures and mathematical demonstrations, leaving all satisfied of the art's excellence and reducing Corchuelo from his disbelief. It was now quite dark, but before they reached the village, it appeared as a blazing constellation. Their ears were entertained with the pleasing, yet confusing sounds of various types of music: drums, fiddles, pipes, tabors, and bells. As they approached nearer, they found a large arbor at the entrance of the town.\nThe meadow was filled with lights that burned undisturbed by even the slightest breeze of wind. Musicians, the life and soul of entertainment at a wedding, moved about the meadow in bands. Some danced, some sang, some played, and mirth and jollity reveled through that delightful seat of pleasure. Others were employed in raising scaffolds for a better view of the shows and entertainments prepared for Camacho's wedding, as well as to solemnize Basil's funeral. The students and country-men could not persuade Don Quixote to enter the town, explaining that the custom of knight-errants was to lodge in fields and forests under the canopy of heaven, rather than in soft beds under a gilded roof. Don Quixote left them against Sancho's will and went a little out of the road.\nWho had not forgotten the good lodging and entertainment at Don Diego's house or castle. Scarcely had the fair Aurora given way to the radiant Ruler of the Day, and given him time with the heat of his prevailing rays to dry the liquid pearls on his golden locks, when Don Quixote shook off sluggish sleep from his drowsy limbs and arose, calling to his squire. But finding him still snoring, oh thou most happy mortal upon earth, he said, how sweet is thy repose, envied by none, and envying no man's greatness. Thou sleep'st securely, thy soul composed and calm! No power of magic persecutes thee, nor are thy thoughts affrighted by enchantments. Sleep on, sleep on, a hundred times, sleep on. Those jealous cares that break a lover's heart do not extend to thee; neither the dread of craving creditors, nor the dismal foresight of inevitable want, or care of finding bread for a helpless, starving family, keep thee waking. Ambition does not make thee uneasy.\nThe Pomp and Vanity of this World do not trouble your mind, for your care extends only to your Ass. Your person and welfare you have committed to my charge, a burden imposed on masters by nature and custom, to weigh and counterbalance the offices of servants. Which is the greatest slave? The servant's business is performed by a few manual duties, which only reconcile him more to rest and make him sleep more sound; while the anxious master has no leisure to close his eyes, but must labor day and night to provide for the subsistence of his servant, not only in times of abundance, but even when the heavens deny those kindly showers that must supply his want. Sancho answered not a word; but slept on and was not to be wakened by his master's calling or otherwise, till he pricked him in the buttocks with the sharp end of his lance. At length, opening his eyelids halfway and rubbing them, after he had gaped and yawned.\nand stretched his drowsy limbs; he looked about him, and snuffing up his nose, \"I'm much mistaken,\" he said, \"if from this same arbor there doesn't come a pure steam of good boiled rasher, that comforts my nostrils, more than all the herbs and rushes hereabouts. And by my holy dame, a wedding that begins so savory, must be a dainty one. Away, Cormorant,\" said Don Quixote, \"rouse and let's go see it, and learn how it fares with the disdained Basil.\" \"Fare?\" said Sancho, \"why, if he is poor, he must be still, and not think to marry Quiteria. 'Tis a pretty fancy, indeed! For a fellow who has not a cross, to run maddening after what is meat for his betters. I'll lay my neck that Camacho covers this same Basil from head to foot with white sixpences, and will spend more at a breakfast than the other's worth, and be none the worse. And do you think that Madam Quiteria will quit her fine rich gowns and petticoats, her necklaces of pearl, her jewels, her finery and bravery, and all that Camacho has given her?\"\nWith the meager means at her disposal, could a woman marry a man who required her to earn her living through knitting or spinning? What value lies in his bar-pitching and fencing? Will these skills provide enough income for a pint of wine at the tavern? If these rare talents fail to sell and generate revenue, then I renounce them: Yet, if they land a man with the means, may I forever live thus, if they do not provoke him to greatness. With suitable materials on a strong foundation, a man can construct a good house, and money is the best foundation in the world. For heaven's sake, Sancho, said Don Quixote, bring your lengthy discourse to a conclusion. Indeed, Master! Sancho replied, your memory must be short, not to recall the terms of our agreement before I joined you on this last journey. I was to speak as I pleased and whenever I pleased.\nI said nothing against my neighbor or your authority, and I haven't broken my indentures yet. I don't recall such an article, said Don Quixote. If there was one, please be silent and pay attention to me now. The instruments we heard last night are cheering the valleys, and the marriage will be solemnized this morning before the heat of the day prevents it. Sancho said no more but sadly saddled Rozinante and mounted Dapple. They rode off gently into the arbor.\n\nThe first thing that greeted Sancho's sight there was a whole steer spitted on a large elm, before a mighty fire made of a pile of wood that seemed a flaming mountain. Around this bonfire were placed six capacious pots, cast in no common mould, or rather six ample coppers, each containing a whole shambles of meat. Entire sheep were submerged and lost in them.\nAnd they soaked as conveniently as pigeons. The branches of the trees were all adorned with an infinite number of cashed hares and plucked fowl of various sorts. For drink, Sancho mentioned over sixty skins of wine, each holding at least seven gallons, and, as it later proved, sprightly liquor. A large pile of white loaves formed a large rampart on one side, and a stately wall of cheeses, set up like bricks, formed a comely bulwark on the other. Two pans of oil, each larger than a dyers' vat, served to fry their pancakes. They lifted them out with two strong peels when they were fried enough, and then they dipped them in a large kettle of honey prepared for that purpose. To prepare all this provisions, there were over fifty cooks, men and women, all clean, diligent, and cheerful. In the ample belly of the steer, they had sewn up twelve little suckling pigs, embowelled, to give it a more savory taste. Spices of all sorts lay about in such abundance.\nSancho was amazed and delighted by the abundance of provisions, which seemed to have been purchased in bulk. The food was rustic yet plentiful, enough to feed an army. Sancho was first drawn to the pots. His stomach rumbled, and his mouth watered at the sight of the delicious contents. Next, he fell in love with the wine skins. Lastly, he became infatuated with the frying pans. The scent of the fried meat sent his spirit into a frenzy, and he could no longer resist. He begged one of the busy cooks for permission to dip a loaf of bread in a pan for lunch.\n\n\"No hunger should be felt here today, thanks to the founder,\" the cook replied lightheartedly. \"If you can find a ladle, go ahead and skim out a few pullets. Good luck.\"\n\n\"Alas,\" Sancho lamented, \"I see no ladle.\"\nSir: \"Blood and Suet cried the Cook, you're such a foolish, helpless fellow! I'll show you: He took a kettle and, singing into one pot, he fished out three hens and a couple of geese in one scoop. Here, friend Sancho, take this and make do with this scum until dinner is ready. Heaven reward you, Sancho replied. But where shall I put it? Here, answered the Cook, take ladle and all, and thank the founder again; no one will grudge it to you. While Sancho was thus occupied, Don Quixote saw twelve young farmers' sons, all dressed very gay, enter upon stately mares. Richly and gaudily equipped as the country could afford, they had little bells fastened to their furniture. In a close body, they made several circuits up and down the meadow, merrymaking and shouting, \"Long live Camacho and Quiteria, he as rich as she fair!\"\nAnd she was the fairest in the world. Poor ignoramuses (thought Don Quixote, overhearing them), you speak as if you know; but had you ever seen my Dulcinea del Toboso, you would not be so lavish with your praises here. In a little while, at several other parts of the spacious arbor entered a great number of dancers, and among the rest, twenty-four young, active country lads in their fine Holland shirts. They wore handkerchiefs wrought with several colors of fine silk, wound about their heads, each of them with a sword in hand. These danced a military dance and skirmished with one another, mixing and intermingling with their naked swords, with wonderful sleight and activity, without hurting each other in the least. This dance pleased Don Quixote mightily, and though he was no stranger to such sorts of dances, he thought it the best he had ever seen. There was another he also liked very well, performed by most beautiful young maids between fourteen and eighteen years of age, all clad in slight green.\nWith their hair partly filleted up with ribbons and partly hanging loose around their shoulders, as bright and lovely as the sun's golden beams. Above all, they wore garlands of roses, jasmine, amaranth, and honey-suckles. Led by a reverend old man and a matronly woman, both much more light and active than their years suggested, they danced to the music of Zamora pipes. Their modest looks and agile feet made them the prettiest dancers in the world. After these entered an artificial dance or masque, consisting of eight nymphs, divided into two groups. Love led one, and Wealth the other; one with his wings, his bow, his arrows, and his quiver. The nymphs of Cupid's party had their names inscribed in large characters behind their backs. The first was Poesy, Prudence was the next, and Nobility was the third.\nAnd Valour was the fourth. Those that attended Wealth were Libyality, Reward, Treasure, and Peaceful Possession. Drawn by four savages, clad in green and covered with ivy, with grim, surly visors on their faces, they approached the Life, almost frightening Sancho. On the frontispiece and every quarter of the Edifice was inscribed, \"The Castle of Reservedness.\" Four expert musicians played for them on pipe and tabor. Cupid began the dance, and after two movements, he cast his eyes up and bent his bow against a virgin who stood upon the battlements of the castle, addressing himself in this manner:\n\nMy Name is Love, supreme my sway,\nThe greatest good and greatest pain.\nAir, earth, and seas my power obey,\nAnd gods themselves must drag my chain.\nIn every heart my throne I keep,\nFear never could daunt my daring soul:\nI rule the deepest hell.\n\nHaving spoken these verses, Cupid shot an arrow over the castle and retired to his station. Then Wealth advanced and performed two movements.\nAfter the music stopped, he expressed himself as follows:\nLove is my motivation and my goal,\nBut I am a greater power than Love;\nThough born on Earth, I transcend Earth,\nFor wealth is a blessing from above.\nFair Maid, receive and bless this pledge,\nThe surest guarantee of all success;\nDesired by all, used right by few,\nBut bestowed when graced by you.\nWealth withdrew, and Poetry stepped forward. After she had performed her movements like the others, fixing her eyes on the lady of the castle, she recited these lines.\nSweet Poetry in moving lays,\nLove into hearts, sense into souls conveys;\nWith sacred rage can tune to bliss or woe,\nSways all the man, and gives him heaven below.\nFair Nymph, adorned with every grace,\nShall noble Verse be scorned by thee?\n'Tis Wit can best prize thy beauty;\nThen raise the Muse, and thou by her shall rise:\nPoetry retired, and Liberality advanced from Wealth's side. After the dance, she spoke.\nBehold the noble golden Mean between the Sparing and Profuse. Good sense and merit must be seen where liberality is in use. But I, for you, will seem lavish; for you, I'll approve profuseness. For where merit is extreme, would not one be prodigal of love? In this manner, all the persons of each party advanced and spoke their verses. Among the rest, Don Quixote, who had a very good memory, remembered only these. After this, the two divisions joined into a very pretty country dance. And still as Cupid passed by the castle, he shot a flight of arrows, and Wealth battered it with golden balls. Then drawing out a great purse of Roman cat-skin that seemed full of money, he threw it against the castle. The boards of which were immediately disjointed, and fell down, leaving the Virgin discovered without any defense. Thereupon Wealth entered with his party, and throwing a gold chain about her neck.\nmade a show of leading her prisoner, but then Cupid and his attendants came to her rescue. Both parties engaged, and were parted by the savages, who joined the boards together, enclosing the virgin as before. The performance was done with measure, and to the music that played the whole time. The show ended to the great content of the spectators.\n\nWhen all was over, Don Quixote asked one of the nymphs who had composed the entertainment. She answered that it was a certain clergyman who lived in their town that had a rare talent for that. I dare lay a wager, said Don Quixote, he was more a friend to Basil than to Camacho, and knows better what belongs to a play than a prayer-book. He has expressed Basil's parts and Camacho's estate very naturally in the design of your dance. God bless the king and Camacho, I say, quoth Sancho, who heard this.\n\nWell, Sancho, said Don Quixote, you are a white-livered rogue to change parties this way; you're like the rabble, which always cry.\n\"Long live the Conqueror. I don't know who I am, replied Sancho; but this I know, that this kettle full of geese and hens is a bribe for a prince. Camacho has filled my belly, and therefore has won my heart. When shall I ladle out such dainty scum from Basil's porridge-pots (he showed his master the meat and fell on lustily), so a fig for his abilities, I say. As he sows, so let him reap, and as he reaps, so let him sow. My old grandmother (rest her soul) used to say, there were but two families in the world, the haves and the have-nots; and she had always a great kindness for the family of the haves. A doctor gives his advice by the pulse of your pocket; and an ass covered with gold looks better than a horse with a pack-saddle; so once more I say, Camacho for my money. Have you not finished yet? asked Don Quixote. I must have finished, answered Sancho; because I see you are beginning to get angry, else I would have work cut out for three days and a half. Well!\"\nthou wilt never be silent until thy mouth is full of clay; when thou art dead, I hope I shall have some rest. Faith and truth now, Master, quoth Sancho. You did ill to talk of death; Heaven bless us, 'tis no child's play; you've even spoiled my dinner. The very thought of raw bones and lantern jaws makes me sick. Death consumes all things, both the young lamb and old sheep; and I have heard our parson say he values a prince no more than a clown; all's fair that comes to his net; he throws at all, and sweeps stakes; he's no mower that takes a nap at noon-day, but drives on, fair weather or foul, and cuts down the green grass as well as the ripe corn: He's neither squeamish nor queasy-stomached, for he swallows without chewing, and crams down all things into his ungracious maw; and though you can see no belly he has, he has a confounded dropsy, and thirsts after men's lives, which he gulps down like mother's milk. Hold, hold, cried the Knight, go no further.\nFor you have come to a very handsome period; you have said as much about Death in your homespun cant as a good preacher could have done. You have the knack of preaching, man. I must get you a pulpit and benefice, I think. He preaches well who lives well, quoth Sancho; that's all the divinity I understand. You have enough, said Don Quixote; yet I wonder at one thing. It is said the beginning of wisdom proceeds from the fear of heaven; how then does it happen that you, who fear a lizard more than omnipotence, should be so wise? Come, Sir, reply, and don't meddle with other men's fears; for I am as pretty a fearer of heaven as any of my neighbors. And so let me dispatch this scum. With that, he attacked it with so courageous an appetite that he sharpened his master's.\nWhile Don Quixote and Sancho were conversing, as the previous chapter has detailed, they were interrupted by a great noise of joy and acclamations raised by the horsemen, who, shouting and galloping, came to meet the young couple, who, surrounded by a thousand instruments and devices, were approaching the arbor, accompanied by the curate, their relatives, and all the better sort of the neighborhood, dressed in their holiday-clothes. Hey-day! exclaimed Sancho, upon seeing the bride, what is this? This is not a country lass but a fine city dame, all in her silks and satins, by the Mass! Look, look, master, see if instead of glass necklaces, she wears fillets of rich coral; and instead of green serge of Cuenca, a thirty-piled velvet. I'll wager her lacing is white linen.\nI may never squint if it's not Satin. Bless me! See what rings she has on her fingers, no jet, no pewter baubles, pure beaten gold, as I am a sinner, and set with pearls too! If every pearl isn't as white as a syllabub, and each of them as precious as an eye! How she's bedecked, and glistens from top to toe! And now yonder again, what fine long locks the young slut has got! If they're false, I never saw longer in my born days. Ah, jade! What a fine stately person she is! What many trinkets and glaring gaudies are dangling in her hair and about her neck! Cudz-niggers! She puts me in mind of an over-laden date-tree. I my conscience! She's a juicy bit, a mettled wench, and might well pass muster in Flanders. Well! I say no more, but happy is the man that hath her! Don Quixote could not help smiling to hear Sancho set forth the bride after his rustic way, though at the same time he beheld her with admiration, thinking her the most beautiful woman he had ever seen, except his mistress Dulcinea.\nThe fair Quiteria appeared somewhat pale, likely due to the lack of rest common among brides the night before their marriage, to dress themselves advantageously. A large scaffold was erected on one side of the meadow, adorned with carpets and boughs for the marriage ceremony, and a more convenient view of the shows and entertainments. The procession had just arrived at this place when they heard a piercing cry and a voice calling out, \"Stay, rash and hasty people, stay.\" Upon turning about, they saw a figure approaching in a black coat bordered with crimson and powdered with flames of fire. He wore a garland of mournful cypress on his head and carried a large truncheon headed with an iron spike. As soon as he drew near, they recognized him as the gallant Basil, and the entire assembly began to fear some mischief would ensue, seeing him come so unexpectedly.\nAnd with such an outcry and behavior, he came tired and panting before the bride and bridegroom. Leaning on his truncheon, he fixed his eyes on Quiteria, turning pale and trembling at the same time. With a fearful hollow voice, he cried, \"Unkind Quiteria, you cannot be married to another, by the ties of truth and the law of that heaven which we all revere, while I have life. You may remember that while I stayed, hoping that time and industry might better my fortune and render me a match more equal for you, I never offered to transcend the bounds of honorable love by soliciting favors to the prejudice of your virtue. But you, forgetting all the ties between us, are going now to break them and give my right to another. His large possessions, though they can procure him all other blessings, I had never envied, could they not have purchased you. But no more, the Fates have ordained it, and I will further their design.\"\nLive, rich Camacho, live happily with ungrateful Quiteria for many years. Let the miserable Basil die, whose poverty has clipped the wings of his felicity and laid him in the grave. Saying these last words, Camacho drew out a hidden dagger from his truncheon and plunged it into his back. The poor wretch writhed on the ground in blood. His friends were confounded by this sad accident, and Don Quixote abandoned Rozinante to help him. They tried to remove the sword from Basil's body, but the curate urged them to wait for his confession and preparation for death, which would immediately follow the loss of blood upon pulling the dagger out. While they debated this point.\nBasil seemed to come to himself and called out to Quiteria. Oh, Quiteria, he said with a faint and doleful voice, in this last and parting minute of my life, even in this dreadful agony of death, would you but grant me your hand and acknowledge yourself my wife, I would consider myself rewarded for the torments I endure, and pleased to think that this desperate deed made me yours, however brief the moment, and I would die contented. The curate earnestly urged him to consider the care of his soul's health at this critical juncture, which was more important than any gratification of his body. But Basil replied that he could think of no happiness until Quiteria yielded to him; and if she would do so, that satisfaction would calm his spirits.\nAnd dispose him to confess himself heartily. Don Quixote cried out, \"Basil's demand is just and reasonable. Signior Camacho may receive her with honor as Basil's widow, as if he had received her at her father's hands. Just say the word, Madam. Speak it once to save a man from despair and damnation. You will not be bound to it for long, since the bridal bed of this groom must be the grave. Camacho was confounded by this, but was eventually persuaded by Basil's friends to allow Quiteria to grant Don Quixote's request, knowing her happiness would be delayed only a few minutes longer. They all implored Quiteria, some with tears in their eyes. Basil was ready to speak, lying gasping for breath with his eyes fixed in his head as if expiring. She knelt down by him.\nAnd with the most manifest signs of grief, Quiteria beckoned to Basil for his hand. Basil opened his eyes and fixed them in a languishing posture on hers. Quiteria, oh, you relent at last when pity comes too late, Basil said. Your arms are now extended to relieve me, but those of death draw me to their embraces, and they are much too strong for yours. All I desire of you, O fatal beauty, Quiteria, with a blushing modesty, have not yet bereft you of all sense. I give it to you, Basil said, with all the presence of mind imaginable, and here I own myself your husband. And I, you, Quiteria, replied, whether your life is Sancho, this young man talks too much for a man in his condition; pray advise him to leave off his wooing and mind his soul's health. I'm afraid his death is more in his tongue than in his teeth.\n\nNow when Basil and Quiteria had thus plighted their faith to each other, while yet their hands were joined together, the tender-hearted Curate wept in his eyes.\npoured on them both the nuptial blessing, begging Heaven at the same time to have mercy on the newlywed man's soul and, in a manner, mixing the burial-service with the matrimonial. As soon as the benediction was pronounced, Basil briskly rose from the ground and, with unexpected activity, drew his sword out of his body and caught Quiteria close in his arms. All the spectators were amazed, and some of the simpler sort didn't hesitate to cry out, \"A miracle, a miracle!\" No, no, cried Basil, no miracle, no miracle, but a stratagem, a stratagem. The curate, more astonished and concerned than all the rest, came with both his hands to feel the wound and discovered that the sword had not passed through the cunning Basil's body but only through a tin pipe full of blood artfully fitted to his body, and, as it was later known, so prepared that the blood could not congeal. In short, the curate, Camacho, and the company found they had all been egregiously imposed upon. As for the bride.\nShe was not displeased, but declared publicly that she confirmed the marriage again, by the free consent of both parties: Camacho and his friends, assuming the trick was premeditated and that she was privy to the plot, grew enraged at this disappointing turn of events. Camacho and his friends, believing this, drew their swords and set upon Basil, with almost as many immediately unsheathing theirs in his defense. Don Quixote, leading the charge for Basil's party, mounted his horse, couched his lance, and covered himself with his shield. Sancho, who disliked any dangerous work, resolved to remain neutral and so retreated under the walls of the mighty Pot from which he had obtained the precious skimmings, thinking that would be respected regardless of which side gained the battle. Don Quixote addressed himself to Camacho's party.\nHold, Gentlemen, cried he, it is not just thus with arms to redress the injuries of love. Love and war are the same thing, and stratagems and policy are as allowable in the one as in the other. Quiteria was designed for Basil, and he for her by the unalterable decrees of heaven. Camacho's riches may purchase him a bride and more content elsewhere, but those whom heaven has joined let no man put asunder. Basil had but this one lamb, and the lamb of his bosom, let none therefore offer to take his single delight from him, though presuming on his power; for here I solemnly declare, that he who first attempts it must pass through me, and this lance through him. At which he shook his lance in the air with so much vigor and dexterity, that he cast a sudden terror into those that beheld him, who did not know the threatening champion. In short, Don Quixote's words, the good curate's diligent mediation, together with Quiteria's inconstancy, brought Camacho to a truce; and he then discreetly considered.\nSince Quiteria loved Basil before marriage, it was likely she would continue to love him afterwards. Therefore, Basil had good reason to be grateful for being released from the relationship rather than resenting her loss. This thought, combined with other considerations, led both parties to a peaceful resolution. Camacho, to demonstrate he was not holding a grudge, invited the entire company to stay and share in what he had prepared. However, Basil, whose virtues, despite his poverty, had earned him many friends, drew some of the company away to attend him and his bride to her town. Among those who followed were Don Quixote, whom they all respected as a person of great worth and bravery. Poor Sancho reluctantly accompanied his master, unable to reconcile himself to the idea of leaving the good cheer and jollity at Camacho's feast, which lasted until night, and harbored a strong desire for those dear flesh-pots of Egypt.\nwhich though he left behind in Reality, he yet carried along with him in Mind the beloved Scum, who was nearly gutted already, making him view with sorrow the almost empty Kettle, the dear Casket where his Treasure lay. Thus, he sullenly pacified himself after Rozinante, very much out of humor, though he had just filled his Belly, and despite his Master's defection from Camacho's Feast.\n\nThe new Married Couple entertained Don Quixote nobly, in acknowledgment of his readiness to defend their Cause. They esteemed his Wisdom equal to his Valor, and thought him both a Cid in Arms and a Cicero in Arts. Honest Sancho too was recruited to the Purpose during the three Days his Master stayed, and so came to his good humor again.\n\nBasil then informed them that Quiteria knew nothing of his Stratagems, but being a pure Device of his own, he had made some of his nearest Friends acquainted with it, that they should stand by him if occasion arose.\nAnd bring him off upon the discovery of the deceit. It deserves a more honorable name, said Don Quixote, since it leads to such a good and honorable end, as the marriage of a loving couple. By the way, Sir, you must know that the greatest obstacle to love is want and a narrow fortune. For the continual bonds and cements of mutual affection are mirth, content, satisfaction, and jollity. These, managed by skillful hands, can make variety in the pleasures of wedlock, preparing the same thing always with some additional circumstance to render it new and delightful. But when pressing necessity and indigence deprive us of these pleasures that prevent satiety, the yoke of matrimony is often found very galling; and the burden intolerable. These words were chiefly directed by Don Quixote to Basil, advising him on the way to give up those airy sports and exercises, which indeed might feed his youth with praise, but not his old age with bread.\nAnd to think of some grave and substantial employment that might afford him a competency and something of a stock for his declining years. The honorable poor man, said he, if the poor deserve that epithet, when he has a beautiful wife, is blessed with a jewel. He that deprives him of her robs him of his honor and may be said to deprive him of his life. The woman that is beautiful and keeps her honesty when her husband is poor deserves to be crowned with laurel, as the conquerors were of old. Beauty is a tempting bait that attracts the eyes of all beholders, and the princely eagles and the most high-flown birds stoop to its pleasing lure. But when they find it in necessity, then kites and crows, and other ravenous birds will all be grappling with the alluring prey. She that can withstand these dangerous attacks does merit to be the crown of her husband. However, take this along with you as the opinion of a wise man, whose name I have forgot; he said.\nThere was but one good woman in the world, and his advice was that every married man should think his own wife was her, as being the only way to live contented. For my part, I need not make the application to myself, for I am not married, nor have I yet any thoughts that way; but if I had, it wouldn't be a woman's fortune, but her character should recommend her. Public reputation is the life of a lady's virtue, and the outward appearance of modesty is in one sense as good as the reality; since a private sin is not so prejudicial in this world as a public indecency. If you bring a woman to honesty to your bosom, it's easy keeping her so, and perhaps you may improve her virtues. If you take an unchaste partner to your bed, it's hard mending her; for the extremes of vice and virtue are so great in a woman, and their points so far apart, that 'tis very improbable, I won't say impossible, they should ever be reconciled. Sancho, who had patiently listened so far.\nI could not help but make some remarks on my master's words. This master of mine, I thought to myself, when I speak some good things, full of substance and depth, as he may be now, once told me that I should tie a pulpit to my back and stroll about the world to share my discoveries. But I might just as well tell him that when he begins to string his sentences together, a single pulpit is too small for him; he would need two for every finger, and go peddling about the market, crying, \"who buys my wares?\" Old Nick take him for a knight-errant! I think he's one of the seven wise masters. I once thought he knew nothing but knight-errantry, but now I see that the devil cannot escape him; he has an oar in every boat and a finger in every pie. As he mumbled something loudly, his master overheard him. \"What's that you're grumbling about there, Sancho?\" said he. \"Nothing, sir,\" quoth Sancho. \"I was only wishing I had heard your wisdom on this doctrine before I married.\"\nThen perhaps I could have quoted the old proverb, \"A sound man needs no physician.\" Was Teresa really that bad, Don Quixote asked? Not extremely bad, answered Sancho. Nor as good as I would have her, Don Quixote retorted. Fie, Sancho, you shouldn't speak ill of your wife, who is a good mother to your children, Sancho replied. There's no love lost, Sir, Sancho added, for she speaks just as ill of me when she's in one of her jealous moods. Don Quixote stayed with the young couple for three days and was treated like a prince. He asked the student, who fenced so well, to help him find a guide to Montesino's Cave. Determined to see the wonders reported about it for himself, Don Quixote planned to venture into the cave. The student recommended a cousin of his as a guide. This man, he said, was ingenious, a good scholar, and an admirer of knight-errantry books.\nThe scholar could show him the famous Lake of Ruydera. He suggested that the learned cousin would be good company for the knight, as he wrote books for booksellers to dedicate to great men. The scholar came on an ass with a foal. Sancho prepared Rozinante and Dapple, filled his wallet, and the student's knapsack. They all took leave and headed towards Montesino's Cave. To pass the time on the road, Don Quixote asked the guide what his main area of study was. \"Sir,\" answered the scholar, \"my business is writing, and copy-money is my main focus. I have published some things with general approval and to my own advantage. Perhaps, Sir, you have heard of one of my books, called\"\nThe Treatise of Liveries and Devices: I have provided the public with over 700 types of liveries and devices, including their colors, mottos, and ciphers. Any courtier can find what suits his fancy or circumstances without straining his own invention. I can provide the jealous, the forsaken, the disdained, and the absent with what is suitable. Another piece, currently in production, I plan to call The Metamorphosis, or The Spanish Ovid; an invention that is very new and extraordinary. In short, it is Ovid Burlesqued; where I reveal the identities of Spain's various curiosities. Giralda of Seville was; who was the Angel of the Magdalen; I tell you what was Vecinguerra's Pipe, the Bulls of Guisando, the Sierra Morena, the Fountains of Laganitos, and Lavapies at Manzanares, not forgetting those of Piojo or the Golden Pipe.\nI. and the Abbey; I enhance the Fables with Allegories, Metaphors, and Translations, to delight and instruct. Another Work, which I will soon publish, I call a Supplement to Polydore Virgil, concerning the Inventions of Things: A Work, I assure you, Sir, that demonstrates the great pains and learning of the compiler, and perhaps in a better style than the old author. For example, he has forgotten to tell us who was the first to contract the French Disease. Now, Sir, I immediately resolve this, and confirm my assertion by the testimony of at least twenty-four authentic writers; By these quotations alone, you may guess, Sir, at the pains I have taken to instruct and benefit the public.\n\nSancho having listened with great attention all this while, Pray, Sir, quoth he, may Heaven guide your right hand in all you write, let me ask you, Who was the first man to scratch his head? Scratched his head, friend, answered the author? Yes, Sir, scratched his head.\n\"quoth Sancho: \"Are you certain you know all the answers, or the Devil deceives me! What do you think of old Father Adam? Old Father Adam replied the Scholar. Let me see, said Adam, if he had a head, he had hair, he had hands, and he could scratch. But Father Adam was the first man; therefore, Father Adam was the first man to scratch his head. 'Tis clear you're correct, Sir, said Sancho. Another question, by your leave, Sir, Who was the first tumbler in the world? Indeed, friend, answered the student, that is a point I cannot determine without consulting my books; but as soon as I get home, I will study night and day to find it out. For two fair words, said Sancho, I'll save you that trouble. Can you resolve that doubt, asked the author? Yes, indeed, said Sancho: The first tumbler in the world was Lucifer, when he was cast out of heaven he tumbled into hell.\"\n\"said Don Quixote, \"This isn't one of your questions. Mum,\" replied Sancho. \"I don't need my neighbors' help in asking foolish questions or making deals.\"\n\n\"Indeed, Don Quixote, you've given your question a better name than you realize,\" Sancho continued. \"There are men who spend their time making discoveries, the knowledge of which is worthless in nature unless it's to make those discoveries the subject of laughter.\"\n\nWith such entertaining conversations, they passed their journey until they reached the cave the next day. They brought a hundred fathoms of rope to lower Don Quixote into the cave, and he was determined to go to the very bottom, even if it was as deep as hell. The cave's mouth was inaccessible, being completely blocked by weeds, bushes, brambles, and wild fig trees.\"\nThough the entrance was wide and spacious, Don Quixote made his way to the place and prepared for his expedition into the underworld. He told the scholar that he was determined to reach the bottom, no matter how deep the profound abyss. Once everyone had dismounted, his squire and guide quickly secured him with a rope.\n\n\"Consider what you do, good sir,\" Sancho pleaded. \"Don't venture into such a cursed black hole! Look before you leap, Sir, and don't be so wilful as to bury yourself alive. Don't hang yourself like a bottle or a bucket, let down to be soaked in a well. Alas, Sir, it's none of your business to pry into every hole and go down to the pit of hell for the moment!\"\n\n\"Peace, coward,\" the knight replied, and bound him fast. \"For this enterprise, such as this is reserved for me.\"\n\n\"When you are in, be very vigilant in exploring and observing all the rarities in the place,\" the student urged. \"Let nothing escape your eyes.\"\n\"Let him go with it, said Sancho. He'll make a mess of it, I'm sure. After Don Quixote had finished being bound, not in his armor but in his doublet, he thought of one thing they had forgotten. We forgot to bring a small bell, he said. I should have taken it down with me to call for more or less rope as needed and let you know I was alive. But since there's no help for it, Heaven prosper me. Then, kneeling down, he quietly prayed to the Divine Providence for assistance and success in this strange and apparently dangerous adventure. Raising his voice, he cried out, most illustrious and peerless Dulcinea Del Toboso, if the prayers of a loving and absent suitor can reach you, by the power of your unspeakable beauty.\"\nI conjure thee to grant me your favor and protection in this plunge and precipice of my fortune. I am now going to ingulf myself and cast myself into this dismal profundity, so that the world may know nothing is impossible to him who, influenced by your smiles, attempts under the banner of your beauty, the most difficult tasks. Having said this, he got up again and approaching the entrance of the cave, he found it stopped up with brambles and bushes, so that he must be obliged to make his way through them by force. Whereupon, drawing his sword, he began to cut and slash the weeds that stopped up the mouth of the cave. Suddenly, an infinite number of oversized crows and daws rushed and fluttered out of the cave about his ears, so thick and with such impetuosity that they overwhelmed him to the ground. He was not superstitious enough to draw any ill omen from the flight of the birds; besides, it was no small encouragement to him.\nHe saw no battlements or owls; nor other ill-omened birds of the night among them. With an undaunted heart, he rose again and committed himself to the black and dreadful abyss. But Sancho first gave him his blessing, and making a thousand crosses over him, \"Heaven guide you,\" he said. \"Lady of the Rock in France, with the Trinity of Gaeta, you are the flower and cream, and scum of all knight-errants. Go your ways, you hacker of the world, heart of steel, and arms of brass! May you return safely, sound in wind and limb, from this dreadful hole which you are entering, to see the warm sun which you are leaving.\" The scholar also prayed for his safe return. Don Quixote then called for more rope, which they gave him in degrees until his voice was drowned in the wind's windings of the cave, and their cordage was run out. Once this was done, they began to consider whether they should hoist him up again immediately or not.\nThey resolved to stay half an hour, then began drawing up the rope, but were surprised to find no weight on it, concluding the poor gentleman was certainly lost. Sancho burst into tears, hauling up the rope as fast as he could to be thoroughly satisfied. After drawing up about forty fathoms, they felt a weight again and saw Don Quixote. \"Welcome, Master,\" Sancho cried upon sight, \"we were afraid you had been pawned for the reckoning.\" But Sancho received no answer to his compliment. Once they had pulled the knight quite up, they found his eyes closed, as if he had been asleep. They laid him on the ground and unbound him. Yet he made no sign of waking, and all their turning and shaking were of little use. At last, he began to stretch his limbs.\nas if he had waken'd out of the most profound sleep, and staring wildly about him, he cried, \"Heavens forgive you, Friends, for you have rais'd me now from one of the sweetest lives, that ever mortal led, and most delightful sights that ever eyes beheld. Now I perceive how fleeting are all the joys of this transitory life: they are but an imperfect dream, they fade like a flower, and vanish like a shadow. Oh ill-fated Montesinos! Oh Durandart unfortunately wounded! Oh unhappy Belerma! And you, the distressed daughters of Ruydera, whose flowing waters show what streams of tears once trickled from your lovely eyes! These expressions, uttered with great passion and concern, surprised the scholar and Sancho, and they desired to know his meaning and what he had seen in that hell upon earth. Call it not hell, answered Don Quixote, for it deserves a better name, as I shall soon let you know. But first give me something to eat.\nI am prodigiously hungry. They spread the Scholar's saddle cloth for a carpet and examining their old cupboard, they all sat down on the grass and ate heartily together, like men who were a meal or two behind-hand. When they had finished, Don Quixote said, \"Let no one stir. Sit still and hear me with attention. It was now past four in the afternoon, and the sun was opportunely hid behind the clouds, which, interposing between his rays, invited Don Quixote without heat or trouble to relate to his illustrious auditors the wonders he had seen in Montesino's cave. About twelve or fourteen men's depth, I say, in the profundity of this cavern, on the right hand, there is a concavity wide enough to contain a large wagon, mules and all. This place is not wholly dark, for through some chinks and narrow holes that reach to the distant surface of the earth, there comes a glimmering light. I discovered this recess, being already weary of hanging by the loins.\"\nDiscouraged by the profound darkness below me, without a guide, and unsure of my direction: I resolved to rest a while, calling out to you not to give me any more rope. It seems you did not hear me. I entered and coiled up the cord, sitting upon it melancholically, considering the most convenient way to get to the bottom, having no one to bear me up. While I sat pensive and lost in thought, I was surprised by sleep; and upon waking, I found myself in the finest, sweetest, and most delightful meadow, that nature had ever adorned with her beauties or the most inventive fancy could ever imagine. To ensure this was not a dream or illusion, I rubbed my eyes, blew my nose, and checked various parts of my body, using all my senses to confirm my waking state.\nAnd all the faculties of my understanding are sound and active at this moment. I discovered a royal and sumptuous palace, whose walls and battlements appeared to be of clear and transparent crystal. Simultaneously, the spacious gates opened, and an old man, dressed in a sad-colored robe that swept the ground, emerged towards me. He wore a green-satin tippet in the style of those worn in colleges on his breast and shoulders. On his head, he wore a black Milan cap, and his broad hoary beard reached down below his middle. He carried no weapons in his hands but a rosary of beads about the size of walnuts, and his credo beads seemed as large as ordinary ostrich eggs. The awesome and grave aspect, his pace, port, and goodly presence, each of them separately and more so all together, struck me with veneration and astonishment. He approached me, and without any previous ceremony, he embraced me closely: \"It's been a long time,\" he said, most renowned knight.\nDon Quixote of La Mancha, who dwell in this enchanted solitude have hoped to see you here; so that you may inform the upper world of the surprising prodigies hidden from human knowledge in this subterranean hollow, called the Cave of Montesinos: An enterprise reserved alone for your insuperable heart and stupendous resolution. Come then, most illustrious knight, and behold the wonders enclosed within this transparent castle, of which I am the perpetual governor and chief warden, being the same individual Montesinos, from whom this cavern took its name.\n\nNo sooner had the reverend old man let me know who he was, than I entreated him to tell me, whether it was true or no, that at his friend Durandarte's dying request, he had taken out his heart with a small dagger the very moment he expired, and carried it to his mistress Belerma, as the story was current in the world? It is literally true, answered the old gentleman.\nThe Knight, except for the single circumstance of the dagger; I used neither a small nor large dagger on this occasion, but a well-polished ponyard, as sharp as an awl. I'll be hung, quoth Sancho, if it wasn't one of your Sevil ponyard, of Raymond de Hoze's making. That can't be, said Don Quixote, for that cutler lived but the other day, and the battle of Roncesvalles, where this accident happened, was fought many ages ago. But this is of no importance to the story. You are in the right, Sir, said the student, and pray go on, for I hearken to your relation with the greatest satisfaction imaginable. That, Sir, said the Knight, increases my pleasure in telling it. But to proceed: The Venerable Montesinos leading me into the Crystal-Palace, conducted me into a spacious ground-room, exceeding cool, and all of Alabaster. In the middle of it stood a stately marble tomb, which seemed a masterpiece of art; upon which lay a knight extended all at length, not of stone or brass, as on other monuments.\nBut he was all flesh and bones. He covered the area of his heart with his right hand, which appeared hairy and filled with sinews, a sign of the great strength of the body to which it belonged. Montesinos, observing that I was surprised by this sight, said, \"Behold, my friend Durandarte, the flower and mirror of all the amorous and valiant knights of his age. He, along with me and many others of both sexes, are kept here enchanted by Merlin, the British magician. They say he was the son of the devil; though I cannot believe it, for his knowledge was so great that he might be said to know more than the devil. Here, I say, we are enchanted, but how and for what cause no one can tell, though I hope time will soon reveal it. But the most wonderful part of my fortune is this: I am certain, as the sun now shines, that Durandarte died in my arms, and that with these hands I took out his heart. By the same token, it weighed over two pounds, a sure mark of his courage.\"\nby the Rules of Natural Philosophy, the most valiant men have still the greatest hearts. Nevertheless, though this knight really died, he still complains and sighs sometimes as if he were alive. Scarce had Montesinos spoken these words when the miserable Durandarte cried out aloud, \"Oh! Cousin Montesinos, the last and dying request of your departing friend was to take my heart out of my breast with a poniard or a dagger, and carry it to Belerma.\" The venerable Montesinos, falling on his knees before the afflicted knight, with tears in his eyes, long, long ago, said he, \"O Durandarte, thou dearest of my kinsmen, have I obeyed what you enjoined me on that bitter, fatal day when you expired? I took out your heart with all imaginable care, not leaving the least particle of it in your breast. I gently wiped it with a laced handkerchief, and posted away with it to France as soon as I had committed your dear remains to the bosom of the earth.\"\nHaving shed tears enough to wash my hands clean of the blood I had gathered by plunging into your entrails, I confirm this truth further. At the first place where I stopped from Roncesvalles, I laid a little salt on your heart to preserve it from putrefaction and keep it, if not fresh, at least free from any ill smell, until I presented it into the hands of Belerma, who, with you and me, and Guadiana your squire, as well as Ruydera (the Lady's woman) and her seven daughters and two nieces, and many others of your friends and acquaintances, are all still confined by the necromantic charms of the magician Merlin. And though it has been over five hundred years since we were first conveyed to this enchanted castle, we are all still alive, except Ruydera, her daughters, and nieces, who, by the favor of Merlin, who pitied their tears, were turned into seven lakes still extant in the world of the living, in the province of La Mancha.\nYour Squire Guadiana, lamenting his hard fate, was transformed into a river that bears his name. Seven of the lakes belong to the Kings of Spain, and the two to the Knights of the most Holy Order of St. John. Guadiana, feeling the sorrow of your disaster, initially hid from the world by sinking back into the earth when he first emerged to flow on the surface and saw the sun in a strange hemisphere. However, the natural current of his waters forced him to reappear where the sun and mortals could see him. The lakes mixing their waters in his bosom, he swells and glides along in a sullen state to Portugal. His muddy and turbid streams express his deep melancholy, refusing to please the sight and denying to indulge mortal appetite.\nby breeding such fair and savory Fish as may be found in the Golden Tagus. I have often told you, my dearest Durandarte; and since you make no reply, I must assume you do not believe me or have not heard me. I am extremely grieved by this. But now I have other news to tell you. Open your eyes and behold, in your presence, that mighty Knight, of whom Merlin the Sage has foretold many wonders: Don Quixote de la Mancha. He has not only restored to the world the function of knighthood, which had lain in oblivion, but has advanced it to greater fame than it could boast in the days of yore. The nonage of the world. It is by his power that we may expect to see the fatal charm dissolved, which keeps us here confined.\nFor great performances are properly reserved for great personages. If not, answered the grieving Durandarte with a faint and languishing voice, If not, I say, Cousin! Patience, and shuffle the cards. Turning on one side without speaking a word more, he relapsed into his usual silence. After this, I was alarmed by a pitiful howling and crying, which, mixed with lamentable sighs and groans, obliged me to turn about to see whence it proceeded. Through the crystal-wall I saw a mournful procession of most beautiful damsels, all in black, marching in two ranks, with turbans on their heads after the Turkish fashion. Last of all came a majestic lady, dressed also in mourning, with a long white veil that reached from her head down to the ground. Her turban was twice as big as the biggest of the rest. She was somewhat beetle-browed, her nose was flattish, her mouth-wide, but her lips red; her teeth, which she sometimes displayed, seemed thin and snaggy.\nBut indeed, as white as bleached almonds, she held a fine handkerchief. Within it, I could perceive a heart of flesh, so dry and withered that it looked like mummy. Montesinos informed me that the procession consisted of Durandarte's and Belerma's servants, who were enchanted there with their master and mistress. But the last was Belerma herself, who with her attendants used four days in the week to sing, or rather howl, their dirges over the heart and body of her cousin. Though Belerma appeared a little haggard at that juncture, occasioned by the grief she bore in her own heart, for what she carried in her hand, yet had I seen her before her misfortunes had sunk her eyes and tarnished her complexion, I must have owned, that even the celebrated Dulcinea del Toboso, so famous in La Mancha, and over the whole universe, could scarcely have rivaled her in gracefulness and beauty.\n\"Good Sir Don Montesinos, I said. You know that comparisons are odious, therefore no more comparing, I beg of you; but go on with your story. The peerless Dulcinea del Toboso is what she is, and the Lady Belerma is what she is, and has been; so no more on that subject. I beg your pardon, answered Montesinos, Sir Don Quixote, I might have guessed indeed that you were Dulcinea's knight, and therefore I ought to have bitten my tongue off sooner than to have compared her to anything lower than heaven itself. This satisfaction, which I thought sufficient from the great Montesinos, stifled the resentment I otherwise would have shown for hearing my mistress compared to Belerma. Nay, marry, said Sancho, I wonder you did not catch the old donating hunchback by the beard and maul, and thrash him thick and threefold. How could you leave one hair upon his chin! No, no, Sancho answered Don Quixote, there is always a respect due to our seniors, though they be no knights; but most when they are such.\"\nAnd under the Oppression of Enchantment, I was satisfied that in our conversation, I took care not to have anything that looked like an affront passed between us. But, Sir, you asked the scholar, how could you see and hear so many strange things in so little time? I can't conceive how you could do it. How long, said Don Quixote, do you reckon that I have been in the Cave? A little over an hour, answered Sancho. That's impossible, said Don Quixote; for I saw morning and evening, and evening and morning three times since; so that I could not be absent less than three days from this upper world. Yes, yes, quoth Sancho, my master is right; for these enchantments, which have the greatest hand in all his concerns, may make that seem three days and three nights to him, which is but an hour to other people. It must be so, said Don Quixote. I hope, Sir, said the scholar, you have eaten something in all that time. Not one morsel, replied Don Quixote; neither have I had the least desire to eat.\nDo they who are enchanted ever eat, asked the scholar? They never do, answered Don Quixote, and you, Sancho? Never, answered Don Quixote, at least they never closed their eyes while I was among them, nor I either. This confirms the saying, remarked Sancho, Tell me your company, and I'll tell you what you are. Indeed, you have all been enchanted together. No wonder if you neither ate nor slept, since you were in the land of those who always watch and fast. But, Sir, would you have me speak as I think; and pray don't take it amiss, for if I believe one word of all you've said. What do you mean, Friend, asked the student? Do you think the noble Don Quixote would be guilty of a lie, and if he had the time, could he have concocted such a number of stories in so short a time? I don't think my master would lie, answered Sancho. What do you think then, Sir, asked Don Quixote? Why, truly, Sir, replied Sancho.\nI believe this same cunning man, Merlin, may have enchanted or deceived all those people you speak of, and may have enchanted or implanted in your mind all that you have told us and are yet to tell us. Don Quixote doubted this, but he was certain that he saw and felt with his own eyes all that he had mentioned. He also recounted that among many wonderful things, he saw three country wenches leaping and skipping about in those pleasant fields like wild goats. At first sight, he recognized one of them as Dulcinea, and the other two as the same ones we had spoken to not far from Toboso. Montesinos did not recognize them, but thought they were enchanted ladies who had recently arrived, and that the appearance of strange faces was not unusual among them, as many had been enchanted there for ages.\nunder several disguises; and that, among the rest, he knew Queen Guinever and her woman Quintaniona, who served as Sir Lancelot's cup-bearer, as he came from Britain. Sancho, hearing his master speak in this manner, was on the verge of forgetting himself and bursting out laughing. He knew that Dulcinea's enchantment was a lie, and that he himself was the chief creator and fabricator of the story. In an ill hour, quoth Sancho, dear master of mine, and on a woeful day, you went down to the other world, and in a worse hour, you met Montesinos, who sent you back in this pitiful state. You went forth with your right senses, could speak prettily enough now and then, had your handsome proverbs and wise sayings at every foot, and gave wholesome counsel to all who would take it; but now, bless me! you speak as if you had left your brains in the devil's cellar. I know thee, Sancho, said Don Quixote.\nAnd therefore I consider your words as little as I should. And I replied, Sancho. Nay, you may cripple, maim, or kill me if you please, either for what I've said or meant to say: I must speak my mind though I die for it. But before your anger rises, pray, Sir, tell me, how did you recognize it was your mistress? Did you speak to her? What did she say to you? And what did you say to her? I recognized her again, said Don Quixote, by the same clothes she wore when you introduced her to me. I spoke to her, but she made no response, instead she suddenly turned away and fled from me like a whirlwind. I intended to follow her, had not Montesinos warned me it would be to no avail; he also advised me that it was high time to return to the upper air. And changing the subject, he informed me that I would be made aware of the means to enchant them all in the future. However, while Montesinos and I were conversing, an unusual incident occurred, the thoughts of which still trouble me.\nFor as we were in the midst of our conversation, one of Dulcinea's companions approached me, saying in a faint and doleful voice, \"My lady Dulcinea del Toboso sends her regards to you, and asks how you do. At present, she is short of money and requests you, out of kindness, to lend her six reales on this new Fustian-petticoat. She promises to repay it honestly in a little time.\" This surprise message caused me to turn to Montesinos and ask, \"Is it possible, Sir, that persons of quality, when enchanted, are in want? Oh, very possible, Sir, replied he. Poverty spares neither the enchanted nor the unenchanted. Since Lady Dulcinea requests you to lend her these six reales, and the pledge is a good one\"\nLet her have the money; I'm sure she's in need at this time. I scorn taking pawns, I said, but unfortunately, I can't fulfill the request in full; I have only four reales with me, which was the money you gave me the other day, Sancho, to distribute among the poor. I gave her all I had, and asked her to tell her mistress that I was sorry for her wants and that if I had all the treasures Croesus possessed, they would be at her service. I begged her to visit and converse with her captive servant and weather-beaten knight. Tell her, I continued, when she least expects it, she will come to hear how I have made a vow, as the Marquess of Mantua did when he found his nephew Baldwin ready to expire on the mountain, never to eat upon a tablecloth, and several other particulars which he swore to observe.\ntill he had avenged his death. So in the same solemn manner, I swear, I will never desist from traveling the habitable globe and exploring all seven parts of the world more indefatigably than ever was done by Prince Pedro of Portugal, until I have freed her from her enchantment. All this and more you owe my mistress, said the damsel; and then, having received the four reales, instead of dropping me a curtsy, she performed a leap in the air two yards high. Now heaven defend us, cried Sancho, who could ever have believed that these devilish enchanters and enchantments would have so much power in this world, as to bewitch my master at such a rate, and drive his sound understanding mad in such a manner. Alas! Sir, for heaven's sake take care of yourself. What will the world say of you? Rouse up your dozing senses, and don't dwell on those whimsies that have so wickedly shattered that rare headpiece of yours. Well, said Don Quixote, I cannot be angry at your ignorant gossip.\n because it proceeds from thy Love towards me. Thou think'st, poor Fellow, that whatever is beyond the Sphere of thy Narrow\nComprehension must be impossible: But, as I have already said, there will come a time, when I shall give thee an account of some Things I have seen below, that will convince thee of the Reality of those I told thee now, the Truth of which admits of no Dispute.\nTHE Translator of this great History, de\u2223clares, that at the beginning of the Chap\u2223ter, which Treats of the Adventure of Montesinos's Cave, he found a Marginal Annotation, written with the Arabian Author's own Hand, in these Words.\nI cannot be perswaded, nor believe, that all the wonderful Accidents said to have happen'd to the Va\u2223lorous Don Quixote in the Cave, so punctually befell him as he relates 'em: For, the Course of his Adven\u2223tures hitherto has been very Natural, and bore the Face of Probability; but in this there appears no Coherence with Reason, and nothing but monstrous Incongruities. But on the other Hand\nIf we consider the honor, worth, and integrity of the noble Don Quixote, we have no reason to suspect him of a lie; rather, he would sooner have been transfixed with arrows. Moreover, he has been so particular in his account of that adventure and provided so many circumstances that I dare not declare it absolutely apocryphal. In fact, I do not have the temerity to determine whether it is true or false; instead, I leave it to the discretion of the judicious reader. However, I must inform the reader that Don Quixote, upon his deathbed, utterly disowned this adventure as a perfect fable, which he claimed he had invented purely to amuse himself, as it was suitable to the romances he had previously read. And so much for this digression.\n\nThe scholar thought Sancho the most saucy servant.\nAnd his master the calmest madman I have ever seen; though I attributed the patience of the latter to a certain good humor and ease of temper infused into him by Dulcinea, even under enchantment. Otherwise, I would have thought this checking of Sancho a greater sign of madness than his discourse.\n\nNoble Don Quixote, said I, for four principal reasons I am extremely pleased with having taken this journey with you. First, it has procured me the honor of your acquaintance, which I shall always esteem a singular happiness. In the second place, Sir, the secrets of Montesinos's cave, and the transformations of Guadiana and Ruydera's lakes, have been revealed to me. These may look very great in my Spanish Ovid. My third advantage is, to have discovered the antiquity of card-playing, which I find to have been a pastime in use even in the time of Emperor Charles the Great, as may be collected from the words of Durandarte, who, after a long speech of Montesinos', said as he woke:\nPatience and shuffle the cards; which vulgar expression he could never have learned in his enchantment. It follows therefore that he must have heard it when he lived in France, during the reign of that emperor. This observation is nicknamed, I think, very opportunely for my supplement to Polydore Virgil, who, as I remember, has not touched upon card-playing. I will insert it into my work, I'll assure you, Sir, as a matter of great importance, having the testimony of so authentic and ancient an author as Sir Durandarte. The fourth part of my good fortune is to know the certain and true source of the River Guadiana, which has hitherto disappointed all human inquiries. There is a great deal of reason in what you say, answered Don Quixote. But, under favor, Sir, pray tell me, should you happen to get a license to publish your books, which I somewhat doubt, whom will you pitch upon for your patrons? Oh, Sir, answered the author, there are lords and grandees enough in Spain, surely.\nI may dedicate this to. Truly, not many deserve the praise of a dedication, but few have the means to reward an author's pains and civility. I know of a prince whose generosity could make up for what is lacking in the rest. I would dare to speak of his great merits, but it is late now, and so I should think about finding lodgings. Nearby here, Sir, is an hermitage, the retreat of a devout person. They say he was once a soldier and is regarded as a good Christian, known for his charity. He even built a little house there at his own expense, solely for the entertainment of strangers. But does he keep hens there, Sancho asked? Few hermits in this age lack them.\n\"said Don Quixote. Their way of living now does not reach the strictness and austerity of those in the Egyptian deserts, who wore only palm leaves and ate earth roots. I do not mean to reflect on others, but their penances are not as severe as in the past. Yet this does not prevent the present-day hermits from being good men. I consider them as such; at least, their dissimulation keeps them from scandal. As they continued talking, they saw a man running to catch up with them, leading a mule loaded with lances and halberds. He soon overtook them, greeted them, and passed by. \"Wait, honest fellow,\" cried Don Quixote, seeing him go so fast, \"don't hurry more than necessary.\" \"I cannot wait, Sir,\" the man replied.\nfor these weapons, we must use them this morning; therefore, Sir, I am in a hurry. I will lodge at the inn beyond the hermitage tonight. If you happen to go that way, you may find me there, and I'll tell you strange news. Farewell. Whipping his mule, he moved forward so quickly that Don Quixote had no time to ask him any more questions. The knight, who always had an itching ear for novelties to satisfy his curiosity, proposed that they continue straight to the inn without stopping at the hermitage, where the scholar had intended to stay all night. They all agreed and made their best way; however, when they approached the hermitage, the scholar asked Don Quixote to call him for a moment and drink a glass of wine at the door. Sancho, upon hearing this, turned Dapple that way and rode there beforehand; but to his great grief, the hospitable hermit was not at home, only his companion was there.\nA man, when asked if he had any strong liquor, replied that he couldn't get any, but he could have as much water as he wanted. \"If I were thirsty for water or enjoyed your cold comfort, there are wells enough along the road where I could have soaked my skin,\" Sancho exclaimed. \"What delightful feasts we had at Don Diego's house and at Camacho's wedding! When will I see you again, my friend!\"\n\nThey quickly rode towards the inn and soon came across a young fellow walking slowly. He carried his sword over his shoulder and had a bundle of clothes hanging from it. The bundle consisted of a pair of breeches, a cloak, and a few shirts. He wore a tattered velvet jerkin with a ragged satin lining, his shirt hung out, his stockings were of silk, and his shoes had square toes, following the court fashion. He appeared to be about eighteen or nineteen years old and was a pleasant-looking lad.\nAnd of a lively and active disposition, he sang all the way to pass the fatigue of his journey. As they approached, a scholar recited a ballad's end.\n\nA plague on my bad luck! Now my Ready's all gone;\nTo the wars, poor Pilgarlic must trudge;\nThough had I but money, to rake as I've done,\nThe devil a foot would I budge.\n\nSo, young gentleman, said Don Quixote to him, it seems you go lightly and easily. Where are you bound, I ask? I'm going to the wars, sir, answered the youth; and for my traveling thus, heat and poverty will excuse it. I grant the heat, replied Don Quixote, but why poverty, I implore you? Because I have no clothes to wear, replied the lad, but what I carry in this bundle. And if I wear them out on the road, I would have nothing to make a handsome figure with in any town; for I have no money to buy new ones until I reach a regiment of foot that lies about twelve leagues away.\nI intend to list myself here, and then I won't need to ride with the baggage until we reach Cartagenia, where I'll embark; for I'd rather serve the king abroad than any petty courtier at home. But pray, said the scholar, haven't you saved anything while you were there? If I had served any of your nobles or great men, said the young man, I might have done well enough and received a commission by now; for their footboys are now captains and lieutenants, or some other good posts. But a plague on it, Sir, it was always my misfortune to serve pitiful upstarts and younger brothers. My allowance was commonly so ill-paid and so small that the better half was barely enough to wash my linen; how then could a poor devil of a page, who wanted to make his fortune, come to any good in such miserable service! But, said Don Quixote, how is it that in all this time you couldn't get yourself a whole livery? Alas, Sir.\nThe lad replied, I had a couple but my masters dealt with me like novices in monasteries. If we go off before we profess, the fresh habit is taken from us, and they return our old clothes. For you must know, those I served bought livery only for ostentation. So when they have made their appearance at court, they sneak down into the country, and then the poor servants are stripped, and must even betake themselves to their rags again. A sordid trick, said Don Quixote, or, as the Italians call it, a notorious espilocheria. Well, you need not repine at leaving the court, since you do it with such a good design; for there's nothing in the world more commendable than to serve God in the first place and the king in the next, especially in the profession of arms, which if it does not procure a man so much riches as learning, may at least title him to more honor. 'Tis true, that more families have been advanced by the gown; but yet your gentlemen of the sword.\nWhatever the reason, I have always been uncertain about the advantages men of learning hold over others, which comes with some glory and splendor. But take my advice, child; if you intend to raise yourself through military employment, do not be uneasy with thoughts of potential misfortunes. The worst that can happen is death, and if it is a good, honorable one, your fortune is made, and you are certainly happy. Julius Caesar, that valiant Roman emperor, when asked about the best kind of death, replied, \"One that is sudden and unexpected.\" Though his answer had a pagan tinge, in human terms, it was very judicious: for, suppose you are cut off at the first engagement by a cannonball or the springing of a mine; what does it matter? It is all but dying, and that ends the business. As Terence says, a soldier makes a better figure dead in the field of battle.\nA soldier is better off alive and safe in battle. The more discipline he keeps and the better he obeys, the higher he will rise in fame and rank. It is more honorable for a soldier to smell of gunpowder than of musk and amber. Even if age overtakes a soldier in this noble employment, with scars, maims, and lameness, he will still have honor to support him and protect him from the contempt of poverty. Veteran and disabled soldiers are not to be treated as some men treat their Negro slaves, who, when old and past service, are turned out naked from doors under the pretense of freedom, only to be made greater slaves in cold and hunger, a slavery from which nothing but death can set them free. I'll say no more on this subject for now. Get up behind me, and I'll take you to the inn, where you shall sup with me.\nAnd tomorrow make the best of your way; may Heaven prosper your good designs. The page excused himself from riding behind the knight but accepted his invitation to supper willingly. Sancho, who had listened attentively to his master's conversation, was reportedly more than usually surprised, thinking to himself, \"Blessings on you, my master. How is it that a man who says so many good things tells such absurd tales, as he claims about Montesinos's Cave.\" Well, heaven knows best, and the proof of the pudding is in the eating. By this time, it had grown dark, and they arrived at the inn. Don Quixote dismounted and asked immediately for the man with the lances and halberds. The innkeeper replied that he was rubbing down his mule in the stable. Sancho was pleased to have reached the end of his journey, and all the more so because his master took the house for a real inn and not for a castle.\nHe set up the asses, giving Rozinante the best manger and stable position. Don Quixote wanted to know the strange story the man on the road promised to tell him. Going into the stable, he reminded him of his promise and pressed him to relate the whole matter at once. \"My story will take some time,\" the man said, \"and is not to be told standing. Have a little patience, master, let me finish serving my mule first, then I'll serve yours and tell you things that will astonish you.\" Don Quixote replied, \"That won't hinder me. I'll help you myself. I'll clean the manger and sift the barley. This humble compliance obliged the man to tell his tale more willingly. Seating himself on a bench with Don Quixote, the scholar, the page, Sancho, and the innkeeper for his full audience, he began in this manner:\n\nIt happened once upon a time.\nIn a borough approximately four and a half leagues from this place, one of the aldermen lost his ass. Some say it was due to the deceit of his maid, but that's neither here nor there. The ass was lost and couldn't be found, neither high nor low. This same ass had been missing for about two weeks, according to some accounts, when another alderman from the same town encountered the losing alderman in the marketplace. \"Pay me well,\" said the latter, \"and I'll tell you about your ass.\" \"I will,\" replied the other, \"but then tell me where it is?\" \"This morning,\" answered the other, \"I encountered the animal on the mountains yonder, devoid of pack saddle or furniture, and so lean that it pained me to see him. Yet, he was so wild and skittish that when I attempted to drive him home, he escaped as if the devil were in him and disappeared into the thickest of the wood.\"\nThe two of us will go together and search for him. I will first go home and secure my ass, then return to you, and we will deal with it directly. Truly, Brother, the other replied, I am deeply in your debt, and I will do the same for you another time. The story went no further than this, and all who know it relate it exactly as I tell you. In brief, the two aldermen, hand in hand, trudged up the hills and searched here and there. But after many weary steps, no ass was to be found. One of them, the one who had seen it last, said to the other, listen to me, Brother, I have a plan to find your ass, even if it is underground. You must know that I can bray admirably, and if you can but bray a little, the task is done. A little, cried the other, I won't hide my face at braying for any ass or alderman in the land. Well, we shall try that.\nquoth the other, \"for my Contrivance is that you shall go on one side of the hill, and I on the other; sometimes you shall bray, and sometimes I. So that, if your ass be but thereabouts, my life for yours, he'll be sure to answer his kind, and bray again.\" \"Gra'mercy, Brother,\" quoth the other. \"A rare device, if fact!\" He left me alone for plotting. At the same time they parted according to agreement, and when they were far enough off, they both fell to braying so perfectly well that they deceived one another. Meeting, each in hopes to find the ass, the owner exclaimed, \"is it possible, Brother, that it was not my ass that brayed?\" \"No, marry,\" answered the other alderman. \"Well, Brother,\" cried the owner, \"then there's no manner of difference between you and an ass, as to matter of braying. I never heard anything so natural in my life.\" \"Oh fie! Sir,\" quoth the other, \"I am nothing to you: You shall lay two to one against the best brayer in the kingdom.\"\nAnd I'll share the burden. Your Voice is lofty and of great range; you keep excellent time, and hold out a note rarely, and your cadence is full and ravishing. In short, Sir, I yield to your superiority; and the Owner replied, I shall always have a higher opinion of myself for this one good quality; for though I knew I brayed well, I never thought myself so great a master before. Well, replied the other, such rare talents may be lost for lack of recognition, and a man never knows his own strength until he is put to the test. Right, Brother, replied the Owner, for I would never have discovered this remarkable gift of mine if not for this business at hand, and may we succeed in it I pray. After these compliments they parted again, and went braying on opposite sides of the hill, but to no avail, for they still deceived one another with their braying and running to the noise.\nThe men met as before. They agreed that the ass would bray twice if it was indeed the ass and not them. But despite braying loudly, they received no response. In vain, they nearly exhausted their hearts, but the ass was nowhere to be found. Upon finding him in the woods, half-eaten by wolves, the owner lamented, \"Alack-a-day, poor Grizzle. I don't wonder he paid me little heed. Had he been alive, he would have brayed again.\" But let him go, the other consoled, \"The glass is in good hands, Mr. Alderman. And if the abbot sings well, the young monk is not far behind.\"\n\nWith this, the Aldermen, hoarse from their braying, returned home and shared the story with their neighbors, each praising the other's skill.\nAnd the other returned the compliment. In short, one obtained it, and the other obtained it; the boys got it, and all the idle fellows got it, and there was such brawling and such baying in our town that one would have thought hell had broken loose among us. But to let you see now how the devil never lies dead in a ditch but catches at every foolish thing to stir up strife; our neighboring towns joined in, and whenever they saw any of our townsfolk, they fell to baying, taunting us with the behavior of our aldermen. This caused ill blood between us; for we took it in great dudgeon, as we rightly should, and came to words about it, and from words to blows; for the people of our town are as well known by this behavior as a beggar knows his dish, and are apt to be mocked wherever they go; and then they go \"ding dong,\" hand over head, in spite of law or gospel. And they have carried the jest so far that I believe tomorrow or the next day, the men of our town, that is, the bayers, will...\nA man spoke, \"I will be in the field against those of another town, two leagues away, who continually harass us. I bring these lances and halberds for our preparation. Here is my tale, gentlefolk, and if it isn't strange, I'm most mistaken.\n\nSuddenly, a fellow in trousers and a doublet of shamoy-leather entered, calling out, \"Landlord, do you have lodgings? For here comes the fortune-telling Ape and the Puppet-show of Melisandra's Deliverance.\"\n\nThe innkeeper exclaimed, \"Body of me! Who's here? Master Peter, welcome with all my heart! But where is the Ape and the show, that I may see them? They'll be here presently,\" Peter replied, \"I only came before to inquire about lodgings.\"\n\n\"Lodging, man,\" the innkeeper exclaimed, \"Zookers! I would turn out the Duke of Alva himself, rather than Master Peter be without a room. Come, come.\"\nMaster Peter brought in your things. Guests are in the house for the night, who will be good customers, I assure you. \"That's a good hearing,\" said Peter, and to encourage them, I'll lower my prices and if I can get my charges tonight, I'll look for no more. So I will hurry the cart forward.\n\nI had forgotten to tell you, this same Master Peter wore over his left eye and half his cheek a patch of green taffeta, indicating something was wrong with that side of his face. Don Quixote asked who this Master Peter was and what his ape and his show were. \"Sir,\" answered the innkeeper, \"he has been wandering about the country here for a long time with a curious pet show, which represents the play of Melisandra and Don Gayferos, one of the best shows that has been performed in this kingdom for a long time. He has an ape! Bless me, Sir, 'tis such an ape! But I'll say no more; you shall see.\"\nSir: It will tell you everything about your life. This has never been seen before. Ask a question, it will listen and then, whisk, up it leaps onto its master's shoulder, whispering first in his ear what it knows, and then Master Peter tells you. He tells you what's to come, as well as what has passed. It is true, he does not always get it right about what's to come; but after all, he's seldom in the wrong; which makes us think, the devil helps him. Two reales is the price for every question he answers, or his master pays, which is all one, you know; and that will amount to money at the year's end, so that the rogue is well rewarded. And indeed, much good may it do him, for he is a notable fellow and a bon Vivant, leading the merriest life in the world, speaking for six men and drinking for a dozen, and all this he gets by his tongue, his ape, and his show.\n\nBy this time, Master Peter returned with his puppet show and his ape in a cart. The ape was quite lively.\nDon Quixote saw a man without a tail, his buttocks bare like a felt. Yet he was neither very tall nor ugly. Without delay, Don Quixote approached the fortune-teller and said, \"Will you please tell us what kind of fish we have caught and what will become of us? Here is your fee.\" He ordered Sancho to give the fortune-teller two reales.\n\n\"This animal cannot foretell future events; I know some things about the past and a little about the present,\" Peter replied.\n\n\"I wouldn't give a brass farthing to know what's past,\" interjected Sancho. \"I'm not foolish enough to pay for what I already know. But since you claim he can guess the present, let the ape tell me what my wife Teresa is doing and what she's about, and here are my two reales.\"\n\n\"I'll have nothing from you upfront,\" Peter said. So, the ape skipped up to Peter's left shoulder and laid its mouth to his ear, grinding its teeth.\nAnd having made apish graces and chattering noise for a minute or two, Master Peter leap'd down and landed on the ground. Immediately, Master Peter ran to Don Quixote, fell on his knees, and embraced his legs. Oh glorious Restorer of knight-errantry, I embrace these legs, as I would the Pillars of Hercules, Master Peter cried. Who can sufficiently extol the great Don Quixote de la Mancha, the reviver of drooping hearts, the prop and stay of the falling, the raiser of the fallen, and the staff of comfort to the weak and afflicted! At these words, Don Quixote stood amazed. Sancho quaked, the page wondered, the brayer blessed himself, the inn-keeper stared, and the scholar was in a brown study. All were astonished at Master Peter's speech. Turning to Sancho, Don Quixote said, And thou, honest Sancho Panza, bless thy kind stars. For thy good spouse Teresa is a good housewife, and is at this instant dressing a pound of flax.\nShe has a large, broken-mouth jug by her side, on her left hand, holding a scant amount of wine to cheer up her spirits.\n\"Yes, indeed,\" said Sancho, \"she's a true and jolly soul. I'd not trade her for Andondona herself, as my master says, who was a clever piece of woman flesh. Well, good luck to you, honest Teresa; you're determined to provide for one, I see, even if your heirs go without it. Well,\" said Don Quixote, \"great knowledge is gained through reading.\"\nTravel and experience! What on Earth could have convinced me that apes had the gift of divination? I am the same Don Quixote of La Mancha mentioned by that ingenious ape! I must confess, however, that I am undeserving of such a great character as he has bestowed upon me. But I am not sorry to have charity and compassion play a large role in my commendation, as my nature has always disposed me to do good to all men and harm to none.\n\nThe page spoke, \"If I had money, I would ask Mr. Ape about my luck in the wars.\" I have already told you, gentlemen, that this ape does not deal with the future, but if he could, I would sacrifice all the interest I have in the world to oblige Don Quixote. As a sign of this, I freely set up my show, and offer all the guests in the house some entertainment for free. The innkeeper, upon hearing this,\n\n(End of text)\nDon Quixote was overjoyed and ordered Master Peter to prepare a room for his performance. In the meantime, Don Quixote took Sancho aside in the stable and said, \"Look here, Sancho. I cannot believe that an ape can do all this. I think Master Peter must have made a pact with the devil. Nay, replied Sancho (misunderstanding the word \"pact\"), If the devil and he have packed anything together haphazardly, it is a deceitful scheme indeed, and they are deceivers for their trouble. You don't understand me, said Don Quixote. I mean, the devil and he must have made an agreement, that the devil would infuse this knowledge into the ape, in exchange for which the owner would receive an estate.\nThe last has certainly engaged his soul with this destructive seducer of mankind. For the ape's knowledge is exactly of the same proportion as the devil's, which only extends to the discovery of things past and present, having no insight into futurity, but by such probable conjectures and conclusions as may be deduced from the former working of antecedent causes; true prescience and prediction being the sacred prerogative of God, to whose all-seeing eyes, all ages, past, present, and to come, without the distinction of succession and termination, are always present. From this, I say, 'tis apparent this ape is but the organ through which the devil delivers his answers to those that ask it questions; and this same rogue should be put into the Inquisition, and have the truth pressed out of his bones. For surely neither the master nor his ape can lay any pretense to judicial astrology, nor is the ape so conversant in the mathematics, I suppose.\nA lady asked a figure-caster if a bitch she had would have puppies and how many, and of what color. The figure-caster, after drawing his scheme, judiciously pronounced that the bitch should have three puppies: one green, one red, and another mixed-colored; she should take the dog between eleven and twelve at night or noon, either on a Monday or a Saturday. The success happened as exactly as could be expected from his art. The bitch died of a surfeit some days after, and the figure-slinger was reputed a special conjurer throughout the town, as most of these men are. For all that, Sancho.\nI would have you ask Master Peter's ape if the passages you told us about Montesinos's Cave are true or not. I take them to be no better than fibs, and idle stories or dreams at the very least. You may think what you will, answered Don Quixote. However, I'll do as you wish, though my conscience somewhat scruples. While they were thus engaged in discussion, Master Peter came and told Don Quixote that the show was ready to begin and urged him to come and see it, assuring him that he was sure his lordship would like it. The knight told him he had a question to put to his ape first and asked him to tell him whether certain things that happened to him in Montesinos's Cave were dreams or realities, as he doubted they had elements of both. Master Peter fetched his ape immediately and placed him before the knight and his squire. Look here, said he, Mr. Ape.\nA worthy knight asked you to determine the truth of certain events that occurred in Montesinos's Cave. Upon a signal, the ape, perched on Master Peter's shoulder, chattered its answer into his ear. The interpreter relayed the ape's response to the inquirer: \"The ape says that some parts of those events are false and some are true. He cannot resolve more on this matter. His virtue has left him and will not return until Friday next. If you wish to know more, you must wait until then, and he will answer as many questions as you please.\" Sancho remarked, \"Did I not tell you that all you told us about Montesinos's Cave was not credible?\" The knight replied, \"The event will determine the truth. We must leave it to the passage of time to reveal all.\"\nDon Quixote, Sancho, the scholar, and the page comply and enter the room where the puppet show stands, lit by a good number of small wax-lights. Master Peter takes his position to operate the puppets, and his boy stands before him to explain their dialogue and point to the figures with a white wand. The audience takes their seats, and Don Quixote, Sancho, the scholar, and the page are seated in the best spots. The boy begins the show.\nThe Tyrians and Trojans fell silent as the interpreter of the show began to speak. A loud flourish of kettle drums and trumpets sounded within the machine, followed by several discharges of artillery. Once the prelude had ended, the boy announced, \"Gentlemen, we present you with a true history taken from the chronicles of France and Spanish ballads. This story, sung by boys in the streets and on everyone's lips, tells of Don Gayferos delivering his wife Melisandra, who was a prisoner among the Moors in Spain, in the city of Saragossa. The first figure we present to you is Don Gayferos playing dice, according to the ballad.\"\n\nThe long-lived Gayferos,\nOh errant shame, at dice he plays;\nAnd yet...\nAt court, husbands often forget. Observe the personage with a crown and scepter - it's Emperor Charlemagne, Melisandra's alleged father. He's vexed by his idle and negligent son-in-law. Notice his passionate and earnest reprimand, as if ready to strike him with his scepter. Some authors add that he did strike him several times. After scolding him about his honor being tarnished and delivering his wife from confinement, he warns, \"I'll say no more.\" Watch as the Emperor turns his back and leaves Don Gayferos dejected. Now observe him rising in a rage, banging the tables and whirling men around, and calling for his arms urgently.\nA cousin of Orlando borrows his sword Durindana. He offers to accompany him on this difficult adventure, but the valiant knight refuses and insists he can rescue his wife alone, even if she is held in the center of the Earth. The knight is now putting on his armor to begin his journey.\n\nGentlemen, gaze upon your tower; it is one of the towers of the Saragossa Castle, now known as the Aljaferia. The peerless Melisandra, seen in the balcony wearing Moorish attire, casts many longing glances towards France, thinking of Paris and her husband, her only comfort in her imprisonment. But now, (Silence, Gentlemen, please be quiet!) observe an unexpected incident: Don't you see the Moor stealthily approaching Melisandra, creeping along behind her with his finger in his mouth? Here, he suddenly kisses her sweet lips.\nand see how she spits and wipes her mouth with her white sleeved smock! See how she takes on and tears her lovely hair for madness, as if it were to blame for this affair. Next, observe the grave Moor in the open gallery. That's Marsilius, King of Sansuena, who, having been an eyewitness of the Moor's sauciness, ordered him immediately to be apprehended, (though his kinsman and great favorite), to receive two hundred lashes, then to be carried through the city with criers before to proclaim his crime, and rods of justice behind. And look how all this is put into execution sooner almost than the fact is committed. For your Moors, you must know, do not use any form of indictment as we do, neither do they have any legal trials. Child, child, said Don Quixote, go on directly with your story, and don't keep us here with your excursions and ramblings off the road: I tell you there needed a formal process and legal trial to prove the matter of fact. Boy.\nThe Master spoke from behind the curtain, \"Do as the gentleman requests. Avoid excessive flourishes and stick to plain language, avoiding the high ropes for fear of making a mistake. I will, Sir, replied the Boy. And so, the man you see on horseback, enveloped in the Gascon cloak, is Don Gayferos himself. His wife, now seeking revenge on the moor for his impudence, mistakes him for a stranger from the tower's battlements and engages in conversation accordingly, as the ballad describes.\n\nMelisandra said, \"If by chance, Sir Traveler, you're headed for France; out of pity, ask about Gayferos, my dear husband, when you arrive. I omit the rest of the story to avoid boring you. It's enough that he reveals himself to her, as you can tell by her joy. Now observe how she lowers herself from the balcony to join her loving husband and conceal herself behind him. Unfortunately, however, one of her gown's skirts becomes snagged on one of the balcony's spikes.\nAnd there she hangs and hovers in the air miserably, unable to get down. But see how heaven is merciful, and sends relief in the greatest distress! Don Gayferos rides up to her, disregarding the richness of her gown, and pulls her down in one motion. He then lifts her up and sets her astride on his horse's crupper, bidding her to sit fast and clasp her arms around him to prevent falling, as Lady Melisandra was not accustomed to such riding. Observe now, gallants, how the horse neighs and proudly shows off the burden of its brave master and fair mistress. Look now, how they turn their backs and leave the city, galloping merrily away towards Paris. Peace be with you, for a peerless couple of true lovers! May you get safely and soundly into your own country without any let or ill chance in your journey, and live as long as Nestor in peace and quietness among your friends and relations. Plainness. \"Boy, cry out 'Master Peter,' I beg of you, none of your flights,\" - Master Peter.\nFor affectation is the devil. The boy answered nothing, but went on. Now, gentlemen, some idle people who enjoy prying into everything spotted Melisandra as she was escaping and immediately informed Marsilius. Marsilius then ordered an alarm sounded, and listen to the din and hurly-burly here, and how the city shakes with the ringing of the bells backwards in all the mosques! There you are out, boy, said Don Quixote. The Moors have no bells; they only use kettle-drums and a kind of shawms like our waits or hautboys. So your ringing of bells in Sansuena is mere absurdity, good Master Peter. Nay, Sir, (Master Peter giving up ringing) if you are so particular about trifles, with us, we shall never please you. Don't be such a severe critic! Are there not a thousand plays that pass with great success and applause, though they have many greater absurdities and nonsensical elements? Come on, boy.\nLet there be as many impertinences as moats in the sun; no matter, so I get but money. Well said, answered Don Quixote. And now, gentlemen, observe what a vast company of glittering horses pours out of the city in pursuit of the Christian lovers. What a dreadful sound of trumpets, clarions, drums, and kettle-drums there is in the air. I fear they will overtake them, and then the poor wretches will be dragged along most barbarously at the tails of their horses, which would be sad indeed. Don Quixote, seeing such a number of Moors and hearing such an alarm, thought it high time to assist the flying lovers. Starting up, he cried aloud, \"It shall never be said while I live that I suffered such a wrong to be done to so famous a knight and so daring a lover as Don Quixote. Forbear then, your unjust pursuit, ye base-born rascals. Stop, or prepare to meet my furious resentment.\" Then drawing out his sword to make good his threats, at one spring he reaches the show.\nand with a violent fury, he lays at the Moorish puppets, cutting and slashing in a most terrible manner. Some he overthrows and beheads others; maims this, and cleaves that in pieces. Among the rest of his merciless strokes, he thunders one down with such mighty force that had not Master Peter luckily ducked and squatted down, it would have certainly chopped off his head as easily as one might cut an apple. Hold, hold, Sir, (cried the Puppet-Player, after the narrow escape), for pity's sake. What do you mean, Sir? These are no real Moors that you cut and hack so, but poor harmless puppets made of pasteboard. Think of what you do, you ruin me forever. Oh, that I were born! you've broken me quite. But Don Quixote, without minding his words, doubled and redoubled his blows so thick and laid about him so outrageously that in less than two minutes, he had cut all the strings and wires, mangled the puppets.\nAnd spoiled and demolished the entire motion. King Marsilius was in a grievous condition. The Emperor Charlemagne's head and crown were cleft in two. The whole audience was in a sad consternation. The ape scampered off to the top of the house. The scholar was frightened out of his wits, the page was very uneasy, and Sancho himself was in a terrible fright; for, as he swore after the hurricane was over, he had never seen his master in such a rage before.\n\nThe general rout of the puppets being over, Don Quixote's fury began to abate, and with a more pacified countenance turning to the company, \"Now,\" said he, \"could I wish all those incredulous persons here who scoff at Knight-Errantry might receive conviction of their error and behold undeniable proofs of the benefit of that profession: For how miserable had been the condition of poor Don Quixote and the fair Dulcinea by this time, had I not been here and stood up in their defense! I make no question but those infidels would have apprehended them.\"\nand used them barbarously. Well, when all's done, long live Knight-Errantry, long let it live, I say, above all things whatsoever in this World. Ay, ay, said Master Peter in a doleful Tone, let it live long for me, so I may die; for why should I live so unhappy, as to say with the last King of the Goths who reign'd in Spain, conquered by the Moors? Rodrigo, Yesterday I was Lord of Spain, to day have not a Foot of Land I can call mine? 'Tis not Half an Hour, nay scarce a Moment, since I had Kings and Emperors at Command. I had Horses in Abundance, and Chests and Bags full of fine things; but now you see me a poor, sorry, undone Man, quite and clean broke and cast down, and in short a mere Beggar. What's worst of all, I've lost my Ape too, who I'm sure will make me sweat ere I catch him again; and all through the rash Fury of this Sir Knight here, who they say protects the Fatherless, redresses Wrongs, and does other charitable Deeds, but has failed in all these good Offices to miserable me.\nHeaven be praised! He has brought me and all that are mine into a woeful case. The puppet player's lamentations moved Sancho's pity. \"Don't cry, Master Peter,\" he said. \"You're breaking my heart to hear you grieve so.\" \" Truly,\" said Master Peter, \"if his lordship would only make amends for some of the damage he has done me, I'll ask for nothing more. He who wrongs his neighbor and does not make restitution can never be saved, that's certain. I grant it, said Don Quixote; but I do not understand how I have injured you in any way, good Master Peter. \"No, Sir!\" cried Master Peter. \"You have not injured me, but these poor relics that lie here on the cold ground cry out for vengeance against you. Was it not the invincible force of your powerful arm that scattered and dismembered them so? And whose were those bodies, Sir, but mine? And by whom was I maintained, but by them?\"\n\"said Don Quixote, I am now convinced, as I have reason to believe before, that those cursed magicians who persecute me do nothing but deceive me. They first lure me into dangerous adventures with their appearances, and then immediately change the nature of things as they please. In truth, gentlemen, I swear and protest before you all that hear me, that all that transpired here seemed to me to be truly transacted in reality. To me, Melisandra was Melisandra, Don Quixote was Don Quixote, Marsilius was Marsilius, and Charlemagne was the real Charlemagne. Therefore, I could not contain my fury and acted according to the duties of my function, which obliges me to take the injured side. Although what I have done proves to be quite contrary to my good intentions, the fault should not be attributed to me, but to my persecuting enemies. Yet I am sorry for the mishap.\"\nAnd I will condemn myself to pay the costs. Let Master Peter see what he must have for the damaged figures, and I will pay him now in good and lawful money on the nail. Heaven bless you, Master Peter cried, with a profound grin; I could expect no less from the wonderful Christianity of the valiant Don Quixote de la Mancha, the sure relief and bulwark of all miserable wanderers. Now let my landlord and the great Sancho act as mediators and appraisers between you and me, and I'll stand to their award. They agreed. Master Peter then picked up Marsilius, King of Saragossa, who lay there on the ground with his head off. \"Gentlemen,\" he said, \"it's impossible to restore this king to his former dignity, and therefore, with submission to your better judgments, I think that for his destruction and to get him a successor, four reales and a half. Seven and twenty pence is little enough, in conscience. Proceed.\n\"said Don Quixote. For this cleft in two, said Master Peter, referring to Emperor Charlemain, I think he's worth five reales and a quarter. one and thirty pence half-penny. Not so richly, quoth Sancho. Truly, said the inn-keeper, it's reasonable; but we'll make it even with money, let the poor fellow have half a crown. Come, said Don Quixote, let him have his full price; we won't haggle over such a small matter in a case like this. So hurry up, Master Peter, for it's near supper time, and I have strong suspicions I'll eat heartily. Now, said Master Peter, for this figure here without a nose and blind in one eye, being the fair Melisandra, I'll be reasonable with you; give me two reales and twelve maravedis. fourteen pence. I wouldn't take less from my brother. Nay, said Don Quixote.\"\nMaster Peter discovered that the knight was focusing on the topic of Melisandra being on the French frontiers with her husband. He seemed concerned that the horse carrying them appeared to fly rather than gallop. Now, you tell me there's a Melisandra here without a nose! It's likely she's now in her husband's arms in a comfortable bed in France. Come, come friend, let's have fair dealings and continue. Finding that the knight was dwelling on the old subject, Master Peter feared he might become agitated. He feigned a change of heart, saying, \"Sir, I was mistaken. This couldn't be Melisandra; it must be one of her handmaidens. Five pence should be a fair price for her.\" In this manner, he continued, setting a price for the dead and wounded. The arbitrators moderated the amounts for both parties, and the total sum amounted to forty reales and three quarters. Sancho paid Master Peter this amount, and then Peter demanded an additional two reales.\nFor the trouble of catching his ape, give it to him, said Don Quixote, and set the monkey to catch the ape. I would give two hundred more to be assured that Don Quixote and Lady Dulcinea were safely in France among their friends, said Master Peter. Though the devil himself will hardly catch him, if hunger or his kindness for me doesn't bring us together again tonight. However, tomorrow will be a new day, and when it's light we'll see what's to be done.\n\nThe whole disturbance being appeased, they went lovingly together to supper. Don Quixote treated the whole company, for he was liberality itself. Before daybreak, the man with the lances and halberds left the inn. And some time after, the scholar and the page came to take leave of the knight. The first to return home, and the second to continue his journey. Don Quixote gave him twelve reales for his charges. As for Master Peter,\nHe knew too much of the Knight's Humor to want anything to do with him. By dawn, he had gathered the remnants of the Puppet-Show and retrieved his ape. The innkeeper, who did not know Don Quixote, was surprised by his generosity as much as his madness. Sancho paid him honestly according to his master's orders. Mounting a little before eight o'clock, they left the inn. We will leave them here to relate other matters necessary for a better understanding of this famous history.\n\nCid Hamet, the author of this celebrated History, begins this chapter with this assertion: I swear as a true Catholic. The translator illustrates and explains this as follows: The historian's use of a Christian oath, though he was a Moor, should be received in no other sense than that, as a true Catholic, when he affirms anything with an oath.\nA person who swears truth would relate the impartial account of Don Quixote's encounter with Master Peter and the fortune-telling ape. He mentions that readers will recall Gines de Passamonte from the earlier part of this history. Don Quixote had saved Gines and other galley slaves in Sierra Morena, an act for which he received little gratitude. This man, whom Don Quixote called Ginesillo de Parapilla, stole Sancho's ass. The details of this theft, including when it occurred, were not included in the initial part.\n has been the Reason that some People have laid that which was caus'd by the Printer's Neglect to the Inadvertency of the Author. But 'tis beyond all question that Gines stole the Ass while Sancho slept on his Back, making use of the same Trick and Artifice which Brunello practis'd when he carry'd off Sacripante's Horse from under his Legs at the Siege of Albraca. However Sancho got Possession again, as has been told you before.\nGines it seems being obnoxious to the Law, was apprehensive of the strict Search that was made af\u2223ter him, in order to bring him to Justice for his repeated Villanies, which were so great and nu\u2223merous, that he himself had wrote a large Book of 'em; and therefore he thought it advisable to make the best of his Way into the Kingdom of Arragon; and having clapp'd a Plaister over his Left Eye, resolv'd in that Disguise to set up a Puppet-Show, and stroll with it about the Country; for you must know he had not his Fellow at any thing that could be done by Slight of Hand. Now it happen'd\nIn his journey, he encountered some Christian slaves from Barbary with whom he made a deal for an ape. He taught the ape to jump on his shoulder at a certain signal and make as if it whispered in his ear. Before entering any town, he gathered information about recent events in the surrounding areas, using his excellent memory. He then displayed his show, which told various well-known stories. He claimed that the ape had the ability to reveal past and present events but was uninformed about future events. He asked for payment of two reales for each answer.\nThough at times he lowered his price based on his customers' reactions. At some people's houses, where he had prior knowledge and they didn't inquire about the cost because they weren't inclined to spend, he would signal to his ape and share a story the ape had supposedly learned. This earned him great credibility among the common folk and attracted a large crowd. At other times, despite knowing nothing about the person, his wit allowed him to deceive effectively, and no one pressed him to reveal how his ape had acquired this gift of divination. He imposed on everyone's understanding and amassed almost as much money as he pleased.\n\nUpon arriving at the inn, he recognized Don Quixote and Sancho.\nAnd the rest of the company: But he nearly paid dearly for his knowledge; had the knight's sword fallen a little lower when he severed King Marsilius's head and routed all his Moorish horse, as the reader may have observed in the foregoing chapter. This should suffice regarding Mr. Peter and his ape.\n\nNow let us catch up with our champion of La Mancha. After leaving the inn, he resolved to take a look at the River Ebro and the surrounding country before going to Saragossa, as he was not pressed for time but could do so and still arrive in time for the jousts and tournaments at that city. For two days he traveled without encountering anything worth his notice or that of the reader. On the third day, as he was riding up a hill, he heard a great noise of drums, trumpets, and guns. At first, he thought some regiment of soldiers was marching that way.\nwhich made him spur Rozinante to the Brow of the Hill, so he might see them pass; then he saw in a bottom over two hundred men, as near as he could guess, armed with various weapons, such as lances, crossbows, partisans, halbards, pikes, some few fire-locks, and a great many targets. Thereupon he descended into the vale and made his approaches towards the battalion so near that he was able to distinguish their banners, judge of their colors, and observe their devices; more especially one that was on a standard of white satin, on which was represented to the life a masculine ass, much like a Sardinian ass colt, holding up its head, stretching out its neck, and thrusting out its tongue in the very posture of an ass that is braying, with this distich written in fair characters about it: 'Twas something more than nothing which one day made one and t'other bailiff bray. Don Quixote drew this inference from the motto.\nThat those were the inhabitants of the braying town, and he informed Sancho of what he had observed, adding that the man who told the story of the two braying aldermen was apparently mistaken, as according to the verses on the standard, they were two bailiffs and not two aldermen. It doesn't matter one rush what you call them, Quoth Sancho; for those very aldermen who brayed might, in time, be made bailiffs of the town, and so both titles might have been given them enough. But what does it matter to you or me or the story, whether the two brayers were aldermen or bailiffs, as long as they brayed as we are told? After all, a bailiff is as likely to bray as an alderman!\n\nIn short, both master and man clearly understood that the men who were thus in arms were those who were jeered for braying, and came together to fight the people of another town, who indeed abused them more than was the part of good neighbors. Thereupon Don Quixote advanced towards them.\nTo Sancho's great grief, who had no liking for such adventures, the crowd quickly gathered around the knight, taking him for a champion come to their assistance. But Don Quixote, lifting up his visor with a graceful demeanor, rode up to the standard. The chief leaders of the army gathered around him to take a survey of his person, amazed at this strange appearance as were the rest. Don Quixote, seeing them look so earnestly at him and no man daring to speak or ask a question, took the opportunity to break the silence. Raising his voice, he cried, \"Good gentlemen, I implore you with all the endearments imaginable, to give no interruption to the discourse I am now delivering to you, unless you find it distasteful or tedious. If I am unfortunate enough to cause such a reaction, at the slightest hint you shall give me, I will clap a seal on my lips and a padlock on my tongue.\" They all cried that he might speak as he pleased.\nAnd they would hear him with all their hearts. Having this license, Don Quixote proceeded. Gentlemen, I am a knight errant; arms are my exercise, and my profession is to show favor to those in necessity of favor and to give assistance to those in distress. I have, for some time, been no stranger to the cause of your uneasiness, which excites you to take up arms to be revenged on your insulting neighbors. Having often busied my intellects in making reflections on the motives which have brought you together, I have drawn this inference from it: that according to the laws of arms, you really injure yourselves in thinking yourselves affronted; for no particular person can give an affront to a whole town and society of men, except it be by accusing them all of high treason in general, for want of knowing on which of them to fix some treasonable action, of which he supposes some of them to be guilty. We have an instance of this nature in Don Diego Ordonnez.\nde Lara, who sent a challenge to all the inhabitants of Zamora, not knowing that Vellido de Oifo had assassinated the king, his master in that town, without any accomplices. Accusing and defying them all, the defense and revenge belonged to them in general. Though it must be acknowledged that Don Diego was somewhat unreasonable in his defiance and strained the point too far, it was little to the purpose to defy the dead, the waters, the bread, those yet unborn, and many other ludicrous matters mentioned in the challenge. But it signifies not much; for when the choler boils over, the tongue grows as unruly and knows no moderation.\n\nAssuming then that no particular person can afford to confront a whole kingdom, province, city, commonwealth, or body politic, it is just to conclude that it is needless to revenge such a pretended affront. Such an abuse is no sufficient provocation and indeed, positively no affront. It would be a pretty piece of wisdom, truly.\nMen should not respond every day to those outside of Reloxa who maliciously label them. It would be a profitable business if the inhabitants of the renowned towns, labeled by the rabble as Cheese-mongers, Coster-mongers, Fish-mongers, and Soap-boilers, believed themselves dishonored and retaliated with swords for every trivial dispute. No, no, Heaven forbid. Men of wisdom and well-governed commonwealths do not take up arms or endanger their lives and estates except for the following reasons: In the first place, to defend the Holy Catholic Faith. Secondly, for the preservation of their lives, as commanded by the laws of God and nature. Thirdly, for the protection of their reputation, family, and estates. Fourthly\nThe Service is due to their prince in a just war, and if we please, we may add a fifth, which indeed may be referred to the second: the defense of our country. To these five capital causes may be subjoined several others, which may persuade men to vindicate themselves and have recourse even to the way of arms: but to take them up for mere trifles and such occasions as rather challenge our mirth and contemptuous laughter than revenge, shows the person who engages in such proceedings to labor under a scarcity of sense. Besides, to seek after unjust revenge (and indeed no human revenge can be just) is directly against the holy law we profess, which commands us to forgive our enemies and do good to those who hate us. An injunction, which, though it seems difficult in the implicit obedience we should pay to it; yet is only such to those who have less of heaven than of the world, and more of the flesh than of the spirit. For, the Redeemer of mankind, whose words never could deceive, said,\nThat his yoke was easy, and his burden light; and accordingly, he could prescribe nothing to our practice which was impossible to be done. Therefore, gentlemen, since reason and religion recommend love and peace to you, I hope you will not make yourselves obnoxious to all laws, human and divine, by a breach of the public tranquility. The devil fetch me, quoth Sancho to himself, if this master of mine must not have been bred a parson; if not, he's as like one as one egg is to another. Don Quixote paused a while to take breath; and perceiving his audience still willing to give him attention, he would have proceeded in his harangue had not Sancho's good opinion of his parts made him seize this opportunity to speak in turn. Gentlemen, quoth Sancho, my master Don Quixote de la Mancha, once called the Knight of the woeful figure, and now the Knight of the Lions, is a very judicious gentleman.\nAnd he speaks Latin and his mother tongue as fluently as any university doctor. Whatever discourse he undertakes, he conducts it to the point, and like a man of mettle; he has all the laws and rules of that thing called dueling and punctilio of honor at his fingertips. Therefore, you have no more to do but to follow his advice, and if in taking his counsel you ever stray, let the blame be on my shoulders. Indeed, as you have already been told, it is a very foolish fancy to hear one brag; for I remember when I was a boy, I could bray as often as I pleased, and no one went about to hinder me. I could do it so rarely and authentically, without vanity I assure you, that all the asses in our town would join in braying when they heard me bray. Yet, for all this, I was an honest child, and came from good parentage, you see. It is true, indeed, that four of the best young men in our parish envied me for this great ability of mine; but I cared not a rush for their spite.\nYou may not think I'm lying, just listen and then judge. This art, once learned, is never forgotten, much like swimming. Having said that, he placed both palms of his hands to his nose and began to bray so loudly that the neighboring valleys echoed. But while he was braying, one of those standing next to him, believing he was mocking them, struck him with a quarter staff, knocking him to the ground neck and shoulders. Don Quixote, seeing how rough a reception his squire had received, raised his lance threateningly towards the man who had mistreated Sancho. But the crowd pushed in between them, making it impossible for the knight to pursue his intended revenge. At the same time, a shower of stones began to rain down around his ears, and a large number of crossbows and muskets were being readied for his reception. He turned Rozinante's reins.\nand galloped from them as fast as four legs could carry him, sending up hearty prayers to heaven to deliver him from this danger. He was under grievous apprehensions at every step that he would be shot through the back, and the bullet come out at his breast. But the country-battalion were satisfied with seeing him fly, and did not offer to shoot at him.\n\nAs for Sancho, he was set on his ass before he had well recovered his senses, which the blow had taken from him. Then they allowed him to move off. Not that the poor fellow had strength enough to guide him; but Dapple naturally followed Rozinante of his own accord, unable to be a moment from him. The don being at a good distance from the armed multitude, he faced about and saw Sancho pacing after him without any troublesome attendants. So he waited for his coming up. As for the rabble, they kept their posts till it grew dark.\nAnd their enemies having failed to engage them in battle, they marched home, so elated to have displayed their courage without danger that, had they been properly bred, they would have erected a trophy in that place according to ancient Greek custom. When the valiant flees, he must have concealed some foul play, and it is the part of prudent persons to reserve themselves for more favorable opportunities. This truth is verified in Don Quixote, who, rather than expose himself to the fury of an incensed and ill-intending mob, took flight without a thought for Sancho until he found himself beyond the reach of those dangers in which he had left his faithful squire. Sancho followed him, as we have told you before, lay across his ass, and, having recovered his senses, overtook him at last and let himself down from his pack saddle at Rosinante's feet, battered and bruised.\n\"and in a sorrowful condition. Don Quixote dismounted to search his wounds, finding no bones broken, but his skin whole from head to foot. 'You must bray, (cried he angrily) you must bray, with a pox, must you!' What counterpart could you expect to your music, blockhead, but a thorough-bass of bastinadoes? Thank providence, sirrah! that as they gave you a dry benediction with a quarter-staff, they did not cross you with a cutlass. I haven't breath to answer you at present, quoth Sancho, but my back and shoulders speak enough for me. Pray let's make the best of our way from this cursed place, and whenever I bray again, may I get such another polt on the kidneys. Yet I can't help saying, that your knights-errant can beat a hasty retreat to save one on occasion, and leave their trusty squires to be beaten like stockfish.\"\nIn the midst of their enemies, a retreat is not to be accounted a flight, Don Quixote replied to Sancho. For know, Sancho, that courage which has not wisdom as its guide falls under the name of temerity; and the rash man's successful actions are rather owing to his good fortune than to his bravery. I owned I retreated, but I deny that I fled; and in such a retreat, I did but imitate many valiant men who, not to hazard their persons indiscreetly, reserved themselves for a more fortunate hour. Histories are full of examples of this nature, which I do not care to relate at present because this would be more tedious to me than profitable to you.\n\nBy this time Don Quixote had helped Sancho to mount his ass, and being himself mounted on Rozinante, they rode softly along and entered a grove of poplar trees, about a quarter of a league from the place where they mounted. Yet as softly as they rode, Sancho could not help now and then heaving up deep sighs and lamentable groans. Don Quixote asked him.\nSancho asked why he complained so heavily. He replied that from his rump to his pole, he felt grievous pains and was ready to sink. Don Quixote explained that the intensity of his torment was likely due to the broad and long staff that had struck him in those parts of his back, causing a contusion and affecting all those areas with pain. If his ankle bone ached and someone scratched their head to find the cause, he would think something was amiss. But for Sancho to tell him that the place was sore where he was bruised, anyone could do that. Faith and truth, Master, I am growing wiser and wiser every day; you are like the world.\nthat laid no harm to anyone but their own. I find whereabouts we are, and what I'm likely to get by you; for even as you left me now in the lurch to be well belabored and rib-roasted, and the other day to dance the Carp-Galliard in the blanket you know of; so I must expect a hundred and hundred more of these good fares in your service. And as the mischief has now lit on my shoulders, next bout I look for it to fly at my eyes. A plague on my jolter-head, I have been a fool and set all along, and am never like to be wiser while I live. Would it not be better for me to trudge home to my wife and children, and look after my house with that little wit that heaven has given me, without galloping after your tail high and low, through confounded crossroads and byways, and wicked and crooked paths, that the ungodly themselves can't find out! And then most commonly to have nothing to moisten one's waistband that's fitting for a Christian to drink.\nNothing but mere element and Dog's Porridge! And nothing worthy of a Catholic stomach to stuff one's puddings. After a man has tired himself from his legs, when he would be glad of a good bed, to have a master cry, \"Here, are you sleepy, Miquote? Lie down, that now thou art suffered to prate without interruption, thou feelest no manner of pain in thy whole body. Pray talk on, my child, say anything that comes uppermost to thy mouth or is burdensome to thy brain; so it but alleviates thy pain, thy impertinences will rather please than offend me. And if thou hast such a longing desire to be at home with thy wife and children, heaven forbid I should be against it. Thou hast money of mine in thy hands: See how long 'tis since we sallied out last from home, and cast up the wages by the month, and pay thyself. An't like your worship, quoth Sancho, when I served my master Carrasco, father to the bachelor, your worship's acquaintance, I had two ducats a month.\nI don't know what you'll give me besides my meals: I'm unsure of my provisions as a squire to a knight-errant, for it's more troublesome than serving a farmer. Farm laborers toil in the fields all day, but at least we're guaranteed a full stomach at night from the farmer's pot, and a bed to sleep in. However, I cannot recall a good meal or restful night during your service, except for the brief time at Don Diego's house when I feasted on the savory skimming of Camacho's cauldron and enjoyed Eat, Drink, and sleep at Master Basil's. The rest of my time was spent with lodgings on the cold ground and in open fields, exposed to the elements, subsisting on cheese rinds and moldy bread, drinking from ditches or springs as we came across them. Well, said Don Quixote, I grant all this.\nSancho: Then how much more do you expect to pay me than Master Carrasco did? I will be satisfied with twelve pence more a month. But instead of the island you promised me, I believe you cannot give me less than sixty-three pence a month, which will make thirty reales in total. Very well, said Don Quixote, let's see. It has been twenty-five days since we left home. Calculate your wages based on that. Sancho: We are in error with our accounting. Regarding the governorship of an island you promised to help me obtain, we should calculate from the time of your promise to the present day. How long has it been, asked Don Quixote? I believe it is about twenty years ago, Sancho replied.\nDon Quixote laughed heartily at me, saying, \"Two or three days more or less, and we have barely been out two months since the beginning of our first expedition. And you have the audacity to claim it's been twenty years since I promised the grant of the island? I now believe you're trying to make as much money as possible from what's mine in your care. If that's your intention, take it, and may it benefit you; for I would gladly be penniless rather than be troubled any longer by such a varlet. But tell me, you perverter of chivalry's laws concerning squires, where have you ever seen or read that a squire to a knight-errant engages in such negotiations with his master, as you have with me, for this much or that much a month? Lanch, unconscionable wretch, you cut-throat scoundrel; Lanch.\"\nYou base Spirit of Mammon, into the vast Ocean of their Histories; and if you can show me a Precedent of any squire who ever dared to say, or even think as much as you have presumed to tell me, then I will give you leave to affix it on my forehead and strike me four times on the nose. Away then, take your ass with you this moment, and go home, for you shall never stay in my service any longer. Oh, how much bread, how many promises have I not generously bestowed upon you! Vile, groveling wretch, who has more of the beast than of the man! When I was just about to recommend you for such a post, that despite your wife, you would have been called my lord, you sneak away from me. You're leaving me, when I had fully resolved, without any further delay, to make you lord of the best island in the world. Sordid clod! Well, you truly did say that honey is not for the chaps of an ass. You are indeed a very ass.\nWhile Don Quixote upbraided and railed at Sancho, the poor fellow, all dismayed and touched to the quick, beheld him with a wistful look. Tears stood in his eyes for grief. \"Good sweet sir,\" cried Sancho, with a doleful and whining voice, \"I confess I want nothing but a tail to be a perfect ass. If your worship will be pleased but to put one on my backside, I shall deem it well set on, and be your most faithful ass all the days of my life. But forgive me, I beseech you, and take pity on my youth. Consider I have but a dull headpiece of my own; and if my tongue runs at random sometimes, 'tis because I'm more fool than knave.\"\n\n\"I should wonder much,\" said Don Quixote, \"if thou shouldst not interlard thy discourse with some pretty proverb. Well, I'll give thee my pardon for this once.\"\nIf the text is referring to the novel \"Don Quixote\" by Miguel de Cervantes, here is the cleaned version:\n\nThough you correct those imperfections that offend me and show yourself of a less craving temper, take heart, and let the hopes which you may entertain of the performance of my promise raise in you a nobler spirit. The time will come, do not think it impossible because delayed. Sancho promised to do his best, though he could not rely on his own strength.\n\nMatters being thus amicably adjusted, they put into the grove, where the don laid himself at the foot of an elm, and his squire at the foot of a beech; for every tree, and such others, has always a foot, though never a hand. Sancho had but an ill night's rest, for his bruises made his bones more than ordinarily sensitive to the cold. As for Don Quixote, he entertained himself with his usual imaginations. However, they both slept, and by break of day continued their journey towards the River Ebro, where they met.\n\nFair and softly, step by step.\nTheir tongues wagged faster than their horses, and in two days, Don Quixote and his squire reached the banks of the River Ebro. The verdant banks and the abundant water, clear as liquid crystal, flowing gently within the spacious channel, offered an entertaining prospect to the knight. The verdure awakened a thousand amorous chimera in his roving imagination, particularly the thoughts of what he had seen in Montesinos's cave. Though Master Peter's ape had assured him that it was partly false as well as partly true, he was rather inclined to believe it all true; contrary to Sancho, who thought every word as false as hell.\n\nWhile the knight continued to be agreeably entertained, he spotted a small boat without any oars or tackle, moored by the riverbank to the stump of a tree. Looking around and seeing no one, he dismounted and ordered Sancho to do the same.\nAnd tie their beasts to some elms or willows nearby. Sancho asked him what this meant. \"You must know, Sancho, that this boat lies here for no other reason than to invite me to embark in it, to relieve some knight or other person of high degree in great distress. According to the method of enchanters, in the books of chivalry, when any knight whom they protect happens to be involved in some very great danger from which none but some other valorous knight can set him free, the enchanter, though they may be two or three thousand leagues apart, snatches the auxiliary champion in a cloud or else provides him a boat. In the same way, this very bark lies here; it is as clear as day, and therefore, before it is too late, Sancho, embark with me.\"\n\"tie up Rozinante and Dapple. Let us commit ourselves to the mercy of Providence; for I will embark, even if bare-footed friars beg me to desist. Well, well, said Sancho, if I must, I must. Since you will rush headlong into these - I don't know how to call them, these confounded vagaries - I have no more to do but to mount and submit to the saddle; for, as the saying is, Do as thy master bids thee, though it be to sit down at his table. But for all that, step back, edge back, I must and will discharge my conscience, and tell you plainly, that, as blind as I am, I can see with half an eye, that it is no enchanted bark, but some fisherman's boat; for there are many in this river, whose waters afford the best shads in the world. This caution did Sancho give Quixote, bidding him not be concerned about leaving them there, for the sage who was to carry them through on a journey of such an extent and longitude would be sure to take care of the animals. Nay, nay, as for that matter\"\nSancho: \"I don't understand your Longitude. I've never heard such a cramped word in my born days. Longitude, Don Quixote explained, is the same as length. I'm not surprised you don't understand the word, Sancho, since you're not obligated to know Latin. Yet some pretentious fools will claim to be knowledgeable when they're ignorant. Now that we're ready, Sancho, what's next? Don Quixote answered, \"Let us commit ourselves to Providence and weigh anchor. In simpler terms, let's embark and cut the cable.\" With that, Don Quixote and Sancho leaped in, and the stream carried the boat from the shore. Once Sancho saw himself in the middle of the river, he began to tremble with fear. But what grieved him most was hearing Dapple bray and seeing Rozinante struggle to free himself from his bridle. Sancho: \"Listen, my poor Dapple is braying in sorrow, and Rozinante is straining to break free.\"\nAnd it is even wild to throw himself after us. Alas and alas! my poor dear Friends, peace be with you where you are, and when this mad Freak, the cause of our doleful parting, is ended in repentance, may we be brought back to your sweet company again. This said, he fell a blubbering and set up such a howl that Don Quixote had no patience with him. Looking angrily on him, he cried, \"What dost thou fear, thou great cowardly calf? What dost thou cry for? Who pursues thee? Who hurts thee, thou dastardly craven, thou cowardly mouse, thou soul of a milksop, thou heart of butter? Dost want for anything, base unsatisfied wretch? What wouldst thou say, were thou to climb barefoot the rugged snowy Alps?\" Thou that sitteth here in state like an archduke, plenty and delight on each side of thee, whilst thou glidest gently down the calm current of this delightful river.\nWe have already flowed down some 700-800 leagues. If I had an astrolabe, I could determine our latitude at the pole and precisely measure our progress. We are either near or have passed the equator, the line that equidistantly places the opposite poles. When we reach this line, you mentioned, we will have traversed half of the terrestrial globe, according to Ptolemy's system and computation, which totals 360 degrees.\n\nSancho: \"And when we reach this same line, Master, how far will we have gone then?\"\nDon Quixote: \"A great distance, Sancho.\"\n\nThe Spaniards, said Don Quixote.\nAnd all who embark at Cadiz for the East Indies, to determine if they have crossed the Equator, should observe that no lice remain among the crew if they have. If lice are present, they have not crossed it, but if not, they have. Sancho, look for lice and if you find any, we have not yet crossed the line. But hark, Sancho, I think about it again, why try these tricks? Don't I see with my two eyes that we are not five rods from shore? Behold, Rozinante and Dapple stand there, on the very spot where we left them. I will take a corporal oath that we move no faster than a snail gallops.\n\nSancho: \"I don't believe a word of all this, but I'll do as you say.\"\n\"No more words, said Don Quixote. Experiment as I bid you, and let the rest alone. You do not know what belongs to colors, lines, parallels, zodiacs, ecliptics, poles, solstices, equinoxials, planets, signs, points, and measures, of which the celestial and terrestrial spheres are composed. If you knew all these things or some of them at least, you might clearly perceive what parallels we have cut, what signs we have passed, and what constellations we have left behind. I would wish you once again to search yourself; for I cannot believe you are as clear from vermin as a sheet of white paper. Thereupon Sancho advanced his hand very gingerly towards the left side of his neck, after he had groped a while, lifted up his head; and staring in his master's face, 'Sir,' quoth he, 'either your rule is not worth this.' Sancho pulled out something.\"\nThey were many leagues away from the place you mentioned, replied Sancho. Yes, I have found something, answered Don Quixote, and more than one thing at that. Sancho shook and snapped his fingers, then dipped his hand into the river. The boat floated gently along, moved only by the current, which had been calm and smooth up until then.\n\nThey could now see two large water mills in the middle of the river. \"Look, look, my Sancho,\" called Don Quixote, \"is that not a city or castle you see?\" \"What on earth are you talking about, Don Quixote?\" asked Sancho in surprise. \"Can't you see, Sancho, that they are nothing but water mills in the middle of the river, grinding corn?\" \"Peace, Sancho,\" Don Quixote replied.\nDon Quixote replied, \"They look like watermills, I grant you, but they are not. I have told you before that magicians can change and reverse everything as they please, not that they can change their very being, but they disguise and alter appearances. Witness the unfortunate transformation of Dulcinea, my only hope. The boat, now in the mill's strong current, moved more slowly. Perceiving the boat drifting towards the mill wheels, the people ran out with their long poles to stop it. With meal dust covering their faces and clothes, they made an odd appearance. \"Is the devil in the fellows?\" they cried out loud, \"Are you mad in the boat there? Hold! You'll be drowned or ground to pieces by the mill wheels.\" Don Quixote, casting his eyes on the millers, said, \"I told you, Sancho.\"\nI should arrive where I must use my strength. Look, what miserable wretches come forth to oppose me! How many horrid obstacles block my path! Behold the deformed faces they have, mere bogeymen! But I will show you, scoundrels, how insignificant all your efforts will prove. Then, standing up in the boat, he began to threaten the millers in a haughty tone. You paltry slaves, he cried, base and ill-advised scum of the world, instantly release the captive person who is unjustly detained and oppressed within your castle or prison, whether of high or low degree; for I am Don Quixote de la Mancha, otherwise known as the Knight of the Lions; for the happy achievement of this adventure is reserved for me, by the decree of heaven. Having said this, he drew his sword and began to fence with the air, as if he were already engaging the millers, who, hearing but not understanding his mad words, stood ready with their poles to stop the boat.\nwhich was now near the Mill-dam, and falling into the rapid Stream and narrow Channel of the Wheels. In the meantime, Sancho had devoutly fallen on his knees, praying heaven for a happy delivery from this mighty plunge, but this one time. And indeed his prayers met with some success; for the millers so stirred themselves with their poles that they stopped the boat, but not cleverly enough to prevent it from oversetting, tipping Don Quixote and Sancho into the river. It was well for the knight that he could swim like a duck; and yet the weight of his armor sank him twice to the bottom. Had it not been for the millers, who jumped into the water and managed to pull out both master and man, craning them up, there would have been an end of them both. When they were both hauled ashore, more over-drenched than thirsty, Sancho betook himself to his knees again, and with uplifted hands and eyes made a long and hearty prayer.\nAnd now came the fishermen who owned the boat, finding it broken to pieces, they fell upon Sancho and began to strip him, demanding satisfaction for the loss of their boat. The knight, with great gravity and uncaring demeanor, as if he had caused no harm, told both the millers and fishermen that he was ready to pay for the boat if they would release the detained persons in their castle. What persons or what castle, you mad oaf, one of the millers replied? Are you planning to carry away the people who come to grind their corn at our mills? So said Don Quixote, it is as futile to preach to a stone wall as it is to expect these wretched beings to perform a good and generous act. Two sage inchanters clash in this adventure; one thwarts the other: One provided me a bark.\nother overpowered me in it. Heaven send us better times! There is nothing but plotting and counter-plotting, undermining and counter-mining in this world. Well, I can do no more. Then raising his voice, and casting a fixed eye on the millers, \"Whoever you are that are imprisoned here,\" he cried, \"pardon me, I beseech you; for so my ill fate and yours decrees that I cannot free you from oppression: The adventure is reserved for some other knight.\" Having come to an agreement with the fishermen, he ordered Sancho to pay them fifty reals for the boat. Sancho pulled out the money with a very ill will, and parted with it with a worse muttering between his teeth, that two voyages like that would sink their whole stock.\n\nThe fishermen and the millers could not forbear admiring at two such figures of human offspring.\nThe knight and squire, who behaved unlike other humans, returned to Rosinante and Dapple. The millers went to their mills, and the fishermen to their huts, leaving Don Quixote and Sancho. With wet bodies and melancholic minds, they went back without speaking a word to each other and left the famous river. Don Quixote was lost in his amorous thoughts, and Sancho in his thoughts of promotion, which he still believed was far off. Despite his foolishness, Sancho was more downcast than Don Quixote, as he mourned the dwindling money, which he valued as much as his heart's blood or the apples of his eyes.\nHe clearly perceived that all or most of his master's actions were idle and foolish; therefore, he waited for an opportunity to slip away and go home without settling any further accounts or taking formal leave. But fortune provided for him much better than he expected.\n\nThe next day, around sunset, as they were leaving a wood, Don Quixote glanced round a verdant meadow. At the far end of it, he saw a group of people whom, on closer inspection, he identified as persons of quality, engaged in hawking. Approaching still nearer, he distinguished among them a fine lady on a white pacing mare, with green trappings and a silver-clad saddle. The lady herself was dressed in green, so rich and gay that nothing could be finer. She rode with a goshawk on her left hand, which led Don Quixote to believe she was a lady of quality and mistress of the train that attended; indeed she was. Calling to his squire, Sancho, he cried,\nRun and tell the Lady on the palefrey with the hawk on her fist, that I, the Knight of the Lions, humbly salute her Highness. I would be proud to receive her commands and have the honor of waiting on her, and kissing her hands. But take care, Sancho, in delivering your message, and don't lard my compliment with any of your old saws. Why this to me, Sancho? You need not talk about larding, as if I had never gone as an ambassador before to a high and mighty dame. I don't know that you ever did, replied Don Quixote, at least on my account, unless it was when I sent you to Dulcinea. A good paymaster needs no surety; and where there's plenty, the guests can't be empty. That is to say, I need none of your telling or tutoring about that matter; for, as silly as I look, I know something about everything. Well, well, I believe it was Don Quixote who said that. Go then in a good hour.\nSancho approached the Huntress, making Dapple gallop instead of his usual pace. He dismounted and knelt before her. \"Fair lady,\" he said, \"my master, the Knight of the Lions, has sent me to ask for your grace to allow him to serve you. He was previously known as the Knight of the Woeful Figure, but now wishes to be your vassal. This may be beneficial for you, and he will consider it a great kindness. You have carried out your embassy duties gracefully, Squire Sancho.\" The lady rose and replied, \"You have discharged your duties admirably for such an embassy. Rise, it is not fitting for a squire to be so subservient to a knight as the Knight of the Woeful Figure.\"\nTo whose Name and Merits we are not strangers should remain on his knees. Rise, and request your master to honor us with his company, so that my lord duke and I may pay him our respects at a house we have nearby.\n\nSancho rose, astonished not only by the lady's beauty but also her affability. Moreover, he was surprised that she did not address him as the Knight of the Lions, considering he had only recently assumed that title.\n\n\"Is this your master, then, the person whose history was published under the name of the Renowned Don Quixote de la Mancha?\" asked the duchess, whose title we do not yet know. \"Yes, it is,\" Sancho replied. \"And the squire mentioned in the book, Sancho Panza by name, is none other than myself, had I not been changed in the cradle.\"\nI am glad to hear all this, said the Duchess. Go and tell your master that I congratulate him on his arrival in our territories and welcome him. Inform him that this is the most agreeable news I could have heard.\n\nSancho, overjoyed with this gracious answer, returned to his master and repeated all that the great lady had said to him. He praised her great beauty and courteous nature in his clownish phrase.\n\nDelighted with this good beginning, Don Quixote seated himself handsomely in the saddle, fixed his toes in the stirrups, set the visor of his helmet as he thought best, roused up Rozinante's mettle, and with a graceful assurance moved forward to kiss the Duchess's hand. As soon as Sancho left her, she sent for the Duke, her husband, and gave him an account of Don Quixote's embassy. Both the Duke and Duchess attended his coming with pleasant impatience.\nAfter reading the first part of his History, they were eager to meet him in person. They resolved to let him have his way and humor him during his stay, treating him as a knight-errant, a practice they were accustomed to due to their familiarity with such literature.\n\nDon Quixote approached, lowering his visor. Sancho hurried to prepare to hold his stirrup. However, as he was trying to get off his pack saddle, his leg became entangled in the rope that served as his stirrup. Unable to free his foot, he hung by his heel with his nose to the ground.\n\nOn the other side, Don Quixote, who was accustomed to having his stirrup held when dismounting, lifted his right leg over the saddle to alight. Unfortunately, his girdle was ill-fastened.\nDown he brought it with him to the ground, confounded with shame, muttering between his teeth many a hearty curse against Sancho. The Duke seeing them in this condition, ordered some of his people to help them. They raised Don Quixote, who was in no very good case with his fall. However, limping as well as he could, he went to pay his duty to the lady. But the Duke, alighting, would by no means permit it, and embracing Don Quixote, \"I'm sorry, Sir Knight of the Woeful Figure,\" he said, \"that such a mishap should happen to you at your first coming on my ground; but the negligence of squires is often the cause of worse accidents.\" \"Most generous prince,\" said Don Quixote, \"I can think of nothing bad that could befall me here, since I have had the happiness of seeing your grace. For though I had fallen low as the very center, the glory of this interview would raise me up again. My squire indeed...\"\nA vengeance seize him for it, is more apt to give his saucy, idle tongue a loose, than to gird a saddle well; but prostrate or erect, on horseback or on foot, in any posture I shall always be at your grace's command, and no less at her grace's, your worthy consort's service. Worthy did I say, yes, she is worthy to be called the queen of beauty and sovereign lady of all courtesy. Pardon me there, said the duke. Noble Don Quixote de la Mancha; where the peerless Dulcinea is remembered, the praise of all other beauties ought to be forgot.\n\nSancho was now got clear of the noose, and standing near the duchess, \"An't please your worship's highness,\" quoth he, before his master could answer, \"it can't be denied, nay, I dare vouch it in any ground in Spain, that my lady Dulcinea del Toboso is very handsome and fair. But where we least think, there starts the hare. I've heard your great scholars say, that she you call Dame Nature, is like a potter.\"\nAnd he who makes one handsome Pipkin may make two or three hundred. Thus, you see, my Lady Duchess here does not fall short of Lady Dulcinea del Toboso. Don Quixote, addressing himself to the Duchess, said, \"Your Grace must know, I have an eternal babbler, such a bundle of conceit for a squire, unlike any other knight-errant. If I am fortunate enough to serve you for some time, your Grace will find this to be true.\" The Duchess replied, \"I'm glad, sir, that Sancho has his conceits. It's a shrewd sign he is wise; for merry conceits, you know, are not the offspring of a dull brain. And so, if Sancho is jovial and jocose, I'll warrant him also a man of sense.\" Don Quixote added, \"A prater, Madam.\" The Duke responded, \"So much the better. For a man who talks well can never talk too much. But let us not lose time here. Come on, Sir Knight of the Woeful Figure, Knight of the Lions. Your Highness should say thus.\"\nSancho: \"The Woeful Figure is outdated. Please bring in the Lions to perform. The Knight of the Lions, kindly join us at a castle nearby. You will find fitting entertainment and the honors due to such a distinguished figure from us, the Duke and the Duchess, who are accustomed to welcoming all knight-errants traveling this way.\n\nSancho prepared Rozinante and tightened the saddle. Don Quixote mounted his steed, and the Duke mounted a fine horse of his own. The Duchess rode between them. She requested that Sancho remain near her, as she was greatly amused by his witty remarks. Sancho obliged and positioned himself between them, becoming an integral part of their conversation. The Duke and the Duchess were pleased with this arrangement.\"\nThe knights were pleased to have such a knight-errant and erring squire with them at their castle. Sancho was overjoyed to find himself in the duchess's favor, believing he would fare well there, as he was always a friend to a generous way of living. According to the history, before they reached the castle, the duke rode away to instruct his servants on how to behave towards Don Quixote. As a result, as soon as the knight approached the gates, he was met by two of the duke's grooms in long crimson-satin vests, who took him in their arms and lifted him off his horse without further ceremony.\n\n\"Great and mighty Sir,\" they said.\nAnd he helped my Lady Duchess down. Thereupon Don Quixote went and offered to help. Many compliments and much ceremony passed on both sides, but in the end, the Duchess's earnestness prevailed. She would not dismount from her paltry burden except in her husband's arms, excusing herself from burdening such a great knight. With that, the Duke took her down. And as they entered a large courtyard, two beautiful damsels threw a long mantle of fine scarlet over Don Quixote's shoulders. Instantly, all the galleries about the courtyard were crowded with men and women, the Duke's domestic staff, who cried out, \"Welcome, Welcome, the Flower and Cream of Knight-Errantry!\" Then most, if not all of them, sprinkled whole bottles of sweet water upon Don Quixote, the Duke, and the Duchess. This usage surprised Don Quixote, and indeed, this was the first day he knew and firmly believed himself to be a real Knight-Errant.\nSancho found that his knighthood was more than a fancy title, and was treated similarly to how the Order's brothers had been entertained in past ages. Sancho was so carried away that he even abandoned his beloved Dapple to stay close to the Duchess and enter the castle with the company. However, his conscience bothered him for leaving Dapple alone, so he went to a revered old duena, who was part of the Duchess's retinue.\n\n\"Mrs. Gonsales, or Mrs.\u2014Pray, may I ask your name?\" Sancho whispered to her.\n\n\"Donna Rodriguez, de Grijalva is my name,\" the old waiting-woman replied. \"What is your business with me, friend?\"\n\n\"Mistress,\" Sancho pleaded, \"could you please go out of the castle gate where you'll find a Dapple ass of mine? Make sure he's put in the stable or even take him in yourself. He's quite fearful and timid and can't stand being alone in a strange place.\"\n\nThe master, she grumbled, has no more manners than the man.\nWe shall have a fine time on it. Get you gone, you saucy Jack, the Devil take thee and him who brought you hither, to affront me. Go seek elsewhere for Ladies to look after your ass, you Lollop! I'd have you know, that Gentlewomen like me are not used to such drudgeries. Don't take pepper in your nose at it, replied Sancho. You need not be so frumpish, Mistress. As good as you have done. I have heard my master say (and he knows all the histories in the world) that when Sir Lancelot came out of Britain, damsels looked after him, and waiting-women after his horse. Now by my troth! whether you believe it or not, I would not swap my ass for Sir Lancelot's horse, I'll tell you that. I think the Fool rides the fellow, quoth the waiting-woman. Hark you, friend, if you be a buffoon, keep your stuff for those chapmen who will bid you fairer. I would not give a fig for all the jests in your budget. Well enough yet, quoth Sancho, and a fig for you too.\nYou: Should I go to Adad! I might take you for a ripe fig. Your fig is rotten ripe, so say no more; if sixty's the game, you're a peep out. You rascally son of a whore, cried the waiting-woman in a pelting chase, whether I am old or no, heaven knows, I shan't stand to give an account to such a ragamuffin as thou, thou garlic-eating stinkard. She spoke this so loud that the duchess overheard her and seeing the woman so altered and as red as fire, asked what was the matter? Why, madam, said the waiting-woman, here's a fellow who would have me put his ass in the stable, telling me an idle story of ladies who looked after one Lancelot, and waiting-women after his horse; and because I won't be his ostler, the rake-shame very civilly calls me old. Old, said the duchess, that's an affront no woman can well bear. You are mistaken, honest Sancho, Rodriguez is very young.\nAnd the long veil she wears is more for authority and fashion-sake than on account of her years. \"May there never be a good one among all those I have to live, quoth Sancho, if I meant her any harm. I only thought I could not recommend the poor Tit to a more charitable body than this same Madam Rodriguez.\"\n\n\"Sancho, said Don Quixote, with a stern look, does this talk befitting this place? Do you know where you are?\"\n\n\"Sir,\" quoth Sancho, \"every man must tell his wants, be he where he will. Here I thought of Dapple, and here I spoke of him. Had I called him to mind in the stable, I would have spoken of him there.\"\n\nThe duke spoke up, \"Sancho has reason on his side, and no one ought to chide him for it. But let him take no further care, Dapple shall have as much provender as he will eat, and be used as well as Sancho himself.\"\n\nAfter these small disputes, which provided entertainment for all the company except Don Quixote, he was led up a stately staircase.\nAnd then into a noble hall, sumptuously hung with rich gold brocade. There, his armor was removed by six young damsels who served him instead of pages. All of them were fully instructed by the duke and duchess on how to behave towards Don Quixote, ensuring his entertainment was comparable to that of the famous knight-errant's.\n\nWhen he was disarmed, he appeared in his close breeches and shamoy doublet. He was raw-boned and meager, tall and lank, with a pair of lantern jaws that met in the middle of his mouth. In short, he made such a very odd figure that despite the duke's strict injunction to the young females waiting on him to stifle their laughter, they could hardly contain it. They begged him to let them take off his clothes and put him on a clean shirt. But he would not permit it, explaining:\nThat Modesty was as commendable a virtue in a Knight as valor; and therefore he desired them to leave the shirt with Sancho, and then retiring to an adjacent chamber where there was a rich bed, he locked himself up with his squire, pulled off his clothes, shifted himself, and then while they were alone, he began to reprimand him.\n\nNow, said he, modern buffoon and jester of old, what can you say for yourself? Where did you learn to abuse such a venerable ancient gentlewoman - one so worthy of respect as Donna Rodriguez? Was that an appropriate time to think of your dapple? Or can persons of quality who nobly entertain their masters forget to provide for their beasts? For heaven's sake, Sancho, mend your behavior, and don't betray your homespun breeding, lest you be thought a scandal to your master. Do you not know, saucy rustic, that the world often judges a master's discretion by that of his servants.\nAnd yet, one of the greatest advantages the superior have over the inferior is having servants as good as themselves. Are you not aware, pitiful fellow that you are, how unfortunate I am if they find you a clown or a mad buffoon? Therefore, dear Sancho, avoid such inconveniences. He who seeks too much after jests and drollery is apt to trip and tumble, and is in the end despised as an insipid, ridiculous buffoon. Then, curb your tongue, think carefully, and ponder your words before they are spoken. We have come to a place where, with the assistance of heaven and the power of this mighty arm, we may depart fivefold better in fortune and reputation. Sancho promised to behave better in the future and to hold his tongue or bite it out rather than speak a word that was not well considered.\nAnd so, to ensure the purpose was not discovered by anyone, Don Quixote donned his master's attire - a belt and sword, a scarlet cloak, and a green velvet cap left by the damsels. Entering the state room, he found the damsels arranged in two rows, offering him water and necessities for washing with humble curtsies and solemn ceremonies. Once he was attended to, twelve pages, led by the gentleman sewer, escorted him to supper. They proceeded in grand procession, some walking ahead and some behind, into another room where a table was grandly set for four people.\n\nUpon his arrival, the Duke and Duchess approached the door to greet him, accompanied by a grave clergyman, one of those who governed great houses.\nNot being nobly born themselves, they didn't know how to instruct those who were. They would have the liberality of the great measured by the narrowness of their own souls, making those they governed stingy when they pretended to teach frugality. One of these in all likelihood was this grave Ecclesiastical figure who came with the Duke to receive Don Quixote.\n\nAfter a thousand courtly compliments on all sides, Don Quixote at last approached the table, between the Duke and the Duchess. Here arose a fresh contest; for the knight, being offered the upper end of the table, thought himself obliged to decline it. However, he could not withstand the Duke's pressing importunities but was forced at last to comply. The Parson sat right against him, and the Duke and the Duchess on each side.\n\nSancho stood by all the while, gaping with wonder to see the honor done his master; and observing how many ceremonies passed.\nAnd the Duke implored him to take a seat at the head of the table. With your permission, sir, the Duke explained, I'll recount an incident from our town relevant to this commotion about positions. The words had barely left his lips when Don Quixote began to tremble, fearing an impertinent interjection. Sancho watched him closely and, upon comprehending his intentions, Sir, Sancho assured him, I won't be impolite. I'll only speak what pertains to the matter. I haven't forgotten the lesson you taught me about speaking sense or nonsense, little or much. I don't understand what you mean, Don Quixote replied; please say whatever you will, but quickly. Very well, Sancho responded, what I am about to tell you is the absolute truth. Should I stumble even slightly in my narrative, my master is here to correct me and set the record straight. Please, Don Quixote requested, feel free to lie as much as you wish.\nA Gentleman in our town, of good estate and family, married Donna Mencia de Quinones. He was of the Blood of the Alamos of Medina del Campo, and Donna Mencia was the Daughter of Don Alonzo de Maramon, a Knight of the Order of St. James.\nThe same man who was drowned in the Herradura, about whom a quarrel occurred in our town, in which I heard that my master Don Quixote was involved and little Tom, the Mad-Cap, son of Old Balvastro the Farrier, was severely hurt - is this true, Master? Speak the truth and shame the devil, so that their worships the Graces may know that I am neither a liar nor a jester. The clergyman replied, \"I think you are the former rather than the latter. I can't yet tell what I will make of you. You produce so many witnesses, Sancho, and mention so many circumstances that I must admit, I believe what you say is true. But continue, and shorten the story; for I fear you will not finish these two days. Do not let him shorten it, said the Duchess; let him go his own way, though it takes six days; I will listen to him with pleasure.\nAnd I assure you, my masters, that I found the time most pleasantly employed, as I have never done in my life. I then say, my masters, that this gentleman I mentioned at first, whom I know as well as I do my right hand from my left, for he lives not far from my house - a bowshot away - invited a poor but honest husbandman to dine with him. \"Hold your pace, friend,\" said the chaplain. \"At this rate, you won't finish before you reach the other world.\" I shall stop halfway, replied Sancho, and may it be Heaven's will: A little more of your Christian patience, good doctor!\n\nThis husbandman, as I mentioned earlier, came to this gentleman's house, who had invited him. May God rest his soul, for he is now deceased, and they say he died the death of an angel. For my part, I was not present when he died; I was out in the fields harvesting, at that very moment, at a place called Trembleque. As you love your life, friend.\nThe Clergy-man urged, \"Leave your reaping and return quickly from Trembleque without delaying to bury the Gentleman, unless you wish to create more funerals. Hurry up and finish your story.\"\n\nSancho replied, \"Then you must know, my lords, that as they were about to sit down at the table - the farmer and the gentleman - I see them more clearly before my eyes than ever in my born days. The Duke and Duchess were pleased to find how Sancho spun out his story, and how the Clergy-man grew impatient, and Don Quixote became enraged and agitated.\n\nWell, Sancho continued, when they were preparing to sit, the farmer refused to sit until the gentleman had taken his seat. But the gentleman gestured for him to take the upper end. No, Sir, the farmer objected. Sit where I bid you, the gentleman insisted. Still the farmer refused and would not.\nThe Gentleman told him he should act as master in his own house. But overly polite Sancho, thinking he should be well-bred and civil in the role, scraped and cringed and refused. The Gentleman, in a great passion, took him by the shoulders and forced him into the chair. \"Sit there, clodpate,\" he cried. \"Let me sit wherever I will, that will still be the upper end, and the place of worship to you.\" And now you have my tale. I have spoken nothing but what's to the purpose.\n\nDon Quixote's face was in a thousand colors that speckled its natural brown. The Duke and Duchess were obliged to check their mirth when they perceived Sancho's roguery, so that Don Quixote might not be put too much out of countenance. To turn the conversation, the Duchess asked Don Quixote about news of Lady Dulcinea and how long it had been since he had sent her any giants or robbers as presents.\n\"not doubting but that he had lately subdued many such? Alas! Madam, answered he, my misfortunes have had a beginning, but they will never have an end. I have vanquished giants, elves, and cutthroats, and sent them to the mistress of my soul, but where shall they find her? She is enchanted, Madam, and transformed into the ugliest piece of rusticity that can be imagined. I don't know, Sir, quoth Sancho, when I saw her last, she seemed to be the finest creature in the world; thus far at least I can safely vouch for her upon my own knowledge, that for activity of body and leaping, the best tumbler of them all does not go beyond her. Upon my honest word, Madam Duchess, she'll vault from the ground upon her ass like a cat. Have you seen her enchanted, said the Duke? Seen her, quoth Sancho! And who the devil was the first that hit upon this trick of her enchantment, think you, but I?\"\nMy Lord, you will have to answer for encouraging this madman, Don Quixote de la Mancha. I am certain it is him, despite your objections. Angrily, he turned to the Duke: \"Your Grace, this man believes himself a knight-errant, vanquishing giants and robbers. Go home, look after your children and your honest business. Stop wandering about, building castles in the air, and becoming a laughingstock.\"\nTo all, known or unknown. Where have you found, in the name of mischief, that there have ever been or are now any such things as knight-errants? Where will you find giants in Spain or monsters in La Mancha? Where shall one find your enchanted Dulcineas and all those legions of whimsies and chimeras spoken of on your account, but in your empty skull?\n\nDon Quixote gave this reverend person a hearing, listening with great patience to his severe reproof. At last, seeing him silent and disregarding his respect to the duke and duchess, he rose up with indignation and fury in his looks and said, \"But his answer deserves a whole chapter by itself.\n\nDon Quixote, being thus suddenly got up, shaking from head to foot for madness, as if he had quicksilver in his bones, cast an angry look on his indiscreet censor and, with an eager delivery, sputtering and stammering with choler, cried out, \"This place, the presence of these noble persons, and the respect I have always had for your function.\"\nCheck my just resentment and restrain my hands from taking satisfaction as a gentleman. For these reasons, and since everyone knows that you gentlemen, as well as women, use no other weapon but your tongues, I'll fairly engage you upon equal terms and combat you at your own weapon. I should rather have expected sober admonitions from a man of your character than infamous reproaches. Charitable and wholesome correction ought to be managed at another rate and with more moderation. The least that can be said of this reproof which you've given me here so bitterly and in public, is that it has exceeded the bounds of Christian correction, and a gentle one had been much more becoming. Is it fit that without any insight into the offense which you reprove, you should without any more ado call the offender fool, sot, and addle-pate? Pray, Sir, what foolish action have you seen me do that should provoke you to give me such ill language and bid me so magistratically go home to look after my wife and children?\nBefore you knew if I had any, don't you think those deserve severe censure who screw themselves into other men's houses and pretend to rule the master? It is truly a fine world when a poor pedant, who has seen no more of it than lies within twenty or thirty leagues about him, shall take upon himself to prescribe laws to knight-errantry and judge those who profess it! You, indeed, esteem it an idle undertaking, and time lost to wander through the world, though scorning its pleasures and sharing the hardships and toils of it, by which the virtuous aspire to the high seat of immortality. If persons of honor, knights, lords, gentlemen, or men of any birth should take me for a fool or a coxcomb, I should think it an irreparable affront. But for mere scholars who never trod the paths of chivalry, to think me mad, I despise and laugh at it. I am a knight, and a knight I will die, if it please Omnipotence. Some choose the high road of haughty ambition.\nI follow the narrow path of knight-errantry, despising riches but not honor. I have redressed grievances, righted the injured, chastised the insolent, vanquished giants, and trodden elves and hobgoblins under my feet. I am in love, but only as the profession of knight-errantry obliges me. I am not this age's vicious lovers, but a chaste Platonist. My intentions are all directed to virtuous ends, and to do no man wrong but good to all the world.\n\nSpeak no more for yourself, Ifaith, said Sancho.\nmy good Lord and Master; stop when you're well; for there's not the least matter to be added on your side, either in word or deed. Besides, since Mr. Parson has had the nerve to say directly, as one may say, that there neither are, nor ever were any Knight-Errants in the world, he does not know what he speaks. What! said the clergyman, are you Sancho Panza, to whom they say your master has promised an island? Yes, I am, answered Sancho; and I am he who deserves it as well as any other; and I am one of those whom it is said, keep with good men and thou shalt be one of them; and of those whom it is said again, not with whom thou wert bred, but with whom thou hast fed; and lean against a good tree, and it will shelter thee. I have leaned and stuck close to my good master, and kept him company these many a month; and now he and I are one; and I must be as he is, if it be Heaven's blessed will; live he, and I shall live. He shall not want kingdoms to rule.\nI. Nor will I lack islands to govern.\nII. \"You shall not, honest Sancho,\" said the Duke; \"for I now intend to give you the government of one of my own, of some consequence, for the sake of Don Quixote.\"\nIII. \"Down on your knees, Sancho,\" cried Don Quixote, \"and kiss the duke's feet for this favor.\" Sancho did so.\nIV. But when the clergyman saw it, he rose in indignation. \"By the habit I wear,\" he cried, \"I cannot help but tell Your Grace that you are as mad as these sinful wretches. You may keep them here and stay with them if it pleases Your Grace; but as for me, I'll leave and go home, to excuse myself from reproaching what I cannot remedy.\"\nV. With that, leaving the rest of his dinner behind him, he departed. The duke and duchess were unable to pacify him. Though the duke could not say much to him, for laughing at his impetuous passion.\nVI. When he had finished laughing, Sir Knight of the Lions.\n\"you've answered so well for yourself and your profession that you need no further satisfaction from the angry clergy-man. This is especially true if you consider that whatever he might say, he couldn't affront a person of your character, as women and churchmen cannot give an affront. Very true, my lord,\" said Don Quixote. \"And the reason is, because he who cannot receive an affront can't give one. Women, children, and churchmen, as they cannot vindicate themselves when injured, so they are not capable of receiving an affront. There is this difference between an affront and an injury, as your grace well knows; an affront must come from a person who is able to give it and maintain it after giving it. An injury can be done by any kind of people whatsoever. For example, a man walking in the street about his business is set upon by ten armed men who cudgel him. He draws his sword to avenge the injury.\"\nBut the assailants overpowered him, preventing him from having the satisfaction he desired. This man is injured but not affronted. To further illustrate, consider a man who creeps up behind another, strikes him on the ear, and then flees. The victim follows but cannot catch him. The man who received the blow has indeed been injured, but not affronted, for it to be an affront, it should have been justified. However, if the assailant, though acting basely, stands his ground and faces his adversary, then the victim is both injured and affronted. If any member of this man's innumerable race had heard him utter such words, I can assure your reverence, it would not have ended well for him. \"I swear it wouldn't,\" said Sancho, \"they would have undone him, just as one would undo an oyster, or a ripe muskmelon. Take my word for it. They were a rough crowd.\nAnd he would not have swallowed such a pill. By the Mackins, I firmly believe that had Rinaldo of Montalban heard the poor Toad speak at this rate, he would have laid him on such a poultice over his chaps with his shoulder of mutton fist, securing him from prating these three years. Ay, ay, if he had fallen into their clutches, see how he would have gotten out again! The Duchess was ready to die with laughing at Sancho, whom she thought a more pleasant fool and a greater madman than his master; and she was not the only person at that time of this opinion. In short, Don Quixote being pacified, they made an end of dinner; and then while some of the servants were taking away, four damsels came in. One carrying a silver basin, another an ewer of Naples soap. Presently she who held the basin went very civilly and clapped it under Don Quixote's chin. Wondering at this extraordinary ceremony, yet fancying it was the custom of the country to wash the face instead of the hands.\nThe knight thrust out his long chin without speaking, and the ewer began to rain water on his face. The maid who brought the washball set to work, lathering his beard so effectively that the suds flew like large flakes of snow over his passive face, forcing him to shut his eyes.\n\nThe Duke and Duchess, unaware of the situation, stood waiting. The female servant fetched more water and the maid rinsed off the soap. She then gently wiped and dried the knight's beard and face with the linen. All four dropped a low curtsy and were leaving the room. But the Duke, to prevent Don Quixote from smelling the jest, called to the maid carrying the basin and ordered her to wash him as well, but ensure she had enough water. The witty servant girl came and placed the basin under the Duke's chin.\nAs she had done to Don Quixote, but more quickly, and then drying him off, they all paid their respects and departed. It was important they understood their master's intention in serving him as they did the knight. For, as it was later discovered, the duke had been resolved to make them pay dearly for their prank if they had not done so.\n\nSancho took note of all the ceremonies during this washing. \"I wonder,\" he said, \"if it's customary in this country to scrub the squire's beard, as well as the knight's. I could use it, and a shave too, if they'd offer.\"\n\n\"What are you muttering to yourself, Sancho?\" asked the duchess.\n\n\"Just musing, your grace,\" Sancho replied, \"I've been told that in other great houses, when the cloak is removed, they provide water for people to wash their hands, not suds to scour their beards. I see now it's good to live and learn. That's a saying indeed.\"\nHe who lives long suffers much, but I have a great fancy that to endure one of these scourings is rather a pleasure than a pain, Sancho replied. \"Trouble yourself no further, my lady,\" the Duchess said, \"I'll see that one of my maids washes you, and if necessary, lays you out to dry. I only want my beard scrubbed at present, Sancho said. As for the rest, we'll think about it another time. \"Here, steward,\" the Duchess ordered, \"see to it that Sancho has whatever he desires, and make sure you do as he requests.\" The steward assured her that Signior Sancho would want for nothing, and so he took Sancho with him to dinner.\n\nMeanwhile, Don Quixote remained with the Duke and Duchess, engaging them in conversation about various matters, all related to arms and knight-errantry. The Duchess then took the opportunity to ask the knight to give a detailed description of Lady Dulcinea del Toboso's beauty and accomplishments, confident that his good memory would allow him to do so eloquently.\nAccording to famed reports, she is the most beautiful creature in the entire world and therefore in all of La Mancha. With that, Don Quixote sighed deeply, my lady. If I could tear out my heart and present it to you in a dish on this table, I could save my tongue the effort of expressing what cannot be expressed, and you would scarcely believe it. For there, you would see her beauty depicted in its entirety. But why should I attempt to delineate and copy each of her many perfections one by one? That is a burden for stronger shoulders than mine. Such a task would be worthy of the pencils of Parrhasius, Timantes, and Apelles, or the tools of Lysippus. The hands of the best painters and statuaries should indeed be employed to create a lifelike representation of her beauty in paint, marble, and Corinthian brass. Ciceroan and Demosthenian eloquence should labor to extol her other endowments. Pray, ask, Sir, the Duchess.\nDemosthenes' eloquence, Madam, referred to by Don Quixote, signifies the eloquence of Demosthenes and Cicero, the two greatest orators in the world. You showed your ignorance, dear woman, by asking such a question. Yet, the noble Don Quixote would oblige us if he attempted her portrait now. She would indeed be charming in a rough sketch. However, the misfortune that recently befallen her has almost erased her image from my memory. I ought to mourn her change rather than describe her person. You must know, my lady, that when I recently went to kiss her hands and seek her permission for my intended absence in search of new adventures, I found her transformed, enchanted.\nFrom a princess to a country wench, from beauty to ugliness, from courtliness to rusticity, from a reserved lady to a jumping Joan, from sweetness itself to the stench of a polecat, from light to darkness, from an angel to a devil; and, in short, from Dulcinea del Toboso to a peasantess of Sayago. \"Bless us!\" cried the Duke, with a loud voice, \"What villain has done the world such an injury? Who has robbed it not only of the beauty that was its ornament, but of those charming graces that were its delight, and that virtue which was its living honor? Who should it be, replied Don Quixote, but one of those damned enchanters, one of those numerous envious fiends, that without cease persecute me. That wicked brood of hell, spawned into the world to eclipse the glory of good and valiant men and blemish their exploits, while they labor to exalt and magnify the actions of the wicked. These cursed magicians have persecuted me, and persecute me now.\nand it will continue until they have sunk me and my lofty Deeds of Chivalry into the Profound Abyss of Oblivion. Yes, yes, they choose to wound me in that part which they well know is most sensitive. I grant all this, said the Duchess; yet, according to the history of your life, recently published with universal applause, it seems to imply, to the best of my remembrance, that you never saw Lady Dulcinea, and that there is no such lady in the world. Rather, she is a mere notional creature, engendered and brought forth by the strength and heat of your fancy, and there endowed with all the charms and good qualities which you are pleased to ascribe to her. Much can be said about this point, said Don Quixote; heaven knows whether there is a Dulcinea in the world or not.\nAnd whether she is a Notional Creature or not. These are Mysteries not to be narrowly inquired into. I have not Engendered or Begot that Lady. I do indeed make her the object of my contemplations, and, as I ought, look on her as a lady endowed with all those qualifications that may raise the character of a person to universal fame. She is to me beautiful without blemish, reserved without pride, amorous with modesty, agreeable for her courteous temper, and courteous, as an effect of her generous education; and, in short, of an illustrious parentage. For beauty displays its lustre to a higher degree of perfection when matched with noble blood than it can in those that are meanly descended.\n\nThe observation is just, said the Duke; but give me leave, Sir, to propose to you a doubt, which the reading of that history has started in my mind: 'Tis, that, allowing there be a Dulcinea at El Toboso, or elsewhere, and as beautiful as you describe her, why does Cervantes's Don Quixote, a man of such noble spirit, not seek to find and win her hand for himself?\nI do not find that she can in any way equal in greatness of birth the Oriana's, the Alastrajarea's, the Madasima's, and a thousand others of whom we read in those histories with which you are so conversant. To this, said Don Quixote, I answer that Dulcinea is the daughter of her own actions, and that virtue ennobles the blood. A virtuous man of mean condition is more to be esteemed than a vicious person of quality. Besides, Dulcinea is possessed of those other endowments that may entitle her to crowns and scepters, since beauty alone has raised many of her sex to the throne. Where merit has no limits, hope may well have no bounds; and to be fair and virtuous is so extensive an advantage that it gives, though not a formal, at least a virtual claim to larger fortunes. I must own, Sir, said the Duchess, that in all your discourse, you, as we say, proceed with the plumbline of reason and fathom all the depths of controversy. Therefore, I submit, and from this time I am resolved to believe and maintain.\nThere is a Dulcinea del Toboso extant and living at this day. She is beautiful and of good extraction, making her altogether Quixote-worthy. However, I have one concern that troubles me and gives me a poor opinion of Sancho. The history tells us that when Sancho Panza delivered your letter to Lady Dulcinea, he found her winnowing a sack of corn, which is the lowest quality wheat. Your Grace must know that almost everything concerning me is managed quite contrary to the ways of other knight-errants. Whether it be the unfathomable will of Destiny or the implacable malice of some envious enchanter, I cannot well tell. It is beyond doubt.\nOne Knight-Errant had the privilege of being immune to enchantments, another was invulnerable, like the famous Orlando, one of the twelve Peers of France. His flesh was impenetrable everywhere except for the sole of his left foot. He could only be wounded there with the point of a great pin. When Bernardo del Carpio took his life at Roncesvalles, he couldn't wound him with his sword, so he lifted him from the ground and squeezed him to death in his arms. Remembering how Hercules killed the cruel giant Antaeus, who was said to be the son of the Earth. Therefore, I infer that I may be protected by some particular advantage, though it's not that of being invulnerable. I have often found through experience that my flesh is tender.\nand not impenetrable. Nor does any private privilege free me from the power of enchantment; for I have found myself clapped into a cage, where all the world could not have locked me up, but the force of necromantic incantations. But since I got free again, I believe that even the force of magic will never be able to confine me thus another time. So that these magicians, finding they cannot work their wicked ends directly on me, take revenge on what I most esteem and endeavor to take away my life by persecuting that of Dulcinea, in whom and for whom I live. And therefore I believe, when my squire delivered my embassy to her, they transformed her into a countess. But I do aver, that it was neither rye nor wheat, but oriental pearl; and to prove this, I must acquaint your graces that passing other day by Toboso, I could not so much as find Dulcinea's palace; whereas my squire went the next day and saw her in all her native charms.\nThe most beautiful creature in the world; yet when I met her again, she appeared to me in the shape of an ugly, coarse, country maiden, boorish and ill-bred, though she really is Discretion itself. And so, because I cannot be enchanted, the unfortunate lady must be thus enchanted, mistreated, disfigured, chopped and changed. In this way, my enemies wreaking their malice on her, have avenged themselves on me; which makes me abandon myself to sorrow, until she is restored to her former perfections.\n\nI have been more detailed in this regard, so that no one may insist on what Sancho said about her corn sifting: For if she appeared changed to me, what wonder is it if she seemed so to him. In short, Dulcinea is both illustrious and well-born, being descended from the most ancient and best families in Toboso, of whose blood I am positive she has no small share in her veins; and now that town will be no less famous in future ages for being the place of her nativity, than Troy for Helen.\nThe nickname of Count Julian's daughter, who was ravished by King Rodrigo, was Cava. Cava, despite the dishonorable circumstances, was honorable. As for Sancho Panza, I assure you, Your Grace, he is one of the most pleasant squires who ever waited on a knight-errant. He comes out with such sharp simplicities that one is pleasantly puzzled to judge whether he is more knave or fool. The varlet, indeed, is full of roguery enough to be thought a knave; but then he has yet more ignorance, and may better be thought a fool. He doubts everything, yet believes everything; and when one would think he had entangled himself in a piece of downright folly beyond recovery, he brings himself off of a sudden so cleverly that he is applauded to the skies. In short, I would not change him for the best squire that wears a head, though I might have a city to boot.\nI don't know if I should let him go to the government, as your Grace has promised. His talent seems suited to it, as he manages well even with little knowledge. Experience shows that learning or other abilities are not crucial for a governor. We have many who can barely read a letter yet govern effectively. Their main duty is to mean well and be resolved to do their best, as they have capable counselors to instruct them. Governors who are men of the sword rather than scholars have assessors on the bench to guide them. My advice to Sancho will be to neither take bribes nor lose his privileges, along with some other instructions I have in mind, which I will share with him at the appropriate time.\nThe Duke, the Duchess, and Don Quixote had been conversing when a commotion was heard in the house. Sancho suddenly burst into the room where they sat, in a state of terror, with a dishcloth instead of a bib. The kitchen scullions and other greasy rabble were surrounding him, one of them chasing him with a little kneading trough full of dishwater, which he tried to shield himself from under his chin.\n\n\"What's going on here, Fellow?\" the Duchess asked. \"What do you intend to do with this man? Don't you consider he's an elect governor?\"\n\n\"Madam,\" the barber-scullion replied, \"the gentleman refuses to let us wash him according to custom, as the Duke and his master had planned.\"\n\n\"But I will,\" Sancho declared indignantly, \"but then it shall be with cleaner suds and cleaner towels.\"\nand not quite so sternly Paws; for there's no such difference between my master and me neither, that he must be washed with angel-water, and I with the devil's lye: So far the customs of great men's houses are good, as they give no offense. But this same beastly washing in a puddle is worse penance than a friar's flogging. My beard is clean enough and wants no such refreshing. Stand clear, you had best; for the first that comes to wash me or touch a hair of my head (my beard I would say), Sir, Reverence of the company, I'll take him such a douse on the ear, he shall feel it a year after: For these kinds of ceremonies and soapings, you see, look more like flouts and jeers, than like a civil welcome to strangers! The Duchess was on the verge of bursting with laughter to see Sancho's fury and hear how he argued for himself. But Don Quixote did not much like to see him with such a nasty dishcloth about his neck.\nAnd he made the kitchen pensioners' sport. After bowing deeply to the Duke, he looked at the scullions and said, gravely, \"Hark ye, Gentlemen, let the young man be. Go away if you wish. My squire is as clean as another man; your trough won't do, you might as well have brought him a dram-cup. Leave him and me alone; we cannot abide such slovenly jests. No, no,\" said Sancho, taking up his master's words, \"let them stay and continue. I'll pay my barbers. They might as well take a lion by the beard as meddle with mine. Bring a comb hither, or whatever they will, and curry-comb it. If they find anything there that shouldn't be, I'll give them permission to cut and mince me as small as a horse. Sancho is right, said the Duchess, still laughing, and will always be in the right in all that he says; he is as clean and neat as can be.\nAnd it requires no cleaning from you; if he doesn't prefer our washing method, let him do as he pleases. You, who claim to clean others, have proven careless and idle. I might even call you impudent, offering to bring your kneading trough and dishcloths to such a person and such a beard, instead of a golden basin and ewer, and fine diaper towels. But you are a pack of unmannerly varlets, and like saucy rascals as you are, can't help showing your spite to the squires of knight-errants. The greasy regiment, and even the steward, who were with them, believed the duchess was in earnest. They took the cloak from Sancho's neck and sneaked off quite out of countenance. Sancho, seeing himself freed from his apprehensions of this danger, ran and threw himself on his knees before the duchess. Heaven bless your grace, madam duchess, quoth he. Great persons are able to do great kindnesses. For my part\nI don't know how to make your Worship amends for this. I can only wish I were an Arm'd Knight-Errant for your sake, spending all the Days of my Life in the service of so high a Lady. I am a poor country-man, my name is Sancho Panza, I have children and serve as a squire. If in any of these matters, I can do you any good, you need only speak; I'll be nimbler in doing than you will be in ordering. 'Tis evident, Sancho, said the Duchess, that you have learned civility in the school of courtesy itself, and have been bred up under the wings of Don Quixote, who is the very cream of chivalric compliment and the flower of ceremonies. All happiness attend such a knight and such a squire; the one the North Star of chivalric endeavor, the other the bright luminary of squire-like fidelity. Rise, my friend Sancho, and assure yourself that for the recompense of your civilities, I will persuade my Lord Duke to put you in possession of the government he promised you.\nAfter donning his afternoon rest, Don Quixote was urged by the Duchess to stay with her and her ladies in a cool room instead. Sancho informed her that he typically took a long nap of four to five hours in the afternoon, but he would break an old habit for her honor and try to keep the day going. The Duke also instructed that Don Quixote be entertained as a knight-errant, adhering strictly to the chivalric code as depicted in such literature.\n\nThe narrative continues, revealing that Sancho did not sleep at all that afternoon but kept his promise to the Duchess. Impressed by his comical banter, she requested that he take a low chair and sit by her side. However, Sancho refused until she insisted, acting as a governor.\nAnd he spoke as if he were a squire, in both capacities deserving the very seat of Cid Ruy Diaz, the famous champion. Sancho shrugged up his shoulders and obeyed. The duchess's women stood around her in silent attention. She began the conference.\n\n\"Now that we are private, and no one can overhear us,\" she said, \"I would desire you, my lord governor, to resolve some doubts in the printed history of the great Don Quixote that puzzle me greatly. First, I find that good Sancho had never seen Dulcinea, or carried his master's letter to her, as he had left the table-book behind in Sierra Morena. How then could he feign an answer and pretend he found her winnowing wheat? This fiction and banter are injurious to the reputation of the peerless Dulcinea and a great blemish on the character of a faithful squire.\"\n\nSancho got up without speaking a word, laid his finger on his lips, and with his body bent.\ncrept cautiously around the room, lifting up the hangings and peeping in every hole and corner. At last, finding the coast clear, he returned to his seat. \"Now, Madam Duchess,\" he quoth, \"since I find there's no one here but ourselves, you shall indeed hear, without fear or favor, the truth of the story, and what else you'll ask me; but not a word of the pudding. First and foremost, I must declare Quixote to be no better than a downright madman, though sometimes he'll stumble on a parcel of sayings so quaint and so tightly put together that the devil himself could not mend them. But in the main, I cannot deny it but that he's as mad as a March hare. Now, because I'm pretty confident of knowing his blind side, whatever crotchets come into my head, though without either head or tail, yet can I make them pass upon him for gospel. Such was the answer to his letter, and another sham that I put upon him the other day, and is not in print yet, concerning my Lady Dulcinea's enchantment. For you must know\nBetween you and me, she is no more enchanted than the Man in the Moon. At the Duchess's request, he faithfully related the entire passage of the late pretended enchantment, to the great amusement of the listeners. But, Sir, said the Duchess, I have another concern in this matter no less inexplicable than the former; for I think I hear a voice whisper in my ear and say, \"If Don Quixote de la Mancha is such a simpleton, why does Sancho Panza, who knows him to be so, accompany this madman and rely on his empty promises?\" I can only infer from this that the Man is more of a fool than the master. And if so, Madam Duchess, will you not be thought as mad as either of them, to bestow the government of an island or the command of others on one who cannot govern himself? By my lady, quoth Sancho, your concern comes in pudding time. But it need not whisper in your ear, it may speak plain and as loudly as it will. I am a fool, that's certain. If I had been wise.\nI had left my master many a fair day since; but it was my luck and my vile errantry, and that's all that can be said about it. I must follow him through thick and thin. We are both town-born children; I have eaten his bread, I love him well, and there's no love lost between us. He pays me well, he has given me three colts, and I am so very true and trusty to him that nothing but death can part us. And if your high and mightiness does not think fit to let me have this same government, why even so; with less I was born, and with less I shall die; it may be for the good of my conscience to go without it. I am a fool 'tis true, but yet I understand the meaning of the saying, \"The ant had wings to do her harm\"; and Sancho the squire, may sooner get to heaven than Sancho the governor. There's as good bread baked here as in France.\nAnd Joan is as good as my Lady in the Dark. Unhappy is he who wants his breakfast at two in the afternoon. It is always good to fast after a good breakfast. There's no man whose stomach is a yard bigger than another, but let it be never so big, there will be hay and straw enough to fill it. A belly full is a belly full. The sparrow flies as well as the sparrowhawk. Good serge is fine, but coarse cloth is warm; and four yards of one are as long as four yards of the other. When the hour comes, we must all be packed off; the prince and the louse go the same way at last; the road is no fairer for one than the other, and the den and the night, friends must part, as the king said to his hounds. And let me tell you again, if you don't think fit to give me an island because I'm a fool, I'll be so wise as not to care whether you do or not. It's an old saying.\nThe Devil lies behind the Cross. Not all that glitters is gold. From the Tail of the Plough, Bamba became King of Spain; and from his silks and riches, Rodrigo Rodriguez emerged; the old waiting-woman listened among the rest. One ballad tells us how Don Rodrigo was entombed alive with toads, snakes, and lizards. After two days, he was heard to cry from the tomb in a low, doleful voice, \"Now they eat me, now they gnaw me in the part where I sinned most.\" Accordingly, the gentleman is correct in preferring to be a poor laborer than a king, to be gnawed to death by vermin.\n\nSancho's proverbial aphorisms and the simple waiting-woman's comment on the text provided amusement to the Duchess. \"You know, Madam,\" she said, \"a gentleman or knight's promise must be as precious and sacred to him as his life. I have no doubt then, that my Lord Duke (who is also a knight)\"\nThough not of your Master's Order, I will keep his word with you regarding your government. Take courage, Sancho. Without warning, despite all envy and malice in the world, you will find yourself in full possession of your government, seated in your chair of state in your rich robes, with all your marks and ornaments of power about you. However, ensure that you administer true justice to your vassals, who by their loyalty and discretion will merit no less from your hands.\n\nAs for the governing part, Sancho replied, \"leave me alone. I have always been charitable and good to the poor, and I scorn to take bread from another man's mouth. On the other hand, they shall not play me any foul play. I am an old cur at a crust, and can sleep like a dog when I please. I can look sharp as well as another.\"\nI'll let me be to keep cobwebs out of my eyes. I know where the shoe pinches me; I'll know who and who are together. Honesty is the best policy. I'll stick to that. The good shall have my hand and heart, but the bad neither foot nor fellowship. And in my mind, the main point in this point of governing is to make a good beginning. I'll lay my life that, as simple as Sancho sits here, in a fortnight's time he'll manage this same island as tightly as a sheaf of barley. You speak well, Sancho, said the Duchess. For time ripens all things. No man is born wise; bishops are made of men, not stones. But to return once more to the Lady Dulcinea; I am more than half persuaded that Sancho's design of putting the trick upon his master was turned into a greater cheat upon himself. For I am well assured that the creature whom you fancied to be a country-wench, and took such pains to persuade your master she was Dulcinea del Toboso, was really the same Dulcinea del Toboso, and really enchanted.\nDon Quixote believed this, and the magicians who persecute your master first invented that story and put it in your head. You must know that we have our enchanters here who are kind to us and give us faithful and impartial accounts of what happens in the world without tricks or equivocations. I assure you, the jumping country wench was and is still Dulcinea del Toboso, who is certainly enchanted, just like her mother. And when we least expect it, we shall see her again in her true form and in all her native lustre, and then Sancho will find that it was he himself who was deceived. Truly, Madam, Sancho replied, all this might well be. I am now inclined to believe what my master tells me about Montesino's Cave, where, as he says, he saw Lady Dulcinea del Toboso in the same attire and as beautiful as I told him I had seen her when it came into my mind to tell him she was enchanted. Yes, my Lady, it must be quite contrary to what I had imagined.\nas your Grace observes; for, Lord bless us! Who could imagine that such a simpleton as I would devise such a cunning trick so suddenly? Besides, who could believe that my master is such a fool as to accept such an unlikely tale on the word of such a simple-minded fellow as I? But I hope, my lady, you know better than to think me a liar; alas, it cannot be expected that an ignoramus like me could uncover the tricks and wiles of wicked magicians. I invented that flame only because my master would not leave teasing me; I had no intention of using him, and if it turned out otherwise, who can help it? Heaven knows my heart. That's honestly said,\" answered the Duchess. \"But pray tell me, Sancho, what was it you were speaking of Mont's Cave? I'm very curious to know that story.\" Upon this, Sancho related the entire matter to the Duchess. \"Look here,\" she said.\nThis confirms what I previously stated to you; for since Don Quixote asserts that he saw the same country wench there whom Sancho encountered on his way from Toboso, it is undoubtedly Dulcinea. This demonstrates that the enchanters are a cunning sort who know everything and provide quick and accurate information. \"Well,\" said Sancho, \"if Lady Dulcinea del Toboso is enchanted, it's to her misfortune. What business do I have to quarrel with all my master's enemies? They can't be few, as I can see, and they are hounding Dulcinea in earnest. I shouldn't be held accountable for that. Let the saddle be placed on the right horse, or we'll never finish. Sancho told me this,\" one exclaims; \"Sancho told me that,\" another adds; \"Sancho is on this side,\" \"Sancho is on that side\"; \"Sancho did this,\" \"Sancho did that,\" as if Sancho were someone else and not the same Sancho who travels far and wide in the world according to Sampson Carrasco.\nHe's no less a Bachelor of Arts at Salamanca University, and such people cannot tell a lie unless they are disposed to or it benefits them. So no one should meddle or make, nor offer to pick a quarrel with me about the matter, since I'm a man of reputation; and, as my master says, a good name is better than riches. Clap me into this same government once, and you shall see wonders. He who has been a good servant will make a good master; a trusty squire will make a rare governor. Sancho speaks like an oracle, the duchess said. Everything he says is a sentence like those of Cato, or at least the very marrow of Michael de Cervantes. That is, he died in his spring. In short, to speak in Sancho's way, under a bad cloak look for a good drinker.\n\nFaith and truth, Madam Duchess, quoth Sancho, I never drank out of malice in my born days; for thirst perhaps I may; for I haven't a bit of hypocrisy in me. I drink when I have occasion.\nAnd sometimes, when I have no occasion, I'm no proud man, you see, and when liquor's offered me, I whip it off, so they won't take me for a churl or a sneaksby, or think I don't understand myself or good manners. For when a friend or a good fellow drinks and puts the glass to one, who can be so hard-hearted as to refuse to pledge him, when it costs nothing but to open one's mouth? However, I commonly look before I leap and take no more than needs must. And truly, there's no fear we poor squires would trespass greatly that way. Alas, mere element must be our daily beverage, ditch-water for want of better, in woods and deserts, on rocks and mountains, without lighting on that blessing of one merciful drop of wine, though you'd give one of your eyes for a single gulp.\n\nI believe it, Sancho, said the Duchess; but now it grows late, and therefore go and take some rest; after that we'll have a longer conversation.\nSancho kissed the Duchess's hand once more and begged for her grace to take special care of his Dapple. \"What is that Dapple?\" asked the Duchess. \"My beast,\" answered Sancho; \"my ass, I would say, saving your presence; but because I won't call him ass, which is so common a name among men, I call him Dapple. It is the very same beast I would have given charge of to this same gentlewoman when I first came to this castle; but her back was up immediately, and she flew out as if I had called her ugly face, old witch, and whatnot. However, I'll be judged by anyone whether such like sober, grave bodies as she and other duenas are, are not fitter to look after asses than to sit with a prim countenance to grace a fine state-room? Passion of my heart! What a deadly grudge a certain gentleman of our town, who shall be nameless, had to those creatures!\"\nDonna Rodriguez would have praised him highly if he had been a gentleman or well-bred, the Duchess said. Let's have no more of that, Donna Rodriguez, she continued. Silence, and leave Sancho Panza to rest. I'll consider Dapple superior to the apples of my eyes since I find him to be one of Sancho's possessions. Place him in the stable, my lady, Sancho replied. That's all he deserves. Neither he nor I are worthy of being near where you were speaking. Odsbobs! I'd rather be gutted with a butcher's knife than you be served thus. I am better bred than that, Sancho explained, though my lord and master has taught me that in matters of favor, one should overdo rather than underdo. But when it comes to an ass and the ball of one's eye, it's best to think twice and proceed cautiously. The Duchess said:\n\n(Note: Odsbobs is an old English expression equivalent to \"Oh my goodness\" or \"Oh dear.\")\nYour ass may go with you to the government, and there you may feed him and pamper him, making as much of him as you please, my lady, Sancho replied. Don't think this will be strange, my lady, for I have seen other asses go to a government before now. If mine goes too, it will not be new.\n\nSancho's words set the duchess laughing again, and after sending him to rest, she went to the duke and reported the pleasant conversation between her and the squire. They then resolved to contrive a notable interlude to amuse Don Quixote with a romantic cast that would suit his knight-errantry. And they were successful in managing this interlude.\n that it may well be thought one of the best Adventures in this famous History.\nThe End of the Third Volume.\nTHE HISTORY Of the RENOWNED DON QUIXOTE De la MANCHA.\nWritten in Spanish by Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra.\nTranslated from the Original by several Hands: And publish'd by Mr. Motteux.\nVOL. IV.\nLONDON: Printed for Sam. Buckley at the Dolphin in Little Britain, 1712.\nSIR,\nSOME People may be sur\u2223priz'd at my Dedicating any Part of Don Quixote in English to a Person, who ha\u2223ving so true a Taste of his Per\u2223fections in his Native Language, can have little Relish for him under the Disadvantages of a Translation: But this which might appear to others a Reason\u2223able\nObjection, was to me the most Prevalent Inducement to this Address. I must indeed con\u2223fess that your Capacity startl'd my Presumpt on; but then, I consider'd, that a Person, who is so truly sensible of the Beau\u2223ties of the Original, wou'd be most Conscious of the Great Difficulties that must attend my Undertaking\nAnd consequently, most likely to excuse the imperfections in the translating of a book that had been attempted in English three times before; yet so, as not to discourage a fourth attempt. Expecting therefore to be attacked by the critics, and believing that the most I could pretend to was a handsome retreat, I thought it my best way to secure the whole, by having the rear brought up by a leader, whose very reputation would be sufficient to keep the enemy in awe.\n\nMy author, by a successful errantry, has visited most parts of Europe and been taught to speak all the polite languages in the Christian world. But he has been a whole century in arriving at a part of that accomplishment which you, sir, have gained in so few years. If we compare the perfection you have attained with the shortness of the time, we must conclude that not only all these languages, but a thousand noble endowments have rather been born with you than acquired.\n\nLearning in schools, philosophy in retirement.\nAnd experience in gray heirs are but the consequence of their several constitutions. Finding the Muses at court, the philosopher in the camp, and the depth of prudence in youth is one of those rarities that should be shown to delight mankind with admiration and to improve the world by example. Could your character, Sir, be drawn to life, the good that might be done by setting it in view might plead an excuse even to yourself, who appear so great a lover of your country, by the whole bent of your studies. For what you seem to have laid out for your private accomplishment proves indeed dedicated to the public service. You have so profited in your endeavors that your country seems at a stand, whether to fix you upon action in the field, council at home, or negotiation abroad. If these several talents, even when divided, illustrate noble families, where, as in yours, merit flows down from father to son, what shall we say of the person himself?\nOne of the first subjects treated in Poetry was the Expedition at Colchos, and the Illustrious Argonauts found an Orpheus to transmit their fame to future generations. Whether this was not a kind of laudable knight-errantry in the volunteers or a fiction of the poet, you, as a great critic in Greek, can best determine. But had Orpheus lived in this age, what glorious, unfeigned subjects would he not have found in the recent adventurers for the Iberian Golden Fleece! These papers, sir, are no small part of Spain's treasures, and since you had such a great share in enriching your country with the wealth of that nation, you must be content to have a part in appropriating Cervantes for the use of the English. You have humbled the pride of the Spaniard, and he throws himself at your feet for protection. He, who was himself a soldier, knows that the gallant man will always give quarter; and hopes that you will.\nSir, I feel a warmth within me that prompts me to expound upon a subject of which I must confess my fondness; yet a remainder of discretion checks my zeal and cautions me against anything beyond my strength and your patience. I am,\nSir,\nYour most humble and most obedient servant, P. Motteux.\n\nThe Duke and the Duchess were extremely delighted with the humors of their guests. Resolving therefore to improve their sport by carrying on some pleasant design, they took the hint from Don Quixote's account of Montesino's cave, as a subject from which they might raise an extraordinary entertainment: The rather, since\nTo the Dutchess's amazement, Sancho's simplicity was so great that he believed Dulcinea del Toboso was truly enchanted, though he himself had been the first contriver of the story and her only enchanter. Accordingly, after giving directions to their servants to ensure nothing was lacking and proposing a day for hunting wild boar, they were ready to set out within five or six days with a train of huntsmen and other attendants fitting for the greatest prince. They presented Don Quixote with a hunting suit, but he refused, claiming it was unnecessary since he would soon be returning to the hard exercise of arms and could carry no sumptuous or wardrobes along with him. But Sancho readily accepted one of fine green cloth prepared for him, as he imagined it a good movable which he would convert into money on the first occasion. The day designated arrived. Don Quixote armed and equipped himself in his new suit and mounted his ass.\nThe knight, who was most courteous, refused to quit even for a good horse offered to him, and joined the group of sportsmen. The Duchess, dressed oddly and gay, also became part of the company. The knight gallantly offered to hold the reins of her palfrey, but the Duke seemed reluctant to let him. They arrived at the scene of their sport, which was in a wood between two high mountains. Alighting and taking their positions, the Duchess, with a javelin in hand and the Duke and Don Quixote by her side, waited at a spot where the boar usually passed. The hunters positioned themselves in various lanes and paths as convenient. However, Sancho chose to stay behind with his dapple, unwilling to leave him for even a moment, fearing some sad accident.\n\nThe chase began with a full cry. The dogs opened, the horns sounded, and the huntsmen shouted in unison.\nThat there was no hearing one another. Soon after, a monstrous Boar appeared, gnashing its teeth and tusks, and foaming at the mouth. The dogs barked fiercely, and the huntsmen followed close behind. The beast charged towards the pass that Don Quixote had taken. Don Quixote grasped his shield and drew his sword, moving forward to receive the raging beast. The Duke joined him with a boar-spear, and the Duchess tried to go first but was prevented by the Duke. Sancho, seeing the furious animal, resolved to save himself and left Dapple behind. He ran as fast as his legs could carry him towards a high oak tree, trying to climb to the top. But as he was getting up, one of the branches unfortunately broke, and he tumbled down. A snag or stump of another branch caught hold of his new green coat, stopping his fall and slinging him in the air by the middle, leaving him unable to get up or down. His fine green coat was torn.\nAnd he imagined every moment that the wild boar was charging towards him with foaming jaws and dreadful tusks to tear him apart. This disturbed him so much that he roared and bellowed for help, as if some wild beast were truly devouring him.\n\nAt last, the tusked boar was laid at his feet. Don Quixote was alarmed by Sancho's noise. Dapple, who was a true friend and rarely seen without Sancho, appeared. Don Quixote went and helped his squire up, who, as soon as he was free, began to examine the damage to his fine hunting suit, grieving deeply for it, as if it had made him an heir to an estate.\n\nMeanwhile, the boar was placed on a large mule and covered with branches of rosemary and myrtle. It was carried in triumph by the victorious huntsmen to a large field tent, pitched in the middle of the wood.\nWhere an excellent entertainment was provided, suitable to the magnificence of the founder. Sancho drew near the duchess, showing her his torn coat. \"If we were hunting the hare now,\" he said, \"my coat might have slept in a whole skin. I wonder what pleasure there can be in beating the bushes for a beast, which, if it comes at you, will run its nasty tusks in your guts and be the death of you. I haven't forgotten an old song about this:\n\nMay Fate of Fabila be thine,\nAnd make thee food for bears or swine.\n\n\"That Fabila,\" said Don Quixote, \"was a king of the Goths, who, going a-hunting once, was devoured by a bear.\"\n\n\"That's it, I say,\" quoth Sancho; \"and therefore, why should kings and other great folks run themselves into harms' way, when they may have sport enough without it? Mercy on me, what pleasure can you find, any of you all, in killing a poor beast that never meant any harm?\"\n\n\"You are mistaken, Sancho,\" said the duke.\nHunting wild beasts is the most proper exercise for knights and princes, as it allows the representation of the entire art of war through strategies, policy, and ambushes, along with other devices used to safely overcome an enemy. In the chase of a stout noble beast, we are exposed to extremes of heat and cold, with no room for ease and laziness. This exercise inures us to toil and hardship, strengthens our limbs, makes our joints supple, and keeps our whole body hale and active. In short, it is an exercise beneficial to many and prejudicial to none, and its rarity, being placed above the reach of the vulgar, makes it all the more enticing. Therefore, Sancho, let me advise you to alter your opinion.\n\"against you become a Governor; for then you'll find the great advantage of these sports and diversions. You're out far wide, Sir,\" said Sancho, \"it would be better for a Governor to have his legs broken and be laid up at home, than to be gadding about at this rate. It would be a pretty business, indeed, when poor people come weary and tired to wait on the Governor about business, that he should be rambling about the woods for his pleasure! Good faith, Sir, I think these sports and pastimes are fitter for those who have nothing to do than for Governors. No, I intend my recreation shall be a game at Whisk at Christmas, and nine-pins on Sundays and holidays; but for your hunting, as you call it, it goes mightily against my calling and conscience. I wish with all my heart, said the Duke, that you prove as good as you promise; but saying and doing are different things. Well, well, quoth Sancho, be it how it will.\"\nI say an honest man's word is as good as his bond. Heaven's help is better than early rising. It's the belly that makes the feet amble, not the feet the belly. My meaning is, with Heaven's help and my honest endeavors, I shall govern better than any goshawk. Try putting your finger in my mouth and see if I can't bite, said Don Quixote. Curse on you and your impertinent proverbs, he exclaimed. Will I never get you to speak sense without a string of that disagreeable stuff? I beseech your graces, do not countenance this eternal dunce, or he will tease your very souls with a thousand unseasonable and insignificant old saws. Oh, Sir, said the Duchess, Sancho's proverbs will always please for their sententious brevity, though they were as numerous as a printed collection. After this and such like diverting talk.\nThey left the tent and walked into the wood to see if any game had fallen into their nets. As they were thus engrossed in their sport, the night drew on more quickly than usual, around midsummer. It happened fortunately for the successful execution of their plan. A short while after the end of the evening, when it grew completely dark, the wood seemed to be on fire and blazed in every direction. This was accompanied by an alarming sound of trumpets and other war instruments, echoing from all sides, as if several parties of horse were hastily marching through the wood. Then there was a confused noise of Moorish cries, such as are used in joining battle, which, along with the rattling of drums, the loud sound of trumpets, and other instruments of war, made such a hideous and dreadful concert in the air that the duke was amazed, and the duchess was astonished.\nDon Quixote was surprised, and Sancho shook like a leaf, and even those who knew the cause of all this were frightened. This consternation caused a general silence, and by and by one riding post, dressed like a devil, passed by the company, blowing a huge hollow horn that made a horrible hoarse noise. \"Hark you, Post,\" said the duke, \"why are you rushing by so fast? What are you? And what parties of soldiers are these that march across the wood?\" \"I am the Devil,\" cried the post in a horrible tone, \"and I am in quest of Don Quixote de la Mancha; and those coming this way are six bands of necromancers who conduct Dulcinea del Toboso, enchanted in a triumphant chariot. She is attended by that gallant French knight Montesinos, who comes to give information on how she may be freed from enchantment.\" \"If you were as much of a devil as your horrid shape suggests,\" said the duke, \"you would have known this knight here before you to be Don Quixote de la Mancha whom you seek.\" Before heaven.\nAnd on my consciousness, replied the Devil, I never thought about it. I have so many things in my head that it almost distracts me. I had quite forgotten my errand. Surely, replied Sancho, this Devil must be an honest fellow and a good Christian, for he swears as devoutly by Heaven and his conscience as I do. Now I am apt to believe there are some good people even in Hell. At the same time, the Devil turned to Don Quixote, without dismounting. To you, O Knight of the Lions, he cried, (and I wish you fast in their claws) To you am I sent by the valiant but unfortunate Montesinos, to bid you attend his coming in this very place, where he brings one whom they call Dulcinea del Toboso. In order to give you instructions touching her disenchantment. Now I have delivered my message, I must fly. And the devils that are like me be with you. Angels guard the rest. This said, he wound his monstrous horn, and without staying for an answer.\nThis disappeared. This increased the general consternation, but most of all surprised Don Quixote and Sancho. The latter, to find that in spite of truth, they still had Dulcinea to be enchanted, and the Knight to think that the adventures of Montesino's Cave had become reality. While he stood pondering these things in his thoughts; \"Well, Sir,\" said the Duke to him, \"what do you intend to do? Will you stay? Stay! cried Don Quixote, \"shall I not? I will stay here, intrepid and courageous, though all the infernal powers enclosed me round.\" So you may if you will,\" said Sancho; \"but if any more devils or horns come hither, they shall find me in Flanders rather than here.\n\nNow the night grew darker and darker, and several shooting lights were seen glancing up and down the wood, like meteors or flaring exhalations from the earth. Then was heard a horrid noise, like the creaking of ungreased wheels of heavy wagons.\nBears and wolves are reported to fly. This was accompanied by a louder noise, which appeared to be the dreadful din and shocks of four engagements in each quarter of the wood, with all the sounds and hurry of so many joined battles. On one side, several peals of cannon were heard; on the other, the discharging of numerous volleys of small shot. Here the shouts of the engaging parties seemed near at hand; there cries of the moors were heard at a greater distance. In short, the strange confused intermixture of drums, trumpets, cornets, horns, the thunder of the cannon, the rat-a-tat of small shot, the creaking of wheels, and the cries of the combatants made the most dismal noise imaginable and tried Don Quixote's courage to the utmost. But poor Sancho was overwhelmed and fainted upon the duchess's coats. The duchess took care of him and ordered some water to be sprinkled on his face, and he eventually recovered.\nThe foremost carriage approached, drawn by four heavy oxen, covered in mourning and each bearing a large lit torch on its horn. Atop the cart sat a venerable old man with a beard as white as snow, reaching down to his girdle. He wore a long gown of black buckram, as did the two monstrous and ugly devils who drove the wagons. Sancho, having seen them once, was forced to shut his eyes and refused to look again. The cart, filled with the reverend old man, came to a stop. He stood up and cried out in a loud voice, \"I am the Sage Lirgander.\" The cart passed on without further speech.\n\nAnother cart followed, causing it to stop at a convenient distance. The old man on this cart rose from his high seat and, in a deep tone like the first, cried out, \"I am the Sage Alquif, great friend to Urganda the Unknown.\" He then continued on.\n\nA third cart succeeded this one.\nthat moved in the same solemn pace, and bore a person not so ancient as the rest, but a robust and sturdy, sour-looked, ill-favored Fellow, who rose up from his throne like the rest, and with a more hollow and devil-like voice cried out, \"I am Archclaus the Enchanter, the mortal enemy of Amadis de Gaul and all his race; which said, he passed by, like the other carts. Taking a short turn, it made a halt. The grinding noise of the wheels ceasing, an excellent consort of sweet music was heard, which greatly comforted poor Sancho. And passing him off as a good omen, my lady, (said he to the duchess, from whom he would not budge an inch) \"There can be no mischief sure where there's music.\" \"Very true, said the duchess, especially when there is brightness and light.\" \"Yes, but there's no light without fire,\" replied Sancho.\nAnd Brightness comes most from Flames; who knows if those about us may burn us? But Music I take to be a sign of feasting and merriment. We shall know presently what this will come to, said Don Quixote; and he was right, for you will find it in the next chapter.\n\nWhen the pleasant music drew near, a stately triumphant chariot appeared, drawn by six dun mules covered with white. Upon each mule sat a penitent, also clad in white, and holding a great lighted torch in his hand. The carriage was twice or thrice longer than any of the former, and twelve other penitents were placed at the top and sides, all in white and bearing likewise each a lighted torch. This made a dazzling and surprising appearance. A high throne was erected at the further end, upon which sat a nymph arrayed in a cloak of silver, with many golden spangles glittering all about her. Her face was covered with transparent gauze.\nthrough the flowing folds, a most beautiful face could be descry, and by the great light the torches gave, it was easy to discern that she was not less than seventeen years of age, nor older than twenty. The hautboys that played before immediately ceased, and the Spanish harps and lutes in the chariot did the same. The figure in the gown then stood up, opening its garments and throwing away its mourning veil, revealing a bare and frightful skeleton that represented the deformed figure of Death. This living Death, in a dull, heavy sleeping tone, as if its tongue had not been well awake, began in this manner:\n\nBehold, old Merlin, in romantic writ\nMiscalled the spurious progeny of Hell;\nA falsehood current with the stamp of age:\nI reign over magic, center of force.\nThat often evokes and rates the rigid Powers,\nArchive of Fate's dread Records in the Skies,\nCoevous with the Chivalry of Yore,\nAll brave Knight-Errants I have deemed my charge.\nHeirs of my Love, and Favorites of my Charms,\nWhile other Magick Seers, a verse from Good,\nAre dire and baleful like the Seat of Woe,\nMy nobler Soul, where Power and Pity join,\nDiffuses Blessings, as they sing,\nDeep in the Nether World, the dreary Caves,\nWhere my retired Soul in silent State,\nForms Mystic Figures and Tremendous Spells,\nI heard the Peerless Dulcinea's Moans.\nApprised of her distress, her frightful Change,\nFrom Princely State, and Beauty near Divine,\nTo the vile semblance of a rustic Queen,\nThe dire Misdeed of Necromantic Hate:\nI sympathized, and awfully revolved,\nTwice fifty thousand scrolls, occult and loathed,\nThe sum of my Art, Hell's black Philosophy;\nThen closed my Soul within this bony Trunk,\nThis ghastly Form, the Ruins of a Man;\nAnd rise in Pity to reveal a Cure\nTo Woes so great.\nAnd break the cursed spell:\nO glory thou, of all that ever could grace\nA coat of steel, and fence of adamant!\nLight, lantern, path, and polar star, and guide\nTo all who dare dismiss ignoble sleep\nAnd downy sloth, for exercise of arms,\nFor toils continual, peril, wounds and blood!\nKnight of unfathom'd worth, abyss of praise,\nWho blendst in one the prudent and the brave!\nTo thee, great Quixote, I this truth declare;\nThat to restore to her first state and form,\nToboso's pride, the peerless Dulcinea,\nIt's Fate's decree, that Sancho thy good squire\nOn his bare brawny buttocks should bestow\nThree thousand lashes, and eke three hundred more,\nEach to afflict, and sting, and gall him sore.\nSo shall relent the authors of her woes,\nWhose awful will I for her ease disclose.\nBody o' me, quoth Sancho.\n\"three thousand lashes! I won't give myself three; I'll soon give myself three stabs in the gut. May you and your disenchanting go to the devil. What does my buttocks have to do with the Black Art? Passion of my heart, Master Merlin, if you have no better way to disenchant Lady Dulcinea, she may lie bewitched to her dying day for me. How now, you opprobrious rascal, cried Don Quixote! stinking garlic-eater! Sirrah, I will take you and tie your ship to a tree, as naked as your mother bore you; and there I will not only give you three thousand three hundred lashes, but six thousand six hundred, you varlet. Answer me a word, you rogue, and I'll tear out your soul. Hold, hold, cried Merlin, hearing this. This must not be; the stripes inflicted on honest Sancho must be voluntary, without compulsion, and only laid on when he thinks it most convenient. No set time is for the task prefix'd.\"\nand if he intends to pay half of this Atonement in kind, it is allowed, as long as the remaining strokes are delivered by a stranger's hand and heavily applied.\n\nHold on, Sancho replied, neither a stranger's nor my own hand, neither heavy nor light, shall touch my backside. What a curse, did I bring Madam Dulcinea del Toboso into the world for my hind parts to pay for the harm her eyes have caused? Let my master Don Quixote whip himself; he considers her every foot his life, soul, sustenance, comfort, and all that. So let him dispel her enchantment at his own backside's cost; but as for any whipping of me, I deny and declare it unequivocally.\n\nNo sooner had Sancho expressed his opinion than the nymph seated next to Merlin's ghost, in resplendent attire, rose and lifted her thin veil, revealing a very beautiful face. With a masculine grace but an unappealing voice, she addressed Sancho: O unfortunate squire, you insensible lump with no more soul than a shattered pitcher.\nHeart of Cork, and bowels of flint! Hadst thou been commanded, base sheep-stealer, to have thrown thyself headlong from the top of a high tower to the ground; hadst thou been desired, enemy of mankind, to have swallowed a dozen of toads, two dozen of lizards, and three dozen of snakes; or hadst thou been requested to have butchered thy wife and children, I should not wonder that it had turned thy squeamish stomach: But to make such a hesitation at three thousand three hundred stripes, which every puny school-boy makes nothing of receiving every month, 'tis amazing, nay, astonishing to the tender and commiserating bowels of all that hear thee, and will be a blot in thy scutcheon to all futurity: Look up, thou wretched and marble-hearted animal, look up and fix thy huge louring goggle-eyes upon the bright luminaries of my sight: Behold those briny torrents, which streaming down, furrow the flowery meadows of my cheeks: Relent, base and inexorable monster, relent.\nLet your savage breast confess at last a sense of my distress, and moved by the tenderness of my youth, which consumes and withers in this vile rusticity that envelopes my blooming charms, crack open this sordid shell of rusticity that surrounds my beauty. In vain has Merlin's goodness allowed me to reassume my native shape for a while, since neither that nor the tears of beauty in affliction, which are said to reduce obdurate rocks to the softness of cotton and tigers to the tenderness of lambs, are sufficient to melt your haggard breast. Scourge, scourge your brawny hide, stubborn and unyielding brute, that hard and unyielding shell of your coarser soul, and rouse yourself from the base sloth that makes you live only to eat and pamper your lazy flesh, indulging still your voracious appetite. Restore me the delicacy of my skin, the sweetness of my disposition, and the beauty of my face. But if my entreaties and tears cannot work you into a reasonable compliance, if I am not yet sufficiently wretched to move your pity.\nat least let the Anguish of that miserable Knight, your tender master, mollify your heart. Alas! I see his very soul just at his throat, and sticking not ten inches from his lips, waiting only your cruel or kind answer, either to fly out of his mouth or return into his breast.\n\nDon Quixote, hearing this, clapped his hand upon his gullet and turning to the Duke, exclaimed, \"By heavens, my lord, Dulcinea is in the right; for I find my soul traversing my windpipe like a bullet in a crossbow. What's your answer now, Sancho?\" asked the Duchess. \"I say as I said before,\" replied Sancho. \"As for the flogging, I pronounce it flat and plain.\"\n\n\"Renounce you mean,\" inquired the Duke. \"Good my lord,\" Sancho responded, \"this is no time for me to mind niceties and spelling of letters: I have other fish to fry. This vexing whipping dispute confuses me; I don't know what I say or do\u2014But I would fain know of my lady Dulcinea del Toboso, where she picked up this kind of breeding.\"\nTo beg like this, a sturdy beggar? Here she comes to ask me to lash my back as raw as a piece of beef. The best word she can give is, soul of a broken pitcher, monster, brute, sheep-stealer, with a ribble rabble of saucy nicknames that the devil himself would not bear. Do you think, my mistress, that my skin is made of brass? Or shall I gain anything by your disenchantment? Bless her heart. Where's the fine present she has brought along with her to soften me? A basket of fine linen - Holland shirts, caps, and socks (though I wear none) - would have been somewhat like. But to fall upon me and bespatter me thus with dirty names, old sayings, a golden load makes the burden light; gifts will enter stone-walls; scratch my breech, and I'll claw your elbow; a bird in hand is worth two in the bush. Nay, my master too, who, one would think, should tell me a fine story and coax me up with dainty sugarplum words, talks of tying me to a tree forsooth.\nAnd of doubling the whipping. Odsbobs! Those troublesome people should know who they're speaking to. It's not only a squire errant they'd have to whip, but a governor. Is that all they think there is to do, up and ride? Let them learn manners, with a pox. There's a time for some things, and a time for all things; a time for great things, and a time for small things. Am I now in the humor to hear petitions, do you think? Just when my heart's ready to burst, for having torn my new coat; they would have me tear my own flesh too, in the devil's name, when I have no more stomach for it than I have to be among the men-eaters. Upon my honor, Sancho, said the duke, if you don't relent and become as soft as a ripe fig, you shall have no government. It would be a fine thing indeed if I were to send among my islanders a merciless, hard-hearted tyrant, whom neither the tears of distressed damsels nor the admonitions of wise ancient and powerful enchanters can move to compassion. In short, Sir.\n\"no Stripes, no Government. But Sancho asked, may I have a few days to consider? Not a minute, Merlin replied. You must declare your decision now, and here, or Dulcinea will be transformed back into a country wench and taken to Montesinos's cave; otherwise, she will go to the Elysian Fields to stay until the number of stripes is complete. Come on, Sancho, the Duchess urged, be brave and show your gratitude to your master, whose bread you have eaten, and to whose generous nature and chivalry we are all indebted. Come, child, give your consent, and fool the devil; put aside fear; a faint heart never won a fair lady; fortune favors the brave, as you know better than I can tell you. Sancho, without answering the Duchess, asked Merlin, 'pray, tell me one thing. How does it come about that this same Post-Devil, who came before you?'\"\nI have cleaned the text as follows: Master Word claimed Montesinos would bring my master and give directions for the disenchantment, but we have heard nothing of Montesinos. Merlin replied, \"The devil is an ass and a lying rascal; he spoke to me, not Montesinos. Montesinos remains in his cave, not yet free from the spell that confines him. But if he owes your master money or you have business with him, he will come when and where you please. Now, please finish and undergo this small penance; it will benefit your soul through charity and your body as a healthy exercise, as you have a sanguine complexion. Sancho replied, \"It seems there will be no shortage of physicians in this world; even conjurers act as doctors.\"\nI am content to give myself three thousand three hundred stripes as I please. I will be out of debt as soon as I can, but I cannot be without the pretty face of Lady Dulcinea del Toboso. I will not be bound to fetch blood, and if any stroke happens to miss me, it shall pass as one. Master Merlin, because he knows all things, shall be obliged to keep count of the lashes and ensure I do not give myself one over the tale. There's no fear of that, said Merlin; for at the very last lash, the Lady Dulcinea will be disenchanted, come straight to you, make you a curtsy, and give you thanks. Heaven forbid, I should wrong any man of the least hair of his head. Well, quoth Sancho, what must be, must be. I yield to my hard luck, and on the aforementioned terms, take up with my penance.\n\nScarce had Sancho spoken when the music struck up again.\nAnd a Congratulatory Volley of small shots was immediately discharged. Don Quixote fell on Sancho's neck, hugging and kissing him a thousand times. The Duke, the Duchess, and the whole company seemed mightily pleased. The chariot moved on, and, as it passed by, the fair Dulcinea made a bow to the Duke and Duchess, and Sancho a low courtesy.\n\nThe jolly morning began to spread her smiling looks in the eastern quarter of the skies, and the flowers of the field to disclose their blooming folds and raise their fragrant heads. The sun, in its separate gayety, welcomed the fair Aurora and, like her, foretold a fairer day. The Duke and Duchess, well pleased with the management and success of the hunting and the counterfeit adventure, returned to the castle, resolving to make a second attempt of the same nature, having received as much pleasure from the first as any reality could have produced.\n\nThe whole contrivance of the late adventure was plotted by the Duke's steward, a man of wit.\nHe made the verses and acted as Merlin himself, instructing a page to personate Dulcinea. The next day, the Duchess asked Sancho if he had begun his penitential task to disenchant Dulcinea. Yes, I have, replied Sancho; I have already given myself five lashes on the buttocks. With what, Friend? With the palm of my hand, answered Sancho. Your hand! said the Duchess, those are rather claps than lashes, Sancho. I doubt Father Merlin won't be satisfied at such an easy rate. For the liberty of so great a lady is not to be purchased at such a mean price. No, you should lash yourself with something that makes you smart: A good Friar's scourge, a cat-o'-nine-tails, or penitent's whip, would do well. For letters written in blood stand good, but works of charity faintly and coldly done lose their merit.\nAnd he signified nothing. Then, Madam, said he, will your Grace help me obtain a convenient rod, one that you think best; though it should not be too painful: For faith, though I am a clown, my flesh is as soft as any lady's in the land, no disparagement to any body's backside. Well, well, Sancho, said she, it shall be my care to provide you a whip that will suit your sensitive constitution as if they were twins. But now, my dear Madam, quoth he, you must know I have written a letter here to my wife Teresa Pan\u00e7a, to inform her of my situation. I have it in my bosom, and it is ready to be sent; it lacks only the seal on the outside. Now I would have your wisdom read it and determine if it is written like a governor; I mean, in a style befitting a governor. And who penned it, asked the duchess? What a question, quoth Sancho! Who but myself, a sinner as I am? And did you write it too, asked the duchess? Not I.\n\"Sancho, I cannot write or read, but I can make my mark,\" said Sancho. \"Let's see the letter,\" said the Duchess. \"I'm sure your wit is set out in it to some purpose.\" Sancho pulled the letter out of his bosom unsealed, and the Duchess, having taken it, read:\n\n\"If I am well lashed, yet I am whipped into a government. If I have a good government, it cost me, many a good lash. You must know, my Teresa, that I am resolved you shall ride in a coach; for now any other way of going is to me but creeping on all fours, like a kitten. You are now a governor's wife, guess whether anyone will dare to tread on your heels. I have sent you a green hunting-suit of reparel, which my lady duchess gave me. Pray see and get it turned into a petticoat and jacket for your daughter. The folks in this country are very ready to talk little good of my master, Don Quixote. They say he is a mad wise man, and a pleasant madman, and that I am not a jot behind-hand with him. We have been in Montesinos's cave.\"\nAnd Merlin the magician has asked me to disenchant Dulcinea del Toboso, also known as Aldonsa Lorenzo. I must give myself three thousand three hundred lashes, five short of that number, for her to be disenchanted as her mother. But say nothing of this to anyone; one will say it's white, and others black. I am to go to my government suddenly, where I intend to make money, as I've been told new governors do. I'll first see how matters stand, then let you know if you should come or not. Dapple is well and sends his humble greetings. I won't part with him, even if I were to become the Great Turk. My Lady Duchess sends her thousand kisses; please return two thousand for her one; for fair words are worth nothing, as my master says. Heaven has not granted me another cloak-bag.\nWith a hundred pieces of gold in it, like those you know of. But don't let that worry you, my Jugg, the government will make it up to you, I assure you. However, one thing bothers me in my gut: They tell me that once I've tasted it, I'll be ready to eat my own fingers after it, so savory is the sauce. If that's true, I'll make a poor hand of it; and yet your maimed and crippled alms-folk would pick up a good living, and make their begging as good as a prebend. So one way or another, Old Girl, things will go swimmingly and you'll be rich and happy. Heaven make you so, as well it may; and keep me for your sake. From this castle, the 20th of June, 1614.\n\nYour Husband the Governor, Sancho Panza.\n\nMethinks, Mr. Governor (said the Duchess, having read the letter), you are mistaken in two particulars; first, when you suggest that this government was bestowed upon you for the stripes you are to give yourself; whereas you may recall\nIt was allotted to you before this Disenchantment was dreamt of. The second branch that you have failed in is the discovery of your Avarice, which is the most detestable quality in governors; because their self-interest is always indulged at the expense of justice. You know the saying, Covetousness breaks the sack, and that vice always prompts a governor to fleece and oppress the subject. Truly, my good lady, quoth Sancho; I meant no harm, I did not well think of what I wrote, and if your grace's worship does not like this letter, I'll tear it and have another; but remember the old saying, Seldom comes a better. I shall make but sad work on it if I must pump my brains for it. No, no, said the Duchess, this will do well enough, and I must have the Duke see it.\n\nThey then went into the garden, where they were to dine that day, and there she showed the Duke the learned epistle, which he read over with a great deal of pleasure.\n\nAfter dinner, Sancho entertained the company very pleasantly.\nTwo men in deep mourning cloaks, each carrying a large drum covered in black and accompanied by a third playing a mourning fife, enter the garden. They are followed by a giant figure in black garb, his long train and broad black belt adding to his imposing size. He carries a scimitar of great size, and his face is covered by a thin black veil.\nThrough which you could discern a beard of vast length, as white as snow. The solemnity of his pace kept exact time to the gravity of the music. In short, his stature, his motion, his black hue, and his attendance were all surprising and astonishing. With this stature and formality, he approached and fell on his knees at a convenient distance before the duke. The duke did not allow him to speak until he rose. The monstrous specter then raised his bulk and threw off his veil, revealing the most terrible, huge, white, broad, prominent, bushy beard that any mortal eyes had ever been frightened by. Fixing his eyes on the duke and with a deep, sonorous voice roaring out from the ample cavern of his spreading lungs, he cried out, \"Most High and Potent Lord, I am Trifaldin with the White Beard, squire to Countess Trifaldi, otherwise known as the Disconsolate Matron. I am her ambassador to your grace.\"\nA woman begs admission to relate her unfortunate and miraculous circumstances to Your Grace. She first wants to know if Don Quixote de la Mancha resides in the castle, as she has traveled from the Kingdom of Candaya without coach or horse, hungry and thirsty, in search of him. This remarkable journey is either a miracle or an enchantment. She is now outside the castle gate, waiting for Your Grace's permission to enter. The squire coughs and strokes his beard, and the Duke responds:\n\nWorthy Squire Trifaldi, we have long heard of the misfortunes of Countess Trifaldi, hence, most stupendous squire.\nYou may tell her she can enter, and that Don Quixote of La Mancha is here, ready to assist her in seeking redress. Inform her that if she requires my aid, she can depend on my readiness to serve, as a knight am obligated to aid and assist, to the best of my power, all women in distress, particularly widowed matrons like her.\n\nTrifaldin bowed and signaled the fife and drums to follow his lead. They exited in the same solemn procession as they entered, leaving all onlookers in awe of his stature and bearing.\n\nThe duke turned to Don Quixote. \"Behold, Sir Knight,\" he said, \"the light and glory of virtue pierce through the clouds of malice and ignorance, shining even to the farthest reaches of the earth. It has only been six days since you graced this castle with your presence.\"\nAnd already the afflicted and distressed flock hither from the uttermost regions, not in coaches or on dromedaries, but on foot, and without eating by the way; such is their confidence in the strength of that arm, the fame of whose great exploits flies and spreads everywhere, making the whole world acquainted with your valour.\n\nWhat would I give, my lord, said Don Quixote, that the same holy pedant were here now, who the other day at your table would have run down knight-errantry at such a rate; that the testimony of his own eyes might convince him of the absurdity of his error, and let him see that the comfortless and afflicted do not in enormous misfortunes and uncommon adversity repair for redress to the doors of droning church-men or your little sacristans of villages; nor to the fireside of your country gentleman, who never travels beyond his landmark; nor to the lolling, lazy courtier, who rather hearkens after news which he may relate.\nI. No endeavors shall I cease to carry out deeds worthy of record and recount. Nay, the protection of damsels, the solace of widows, the vindication of the wronged, and succor for the distressed, are not to be found more perfectly than from the noble practitioners of knight-errantry. Thus, I thank heaven a thousand times for granting me the ability to meet the needs of the wretched through such a vocation. As for the hardships and accidents that may befall me, I regard them as no discouragements, since they stem from such a noble cause. Let this matron be permitted to present her petition, and I shall refer her to the power of my arm and the intrepid resolution of my courageous soul.\n\nII. The Duke and Duchess were greatly pleased to discover Don Quixote's resolve so in line with their intentions. But Sancho, who observed, was not entirely satisfied. \"I am in bodily fear,\" he said.\nThis same Waiting-Woman will be an obstacle to my Preference. I remember I once knew a Toledo-Pothecary, said Don Quixote. This Matron, who comes so far in search of me, lives too remotely to be under the lash of the Apothecary's satyr. Besides, you must remember she is a Countess; and when Ladies of that quality become governesses or waiting-women, it is only to queens or empresses; and in their own houses, they are as absolute ladies as any others, attended by other waiting-women. Ay, ay, (cried Donna Rodriguez, who was present), there are some who serve my Lady Duchess here in that capacity, who might have been countesses too had they had better luck. But we are not all born to be rich, though we are all born to be honest. Let no one speak ill of waiting gentlewomen, especially of those who are maids; for though I am none of those, I easily conceive the advantage that a waiting gentlewoman, who is a maiden, has over one that is a widow. When all's said.\nWhoever attempts to interfere with Waiting-Women will gain little. Many go out to buy wool and return shorn themselves. Yet, as Sancho remarked, Waiting-Women are not so bare that they cannot be shorn if my barber spoke the truth. Thus, they had best not stir the rice, even if it sticks to the pot. These squires, Donna Rodriguez retorted, are always sticking their noses up at us. They linger in the anterooms, like mischievous sprites, and see us come and go at all hours. When they are not playing with their beads, which occupies most of their day, they find no other amusement than to ridicule us and spread idle gossip about us, unearthing our bones and burying our reputations. But their tongues are not slanderous, and I can tell these silly rakes, that despite their taunts, we shall maintain the upper hand and live in better houses, even if we starve; and cover our flesh.\nWhether delicate or not, they cover a dunghill with black gowns when a procession goes by. \"Sir,\" said I, \"if this were a proper time, I would convince you and the world that there's no virtue but is enclosed within the stays of a waiting-woman. I fancy, Madam, that honest Rodriguez is correct: But we must now choose a fitting time for this dispute, to confound the ill opinion of that wicked apothecary, and to root out what Sancho Panza has fixed in his mind. For my part, I won't dispute with her; for since the thoughts of being a governor have steamed up into my brains, all my concern for the squire has vanished into thin air; and I care not a fig for all the waiting-women in the world.\n\nThis subject would have engaged them longer in discourse, had they not been cut short by the sound of the fife and drums.\nthat gave them no notice of the disconsolate Matron's approach. The Duchess asked the Duke how it might be proper to receive her and how far ceremony was due to her quality as a countess. Look you (quoth Sancho, striking in before the Duke could answer), I would advise you to meet her halfway, but for the Waiting-Women, don't stir a step. Who bids you trouble yourself? said Don Quixote. Who bid me? answered Sancho; why, I myself did. Haven't I been squire to your worship, and thus served an apprenticeship to good men? And haven't I had the flower of courtesy for my master, who has often told me, A man may as well lose at one and thirty with a card too much as a card too little? Good wits jump; a word to the wise is enough. Sancho speaks well, said the Duke. To decide the matter, we will first see what kind of a countess she is, and behave ourselves accordingly.\n\nNow the fife and the drums entered as before\u2014\n\nBut here the author ends this short chapter, and begins another.\nThe same adventure, one of the most notable in history, was pursued. Twelve elderly waiting-women entered the garden in pairs, all dressed in large mourning habits made of milled serge, over which they wore long white callico veils. Nothing could be seen of their black dresses but the bottom. Following them was the Countess Trifaldi, accompanied by her squire Trifaldin with the white beard. The lady was dressed in a suit of the finest bays, which, if napped, would have had tufts as big as roundaval-peas. Her train or tail was mathematically divided into three equal skirts or angles, and lifted up by three pages in mourning. From this pleasant triangular figure of her train, everyone conjectured, was she called Trifaldi \u2013 the Countess of Three Folds or Three Skirts. Benengely holds the same opinion, though he asserts that her true title was the Countess Lobuna.\nThe Countess, named Lobuna in her native land due to its abundance of wolves, took the title Trifaldi from a new invention. Her twelve female attendants followed in a procession, veiled with opaque coverings that concealed their faces completely. Upon their arrival, the Duke, Duchess, Don Quixote, and their companions stood. The twelve women formed two rows, creating a path for the Countess to pass between them, still led by Trifaldin, her squire. The Duke, Duchess, and their companions rose.\nand Don Quixote advanced about a dozen paces to meet her. She fell on her knees and, with a hoarse and rough voice rather than clear and delicate, said, \"Your Highnesses, please spare yourselves the trouble of receiving with so much ceremony and compliment a woman, your devoted servant. Alas! The sense of my misfortunes has so troubled my intellect that my responses cannot be supposed able to answer the critical opinion of your presence. My understanding has forsaken me; it has gone wool-gathering, and surely it is far removed. For the greater claim I can make, madam, is a due respect and decent deference to the worthiness of your person, which, without any further view, sufficiently bespeaks your merit and excellent qualifications. Then, begging the honor of her hand, he led her up and placed her in a chair by his duchess.\n who receiv'd her with all the Ceremony suitable to the Occasion.\nDon Quixote said nothing all this while, and Sancho was sneaking about, and peeping under the Vails of the Lady's Women; but to no purpose, for they kept themselves very close and silent, till she at last thus began: I am confident, thrice Po\u2223tent Lord, thrice Beautiful Lady, and thrice In\u2223telligent Auditors, that my most unfortunate Miserableness shall find in your most generous and compassionate Bowels, a most Misericordial Sanctuary; my Miserableness, which is such as would liquify Marble, malleate Steel, and mollify AdamQuixote de la Manchissima, and his Squirissimous Pan\u00e7a? Pan\u00e7a is at your Elbowissimous (quoth San\u2223cho, before any body else could answer) and Don Quixotissimo likewise: Therefore, most dolorous Medem, you may tell out your Teale; for we are all ready to be your Ladiship's Servitorissimous to the best of our Cepecities, and so forth. Don Quixote then advanc'd, and addressing the Countess, if your Misfortunes, Embarrass'd Lady\nI am Don Quixote of La Mancha. I offer you my force and courage for your service. I am a knight-errant, and my profession obliges me to aid the distressed. I do not require preambles or oratory to offer my favor. Please provide a succinct account of your calamities, and if they cannot be cured, take comfort in our sympathy.\n\nThe lady threw herself at Don Quixote's feet despite his efforts to the contrary. She prostrated herself before him, the foundation and pillars of chivalry-errant, the supporters of her drooping spirits, whose indomitable steps alone could hasten her relief.\nAnd the cure of my afflictions, O valorous errant, whose real achievements eclipse and obscure the fabulous legends of Amadises, Esplandians, and Belianises! Turning from Don Quixote, she laid hold of Sancho and squeezing his hands very hard, and thou, the most loyal squire, that ever attended on the magnanimity of knight-errantry, whose goodness is more extensive than the beard of my usher Trifaldin! How happily have thy stars placed thee, under the discipline of the whole martial college of chivalry professors, centered and epitomized in the single Don Quixote! I conjure thee by thy love of goodness and thy unspotted loyalty to so great a master, to employ thy moving and interceding eloquence on my behalf, that soon his favor may shine upon this humble and most disconsolate countess.\n\nLook you, Madam Countess, quoth Sancho, as for measuring my goodness by your squire's beard, that's neither here nor there; so my soul go to heaven when I depart from this life, I don't matter the rest.\nThe issues in the text are minimal. Here's the cleaned text:\n\nThe Beards of this World are not an issue for me. I will speak to my Master on your behalf. He loves me, and currently needs me for a certain business. He will do what he can for you. Please unburden your mind, share your griefs, and then we will take care of the rest.\n\nThe Duke and Dutchess were amused to find the adventure recounted in such a pleasant manner. They admired the cleverness and management of Trifaldi, who resumed her seat and began her story.\n\nThe famous Kingdom of Candaya, situated between the great Taprobana and the South Sea, about two leagues beyond Cape Comorin, had for its queen, Lady Donna Maguntia. Upon her husband, King Archipielo's death, the Princess Antonomasia, their only child and heiress to the crown, was educated and raised under my care and direction, as I was the eldest.\nThe first Lady of the Bed-Chamber to the Queen, her mother, the young Princess reached the age of fourteen, and her beauty was so perfect that nature could not enhance her charms. Moreover, her mind was equally adorned. Wisdom itself was insignificant to her; she was as discreet as fair, and the fairest creature in the world. She remains so, unless her life thread was cruelly severed by her envious and inflexible sisters. Heavens would not allow such an injury to the earth, as the untimely cutting down of the most beautiful branch that ever graced the garden of the world.\n\nHer beauty, which my unpolished tongue cannot sufficiently praise, attracted all eyes, and soon gained her a world of admirers. Many of them were princes, her neighbors, and foreigners alike. Among them was a private knight who resided at court.\nThis young gentleman was so audacious as to raise his thoughts to that heaven of beauty. He was indeed master of all gallantries that the air of his courtly education could inspire. Confiding in his youth, his handsome mien, agreeable air and dress, graceful carriage, and the charms of his easy wit and other qualifications, he followed the impulse of his inordinate and most presumptuous passion. I must needs say, he was an extraordinary person. He played to a miracle on the guitar, and made it speak not only to the ears, but to the very soul. He danced to admission, and had such a rare knack at making birdcages that he might have gained an estate by that very art. To sum up all his accomplishments, he was a poet. So many parts and endowments were sufficient to have moved a mountain, and much more the heart of a young, tender virgin. But all his fine arts and soothing behavior had proved ineffective against the virtue and reservedness of my beautiful charge.\nIf the deceitful Rogue had not first conquered me, the villain attempted to seduce the Keeper in order to secure the keys of the fortress. He plied me with pleasing trifles and insinuated himself into my soul, eventually bewitching me and making me give way before I was aware, to what I should never have permitted.\n\nBut what first worked on me and undermined my virtue was a cursed copy of verses he sang one night under my window. I believe they began as follows:\n\nA secret fire consumes my heart,\nAnd to augment my raging pain,\nThe charming foe that raised the smart,\nDenies me freedom to complain.\n\nBut surely 'tis just, we should conceal\nThe bliss and woe in love we feel:\nFor, oh, what human tongue can tell\nThe joys of heaven or pains of hell!\n\nThese words were to me pearls of eloquence, and his voice sweeter to my ears than sugar to the taste. The reflection on the misfortune these verses brought upon me\nPlato's design to banish poets from a good and well-governed commonwealth, particularly those who write wanton or lascivious poetry, has often won my applause. Instead of composing lamentable verses like those of the Marquess of Mantua, which make women and children cry by the fireside, they strive for soft strokes that enter the soul and wound it, like thunder that hurts and consumes all within yet leaves the garment sound. Another time he entertained me with the following song:\n\nDeath, put on some kind disguise,\nAnd at once my heart surprise:\nFor 'tis such a curse to live,\nAnd so great a bliss to die:\nShouldst thou any warning give,\nI'd relapse to life for joy.\n\nMany other verses of this kind he plyed me with, which charmed when read, but transported when sung. For you must know, that when our eminent poets debase themselves to writing a sort of composition called love-madrigals and roundelays, now much in vogue in Candaya, those verses are no sooner heard.\nBut they currently produce a dancing of souls, tickling of fancies, emotion of spirits, and in short a pleasing distemper in the whole body, as if quicksilver shoots through. So that once more I pronounce those poets very dangerous and fit to be banished to the Isles of Lizards. Though truly I must confess, the fault is rather chargeable on those foolish people who commend and the silly women who believe them. For had I been as cautious as my place required, his amorous serenades could never have moved me, nor would I have believed his poetical cant, such as I dying live, I burn in ice, I shiver in flames, I hope in despair, I go yet stay, with a thousand such contradictions, which make up the greatest part of such compositions. As ridiculous are their promises of the Phoenix of Arabia, Ariadne's crown, the Coursers of the Sun, the Pearls of the Southern Ocean, the Gold of Tagus, the Balsam of Panchaya, and heaven knows what. By the way, it is observable that these poets are very liberal of their gifts.\nBut alas, where do I wander, miserable woman? What madness prompts me to accuse others' faults, when I have a long-standing score of my own to answer for? Not his verses, but my own inclination; not his music, but my own levity opened a passage and paved the way for Don Clavijo. In short, I procured him admission, and by my connivance, he often had natural familiarity with Antonomasia. But wicked as I was, it was on the honorable score of marriage; for had he not been engaged to be her husband, he would not have touched the very shadow of her shoe-string. No, no, marriage, marriage, I say; for without that, I'll never meddle in such concerns. The greatest fault in this business was the disparity of their conditions; he being but a private knight.\nAnd she, the Heiress to the Crown. This intrigue was kept hidden for some time by my cautious management, but eventually a certain swelling in Antonomasia's belly began to reveal secrets. Consulting on the matter, we found there was only one solution: Don Clavijo should demand the young lady in marriage before the curate, by virtue of a promise under her hand, which I dictated for the purpose, and so binding that all the strength of Samson himself could not have broken the tie. The business was put into execution. The note was produced before the priest, who examined the lady and found her confession agreed with the terms of the contract. He put her in custody of a very honest sergeant.\n\nBless us, quoth Sancho, sergeants too; and poets, and songs, and verses in your country! O my conscience, I think the world's the same all over! But go on, Madam Trifaldi, I beseech you; for 'tis late and I am upon thorns till I know the end of this long-winded story. I will...\nThe Countess answered. If every word that Sancho spoke gave the Duchess new pleasure, every word he said caused Don Quixote equal pain. Therefore, Don Quixote commanded him to be silent, giving the Matron an opportunity to continue. In short, the business was debated for a while, and after many questions and answers, the Princess firmly persisted in her first declaration. Judgment was given in favor of Don Clavijo, which Queen Maguntia took so to heart that she died about three days later. \"Then without a doubt she died,\" said Sancho. \"But in Candaya they don't bury the living, but the dead,\" replied Trifaldin. \"But with your good leave, Mr. Squire,\" answered Sancho, \"people who were in a swoon have been buried alive before now. I think Queen Maguntia only swooned away and should not have been in such a hurry to die in earnest; for while there's life, there's hope.\"\nAnd there's a remedy for all things but death. The young lady was not so far from the norm that the mother should mourn so deeply. Had she married a footman or some other servant in the family, as some others have done, it would have been a terrible business and beyond repair. But for the queen to make such a heavy outcry when her daughter married such a fine-bred young knight, I truly believe the matter should have been settled. It was a mistake, but not one as heinous as one might think. For, as my master here says, and he would never lie to me, scholars become bishops, and knights, especially errant ones, can easily become kings and emperors.\n\nThat's most certainly true, said Don Quixote. Turn a knight-errant loose into the wide world with two pennies' worth of good fortune, and he is in potentia propinqua, the greatest emperor in the world. But let the lady continue; for so far, her story has been very pleasant.\nAnd she answered, \"and I doubt the most bitter part is still untold. The most bitter, truly, Sir; it was so bitter that wormwood and every bitter herb compared to it are as sweet as honey. The queen was truly dead and not in a trance, so we buried her. Scarcely had we finished the last rites and taken our last leaves when (Who can relate such woes and not be drowned in tears?) The giant Malambruno, cousin-german to the deceased queen, who, besides his native cruelty, was also a magician, appeared on her grave riding on a wooden horse. He came there to avenge the death of his relation by punishing Don Clavijo for his presumption and Antonomasa for her oversight. Accordingly, he immediately enchanted them both on the very tomb, transforming her into a brazen female monkey and the young knight into a hideous crocodile of an unknown metal.\"\nAnd between them both he set an inscription in the Syriac language. This has since been translated into Candayan and then into Spanish: \"These two presumptuous lovers shall never recover their natural shapes until the valorous Knight of La Mancha engages in a single combat with me. By the irrevocable decrees of fate, this unheard-of adventure is reserved for his unheard-of courage.\"\n\nHe drew a broad scimitar of monstrous size and, seizing me by the hair, threatened to cut my throat or chop off my head. I was terrified almost to death; my hair stood on end, and my tongue clung to the root of my mouth. However, I managed to compose myself, trembling and weeping, and begged for mercy in moving accents and tender, melting words. At last, my entreaties prevailed upon him to halt the cruel execution. He then ordered all the waiting-women at court to be brought before him.\n the same that you see here at present; and after he had aggravated our Breach of Trust, and rail'd against the deceitful Practices, mercenary Procuring, and what else he could urge in Scandal of our Profession, and its very Being, reviling us for the Fact of which I alone stood guilty; I will not punish you with instant Death, said he, but inflict a Punishment which shall be a lasting and eternal Mortification. Now in the very Instant of his denouncing our Sentence, we felt the Pores of our Faces to open, and all about 'em perceiv'd an itching Pain, like the pricking of Pins and Needles. Thereupon clapping our Hands\nto our Faces, we found 'em as you shall see 'em immediately; saying this, the Disconsolate Matron and her Attendance throwing off their Veils, ex\u2223pos'd their Faces all rough with bristly Beards, some red, some black, some white, and others motley. The Duke and Dutchess admir'd, Don Quixote and Sancho were astonish'd, and the Stan\u2223ders-by were Thunder-struck. Thus, said the Countess proceeding\nhas that murdering and bloody-minded Malambruno served us, and planted these rough and horrid Bristles on our faces, otherwise most delicately smooth. Oh that he had chopped off our heads with his monstrous scimitar, rather than to have disgraced our faces with these brushes upon them! For, Gentlemen, if you rightly consider it, and truly, what I have to say should be attended with a flood of tears; but such rivers and oceans have fallen from me already upon this doleful subject, that my eyes are as dry as chaff; and therefore pray let me speak without tears at this time. Where, alas, shall a waiting-woman dare to show her head with such a disconsolate matron? All persons that love to read histories of the nature of this, must certainly be very much obliged to Cid Hamet, the original author, who has taken such care in delivering every minute particular distinctly and entire, without concealing the least circumstance that might heighten the humour, or, if omitted, diminish the effect.\n\"He clarifies the story's obscurity, creating vivid images of thoughts, revealing imaginations, satisfying curiosity about secrets, resolving doubts, and ending arguments. O famous Author! O fortunate Don Quixote! O renowned Dulcinea! O witty Sancho! May you all live and continue for the delight and recreation of mankind. But the story continues. On my honest word, Sancho exclaimed, when he saw the matron faint, and by the blood of all my Panza's ancestors, I have never heard or seen the like. Nor did my master ever tell me, or even conceive in that working headpiece of his, such an adventure as this. Now, all the devils in hell (and I would not curse anyone) carry you away, thou enchanting son of a whore, thou damned giant Malambruno! Couldst thou not find another punishment for these poor sinners?\"\nBut by clapping Scrubbing-Brushes against their muzzles, instead of that, Sir? Wouldn't it have been better to slit their nostrils halfway up their noses, though they might have sniffed for it a little, than to cover their chaps with these quick-set hedges? I'll wager any man now, the poor devils don't have enough money to pay for shaving.\n'Tis true, Sir, said one of them, we don't have the means to pay for having our beards removed; so some of us, to save costs, are forced to apply plasters of pitch that pull out roots and all, leaving our chins as smooth as a stone mortar's bottom. There is indeed a type of women in Candaya who go from house to house to remove the hairs that grow on the face, trim the eyebrows, and do twenty other little private jobs for the women. But we, who serve my Lady, never dared to have anything to do with them; for they have acquired bad reputations. Though they once had free access and were considered relations,\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in Early Modern English, but it is mostly readable without major corrections. Only minor OCR errors have been corrected.)\nNow they are regarded as no better than bawds. So if my Lord Don Quixote does not help us, our beards will remain with us as long as we live. I'll have mine plucked off hair by hair among the Moors, answered Don Quixote, rather than not free you from yours. Ah, valorous knight! (cried the Countess Trifaldi, recovering from her fit) the sweet sound of your promise reached my hearing in the very midst of my trance, and has perfectly restored my senses. I beseech you therefore once again, most illustrious Sir, and invincible errant, that your gracious promise may soon have the desired effect. I'll be guilty of no neglect, madam, answered Don Quixote: Point out the way, and you shall soon be convinced of my readiness to serve you.\n\nYou must know then, Sir, said the disconsolate lady, from this place to the Kingdom of Candaya, we reckon five thousand leagues, two or three more or less. But if you ride through the air in a direct line, you can cover this distance more quickly.\n'tis not above three thousand two hundred and twenty-seven. You are wise to understand, that Malambruno told me, that when Fortune should make me find the Knight who is to dissolve our Inchantment, he would send him a famous Steed. It is easier and less restless and full of tricks than those jades commonly let out to hire. This steed is the same wooden horse that carried the Valorous Peter of Provence and the Fair Magalona when he stole her away. It is managed by a wooden peg in its forehead instead of a bridle, and flies as swiftly through the air as if all the devils in hell were switching it or blowing fire in its tail. This courser tradition delivers, that it was the handiwork of the sage Merlin, who never lent it to anyone but particular friends or when he was paid a sauce for it. Among others, his friend Peter of Provence borrowed it, and by the help of its wonderful speed, stole away the fair Magalona.\nSetting herself behind on the Crupper, for you must know he carries double, and so towering up in the air, he left the people, who stood near the place where he started, gaping, staring, and amazed. Since that journey, we have heard of no one who has dared to challenge him. But this we know, that Malambruno, since obtaining him through his art, has used him to travel to all parts of the world. He is here today, and tomorrow in France, and the next day in America. One of the best properties of the horse is that he costs nothing to keep; for he neither eats nor sleeps, nor needs any shoeing. Besides, he ambles so very easily through the air that you might carry in your hand a cup full of water a thousand leagues and not spill a drop. So the fair Magalona loved him greatly to ride.\n\nNay, quoth Sancho, as for an easy pacer, commend me to my Dapple. Indeed, he is no high-flyer; he cannot gallop in the air; but on the king's highway.\nShe will walk with the best horse that ever had four legs. This amused the entire company. But then the disconsolate Lady continued, \"This horse will certainly be here within half an hour after it's dark if Malambruno intends to end our misfortunes. That will be the sign by which I will recognize my savior.\" And, indeed, Sancho inquired, \"How many will this same horse carry, madam?\" \"Two,\" she answered, \"one in the saddle and the other behind on the crupper. And those two are usually the knight and squire if there is no stolen damsel to be one.\" Good disconsolate Lady,\" Sancho said, \"I'd like to know the name of this horse.\" \"The horse's name,\" she answered, \"is not Pegasus like Bellerophon's, nor Bucephalus like Alexander's, nor Briscalabro like Roland's, nor Bayard like Rinaldo's, nor Frontino like Roger's, nor Bootes, nor Pyrithous like the horses of the Sun; it is not called Orelia, like the horse which Rodrigo had.\"\nThe last King of Spain of the Gothic Race rode that unfortunate day, when he lost the battle, the kingdom, and his life. I'll wager, Sancho said, since the horse goes by no famous names, he doesn't go by that of Rosinante, my master's horse, or any other horse you've mentioned. 'Tis very true, the Bearded Lady answered. Yet he has a proper and significant name; for he is called Clavileno or Wooden-Peg the Swift, from the wooden peg in his forehead. At least for the significance of his name, he may be compared with Rosinante, Sancho conceded. I find no fault with his name, but what kind of bridle or halter do you manage him with? I told you already, she replied, that he is guided with the peg, which, when turned this way or that, makes him move accordingly, either rearing up in the air, almost brushing and sweeping the ground, or flying in the middle region.\nSancho: I would indeed like to see this notable Tit, but I have no intention of getting on his back, either in front or behind. No, by my Holy Dame, it would be as futile as expecting pears from an elm for me, who can barely sit my own dapple horse, to endure a hard wooden saddle without a cushion or pillow under my buttocks. Before George! I will not gall my backside to take off the best lady's beard in the land. Let those with beards keep them or have them shaved off as they please; I will not embark on such a long journey with my master, I swear there. There is a need for you in this beard-shaving, replied Trifaldi, and without you, nothing can be done. God save the King! cried Sancho, what business do we squires have with our masters' adventures? We must bear the trouble, indeed.\nAnd they run away with the credit! Body me, those who write stories should give squires their due in their books. For instance, Such-a-Knight ended such-an-adventure, but it was with the help of such-a-one his squire. Without the squire, he could not have done it. But they barely tell you in their histories, Sir Paralipomenon, Knight of the Three Stars, ended the adventure of the Six Hobgoblins. And not a word about his squire's person, as if he didn't exist, though he was there the whole time. In short, good people, I don't like it. My master may even go by himself for Sancho. I'll stay and keep Madam Dutchess company here. Perhaps by that time he comes back, he'll find his Lady Dulcinea's business pretty forward. I mean to give my bare breech a jirking till I brush off the very hair, at idle times, and when I have nothing else to do.\n\nNevertheless, honest Sancho.\n\"said the Duchess, if your company is necessary in this adventure, you must go; for all good people will make it their business to entreat you, and 'twould look very ill, that through your vain fears these poor gentlewomen should remain thus with rough and bristly faces. God save the King, I cry again, said Sancho. Were it a piece of charity for the relief of some good sober gentlewomen or poor innocent hospital-girls, something might be said. But to gall my backside and venture my neck to shave a pack of idling, trolling chamber-jades, with a murrain! Not I, let them go elsewhere for a shaver. I wish I might see the whole tribe of them wear beards from the highest to the lowest, from the proudest to the primest, all hairy like so many she-goats. You are very angry with waiting-women, Sancho, said the Duchess. That pottery has inspired you with this bitter spirit. But you're to blame, friend; for I'll assure you there are some in my family\"\nThat may serve as patterns of discretion for all in their function; Donna Rodriguez agrees. \"Yes, yes, Madam,\" said Donna Rodriguez. \"Your Grace may say what you please: This is a censorous world we live in, but heaven knows all. Whether good or bad, bearded or unbearded, we waiting-gentlewomen had mothers as well as the rest of our sex. Since providence has made us as we are and placed us in the world, it knows why, and so we trust in its mercy. No one's beard? Enough, Donna Rodriguez, said Don Quixote. As for you, Lady Trifaldi, and other distressed matrons, I hope heaven will speedily look upon your sorrows with a pitying eye, and that Sancho will do as I desire. I only wish Calvileno would come once, so that I may encounter Malambruno. For I am sure no razor would be more expeditious in shaving your ladyship's beard than my sword to shave that giant's head from his shoulders: Heaven may a while permit the wicked.\n\"Ah, most valorous champion, said the dispirited matron, may all the stars in the celestial regions shed their most propitious influence on your generous valor, which supports the cause of our unfortunate office, exposed to the poisonous rancor of apothecaries and reviled by saucy grooms and squires. Woe be to the low-spirited queen, who in the flower of her youth refuses to become a nun rather than a waiting-woman! Poor, forsaken creatures that we are, though descended in a direct line from father to son, from Hector of Troy himself, yet our ladies would not find a more civil way to speak to us than \"thee and thou,\" though it were to gain them a kingdom. O giant Malambruno! thou, who though an enchanter, art always most faithful to thy word, send us the peerless Clavileno, that our misfortunes may have an end. For if the weather grows hotter than it is, and these shaggy beards still sprout about our faces.\"\nThe Disconsolate Lady lamented in such a pathetic manner that tears from all the spectators fell in response to her complaints. Even Sancho was moved and began to water his plants, eventually joining them on their adventure to the very end, so he could help clear away the weeds obscuring those venerable faces.\n\nThese conversations brought on the night and with it the scheduled arrival of the famous Clavileno. Don Quixote grew impatient with the delay and began to fear that he was not the knight for whom this adventure was intended or that the giant Malambruno lacked the courage to engage in a single combat with him. But unexpectedly, four savages entered the garden, their bodies covered in ivy, bearing a large wooden horse on their shoulders. They placed it before the company, and one of them cried out:\nNow let him who has the courage mount this engine. I am not he, said Sancho, for I have no courage, nor am I a knight. And let him take his squire behind him, if he has one (the Savage continued), with this assurance from the valorous Malambruno that no foul play will be offered, nor will he use anything but his sword to offend him. It is only turning the peg before him, and the horse will transport him through the air to the place where Malambruno awaits their coming. But let them blindfold their eyes, lest the dazzling and stupendous height of their career make them giddy; and let the neighing of the horse inform them that they have arrived at their journey's end. Thus having made his speech, the Savage turned about with his companions and marched out handsomely the same way they came in.\n\nThe disconsolate matron, seeing the horse, almost in tears, addressed Don Quixote. Valorous Knight, she cried, Malambruno is a man of his word, the horse is here, our beards bud on.\nI and everyone of us conjure you by all the hairs on our chins to hasten our Deliverance; since there is no more need but that you and your squire get up and give a happy beginning to your intended journey. Madam, answered Don Quixote, I will do it with all my heart. I will not even stay for a cushion or to put on my spurs, but mount instantly; such is my impatience to disbehold your Ladyship's face and restore you all your former grace. That's more than I shall do, quoth Sancho; I'm not in such a great hurry, not I; and if the quick-set hedges on their snouts can't be lopped off without my riding on that hard crupper, let my master furnish himself with another squire, and these gentlewomen get some other ba (Islanders say, think ye, when they hear their governor is flying like a paper-kite? Besides, 'tis three or four thousand leagues from hence to Cancylla).\nAnd what if the horse should tire on the road, or the giant grow humorsome? What would become of us then? We may be seven years getting home again; and heaven knows what would become of my government by that time. Neither island nor dry land would know poor Sancho again. No, no, I know better things! What says the old proverb? Delays breed danger; and when a cow's given you, run and catch her by the halter! I am the gentlewomen's humble servant; but they and their beards must excuse me, faith! 'Tis good sleeping in a whole skin; I know when I am well. Here I'm made much of, and by the master of the house's good will, I hope to see myself a governor; if I stir, the king shall know it.\n\nFriend Sancho, said the duke, as for your island, it neither floats nor stirs, so there's no fear it should run away before you come back. The foundations of it are fixed and rooted in the profound abyss of the earth. Now because you must needs think I cannot but know, that there is no kind of office of any value, except that of a governor.\nthat is not purchased with some sort of bribe or gratification, all I expect for advancing you to this government is that you wait on your master in this expedition, so that there may be an end to this memorable adventure. I here engage my honor, that whether you return on Clavileno with all the speed his swiftness promises, I, Governor, will always be your servant. And for my part, Sir Sancho, I assure you, you would greatly wrong my friendship if you had the least doubt of my readiness to serve you. Good sir, say no more, cried Sancho. I am but a poor squire, and your goodness is too great a load for my shoulders. But hang baseness; mount, master, and blindfold me, someone; wish me a good voyage, and pray for me\u2014 but hear this, good people, when I am up in the air and flying in the skies, may I not say my prayers and call on the angels to help me, do you think? Yes, yes, answered Trifaldi; for Malambruno, though an enchanter, is nevertheless a Christian.\nAnd he does all things with great sagacity, involving himself in none of those matters that are not his concern. Come on then, Sancho; let's go, and may heaven prosper us. Your fear, Sancho, said Don Quixote, might, by a superstitious mind, be considered ominous. Since the adventure of the fulling-mills, I have not seen you so terror-stricken. But, pray, permitting this noble company to excuse me, I must have a word with you in private. Then, withdrawing to a secluded part of the garden among some trees, My dear Sancho, said he, we are about to embark on a long journey; you are surely aware of the uncertainty of our return, and only heaven knows what leisure or convenience we may have in all that time. Let me therefore beg you to retire to your chamber, as if to prepare yourself for our journey, and there dispatch me immediately with 500 lashes on account of the 3300 you owe; it will be quickly done, and a business once begun, you know.\n\"is half over. Stark mad, before George, cried Sancho. I wonder you aren't ashamed, Sir. This is just as they say, You see me in a hurry, and ask me for a virginity pledge; I am about to ride the wooden horse, and you would have me flee my backside. Truly, truly, you're playing a foolish trick this time. Come, come, Sir, let's do one thing at a time; let us get away from these women's beards first, and then I'll make it right for Dulcinea. I have no more to say on the matter at present. Well, honest Sancho, replied Don Quixote, I'll trust your word once, and I hope you'll keep it; for I believe you are more fool than rogue. I am what I am, said Sancho; but whatever I am, I'll keep my word, never fear it.\"\n\nThey then returned to the company, and just as they were about to mount, \"Blind your eyes, Sancho,\" said Don Quixote, \"and get up.\" Surely he who summons us so far has no design to deceive us.\nSince he would never deceive those who rely on his honor; and though the outcome may not meet our desires, still the glory of such a brave attempt will be ours, and it is not within the power of malice to eclipse it. To horse then, Sir, cried Sancho. The tears of those poor bearded women have melted my heart, and I think I feel their bristles sticking in it. I shall not eat a bit to do me good until I see them have as pretty, dimpled, smooth chins and soft lips as they had before. Mount then, I say, and blindfold yourself first; for if I must ride behind, it is a plain case you must get up before me. That's right, said Don Quixote. And with that, he pulled a handkerchief out of his pocket and gave it to the disconsolate matron to hoodwink him closed. She did so; but immediately after uncovering himself, \"If I remember right,\" he said, \"Virgil tells us of the Trojan Palladium, that wooden horse which the Greeks offered Pallas, full of armed knights.\"\nWho afterward proved the total ruin of that famous city. It would be prudent, before we set out, to examine this steed and see what it conceals within. You need not worry, said Countess Trifaldi; I dare assure you there is no reason for such a suspicion; for Malambruno is a man of honor and would not countenance any base or treacherous practice. Whatever befalls you, I answer for it. Don Quixote mounted without reply, assuming that any further remarks about his safety would reflect on his valor. He then tried the bit, which turned easily. With his long legs stretched out due to the lack of stirrups, he resembled one of those ancient figures in a Roman triumph, depicted in some old tapestry.\n\nSancho was reluctantly and unwillingly made to climb up behind him. Fixing himself as well as he could on the crupper, he felt it somewhat hard and uncomfortable. Looking at the duke, Good my lord, Sancho said.\nYou're asking for the cleaned version of the given text. Here it is:\n\nWill you lend me something to rest my hand under, some pillow from the page's bed, or the duchess's cushion of state, or anything; for this horse's crupper is so confounded hard, I fancy 'tis rather marble than wood. 'Tis needless, said the countess, for Clavileno will bear no kind of furniture upon him; so that for your greater ease, you had best sit sideways, like a woman. Sancho took her advice; and then, after he had taken his leave of the company, they bound a cloth over his eyes. But presently after uncovering his face, with a pitiful look on all the spectators, good tender-hearted Christians, (cried he, with tears in his eyes) bestow a few Hail Marys and Our Fathers on a poor departing brother, and pray for my soul, as you expect the like charity yourselves in such a condition. What! you rascal, said Don Quixote, do you think yourself at the gallows, and at the point of death, that you hold forth in such a lamentable strain? Dastardly wretch without a soul.\nDo you not know that the fair Magalona once sat in your place, and alighted not into the Grave, you cowardly varlet, but into the Throne of France, if there's any truth in history? And do I not sit by you, so that I may vie with the valorous Peter of Provence and press the seat that was once pressed by him? Come, blindfold your eyes, poor spiritless animal, and let me not know you betray the least symptom of fear, at least not in my presence. Well, quoth Sancho, hoodwink me then among you. But 'tis no marvel one should be afraid when you won't let one say his prayers nor be prayed for, though for all I know we may have a legion of imps about our ears to clap us up in the Devil's Pound presently.\n\nNow both being hoodwinked, and Don Quixote perceiving everything ready for their setting out, began to turn the pin; and no sooner had he set his hand to it, but the waiting-women and all the company set up their throats, crying out, \"Speed you, speed you well, valorous Knight.\"\nHeaven guide you, undaunted squire. Now, now, you fly aloft. See how they cut the air more swiftly than an arrow! Now they mount, and tower, and soar, while the gazing world wonders at their course. Sit fast, sit fast, courageous Sancho; you don't sit steady, be careful of falling; for should you now drop from this amazing height, your fall would be greater than the aspiring youth's who misguided the Chariot of the Sun, his father. All this Sancho heard, and gripping his arms fast about his master's waist, Sir, he said, why do they say we are so high if we can hear their voices? Troth, I hear them so plainly that one would think they were close by us. Never mind that, answered Don Quixote; for in these extraordinary kinds of flights, we must suppose our hearing and seeing will be extraordinary also. But don't hold me so hard, for you'll make me tumble off. What makes you tremble so? I'm sure I never rode easier in all my life; our horse goes as if he does not move at all. Come then.\nTake courage; we are making swift progress, and have a fair and merry gale. I agree, Sancho replied; for I feel the wind puffing briskly against me here, as if many pairs of bellows were blowing wind in my tail. Sancho was not entirely wrong; for strong pairs of bellows were indeed levelled at him then, which provided ample air. The plot of this adventure had been so well laid by the Duke, the Duchess, and their steward that nothing was lacking to further the diversion.\n\nDon Quixote, at last feeling the wind, said, \"Surely we must be in the middle region of the air now, where winds, hail, snow, thunder, lightning, and other meteors are produced. If we continue at this rate, we shall soon be in the region of fire. What's more, I don't know how to manage this pin so as to avoid being scorched and roasted alive.\" At the same time, some flax, along with other combustible matter, was attached to the end of a long stick.\nand they set it on fire at a small distance from their noses; and the heat and smoke affected Knight and Squire. \"I swear by my life,\" said Sancho, \"we must be at this fireplace you speak of, or very near it; for half of my beard is singed already. I want to look out and see where we are.\" \"No, by no means,\" answered Don Quixote. \"I remember the strange but true story of Doctor Torralva, whom the devils carried to Rome, hoodwinked, and set upon a reed. In twelve hours, they set him down on the Tower of Nona in one of the city's streets. There he saw the dreadful tumult, assault, and death of the Constable of Bourbon. The next morning, he found himself at Madrid, where he related the whole story. Among other things, he said, as he went through the air, the devil bid him open his eyes; which he did, and then he found himself so near the moon that he could touch it with his finger, but dared not look toward the earth, lest the distance make his brains turn round.\nSancho, we must not look away, but rather trust completely in the care and providence of him who is in charge of us. Fear nothing, for we are only ascending to come crashing down, like a hawk, upon the Kingdom of Candaya, which we will reach soon. Though it does not appear to us that an hour has passed since we left the garden, we have nevertheless traveled over a vast expanse of air. I know nothing about it, replied Sancho. But this I am certain: if your Lady Magullane or Magalona (what you call her) could sit this damned wooden saddle without a good cushion beneath her, she would have had harder buttocks than mine.\n\nThis dialogue was certainly pleasant for the Duke, the Duchess, and the rest of the company throughout this time. And finally, resolving to put an end to this extraordinary adventure that had so successfully entertained them for so long, they ordered one of their servants to set fire to Caliveno's tail. And the horse, filled with squibs and crackers, was ignited.\nAnd other fireworks burst immediately into pieces, making a loud noise, throwing the knight one way and the squire another, both sufficiently singed. By this time, the consolate matron and bearded regiment had vanished from the garden, and all the rest lay flat on the ground in a trance. Don Quixote and Sancho, sorely bruised, managed to get up and were amazed to find themselves in the same garden from which they had taken horse, and to see such a large number of people lying dead on the ground. But their wonder was diverted by the appearance of a large lance stuck in the ground and a scroll of white parchment fastened to it with two green silken strings, bearing the following inscription in golden characters:\n\nThe Renowned Knight, Don Quixote de la Mancha, achieved the adventure of the Countess Trifaldi, otherwise called the Disconsolate Matron, and her companions in distress.\nMalambruno is satisfied. The Waiting-Gentlewomen have lost their beards. King Clavijo and Queen Antonomasia have resumed their pristine shapes. The squire's penance will finish, and the White Dove will escape the Pernicious Hawks that pursue her, and her pining lover will lull her in his arms. This is preordained by the Sage Merlin, Proto-Inchanter of Inchanters.\n\nDon Quixote, having read this oracle, and construing it to refer to Dulcinea's disenchantment, rendered thanks to Heaven for such a great deliverance. Approaching the Duke and Duchess, who seemed yet in a swoon, he took the Duke by the hand. \"Courage, Courage, Noble Sir,\" he cried, \"there's no danger; the adventure is finished without bloodshed, as you may read it registered in that record.\"\n\nThe Duke, yawning and stretching, as if he had been wakened out of a sound sleep, recovered himself by degrees.\nThe Dutchess and the rest of the company acted surprised so naturally that the jest could not be discovered. The Duke rubbed his eyes and managed to read the scroll. Then he embraced Don Quixote and declared his valor to the skies, assuring him he was the bravest knight the earth had ever possessed. Sancho looked up and down the garden for the disconsolate matron to see what kind of face she had, now that her veil was off. But he was informed that, as Clavileno came down flaming in the air, the countess and her women vanished immediately. The Dutchess asked Sancho how he had fared in his long voyage. \"Why truly, Madam,\" he answered, \"I have seen wonders. For you must know, though my master would not allow me to remove my cloak from my eyes, yet I have a kind of itch to know everything and a spice of the spirit of contradiction.\"\nI saw the Earth far below us, appearing no bigger than a mustard seed. The men on it were not much larger than hazelnuts. The Dutchess warned me, \"Be careful what you say, my friend. If men were bigger than hazelnuts and the Earth no bigger than a mustard seed, one man would cover it and make it invisible.\" Sancho replied, \"That may be true, but I saw it with a sideways glance at one part of it.\" The Dutchess countered, \"That won't work, for nothing can be seen completely by any part of it.\" Sancho confessed, \"I don't understand your parts and wholes, but I did see it.\"\nAnd there's an end of the story. You must think that as we flew by enchantment, so we saw by enchantment, and thus I might see the Earth and all the men, whichever way I looked: I warrant, you won't believe me when I tell you that when I lifted up the handkerchief above my brows, I saw myself so near heaven that between the top of my cap and the main sky, there was not a span and a half. Heaven bless us, forsooth, what a huge great place it is! And we happened to travel that road where the Pleiades, vulgarly called in Spanish the Seven Young She-Goat Stars, were. And faith and truth, I had such a mind to play with them (having been once a goat-herd myself) that I fancy I'd have cried myself to death had I not done it. So soon as I spied them, what does me but sneak down very soberly from behind my master, without telling any living soul, and played, and leapt about for three quarters of an hour by the clock, with the pretty nanny-goats.\nWho are as sweet and fine as many Marigolds or Gillyflowers. And honest Wooden Peg stirred not one step all the while. While Sancho employed himself with the goats, he asked the Duke, \"How is Don Quixote employed?\" Truly, answered the Knight, \"I am sensible that all things were altered from their natural course, therefore what Sancho says seems the less strange to me. But for my own part, I neither saw Heaven nor Hell, sea nor shore. I perceived indeed we passed through the middle region of the air, and were pretty near that of Fire, but that we came so near Heaven, as Sancho says, is altogether incredible; because we then must have passed quite through the Fiery Region, which lies between the sphere of the Moon and the upper region of the air. Now it was impossible for us to reach that part, where are the Pleiades, or the Seven Goats, as Sancho calls them, without being consumed in the elemental fire, and therefore since we escaped those flames, certainly we did not soar so high.\nAnd Sancho either lies or dreams. I neither lie nor dream, replied Sancho. You're so precious! I can tell you the marks and color of every goat among them if you don't believe me. Go ahead and ask, you'll easily see whether I speak the truth or not. Well, said the Duchess, please tell us, good Sancho. Look you, answered Sancho, there were two of them green, two carnation, two blue, and one party-colored. Truly, said the Duke, that's a new kind of goats you have found, Sancho. We have none of those colors on earth. But, Sancho, said the Duke, among those she-goats did you see no he? Not one horned beast of the masculine gender? Not one, sir; I saw no other horned thing but the moon; and I have been told that neither he-goats have horns.\nThe adventure of the Disconsolate Matron ended, providing amusement for the Duke and Duchess throughout their lives. Sancho (whispered Don Quixote), since you insist on describing your voyage through the heavens, believe my account of Montesino's Cave without question. No further words on the matter.\n\nThe satisfaction received by the Duke and Duchess from the successful resolution of the Disconsolate Matron's adventure.\nEncouraged them to carry on with some other pleasant project, since they could so easily deceive Don Quixote and his squire. Having given instructions to their servants and vassals on how to behave towards Sancho in his government, the day after the scene of the wooden horse, the duke told Sancho to prepare and be ready to take possession of his government. For now, his islanders were just as eager for him as they were for rain in a dry summer. Sancho made a humble bow and looked demurely at the duke. \"Sir,\" he said, \"since I came down from heaven, where I saw the earth so very small, I am not nearly as eager to be a governor. What greatness can there be in being at the head of a puny dominion, that's only a little nook of a tiny mustard seed? And what dignity and power can a man be reckoned to have, in governing half a dozen men no bigger than hazelnuts? I could not think there were any more in the whole world.\" No.\nIf your Grace would bestow upon me a corner in Heaven, however small, I would take it willingly. Friend Sancho replied, The Duke said, I cannot dispose of an inch of Heaven; that is God's province alone. But I can give you an island, one that is tight and clever, round and well proportioned, fertile and plentiful. If you have the art and understanding to manage it correctly, you may amass both the treasure of this world and the next.\n\nWell then, let me have this island, and I will strive to be such a governor that, despite rogues, I shall not lack a small nook in Heaven one day or another. I do not covet this position out of greed, but merely to learn what it is to be a governor.\n\nOh, Sancho, said the Duke, once you have tasted it.\nyou'll never leave, it's so sweet and bewitching to command and be obeyed. I am confident, when your master becomes an emperor (as he cannot fail to do, according to the course of his affairs), he will never be persuaded to abdicate; his only grief will be that he was not one sooner.\n\nSir, replied Sancho, I agree; it's a dainty thing to command, even if it's only a flock of sheep. Oh! Sancho, cried the Duke, let me live and die with you; for you have insight into everything. I hope you'll prove to be as good a governor as your wisdom suggests. But no more for now,\u2014tomorrow without further delay you set forward to your island, and shall be furnished this afternoon with equipment and dress suitable for your post, and all other necessities for your journey.\n\nLet them dress me as they will, said Sancho; I shall be the same Sancho Panza still. That's true, said the Duke.\nEvery man should wear clothes suitable to his place and dignity. A lawyer should not dress like a soldier. Sancho, you are to wear the habit of both a captain and a civil magistrate; therefore, your dress will be a combination of the two. In the government I bestow upon you, arms are as necessary as learning, and a man of letters is as requisite as a swordsman. As for letters, Sancho, I can't say much for myself; for I scarcely know my ABCs. But if I can remember my Christ's Cross, it is enough to make me a good governor. As for my arms, I will not quit my weapon as long as I can stand, and so heaven be our guard. Sancho cannot do amiss, said the Duke, while he remembers these things.\n\nBy this time Don Quixote arrived and, hearing how suddenly Sancho was to go to his government with the Duke's permission, he took him aside to give him some good instructions for the conduct of his office. Upon entering Don Quixote's chamber and the door being shut.\nHe almost forced Sancho to sit by him, and then, with a grave and deliberate voice, he began: I give infinite thanks to Heaven, Friend Sancho, that before I have the happiness of achieving my hopes, I can see yours already fulfilled. Fortune hastening to meet you with your desires. I, who had assigned the reward of your services upon my success, am still on the way to advancement; and you, beyond all reasonable expectation, have already reached the goal of yours. Some are assiduous, solicitous, importunate, who rise early, bribe, entreat, press, and will take no denial, obstinately persisting in their suit, and yet never obtain it. Another comes along and, by a lucky hit or chance, carries away the prize, and jumps into the advancement that so many had pursued in vain. This verifies the saying, \"The happy have their days, and those they choose; the unhappy have but hours, and those they lose.\" You, who seem to me a complete blockhead, without sitting up late or rising early, have managed to achieve this.\nYou are advanced to the government of an island in an instant, as if it were insignificant, my dear Sancho. I speak this not to reproach you or out of envy, but only to let you know that your success is not solely due to your merit. Instead, it is largely due to the kindness of Heaven. However, next to Heaven, you should attribute your happiness to the profession of knight-errantry, which offers such abundance of honor and advancement.\n\nConvinced of what I have stated, pay heed, my son, to what I, your Cato, have yet to say. Listen to my admonitions, and I will be your North Star and pilot to guide and safely bring you into the harbor of honor through the tempestuous ocean.\nInto which you are about to enter; for offices and great employments are no better than profound pools of confusion. First, my son, fear God. The fear of God is the beginning of wisdom, and wisdom will never lead you astray. Second, consider what you were and make it your business to know yourself, which is the most difficult lesson in the world. From this lesson, you will learn to avoid the frog's foolish ambition of swelling to rival the size of the ox; otherwise, you will soon roll down the wheel of your mad presumption and be reminded that you were once a hog-driver.\n\nTrue, replied Sancho, but I was then only a small body. But I suppose that's irrelevant; for not all governors come from kings and princes.\n\nVery true, pursued Don Quixote. Therefore, those who lack a noble descent must temper the severity of their office with mildness and civility, which, directed by wisdom.\nSecure yourself from murmurs and malice, which no state or condition is exempt. Be pleased with the meanness of your family, Sancho; nor think it a disgrace to own yourself derived from laboring men. If you are not ashamed of it yourself, no one else will strive to make you so. Instead, endeavor to be esteemed humble and virtuous, rather than proud and vicious. The number is almost infinite of those who, from low and vulgar births, have been raised to the highest dignities, to the Papal Chair and the Imperial Throne. I could provide enough examples to tire your patience. Make virtue the medium of all your actions, and you will have no cause to envy those whose birth gives them the titles of great men and princes; for nobility is inherited, but virtue is acquired. And virtue is worth more in itself than nobleness of birth. If any of your poor relations come to see you, never reject nor affront them, but on the contrary, welcome them warmly.\nReceive and entertain them with marks of favor; in this you will display a generosity of nature and please Heaven, which would have no one despise what it has made.\n\nIf you send for your wife, as it is not becoming for a man in your station to be long without his wife, and she ought to share in her husband's good fortune, teach her, instruct her, polish her as best you can, until her native rusticity is refined to more handsome behavior. For an ill-bred wife can throw down all that a good and discreet husband can build up.\n\nShould you come to be a widower (which is not impossible), and your post recommend a bride of a higher degree, do not take one who will, like a fishing rod, only serve to catch bribes.\n\nFor take it from me, the judge must at the general and last court of judgment give a strict account of the discharge of his duty, and must pay severely at his dying day for what he has suffered his wife to take.\n\nLet never obstinate self-conceit be your guide; it is the vice of the ignorant.\nWho vainly presume on their understanding. Let the tears of the poor find more compassion, though not more justice, than the information of the rich. Be equally solicitous to find out the truth where the offers and presents of the rich, and the sobs and importunities of the poor, are in the way. Wherever equity should, or may take place, let not the extent and rigor of the law bear too heavily on the delinquent; for 'tis not a better character in a judge to be rigorous, than to be indulgent. When the severity of the law is to be softened, let pity, not bribes, be the motive. If thy enemy has a cause before thee, turn away thy eyes from thy prejudice and fix them on the matter of fact. In another man's cause, be not blinded by thy own passions, for those errors are almost without remedy, or their cure will prove expensive to thy wealth and reputation. When a beautiful woman comes before thee, turn away thy eyes from her tears.\nAnd hear her lamentations with compassion, and give careful thought to her petition, lest your reason and honesty be lost in her sighs and tears. Do not revile with words those whom you must punish in deed; the punishment is sufficient for the wretches without the addition of cruel language.\n\nIn the trial of criminals, consider, as much as you can without prejudice to the plaintiff, how defenseless and exposed the miserable are to the temptations of our corrupt and depraved nature. Show yourself full of pity and clemency, for though God's attributes are equal, his mercy is more attractive and pleasing in our eyes than his justice.\n\nIf you follow these rules, Sancho, your days will be long, your fame eternal, your recompense full, and your felicity unspeakable. You will marry your children and grandchildren to your heart's desire; they will want for no titles: Beloved of all men, your life will be peaceful, your death in a good and venerable old age.\nand the offspring of your grandchildren, with their soft youthful hands, shall close your eyes. The precepts I have hitherto given you concern the good and ornament of your mind. Now give attention to those directions that relate to the adornment of your body.\n\nWho would not have taken Don Quixote for a man of extraordinary wisdom and excellent morals, having heard him speak to his squire in this manner? But, as we have often observed in this history, the least talk of knight-errantry spoiled all and made his understanding muddy. Yet in every other thing, his judgment was very clear, and his apprehension very nice, so that every moment his actions discredited his judgment, and his judgment his actions. But in these economic precepts which he gave Sancho, he showed himself master of a pleasant fancy, and mingled his judgment and extravagance in equal proportions. Sancho lent him great attention, in hopes to register all those good counsels in his mind.\nAnd put them into practice; I have no doubt that by doing so, I will fulfill my duty like an honorable man.\n\nRegarding the government of your person and family (Don Quixote), my first instruction is cleanliness. Trim your nails and do not let them grow, as some do, who believe that long nails enhance the beauty of the hand; it is foul and unsightly.\n\nKeep your clothes tight fitting; slovenly looseness is a sign of a careless mind, unless such negligence, like that of Julius Caesar, is affected for some cunning design.\n\nExamine prudently what your income may amount to in a year. If sufficient to afford your servants liveries, let them be decent and lasting, rather than gaudy and for show; and for the overflow of your good husbandry, bestow it on the poor. That is, if you can keep six footmen, have but three; and let what would maintain three more.\nLay out your possessions for charitable uses. In doing so, you will have attendants in heaven as well as on earth, which the vain-glorious great ones, who are unfamiliar with this practice, will not have.\n\nBe cautious not to reveal your peasant background by consuming onions and garlic. Walk with gravity and speak with deliberation, yet not as if you were listening to your own words; for all affectation is a fault.\n\nEat little at dinner and less at supper; the stomach is the storehouse from which health is distributed to the entire body. Drink moderately; drunkenness neither keeps a secret nor observes a promise.\n\nBe careful not to chew on both sides of your mouth, that is, do not fill your mouth too full, and take heed not to burp before company.\n\nSancho: I don't understand the word \"cramp\" in that command.\n\nDon Quixote: To eruct is the same as to say to belch; however, this being one of the most disagreeable and beastly words in our language, though very expressive and significant, the more polite instead use the term belching.\nSay Eructing, which is borrowed from the Latin. Though the vulgar may not understand this, it matters not much; for use and custom will make it familiar and understood. By such innovations are languages enriched, when the words are adopted by the multitude and naturalized by custom.\n\n\"Faith and troth, quoth Sancho, of all your counsels, I'll be sure not to forget this, for I've been mightily given to belching. Say Eructing, replied Don Quixote, and leave off belching.\"\n\n\"Well, quoth Sancho, be it as you say, Eruct; I'll be sure to remember.\"\n\nIn the next place, Sancho, said the Knight, do not overload your common discourse with that glut of proverbs which you mix in it continually;\nfor though proverbs are properly concise and pithy sentences, yet as you bring them in, in such a huddle, you make them look like so many absurdities. Alas! Sir, quoth Sancho, this is a disease that heaven alone can cure; for I have more proverbs than will fill a book, and when I talk.\nThey crowd so thick and fast to my mouth, quarreling which shall get out first. My tongue is forced to let them out as fast as they come, first come, first served, though none suit my purpose. From now on, I'll set a watch on my mouth and let none fly out but what befits the gravity of my place. In a rich man's house, the coat is soon laid; where there's plenty, the guests can't be empty. A blot's not a blot till it's hit. He's safe who stands under the bells; you can't eat your cake and have your cake; and store's no sore.\n\nGo on, go on, Friend, said Don Quixote. Thread, tack, stitch on, heap proverb on proverb, out with them, Man, spew them out! There's no one coming. My mother whips me, and I whip the jig. I warn you to forbear foisting in a rope of proverbs everywhere, and you blunder out a whole litany of old saws, as relevant as last year's snow. Observe me, Sancho. I condemn not the use of proverbs, but 'tis most certain\nThat such a confusion and hodgepodge of things as you throw out and drag in by the hair together make conversation fulsome and poor. When you ride, do not throw your body all dappled; for the air and gracefulness of sitting on a horse distinguishes a gentleman from a groom. Sleep with moderation; for he who rises not with the sun loses so much day. And remember this, Sancho: diligence is the mother of good fortune. Sloth, on the contrary, never effected anything that sprang from a good and reasonable desire.\n\nThe advice which I shall conclude with, I would have you be sure to fix in your memory, though it relates not to the adorning your person; for I am persuaded it will redound as much to your advantage as any I have yet given you: and this it is. Never undertake to dispute or decide any controversies concerning the preeminence of families; since in the comparison, one must be lessened by you, and he will hate you.\nAnd the other, whom you prefer, will not consider himself obligated to you. Regarding your attire, wear close-fitting breeches and hose, a long waistcoat, and a cloak a little longer. I would not recommend wide-knee'd breeches or trunk hose for swordsmen or men of business. This is all the advice, Friend Sancho, I have for you at present. If you keep me informed, I will provide you with more, as necessary.\n\nSir, said Sancho, I understand that all you have told me is good and relevant. But what use is it to me if I cannot remember it? I will not forget about paring my nails and marrying again if I remarry. However, I cannot recall a single syllable of the rest. Therefore, please put it in writing for me.\n\nI cannot read or write.\nI'll give it to my Father Confessor to correct me as needed. Oh Heaven, cried Don Quixote, how shameful for a Governor not to be able to write or read! A man who is illiterate or left-handed, implies that either his parents were very poor and mean, or that he was of such a perverse nature he could not receive the impressions of learning. Poor soul, I pity thee. That is indeed a great defect. I would have thee at least learn to write thy name. Oh, as for thee, Sancho, you can do that well enough. I can set my name; for when I served offices in our parish, I learned to scrawl a sort of letters, such as they mark bundles of stuff with, which they told me spelled my name. Besides, I can pretend my right hand is lame, and so another shall sign for me; for there's a remedy for all things but death. And since I have the power, I'll do what I will; for as the saying is:\nHe whose father is his judge may do what he will. And as I am a governor, I hope I am somewhat higher than a judge. New lords, new laws. Yes, yes, let them come as they will and play at bo-peep. Let them backbite me to my face, I'll bite-back the biters. Let them come for wool, and I'll send them home shorn. Whom God loves, his house is happy. The rich man's follies pass for wise sayings in this world. So I, being rich, a governor, and free-hearted too, intend to be, shall have no faults at all. 'Tis so, daub yourself with honey, and you'll never want flies. What a man has, so much he's sure of, said my old grandmother; and who shall hang the bell about the cat's neck?\n\nConfound thee, cried Don Quixote, for an eternal proverb-voiding swagbelly. Threescore thousand Belzebubs take thee, and thy damned nauseous rubbish. Thou hast been this hour hanging them together, like so many ropes of onions.\n\"and yet they torment and harass me with them. I dare say these wicked Proverbs will one day lead you to the gallows, they'll provoke your Islanders to bring you down, or at least make them shun you like a common nuisance. Tell me, you embodiment of ignorance, where do you find them? And how do you use them? For it makes me sweat, as if I were digging or threshing, to speak but one and apply it properly.\n\nUdsperious! My good master, quoth Sancho, what a trivial matter puts you in such a peling chase! Why, the devil should you grudge me the use of my own goods and chattels? I have no other estate. Proverbs on proverbs are all my stock. And now I have four more ready to come to light, as fitting to the purpose as matrimony to a young widow. But mum for that. Now Silence is my name. No, replied Don Quixote.\"\nBetween two cheek teeth, never clap thumbs. And when a man says \"get out of my house,\" what would you with his wife? There's no answer to be made. Again, whether the pitcher hit the stone or the stone the pitcher, it's bad for the pitcher. Let no one meddle with his governor or betters, or he'll rue it, as surely as a gun; as he must expect who runs his finger between two cheek teeth, (and though they were not cheek teeth, if they be but teeth that's enough) In the next place, let the governor say what he will, there's no gainsaying him.\nWhat would you do with my wife? And as for the stone and the pitcher, a blind man can see through it. And so he who sees a speck in another man's eye should take the beam out of his own. People wouldn't say the pot calls the kettle black-arse, and the dead woman is afraid of her flea. Besides, your worship knows that a fool knows more in his own house than a wise man in another's. That's a mistake, Sancho, replied Don Quixote. For the fool knows nothing, neither in his own house nor in another's. For no substantial knowledge can be erected on so bad a foundation as folly. But let us break off this discourse; if you do not discharge the part of a good governor, the fault will be yours, though the shame and discredit will be mine. However, this is my comfort, I have done my duty in giving you the best and most wholesome advice I could. And so heaven prosper and direct you in your government.\nand disappoint my fears of turning all things upside down in that poor island; which I could prevent by giving the duke a more perfect insight into you, and discovering to him that all that gorbel-ly'd paunch-gutted little corpse of yours is nothing but a bundle of proverbs and a sack full of knavery.\nLook you, Sir, quoth Sancho, if you think me not fit for this government, I'll think no more on't. Alas! the least snap of my soul's nails (as a body may say) is dearer to me than my whole body:\nAnd I hope I can live plain Sancho still, upon a luncheon of bread and a clove of garlic, as contented as Governor Sancho upon capons and partridges. Death and sleep make us all alike, rich and poor, high and low. Do but call to mind who first put this whim of government into my noddle, you'll find 'twas your own self; for as for me, I know no more what belongs to islands and governors than a blind buzzard.\nSo if you fancy the devil will have me for being a governor, let me be plain Sancho still.\nAnd go to Heaven, rather than my Lord Governor, and go to Hell. These last words of yours, Sancho, said Don Quixote, in my opinion, prove you worthy to govern a thousand islands. You have a naturally good disposition, without which all knowledge is insufficient. Recommend yourself to the Divine Providence, and never depart from uprightness of intention; I mean, have a firm purpose and design to be thoroughly informed in all the business that comes before you, and act upon sure grounds, for Heaven always favors good desires: And so let's go to dinner, for I believe now the Duke and Duchess expect us.\n\nWe have it from the traditional account of this history that there is a manifest difference between the translation and the Arabic in the beginning of this chapter. Cid Hamet having, in the original, taken an occasion of criticizing himself for undertaking such a dry and limited subject, which must confine him to the bare history of Don Quixote and Sancho.\nAnd he prevented him from launching into episodes and digressions that might be of greater weight and entertainment. He wanted his fancy, hand, and pen bound to a single design, and his sentiments confined to the mouths of so few people, which he considered an intolerable toil and of little credit to the undertaker. To avoid this inconvenience, he introduced some novels, such as \"The Curious Impertinent\" and \"The Captive,\" into the first part. Although the rest of the stories he brought in there fit naturally with Don Quixote's affairs, they seemed necessary to claim a place in the work. He believed that the adventures of Don Quixote required such great attention from the reader that his novels would receive only an indifferent reception or, at most, a cursory view, not sufficient to discover their artificial structure, which would have been very obvious had they been published separately.\nDon Quixote gave Sancho written instructions after dinner, telling him to find someone to read them to him. But Sancho had barely taken the paper when he dropped it, and the Duke obtained it, sharing it with the Duchess.\nThey found a fresh occasion to admire the mixture of Don Quixote's good sense and extravagance. Carrying on the humor, they sent Sancho that afternoon with a suitable equipage to the place he was to govern, which, wherever it lay, was to be an island to him. It happened that the management of this affair was committed to a steward of the duke's, a man of a facetious humor and who had not only wit to start a pleasant design but discretion to carry it on; two qualities which make an agreeable consort when they meet, for nothing is truly agreeable without good sense. He had already successfully wooed the Countess Trifaldi, and, with the duke's instructions regarding his behavior towards Sancho, could not help but discharge his trust to a wonder. Now it fell out that Sancho, upon casting his eyes on the steward, fancied he saw the very face of Trifaldi; turning to his master, \"The devil fetch me, Sir,\" quoth he.\nIf you don't think this same steward of the duke's is the very image of my Lady Trifaldi. Don Quixote examined the steward closely. Having scrutinized him from head to toe, Sancho said, \"You needn't sell yourself to the devil to confirm this matter; their faces are the same.\" Yet, the steward and the disconsolate Lady could not be the same person, for that would imply a great contradiction and lead us into more intricate and complex doubts than we are currently able to discuss or examine. Trust me, friend, our devotion should be unwavering, so that we may be freed from the power of these accursed enchantments.\n\nAdam, Sancho remarked, you may believe I'm joking; but I heard him open his mouth just now, and it sounded to me like the very voice of Lady Trifaldi. But I'll keep quiet; I'll watch his actions to determine if my suspicion is correct.\n\nWell do so.\nDon Quixote said, \"Tell me about all the discoveries and other occurrences in your government, Sancho.\" At last, Sancho set out with a numerous train. Behind him, by the duke's order, was led his Dapple, bridled and saddled like a horse of state, in gaudy trappings of silk. This delighted Sancho so much that every now and then he turned his head around to look at him. He thought himself so happy that he would not have changed fortunes with the Emperor of Germany. He kissed the duke and duchess's hands at parting and received his master's blessing, while Don Quixote wept and Sancho blubbered abundantly.\n\nNow, let the noble governor depart in peace, and may he be well. His administration in his government may perhaps make you laugh at some point. But in the meantime, let us observe the fortune of his master on the same night. Though it does not make you laugh outright at this moment.\nIt may chance that I draw in my lips and show my teeth like a monkey; for it is the property of his adventures to create always either surprise or merriment.\n\nIt is reported then, that immediately upon Sancho's departure, Don Quixote found Sancho's absence uneasy. He had squires and damsels in his house who could supply his place in any service he pleased to command them. \"Madam,\" answered Don Quixote, \"I am somewhat concerned for Sancho's absence. But there is a more material cause of my present uneasiness. I must beg your permission, if among the many obligations your Grace is pleased to confer on me, I decline all but the good intention that has offered them. I have further to request, your Grace's permission to be alone in my apartment and to be my own servant.\"\n\n\"Your pardon, Sir,\" replied the Duchess; \"I can't consent that you should be alone. I have four damsels, blooming as so many roses, that shall attend you. They will be no roses to me.\"\n\"returned Don Quixote, but so many pricks to my conscience; and if they come into my chamber, they must fly in at the window. If your Grace would crown the many favors you have heaped on this worthless person, I beseech you leave him to himself, and the service of his own hands. No desires, madam, must enter my doors; for the walls of my chamber have always been a bulwark to my chastity, and I shall not infringe my rule for all the bounty you can lavish on me. In fine, rather than think of being undressed by any mortal, I would lie rough the whole night. Enough, enough, noble sir, said the duchess; I desist, and will give orders that not so much as the buzzing of a fly, much less the impertinence of a damsel, shall disturb your privacy. I am far from imposing anything, sir, that should urge Don Quixote to a transgression in point of decency; for if I conjecture right, among the many virtues that adorn him, his modesty is the most distinguishable. Dress therefore and undress by yourself.\"\nYou please, whenever you choose, and no one shall disturb you: I will ensure that you find in your room whatever you require during the night. May Dulcinea del Toboso live a thousand ages, and her fame spread across the entire habitable globe, for she has earned the love of such a valiant, chaste, and loyal knight. May the indulgent heavens incline the heart of our governor, Sancho Panza, to end his discipline soon, so that the beauties of such a great lady may once again be admired by the world. Madam, returned Don Quixote, your grace has spoken like yourself; such an excellent lady could utter nothing but what reveals the goodness and generosity of her mind. Indeed, it will be Dulcinea's unique happiness to have been praised by you, for it will elevate her character to have had your grace as her panegyrist.\nSir, said the Duchess, waving this discourse, \"It's supper time, and my lord expects us. Come then, let's go to supper, so you may go to bed early; for you must be weary from the long journey you took to Candaya yesterday. Indeed, Madam, answered Don Quixote, I feel no manner of weariness; for I can safely swear to your grace, that I never rode an easier beast, nor a better goer than Clavileno. For my part, I can't imagine what could induce Malambrino to part with so swift and gentle a horse, nay, and to burn him too in such a manner. 'Tis to be supposed, said the Duchess, that being sorry for the harm he had done, not only to the Countess Trifaldi and her attendants, but to many others, and repenting of the bad deeds which, as a wizard and a necromancer, he doubtless had committed, he had a mind to destroy all the instruments of his wicked profession, and accordingly he burned Clavileno as the chief of them.\"\nDon Quixote, having served him to travel the world, or perhaps he believed no man worthy of riding him after the great Don Quixote. With his destruction and the inscription he caused to be set up, he has immortalized your valor.\n\nDon Quixote thanked the duchess, and after supper retired to his chamber, not allowing anyone to attend him. He feared meeting some temptation that might endanger the fidelity he had consecrated to his Dulcinea, always keeping the eyes of his mind fixed on the constancy of Amadis, the flower and mirror of knight-errantry. He therefore shut the door of his chamber after him and undressed himself by the light of two wax candles.\n\nBut alas, the misfortune that befell him, unworthy of such a person! As he was straining to pull off one of his hoses, about four and twenty stitches of it fell.\nThe good Knight was extremely afflicted and would have given them an ounce of silver for a dram of green silk; green silk, I say, because his stockings were green. Here Benengeli could not forbear exclaiming: O Poverty! Poverty! What could induce that great Cordova Moor, having learned by the conversation I have had with Christians, that holiness consists in charity, in humility, in faith, in obedience, and in poverty? But surely he who can be contented when poor required God's peculiar grace, unless the poverty which is included among these virtues is only that poverty in spirit which teaches us to use the things of this world as if we had them not. But thou, second poverty, fatal indigence, of which I now speak, why dost thou intrude upon gentlemen and affect well-born souls more than other people? Why dost thou reduce them to cobble their shoes and wear some silk, some hair, and some glass-buttons on the same tattered wastecoat?\nUnhappy is a gentleman who, to maintain his honor, starves himself, fares poorly, or fasts unseen in his solitary, narrow apartment. Then, putting on the best face he can, he comes out, picks his teeth, though it's but an honorable hypocrisy, and though he has eaten nothing that requires such an exercise. Unhappy the man whose honor is in constant alarm, who believes that at a mile's distance, everyone discovers the patch in his shoe, the sweat on his forehead soaking through his old, rusty hat, the bareness of his clothes, and the very hunger of his famished stomach.\n\nThese melancholy reflections renewed Don Quixote's mind due to the tear in his stocking. However, for his consolation, he reminded himself that Sancho had left him a pair of light boots.\nHe intended to wear the outfit the next day. In brief, he went to bed with a pensive and heavy mind, troubled by Sancho's absence and the irreparable damage to his stocking, a sign of want for a poor gentleman during his prolonged misery. He would have mended it, even if it had been of another color. At last, he put out the lights; but it was sultry hot, and he could not compose himself to sleep. Getting up, he opened a little shutter of a barred window that looked into a fine garden and was soon aware that some people were walking and talking there. He listened, and as they raised their voices, he easily overheard their conversation.\n\nNo more, dear Emerenia, one said to the other. Do not press me to sing; you know that since the first moment this stranger came to the castle, and my unhappy eyes gazed upon him, I have been too familiar with tears and sorrow.\nTo sing or enjoy songs. Alas, all music jars when the soul is out of tune. Besides, you know the least sound wakes my lady, and I would not for the world have her find us here. But grant she might not wake, what will my singing signify if this new Aeneas, who has come to our dwelling to make me miserable, should be asleep and not hear the sound of my complaints? Pray, my dear Altisidora, said the other, do not make yourself anxious with such thoughts; for without doubt the duchess is fast asleep; and everyone in the house but we and the lord of your desires; he is certainly awake, I heard him open his window just now. Then sing, my poor grieving creature, sing, and join the melting music of your lute to the soft accents of your voice. If my lady happens to hear us, we'll pretend we came out for a little air. The heat within doors will be our excuse. Alas, my dear, replied Altisidora.\n'tis not that frightens me most. I would not have my Song betray my Thoughts; for those who do not know the mighty force of Love, will be apt to take me for a light and indiscreet Creature. But since it must be so, I'll venture: Better shame on the Face, than sorrow in the Heart! Having said this, she began to touch her Lute so sweetly that Don Quixote was ravished. At the same time, an infinite number of Adventures of this nature, such as he had read of in his idle Books of Knight-Errantry, windows, grates, gardens, serenades, amorous meetings, parleys, and fopperies, all crowded into his Imagination. He presently imagined that one of the Duchess's maids was fallen in Love with him, and struggled with her Modesty to conceal her Passion. He began to be apprehensive of the danger to which his Fidelity was exposed, but yet firmly determined to withstand the powerful Allurement, and so recommending himself with great Fervency to his Lady Dulcinea del Toboso.\nHe resolved to hear the music; and to let the serenading ladies know he was awake, he feigned a kind of sneeze, which did not a little please them; for 'twas the only thing they wanted, to be assured their jest was not lost. With that, Altisidora, having tuned her lute afresh after a flourish, began the following song.\n\nWake, Sir Knight, now Love's invading,\nSleep in Holland-sheets no more:\nWhen a nymph is serenading,\n'Tis an errant shame to snore.\nHear a damsel, tall and tender,\nHoaning in most rueful guise,\nWith heart almost burn'd to cinder,\nBy the sun-beams of thy eyes.\nTo free damsels from disaster,\nIs, they say, your daily care:\nCan you then deny a plaster\nTo a wounded virgin here?\nTell me, doughty youth, who cursed thee\nWith such humors and ill luck?\nWas 't some sullen bear that nursed thee,\nOr she-dragon gave thee suck?\nDulcinea, that virago,\nWell may brag of such a kid:\nNow her name is up, and may go\nFrom Toledo to Madrid.\n\nWould she but her prize surrender.\nI. Thy face, and in return I'd send thee,\nMy best gown and petticoat. I'd be happy,\nFortune, if only thou wert near my bed,\nTo stroke, pat, and curry-comb thy head.\nBut I ask too much sincerely,\nAnd doubt I'll ne'er be granted this,\nI'd but kiss thy toe, and fairly,\nReceive the length of thy foot as a prize.\nHow I'd rig thee, and what riches\nShould be heap'd upon thy bones; caps and socks,\nCloaks and breeches, matchless pearls, and precious stones.\nDo not, from above, scorn me like Nero,\nSee me burn, and slight my woe! But to quench my fires, my hero,\nCast a pitying eye below.\nI am a virgin pullet truly,\nOne more tender ne'er was seen: a mere chicken,\nFledged but newly; hang me, if I'm yet fifteen.\nMy wind and limb are tight about me:\nMy hair dangles to my feet. I am straight too,\nIf thou dost doubt me; trust thine eyes, come down and see.\nI have a bob nose, with no fellow,\nAnd a sparrow's mouth as rare,\nYet I'm deemed a beauty here.\nThou knowest what a rare musician.\nI if you listen, choose:\nI dare say my disposition,\nIs as charming as my voice.\nThese, and such like charms I have plenty:\nI'm a damsel of this place:\nLet Altisidora tempt you;\nOr she's in a woeful case.\nHere the courting damsel ended her song, and the courted knight began his expostulation. Why, (said he, with a sigh heaved from the bottom of his heart) why must I be so unfortunate a knight, that no damsel can gaze on me without falling in love? Why must the peerless Dulcinea del Tobos be so unfortunate, as not to be permitted the single enjoyment of my transcendent fidelity? Queens, why do you envy her? Empresses, why do you persecute her? Damsels of fifteen, why do you attempt to deprive her of her right? Leave! Oh, leave the unfortunate fair! Let her triumph, glory, and rejoice in the quiet possession of the heart which Love has allotted her, and the absolute sway which she bears over my yielding soul. Away, unwelcome crowd of loving impertinents; Dulcinea alone can soften my manly temper.\nAnd I am molded as she pleases. For her, I am all sweetness; for you, bitterness itself. There is no beauty, prudence, modesty, gayety, or nobility among your sex but in Dulcinea alone. All other women seem to me deformed, silly, wanton, and base-born when compared to her. Nature brought me forth only to be devoted to her service. Let Altisidora weep or sing; let the lady despair on whose account I received many blows in the disastrous Castle of the Inchanted Moor; still, I am Dulcinea's, and hers alone, dead or alive, dutiful, unspotted, and unchanged, despite all the necromantic powers in the world. This said, he hastily clapped to the window and flung himself into his bed, with as high an indignation as if he had received some great affront. There let us leave him a while, as great Sancho Panza calls upon us to see him commence his famous government.\n\nO thou perpetual surveyor of the antipode, bright luminary of the world, and eye of heaven.\nSweet Fermentor of Liquors; here called Timbrius, there Phaebus; in one place an Archer, in another a Physician! Parent of Poetry and Inventor of Music, perpetual Mover of the Universe, who, though you seem to set, are always rising! Oh Sun, by whose assistance Man begets Man, on you I call for help! Inspire me, I beseech thee, warm and illumine my gloomy Imagination, that my Narration may keep pace with Sancho Panza's actions throughout his government; for, without your powerful influence, I feel myself benumbed, dispirited, and confused.\n\nSancho, with all his attendants, came to a town that had about a thousand inhabitants and was one of the best where the Duke had any power. They informed him that the name of the place was Barataria, either because the town was called Baratario or because the government cost him so little (barato meaning cheap). As soon as he arrived at the gates of the town.\nThe chief officers and inhabitants came out in formalities to receive the new governor, who was greeted with ringing bells and general demonstrations of joy from the people. The new governor was then carried in pomp to the great church to give thanks to heaven. After some ridiculous ceremonies, he was delivered the keys of the gates and received as perpetual governor of Barataria. The strange appearance of the new governor, with his long garb, port, huge beard, and short, thick shape, left many wondering, even those privy to the plot, who were numerous. From the church, they took him to the court of justice, where upon seating him, the duke's steward addressed him, \"It is an ancient custom here that he who takes possession of this famous island must answer to some difficult and intricate question that is propounded to him. By the return he makes, his fitness for the government will be determined.\"\nThe people assess Don Sancho Panza's understanding and judge whether to rejoice or sorrow for his arrival, based on their estimation of his abilities.\n\nWhile the steward spoke, Sancho gazed at an inscription in large characters. \"This day, on this month, in such a year, Lord Don Sancho Panza took possession of this island,\" it read. \"Who is this Don Sancho Panza?\" Sancho asked. \"Your lordship answers,\" the steward replied. \"We know of no other Panza on this island but yourself, who now sits in this chair.\" Sancho replied, \"Lord Don does not belong to me, nor was I or any of my family born before me with that name. I am plain Sancho Panza.\"\nWithout any title or introductions:\n\nNow I, without the title \"Don\" or \"Donna,\" have already guessed that your \"Dons\" are as thick as stones on this island. But it is enough that Heaven knows my meaning. If my government lasts but four days, I'll clear this island of those swarms of \"Dons\" who must needs be as troublesome as so many flesh-flies. Come now, for your question, good Mr. Steward, and I'll answer it as well as I can, whether the town is sorry or pleased.\n\nAt the same instant, two men entered the court. One was dressed like a country fellow, and the other looked like a tailor, with a pair of shears in his hand. \"An't please you, my Lord,\" cried the tailor, \"this honest man and I have come before your worship.\" This man came to my shop yesterday; for, saving your presence, I am a tailor, and Heaven be praised, free of my company. So, my lord, he showed me a piece of cloth. \"Sir,\" he said, \"is there enough of this to make me a cap?\" I measured the cloth and answered him yes.\n\"He couldn't believe I hadn't taken some of his cloth, thinking ill of us tailors. \"Look here,\" he said, \"was there enough for two caps?\" I saw through his scheme and told him there was. He persisted, asking if it could make three, then five. I humored my customer and agreed. Now the man has come for his caps, but when I ask for payment, he wants me to give him the cloth again or pay him for it. Is this true, honest man, asked Sancho to the Farmer? Yes, replied the Fellow, but let him show the five caps he made for me. With all my heart, cried the Tailor, and with that, he pulled his hand from under his cloak.\"\nThe man displayed five small caps on his fingers and thumb, like pins. \"Behold, gentlemen, these are the five caps this old man requested. I swear by my last stitch, I have not wronged him by the slightest thread, and let any workman be the judge. The sight of the caps and the peculiar nature of the case caused the entire court to laugh. Only Sancho remained thoughtful for a moment before saying, \"This case need not be prolonged, but can be decided with great equity. Therefore, the court's judgment is that the tailor forfeits his payment, the country man forfeits his cloak, and the caps be given to the poor prisoners. Let this matter conclude.\"\n\nIf this verdict elicited laughter from the entire court, the following raised their admiration. After the governor's order was carried out, two old men appeared before him, one of whom carried a large cane, which he used as a staff. My Lord\nA person who had none replied, \"I lent this Man ten Gold-Crowns some time ago to do him a favor. I did not ask for repayment for a while, not wanting to cause him inconvenience when he borrowed it. However, seeing that he made no effort to repay me, I asked for my money back. But he not only refused to pay me again, but denied owing me anything. He claimed he had returned the money. Since I have no witnesses to the loan and he has none to the supposed repayment, I implore you, Lordship, to make him take an oath. If he swears he has paid me, I will graciously forgive him before God and man.\"\n\n\"What do you say to this, old gentleman with the staff?\" Sancho asked.\n\n\"I admit he lent me the gold,\" the old man replied. \"And since he demands my oath, I humbly ask you to hold down your rod of justice.\"\nThe defendant swore that he had returned the borrowed ten crowns to the plaintiff, and the governor held down his rod during the oath. The defendant then gave the plaintiff his cane to hold, allowing him to make a cross and swear over the judge's rod. After the defendant's oath, the governor asked the creditor what he had to say in response. The creditor replied that since the defendant had sworn to it, he was satisfied, believing him to be an honest man who would not recant his oath. The defendant then took back his cane and made a low obeisance to the judge before leaving the court. When Sancho perceived this, he reflected on the exchange of the cane.\nAnd admiring the Creditor's patience, the man leaned over his stomach with his forefinger on his nose after studying for a while. He then summoned the old man with the staff back. \"Let me see that cane a little,\" Sancho said. \"Certainly, sir,\" the other replied, and he handed it over. Sancho took it and, giving it to the other old man, said, \"Go your ways now, and may heaven be with you; for you have been paid.\"\n\n\"How so, my lord?\" the old man asked in surprise. \"Do you consider this cane worth ten gold crowns?\" the governor replied. \"Yes, indeed,\" he added, \"or I am the greatest fool in the world. Now you shall see if I do not have a head on my shoulders fit to govern an entire kingdom.\"\n\nHe ordered the cane to be broken in open court, and as soon as it was, out came the ten crowns. All the spectators were amazed.\nAnd they began to regard their Governor as a second Solomon. They asked him how he could guess that the ten crowns were in the cane? He replied, having observed that the defendant gave it to the plaintiff to hold while he took his oath, and then swore he had truly returned him the money in his own hands, after which he took his cane again from the plaintiff; from this consideration, it occurred to him that the money was hidden within the reed. Thus, those who govern may sometimes be devoid of sense, yet God often guides their judgments. Furthermore, he had heard the curate of his parish recount a similar incident, and he had such a remarkable memory that, had it not been for his unfortunate memory lapses, there could not have been a better one on the entire island. In the end, the two old men departed, one contented and the other with eternal shame and disgrace. The onlookers were astonished. Therefore, the person\nA man was commissioned to record Sancho's words and actions, and observe his behavior, yet he couldn't determine if Sancho shouldn't be given the character of a wise man instead of a fool.\n\nAs soon as this trial ended, a woman entered, leading in a man who looked like a substantial farmer. \"Justice, my Lord Governor!\" she cried aloud. \"I cannot have it on earth, I'll have it from heaven! Sweet Lord Governor, this wicked man met me in the middle of a field and had full use of my body. Woe is me, he robbed me of that which I had guarded for thirty-two years. I had kept it safe from natives and foreigners, Christians and infidels! I have always been as tough as cork; no salamander ever kept itself more entire in fire, nor wool among the briers, than did I, until this lewd man handled me in such a way.\"\n\n\"Woman, woman,\" Sancho exclaimed.\nThe speaker expresses no reflections on the cleanliness of the gallant's hands. Turning to the Grazier, he asks for his response to the woman's complaint. The Grazier, a poor drover and hog-man, explains that he had sold four hogs at the market that morning but barely made a profit due to duties and officers' tricks. On his way home, he encountered the woman by the roadside. The Devil, he claims, forced them to travel together. He gave her sufficient payment, but she demanded more money and refused to leave him until she dragged him to this place. She will accuse him of ravishing her, but he swears by his oath that she lies and is a drab, as she is. Fellow.\nSancho asked, \"Do you have any silver on you?\" The Drover replied, \"Yes, I do, Sir. I have about twenty ducats in a leather purse in my bosom.\" Sancho instructed, \"Give it to the Plaintiff, along with the money.\" The man, with a trembling hand, complied. The woman took it and curtsied deeply to the company, wishing blessings on the good Governor for caring for fatherless and motherless children and protecting virgins. She then quickly exited, holding the purse tightly in both hands, taking a peek inside to ensure the silver was still there. Scarcely had she left when Sancho turned to the man, who stood with tears in his eyes and seemed to have given as much of himself as his money, \"Friend,\" he said, \"go and catch up with the woman and take the purse from her, whether she wants to or not.\"\nThe Drover didn't hesitate or appear deaf and mad when told to bring the money. He dashed off like lightning. The entire court was filled with anticipation, unsure of the outcome. However, a short while later, the man and woman returned. Her petticoat was tucked up, and the purse was in her bosom. The man exerted all his strength to obtain it, but it was to no avail. The woman defended her prize fiercely, crying out for justice.\n\n\"Look, my lord, see this impudent ruffian,\" she exclaimed, \"who robbed me on the king's highway, right in the face of the court, took my purse \u2013 the very purse you condemned him to return to me. Did he get it from you, governor?\"\n\n\"Yes, he did,\" the woman answered.\n\n\"I'd rather lose my life than my purse,\" she declared. \"I was just a baby then, to let him wipe my nose like this! No, you must set other dogs upon me than this sorry, sneaking, mangy whelp. Pincers, hammers, mallets!\"\nand Chizels shall not wrench it out of my clutches; no, not the claws of a lion; they shall sooner have my soul than my money. She speaks the truth, my lord,\" said the fellow. \"The jade is too strong for me; I cannot grapple with her.\" Then Sancho called to the woman. \"Honesty! You she-dragon, let me see the purse.\" She delivered it to him, and he returned it to the man. \"Hark, mistress,\" said he to her, \"had you shown yourself as stout and valiant to defend your body, (nay, but half so much) as you have done to defend your purse, the strength of Hercules could not have forced you. Hence, Impudence, get out of my sight. Away, with a pox to you; and do not offer to stay in this island, nor within six leagues of it, on pain of two hundred lashes. Out, as fast as you can, you tricking, brazen-faced, Brimstone, hedge-rab, away.\" The woman was in a terrible fright and sneaked away.\nThe woman hung her head in shame. \"Go home with your money, friend,\" the Governor told the man. \"But next time, if you don't want to fare worse, avoid such company.\" The man thanked him indifferently and left. The people admired the new Governor's judgment and sentences. An account of this was recorded by the historian and sent immediately to the Duke, who was eagerly awaiting it. Let us leave Sancho here; Quixote's master urgently calls for our attention, as Altisidora's serenade had discomposed his mind.\n\nWe left Don Quixote deeply engrossed in thoughts brought on by Altisidora's serenade. He threw himself into bed, but the cares and anxieties that accompanied him prevented him from resting.\nAnd the misfortune of his torn hose added to his affliction. But as time is swift, and no bolts nor chains can bar its rapid progress, posting away on the wings of the hours, the morning soon revolved. At the return of light, Don Quixote, more earnestly than the sun, forsook his downy bed, put on his shabby-apparel, and drawing on his walking boots, concealed in one of them the disaster of his hose. He threw his scarlet cloak over his shoulder and clapped on his valiant head his cap of green velvet edged with silver lace. Over his right shoulder he hung his belt, the sustainer of his trusty executing sword. About his wrist he wore the rosary which he always carried about him; and thus accoutred, with great dignity and majesty, he moved towards the antechamber, where the duke and duchess were already dressed and in a manner expecting his coming. As he went through a gallery, he met Altisidora and her companion, who waited for him in the passage; and no sooner did Altisidora espied him.\nBut she feigned a fainting fit, and immediately fell into the arms of her friend, who began to unlace her stays. Perceiving this, Don Quixote approached and turning to the damsel, \"I know the meaning of all this,\" he said, \"and whence these accidents proceed. You know more than I do, answered the assisting damsel. But this I am sure of, That hitherto there's not a damsel in this house, who has enjoyed better health than Altisidora. I have never known her make the least complaint before. A vengeance seize all the knights-errant in the world, if they are all so ungrateful. Pray, my Lord Don Quixote, retire; for this poor young creature will not come to herself as long as you are by.\n\nMadam, answered the knight, \"I beg that a lute may be left in my chamber this evening, that I may assuage this lady's grief as well as I can; for in the beginning of an affair, a speedy and free discovery of our avowals or promises is the most effective cure.\"\n\nHe left them.\nHe didn't want to be found alone with them by passing people, so he had left shortly. Altisidora's fit of counterfeit emotion had passed, and turning to her companion, she said, \"Let him have a lute. The knight surely intends to give us some music, and we'll have enough entertainment.\" They then informed the Duchess of their actions and Don Quixote's request for a lute. Delighted by the opportunity, the Duchess and Duke, along with their women, plotted a new scheme for harmless sport with Don Quixote. They eagerly awaited the return of night, which came as quickly as it had departed. The Duke and Duchess spent the day in pleasant conversation with Don Quixote. That very day, the Duchess sent her page, who had portrayed Dulcinea in the wood, back to Teresa Pan\u00e7a with her husband's letter and the bundle of clothes he had left behind.\nLove, a strong deceiving foe,\nCareless hearts with ease deceives;\nCan that breast resist his\nWhich your sloth unguarded leaves?\nIf you're idle, you're destroyed,\nAll his art on you he tries;\nBut be watchful and employed,\nStraight the baffled tempter flies.\nMaidens, for modesty admired,\nIf they would their fortunes raise,\nMust in silence live retired,\n'Tis their virtue speaks their praise.\nPrudent men in this agree,\nWhether arms or courts they use;\nThey may trifle with the free.\nBut for virtuous Wives, they choose:\nWanton loves, which in their way rove;\nIn the morn are fresh and gay,\nIn the evening cold and gone.\nLoves that come with eager haste,\nStill with equal haste depart.\nFor an image ill imposed,\nSoon is vanished from the heart.\nOn a picture fair and true,\nWho would paint another face?\nSure no beauty can subdue,\nWhile a greater holds the place.\nThe divine Dulcinea, Fair Tobosan,\nClaims me whole; nothing can her image tear,\n'Tis one substance with my soul.\nThen let Fortune smile or frown,\nNothing shall my faith remove;\nConstant truth, the lover's crown,\nCan work miracles in love.\n\nNo sooner had Don Quixote finished his song, to which the Duke, Duchess, Altisidora, and almost all the people in the castle listened all the while; but suddenly from an open gallery that was directly over the knight's window, they let down a rope with at least a hundred little tinkling bells hanging about it. After that came down a great number of cats.\npoured out of a huge sack, all of them with smaller bells tied to their tails. The jangling of the bells and the meowing of the cats made such a dismal noise that the very conjurers of the jest themselves were scared for the present, and Don Quixote was strangely amazed and dismayed. At the same time, as ill luck would have it, two or three frightened cats leapt in through the bars of his chamber window, and running up and down the room like so many evil spirits, one would have thought a whole legion of devils had been flying about the chamber. They put out the candles that stood lighted there and tried to get out. Meanwhile, the rope with the bigger bells about it was pulled up and down, and those who knew nothing of the contrivance were greatly surprised. At last, Don Quixote, recovering from his astonishment, drew his sword and fenced and laid about him at the window, crying aloud, \"Avant ye wicked enchanters, hence infernal scoundrels! for I am Don Quixote de la Mancha.\"\nand all your damned devices cannot work against me. And then running after the cars that frisked about the room, he began to thrust and cut at them furiously, while they strove to get out. At last they made their escape at the window, all but one of them, who finding himself hard put to it, flew in his face, and laying hold on his nose with his claws and teeth, put him to such pain that the don began to roar out as loud as he could. Thereupon the duke and the duchess, imagining the cause of his outcry, ran to his assistance immediately; and having opened the door of his chamber with a master-key, found the poor knight struggling hard with the cat, that would not quit its hold. By the light of the candles which they had with them they saw the unequal combat: The duke offered to interpose and take off the animal; but Don Quixote would not permit him. Let no one take him off, cried he; let me alone hand to hand with this devil, this sorcerer.\nThis Necromancer I'll make him understand the consequences of crossing Don Quixote de la Mancha. But the cat, unperturbed by his threats, continued to growl and clung on until the duke managed to free his claws from the knight's flesh and threw the beast out the window. Don Quixote's face was badly scratched, and his nose was not in the best condition. Yet nothing angered him more than losing hold of the necromancer. Some ointment was sent for, and Altisidora herself applied some plasters to his wounds. As she dressed him, she whispered in his ear, \"Cruel, hard-hearted knight, all these disasters have befallen you as a just punishment for your obstinate stubbornness and disdain. May your squire Sancho forget to whip himself, so that Dulcinea may never be freed from her enchantment, nor you ever blessed with her embraces.\"\nAt least as long as I, your neglected admirer, live, Don Quixote made no response at all to this. He only heaved a deep sigh and then went to rest after thanking the Duke and Duchess. They were troubled at the failure of their jest, which they did not believe would be so fatal to the knight as it was, causing him to keep his chamber for five days. During this time, he experienced another adventure more pleasant than the last, but this cannot be related now; the historian must return to Sancho Panza, who was busy and no less pleasant in his governance.\n\nThe history tells us that Sancho was conducted from the court of justice to a sumptuous palace; in a spacious room, he found the table laid.\nAnd as he entered, the wind music played, and four pages waited on him for washing his hands. He did so with great gravity. The instruments ceased, and Sancho took his seat at the upper end of the table, as there was none other. A certain personage, who later appeared to be a physician, stood at his elbow, holding a whalebone wand. They then removed a curious white cloth covering the dishes on the table, revealing a great variety of fruit and other eatables. One who looked like a student said grace, and a page placed a laced bib under Sancho's chin. The steward then set a dish of fruit before him. But he had scarcely put a bit in his mouth when the physician touched the dish with his wand.\nSancho was amazed as the Page instantly replaced the fruit with a piece of meat. But before Sancho could take a bite, the doctor conjured it away with his wand. Sancho questioned the company, asking if they habitually played such tricks, feeding their eyes while starving their bellies. The Lord Governor replied on behalf of the physician, explaining that Sancho was to eat according to the customs of the island's governors. The physician, a doctor of medicine, had a salary for overseeing the governor's health and took greater care of it than his own. His primary duty was to attend the governor at every meal, ensuring he consumed what the doctor believed was best for his constitution.\nAnd to prevent his eating what I imagine to be harmful to his health and offensive to his stomach, I ordered the fruit to be taken away because it is excessively moist, and the other dish because it is too hot and over-seasoned with spices, which increase thirst, and he who drinks much destroys and consumes the radical moisture, which is the fuel of life. Therefore, quoth Sancho, this dish of roasted partridges here can do me no harm. \"Hold,\" said the physician, \"the Lord Governor shall not eat of them while I live to prevent it.\" \"Why so, cried Sancho?\" \"Because,\" answered the doctor, \"our great master Hippocrates, the North Star and luminary of medicine, says in one of his aphorisms, Omnis saturatio mala, perdicis autem pessima: That is, all repletion is bad, but that of partridges is worst of all. If it is so, said Sancho, let the doctor see which of all these dishes on the table will do me the most good and least harm, and let me eat my fill of that.\nFor, by my hopes and the pleasures of government, as I live, I am ready to die with hunger; and not allowing me to eat any victuals, (let Mr. Doctor say what he will,) is the way to shorten my life, not lengthen it. Very true, my lord, replied the physician; yet I am of the opinion you ought not to eat these rabbits, being a tough and acute kind of food; nor would I have you taste of that veal. Indeed, if it were neither roasted nor stewed, something might be said; but as it is, it must not be. Well then, said Sancho, what think you of that huge dish yonder that smokes so? I take it to be an olla podrida; and that being a hodgepodge of so many kinds of victuals, surely I can't but find something there that will agree with me and be both wholesome and toothsome. \"Absolutely not,\" cried the doctor.\nFar from entertaining such a thought; no diet in the world provides worse nourishment than those mixtures. No, leave that luxurious compound to your rich monks and prebendaries, your masters of colleges, and lusty feeders at country weddings. But let them not encumber the tables of governors, where nothing but delicate, unmixed viands in their prime should make an appearance. The reason is, simple medicines are generally considered superior to compounds; for in a composition, there may be a mistake due to the unequal proportion of ingredients, but simples are not subject to that accident. Therefore, what I would advise at present as a fitting diet for the governor, for the preservation and support of his health, is a hundred small wafers, and a few thin slices of marmalade to strengthen his stomach and aid digestion. Sancho, hearing this, leaned back upon his chair and looked earnestly in the doctor's face, seriously asking him what his name was and where he had studied. My lord.\nI am called Doctor Pedro Rezio de Aguero. I was born in Tirteafuera, between Caraquel and Almodobar del Campo, on the right-hand. I earned my doctorate at the University of Osuna.\n\nSancho: Mr. Doctor Pedro Rezio de Aguero, born in Tirteafuera, between Caraquel and Almodobar del Campo, on the right-hand, who earned his doctorate at the University of Osuna, and so forth.\n\nSancho: [angrily] Get out of my presence, Pedro Rezio! I'll get a good cudgel and beat all the ignorant quacks on this island. I'll leave none of them remaining. But learned and wise physicians, I'll honor and treat like angels.\n\nPedro Rezio: I say, get out of my presence, Sancho. Or I'll take the chair I'm sitting on.\n\nSancho: [threateningly] Be gone! Or by Pharaoh's life, I'll... (implies he will continue to threaten and use violence)\nI'll comb your head with it for a purpose. When I relinquish my office, I won't care if I'm held accountable for it. I'll clear myself by stating I served the world by ridding it of a bad physician, a plague to the commonwealth. Body of me! Let me eat, or let them take back their government; for an office that doesn't provide a man with food is not worth two horse beans. The physician was terrified, seeing the governor in such a rage, and would have slipped out of the room that moment had it not been for the sound of a post-horn in the street. The steward looked out the window and, turning back, said an express had come from the duke with some important dispatch. Presently, the messenger entered, sweating and looking concerned, and handed a packet to the governor. Sancho took it from him and ordered the steward to read the direction: To Don Sancho Panza.\nGovernor of the Island Barataria, to be delivered into your own hands or those of your secretary. Who is your secretary, asked Sancho? It is I, my lord, answered one of them. I can write and read, and I am a Biscayan. That last qualification is enough to make you set up as secretary to the Emperor himself, said Sancho. Open the letter then, and see what it says. The new secretary did so, and having read the dispatch by himself, told the governor that it was a matter to be discussed in private. Sancho ordered everyone to leave the room except the steward and the carver, and then the secretary read:\n\nI have received information, Lord Don Sancho Panza, that some of our enemies intend to attack your island with great fury, one of these nights. You ought therefore to be vigilant and prepared. I have also had intelligence from faithful spies that there are four men in disguise in the town.\nThe Duke writes: I intend to kill you; your abilities being a great obstacle to the enemy's designs. Be cautious who you allow to speak with you and what you eat. I will send assistance if needed. Rely on your prudence. From our castle, August 16th.\n\nSancho is astonished by the news and those with him seem concerned. Turning to the steward, Sancho says, \"I'll tell you what must be done in this case, and with all speed: Imprison Doctor Rezio; if anyone intends to kill me, it is he, and with a lingering death, the worst of deaths, hunger-starving. However, the carver opines, \"Your Honor ought not to eat any of the things before you, for they were sent in by some of the convents. It is a common saying, 'The devil is in the food.'\"\nSancho: \"Therefore, give me some bread and four pounds of raisins for now. I cannot live without eating. If we must be prepared for battles, we need to be well-fed. The belly keeps up the heart, not the heart the belly. Meanwhile, send an answer to my Lord Duke and ensure his order is fulfilled completely. Remember to be kind to my Lady Duchess and ask her to send someone with my letter and bundle to Teresa Pan\u00e7a, my wife. I will consider this a special favor, and I will serve her to the best of my ability. Once your task is complete, come to my master, Don Quixote de la Mancha, to show I am neither forgetful nor ungrateful. You may join my service as well.\"\nand bring me something to eat; then you shall see I am able to deal with all the spies, wizards, and cut-throats who dare to meddle with me and my island. At that time, a page entering the room said, \"A country-man without desires waits outside to speak with your lordship about matters of great consequence.\" \"It's strange,\" cried Sancho, \"that one must still be plagued with these men of business! Is it possible they don't understand this isn't a time for business? Do they think we governors and distributors of justice are made of iron and marble, and have no need of rest and refreshment like other flesh and blood creatures? Well, before heaven and my conscience, if my government lasts, as I shrewdly guess it will not, I'll get one of these men of business out of the way. But first, take heed he isn't one of the spies or ruffian rogues who would murder me.\" \"As for that,\" said the page,\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in good shape and does not require extensive cleaning. Only minor corrections were made for clarity.)\nI dare say he had no hand in the plot. Poor soul, he looks as if he couldn't help it. There's no more harm in him to see than in a piece of good bread. There's no need to fear, said the steward, since we are all here. But hark you, quoth Sancho, now Dr. Razio's gone, might not I eat something that has some substance in it, though it were but a crust and an onion? At night, answered the carver, your honor shall have no cause to complain: supper shall make amends for the want of your dinner. Heaven grant it may, said Sancho.\n\nNow the country-man came in, and by his looks seemed to be a good, harmless, silly soul. As soon as he entered the room, \"Who but he that sits in the chair?\" asked the country-man. \"Who but he that sits in the chair?\" answered the secretary. \"I humbly myself to his worship's presence,\" quoth the fellow; and with that, falling on his knees, begged to kiss his hand. Which Sancho refused; but bid him rise and tell him what he had to say. The country-man then got up, \"My lord,\" quoth he,\nI am a husband from Miguel-Turra, a town two leagues from Ciudad-real. Here's another tavern, Sancho said; Well, go on, friend; I know the place well; it's not far from our town. And this is my business, the country man replied. I was married, by Heaven's mercy, in the face of our Holy Mother the Roman Catholic Church. I have two sons who study at the college; the youngest is learning to become a bachelor, and the eldest to be a master of arts. I am a widower, as my wife is deceased; she died, or more truthfully, was killed, by a damned doctor who gave her a purge while she was pregnant. Had it been Heaven's will that she had given birth to a boy, I would have sent him to study to become a doctor, so that he would not have cause to envy his brothers. Therefore, Sancho remarked, had your wife not died, or had they not caused her death, you would not have been a widower. True enough.\nThe man answered, \"We are much closer, Sancho urged. Go on, good friend, and hurry up; it's past time for an afternoon nap rather than discussing business. I must tell you, farmer continued, that my bachelor son, the scholar, fell in love with a local maiden named Clara Perlerina. She is the daughter of Andrew Perlerino, a wealthy farmer. The Perlerinos are not their true name; instead, due to an affliction that affects the entire family, they were once called Perlaticos. Now they go by the name Perlerino. And truly, it suits the young woman well, for she is a precious pearl for beauty, especially when viewed from the right side. On the left, however, she does not look as good; for there she is missing an eye, which she lost to smallpox, leaving deep pits all over her face. Those who wish her well say she looks like a flower in the fields.\"\nThat's nothing. Those pits are just graves to bury lovers' hearts in. She is so cleanly, as she refuses to let her nose touch her lips, she holds it cocked up, and her nostrils are turned up on each side, as if they shun her mouth, which is somewhat weird, yet she looks exceedingly well. If it were not for ten or twelve of her missing teeth, she could pass as one of the cleverest girls in the country. As for her lips, I don't know what to say about them, for they are so thin and so slender that, if it were fashionable to wind lips as they do silk, one could make a fan from hers. Moreover, they are not of the ordinary hue of common lips; no, they are of the most wonderful color ever seen, speckled with blue, green, and orange-tawny. I hope, my Lord Governor, will pardon me for dwelling thus on the picture and several rare features of the girl who will one day be my daughter.\nseeing 'tis merely out of my hearty Love and Affection for the girl, said Sancho; I am mightily taken with this kind of painting, and if I had but dined, I would not desire a better desert than your original. Both my self and that are at your service, quoth the fellow, or at least, we may be in time, if we are not now. But alas! Sir, that is nothing; could I set before your eyes her pretty carriage and her shape, you would admire. But that's not to be done; for she is so crooked and crumpled up together that her knees and her chin meet, and yet any one may perceive that if she could but stand upright, her head would touch the very ceiling; and she would have given her hand to my son the bachelor in the way of matrimony before now, but that she's not able to stretch it forth, the sinews being quite shrunk up. However, the broad long-gutter'd nails add no small grace to it, and may let you know what a well-made hand she has.\n\"said Sancho, but let us suppose you have drawn her from head to foot. What do you mean now? Come to the point, friend, without so many windings and turnings, and going round about the bush. Sir, said the farmer, I would request your honor to grant me a letter of recommendation to the father-in-law of my daughter-in-law, asking him to please allow the marriage to take place; for, my lord governor, my son is under a spell, and there is not a day that passes over his head but the foul fiends torment him three or four times. And having once had the misfortune to fall into the fire, the skin of his face is shriveled up like a piece of parchment, and his eyes are somewhat sore and full of rheum. But when all is said and done, he has the temper of an angel, and were he not apt to thrash and beat himself in his fits, you would take him to be a saint.\n\nDo you have anything else to ask, honest man?\"\n\"said Sancho? Only one thing more, quoth the Farmer; but I am somewhat afraid to speak it. Yet I cannot find in my heart to let it rot within me, and therefore, I must out with it. I would desire your worship to bestow on me some three hundred or six hundred ducats towards my son's bachelor's portion, I mean to help him begin the world and furnish him a house; for, in short, they will live by themselves, without being subject to the impertinences of a father-in-law. Well, said Sancho, see if you would have anything else; if you would, don't let fear or bashfulness be your hindrance! Out with it, man. No truly, quoth the Farmer; and he had hardly spoken the words when the governor starting up, and laying hold of his chair. You brazen-faced, silly, impudent country booby, cried he, get out of my presence this moment, or, by the blood of the Panza's, I'll crack your skull with this chair, you worthless ragamuffin.\"\nPainter for the Devil. Do you come at this time to ask me for six hundred ducats? Where should I have them, mangy clodpate? And if I had them, why should I give them to you, thou old doating scoundrel? What pox care I for Miguel Turra or all the generation of the Perlerinos. Keep away from the room, I say, or by the life of the duke, I'll be as good as my word; and ding out your cookoo-brains. You are no native of Miguel-Turra but some imp of the devil, sent on your master's errand to tempt my patience. 'Tis not a day and a half that I have been governor, and you would have me have six hundred ducats already, dunderhead-sot.\n\nThe steward made signs to the farmer to withdraw, and he went out accordingly, hanging his head, and to all appearances very much afraid lest the governor should make good his angry threats. But let us leave Sancho in his angry mood, and let there be peace and quietness, while we return to Don Quixote.\nWhom we left with his face covered in plasters, the scratches he had gotten when the cat clawed him having obliged him to a retirement of at least eight days. During this time, the following occurred to him, as Cid Hamet promises to relate with the same punctuality and veracity with which he delivers the particulars of this history, no matter how trivial:\n\nDon Quixote was extremely sullen and melancholic, his face wrapped up and marked, not by the hand of a superior being, but the paws of a cat. He remained hidden from public view for six days. One night, when he was thus confined to his apartment, he perceived someone opening his chamber door with a key. Immediately, he imagined that the amorous Altisidora was attempting to breach his chastity.\nAnd he vowed to his Lady Dulcinea del Tobos, \"No beauty in the universe will ever replace the dear image of the charming fair one engraved in the center of my heart and the most secret recesses of my breast. No, you alone, whether transformed into a country wench or into one of the nymphs of the golden Tagus who weave silk and gold in the loom, are mine. And wherever I may be, I must and will be yours.\" As he finished speaking, the door opened. He rose from the bed, wrapped from head to foot in a yellow satin quilt, with a woolen cap on his head; his face and mustache bound to heal its scratches and keep them from hanging down.\nHe looked like the strangest apparition imaginable. He fixed his eyes towards the door, and when he expected to see the yielding and doleful Altisidora, he beheld a most reverend matron approaching in a white veil, so long that it covered her from head to foot. Between her left-hand fingers, she carried half a candle, lit, and held her right-hand before her face to keep the taper's blaze from her eyes, hidden behind a huge pair of spectacles. She moved very softly and slowly all the way. Don Quixote, mounted, watched her motions and, observing her garb and her silence, took her for some witch or enchantress come in that dress to practice her wicked sorceries upon him. He began to make the sign of the cross as fast as he could. The vision advanced, and when she reached the middle of the chamber, she lifted up her eyes and saw Don Quixote making a thousand crosses on his breast. But if he was astonished at the sight of such a figure, it is not mentioned in the text.\nShe was not less frightened when she saw him wrapped up in yellow, so lank, be-patched, and muffled up. \"Bless me,\" she cried, what's this! With sudden fright, she dropped her candle, and in the dark, as she was running out, the length of her coats made her stumble. Down she fell in the middle of the chamber. Don Quixote was in great anxiety at the same time. \"Phantom, or whatever you are,\" he cried, \"I conjure you to tell me who you are and what you require of me? If you are a tormented soul, tell me, and I will endeavor to ease your suffering to the utmost of my power. I am a Catholic Christian, and I love to do good to all mankind. For this reason, I took upon myself the Order of Knight-Errantry, whose extensive duties engage me to relieve the souls in Purgatory.\" Hearing herself thus conjured, the old woman judged Don Quixote's fears by her own and, with a low and doleful voice, said, \"My Lord Don Quixote.\"\nIf you are he, I am not a phantom or a ghost, nor a soul in purgatory, as you may suppose; I am Donna Rodriguez, Lady Dutchess's maid of honor, come to you concerning a grievance of the kind you usually redress. Tell me, Donna Rodriguez, said Don Quixote, have you come to manage some love intrigue? If you have, take it from me, it will be in vain; all is due to the peerless beauty of my Lady Dulcinea del Toboso. In short, Madam, if you do not come on some such embassy, you may go and light your candle and return, and we will speak of anything you please; but remember I forbid all dangerous insinuations, all amorous temptations. \"I procure for others!\" cried the maid. \"I find you do not know me, Sir. I am not yet so old as to be reduced to such poor employments. I still have good flesh, Heaven be praised, and all my teeth in my head, except for a few which the rheums, so common in this country of Aragon, have taken from me. But wait a little.\"\nI'll light my candle and tell you my misfortunes, for it is you who sets everything right in the world. After saying this, she left without waiting for a response. Don Quixote waited quietly for a while, but his active mind soon conjured up a thousand chimera concerning this new adventure. He thought he had acted unwisely in yielding, even to the mere thought of endangering his faith to his mistress. Who knows, he mused, but that the devil is now attempting to deceive me with an old governess, though it has not been within his power to do so with countesses, marchionesses, duchesses, queens, or empresses. I have often heard it said, and from persons of great judgment, that if he can, he would rather delude a man with an ugly object than with one that's beautiful. Who knows if this solitude, this occasion, the stillness of the night, may rouse my sleeping desires and cause me to fall, in my latter age, where I never stumbled before? In such cases, it is better to flee.\nBut why do I argue so foolishly? It's impossible for an outdated Waiting-Matron, in a long white veil, resembling a winding-sheet, with spectacles over her nose, to arouse or awaken an unchaste thought in the most abandoned libertine in the world. Are there any of these duenas or governantes who have good flesh? Is there one of those implements of anterooms that is not irrelevant, affected, and intolerable? Away then, all you idle crowd of wrinkled female-waiters, unfit for any human recreation! How can that lady be commended, who, they tell us, set up only two Mawkins in her chamber, exactly representing two waiting-matrons, with their work before them? The state and decorum of her room was as well kept with those statues as it would have been with real duenas. So saying, he started from the bed.\nSir Knight, I must lock the door and keep out Donna Rodriquez; but in that instant, she entered with a lit wax candle. Startled, she saw the knight, his face hidden by a quilt, and a woolen cap on his head. Donna, is my honor safe? I don't think it becomes you to leave your bed, she asked. I should ask you the same question, Don Quixote replied. Tell me if I am safe from assault and ravishment? Whom are you afraid of, Sir Knight? Of you, he answered. I am not made of marble, nor you of brass. It is not yet noon, but rather night, and later still, if I am not mistaken. We are in a more private and secluded place than the cave where Aeneas enjoyed the beautiful and tender-hearted Dido. Nevertheless, give me your hand.\nMadam, I seek no greater security than my own self-control and caution. He then kissed his own right hand and took hers, which she offered him with the same ceremony. Cid Hamet paused to make a comment: he would have given the best coat of the two he had to see the knight and the matron walk hand in hand from the chamber door to the bedside. In summary, Don Quixote went to bed again, and Donna Rodriguez sat down in a chair at a distance, keeping her spectacles on and the candle lit. Don Quixote huddled up, covering himself except for his face, and after they had both remained silent for a while, the knight spoke first. \"Madam,\" he said, \"you may freely express your heart, assured of my attentive listening and sympathy for your complaints.\" \"I believe you, madam,\" she replied.\nI am from Asturias de Oviedo, one of the best families in that province. Despite my graceful and pleasing appearance while sitting in this chair in Aragon, I was unfortunate and neglected. My parents fell into decay too soon, leaving me in Madrid to be a chamber-maid for a court lady. I was unmatched in all plain work. My parents left me in service and returned home, and a few years later, they both died and went to heaven, I hope, as they were good and religious Catholics. I was then left an orphan, reduced to the wretched condition of a court servant with sorrowful wages.\nAnd a slender allowance. At the same time, the Gentleman-Usher fell in love with me before I even thought of such a thing. He was somewhat older, had a fine beard, was an attractive man, and, moreover, an excellent gentleman, for he was from the mountains. We did not pursue our love affair closely, but when my lady learned of it, she caused us to be married in the face of the Catholic Church without further delay, to prevent gossip. This marriage produced a daughter, who put an end to my good fortune if I had any. Not that I died in childbirth; I went the full term and was safely delivered. But my husband (may he rest in peace) died a while after from a fright; and had I but the time to tell you how it happened, I dare say you would be amazed. Here she began to weep pitifully. \"Good Sir,\" she cried, \"I must beg your pardon; for I cannot contain myself. As often as I think of my poor husband, I cannot help shedding tears.\" Bless me.\nOne day in Madrid, as my husband came into St. James's Street, a narrow street with my lady behind him on a mule, they encountered a judge of the court with two officers before him. Upon seeing the judge, my husband turned about his mule as if to wait on him. But my lady whispered in his ear, \"What do you mean, fool? Don't you know your way? The judge, in turn, was civil and stopped his horse, saying, \"Sir, please keep your way; it is I who should wait on Lady Casilda.\"\nFor that was the Lady's name. However, my husband, with his hat in hand, persisted in his civil intentions. But at last, the Lady, being very angry with him for it, took a great pin or rather, as I believe, a bodkin from her case, and ran it into his back. My husband, suddenly starting and crying out, fell out of the saddle, and pulled the Lady down after him. Immediately two of her footmen ran to help her, and the judge and his officers did the same. The gate of Guadalajara was in a hubbub (the idle people about the gate I mean). In short, the Lady returned home on foot, and my husband went to a surgeon, complaining that he was pricked through the bowels. And now this civility of his was talked of everywhere, so much so that the very boys in the streets flocked about him; for this reason, and because he was somewhat short-sighted, the Lady dismissed him from her service. Which he took so much to heart, poor man.\nI, a poor widow, was left with a beautiful daughter after my husband's untimely death. She grew more beautiful as she matured, like the foam of the sea. My lady duchess, who had recently married the grace, took us in and we lived with her in Arragon. In time, my daughter grew into the most accomplished creature in the world. She sang like a lark, danced like a fairy, moved like a wild buck, wrote and read like a schoolmaster, and kept accounts like an usurer. Her neatness was beyond compare, and the purest spring water was not cleaner. She was now, I believe, sixteen years, five months, and three days old. Who should fall in love with my daughter but a wealthy farmer's son from one of my lord duke's villages not far away? I cannot explain how he managed the situation.\nbut he pressed her so persistently that upon his promise of marriage, he managed to convince her to consent. In short, he obtained her agreement, and now refuses to keep his word. The Duke is aware of the situation, as I have complained to him about it numerous times and begged him to intervene and make the young man marry my daughter. However, he ignores me and cannot abide my speaking to him about it, as the young man's father is rich and lends the Duke money, and is indebted to him in every way. Therefore, Sir, I turn to you for help, and implore you to right this wrong, either through persuasion or force. As it is commonly said, you were born to redress grievances and aid those in adversity. Please cast a pitying eye on my daughter's orphan state, her beauty, her youth, and all her other virtues. Indeed, of all the damsels my lady possesses, she is the most deserving.\nThere is not one who can approach her by a mile; no, not the one praised as the airiest and finest of them all, whom they call Altisidora. I assure you, she is not to be named in the same breath. For, let me tell you, Sir, not all that glitters is gold. This same Altisidora, after all, is a haughty woman with more vanity than beauty and less modesty than confidence. Furthermore, she is not sound in health, for her breath is so strong that no one can endure to be near her for a moment. Even my Lady Duchess, but I must say no more. By all that's dear to you, Donna Rodriguez, tell me, I implore you. Your entreaties are too strong a charm to resist, dear Sir, and I must tell you the truth. Do you observe, Sir, the beauty of my Lady's - her softness, her clear complexion, smooth and shining like a polished sword. Her cheeks, all milk and vermilion, fair like the moon, and glorious like the sun. Her air when she treads.\nDon Quixote, marveling at the Duchess's radiant health, remarked, \"Does she seem to disdain touching the ground, and in general, does she not exude a vitality that enhances all her charms? I'll tell you, Sir, she owes her health to Heaven first and foremost, and secondly, to two issues in both her legs, which she keeps open to release the ill humors that physicians claim her body produces in abundance. Blessed Virgin, exclaimed Don Quixote! Could it be that the Duchess would have such drains? I wouldn't have believed it from anyone but you, even though barefoot friars had sworn it. But indeed, such drains may be crucial for health.\n\nScarcely had Don Quixote finished speaking when, with a sudden thrust, the chamber door swung open. Donna Rodriguez was seized with such a terrible fright that she dropped her candle, and in the darkness, she felt a body grasp her throat and squeeze her waist.\nAnd another pulled up her coats and laid her so cruelly upon her bare buttocks with a slipper or such thing that it would have moved anyone but those who did it to pity. Don Quixote was not unmoved by compassion, yet he thought it unfit to stir from the bed, but lay snug and silent the whole while, not knowing what the meaning of this commotion might be, fearing lest the tempest that poured on the matron's posteriors might also light upon his own; and not without reason, for indeed, after the mute executioners had well curried the old gentlewoman (who dared not cry out), they came to Don Quixote and turning up the bed-clothes, pinched him so hard and so long that in his own defense, he could not help laying about him with his fists as well as he could, till at last, after the scuffle had lasted about half an hour, the invisible phantoms vanished. Donna Rodriguez set her coats to rights and lamenting her hard fortune, left the room.\nWe left our mighty Governor in a bad mood, still seated where he was, displeased and thoughtful, unsure who the wicked enchanter was that had treated him so unfairly. But we will find out in due time. Now let's return to Sancho Panza, who calls for us as our history's order requires.\n\nWe left our governor in a bad mood, still seated where he was, displeased and thoughtful, unsure who the wicked enchanter was that had treated him so unfairly. But we will find out in due time. Now let's return to Sancho Panza, who calls for us as our history requires.\n\nThe country knave, following the instructions he had received from the steward and the steward from the duke, continued to mock his worship with his impertinent description. Yet, despite being a dunce and a fool, he managed to make a good show of it against them all. Addressing those around him, which included Doctor Pedro Rezio, who had re-entered the room after the consultation about the duke's letter was over, the knight declared, \"I find in earnest that judges and governors must be made of brass, or ought to be made of brass.\"\nThat they may be proof against the importunities of those who pretend business, who at all hours and at all seasons would be heard and dispatched without any regard to anyone but themselves, let what will come of the rest, so long as their turn is served. Now if a poor judge does not hear and dispatch them presently, either because he is otherwise engaged and cannot, or because they do not come at a proper season, then they grumble and give him their blessing backwards, rake up the ashes of his forefathers, and would gnaw his very bones. But with your leave, good Mr. Busy-body, with all your business you are too hasty. Pray have a little patience and wait a fit time to make your application. Don't come at dinner time or when a man is going to sleep, for we judges are flesh and blood, and must allow nature what she naturally requires; unless it be I, who am not to allow mine any food, thanks to my friend, Master Doctor Pedro Rezio Tirteafuera here present, who is for starving me to death.\nand then swears it's for the preservation of my life. Heaven grant him such a life, I pray, and all the Physic-mongers like him. Good physicians deserve palms and laurels. All who knew Sancho were amazed to hear him speak so sensibly, and began to think that offices and places of trust inspired some men with understanding, as they stupefied and confounded others. However, Doctor Pedro Rezio aguero de Tirteafuera promised him he would sup that night, despite his transgression against all the aphorisms of Hippocrates. This pacified the governor for the present, and he waited with great impatience for the evening and supper. To his thinking, the hour was so long in coming that he imagined time stood still. Yet at last the desired moment came, and they served him minced beef with onions and somewhat stale calves' feet. The hungry governor fell to with greater eagerness and appetite than if they had given him Milan, Roman pheasants, or Sorrentum veal.\nMoron Partridges, or Lavajos Gooselings. And after he had quieted the sharp pang in his stomach, turning to the physician, Look you, Mr. Doctor, hereafter never trouble yourself to get me delicacies or tidbits to appease my stomach; that would only make it even more sensitive; for it has been accustomed to nothing but good beef, bacon, pork, goat meat, turnips, and onions. And if you continue to serve me your Kickshaws, your refined courtly fare, it will make my stomach squeamish and unwilling, and I would loathe them at some point. However, I shall not take it amiss if the steward now and then sets before me one of those Olla Podrida, where all sorts of good things are stewed together and seem to lose their identity in one another; and the more they are thus stewed and like their name, the better the flavor; and there you may make a jumble of whatever you will, so long as it is edible, and I shall remember him and make amends one day. But let no one deceive travelers.\nand make a fool of me; for either we are, or we are not. Let's be merry and wise, when God sends his light he sends it to all. I'll govern this island fairly and square, without underhand dealings or taking bribes. But take notice, I won't back an inch of my right; and therefore let everyone carry an even hand, and mind their hits, or else I'd have them to know there's rods in piss for them. They that urge me too far shall rue for it; make yourself honey, and the flies will eat you. Indeed, my lord governor, said the steward, your lordship is much in the right in all you have said. I dare engage for the inhabitants of this island, that they will obey and observe your commands with diligence, love, and punctuality. For your gentle way of governing in the beginning of your administration does not give them the least opportunity to act, or but to despise anything to your disadvantage. I believe as much, answered Sancho. And they would be silly wretches.\nLet it please you and my Dapple that we both have our food as we should. Next, consider when I should go the rounds, as it's my intention to clear this island of filth and rubbish, rogues and vagabonds, idle loiterers and sturdy beggars. For know this, my good friends, your slothful, lazy, lewd people in a commonwealth are like drones in a beehive, wasting and devouring the honey the laboring bees gather. I intend to encourage husbandmen, preserve the privileges of the gentry, reward virtuous persons, and above all, revere religion, and respect religious men. What do you think of this, my good friends? Do I speak to the purpose, or idly?\n\n\"You speak so well, my Lord Governor,\" answered the steward.\nI stand in admiration to hear a man so unlettered as you, for I believe your Lordship cannot read at all, utter so many notable things, and in every word a sentence. This is far from what those who sent you here and those present expected from your understanding. But every day produces some new wonder. Jests are turned into earnest, and those who designed to laugh at others find themselves laughed at instead.\n\nIt being now night, and the governor having supped, with Doctor Rezio's leave, he prepared to walk the rounds and set forth, attended by the steward, the secretary, the gentleman-waiter, the historiographer who was to register his acts, several sergeants, and other limbs of the law \u2013 so many in number that they made a little battalion. In the middle of which the great Sancho marched with his rod of justice in hand, in a notable manner. They had not walked far in the town before they heard the clashing of swords, which made them hasten to the place from which the sound came.\nNoise arrived. Upon their arrival, they found only Sancho there. My lord, said one party, I'll explain the cause of this dispute in a few words. Your lordship must know that this gentleman, just now, at a gaming house across the way, won over a thousand reals, heaven knows how. I stood by the entire time and ruled in his favor in several disputed rolls, though I couldn't tell how to do so in conscience. He took his winnings and, as is customary among gentlemen of my fashion who frequent gaming houses, I expected him to give me a share to prevent quarrels, whether right or wrong. Nevertheless, he left without giving me anything. I chased after him, not pleased with his behavior but still civilly urging him to remember that I was his friend, that I was a gentleman, though fallen on hard times and had nothing to live on.\nmy Friends had not put me to work, and so I asked him to give me eight reales. But the stingy soul, more of a thief than Cacus and a worse sharper than Andradilla, only gave me sneaking four reales. And now, my lord, you see how little shame and conscience he has. But had your lordship not arrived just in time, I would have made him bring up his winnings and taught him the difference between a rook and a jackdaw. What do you think of this, Sancho asked the other? The other replied that he could not deny what his opponent had said, that he had only given him four reales because he had given him money several times before. Beggars should not be choosers, but be thankful for what is given them, without haggling with those who have won, unless they know them to be common cheats and the money not won fairly. And to show he was a fair gambler and no sharp, as the other claimed.\nThere was no better proof than his refusal to give him anything. Sharpers are always in cahoots with bully rogues who wink at their cheats. \"That's true,\" said the steward. \"What should we do with these Men, my lord?\" \"I'll tell you,\" said Sancho. \"The winner, whether by fair play or foul, give this bully-hack a hundred reals immediately, and thirty more for the poor prisoners. And you, who have nothing to live on and were brought up to no employment, go sharping up and down from place to place, take your hundred reals. By tomorrow, go out of this island and do not set foot in it again for the next ten years and a day. If I find you here, I will make you swing on a gibbet with the help of the hangman. Away, and let no one offer a reply, or I'll lay him by the heels.\" The one disbursed, and the other received. The first went home.\nand the last left the Island; then the Governor went on, saying, \"either I shall have the willpower, or I'll shut down these disorderly gaming houses. This one in question, said one of the officers, will be a difficult matter to shut down, as it belongs to a person of quality who loses a great deal more at the year's end gambling than he earns from cards. You may use your authority against other gaming houses of lesser note, which cause more harm and shelter more dangerous people than the houses of gentlemen and persons of quality, where notorious sharpers dare not use their sleights of hand. And since gambling has become a common practice, it's better to gamble in good gentlemen's houses than in those of under officers, where they will lure you into a poor bubble, and after keeping you playing all night long, send you away stripped naked.\" Well, all in good time.\nSancho: I know this matter has much to be said. At the same time, one of the officers brought forward a youth. Before the governor, the officer said, \"Your Worship, this young man was coming towards us, but as soon as he saw it was the rounds, he turned and ran as fast as his legs could carry him. I chased after him, but I would not have caught him if he hadn't fallen. Why did you run away, friend?\" asked Sancho. \"I only did so to avoid the questions one is commonly asked by the watch,\" replied the young man. \"What business do you follow?\" asked Sancho. \"I am a weaver by trade,\" answered the other. \"Of what?\" inquired the governor. \"Of steel heads for lances, with your permission, sir,\" said the other. \"Ha ha, you are quite the jester, I see,\" cried Sancho. \"Very well. And where are you going at this hour of the night?\" \"To take the air.\"\n\"You aren't pleased with my answer, replied the other. Good, said Sancho. Where do they take the air in this island? Where it blows, said the youth. A very proper answer, cried Sancho. You are a very impudent fellow, that's the truth. But pray make an account that I am the air or the wind, which you please, and that I blow in your poop and drive you to the round-house. Here\u2014take him, and carry him away thither to rights: I'll take care the youngster sleeps out of the air tonight; he might catch cold else by lying abroad. Before George, said the young-man, you shall make me a king as soon make me sleep out of the air tonight. Why, you young slip-string, said Sancho, isn't it in my power to commit you to prison and fetch you out again as often as it's my will and pleasure? For all your power, answered the fellow, you shan't make me sleep in prison.\"\nHe or I; and lest the jailer be bribed to let him out, I'll fine him two thousand ducats if he lets you stir a foot out of prison. All that's a jest said the other; for I defy all mankind to make me sleep this night in a prison. Tell me, devil incarnate, said Sancho, have you some angel to take off the irons and get you out? Well, now, my good Lord Governor (said the young man very prettily), let us talk reason and come to the point. Suppose your lordship should send me to jail, and get me chained and manacled in the dungeon, and lay a heavy penalty on the jailer in case he lets me out; and suppose your orders are strictly obeyed; yet for all that, if I have no mind to sleep, but will keep awake all night without so much as closing my eyes, pray, can you, with all the power you have, make me sleep whether I will or no? No, certainly, said the secretary, and the young man has made out his meaning. Well, said Sancho.\nThe Lad spoke, \"I hope you mean to stay awake, as one would choose to sleep if they wish, and not thwart my will. I mean nothing else, my Lord,\" he assured. \"Then go home and sleep, and may Heaven grant you rest,\" suggested Sancho, \"I won't hinder you. But be careful, my lord governor, of meddling with Justice; for you may encounter a man in an office who could potentially harm you while you are joking.\"\n\nThe youth departed, and the governor continued his rounds. A short while later, two officers arrived with a person in tow. \"My lord governor,\" one of them reported, \"we have brought here someone dressed as a man, but they are not a man, but a woman. And she is not an ugly one, either.\" They held up a few lanterns to her face, revealing the visage of a sixteen-year-old woman, stunningly beautiful, with her hair styled in a net-like casing of gold and green silk. They examined her attire from head to toe.\nAnd she was found to have Carnation-Silk stockings and white Taffeta garters, fringed with gold and pearls. Her breeches were of gold tissue on a green ground, and her coat of the same stuff; beneath which she wore a doublet of very fine gold and white material. Her shoes were white, made like men's. She had no sword, but only a very rich dagger, and several costly rings on her fingers. In short, the young creature seemed lovely to them all, but none knew her. Those in the company who lived in the town couldn't imagine who she was, and those privy to the tricks meant for Sancho were more perplexed than the rest, knowing this adventure wasn't of their making. Sancho was surprised by her beauty and asked who she was, where she was going, and why she wore such attire? \"Sir,\" she replied.\nI (fixing my eyes on the ground with a decent bashfulness) cannot tell you before so many people what I have much reason to wish may be kept secret. I only assure you, I am no thief, nor evil-minded person; but an unhappy maid, whom the force of jealousy has constrained to transgress the laws of maiden decency. The steward, my lord governor, said, \"please order your attendants to retire, so the gentlewoman may more freely tell her mind.\" The governor did accordingly, and all the company removed at a distance, except the steward, the gentleman-waiter, and the secretary; and then the young lady proceeded:\n\nI am the daughter of Pedro Perez Mazorca, farmer of the wool in this town, who comes very often to my father's house. This will hardly pass, madam, said the steward; for I know Pedro Perez well, and I am sure he has neither sons nor daughters: besides, you tell us he's your father.\nAnd at the same time, he frequently comes to your father's house. I observed this, said Sancho. Indeed, gentlemen, I am now so troubled in mind that I don't know what I'm saying. But the truth is, I am Diego de la Llana's daughter. Now this may be acceptable, for I know Diego de la Llana, who is a wealthy gentleman, has a good estate and a son and a daughter. But since his wife died, no one in this town has seen that daughter, for he keeps her secluded and hardly allows the sun to look on her. Though the common report is that she is an extraordinary beauty. You speak truly, sir, replied the young lady; and I am that very daughter. As for my beauty, if fame has given a false character to it, you will now be deceived, since you have seen my face; and with this, she burst into tears. The secretary, perceiving this, whispered to the gentleman-waiter in his ear: \"She is the one.\"\nSome extraordinary event must have occurred to this poor young lady, as it compelled one of her rank to venture outdoors in this disguise and at this unseasonable hour. That's beyond doubt, answered the other, for her tears confirmed the suspicion. Sancho comforted her with the best reasons he could think of and urged her not to be afraid but to tell them what had befallen her, for they would all truly do whatever was in their power to make her feel at ease.\n\nYou must know, Gentlemen, she said, that it's been ten years since my father has kept me secluded, ever since my mother passed away. We have a small chapel richly adorned in our house, where we hear Mass; and in all that time, I have seen nothing but the sun by day and the moon and stars by night. I am unfamiliar with streets, squares, marketplaces, and churches, nor have I seen any men except my father, my brother, and Pedro Perez, the wool farmer. I would have mistaken you for my father at first glance.\nI longed to conceal the right and was uneasy during this confinement, not allowed to go abroad except to church. This confinement made me eager to see the world or at least the town of my birth, which I thought was not an unlawful or unseemly desire. When they spoke of bull feasts, prizes, plays, and other public sports, I asked my younger brother what they meant, and he explained as well as he could. But this made me even more eager to satisfy my curiosity with my own eyes. In short, I begged my brother, but I now regret having done so, and she wept. The steward, perceiving this, urged her to continue and finish her story, as her words and tears kept us all in suspense. I have only a few more things to add, she answered.\nThe Gentleman serving the Duke, who played the role of Sancho's steward or gentleman-waiter, could not resist lifting up his lantern for another look at the young lady, whose tears seemed to him like pearls or heavenly dew on a fair, drooping flower, precious as oriental gems. This made him wish that her misfortune would not be as great as her sighs and tears suggested. The Governor grew impatient to hear her finish her story and dismissed her, as it was late and they had a long night ahead. About an hour ago, we left, and guided by my father's footman and our own unrestrained desires, we took a stroll through the entire town. As we were going home, we noticed a large crowd approaching us. My brother said,\nSister, this is the Watch. Follow me; we must not only run, but fly as fast as we can. If we are recognized, it would be bad for us. With that, he began to run as if he had wings on his feet. I also began to run, but was so frightened that I fell down before I had taken a dozen steps. A man then overtook me and brought me before you and this crowd of people, by whom, to my shame, I am taken for an evil creature; a bold, indiscreet night-walker. And nothing has happened to you but this, cried Sancho? You spoke at first of some jealousy that had set you gadding. Nothing else indeed, answered the damsel; though I pretended jealousy; I went out for no other reason than to see the world, and that too no further than the streets of this town. All this was confirmed by her brother, who was now brought by some of the Watch. One of them had finally overtaken him after he had left his sister. He had nothing on but a very rich petticoat.\nAnd a blue Damask Manteau, with a gold galloon; his head adorned only with his own hair, which hung down in natural curls like rings of gold. The governor, steward, and gentleman-waiter took him aside and, after examining him privately, asked why he had worn that attire. He gave the same response his sister had, speaking with equal bashfulness and concern, to the satisfaction of the gentleman-waiter, who was smitten with the young lady's charms.\n\nThe governor, upon hearing the entire matter, remarked, \"This is a mere childish folly. There is no need for all these sighs and tears, nor these hems and haws, and lengthy explanations. Could we not simply have stated, 'Our names are so and so,' and 'We had stepped out of our father's house for an hour or two only to explore the town and satisfy our curiosity,' and that would have ended the story.\"\nThe young Damsel replied, \"Without all this weeping and wailing? You speak wisely, said the young damsel, but in the trouble and fright I was in, I could not behave as I should have. Fear not, Sancho, come along with us and we'll take you home to your father. But be cautious in your wandering. An honest maid should remain at home, as if she had one leg broken. A hen and a woman are lost by rambling; and she who longs to see, longs also to be seen. I need say no more.\"\n\nThe young gentleman thanked the governor for his civility and then went home under his conduct. Upon arriving at the house, the young man threw a stone against one of the iron-barred windows. A maidservant who sat up for them came down, opened the door, and let them in.\n\nThe governor and his company continued their rounds.\n talking all the Way they went of the genteel Carriage and Beauty of the Brother and Sister, and the great Desire these poor Children had to see the World by Night.\nAs for the Gentleman-waiter, he was so passio\u2223nately in Love, that he resolv'd to go the next Day,\nand demand her of her Father in Marriage, not doubting but the old Gentleman would comply with him, as he was one of the Duke's principal Servants. On the other Side, Sancho had a great Mind to strike a Match between the young Man and his Daughter Sanchica; and he resolved to bring it about as soon as possible; believing no Man's Son could think himself too good for a Go\u2223vernor's Daughter. At last his Round ended for that Night, and his Government two or three Days after, which also put an End to all his great Designs and Expectations, as shall be seen here\u2223after.\nCID Hamet, the most punctual Enquirer into the minutest Particles of this Authentick History, relates, that when Donna Rodriguez was going out of her Chamber to Don Quixote's Apart\u2223ment\nA waiting woman, who overheard another, noticed this and followed her cautiously without being discovered. Donna Rodriguez entered the knight's chamber, and the first woman, determined not to break her role as a gossiping servant, rushed to tell the Duchess about it. The Duchess informed the Duke, who granted them permission to satisfy their curiosity and investigate. They approached Don Quixote's door and listened, easily hearing every word spoken within. However, the Duchess was shocked when she heard her gossiping servant reveal Don Rodriguez's secret.\nAltisidora was no less provoked. Full of rage and greedy for revenge, they rushed into the chamber and beat the duena, clawing the knight, as related. Women's problems with insulting expressions regarding their beauty or self-image can provoke their anger and indignation to the highest degree, inciting a desire for revenge.\n\nThe Duchess distracted the Duke with an account of what had transpired, and, with a mighty mind to continue the merriment afforded by Don Quixote's extravagancies, she dispatched the page who acted as Dulcinea when her enchantment was proposed to be ended, to Teresa Pansa, with a letter from her husband. Simultaneously, the Duchess sent another letter and a large, costly string of coral as a present.\n\nThe story tells us that the page was a sharp and ingenious lad, eager to please his lord and lady.\nThe page made his way to Sancho's village. Upon approaching, he saw a group of women washing by a brook. He asked them if they knew of a woman named Teresa Pansa, wife to Sancho Pansa, squire to Don Quixote de la Mancha. A young girl, around fourteen years old, standing among them responded, \"My mother is Teresa Pansa. My father is Sancho. That knight is our master.\" The page requested the girl to lead him to her mother, as he had a letter and a token for her from her father. The girl agreed and, without delay, dashed off before the page's horse, barefoot.\nAnd with her hair about her ears, come along, please, she said, our house is nearby; it's just as you enter the town, and my mothers at home, but filled with sorrow, poor soul, as she hasn't heard from my father for an unknown length of time. Well, said the page, I bring tidings that will cheer her heart, I assure you. At last, with leaping, running, and jumping, the girl arrived at the house. Mother, mother, (she cried as loud as she could before going in), come out, mother, come out; here's a gentleman who has brought letters and tokens from my father. Upon this summons, out came the mother, spinning a lock of course flax with a russet petticoat about her, so short that it looked as if it had been cut off at the placket; a waistcoat of the same, and her smock hanging loose about it. She was not one of the oldest but looked somewhat turned of forty, strong built, sinewy, hale, vigorous, and in good case. What's the matter, girl, she asked.\nA Page presented Teresa Pansa with a question: \"What is that Gentleman?\" Teresa answered, \"He is a servant of your ladyship, my Lady Teresa Pansa.\" The Page fell at her feet in submission. \"Permit me the honor to kiss your hand, your Ladyship,\" he said, \"for you are the legitimate wife of Lord Don Sancho Pansa, the proper governor of Barataria.\"\n\nTeresa was taken aback. \"What are you doing?\" she asked. \"I am not one of your court dames, but a simple countrywoman, the wife of a squire-errant, not a governor.\"\n\nThe Page replied, \"Your Ladyship is the most worthy wife of a thrice-worthy governor. I have proof. Please accept this letter and these beads.\" He took out a string of coral beads set in gold and placed it around her neck. \"This letter is from the governor, and I have another one for you, along with these beads.\"\nTeresa and her daughter were astonished. \"I'll be hanged if our master, Don Quixote, isn't behind this,\" the young woman exclaimed. \"Yes, this is his doing. He has granted my father the same government or earldom he has promised him so many times. You're right,\" answered the page. \"Lord Sancho is now the Governor of the Island of Barataria on Don Quixote's behalf, as the letter will inform you. Good Sir,\" Teresa urged, \"please read it to me; though I can spin, I can't read a thing.\" \"Nor can I,\" Sanchica added. \"But wait a moment, and I'll fetch someone who can \u2013 either Bachelor Samson Carrasco or our parson, who will come with great eagerness to hear news of my father.\" The page replied, \"You can spare yourself the trouble. Though I can't spin, I can read, and I'll read it to you.\" With that, he read the letter, which is omitted here.\nFriend Teresa,\nYour husband Sancho's good parts, his wit and honesty, obliged me to request the Duke, my husband, to bestow the government of one of his islands upon him. I have been informed that he is sharp as a hawk in his office, for which I am glad, as well as the Duke, and I return many thanks to Heaven that I have not been deceived in choosing him for this promotion. For you must know, Signora Teresa, it is a difficult thing to find a good governor in this world; and may Heaven make me as good as Sancho proves to be in his governance.\nI have sent you, my dear friend, a string of coral beads, set in gold. I wish they were oriental pearls for your sake; but a small token should not hinder a great one. The time will come when we shall be better acquainted, and when we have conversed together, who knows what may pass? Commend me to your daughter Sanchica.\nAnd bid her be ready; I intend to marry her unexpectedly. I've heard you have large acorns in your town; please send a dozen or two. I will value them more highly because they come from you. Write me a long letter to update me on your wellbeing, and if you need anything, just ask. I will understand your meaning even from your silence. Heaven preserve you.\n\nFrom this castle.\nYour loving friend, The Duchess.\n\n\"Bless me,\" said Teresa upon reading the letter, \"what a gracious lady! Not a hint of pride in her! May I be buried with such ladies, not with the proud women in our town who, thinking themselves gentlefolk, believe the wind should not touch them. They flaunt in church as if queens, scornful of looking at a poor country woman. But look here's a gracious lady, who, though she is a duchess, calls me her friend.\"\nand uses me as if I were as high as she. I'll make her see herself as the highest steeple in the country! As for the acorns she writes for, my master, I'll send her ladyship a peck, and such large acorns that everyone will admire them far and near. Now, Sanchica, make sure the gentleman is made welcome and wants for nothing. Take care of his horse. Go to the stable, get some eggs and bacon; he shall be treated like a prince: The rare news he has brought us, and his good looks deserve no less. Meanwhile, I must go and tell the news to my neighbors; I cannot contain myself. I must also inform our good curate and Master Nicholas the barber, as they have always been your father's friends.\n\nYes, Mother, the daughter replied, but listen, you must give me half the beads; for I'm certain the great lady knows better things than to give them all to you. They are all yours, Child.\nThe mother cried out, but let me wear this around my neck for a few days. You will rejoice more soon, the page replied, when you see what I have in my portfolio. A fine green suit of clothing that the governor wore only one day while hunting, and he has sent it to Lady Sanchica for me. Oh, the Lord bless him, Sanchica exclaimed, and the fine gentleman who brings it to me.\n\nTeresa ran off with the beads around her neck and the letters in her hand, playing with her fingers on the papers as if they were a tambourine. Meeting by chance the curate and Bachelor Carrasco, she began to dance and frisk about. \"Faith and truth,\" she cried, \"we now have a poor thing called a government. Let the proudest among us toss her nose in the air, and I'll give her as good as she brings. I'll make her know her place.\" How now, Teresa, said the curate.\nTeresa responded to the Curate, \"These are letters from duchesses and governors. I wear coral beads around my neck - the Ave-Mary beads, and the Pater-Nosters are made of beaten gold. Here is Madam Governor herself. The Curate was puzzled, \"There's no understanding you, Teresa. We don't know what you mean.\" Teresa handed them the letters. After reading them aloud, both were more perplexed than before. The Curate asked, \"Who brought the letter?\" Teresa replied, \"They can come home with me and see. It's a handsome young man, as fine as anything. He brought me another present worth twice as much. The Curate examined the string of beads on her neck and determined it was a valuable item.\nHe couldn't comprehend the meaning of all this. \"By the habit I wear,\" cried he, \"I cannot tell what to make of this business. In the first place, I am convinced these beads are real coral and gold. And in the next, here's a duchess sending to ask for a dozen or two of acorns. Crack that nut if you can,\" said Sampson Carrasco. But come, let's go see the messenger, and perhaps he'll clear our doubts.\n\nThereupon going with Teresa, they found the page sifting a little corn for his horse, and Sancho cutting a rasher of bacon to be fried with eggs for his dinner. They both liked the page's meal and his garb, and after the usual compliments, Sampson asked him to tell them some news of Don Quixote and Sancho Panza. Though they had read a letter from the latter to his wife and another from the duchess, they were no better than riddles to them, nor could they imagine how Sancho could come by a government, especially of an island, knowing that all the islands in the Mediterranean were already governed.\nGentlemen, answered the Page, Signior Sancho Pansa is a governor, but I cannot determine if it is of an island or not. However, I can assure you that he commands in a town with over a thousand inhabitants. Regarding your Lady Duchess sending to a countrywoman for a few acorns, that is no great wonder. She is so free from pride that I have known her borrow a comb from a neighbor. Our Ladies of Arragon, though as noble as those of Castile, do not place great importance on formalities and punctilio's. They treat people with greater familiarity.\n\nWhile they were thus conversing, in came Sancho skipping, with his lap full of eggs. Turning to the Page, she asked, \"By chance does my father wear trunk breeches now that he's a governor?\" \"Yes, he does, Signora Sancho,\" replied the Page. \"I had not noticed, but I assume so.\" \"Oh dear,\" she exclaimed.\nThe young wench cried, \"What would I give to see my father in trunk hose? I have wished to see him in that attire since I can remember myself. You'll see him as you'd have him, said the page, if only your ladyship lives. Oddsish, if his government lasts but two months, you'll see him go with an umbrella over his head.\n\nThe curate and the bachelor clearly perceived that the page was mocking the mother and the daughter; yet the costly string of beads and the hunting suit, which Teresa had now shown them, confounded them again. In the meantime, they could not help smiling at Sanchica's odd fancy and what her mother said. Good Master Curate, said she, do ask whether any of our neighbors are going to Madrid or Toledo. I'd have them buy me a huge farthingale of the best-cut courtly fashion and the very finest that can be bought for money; for by my holy dame\nI mean to give my husband's government the best credit I can. If they vex me, I'll go to the court and ride in my coach as well as they do. A governor's lady can certainly afford one. O rare, Mother, cried Sancho, wouldn't it be to night before tomorrow. Perhaps, when they see me sitting in our coach next to my Lady Mother, they would jeer and flout, \"Look, look,\" they would say, \"there's Goody Trollop, the Ploughman's wife!\" How she flaunts it, and goes lolling in her coach like a little Pope Joan. But what would I care? Let them trudge on in the dirt while I ride by in my coach. Shame and ill-luck go along with all your back-biting scrubs. Let them laugh, the cursed fox thrives the better. Am I not in the right, Mother? Yes, my dear child, replied Teresa; and indeed, my good husband Sancho has often told me that all these good things and many more would come to pass. You will see, Daughter.\nI'll never rest until I become a countess. There must be a beginning in all things, and as my father, who is also the author of proverbs, once said, \"When a cow is given to you, run and take her with a halter.\" When they give you a government, take it, when an earldom, catch it; and when they whistle to you with a good gift, snap it up. What is good to give is good to take, girl. 'Tis a petty fancy, think you, to lie snoring in a bed, and when good luck knocks, not to rise to open the door. Ay, quoth Sanchica, what is it to me, though they should say all they have in mind. When they see me so tearfully fine and so woundedly great, let them spit their venom and say, set a beggar a horse-back, and so forth. Who would not think, said the curate, hearing this, but that the whole race of the Panzas came into the world with their paunches stuffed with proverbs. I never knew one of the name but threw them out at all times, let the discourse be what it would. I think so too.\nThe Page spoke, for Governor his honor frequently made errors, often straying far from the intended purpose, yet to the satisfaction of the company and with applause from Lord and Lady. Carrasco then inquired, \"Sir, you continue to assure us that Sancho is indeed a governor, and that a duchess sends these presents and letters on his account. Although we see the objects and read the letters, we find it difficult to believe. We are inclined to agree with our friend Don Quixote, and view all this as an enchantment's effect. I, for one, could not help but question whether you are a visionary messenger or a living being. Therefore, Gentlemen, I can only confirm that I am the genuine messenger, that Lord Sancho Panza holds the position of governor, and that the duke and duchess, to whom I belong, have granted him this government.\nI am informed that where he behaves himself worthily. If there is any enchantment in the matter, examine that; I know no more of the business. But you may doubt if you please, replied the page; I have told you the truth, which will always prevail over falsehood and rise uppermost, as oil does above water. But if you will believe by actions and not words, let one of you go along with me, and you shall see with your eyes what you will not believe by the help of your ears. I'll go with all my heart, quoth Sancho; take me up behind you, Sir; I have a great desire to see my father.\n\nThe daughters of governors, said the page, must not travel thus unattended, but in coaches or litters, and with a handsome train of servants.\n\nCud's my life, quoth Sancho.\nI can go on a journey as well on an ass as in one of your coaches. I am not one of your tender, squeamish things, not I. Peace, Chicken, said the Mother, thou dost not know what thou sayest, the gentleman is in the right. Times are altered. When it was plain Sancho, it was plain Sanchica; but now he's a governor, thou art a lady. I can't well tell whether I am right or no. My Lady Teresa says more than she is aware of, said the Page. But now, continued he, give me a mouthful to eat as soon as you will, for I must go back this afternoon. Be pleased then, Sir, said the Curate, to go with me and partake of a slender meal at my house. The Page excused himself for a while, but at last complied, being persuaded it would be much for the better; and the Curate on his side was glad of his company, to have an opportunity to inform himself at large about Don Quixote.\nAnd the Bachelor offered Teresa to write her answers to her letters, but as she regarded him as somewhat waggish, she would not allow him to be part of her counsel. Instead, she gave a roll and a couple of eggs to a young acolyte of the church who could write, and he wrote two letters for her \u2013 one to her husband and the other to the Duchess \u2013 all in her own words.\n\nThe morning of that day broke, following the Governor's restless night, during which the gentleman-waiter spent his time not in sleep but in delightful thoughts of the disguised virgin's lovely face and charming graces. On the other hand, the steward spent his time writing to his lord and lady about Sancho's actions and words, marveling at both as much for their discretion as for their simplicity.\n\nAt last, the Lord Governor was pleased to rise, and, by Dr. Pedro Rezio's order,\nThey brought him a little conserve and a draft of fair water for breakfast, which he longed to exchange for a good luncheon of bread and a bunch of grapes. But, unable to help himself, he was forced to make the best of a bad situation and appear content, though he was against it both in will and appetite. The doctor convinced him that eating little and consuming dainty food enlivened the spirits and sharpened the wit, making it most suitable for individuals in authority and weighty employments where the strength of the mind was more essential than that of the body. This argument left Sancho famished, who, half dead from hunger, cursed in his heart both the government and the one who had given it to him. Despite his hunger, Sancho gave audience that day, and the first person to appear before him was a stranger.\nA person presented the following case to him, with the steward and other attendants present. My Lord, he said, a river divides this lordship into two parts. I implore your attention, for this is a significant and complex matter. On this river, there is a bridge. At one end of the bridge stands a gallows and a type of court of justice, where four judges sit for the execution of a law made by the lord of the land and river. The law states:\n\nAnyone who intends to cross from one end of this bridge to the other must first swear an oath declaring their destination and business. If they swear truthfully, they may proceed; but if they swear falsely, they shall be hanged and die without pardon on the gallows at the end of the bridge.\n\nAfter proper announcement of this law, many people, despite its severity, attempted to cross the bridge, and it seemed they all swore truthfully.\nThe Judges allowed them to pass unimpeded. One day, a passenger under oath declared that he had come to die on that gallows and that was his business. This perplexed the Judges; for, they said, if we let this man pass freely, he had broken his oath and according to the law, he ought to die. If we hang him, he had told the truth, as he had sworn he was to die on that gibbet, and then, by the same law, we should let him pass. The judges sought your lordship's judgment on what to do with this man, as they were still uncertain in this case and had been informed of your sharp wit and great capacity in resolving difficult questions. Therefore, answered Sancho, the honorable judges who sent you here.\nThe man repeated his question: I may be more inclined to dullness than sharpness, but please ask once more so I can fully understand. The man asked: If a man swears he has come to die on the gallows and dies there, he swore truthfully and should be freed according to the law. However, if he is not hanged, he swore falsely and should be hanged. The stranger agreed that the case had been stated correctly. Sancho suggested: Let the part of the man that told the truth go free, and hang the part that lied. But the stranger replied: The man must be divided into two parts, which would result in his certain death.\nand the Intent of the Law, which must be observed, is not put into execution.\nWell, listen to me, honest man, said Sancho. Either I am a fool, or there is as much reason to put that same person you speak of to death as to let him live and pass the bridge. For if the truth saves him, a lie casts him just as well. Now the case stands thus: I would have you tell those gentlemen who sent you to me that there is just as much reason to release him as to condemn him. Therefore, they should let him go free. I give you this advice under my own hand, if I could write it myself. Nor do I speak this on my own behalf; but I remember one precept, among many others that my master Don Quixote gave me the night before I went to govern this island. It was that when the scales of justice are even or a case is doubtful, we should prefer mercy over rigor. And it has pleased God that I should remember this so fortunately in this instance. For my part, said the steward.\nThis judgment seems so equitable to me that I do not believe Lycurgus himself, who gave laws to the Spartans, could have decided the matter better than the great Sancho. And now, sir, there is enough done for this morning; please adjourn the court, and I will give orders that the governor may dine to his heart's content. Well said, cried Sancho, that's all I want, and then a clear stage, and no favor. Feed me well, and then ply me with cases and questions thick and threefold; you shall see me untangle them and lay them open as clear as the sun.\n\nThe steward was as good as his word, believing it would be a burden to his conscience to famish such a wise governor; besides, he intended the next night to put into practice the last trick commissioned to him.\n\nNow, having plentifully dined that day, in spite of all the aphorisms of Doctor Tirte a Fueras, when the cloak was removed.\nAn Express arrived with a letter from Don Quixote to the Governor. Sancho ordered the secretary to read it to himself, and if there was nothing in it for secret perusal, then to read it aloud. The secretary, having first run it over accordingly, my lord, said he, this letter may not only be publicly read but deserves to be engraved in characters of gold. When I expected to have had an account of your carelessness and impertinences, friend Sancho, I was agreeably disappointed with news of your wise behavior. I hear you govern with all the discretion of a man; and that, while you approve yourself one, you retain the humility of the meanest creatures. But I desire you to observe, Sancho, that it is many times necessary and convenient to thwart the humility of the heart.\nFor supporting the authority of a place, the appearance of an advanced person should be fitting to its greatness and not resemble their former meanness. Let your apparel be neat and handsome; a well-dressed stake does not look like a stake. I would not have you wear foppish, gaudy things, nor adopt the garb of a soldier in the circumstances of a magistrate. Instead, let your dress suit your degree and always be clean and decent.\n\nTo win the hearts of your people, among other things, I have two chief recommendations. The first is to be affable, courteous, and fair to all; I have already told you of that. The second is to ensure that provisions are always plentiful, for nothing afflicts or urges the spirits of the poor more than scarcity and hunger.\n\nDo not issue many new orders, and if you do issue any, ensure they are wholesome and good, and strictly observed. Laws not well obeyed.\nAre no laws better than none, and only show that the prince who had the wisdom and authority to make them lacked resolution to see them executed. Laws that only threaten and are not enforced become like the log given to the frogs to be their king, which they feared at first but soon scorned and trampled down.\n\nBe a father to virtue, but a father-in-law to vice. Do not always be severe or always merciful; choose a mean between these two extremes, for in that middle point is the center of discretion.\n\nVisit prisons, slaughterhouses, and public markets, for the governor's presence is highly necessary in such places.\n\nComfort prisoners who expect to be quickly dispatched.\n\nBe a terror to butchers, that they may be fair in their weights, and keep hucksters and fraudulent dealers in awe, for the same reason.\n\nShould you unfortunately be inclined to be covetous, given to women, or a glutton, as I hope you are not, avoid showing yourself guilty of those vices, for when the townspeople see their leader indulging in such behavior, they will follow suit.\nAnd those who approach you have discovered your weakness; they will surely try you on that side and tempt you to your everlasting ruin. Read and carefully consider the admonitions and documents I gave you in writing before you went to your government, and you will find the benefit in all the difficulties and emergencies that frequently arise in the function of a governor. Write to your Lord and Lady and show yourself grateful; for ingratitude is the offspring of pride, and one of the worst corruptions of the mind; whereas he who is thankful to his benefactors gives a testimony that he will be so to God, who has done and continually does him so much good.\n\nMy LadyDispatched a Messenger specifically to your wife Teresa with your hunting suit and another present. We expect his return any moment.\n\nI have been somewhat disrupted, by a certain cat encounter I had recently, not much to my advantage, nose-wise; but that's nothing.\nIf there are Negromancers misusing me, there are others ready to defend me. Please tell me if the steward with you had any involvement in the Countess of Trifaldi's business, as you once believed; and keep me informed about anything that happens to you, as the distance between us is small. I have been considering leaving this idle life soon; I was not born for luxury and ease. A business opportunity has presented itself, which I believe will result in losing the Duke and Duchess's favor. I am sorry for this, but it does not alter my resolution. After all, I owe more to my profession than to complaisance. I send you this Latin phrase, flattering myself that since you have become a governor, you may have learned that language. Farewell, and may heaven keep you above the world's pity.\n\nYour Friend,\nDon Quixote de la Mancha.\n\nSancho paid close attention to the letter.\nI am so taken up with business that I haven't time to scratch my head or pare my nails, which is the reason they are so long. God help me! I tell you this, dear master, so you won't marvel why I haven't yet let you know whether it goes well or ill with me in this government, where I am more hunger-starved than when we wandered through woods and wildernesses.\n\nMy lord duke wrote to me the other day to inform me of some spies who were got into this island to kill me. But as yet I have discovered none but a certain doctor.\nI have hired by the Islanders to kill all governors who approach it. They call him Dr. Pedro Rezio de Aguero, and he was born in Tirte a fuera. His name alone makes me fear he will be my death. This same Doctor says of himself that he does not cure diseases when you have them; but when you don't, he only pretends to keep them from coming. The medicine he uses is fasting upon fasting, reducing a body to a mere skeleton, as if being wailed to skin and bones were not as bad as a fever. In short, he starves me to death. So, instead of enjoying good hot victuals and cool liquor as a governor, I am forced to do penance like a hermit. And since I do it unwillingly, I fear the devil will have me in the end.\n\nAll this time, I have not yet so much as touched a single penny of money, either for fee or expenses.\n\nLast night, during my rounds, I encountered a very handsome damsel in boy's clothes.\nAnd a brother of hers wore woman's apparel. My gentleman-waiter fell in love with the girl and intends to make her his wife. As for the youth, I have chosen him to be my son-in-law. Today we both plan to speak with the father, Don Diego de la Llana, who is a gentleman and an old Christian through and through.\n\nI visited the markets, as you advised, and yesterday found a hawker selling hazelnuts. She claimed they were all new, but I discovered she had mixed a whole bushel of old, empty, rotten nuts among the same quantity of new. I ordered them to be given to the hospital boys, who knew how to distinguish the good from the bad, and sentenced her not to enter the market for fifteen days. People said I had done well.\n\nWhat I can tell you is that, according to the townspeople, there is no more rascally sort of people in the world than these market women. For they are all saucy, foul-mouthed, impudent, and hellish rabble.\nI am pleased that my Lady Dutchness has written to my wife Teresa Pansa and sent her the token you mentioned. I will repay her kindness one time or another. Please convey my service to her, and tell her from me, her gift was not cast in a broken sack. If I could advise you and had my wish, there should be no falling out between your worship and my Lord and Lady. If you quarrel with them, I will be the one to suffer. Regarding your cat affair, I can make nothing of it. You will tell me more when we meet. I would have sent you a token but do not know what to send, unless it were some little glister-pipes, which they make here very curiously.\nSancho Pansa, the Governor, wrote, \"I will cleverly attach most things to the bladders. But if I remain in my position, it will be difficult, but I will obtain something worth sending, no matter what it is. If my wife Teresa Pansa writes to me, please pay the postage and send me the letter; I greatly long to hear how she is and about my house and children. May Heaven protect you from ill-wishers, and send me safely and soundly out of this government, which I greatly fear, as Doctor Pedro Rezio advises me. Your Worship's Servant, Sancho Pansa.\n\nThe secretary composed the letter and dispatched the express messenger immediately. Those who plotted against Sancho then conspired together and consulted on how to remove him from the government. Sancho spent that afternoon issuing several regulations for the better establishment of what he imagined to be an island. He published an order against the higglers and forestallers in the markets; and another to encourage the bringing in of wines from any place whatever.\nThe owner's declared growth determined their taxation based on value and esteem. Death penalty for adulterating wine or giving it a false name. He lowered apparel prices, particularly shoes, considering them exorbitant. He regulated servant wages, setting them based on service merit. He imposed severe penalties on those singing or selling lewd and immoral songs or ballads, day or evening. Blind people forbidden from singing about miracles in rhymes without authentic testimonies, as most were fabricated. Appointed an officer to examine the poor, not to persecute.\nAnd know whether they were genuine or not; for under the pretense of counterfeit lameness and artificial sores, some deceitful vagabonds impudently rob the true poor of charity, to spend it on riot and drunkenness. In short, he made so many wholesome ordinances that to this day they are observed there and called The Constitutions of the grand governor Sancho Panza. Cid Hamet relates that Don Quixote's scratches being healed, he began to think the life he led in the castle not suitable to the order of knighthood which he professed. He therefore resolved to take leave of the duke and duchess and set forth for Saragossa; where, at the approaching tournament, he hoped to win the armor, the usual prize at the festivals of that kind. Accordingly, as he sat at table with the lord and lady of the castle, he began to acquaint them with his design when, behold, two women entered the great hall, clad in deep mourning from head to foot. One of them approaching Don Quixote, threw herself at his feet.\nWhere she lay prostrate and kissed them, she sighed deeply and sorrowfully, surprising all who were present. Though the Duke and the Duchess suspected a new servant scheme against Don Quixote, they were uncertain when they saw the woman's earnest sighs and lamentations. The Champion, moved by compassion, lifted her from the ground and urged her to lift her veil, revealing the unexpected face of Donna Rodriguez, the family's duena, and her daughter, who had been deceived by the rich farmer's son. All were amazed, especially the Duke and Duchess, who knew her simplicity and indiscretion but did not believe her to be so far gone in madness. The sorrowful matron then addressed the Duke and Duchess: \"May it please your graces,\" she said.\nThe Duke granted her permission to speak to Don Quixote, as I wish to address him, for it is important that I exit this unfortunate business, caused by the impudence of a treacherous farmer who has wronged my dear daughter, the woman before you. The Duke then allowed her to speak. \"It is not long since I informed you, valiant knight, of how basely and treacherously this graceless young farmer treated my child,\" she continued, addressing Don Quixote. \"And you promised me that you would intervene and right the wrong. Now that I learn you are about to leave this castle, I have this request: please challenge this sturdy clown to marry my daughter, as per his promise before he became involved with her. For, as for my lord Duke, it is futile to expect that he will ever right the wrongs done to me.\nFor the reason I told you in private. And so Heaven preserve your worship, and still be our defense. Worthy Matron (answered Don Quixote, with a great deal of gravity and solemn form), temper your tears, or to speak more properly, dry them up, and spare your sighs; for I take upon me to see your daughter's wrongs redressed. Though she had done much better, had not her too great credulity made her trust the protestations of lovers, which generally are readily made, but most uneasily performed. Therefore, with the Lord Duke's permission, I will instantly depart to find out this ungracious wretch, and as soon as he is found, I will challenge him, and kill him if he persists in his obstinacy; for the chief end of my profession is to pardon the submissive and to chastise the stubborn; to relieve the miserable and destroy the cruel. Sir Knight, said the Duke, you need not give yourself the trouble of seeking the fellow.\nDon Quixote, regarding the man whom the good matron complains about. You don't need to ask for my permission to challenge him, as I have already agreed that he will meet you here in this castle for a duel, ensuring safe lists and adherence to the laws of arms. The Duke assured Don Quixote, \"Upon that assurance, said Don Quixote, with your grace's leave, I waive my gentility's punctilio for now and qualify the offender to measure swords with me. Let him be present or absent; I challenge and defy him as a villain who has deceived this poor creature, once a maid, and now, through his baseness, is no longer one. He must either fulfill his promise to make her his lawful wife or die in the contest.\" Don Quixote then removed his glove and threw it down in the middle of the hall, and the Duke picked it up, declaring as he had previously stated.\nThe knight accepted the challenge on behalf of his vassal, setting the time for combat six days later and the location at the castle court. The weapons were to be those of knights: lance, shield, armor of proof, and all other pieces, without fraud, advantage, or enchantment, after the judges of the field inspected.\n\nFirstly, the duke stated, it is necessary that this true matron and this false virgin commit the justice of their cause to their champion. \"I agree,\" answered the matron, and so did the daughter, both ashamed, weeping, and speaking in a tearful tone. With the preliminaries settled and the duke having decided on his course of action, the mourning petitioners departed. The duchess then ordered that they no longer be regarded as her servants but as errant ladies.\n that came to demand Justice in her Castle; and accordingly there was a peculiar Apartment appointed for 'em, where they were serv'd as Stran\u2223gers; to the Amazement of the other Servants, who could not imagine what would be the End of Donna Rodriguez and her forsaken Daughter's ridi\u2223culous and confident Undertaking.\nPresently after this, to compleat their Mirth, and as it were for the last Course, in came the Page that had carry'd the Letters and the Presents to Te\u2223resa Pansa. The Duke and Dutchess were over\u2223joy'd to see him return'd, having a great Desire to know the Success of his Journey. They enquir'd of him accordingly, but he told 'em, that the Ac\u2223count he had to give 'em could not well be deliver'd in Publick, nor in few Words; and therefore begg'd their Graces would be pleas'd to take it in private, and in the mean time entertain themselves with those Letters. With that, taking out two, he de\u2223liver'd 'em to her Grace. The Superscription of the one was\nThese are for my Lady, Duchess of an unknown place: And the direction is, to my husband Sancho Panza, Governor of the Island of Barataria, whom Heaven prosper as many or more years than me.\n\nThe Duchess sat upon thorns till she had read her letter, so having opened it and run it over to herself, finding there was nothing of secrecy in it, she read it aloud, that the whole company might hear what follows.\n\nMy Lady,\n\nThe letter your honor sent me pleased me greatly; for truly it is what I heartily longed for. The string of coral is a good thing, and my husband's hunting suit may come up to it. All our town takes it mightily kindly, and is very glad that your honor has made my spouse a governor, though no one will believe it, especially our curate, Master Nicholas the Barber, and Sampson Carrasco the Bachelor. But what care I, whether they do or not? So it be true, as it is, let every one have their saying. Though it is a folly to lie, I had not believed it neither.\nbut for the Coral and the Suit: for every body here takes my husband to be a fool, and cannot imagine what he can be fit to govern, unless it be a herd of goats. Well! Heaven be his guide, and speed him as he sees best for his children. As for me, my dear lady, I am resolved, with your good liking, to make hay while the sun shines, and go to court, to loll it along in a coach, and make a world of my back-friends, that envy me already, stare their eyes out. And therefore, good your honour, pray bid my husband send me some stock of money; for 'tis dear living at court; one can have but little bread there for sixpence, and a pound of flesh is worth thirty Maravedis, which would make one stand amazed. If he is not for my going, let him send me word in time, for my feet itch to be jogging; for my gossips and neighbours tell me, that if I and my daughter go about the court as we should, spruce and fine, and at a tearing rate, my husband will be better known by me.\nI cannot be more than him; for many cannot help but ask who are those ladies in the coach? With that, one of my servants answers, The wife and daughter of Sancho Panza, Governor of the Island of Barataria. Thus shall my husband be known, and I honored far and wide. And so have all, Rome has pardons.\n\nI am troubled that we have gathered no acorns here this year; however, I send your highness about half a peck, which I have carefully selected: I went to the mountains on purpose and got the largest I could find. I wish they had been as large as ostrich eggs.\n\nPlease do not let your pomposity forget to write to me, and I will be sure to send you a response and let you know how I do, and send you all the news in our village, where I am waiting and praying that the Lord may preserve your highness and not forget me. My daughter Sanchica and my son kiss your hands.\n\nShe who prefers to see you rather than write to you,\nYour servant, Teresa Panza.\n\nThis letter was very entertaining to all the company.\nHer Grace asked Don Quixote if it would be inappropriate for her to open the Governor's letter, which she believed to be good. Don Quixote told her he would open it to satisfy her curiosity. Upon opening it, he read:\n\nI received your letter, dear Honey Sancho, and I swear to you, as I am a Catholic Christian, I was within inches of going mad with joy. When I heard you had been made a governor, I was so elated, I came close to fainting from pure happiness; for sudden joy is said to be as deadly as great sorrow. As for your daughter Sanchica, she spilled water in her excitement before she realized it. I had the suit you sent before my eyes, and the corals around the Lady Duke's neck around my neck, held the letter in my hand, and had the messenger standing by me.\nI thought what I saw and felt was but a dream. For who could have thought a goat-herd would ever become a governor of islands? But what my mother said, \"One who sees much must live long.\" I say this, for if I live longer, I mean to see more; for I shall never rest until I see you a farmer or receiver of customs. For though these are offices that send many to the devil, they bring grain to the mill. My Lady Duchess will tell you how I long to go to court. Pray consider it and let me know your mind; for I mean to vouch for you there by going in a coach.\n\nNeither the curate, the barber, the bachelor, nor the sexton will believe you are a governor, but say it is all juggling or enchantment, as all your master Don Quixote's concerns usually are. Sampson threatens to discover you and put this maggot of a government out of your head, and Don Quixote's madness out of his pompous hat. For my part, I merely laugh at them and look upon my string of coral.\nI sent my Lady the Duchess some acorns; I wish they were beaten gold. Please send me some strings of pearls if they are in fashion in your island.\n\nThe news here is that Berrueca married her daughter to a sorry painter who came here, pretending to paint anything. The townspeople hired him to paint the king's arms over the town hall, asking for two ducats for the job. He worked for eight days but could not finish it, saying he could not manage such insignificant work. Despite this, he married the woman with the title of a good workman. The truth is, he left his pencil on it and took up a spade, working in the fields like a gentleman. Pedro Lobo's son has taken orders and shaved his crown, intending to be a priest. Minguilla, Mingo Silvato's granddaughter, heard about it.\nand she sues him on a Promise of Marriage: Ill-tongued people do not hesitate to say she has been with child by him, but he staunchly denies it. We have no olives this year, nor is there a drop of vinegar to be had for love or money. A company of soldiers passed through this place and carried away three women from the town; I won't tell you their names, for perhaps they will return, and there will be no lack of those who will marry them, for better or worse. Sanchica makes bone-lace and earns three halfpence a day clear, which she saves in a box with a slit, to buy household-stuff. But now she is a governor's daughter, she has no need to work, for you will give her a portion. The fountain in the market is dried up. A thunderbolt fell upon the pillory. There may they all light. I expect your answer to this and your resolution concerning my going to court; so heaven send you long life and longer than mine, or rather, neither more nor less.\nI would not willingly leave you behind in this World, Teresa Pansa. These letters were admired and caused great laughter and diversion. At the same time, the express returned bringing Sancho's answer to Don Quixote, which was also publicly read, shocking all the hearers who took the governor for a fool. Afterwards, the Duchess withdrew to learn from the page the account of his journey to Sancho's village, which he gave her in full detail without omitting any particulars. He also brought her the acorns and a cheese that Teresa had given him, which she gratefully accepted. Now let us leave her to tell the end of the government of Great Sancho Pansa, the flower and mirror of all island-governors.\n\nTo think the affairs of this life are always to remain in the same state.\nAn erroneous Fancy considers things to continually change with a circular motion. Summer follows spring; autumn, summer; winter, autumn; and then spring again. Time proceeds in this perpetual round, but the life of man hastens to its end faster than time itself, without hopes of renewal unless in the next, which is unlimited and infinite. This is what Cid Hamet, the Mahometan philosopher, says. By the light of nature alone, and without faith, many have discovered the swiftness and instability of this present being and the duration of the eternal life expected. However, this moral reflection of our author is not meant to be taken in its full extent here. He intended it only to show the uncertainty of Sancho's fortune, how quickly it vanished, and how he returned to his former low station.\n\nIt had only been the seventh night since he began his government.\nwhen the careful governor had retired for the night, satiated not with bread and wine, but weary from hearing cases, pronouncing sentences, making statutes, and issuing orders and proclamations: Scarce was sleep, in spite of wakeful hunger, beginning to close his eyes, when suddenly he heard a great clamor of bells and most dreadful outcries, as if the entire island were sinking. He started and sat up in bed, listening intently to determine the extent to which this disturbance concerned him. But while he was thus listening in the dark, a great number of drums and trumpets were heard, and this sound, added to the noise of the bells and the cries, gave such a dreadful alarm that his fear and terror increased, and he was in a state of great consternation. Up he rose from his bed, donned his slippers, the ground being damp, and without anything else on but his shirt, and threw open his chamber door.\nAnd I saw over twenty men running through the galleries, brandishing lit torches in one hand and drawn swords in the other, crying out, \"Arm, my lord governor! Arm! The enemy has invaded the island, and we are lost unless your valor and leadership save us.\" They continued bawling and running with great fury and disorder, reaching the door where Sancho stood, terrified out of his wits. \"Arm, arm, this moment, my lord,\" one of them cried, \"if you don't want to be lost with the whole island.\" What do you want me to arm for, Sancho asked, not knowing anything about arms or fighting. Why don't you summon Don Quixote, my master, he'll quickly dispose of your enemies. Alas, as I am a sinner to heaven, I understand nothing of this hasty service. For shame, my lord governor, another man scolded, what cowardice is this? Behold, we bring you here offensive and defensive weapons; arm yourself and march to the marketplace. Lead and captain us as you should.\nand show yourself a governor, Quoth Sancho; then arm me, and good luck attend me. With that, they brought him two large shields which they had prepared. They didn't let him put on his other clothes first, but instead clapped them over his shirt. One they tied behind him, and the other in front. Having fastened the shields to his body with cords as tight as they could, the poor governor was encased and immobilized as straight as an arrow, unable to bend his knees or take a step. They then gave him a lance to lean on and keep himself upright, and urged him to march and lead them on, assuring him they had no doubt of victory with him as their commander.\n\nMarch! quoth Sancho, how do you think I am able to do it, squeezed as I am? These boards cling so unpleasantly to me, I can't even bend the joints of my knees; You must carry me in your arms.\nand lay me across or stand me upright before some passage, and I'll defend that spot of ground, either with this lance or my body. Go to, my lord governor, said another, 'tis more your fear than your armor.\n\nAs he lay, quite contrary, having put out their lights, they made a terrible noise and clattered with their swords, trampling and again upon the poor governor's body, and laid on furiously with their swords upon his shields. If he had not shrunk his head into them for shelter, he would have been in a woeful condition. Shrugged up in his narrow shell, he was in a grievous fright and a terrible sweat, praying from the bottom of his heart for deliverance from the cursed trade of governing islands. Some kicked him, some stumbled and fell upon him, and one among the rest jumped full upon him, and there stood for some time, as on a watchtower, like a general encouraging his soldiers and giving orders, crying out, \"There, boys! there! The enemies charge most on that side.\"\nMake good that breach, secure that gate, down with those scaling-ladders, fetch fire-balls, more grenados, burning pitch, rosin, and kettles of scalding oil. Intrench yourselves, get beds, quilts, cushions, and barricade the streets; in short, he called for all the instruments of death and all the engines used for the defense of a city besieged and stormed. Sancho lay snug, though sadly bruised, and while he endured all quietly, oh that it would please the Lord, quoth he to himself, that this island were but taken or that I were fairly dead or out of this peck of troubles. At last Heaven heard his prayers, and when he least expected it, he heard \"Victory, Victory!\" The enemy was routed. Now, my lord governor, rise, come and enjoy the fruits of conquest, and divide the spoils taken from the enemy, by the valor of your invincible arms. Help me up, cried poor Sancho in a doleful tone; and when they had set him on his legs, let all the enemy I have routed, quoth he.\nI. Nailed to my forehead, I'll share no enemy spoils. But if one friend's here, I only ask for a draft of wine, to ease my discomfort and dry my drenched self; for I am drenched in sweat. They wiped him, gave him wine, and removed his shields. Afterward, as he sat on his bed, his fright and the toil he had endured caused him to faint. Those who enacted this scene began to regret their actions, but Sancho soon recovered. Upon regaining consciousness, he asked what the time was. They replied, 'tis dawn. He said nothing, but, without uttering a word, began to dress himself. All eyes in the room were fixed on him, wondering why he was in such a hurry to put on his clothes. Once he finished dressing, he crept away softly.\nHe reached the stable, followed by the entire company, and upon arriving, he embraced Dapple, giving him a loving kiss on the forehead. With tears in his eyes, he said, \"My friend, you faithful companion and fellow-sharer in my travels and miseries, when we were together and all my cares were to mend your furniture and feed your little body, my days, months, and years were happy. But since I forsook you and climbed the towers of ambition and pride, I have been plagued by a thousand woes, a thousand torments, and four thousand tribulations.\"\n\nAs he spoke thus, he saddled Dapple, and without anyone offering a word, he mounted with great difficulty. Addressing the steward, the secretary, the gentleman-waiter, and Doctor Pedro Rezio, along with many others who stood by, he said, \"Make way, gentlemen.\"\nI was not born to be a governor, nor to defend islands or cities from enemies. I know more about plowing, delving, pruning, and planting vineyards than making laws and defending countries and kingdoms. St. Peter is well at Rome; let everyone stick to the calling he was born to. A spade does better in my hand than a governor's truncheon. I'd rather have a mess of plain porridge than lie at the mercy of a coxcombly physick-monger who starves me to death. I'd rather find solace under the shade of an oak in summer and wrap my body in a double sheepskin in winter at my liberty than lie down with the slavery of a government in fine Holland sheets and case my hide in furs and richest sables. Heaven be with you, gentlefolk.\nAnd pray tell my Lord the Duke, I was born naked and am presently so. I have neither won nor lost. I came to this government without a penny and leave it the same. Clear the way, I beseech you, and let me pass. I must get myself wrapped up in sears-cloth; I don't think I have a sound rib left, thanks to the enemies who have walked over me all night long. This must not be, my Lord Governor,\" Doctor Rezio said, \"for I will give your honor a balsamic drink, a specific against falls, dislocations, contusions, and all manner of bruises, which will presently restore you to your former health and strength. And then for your diet, I promise to take Sancho. You shall as soon make me turn Turk as hinder me from going. No, no, these tricks shall not pass upon me again. You shall as soon make me fly to heaven without wings as keep me here.\nI am of the Pancha's blood, and we are all willful and positive. If we cry odd, it shall be odd, in spite of all mankind, though it be even. Go then, let the Pismire leave behind him in this stable those wings that lifted him up in the air to be prey to martlets and sparrows. Fair and softly. Let me now tread again on plain ground. I may not wear pinked Cordovan-leather-pumps, but I shan't want a coarse pair of packthread sandals to my feet. Every sheep to her mate. Let not the cobbler go beyond his last; and so let me go, for 'tis late.\n\nMy lord Governor, said the steward, though it grieves us to part with your honor, your sense and Christian behaviour engaging us to covet your company, yet we would not presume to stop you against your inclination. But you know that every governor, before he leaves the place he has governed, must make his final accounts and settle all affairs.\nSancho is bound to give an account of his administration for the ten days he has been among us. Please do so, and then peace be with you. No man has the power to call me to an account, replied Sancho, unless it be by my Lord Duke's appointment. Now to him I am going, and to him I'll give a fair and square account. And indeed, going away so bare as I do, there is no greater sign that I have governed like an angel. In truth, said Dr. Rezio, the great Sancho is in the right; and I am of the opinion, we ought to let him go; for certainly the Duke will be very glad to see him. Thereupon they all agreed to let him pass, offering first to attend him and supply him with whatever he might want in his journey, either for entertainment or convenience. Sancho told them that all he desired was a little corn for his ass and half a cheese and half a loaf for himself; having occasion for no other provisions in so short a journey. With that they all embraced him, and he embraced them all.\nThe Duke and Duchess resolved that Don Quixote's challenge against their vassal would not be ineffective. The young man having fled to Flanders to avoid Donna Rodriguez as his mother-in-law, they chose a Gascon lackey named Tosilos to replace him and gave him instructions on how to act. Two days later, the Duke informed Don Quixote that his antagonist would meet him in the lists within four days, armed at all points like a knight, to maintain that the damsel had been slain through her throat and beard, and to declare that he had always promised her marriage. Don Quixote was greatly pleased with this news, promising himself to perform wonders on this occasion.\nand esteeming it an extraordinary happiness to have such an opportunity to show before such noble spectators how extensive were his valor and his strength, he waited for the end of these four days, which his eager impatience made him think so many ages. Now, letting them pass, as we do other matters, let us attend to Sancho for a while. He had not gone far from his island, or city, or town (whatever you please to call it, for he never troubled himself to examine what it was), before he met on the road six pilgrims, with their walking staves, who were foreigners and accustomed to beg alms while singing. As they drew near him, they placed themselves in a row and fell to singing together in their language something that Sancho could not understand, unless it was one word.\nSancho, being a charitable man as reported by Cid Hamet, guessed the pilgrims were singing about alms. He opened his wallet and gave them half a loaf and half a cheese. However, they were not satisfied and cried \"Guelt, Guelt.\" Sancho didn't understand, so one of them showed him a purse in his bosom, revealing they wanted money. But Sancho, with no money to give, put his thumb to his mouth and wagged his hand with four fingers upwards, signaling he had none. He then mounted Dapple and made his way through the pilgrims. One of them, who had been watching him closely, grabbed him and threw his arms around his middle.\n\"Bless me! cried he in good Spanish, what do I see? Is it possible? Am I holding my dear friend, my good neighbor Sancho Panza in my arms? Yes, it must be him, for I am neither drunk nor dreaming. Sancho, wondering to hear himself called by his name and to see himself so lovingly hugged by the Pilgrim, stared at him without speaking a word. The Pilgrim, observing Sancho's amazement, asked, \"Don't you recognize your old acquaintance, your neighbor Ricote the Morisco, who kept a shop in your town?\" Sancho looked at him wistfully again and began to recall him, at last recognizing him perfectly. He clipped him about the neck without dismounting, Ricote, Sancho cried, \"Who in the devil's name could have transformed you into this bizarre attire? And how dare you come back into Spain disguised like this? If you were discovered, you would be in danger.\"\"\nI would not be in your coat for all the world. If you do not betray me, said the Pilgrim, I am safe enough, Sancho. For no one can know me in this disguise. But let us get out of the road and make to yonder elm grove. My comrades and I have agreed to take a little refreshment there, and you shall dine with us. They are honest souls I'll assure you. There I shall have an opportunity to tell you how I have passed my time since I was forced to leave the town in obedience to the king's edict, which, as you know, severely threatens those of our unfortunate nation. Sancho consented, and Ricote speaking to the rest of the Pilgrims, they all went together to the grove at a good distance from the road. There they laid by their staves and taking off their pilgrim weeds remained in corps; all of them young handsome fellows, except Ricote, who was somewhat stricken in years. Every one carried his wallet, which seemed well furnished, at least with savory and high-seasoned bits.\nThey sat on the ground, making the grass their tablecloth. Comfortably appearing were bread, salt, knives, nuts, cheese, and bacon bones, with pickings still left or suck-able. They also had a type of black meat called caviar, made from fish roes, a thirst-keeping charm. Olives were plentiful, though not the moistest. The chief glory of the feast was six leather bottles of wine, each pilgrim exhibiting one for his share. Even honest Ricote was now transformed from a Morisco to a German, clubbing his bottle, his quota making as good a figure as the rest. They began to eat like men who enjoyed their savory fare, taking only a little of each at a time on the point of a knife. Suddenly, they all lifted up their arms.\nand applying their mouths to the mouths of the bottles and turning up their bottoms in the air, with their eyes fixed on heaven, like men in a trance, they remained in that posture for a good while, transfusing the blood and spirit of the vessels into their stomachs and shaking their heads, as in a rapture, to express the pleasure they received. Sancho admired this greatly; he could find no fault with it, quite contrary, he desired Ricote to lend him her bottle, and taking aim as well as the rest, he showed them he wanted neither method nor breath. They caressed the bottles in this manner four times, but there was no doing it a fifth; for they were quite exhausted, and the life and soul of them had departed, which turned their mirth into sorrow. But while the wine lasted, all was well. Now and then one or other of the pilgrims would take Sancho by the right hand, Spanish sailor.\nAnd German is one now, and they cried \"Bon Compagno,\" replied Sancho; \"Bon Compagno,\" persisted. Then he would burst out laughing for half an hour straight, without the least concern for his recent misfortunes or the loss of his government. Anxieties had little power over the time men spent eating or drinking. In short, as their bellies were full and their bones desired rest, five of them fell asleep. Only Sancho and Ricote, who had eaten more but drunk less, remained awake. Under the cover of a beech at a small distance, while the others slept, Ricote spoke to Sancho in good Spanish:\n\nYou well know, friend Sancho Panza, how the recent edict, which ordered all of us to leave the kingdom, alarmed us all; at least it alarmed me. The time for our departure had not yet elapsed.\nI resolved to provide for my family's security and my own, as a man does who knows his habitation will be taken away from him. So I left our town by myself and went to seek a place beforehand where I might convey my family without exposing myself to the inconvenience of a hurry, like the rest. The wisest among us were justly apprehensive that the proclamations issued for the banishment of our Moorish race were not only threats, as some flattered themselves, but would certainly take effect at the expiration of the limited time. I was the rather inclined to believe this, being conscious that our people had dangerous designs. I could not but think the king was inspired by Heaven to take such a bold resolution and expel those snakes out of the bosom of the kingdom. Not that we were all guilty.\nFor there were some genuine Christians among us, but their numbers were so small that they couldn't oppose those who were otherwise. It wasn't safe to keep enemies within doors. In essence, we were necessitated to be banished. Although some may have thought it a mild and pleasant fate, to us it seemed the most dreadful thing that could befall us. Wherever we are, we lament with tears our banishment from Spain; for, after all, that was our native country. We find no where the solace our misfortune requires, and even in Barbary and all other parts of Africa, where we expected to have met with the best reception and relief, we find the greatest inhumanity and the worst usage. We did not know our happiness till we had lost it; and the desire which most of us have to return to Spain is such that the greatest part of those who speak the same language as I do, who are many, come back here.\nAnd I left my Wives and Children there in a forlorn condition; so strong is the love for one's country. Having left our town, I went into France, where we were well received, but I wanted to see other countries. I traveled through it and went into Italy, and from there into Germany, where one could live with more freedom, the inhabitants being good-humored and sociable people who love to live easily with one another, and where there is liberty of conscience in the greatest part of the country. After taking a dwelling in a village near Augsburg, I joined the company of these pilgrims and became one of their number. I found they were some who made it their custom to go to Spain every year to visit places of devotion, which they regarded as their Indies.\nand the best market and surest means to get money. They travel almost the whole kingdom over, and there is no village where they are not sure to get meat and drink, and at least six pence in money. They manage matters so well that at the end of their pilgrimage, they commonly go off with about a hundred crowns in clear gains. They change this into gold and hide it either in the hollow of their staves or the patches of their cloaks. They usually convey it privately into their own country, despite all searches at their going out of the kingdom. Now Sancho, my design in returning hither is to fetch the treasure that I left buried when I went away, which I may do with less inconvenience since it lies in a place quite out of the town. After that, I intend to write or go over myself from Valencia to my wife and daughter, who I know are in Algiers, and find some way or other to get them over to some port of France, and from there bring them over into Germany, where we will stay.\nand see how Providence will dispose of us: I am sure my wife Francisca and my daughter are good Catholic Christians. Though I can't say I am as much a believer as they are, yet I have more of the Christian than of the Mahometan, and make it my constant prayer to the Almighty to open the eyes of my understanding and let me know how to serve him. I wonder, however, that my wife and daughter chose to go to Barbary rather than France, where they could have lived as Christians.\n\nLook you, Ricote answered Sancho, perhaps it was not their fault. For to my knowledge, John Tiopieyo, your wife's brother, took them along with him, and he is like being a rank Moor, would go where he thought best. Furthermore, I must tell you, friend, that I doubt you will lose your labor in going to look for your hidden treasure. The report was hot among us that your brother-in-law and your wife had many pearls and a great deal of gold taken away from them.\nRicote: They may not have found my hoard, but I'm certain you haven't. I wouldn't have told them where I hid it, for fear of the worst. If you'll accompany me and help me transport this money, I'll give you 200 crowns as an incentive. I owe you little, I assure you.\n\nSancho: I would help you, but I'm not greedy. This morning I left an employment from which I could have amassed enough to cover my house in gold plates. In six months, I could have dined on silverware. For these reasons, and because I believe it would be treason to the king to aid his enemies, I won't go with you, even if you offered me double the amount.\n\nRicote: What sort of employment have you left, Sancho?\n\nSancho: It was an employment, Ricote.\nI have left the Government of an island named Barataria, two leagues off the mainland. Ricote: Where is this island? Sancho: It's called Barataria, and I came from there this morning. Ricote: Islands are not on the mainland. Sancho: I told you, Ricote, I was governing it yesterday. Ricote: Why not, Sancho? I was there this morning. Sancho: I am not fit to govern anything except a herd of cattle. The wealth in these governments comes at a great cost to a man, requiring labor, toil, watching, and hunger.\nGovernors must eat next to nothing, especially if they have physicians to look after their health. I cannot make head or tail of all this, said Ricote; it seems to me all madness; for who would be such a simpleton as to give you islands to govern? Was the world quite bare of abler men that they could pick out no one else for a governor? Please say no more, man, but come to your senses and consider whether you will go along with me and help me carry off my hidden wealth, my treasure, for I may well give it that name, considering how much there is of it. Hark you, Ricote, answered Sancho, I have already told you my mind. Let it suffice that I will not betray you, and so God's name go your way, and let me go mine; for full well I know, That what's honestly got may be lost, but what's ill-got will perish, and the owner too. Well, Sancho, said Ricote, I'll press you no further. Only please tell me.\nWere you in the town when my wife and daughter went away with my brother-in-law? Yes, I was, replied Sancho. My daughter looked so beautiful and charming that there was crowding to see her. Everyone said she was the finest creature on God's earth. She wept bitterly the whole way, poor thing, and embraced all her female friends and acquaintances. She begged all those who gathered around her to pray for her, and did so in such earnest and pitiful manner that I even shed tears, though I am not one of the greatest crybabies. Many had a mind to take her away from her uncle on the road and hide her, but the thought of the king's proclamation kept them in awe. But the one who showed the most concern was Don Pedro de Gregorio, the young rich heir you know. They say he was up to his ears in love with her and hasn't been seen in town since she left. We all thought he had gone after her to steal her away.\nBut hitherto we have heard no more about the matter. I had a jealousy, said Ricote, that this gentleman loved my daughter. But I always had too good opinion of my Ricota's virtue to be uneasy with his passion; for you know, Sancho, very few, and hardly any of our Moorish women ever married with the old Christians out of love. I hope, therefore, that my daughter, who I believe minds the duties of a Christian more than anything of love, will pay little heed to this young heir's courtship. Heaven grant it so, Sancho, for otherwise it would be the worse for them both. And now, honest neighbor, I must bid you goodbye, for I have a mind to be with my master Don Quixote this evening. Then heaven be with you, Friend Sancho, said Ricote. I find my comrades have fetched out their naps, and 'tis time we should make the best of our way. With that, after a kind embrace, Sancho mounted his Dapple, Ricote leaned on his staff, and so they parted. Sancho stayed so long with Ricote.\nThe Night overtook him less than half a league from the Duke's Castle. It grew dark, but since it was summer time, he was not overly concerned and decided to leave the road to wait till morning. However, as luck would have it, while he was searching for a place to rest, he and Dapple suddenly tumbled into a deep hole among the ruins of some old buildings. As he was falling, he prayed fervently, imagining himself sinking into a bottomless pit. But he was not in any real danger; by the time they had descended about eighteen feet, Dapple came to a full stop at the bottom, and Don Quixote found himself still on his back, unharmed. Sancho then began to assess his condition, held his breath, and felt all around him. Finding himself sound in wind, limb, and skin.\nHe thought he could never give Heaven sufficient thanks for his wonderful preservation. At first, he gave himself over as lost and broken into a thousand pieces. He groped with both hands about the walls of the pit to try if it were possible to get out without help, but he found them all so plain and so steep that there was not the least hold or footing to get up. This grieved him to the soul, and to increase his sorrow, he began to raise his voice in a very pitiful and doleful manner, which pierced his master's heart. Nor did the poor beast make such a moan without reason, for, to say the truth, he was in a woeful condition. Woe is me, cried Sancho, what sudden and unthought-of mishaps every foot befall us poor wretches who live in this miserable world! Who would have thought that he, who but yesterday saw himself seated in the throne of an island governor, with servants and vassals at his beck, should today find himself buried in a pit, without the least soul to help him.\nI and my donkey are in dire straits here, on the brink of starvation. If we don't perish from our injuries first, I from grief and anguish, and he from his bruises. At least, my master Don Quixote wasn't so unlucky when he entered Montesinos' enchanter's cave. He found better fare there than at home, with a table set and bed prepared. All he saw were pleasant visions. But I am likely to see nothing here but toads and snakes. Wretched creature that I am! What have my foolish designs and whims brought me to? If my bones are ever found, they'll be taken out of this dismal place bare, white, and smooth, along with those of my poor Dapple, and perhaps it will be known who we are, at least by those who notice that Sancho Panza neither stirred from his donkey nor his donkey from Sancho Panza. Wretched creatures that we are, I repeat. Had we died at home among our friends, though we might have missed relief,\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in English and does not require translation. No significant OCR errors were detected.)\nWe shouldn't have wanted pity, and some to close their eyes at my last gasp. Oh, my dear companion and friend, said he to his ass, how poorly have I repaid your faithful services. Forgive me, and pray to Fortune to deliver us from this plunge. I here promise you a crown of laurel on your head, so that you may be taken for no less than a Poet Laureate, and your allowance of provender shall be doubled. Thus Sancho lamented his misfortune, and his ass listened to what he said but answered not a word, so great was the grief and anguish which the poor creature endured at the same time.\n\nAt length, after a whole night's lamenting and complaining at a miserable rate, the day came on, and its light having confirmed Sancho in his doubts of the impossibility of getting out of that place without help, he set up his throat again and made a vigorous outcry to try whether anyone might not hear him. But alas, all his calling was in vain.\nfor all around, there was no body within hearing; and then he gave himself over for dead and buried. He cast his eyes on Dapple and, seeing him extended on the ground, sadly down in the mouth, he went to him and tried to help him up, which with much effort, by means of his assistance, the poor beast did at last manage to stand. Then he took a luncheon of bread out of his wallet, which had run the same fortune with them, and gave it to the ass. The ass took it without complaint and ate it, making no bones of it. Sancho said, as if the beast had understood him, \"a fat sorrow is better than a lean.\" At length, he perceived on one side of the pit a great hole wide enough for a man to creep through, stooping. He drew near it and, having crawled through on all fours, found that it led into a vault that enlarged itself the further it extended. Having made this discovery, he went back to his ass.\nAnd like one who knew what belonged to digging, with a stone, began to remove the earth that was about the hole, and labored so effectively that he soon made a passage for his companion. Then taking him by the halter, he led him along gently through the cave, to try if he could not find a way to get out on the other side. Sometimes he went in the dark, and sometimes without light, but never without fear. Heaven protect me, said he to himself, what a cowardly heart I have! This, which to me is a sad disaster, to my master, Don Quixote, would be a rare adventure. He would look upon these caves and dungeons as lovely gardens and glorious palaces, and hope to be led out of these dark, narrow cells into some fine meadow; while I, unlucky, helpless, heartless wretch that I am, every step I take, expect to sink into some deeper pit than this, and go down I don't know where. Welcome ill luck when it comes alone. Thus he went on, lamenting and despairing.\nAnd he had gone some distance, thinking, when at last he perceived a confused light, like that of day breaking in at some open place, but to poor Sancho it seemed a prospect of a passage into another world. But here Cid Hamet Benengeli leaves him for a while and returns to Don Quixote, who was entertained and pleased by the hopes of a speedy combat between him and the dishonorer of Donna Rodriguez's Daughter, whose wrongs he intended to see redressed on the appointed day.\n\nIt happened one morning as he was riding out to prepare and exercise for the time of battle, practicing with Rosinante in the middle of his training ground. Suddenly, his horse's feet came near the brink of a deep cave. Don Quixote used all his skill to avoid falling in, and was tempted to look into the cave without dismounting. As he was satisfying his curiosity and seriously musing, he rode up to it.\nHe thought he heard a noise within and, upon listening, could distinguish these words, which in a doleful tone arose from the cavern: \"Ho! above there! Is there no good Christian who hears me, no charitable knight or gentleman who will take pity on a sinner buried alive, a poor governor without a government. Don Quixote imagined he heard Sancho's voice, which surprised him. For confirmation, he called out, \"Who's that below?\" \"Who's that complains?\" Sancho replied, to Don Quixote's sorrow. \"But the most wretched soul alive, Sancho Panza, governor, for his sins and his foolish errantry, of the Island of Barataria, formerly squire to the famous knight.\" Don Quixote's admiration and amazement were increased when he heard these words, for he imagined that Sancho was dead and that his soul was there doing penance. Possessed by this fancy, Don Quixote exclaimed, \"I conjure you, by all that can conjure you.\"\nI, as a Catholic Christian, tell me who you are, and if you are a suffering soul, let me know what you want me to do for you. Since my profession obliges me to assist and help those in need in this world, I will also relieve and help those in need in the next world who cannot help themselves. Sir, answered he from below, you who speak to me are my master Don Quixote. By the tone of your voice, it cannot be anyone else. I am Don Quixote, replied the knight. It is my duty to assist not only the living but the dead in their necessities. Tell me then who you are, you who fill me with astonishment. If you are my squire Sancho Panza, and if the devil has not taken you, and through Heaven's mercy, you are in purgatory, our Holy Mother, the Roman-Catholic Church, has sufficient suffrages to redeem you from the pains you endure. I myself will solicit her on your behalf as far as my estate will allow. Therefore proceed.\nAnd tell me quickly who you are? Why then replied the Voice, by whatever you'll have me swear, I swear I am Sancho Panza, your squire, and have never been dead in my life. But only having left my government, for reasons and causes which I haven't leisure yet to tell you, last night unfortunately I fell into this cave, where I still am. And Dapple, who will not let me tell a lie; for further proof of what I say, he is here. Now what's strange, immediately, as if the ass had understood what his master said, he fell to braying so obstreperously that he made the whole cave ring again. A notable witness, cried Don Quixote! I know this bray, as if I were the parent of it, and I recognize your voice, my Sancho. I see you are my real squire; stay therefore till I go to the castle, which is nearby, and fetch more company to help you cut your way out of the pit into which your sins doubtless have thrown you. Make haste, I beseech you, Sir, said Sancho.\nAnd for Heaven's sake, come again as fast as you can, for I can no longer endure to be here buried alive, and I am even dying with fear. Don Quixote went with all speed to the castle and gave the Duke and Duchess an account of Sancho's accident. They did not little wonder at it, though they conceived he might easily enough fall into the mouth of the cave, which had been there for a long time. But they were mightily surprised to hear he had abdicated his government before they had an account of his coming away. In short, they sent ropes and other conveniences by their servants to draw him out, and at last, with much trouble and labor, both he and his Dapple were restored from that gloomy pit to the full enjoyment of the light of the sun. At the same time, a certain scholar standing by, and seeing him hoisted up, just so, said he, should all bad governors come out of their governments; just as this wretch is dragged out of this profound abyss, pale, half starved, famished, and, as I fancy.\n\"without a cross in his pocket. Hark you, Goodman Slander, replied Sancho, 'tis now eight or ten days since I began to govern this island given me, and in all that time I never had my belly full but once; physicians have persecuted me, enemies have trampled over me and bruised my bones, and I have had neither leisure to take bribes nor to receive my just dues. Now, all this considered, in my opinion I did not deserve to come out in this fashion? But man appoints, and God disappoints. Heaven knows best what's best for us all. We must take time as it comes, and our lot as it falls. Let no man say, I'll drink no more of this water; we count our chickens before they are hatched, and many go out for wool and come home shorn. Heaven knows my mind, and I say no more, though I might. Ne'er trouble thyself, Sancho, said Don Quixote, nor mind what some will say, for then thou wilt never have done. So thy conscience be clear, let the world talk at random.\"\nOne may as easily tie up the winds as the tongues of slanderers. If a governor returns rich from his government, they say he has fleeced and robbed the people; if poor, then they call him an idle fool and an ill husband. Nothing is more certain, then, quoth Sancho, but that they'll call me a shallow fool. But for a fleecer or a robber, I scorn their words; I defy the world. Thus conversing as they went, with a rabble of boys and idle people about them, they at last reached the castle, where the duke and duchess waited in the gallery for the knight and squire. As for Sancho, he would not go up to see the duke until he had seen his ass in the stable and provided for him; for he said the poor beast had had but sorry entertainment in its last night's lodging. This done, away he went to wait on his lord and lady, and throwing himself on his knees, \"My lord and lady,\" said he, \"I governed your island of Barataria, such being your will and pleasure.\"\nThough it was your goodness more than my desert. I entered it naked and departed naked, I neither won nor lost. Whether I governed well or ill, there are those not far off who can tell, and let them tell, if they please, those who can tell better than I. I have resolved doubtful cases, determined lawsuits, and all the while ready to die with hunger, such was the pleasure of Doctor Pedro Rezio of Tirte a Fuera, that physician in ordinary to island governors. Enemies set upon us in the night, and after they had put us in great danger, the people of the island say they were delivered, and had the victory, by the strength of my arm. May Heaven prosper them as they speak the truth, I say. In short, in that time, I experienced all the cares and burdens this trade of governing brings along with it, and I found them too heavy for my shoulders. I was never cut out for a ruler, and I am too clumsy to meddle with edge-tools, and so before the government left me.\nI even resolved to leave the Government, and accordingly, yesterday morning I quit the island with the same streets, houses, and roofs as when I arrived. I asked for nothing as a reward and made no preparations for a rainy day. I had intended to issue several wholesome orders but did not, for fear they would not be obeyed. So, as I had previously stated, I departed from the island without any company except my Dapple. I entered a cave and went a good distance through it until, this morning, by the light of the sun, I saw the way out. However, it was not an easy exit, and had it not been for the intervention of my master Don Quixote, I might have remained there until Doomsday. And now, my Lord Duke and my Lady Duchess, here is your Governor Sancho Panza once again, who, after a ten-day government, has only gained enough experience to know that he would not accept a straw's worth of governorship, not even of an island.\nBut speaking of the world at large. Granted, I bow before your honors, and like the boys during a game of truss or fail, I cry, \"Leap you,\" and then let me leap; so I leap from the government to my old master's service once more. For even though, with him, I have often eaten my bread in fear for my body, I still manage to fill my belly. And, for my part, I am content, whether it be with carrots or partridge.\n\nThus Sancho concluded his lengthy speech, and Don Quixote, who had feared he would say a thousand impertinences, thanked heaven in his heart to find him end with so few. The Duke embraced Sancho and expressed regret that he had left the government so soon but promised him another employment that would be less troublesome and more profitable. The Duchess was no less kind, ordering that he should want for nothing.\nfor he seemed sadly bruised and disordered. The Duke and Duchess were not sorry that Sancho's interlude of government had been performed, especially when the steward, who came that very day, gave them a full and distinct account of everything the governor had done and said during his administration, using his very expressions and repeating almost every word he had spoken, concluding with a description of the storming of the island and Sancho's fear and abdication, which proved no unacceptable entertainment.\n\nThe history relates that the day appointed for the combat had come, and the Duke had not forgotten to give his lackey Tosilos all necessary instructions on how to vanquish Don Quixote without killing or wounding him. To this purpose, he gave orders that the spearheads or steelheads of their lances should be taken off, making Don Quixote sensible that Christianity, for which he had such great reverence, did not admit that such conflicts should endanger the lives of the combatants.\nAnd he granted him free lists in his territories, despite it being against the decree of the Holy Council, which forbids such challenges. For this reason, he asked him not to push the matter to the utmost rigor. Don Quixote replied that his grace had disposal of all things, and it was his duty to obey.\n\nThe dreadful day had arrived, and the Duke caused a spacious scaffold to be erected for the judges of the field of battle and for the plaintiffs, the matron and her daughter. An infinite number of people flocked from all the neighboring towns and villages to behold this wonderful new kind of combat, the like of which had never been seen or heard of in those parts, either by the living or the dead. The first to make his entrance at the barriers was the marshal of the field, who came to survey the ground, ensuring there was no foul play, no private holes, or contrivance to make one stumble or fall. After that.\nThe Matron and her daughter entered, both seated in deep mourning with veils covering their eyes and breasts, displaying ample signs of sorrow. At one end of the listed field, Don Quixote de la Mancha, the peerless champion, appeared. At the other end, Tosilos, the grand servant, entered accompanied by a large number of trumpeters and rode on a mighty steed that shook the earth. The visor of his helmet was down, and he was fully armored in proof armor. His horse was a flea-bitten one that appeared to be of Friesland breed and had a large amount of wool around each fetlock. The valiant combatant approached, well instructed by his master, the Duke, on how to behave towards Don Quixote de la Mancha. He was warned to spare his life by all means and therefore avoided a direct collision in his initial charge. Tosilos circled the barrier.\nAnd at last, Don Quixote came to a halt before the two women, leering at the one who had demanded his marriage. The marshal of the field called out to Don Quixote in the presence of Tosilos and asked the mother and daughter if they consented to allow Don Quixote of La Mancha to avenge their honor, and if they would stand or fall by the fortune of their champion. They replied that they did and granted him permission to do as he pleased on their behalf. The duke and duchess had taken their seats in a gallery overlooking the barriers by this time, surrounded by a vast crowd of spectators, all eager to witness the merciless and unprecedented conflict. The terms of the combat were as follows: if Don Quixote emerged victorious, his opponent would marry Donna Rodriguez's daughter; but if the knight was defeated, the victor would be released from his promise.\nAnd the Marshal of the Field placed each of them on the starting spot, dividing equally the advantage of the ground so neither would have the sun in his eyes. Drums beat and the clangor of trumpets sounded through the air; the earth shook beneath them, and the hearts of the numerous spectators were in suspense, some fearing, others expecting the good or bad outcome of the battle. Don Quixote recommended himself to Heaven and his Lady Dulcinea del Toboso, standing expectantly for the precise signal for the onset. But Sancho Panza's mind was elsewhere, and all his thoughts were on what I am about to tell you.\n\nIt seems, as he stood looking at his female enemy, she appeared to him the most beautiful woman he had ever seen in his entire life. This was perceived by the little blind archer, who went by the name of Love, and he took advantage.\nAnd he, fond of improving his triumphs, even over the soul of a lackey, approached him softly and, unnoticed by anyone, shot an arrow two yards long into the poor footman's side, piercing his heart through and through. The mischievous boy could easily do this; for love is invisible and has free ingress or egress where it pleases, at an most unaccountable rate. You must know then, that when the signal for the onset was given, our lackey was in an ecstasy, transported with thoughts of his lovely enemy, and took no notice of the trumpet's sound; contrary to Don Quixote, who, upon hearing it, clapped spurs to his horse and began to make towards his enemy with Rosinante's best speed. At the same time, his good squire Sancho Panza, seeing him start, cried aloud, \"Thou cream and flower of chivalry-errant! Heaven give thee the victory.\"\nSince you have the right on your side. Tosilos saw Don Quixote approaching him, but instead of engaging him in battle, he called out as loud as he could to the Marshal of the Field. \"Sir,\" said Tosilos, \"is this duel to be fought so that I may marry that young lady, or should it be called off?\" The Marshal replied, \"Yes.\" Why then,\" said the servant, \"I feel a burden on my conscience, and I am aware that I would have a great deal to answer for if I were to continue this combat; therefore, I surrender and request that I may marry the lady at once.\" The Marshal of the Field was surprised, as he was privy to the Duke's plan for this business. The servant's unexpected submission put him in such a quandary that he did not know what to say. Meanwhile, Don Quixote came to a halt in the middle of his charge.\nThe Duke was surprised to find his adversary, Tosilos, not defending himself. The Duke couldn't understand why the battle had come to a standstill, but the Marshal explained that Tosilos wished to marry the Duke's daughter peacefully, without the need for lawsuits or combat. Hearing this, Don Quixote, who had been released from his promise, replied, \"Go ahead and marry her, God bless you both and give you joy.\" The Duke approached Tosilos within the lists and asked, \"Is it true, knight, that you yield without fighting and resolve to marry this damsel?\" Tosilos answered, \"Yes, Your Grace. I believe it is the wisest course.\"\n\"quoth Sancho: what the Mouse would get, give the Cat, and keep yourself out of Trouble. Meanwhile, Tosilos began to unlace his helmet, calling out for someone to help him remove it quickly as he was barely able to breathe due to his armor. They swiftly took off his helmet, revealing the face of the lackey. Donna Rodriguez and her daughter cried out: A cheat! They have gotten Tosilos, my lord duke's lackey, to counterfeit my lawful husband, the justice of heaven and the king. This is a piece of malice and treachery not to be endured.\n\nLadies, said Don Quixote, do not vex yourselves. There is neither malice nor treachery in this case, or if there is, the duke is not at fault. No, those evil-minded negromancers who persecute me are the traitors, who, envying the glory I would have gained from this combat, have transformed the face of my adversary into this\"\nBut take my advice, Madam, the Duke's servant spoke to the Daughter, and despite the baseness of my enemies, marry him, he urged. The Duke, hearing this, though angry, could hardly contain his laughter. Truly, he said, such extraordinary accidents befall Don Quixote every day that I am inclined to believe this is not my servant, though he appears to be so. But for our better satisfaction, let us postpone the marriage for two weeks, and in the meantime keep this person in custody, who has caused us such confusion; perhaps by then he may resume his former appearance. Alas, Sir, Sancho interjected, those impish imps of the devil are not so easily tired as you think.\nThey used to transform and shape-shift this into that, and that into something else. It was not long ago that they metamorphosed the Knight of the Mirrors, whom he had defeated, into Bachelor Sampson Carrasco of our village. As for Dulcinea del Toboso, our mistress, they have enchanted and demonized her into the form of a simple country girl. So I truly believe that this insolent fellow here is destined to die as a footman and will live as a footman for the rest of his life. \"Well, cried the Daughter,\" he can be whatever he wants, if he wants me, I'll have him. I ought to thank him, for I would rather be a footman's wife than a gentleman's discarded mistress; besides, the one who deceived me is no gentleman either. In short, the essence of the matter was that Tosilos was to be confined to see what his transformation would become. Don Quixote was acclaimed as the victor by general consent, and the people went away, most of them in ill humor.\nThe Combatants had not killed each other for sport, as young rabble often are, sorrowing when a man to be hanged is pardoned by the wronged party or the magistrate. With the crowd dispersed, the Duke and Duchess returned with Don Quixote to the castle. Tosilos was secured and kept in custody. Donna Rodriguez and her daughter were pleased that the business would end in marriage, and Tosilos entertained similar expectations. Don Quixote believed it was time to leave the idle life he led in the castle, considering it a great fault to shut himself up and indulge in the tempting varieties of dainties and delights provided by the lord and lady of the place for his entertainment.\nas a Knight-Errant; and he thought he was to give a strict account to Heaven for a course of life so opposite to his active profession. One day he informed the Duke and Duchess of his sentiments and begged their leave to depart. They both seemed unwilling to part with him, but eventually yielded to his entreaties. The Duchess gave Sancho his wife's letters, which he could not hear read without weeping. Who would have thought, he cried, that all the mighty hopes with which my wife swelled herself at the news of my preferment should come to this at last, and now I should be reduced again to trot after my master Don Quixote de la Mancha in search of hunger and broken bones! However, I am glad to see my Teresa was like herself, in sending the Duchess the acorns. If she had not done so, she would have shown herself a dirty, ungrateful sow, and I would have been confounded with her shame. My comfort is\nThat no man could claim the present was a bribe, for I had my government before she sent it. It is fitting that those who receive kindness show gratitude, even with small matters. In essence, I entered government naked and left it naked; therefore, I can comfortably say that I entered the world naked and remain so, with a clear conscience. These were Sancho's sentiments upon departure.\n\nAfter taking his solemn leave of the Duke and Duchess overnight, Sancho emerged from his apartment the following morning, donning his armor in the courtyard. The galleries were filled with the household's people, and the Duke, Duchess, and Sancho were also present to witness the scene. Sancho sat atop Dapple, his cloak-bag, wallet, and provisions in hand. The steward, who had portrayed Trifaldi, had given him a purse containing two hundred gold crowns.\nStay, cruel Don,\nDo not go,\nNor give your Horse the spurs;\nFor every jog\nYou give your nag,\nPierces me to the core.\nYou do not shun\nSome buttered bun,\nOr maid without a rag on:\nAlas, I am\nA very lamb,\nYet love like any dragon.\nYou deceived,\nAnd now leave\nA maid as bound,\nAs any in hill or wood,\nTo Venus and Diana.\nSince you, false fiend,\nWhen a nymph is your friend,\nAeneas-like do you behave;\nGo rot and die,\nBoil, roast, or fry,\nWith Barabas the robber.\nYou take your flight,\nLike ravaging kite,\nWho holds within its clutches\nA tender bit,\nA poor tom-tit,\nThen whistle away it flits.\nThe heart of me\nAnd Night-Coifs three with Garters twain you plunder,\nFrom Legs of hue, white, black, and blue,\nSo marbled over you'd wonder.\nTwo thousand Groans,\nAnd warm Ahones,\nAre stuffed within thy Pillion,\nThe least of which,\nLike flaming Pitch,\nMight have burned down old Ilion.\nSince thou, False Fiend,\nWhen Nymph's thy Friend,\nAeneas like dost bob her;\nGo, rot and die,\nBoil, roast, or fry,\nWith Barrabas the Robber.\n\nAs sour as Crab\nAgainst thy Drab,\nMay be thy Sancho's Ghizzard:\nAnd he ne'er thrum\nHis brawny Bum,\nTo free her from the Wizzard.\n\nMay all thy Flouts,\nAnd sullen Doubts,\nBe scor'd upon thy Dowdy;\nAnd she ne'er freed,\nFor thy Misdeed,\nFrom rusty Phiz, and cloudy.\n\nMay Fortune's Curse\nFrom bad to worse,\nTurn all thy best Adventures;\nThy Joys to Dumps,\nThy Brags to Thumps,\nAnd thy best Hopes to Banters.\n\nSince thou, false Fiend,\nWhen Nymph's thy Friend,\nAeneas like dost bob her;\nGo, rot and die,\nBoil, roast, or fry,\nWith Barrabas the Robber.\n\nMayst thou Incog.\nSneak like a Dog.\nAnd over the mountains trudge it,\nFrom Spain to Calais,\nFrom Rome to Wales,\nWithout a cross in budget.\nIf thou art so brisk\nTo play at whist,\nIn hopes of winning riches;\nFor want of trump,\nStrip even thy rump,\nAnd lose thy very breeches.\nMay thy corns ache,\nThen pen-knife take,\nAnd cut thee to the raw-bone:\nWith toothache mad,\nNo ease be had,\nThough quacks pull out thy jaw-bone.\nSince thou, false fiend,\nWhen Nymph's thy friend,\nAeneas like dost bob her;\nGo, rot and die,\nBoil, roast, or fry,\nWith Barrabas the robber.\nThus Altisidora expressed her resentments. Don Quixote, who looked on her seriously the whole while, would not answer a word. But turning to Sancho, \"Dear Sancho,\" he said, \"I conjure thee by the memory of thy forefathers, tell me one truth. Hast thou any night-coifs or garters that belong to this love-sick damsel?\" \"Three night-coifs I have,\" quoth Sancho; \"but as for the garters.\"\nI know no more of them than the Man in the Moon. The Duchess, being a stranger to this part of Altisidora's frolics, was amazed to see her proceed so far in it. But the Duke, pleased with the humor, resolved to carry it on. He then addressed himself to Don Quixote: \"Truly, Sir Knight,\" he said, \"I do not take it kindly that after such civil entertainment as you have had here in my castle, you should offer to carry away three night-coifs, if not a pair of garters besides, the proper goods and chattels of this damsel here present. This was not done like a gentleman, and does not make good the character you would maintain in the world. Therefore, restore her garters, or I challenge you to a mortal combat. Without fear that your evil-minded enchanters should alter my face, as they did my footman's.\" \"Heaven forbid,\" said Don Quixote, \"that I should draw my sword against your most illustrious person.\"\nTo whom I am indebted for many favors. No, my lord, I will have the nightgowns restored \u2013 Sancho tells me he has them. But as for the garters, it's impossible \u2013 neither he nor I ever had them. If this damsel of yours looks carefully among her things, I'm sure she'll find them. I have never been a thief, my lord, and as long as Heaven forsakes me not, I shall never be guilty of such baseness. But this damsel speaks like one in love and accuses me of that which I am innocent of. So, disregarding her little revenge, I have no need to ask pardon from her or your grace. I only beg you will entertain a better opinion of me and permit me to depart. Farewell, Noble Don Quixote, said the Duchess; may Providence direct your course so that we may always be blessed with the good news of your exploits; and so Heaven be with you.\nFor the longer you stay, the more you fan the flames in the hearts of the damsels who gaze upon you. As for this young, discreet creature, I will reprimand her so severely that she will not misbehave herself in word or look for the future. One more thing, I implore you, O valorous Don Quixote, said Alisidora. I beg your pardon for accusing you of stealing my garter; in truth, I have them on. But my thoughts were wandering; I was like the country man who looked for his ass while mounted on his back. Many are coming up, cried Sancho, who did they take me for, pray? A concealer of stolen goods, no indeed; had I been given that way, I might have had opportunities enough in my government.\n\nDon Quixote made a bow, and after he had made his obeisance to the Duke, the Duchess, and the entire company, he turned about with Rosinante. Don Quixote and Sancho, following him on Dapple, left the castle and took the road for Saragossa.\n\nDon Quixote barely breathed the open air in the field.\nFree from Altisidora's amorous opportunities, but he fancied himself in his own element; he thought he felt the Spirit of Knight-Erantry reviving in his breast; and turning to Sancho, he said, \"Friend Sancho, liberty is one of the most valuable blessings that Heaven has bestowed on mankind. Not all the treasures concealed in the bowels of the earth, nor those in the bosom of the sea can be compared with it. For liberty, a man may, nay, ought to hazard even his life, as well as for honor, accounting captivity the greatest misery he can endure. I tell you this, my Sancho, because you were a witness of the good cheer and plenty which we met with in the castle; yet in the midst of those delicious feasts, among those tempting dishes, and those liquors cooled with snow, I thought I suffered the extremity of hunger, because I did not enjoy them with that freedom as if they had been my own: For the obligations that lie upon us to make suitable returns for kindnesses received.\"\nAs they traveled, the wandering knight and squire discussed various matters. They had not ridden more than a league when they saw about a dozen men sitting on the grass in a meadow, with their cloaks beneath them. Nearby, they saw several white cloths or sheets spread out and laid close together.\nQuixote rode up to the people and civilly asked what was covered by the linen. One of the company replied, \"We are setting up carved images at our town's altar. Quixote expressed his desire to see them, as he assumed they were valuable due to the care taken. \"Yes, they are,\" another replied, \"or else we are being cheated. Stay, and you can see for yourself.\" Getting up from his seat, Quixote removed the cover from one of the figures, revealing St. George on horseback with a serpent coiled at his feet, its throat transfixed by a lance, all spick-and-span new.\nDon Quixote saw an image of Don St. George, shining like beaten gold. \"This is one of the best Knight-Errants the Divine Warfare or Church-Militant ever had,\" he said. The image was actually St. Martin on horseback. \"Another Christian adventurer,\" Don Quixote declared upon seeing him. \"I think he was more liberal than valiant,\" he continued. \"Sancho, you can see it too. He divided his cloak with a poor man. He gave him half, and it was likely winter time, or he would have given it to him whole, for he was so charitable.\"\n\n\"I don't think so, Master,\" Sancho replied. \"But I believe he followed the proverb: He who lends his cloak must...\"\n\nDon Quixote smiled and imagined St. Martin riding on horseback, with his sword bloody, trampling down Moors, and treading on heads. \"Yes, this is a true knight,\" he exclaimed.\nwhen he saw it, one of those who fought in the Squadrons of the Savior of the World was called Don San Jaigo, Mata-Moros, or Don St. James, the Destroyer of the Moors. He may be considered one of the most valorous saints and professors of chivalry that Earth formerly enjoyed, and Heaven now possesses. They then unveiled another piece, which depicted St. Paul falling from his horse, with all the circumstances usually expressed in the story of his conversion, represented so lifelike that he looked as if he had been answering the voice that spoke to him from Heaven. This, said Don Quixote, was the greatest enemy the Church Militant had ever had, and later proved to be its greatest defender. In his life, a true knight-errant, and in his death, a steadfast saint; an indefatigable laborer in the Lord's vineyard, a teacher of the Gentiles, who had Heaven for his school and the Lord of Wisdom for his master and instructor. Don Quixote, perceiving there were no more images.\nDesired the men to cover those I had seen: And then, my good friends, said he to them, I cannot but esteem the sight that I have had of these images as a happy omen; for these saints and knights were of the same profession that I follow, which is that of arms. The difference only lies in this point, that they were saints, and fought according to the rules of holy discipline; and I am a sinner, and fight after the manner of men. They conquered heaven by force, for heaven is taken by violence; but I alas cannot yet tell what I gain by the force of my labors! Yet, if Dulcinea del Toboso were free from her troubles, by a happy change in my fortune, and an improvement in my understanding, I might perhaps take a better course than I do. Heaven grant it, quoth Sancho, and let the devil do his worst.\n\nAll this while the men wondered at Don Quixote's discourse as well as his figure; for they could not understand one half of what he meant. So that after they had made an end of their dinner.\nThey got up their images and took their leaves of Don Quixote, continuing their journey. Sancho remained in awe, as if he had never known his master; he wondered how he came to know all these things and fancied there was not an adventure or history in the world that he hadn't at his fingertips. \"Faith and truth, master of mine,\" Sancho exclaimed, \"if what has happened to us today can be called an adventure, it is one of the sweetest and most pleasant we have ever met in all our rambles. For we have come off without a dry gullet or the least bodily fear. We have not even touched our weapons, nor have we beaten the ground with our bodies. Heaven be praised, that I have seen all this with my own eyes!\" \"You speak well, Sancho,\" Don Quixote replied, \"but I must tell you that seasons and times are not always the same, but often take a different course! And what the vulgar call forebodings and omens\"\nA wise man should only consider happy encounters devoid of rational explanations in nature. One such superstitious fool, upon leaving his house early in the morning, encounters a Franciscan friar and recoils in fear, as if he had encountered a griffin. Another foolish man accidentally knocks over the salt on the tablecloth and is greatly distressed, interpreting this minor mishap as a sign of impending disasters. A truly wise and religious man, such as Scipio, stumbles and falls as he disembarks in Africa. His soldiers interpret this as a bad omen, but Scipio, embracing the earth, declares, \"I have you now, Africa, you shall not escape me.\" In this manner, I believe it a fortunate accident that I encountered these images. I hold the same opinion.\n\"But I want to know why the Spaniards call upon St. James, the Destroyer of Moors, before battle, Sancho asked. Why, they're asking Spain to be closed when it's already closed, Don Quixote explained. Spain considers St. James its patron and protector in its battles against the Moors, as he has personally appeared and defeated Saracen squadrons, as evidenced in authentic Spanish histories. Changing the subject, Sancho expressed his astonishment at Altisidora's maid's impudence.\"\nAnd he runs her through without mercy. They say he's a little blind urchin, yet the dark youth, with no more eyesight than a beetle, will hit you in the heart as sure as a gun, and bore it through and through with his dart if he undertakes to shoot at it. However, I have heard say that the shafts of love are blunted and beaten back by the modest and sober carriage of young maidens. But upon this Altisidora, their edge seems rather to be whetted than made blunt. Observe, Sancho, said Don Quixote, that love is void of consideration and disclaims the rules of reason in his proceedings. He is like death, and equally affects the lofty palaces of kings and the lowly cottages of shepherds. Wherever he takes entire possession of a soul, the first thing he does is to dismiss all bashfulness and shame. So these being banished from Altisidora's breast, she confidently discovered her loose desires, which alas! rather filled me with confusion than pity. Well, go to, quoth Sancho.\nYou are unyieldingly cruel; how could you be so heartless and ungrateful? If the poor thing had merely shown me affection, I dare say I would have recovered at the first word and been at her service. Alas, what a heart of marble, bowels of brass, and soul of plaster you possess! But I cannot fathom, for the life of me, what the poor creature saw in you to make her behave so foolishly towards you! Where was the sparkling appearance, the briskness, the fine carriage, the sweet face that enchanted her? Indeed and indeed, I often examine you from the tip of your toe to the topmost hair on your crown; and I assure you, I see nothing in you that is more likely to scare one than to make one fall in love. I've heard that beauty is the primary and chief thing that begets love; since you lack this, it is unlikely that you are the object of her infatuation. Take notice, Sancho, answered Don Quixote, that there are two sorts of beauty.\nThe one of the Soul and the other of the Body. The one of the Soul lies and reveals itself in the Understanding, in Principles of Honor and Virtue, in a handsome Behavior, in Generosity and good Breeding; all which qualities may be found in a person not so accomplished in outward features. And when this Beauty, and not that of the Body, is the object of love, then the assaults of that passion are much more fierce, more surprising and effective. Now Sancho, though I am sensible I am not handsome, I know at the same time I'm not deformed; and provided an honest man be possessed of the endowments of the Mind which I have mentioned, and nothing appears monstrous in him, 'tis enough to entitle him to the love of a reasonable creature.\n\nThus discoursing, they got into a wood quite out of the road, and on a sudden Don Quixote, before he knew where he was, found himself entangled in some nets of green thread, spread among the trees. Not being able to imagine what it was, certainly, Sancho panicked.\nThe adventure of the Nets is one of the most unaccountable that can be imagined. Let me die now if this is not a stratagem of the evil-minded necromancers that haunt me, to entangle me so that I may not proceed, as it were, to revenge my contempt of Altisidora's addresses. But let them know, that though these nets were adamantine chains, as they are only made of green thread, and though they were stronger than those in which the jealous god of blacksmiths caught Venus and Mars, I would break them with as much ease as if they were weak rushes or fine cotton-yarn. With that, the knight put briskly forward, resolved to break through and make his words good; but in the very moment, two most beautiful shepherdesses sprang from behind the trees. At least they appeared to be so by their habits. Their flowing hair hung down about their shoulders in curls, as charming as the sun's golden rays.\nAnd they circled their brows with garlands of green bays and red flowers interwoven. Their age seemed not less than fifteen, nor more than eighteen years. This unexpected vision dazzled and amazed Sancho, surprising Don Quixote, making even the gazing sun pause in its course, and leaving the astonished parties in suspense and silence for a while. One of the shepherdesses then opened her coral lips and said, \"Sir, please do not tear those nets which we have spread here; not to offend you, but to amuse ourselves. About two leagues from this place lies a village where there are many people of quality and good estates. Among these, several have formed a company, all of friends, neighbors, and relatives, to come and take their diversion in this place.\"\nOne of the most delightful places here. We plan to establish a new Arcadia. The young men have taken on the habit of shepherds, and the ladies the dress of shepherdesses. We have memorized two eclogues; one from the famous Garcilasso, and the other from the excellent Portuguese poet Camoes. Although the truth is, we have not yet recited them, as yesterday was our first day of arriving here. We have pitched some tents among the trees, near the banks of a large brook that waters all these meadows. Last night, we spread our nets to catch simple birds that our calls would allure into the snare. Sir, if you are willing to join us, you will be made very welcome and entertained handsomely; for we are all disposed to pass the time agreeably and for a while banish melancholy from this place. Truly, fair lady, answered Don Quixote. Actaeon could not be more lost in admiration and amazement at the sight of Diana bathing herself.\nI applaud the design of your entertainment and return my thanks for your obliging offers. Assuring you that if it lies within my power to serve you, you may depend on my obedience to your commands. For my profession is the very reverse of ingratitude and aims at doing good to all persons, especially those of your merit and condition. Were these nets spread over the surface of the whole earth, I would seek out a passage through new worlds rather than break the smallest thread that contributes to your pastime. And that you may give some credit to this seeming exaggeration, know that he who makes this promise is none other than Don Quixote de la Mancha, if ever such a name has reached your ears. Oh, my dear, cried the other shepherdess, what good fortune this is! You see this gentleman before us. I must tell you, he is the most valiant, the most amorous, and the most complaisant person in the world, if the history of his exploits already in print attests to this.\nI have read it, my dear, and I wager that the honest fellow there is Sancho Panza, Don Quixote's squire. You're correct, Sancho replied, I am that comical creature and the very squire you speak of. And there is my lord and master, Don Quixote of La Mancha. Pray, my dear, let us ask him to stay, our father and brothers will be delighted to see him. I have heard of his valor and merit as much as you tell me. They say he is the most constant and faithful lover in the world, and his mistress, Dulcinea del Toboso, holds the prize for beauty in all of Spain. It is just, Don Quixote replied, if your charms do not dispute her that glory. But, ladies,\nI beseech you not to detain me; for the indispensable duties of my profession will not allow me to remain in one place. At the same time, the brother of one of the shepherdesses arrived, dressed as a shepherd but in a splendid and gay attire like theirs. They told him that the gentleman they saw with them was the valorous Don Quixote of La Mancha, and that the other was Sancho Panza, his squire, whom he had read about in history. The gallant shepherd begged him so earnestly to grant them his company to their tents that Don Quixote was forced to comply and go with them. About the same time, the nets were drawn and filled with various little birds, who were deceived by the color of the snare and fell into the danger they would have avoided. Over thirty people, all gayly dressed as shepherds and shepherdesses, gathered there, and being informed who Don Quixote and his squire were, they were not a little pleased.\nThey were not strangers to his history. In short, they escorted them to their tents, where they found a clean, sumptuous, and plentiful entertainment ready. They made the knight take the place of honor, and while they sat at the table, none gazed at him without wonder at such a strange figure. At last, the cloak being removed, Don Quixote, with great gravity, lifting up his voice, said, \"Of all the sins that men commit, none, in my opinion, is so great as ingratitude, though some think pride greater. And I ground my assertion on this, that hell is said to be full of the ungrateful. Ever since I have had the use of reason, I have employed the utmost efforts to avoid this crime; and if I am not able to repay the favors I receive in kind, at least I am not wanting in sincere intentions of making suitable returns; and if that is not sufficient, I make my acknowledgments as public as I can. For he that proclaims the kindnesses he has received\"\nI am in a disposition to repay those who have shown kindness to me, and those who receive are generally inferior to those who give. The Supreme Being, who is infinitely above all things, bestows his blessings on us far beyond the capacity of all other benefactors. A thankful mind, in some measure, supplies its lack of power with heartfelt desires and sincere expressions of gratitude and respect. I am in this condition regarding the civilities I have been treated with here. I am unable to make an acknowledgment equal to the kindnesses I have received. I shall therefore only offer what is within the narrow limits of my abilities; which is, to maintain, for two whole days together, in the middle of the road that leads to Saragosa, that these ladies here, disguised in the habit of shepherdesses, are the fairest and most courteous damsels in the world, excepting only Dulcinea del Toboso.\nSancho, with great attention, listened to his master's compliment, but felt compelled to interject. \"Indeed, Master,\" he exclaimed, \"is there anyone in the world so bold as to claim that you are a madman? Have you ever encountered any of our country parsons, no matter how wise or learned, making such a claim? Or have you heard of any knight-errant, no matter how famed for prowess, making such an offer? Don Quixote turned to Sancho, his eyes burning with fiery indignation. \"Is there anyone in the world,\" he cried, \"who dares to call you an incorrigible fool, Sancho, a mixture of folly and deceit, with malice as one of its ingredients? Who dares meddle with my concerns, Fellow?\"\nor busy yourself with my Folly or Discretion? Hold your saucy Tongue, Scoundrel! Make no Reply, but go and saddle Rosinante if he is unsaddled, so I may immediately perform what I have offered. In such a noble and just cause, you may reckon all those who shall presume to oppose me subdued and overthrown. Having said this, he rose up in a dreadful Fury, and with marks of Anger in his Looks, to the amazement of all the company, who were at a loss whether they should esteem him a mad-man or a man of sense. They endeavored to prevail with him to lay aside his challenges, telling him they were sufficiently assured of his grateful nature without exposing him to the danger of such demonstrations; and as for his valor, they were so well informed by the history of his numerous achievements that there was no need of any new instance to convince them of it. But all these representations could not dissuade him from his purpose; and therefore, having mounted Rosinante and braced his shield.\nAnd he grasped his lance, posting himself in the middle of the highway, not far from the verdant meadow, followed by Sancho on his dapple and all the pastoral society, who were eager to see the outcome of that arrogant and unaccountable resolution. The champion having taken his ground, made the neighboring air ring with the following challenge: \"O ye whoever you are, knights, squires, afoot or horseback, that now pass or shall pass this road within these two days, know that Don Quixote de la Mancha, Knight-Errant, stays here to assert and maintain that the nymphs who inhabit these groves and meadows surpass in beauty and courteous disposition all those in the universe, setting aside the sovereign of my soul, the Lady Dulcinea del Toboso. And he that dares uphold the contrary, let him appear, for here I expect his coming.\" Twice he repeated these lofty words, and twice they were repeated in vain, not being heard by any adventurer. But his old friend Fortune was silent.\nThat had a strange hand at managing his concerns and always mended on it, showed him a jolly sight. By and by, he discovered on the road a great number of people on horseback, many of them with lances in their hands, all trooping together very fast. The company that watched Don Quixote's movements no sooner spied such a squadron, driving the dust before them, than they got out of harm's way, not deeming it safe to be so near danger. And as for Sancho, he sheltered himself behind Rosinante's crupper. Only Don Quixote stood fixed with undaunted courage. When the horsemen came near, one of the foremost bawled to the champion, \"So hey! cried he! get out of the way, and be hanged. The devil's in the fellow! Stand off, or the bulls will trample thee to pieces.\" Go to, ye scoundrels, answered Don Quixote, \"none of your bulls can avail against me, though the fiercest that ever were fed on the banks of Xarama. Acknowledge, hangdogs, all in one body, what I have proclaimed here to be truth.\"\nBut the Cow-herd made no response, neither did Don Quixote have time to move away, for the Wild Bulls were soon upon them, along with several tame Cows and a large group of drivers and people heading to a town where they would be baited the next day. They trampled Knight and Squire, Horse and Man underfoot mercilessly. Sancho lay maimed, Don Quixote stunned, Dapple bruised, and Rosinante in indifferent condition. Yet, once the entire rout of Men and Beasts had passed, Don Quixote rose up before he fully came to himself. Staggering and stumbling, falling and getting up as fast as he could, he began to chase after them: \"Stop, Scoundrels, stop!\" he cried aloud. \"Stay, I, a single Knight, defy you all!\"\nOne who scorns the notion of building a golden bridge for a flying enemy. But the hasty travelers paid him no heed, nor did they slow their pace for all his loud defiance; they regarded it as insignificant as the previous year's snow.\n\nEventually, Don Quixote grew weary and was forced to stop. Despite his anger and lack of opportunity for revenge, he sat down in the road until Sancho arrived with Rosinante and Dapple. The master and man managed to remount and, ashamed of their unsuccessful encounter, hastened their journey without bidding farewell to their friends in the New Arcadia.\n\nA clear fountain, which Don Quixote and Sancho discovered among some verdant trees, provided them with refreshment, as they were both covered in dust and tired following their rough encounter with the bulls. By the water's edge, they left Rosinante and Dapple unbridled and unharnessed, to roam freely. The two weary adventurers then sat down. Sancho washed his mouth, while Don Quixote cleansed his face. The squire then went to his old cupboard.\nThe Wallet; taking out what he called \"Belly-Timber,\" laid it before the Knight. But Don Quixote refused to eat out of pure vexation, and Sancho hesitated for good manners, waiting for him to indicate the way. However, finding him so engrossed in his fantasies that he had no thoughts of lifting his hand to his mouth, the squire, without uttering a word, began to feed himself with the bread and cheese before him. \"Eat, friend Sancho,\" cried Don Quixote, \"repair the decays of nature and sustain life, which you have more reason to cherish than I; leave me to die abandoned to my sorrows and the violence of my misfortunes. I was born to live dying, and you to die eating.\" And to convince you of the truth of this, reflect upon me: famous in histories, dignified with the honor of the press, renowned for feats of arms, courteous in behavior, respected by princes, beloved.\nand importuned by damsels; yet after all this, when I at last flattered myself with hopes of laurels, triumphs, and crowns, the reward merited by my valorous achievements, I was held under foot, trampled like the highway dirt, kicked and bruised by the hoofs of vile and filthy beasts. The thought dulls the edge of my teeth and of my appetite; unhinges my jaws, benumbs my hands, and stupifies my senses; and fearing more to live than to die, I am resolved almost to starve myself; though to die with hunger be the most cruel of all deaths. So that perhaps, quoth Sancho (without losing any time in chewing), you will not make good the saying, 'tis good to die with a full belly? For my part, I am not simple enough yet to kill myself. No, I am like the cobbler, who stretches his leather with his teeth: I am for lengthening my life by eating, and I'll stretch it with my grinders as far as heaven will let it run. Faith and truth, master, there's no greater folly in this world than for a man to despair.\nAnd throw the helve after the hatchet. Therefore, take my advice, fall to, and eat as I do. When you have done, lie down and take a nap; the fresh grass here will do as well as a feather-bed. I dare say, by that time you'll find yourself better in body and mind. Don Quixote followed Sancho's counsel; for he was convinced the squire spoke good natural philosophy at that time. However, in the meantime, a thought coming into his mind. Ah, Sancho, he said, if you would but do something that I am now going to ask of you, my cares would sit more easily on me, and my comfort would be more certain. It is only this: while, according to your advice, I try to compose my thoughts with sleep, do you but step aside a little, and exposing your back-parts bare in the open air, take the reins of Rosinante's bridle, and give yourself some three or four hundred smart lashes; in part of the three thousand and odd thou art to receive to dis-enchant Dulcinea. For, in truth, 'tis a shame.\nAnd it is a great pity that the poor lady remains enchanted all this time due to your carelessness and neglect. Sancho spoke a great deal about this, but let's go to sleep first and then we'll see what happens. Heaven knows what will transpire. Do you think, Sir, it is nothing for a man to flagellate himself in cold blood? You should know that it is a cruel thing, especially when the lashes must fall upon a body as weak and horribly lined within as mine. Let Lady Dulcinea have a little patience. One of these days, when she least expects it, she'll see my skin pinked and jagged like a flashed doublet with lashes. Quixote thanked him, and they both retired, leaving their constant friends and companions, Rosinante and Dapple, to their own discretion.\nThe knight and squire rested or fed in the abundant meadow. The day was far along when they woke; they mounted and continued their journey towards an inn, about a league away. I call it an inn because Don Quixote referred to it as such, despite his custom of considering inns as castles. Upon arrival, they asked the innkeeper if he had any lodging. Yes, he replied, and accommodations as good as you would find in the city of Saragossa. They dismounted, and Sancho carried his belongings to a chamber, which the innkeeper provided him with the key. After ensuring Rosinante and Dapple were well taken care of in the stable, Sancho waited for his master. Don Quixote retired to his room as supper time approached.\nasked him what they had to give them for supper? \"Whatever you will, answered he. You may choose between fish or flesh, Butcher's meat or poultry, wild-fowl, and the like. Land, sea, and air provide everything for food here. There's no need for all this, said Sancho. A couple of roasted chickens will suffice. Roast us a good, handsome pullet with eggs, Sancho requested, as long as it is young and tender. A pullet, Master? answered the host. Faith and truth, I sent above fifty away to the city to sell yesterday. Setting aside pullets, you may have anything else. Why then, said Sancho, give us a good joint of veal or kid. \"Mercy, replied the inn-keeper, now I remember, we have none left in the house. The last company that went cleared us out completely. But by next week we shall have more to spare. We are quite held up, said Sancho. Now I will hold a good wager, all these defects must be made up with a dish of eggs and bacon. \"Hey day,\" cried the host.\nmy guest has a rare knack at guessing, I told him I had no hens or pullets in the house, and yet he would have me to have eggs! think on something else, I beseech you, and let's talk no more of that. \"Body of me, cry'd Sancho, let's come to something; tell me what thou hast, good Mr. Landlord, and don't put me to trouble my brains any longer. Why then, d'ye see, quoth the host, to deal plainly with you, I have a delicate pair of cow-heels that look like calves-feet, or a pair of calves feet that look like cow-heels, dressed with onions, peas and bacon; a dish for a prince, they are just ready to be taken off, and by this time they cry, come eat me, come eat me. Cow-heels, cry'd Sancho! I set my mark upon 'em. Let no body touch 'em. I'll give more for 'em than any other shall. There's nothing I love better. No body else shall have 'em, answered the host; you need not fear, for all the guests I have in the house besides yourselves are persons of quality, that carry their steward, their cook.\nAnd their provisions, along with them. Sancho remarked, \"My master is of as good quality as any of them. As for his profession, it doesn't allow for larders or butteries. We usually eat in the midst of a field, filling our bellies with acorns or medlars. This was the conversation between Sancho and the innkeeper. Supper time arrived, Don Quixote went to his room. The host brought in the dish of cow heels and seated him for supper. However, in the next room, separated by a thin partition, the knight overheard someone speaking. \"Dear Don Jeronimo,\" the unseen person pleaded, \"please wait until supper is brought in before we read another chapter of the Second Part of Don Quixote.\" Hearing himself named, the champion rose.\nAnd they listened attentively as Don Jeronimo spoke, and he heard Don John say, \"Why should we read nonsense, Senior Don John? I think anyone who has read the first part of Don Quixote would take little pleasure in reading the second. But it may not be amiss to read it; for there is no book so bad that it doesn't have something good in it. What bothers me most in this part is that it no longer portrays Don Quixote as being in love with Dulcinea del Toboso. Upon these words, Don Quixote, burning with anger and indignation, cried out, \"Whoever says that Don Quixote de la Mancha has forgotten or can forget Dulcinea del Toboso, I will make him know with equal arms that he strays from the truth. For the peerless Dulcinea del Toboso cannot be forgotten, nor can Don Quixote be guilty of forgetfulness. Constancy is his motto; and to preserve his fidelity with pleasure and without the least constraint\"\nOne of those in the next room cried out: \"Who is it, Quoth Sancho, but Don Quixote de la Mancha himself, the one who will make good on all he has said and all he has to say. I swear it: A good paymaster never grudges giving security.\n\nSancho had barely made this response when the two gentlemen entered. One of them threw his arms around Don Quixote's neck. \"Your presence, Sir Knight,\" he said, \"does not belie your reputation. Your reputation will surely raise respect for your presence. You are indeed the true Don Quixote de la Mancha, the North Star and Luminary of Chivalry-Errant, despite the one who has attempted to usurp your name and annihilate your achievements. An Arragonian published a book, which he called the Second Part of Don Quixote, before our author had printed this.\"\n\nAuthor of this Book.\nThe text I deliver to you contains the following issues: The knight, upon receiving the book from his friend, began to criticize it. He found fault with three things. First, he disapproved of certain words in the preface. Second, he noted the author's language was Aragonese, as he sometimes wrote without articles. Third, the knight pointed out an error in a principal part of the history. The author referred to Sancho Panza's wife as Mary Gutierrez, but her true name was Teresa Panza. Given this significant error, the knight suspected the author of committing many more throughout the work. Sancho interjected, expressing his belief that the author knew much about their concerns.\n\"to call my wife Teresa Pansa, Mary Gutierrez. Pray take the book again, and see if he mentions me, and if he has changed my name too. Honest man, you should be Sancho Panza, squire to Don Quixote, said Don Jeronimo. I am, quoth Sancho, and I am proud of the office. Well, the gentleman replied, to tell the truth, the last author does not treat you as civilly as you seem to deserve. He represents you as a glutton and a fool, without the least grain of wit or humor, and very different from the Sancho we have in the first part of your master's history. Heaven forgive him, quoth Sancho; he might have left me where I was.\"\nEvery man's nose won't make a shoeing horn. Let's leave the world as it is. St. Peter is well at Rome. The two gentlemen invited Don Quixote to sup with them in their chamber; there was nothing to be had in the inn fit for his entertainment. Don Quixote, who was always complaisant, could not deny their request and went with them. Sancho remained lord and master, with his flesh pot before him, and placed himself at the upper end of the table, with the innkeeper for his messmate; for he was no less a lover of cow heels than the squire.\n\nWhile Don Quixote was at supper with the gentlemen, Don John asked him about Lady Dulcinea del Toboso. When had he heard from her? Was she married? Did she have children or was she with child? Or was she still a virgin, preserving her honor and reputation unstained, and did she have a grateful sense of the love and constancy of Don Quixote? Dulcinea is still a virgin.\nDon Quixote answered, and my amorous thoughts were more fixed than ever. Our correspondence was not frequent, but her beauty transformed into the homely appearance of a rural woman. And he told the gentlemen the whole story of her being enchanted, what had happened to him in the Cave of Montesinos, and the means Merlin had prescribed to free her from enchantment, which was Sancho's penance of three thousand three hundred lashes. The gentlemen were extremely pleased to hear the strange passages of Don Quixote's history directly from his mouth, equally wondering at the nature of his extravagances and his elegant manner of relating them. One minute they looked upon him as if he was in his senses, and the next, they thought he had lost them all; so they could not resolve what degree to assign him between madness and sound judgment.\n\nBy this time, Sancho having finished his supper and leaving his landlord, entered the room where his master was with the two strangers. And as he bolted in.\n\"Hang me, Gentlemen, if he who wrote the Book your Worships have, could have wished that he and I had ever taken a loving cup together: I wish, as he calls me Greedy-gut, he does not set me out as a Drunkard too. Nay, said Don Jeronimo, he does not treat you better on that point; though I cannot well remember his expressions. Only this I know, they are scandalous and false, as I perceive by the physiognomy of sober Sancho here present. Take my word for it, Gentlemen, the Sancho and Don Quixote in your Book, I don't know who they are, but they are not the same men as those in Cid Hamet Benengeli's History. For we two are they; my master valiant, discreet, and in love, and I a plain, merry-conceited fellow, but neither a glutton nor a drunkard. I believe you, said Don John, and I could wish, were such a thing possible, that all other writers whatsoever were forbidden to record the deeds of the great Don Quixote except Cid Hamet.\"\nHis first author forbade all other painters to draw his picture except Apelles, said Don Quixote. Let anyone draw mine, he pleaded, but do not abuse the original. For when Patience is laden with injuries, it often sinks under its burden. No injury can be offered to Sir Don Quixote but what he is able to avenge or at least ward off with the shield of his Patience, which, in my opinion, is great and strong.\n\nIn such conversation they spent a good part of the night, and though Don John tried to persuade Don Quixote to read more of the book to see how the author had handled his subject, he could not prevail. The knight made it clear he had had enough and, as if he had read it in its entirety, concluding it to be all of a piece and nonsense throughout, and would not encourage the scribbler's vanity so far as to let him think he had read it.\nIf it ever reached his ears that the book had come into his possession, he knew we should avoid tainting our imaginations and, with the utmost care, our eyes, with vile and obscene matters. They asked him which way he was traveling; he replied that he was going to Saragosa to participate in the tournaments held annually in that city for the prize of armor. Don John informed him that the second part of his history contained an account of how Don Quixote, whoever he was, had been to Saragosa at a public bullfight. Don Quixote pointed out that the description was wretched and defective in its contrivance, mean and low in style and expression, and miserably poor in devices and overall, but filled with foolish, idle stuff. For this reason, Don Quixote declared that he would not set foot in Saragosa, and the world would see what a notorious lie this new historian was telling, and all of mankind would perceive that I am not the Don Quixote he speaks of. You will do well, [Don Quixote] said.\nDon Quixote: Besides, there's another tournament at Barcelona where you can display your valor. I intend to do so, replied Don Quixote. And so, gentlemen, grant me leave to bid you goodnight and allow me to retire to bed (it's late). Permit me to join your ranks of friends and loyal servants. And me too, said Sancho; perhaps I'll prove useful.\n\nAfter taking their leave of each other, Don Quixote and Sancho retired to their chamber, leaving the two strangers in awe, pondering the strange mix of sense and madness they had witnessed. Fully convinced that these were indeed the true Don Quixote and Sancho, and not the impostors published by the Aragonese author.\n\nEarly in the morning, Don Quixote arose, knocked on the thin wall separating his chamber from that of the gentlemen, and took his leave of them. Sancho paid the host generously but advised him to keep better provisions in his inn.\nThe morning was cool and promised a temperate day when Don Quixote left the inn. He resolved not to see Saragosa and instead traveled for six days without encountering any memorable adventures. However, on the seventh day, he lost his way and was forced to stop in a thicket of oaks or cork trees. Master and man dismounted, and they both lay down at the foot of the trees. Sancho, who had eaten well that day, easily surrendered to sleep. But Don Quixote, kept awake by his chimeras, remained awake despite his hunger.\nHe could not close his eyes; his thoughts were hurried to a thousand places. In one moment, he imagined himself in Montesino's cave, seeing Dulcinea (perverted as she was into a country hoyden) leap onto her ass-colt. The next moment, he thought he heard the sage Merlin's voice, relating the means required to disenchant her. A fit of despair seized him. He was mad to think of Sancho's remissness and lack of charity; the squire having given himself no more than five lashes, a small number in comparison to the penance still owed. This reflection nettled him and increased his vexation, leading him to consider extraordinary methods. If Alexander the Great, unable to untie the Gordian knot, said it was the same thing to cut or to undo, and so sliced it asunder, becoming the sovereign of the world.\nIf Don Quixote believes he can break Dulcinea's enchantment by whipping Sancho, regardless of whether Sancho willingly receives the lashes or not, why can't I free Dulcinea from the enchantment by whipping Sancho myself? Since the effectiveness of this remedy hinges on Sancho receiving the lashes, it makes no difference to me whether I or someone else administers them.\n\nFilled with this belief, Don Quixote approached Sancho, taking the reins of Rosinante's bridle and preparing them for the task of lashing him. It is commonly known that Sancho had only one set of points, and Don Quixote raised his breeches as he began to undo them. But as soon as he started, Sancho awoke from his sleep, crying out, \"What's this? Who's fumbling around me and untying my points?\" \"It's I,\" answered Don Quixote, \"I have come to help you and seek the remedy for my torments. I have come to whip you, Sancho, and to discharge, at least in part, the responsibility for your punishment.\"\nThat debt for which you are engaged. Dulcinea pines, while you live carelessly of her fate, and I die with desire. Unloosen yourself then, willingly and unwillingly; for I am resolved, while we are alone in this recess, to give you at least two thousand strokes.\n\nHold him there, said Sancho. Be quiet, will you. Body of me, let me alone, or I swear deaf men shall hear us. The strokes I am bound to give myself are to be voluntary, not forced; and at this time I have no mind to be whipped at all: Let it suffice that I promise you to flog and scourge myself, when the mood strikes me.\n\nNo, said Don Quixote, there's no standing to your courtesy, Sancho; for you are hard-hearted; and though a clown, yet you are tender of your flesh; and so saying, he struggled with all his might to untie the squire's ropes. Which, when Sancho perceived, he stood up on his legs, and setting upon his master, closed with him, tripped up his heels, threw him fairly onto his back; and then set his knee upon his chest.\nAnd he held his hands fast, preventing Don Quixote from moving or breathing freely. Don Quixote, overpowered, cried out, \"How now, Traitor! What rebellion against your master, against your natural lord, against him who gives you bread? I do not make a king, nor depose one, Sancho replied. I only defend myself, for I am the master of myself. If your worship will promise to leave me alone and abandon the thought of whipping me at this time, I will let you rise and grant you freedom; if not, here you die, Traitor to Donna Sancha. Don Quixote gave his parole of honor and swore by the life of his best thoughts not to touch a single hair on Sancho's coat but to leave it to his discretion to whip himself when he thought fit. With that, Sancho rose and moved his quarters to another place at a good distance. However, as he went to lean against another tree, he perceived something bobbing at his head, and, lifting up his hands,\n\n(Note: The text appears to be in good condition and does not require extensive cleaning. A few minor corrections have been made for clarity.)\nA man found a tree with quaking feet wearing shoes and stockings. Frightened, he moved to another tree, where danger loomed overhead. He called out to Don Quixote for help. Don Quixote arrived and asked about the cause of the man's fear. Sancho replied that all the trees were filled with men's feet and legs. Don Quixote began to search and soon discovered the reason for their fear. \"Fear not, Sancho,\" he said. \"These are the feet and legs of bandits and robbers, hung up on these trees by the officers of justice in clusters. We must be near Barcelona.\" As day broke, they looked up and saw the bodies of the highwaymen hanging on the trees. The sight surprised them.\nHow much more disturbed were they at the appearance of above forty live bandits who poured upon them and surrounded them suddenly, charging them in the Galician tongue to stand and wait for their captain. Don Quixote found himself on foot, his horse unbridled, his lance against a tree at some distance, and in short, void of all defense. He was therefore forced to put his arms across, hold down his head, and shield himself, leaving on his back nothing of what he carried, either in the wallets or Sancho's cloak, that the duke's pieces of gold and those he brought from home were hidden in a girdle about his waist. Though for all that, those honest gentlemen would certainly have taken the pains to have searched and surveyed him all over and would have had the gold, even if they had stripped him of his skin to come at it. But by good fortune their captain came in the interim. He seemed about four and thirty years of age, his body robust, his stature tall, his visage austere.\nAnd he had a swarthy complexion. He was mounted on a lusty horse, wore a coat of steel, and had two pistols on each side. Perceiving that his squires were going to dismount Sancho, he ordered them to stop, and they immediately obeyed, allowing the girdle to escape. He was surprised to see a lance leaning against a tree, a shield on the ground, and Don Quixote in armor and with the saddest melancholic countenance that sadness itself could frame. Approaching him, \"Be not so sad, good man,\" he said. \"You have not fallen into the hands of some cruel bus, but into those of Rocque Guinart, a man rather compassionate than severe.\" \"I am not sad,\" answered Don Quixote, \"for having fallen into your power, valiant Rocque, whose boundless fame spreads through the universe, but for having been so remiss as to be surprised by your soldiers with my horse unbridled. According to the order of the chivalric knight-errant that I profess,\"\nI am obliged to live with my guard at all times, and be my own sentinel. For know, great Roque, if they had encountered me riding on my steed, armed with my shield and lance, they would have found it no easy task to make me yield. I am Don Quixote de la Mancha, the same whose exploits are celebrated throughout the habitable globe.\n\nRoque Guinart quickly discovered Don Quixote's blind side and judged that there was more madness than valor in the case. Though he had often heard him mentioned in conversation, he could never believe what was related of him to be true. He could not be persuaded that such a humour could reign in any man. For this reason, he was glad to have met him, so that experience might convince him of the truth. Therefore, addressing himself to him, Don Quixote, he said, \"do not vex yourself, nor blame Fortune for her unkindness. For it may happen that what you now consider a sad accident will turn to your advantage. For heaven\"\nby strange and unaccountable ways, beyond the reach of human imagination, this person raises up those who have fallen and fills the poor with riches. Don Quixote was about to thank him when, from behind them, they heard a noise like the trampling of several horses, though it was caused by only one. A young gentleman, about twenty years old, then appeared full speed ahead. He wore a green damask coat edged with gold galoon, a hat turned up behind, straight waxed-leather boots, spurs, sword and dagger gilt, a light birding-piece in his hand, and a case of pistols before him. Having turned his head at the noise, Roque discovered this handsome apparition, who approached nearer and spoke to him in this manner:\n\nYou are the gentleman I was looking for, valiant Roque; for with you I may perhaps find some comfort, though not a remedy in my affliction. In short:\n\n\"You are the gentleman I've been searching for, brave Roque; perhaps with you, I can find some comfort, even if not a cure for my affliction.\"\nI am Claudia Jeronima, daughter of your friend Simon Forte, an enemy of Clauquel Torrellas, who is also your enemy, belonging to your opposing faction. You are already aware that Torrellas has a son named Don Vincente Torrellas. I'll summarize the sorrow he has caused me in four words: he saw me, courted me, proposed, and was loved. Our relationship was kept so secretively that my father remained unaware. No woman, however retired and closely watched, cannot find time to satisfy her desires. In brief, he made me a marriage proposal, and I reciprocated, but we did not progress further. Yesterday, I learned that he had forgotten his commitments to me and was planning to wed another.\nand I learned that they were to be married this morning; this news utterly disrupted me and caused me to lose all patience. With my father absent from town, I took advantage of the situation to equip myself as you see and overtook Don Vincente about a league away, where I did not press for explanations or apologies. Instead, I fired at him with this pistol and both of my pistols, believing I had hit him in the body and possibly the heart, thus washing away the stains of my honor. I then left him to his servants, who dared not or could not prevent the sudden execution. I came to seek your protection, hoping that through your intervention I may be conducted into France, where I have relatives to receive me. I also ask that you defend my father from Don Vincente's party, who might otherwise seek revenge for his death upon our family.\n\nRoque, admiring at once the resolution, agreeable demeanor, and handsome appearance of the beautiful Claudia, said to her:\n\n\"Come, Madam,\" he said.\nLet us first attend to the matter of your enemy's death, and then consider what is to be done for you. \"Hold, cried Don Quixote, having listened attentively to this discourse. None of you need concern yourselves with this matter; the defense of the lady is my responsibility. Give me my horse and arms, and wait here for me. I will go and find this knight and, dead or alive, compel him to fulfill his obligations to such a beauty. Yes, yes, replied Sancho. Your master is quite skilled at making matches: it was only the other day he made a young rogue marry a maid whom he had intended to leave in the lurch, and had it not been for the enchanters who plagued him, transforming the bridegroom into a footman and breaking off the match, the maid would have been married by now.\"\n\nRoque was so preoccupied with thoughts of Claudia's adventure.\nHe paid little heed to Master or Man; ordering his squires to return what they had taken from Dapple to Sancho, and to retreat to the place where they had quartered the night before, he rode off with Claudia to find the dying Don Vincente. They reached the place where Claudia had met him and found only signs of freshly spilled blood. Looking around, they saw a group of people in the distance on the side of a hill and assumed they were taking Don Vincente to his cure or burial. They hastened to overtake them, which they soon did, as the others were moving slowly. They found Claudia and Roque dismounting, and Roque quickly joined them. The servants were startled by Roque's appearance, and Claudia was troubled by the sight of Don Vincente. She was divided between anger and compassion, and turning to him she said, \"If you had given me this and kept your promise, (Claudia told him)\".\nlaying hold of his hand, you had never brought this misfortune upon yourself. The wounded gentleman, lifting up his languishing eyes and recognizing Claudia, said, \"my fair deluded mistress, 'tis you who have given me the fatal blow, a punishment never deserved by the innocent unfortunate Vincente, whose actions and desires knew no end, beyond the service of his Claudia. What, sir, answered she presently, can you deny that you went this morning to marry Leonora, the daughter of wealthy B? It is all a false report. Answer, he raised, instigated by my evil stars to increase your jealousy against my life, which since I leave in your fair hands, I reckon well disposed of; and to confirm this truth, give me your hand and receive mine, the last pledge of love and life, and take me for your husband; 'tis the only satisfaction I have to give for the imaginary wrong you suspect I have committed.\" Claudia pressed his hand, and being pierced at once to the very heart, she dropped on his bloody breast into a swoon.\nand Don Vincente fainted away into a deadly trance. Roque's concern struck him senseless, and the servants ran for water to throw in the faces of the unhappy couple. By this, at last, Claudia came to herself again, but Don Vincente never woke from his trance, but breathed out his last remaining breath. When Claudia perceived this and could no longer doubt that her dear husband was irrecoverably dead, she burst out with her sighs, wounding the heavens with her complaints. She tore her hair, scattered it in the wind, and disfigured her face, showing all the lively marks of grief that the first sallies of despair can discover. Oh cruel and inconsiderate woman, she cried, how easily thou hast taken away my unfortunate husband, whose sincere love and fidelity to me have thus brought him to the cold grave! Thus the poor lady went on in a sad and moving strain, that even Roque's rugged temper now melted into tears.\nClaudia found herself face to face with a man she had never seen before on all occasions. The servants wept and lamented as she came to consciousness. Claudia fell into a swoon once more as soon as they revived her. At last, Roque Guinart instructed Don Vincente's servants to take his body to his father's house for burial, which was not far away. Claudia shared her intention of retiring to a monastery where an aunt of hers served as abbess, intending to spend the remainder of her life there, wedded to a better and immortal bridegroom. He commended her pious resolution, offering to accompany her and protect her father and family from their most dangerous enemies. Claudia politely declined his company and took her leave of him. Don Vincente's servants carried off the deceased body, and Roque returned to his men. Thus ended Claudia Jeronima's love affair.\nRoque Guinart found his crew where he had appointed, with Don Quixote in the middle, mounted on Rosinante, declaiming against their dangerous and destructive way of living. Roque, upon arrival, asked Sancho if they had returned all his things. \"Everything, sir, except for three night-caps, which are worth a king's ransom,\" Sancho replied. \"What's this?\" one robber cried. \"Here they are, and they're not worth three sous.\" Don Quixote replied, \"As for their intrinsic value, they may be worth no more, but it's the person who gave them to me that raises their value to that price.\" Roque ordered them to be returned immediately and commanded his men to draw up in a line, causing all the clothes and jewels to be restored.\nMoney and all the other booty they had acquired since the last repartition were brought before him. He appraised each item and converted what couldn't be divided into money. After calculating the total, he distributed a fair share to each man, ensuring distributive justice was met in every detail. The booty was distributed to general satisfaction. Roque turned to Don Quixote and said, \"Without your punctual management, we would not be living among us.\" Sancho replied, \"Justice is indeed a good thing, and the old proverb still holds true: Thieves are never rogues among themselves.\" One bandit, overhearing Sancho, cocked his gun and was about to shoot him, but the captain ordered him to stop. Shocked, Sancho remained silent until he was among better company.\nOne or two of their Scouts came and informed their Captain that they had discovered a large group of travelers on the road to Barcelona. Are they the ones we're looking for, asked Roque? Or are they looking for us? They're the ones we're looking for, answered the man. Then cry out, Roque commanded his boys, and bring them here quickly, let none escape. The squires obeyed the command and left Don Quixote, Roque, and Sancho to wait for their return. In the meantime, Roque entertained the knight with some remarks about his way of living. I shouldn't be surprised, said Roque to Don Quixote, that our life appears to you to be a restless combination of hazards and disquiets; for it is no more than what daily experience has made me aware of. You must know that this barbarity and austere behavior I affect to show is a result of my nature being forced to it by the resentment of some severe injuries, which I could not endure without a satisfactory revenge.\nI am now involved in a chain of wrongs, one sin drawing on another, despite my better designs. I am entangled in factious abettors and engagements, such that only the divine power of Providence can free me from this maze of confusions. Yet I do not despair of a successful end to my misfortunes.\n\nDon Quixote, surprised to hear such sound sense and sober reflection from one whose disorderly profession was so opposite to discretion and politeness, said, \"It is a great step to health for a man to understand his affliction, and the patient's compliance with the rules of physic is reckoned half the cure. You seem sensible of your disease, and therefore may reasonably expect a remedy, though your disease, being fixed by long inveteracy, must subject you to a tedious course. The almighty Physician will apply effective medicines: Therefore be of good heart.\"\nAnd do your part towards the recovery of your sick conscience. If you have a mind to take the shortest road to happiness, immediately abandon the fatal profession you now follow, and come under my tutelage to be instructed in the rules of knighthood. Roque smiled to hear Don Quixote's serious advice, and changing the subject, gave him an account of Claudia Jeronima's tragic adventure. This grieved Sancho deeply. By this time Roque's party had brought in their prize: two gentlemen on horseback, two pilgrims on foot, and a coach full of women, attended by some half dozen servants on foot and horseback, besides two muleteers who belonged to the two gentlemen. They were all conducted in solemn order, surrounded by the victors, both the vanquished silent.\nThe man asked the gentlemen about their identity, destination, and money. They replied that they were Spanish foot captains, their companies were in Naples, and they intended to embark on one of the four galleys heading for Sicily, with a combined total of two or three hundred crowns. The pilgrims were also questioned and replied that they intended to embark for Rome with about sixty reals between them. Upon checking the coach, a servant reported that Lady Donna Guiomar Quinonnes, wife of a Naples judge, her little daughter, chambermaid, and duena, along with six other servants, had around six hundred crowns among them. Roque then said:\nWe have here nine hundred and sixty crowns and sixty reals. I have about sixty soldiers with me. Among so many men, how much will fall to each particular share? Let me see, for I am not the best accountant. Cast it up, gentlemen. The highwaymen, hearing this, cried, \"Long live Roque Guinart! Damn the dogs that seek his ruin.\" The officers looked simple, the lady was sadly dejected, and the pilgrims were no less cast down, thinking this a very odd confiscation of their little stock. Roque held them in suspense to observe their humors, which he found all very plainly agreed in being melancholic for the loss of their money. Then turning to the officers, do me the favor, captains, said he, to lend me thirty ducats; and you, madam, if your ladyship pleases, shall oblige me with forty-eight, to gratify these honest gentlemen of my squadron; 'tis our whole estate and fortune. And you know, the abbot dines.\nThe captain thanked him for his civility and liberality in allowing them to keep their money. The lady attempted to throw herself at his feet but was prevented by Roque. She ordered one of her servants to pay the 80 crowns immediately. The officers dispersed their share.\nAnd the Pilgrims made an offering of their mite, but Roque ordered them to wait a little. Turning to his men, he said, \"Here are two crowns each for you, and twenty more. Let us give ten of them to these poor Pilgrims and the other ten to this honest squire, so that he may speak well of us in his travels. Calling for pen, ink, and paper, which he always carried, he wrote a passport for them, addressed to the commanders of his parties, and taking his leave, he dismissed them, all wondering at his great soul that spoke more like Alexander than a professed highwayman. One of his men began to mutter in Catalan, \"This captain of ours is very charitable; he would make a better friar than a thief; if he insists on being so generous, let him pay from his own pocket, not ours.\" The wretch spoke not softly, but he was overheard by Roque, who, drawing his sword, threatened to silence him.\nWith one stroke, he nearly split Don Quixote's skull in two. \"Thus I punish mutiny,\" he declared. The others remained silent, too awestruck to utter a word. Roque then stepped back and wrote a letter to a friend in Barcelona, instructing him to expect the famous knight-errant, Don Quixote, on Midsummer's day at the great key of the city. Don Quixote was to be armed and mounted on Rosinante, with Sancho Panza riding an ass. Roquo described Don Quixote as the most pleasant, ingenious coxcomb in nature, and invited his friends, the Niarros, to join in the jest, which he deemed too good for his adversaries, the Cadells. He handed the letter to one of his men, who changed his highway cloaks for country attire and delivered it as instructed.\n\nDon Quixote stayed with Roque for three days and three nights.\nAnd had he stayed for hundreds of years, he could have found ample subject for admiration in such a life. They slept in one place and ate in another, sometimes fearing the unknown and lying in wait for unknown enemies. Forcing themselves to steal naps standing up, never enjoying a sound sleep. Now in one part of the country, then suddenly in another quarter; always on the watch, spies listening, scouts listening, carbines presenting, though they had few heavy guns, being armed generally with pistols. Roque himself slept apart from the rest, revealing his lodgings to no man; for there were many proclamations against him from the Viceroy of Barcelona, and such were his anxieties and fears of being betrayed by some of his men for the reward on his head that he dared trust no one. A most miserable and uneasy life.\n\nAt length, by crossroads and byways, Roque, Don Quixote, and Sancho, accompanied by six other squires, traveled.\nOn Midsummer-eve night, they reached Barcelona's Strand where Roque embraced Don Quixote, gave him the promised ten crowns, and bid farewell after heartfelt compliments. Roque returned to his companions, and Don Quixote remained, mounted, awaiting dawn. Not long after, Aurora peeked through eastern balconies, brightening the flowery fields. Simultaneously, the sound of hautboys and kettle-drums echoed, followed by the jingling of morrice-bells and horse hooves, seemingly from the city. Aurora then brought up the jolly Sun, who loomed large on the horizon with a broad face as expansive as a target. Don Quixote and Sancho, gazing out, beheld the sea for the first time. It appeared vast and expansive, larger than Lake Ruydera to them.\nThe gallies in the port lowered their awnings, creating a pleasant sight with their flags and streamers waving in the air, and sometimes kissing and sweeping the water. The trumpets, hautboys, and other warlike instruments that sounded from on board filled the air around with a reviving and martial harmony. Later, the gallies joined on the calm sea in a contradictory engagement, and at the same time, a vast number of gentlemen marched out of the city, nobly equipped with rich liveries and gallantly mounted. They completed the warlike entertainment on the land in the same manner. The marines discharged numerous volleys from the gallies, which were answered by the great guns from the battlements of the walls and forts about the city. The mighty noise echoed from the gallies again by a discharge of the long pieces of ordnance in their fore-castles. The sea smiled and danced, the land was gay, and the sky was serene in every quarter.\nBut where the clouds of smoke dimmed it for a while, fresh joy sat in the faces of men, and gladness and pomp were displayed in all their glory. Sancho was greatly puzzled as to how these huge, bulky things that moved on the sea could have so many feet.\n\nBy this time, the gentlemen who maintained the sports on the shore galloped up to Don Quixote with loud acclamations. The knight was not a little astonished. One of them, who was the person to whom Roque had written, cried out aloud, \"Welcome, the mirror, the light, and north star of knight-errantry! Welcome, I say, Valorous Don Quixote of La Mancha, not the counterfeit and apocryphal, shown us lately in false histories, but the true, legitimate, and identical he, described by Cid Hamet, the flower of historiographers!\" Don Quixote made no answer, nor did the gentleman stay for any, but wheeling about with the rest of his companions, they all pranced round him in token of joy.\nThey encompassed the Knight and the Squire. Don Quixote turned to Sancho and said, \"These gentlemen seem to recognize us. I dare say they have read our history, and that which the Aragonian recently published. The gentleman who spoke to the Knight replied, \"Noble Don Quixote, we implore you to join our company. We are all your humble servants and friends of Roque Guinart.\" Don Quixote answered, \"Your courtesy resembles Roque's generosity so closely that if civility could beget civility, I would take yours for the daughter or near relation of his. I shall wait on you wherever you command, for I am entirely at your service.\" The gentleman returned his compliment, and so did all the others, enclosing them within their circle.\n\nMeanwhile, Dapple and Rosinante's horses were less fortunate. They thrust a handful of briers under each of them. The poor animals, feeling such unusual spurs applied to their posteriors, clamped their tails close and increased their pain, wincing.\nAnd they flounced and kicked so furiously that at last they threw their Riders, master and man, sprawling in the street. Don Quixote, out of countenance and nettled by his disgrace, went to disengage his horse from its new plumage, and Sancho did the same for Dapple. The gentlemen turned to chastise the boys for their rudeness. But the young rogues were safe enough, being soon lost among a huge rabble that followed. The Knight and Squire then mounted again, and the music and procession went on until they arrived at their conductor's house, which, by its largeness and beauty, bespoke the owner as master of a great estate.\n\nThe person where Don Quixote lodged was called Don Antonio Moreno, a gentleman of good parts and plentiful fortune, loving all those diversions that may innocently be obtained without prejudice to his neighbors.\nWho would rather lose their friend than their jest. He therefore resolved to make use of Don Quixote's folly without harm to himself. In order to accomplish this, he convinced the knight to remove his armor and stand in a balcony overlooking one of the principal streets of the city, where he was exposed to the rabble that had gathered. The several cavalier brigades in their liveries began their charges anew around him, as if the ceremony were being performed in his honor rather than any solemnity of the festival. Sancho was greatly pleased, thinking he had stumbled upon another Camachio's wedding or a house like that of Dorotea or a castle like the duke's. Several of Don Antonio's friends dined with him that day, all of them honoring and respecting Don Quixote as a knight-errant.\nThey puffed up his vanity to such a degree that he could scarcely conceal the pleasure he took in their adulation. As for Sancho, he amused the servants of the house and all who heard him so much that they watched every word that came from his mouth. Being all very merry at the table, Honest Sancho, said Don Antonio, I have heard that you admire capons and sausages so much that you can't be satisfied with a belly-full, and when you can eat no more, you cram the rest into your breeches for the next morning. No, Sir, replied Sancho, it's all a story. I am more cleanly than greedy. I'd have you know; here's my master can tell you that many times he and I have lived for a week together on a handful of acorns and walnuts. Truth is, I am not over nice; in such a place as this, I eat what's given me; for a gift-horse should not be looked in the mouth. But whoever told you I was a greedy-gut and a sloven has told you a fib, and were it not for respect to the company.\nI would tell him more of my mind, so I would. Verily, said Don Quixote, the manner of Sancho's feeding ought to be delivered to succeeding ages on brazen monuments, as a future memorial of his abstinence and cleanliness, and an example to posterity. It is true, when he satisfies the call of hunger, he seems to do it somewhat ravenously. Indeed, he swallows apace, uses his teeth very notably, and chews with both jaws at once. But in spite of the charge of slovenliness now laid upon him, I must declare he is so nice an observer of neatness that he ever makes a clear conveyance of his food. When he was governor, his nicety in eating was remarkable; for he used to pick even grapes and pomegranate seeds with the point of his fork. How, cried Don Antonio, has Sancho then been a governor? Ay, marry has he, answered Sancho, governor of the Island of Barataria. I governed for ten days, and who but I? But I was so broken of my rest all the time.\nDon Quixote described how he came to hate governing from the depths of his soul, causing him to leave it hastily. He fell into a deep hole and would have remained buried had it not been for providence saving him. Don Quixote then shared the circumstances of Sancho's government. Once the cloak was removed, Don Antonio led Don Quixote into a private chamber. The only furniture in the room was a table of jasper, with feet and a brazen head from the breast up resembling Roman emperor effigies. After walking several turns about the room with Don Quixote, Don Antonio, assured we were private, spoke: \"I shall share with you one of the most strange and wonderful adventures.\"\nThe Knight replied, \"If you keep this as a secret in the deepest part of your heart, I will be as secretive as the grave. I will seal your secret with a tombstone for added security. You can trust me, Don Antonio, for I have open ears but a tongue that never betrays. Whatever you share with me will be kept in the deepest silence, as secure as in your own heart.\"\n\nDon Antonio spoke in confidence, \"I doubt you'll be surprised, and I'll reveal a secret that has long weighed on my mind. I have never found anyone worthy of being trusted with concealed matters. This cautious approach piqued Don Quixote's curiosity. Afterward, Don Antonio led him to the table and allowed him to examine the brazen head, the table, and the jasper supporters.\nThis Head was made by one of the greatest chanters or necromancers in the world, a Pole by birth and a disciple of the celebrated Escotillo. In my house, he was persuaded to create this Head, which has the remarkable ability to answer in your ear all questions. After lengthy study, designing of schemes, star consultations, and other mathematical operations, this Head was brought to its perfection. It will provide proof of its knowledge the following day (as it never speaks on Fridays). Consider your most puzzling and important doubts, which will receive a full and satisfactory solution then. Don Quixote was astonished by this Head's strange virtue.\nAnd could hardly believe Don Antonio's account, but considering the shortness of time that delayed his full satisfaction in the matter, he was content to suspend his opinion until the next day. He only thanked the gentleman for making such a great discovery. So they left the chamber, and Don Antonio locked the door carefully. They returned to the room where the rest of the company were entertained by Sancho's recounting of his master's adventures.\n\nThat afternoon they took Don Quixote out, without his armor, mounted on a large, easy-going mule instead of Rosinante, with genteel furniture. Don Quixote was dressed in a long coat of tawny-colored cloth, which, with the present heat of the season, was enough to make frost sweat. They gave private orders that Sancho should be entertained indoors all that day, lest he spoil their sport by going out. The knight being mounted.\nThey pinned a piece of parchment to his back without his knowledge, with the words \"This is Don Quixote de la Mancha\" written in large letters. As soon as they began their walk, the sight of the parchment drew the eyes of every person to read the inscription. So the knight, hearing so many people repeat the words, was amazed and turned to Don Antonio riding by his side. \"How great is this single privilege of knighthood,\" he said, \"that its professors are known and distinguished throughout the universe. Don't you hear, Sir?\" he continued. \"The very boys in the street, who have never seen me before, know me.\" \"It is very true, Sir,\" answered Don Antonio. \"Like a fire that always discovers itself by its own light, so virtue has that lustre that never fails to display itself, especially that renown which is acquired by the profession of arms.\" During this procession of the knight.\nA certain Castilian reading from behind Don Quixote, cried out, \"The devil take you, Don Quixote de la Mancha! Who would have thought to find you here, still alive, after so many beatings you have received. Why must you be mad in public and among friends? Go home to your wife and children, fool, take care of your house, and leave your foolishness and distractions with these nonsensical whimsies. Friend, said Don Antonio, focus on your business, and keep your advice for those who want it. Senior Don Quixote is a man of sufficient sense to be above your counsel, and we who accompany him know our business without your interference. We pay respect only to virtue. So, in the name of bad luck, go your way.\nAnd don't interfere where you have no business. Truly, said the Castilian, you're right. It's futile to argue against the stream and give advice, though it pains me that this whim of knight-errantry should spoil all the good parts they say this madman possesses. Alas, may misfortune befall me and my entire generation if I ever advise him or anyone else again, even if asked and I lived to the age of Methuselah. So saying, the advisor departed, and the cavalcade continued; but the rabble pressed so thick to read the inscription that Don Antonio was forced to remove it, under the pretext of doing something else.\n\nUpon the approach of night, they returned home. Don Antonio's wife, a lady of quality and accomplishment, had invited several of her friends to a ball to honor her guest and share in the diversion his extravagances provided. After a noble supper, the dancing began around ten o'clock at night. Among others:\nTwo ladies of lighthearted and playful dispositions, virtuous at their core but not above bending the rules for the amusement of good company, primarily courted Don Quixote. They danced for him one after another, exhausting not only his body but his very soul. The best part was observing the peculiar sight of the grave Don as he hopped and stalked about, a long-backed, gaunt-looking, thin-flanked, two-legged creature, wainscot-complexion'd, awkwardly conscience-stricken, and certainly not the lightest at a saraband. The ladies dropped several private hints of their attraction to him, and he was not shy in reciprocating, secretly telling them that they were indifferent to him. Finally, as he was being relentlessly teased, he cried out, \"Fugite partes adversae,\" and \"Avanza Temptation,\" and implored the ladies, \"Play your amorous pranks with someone else.\"\nand leave me to the enjoyment of my own thoughts, which are all employed and taken up with the peerless Dulcinea del Toboso, the sole queen of my affection; and so saying, he sat himself down in the middle of the room to rest his weary bones. Don Antonio gave orders that he be taken up and carried to bed. And the first to offer assistance was Sancho. \"Sir, master of mine,\" Sancho exclaimed, \"you have shook your feet most vigorously. Do you think we who are stout and valiant must be caperers, and that every knight-errant must be a snapper of castanets? If you do, you're woefully mistaken, let me tell you. Some would rather undertake the killing of a giant than the cutting of a caper. Had you been an antic, I would have done your bidding for you, for I can jig it and hop it about like any hawk; but as for your fine dancing, the devil take him who knows anything of it for me.\" This made for diversion for the company until Sancho led out his master.\nTo put him to bed, they covered him over the head and ears so he could sweat out the cold he caught from dancing. The next day, Don Antonio resolved to conduct his experiment on the enchanted head. He brought Don Quixote and Sancho, along with two friends and the two ladies who had teased him at the ball and stayed the night with his wife, into the room where the head stood. After carefully locking the door and instructing secrecy, he explained the virtue of the head and revealed that this was the first time he had tested its powers. Besides his two friends, no one else knew the trick of the enchantment. The intricacy of the machine was so skillfully managed that it would have been impossible to discover the deception if not told beforehand. Don Antonio was the first to apply the head's ear.\nI am no judge of thoughts, replied the head, in a distinct and intelligible voice, without moving its lips. The company was astonished, as they were certain no one was in the room to answer. \"How many of us are there in the room?\" asked Don Antonio again. \"You and your wife, two of your friends, a famous knight named Don Quixote de la Mancha, and his squire Sancho Panza,\" answered the voice in the same key. The company's astonishment grew even greater. \"It is enough,\" said Antonio, stepping aside from the head. \"I am convinced, it was no impostor who sold you to me, wise head, discoursing head, oracle.\"\nA woman approached the miraculous head and asked, \"What must I do to be truly beautiful?\" The head replied, \"I have already answered that question. Another woman came forward with her curiosity piqued, asking, \"Does my husband love me?\" The head answered, \"Observe his actions for the answer.\" Satisfied with the response, the married lady withdrew. Next, Don Antonio's friend approached and asked, \"Who am I?\" The head replied, \"You are Don Pedro Noris.\" The friend was convinced and made way for the next person.\nHis friend advanced and asked the Head what his eldest son and heir desired. I have already told you, said the Head, that I am no judge of thoughts; however, I will tell you, that what your heir desires is to bury you. 'Tis so, replied the gentleman. I see it with my eye, I mark it with my finger, I know enough.\n\nDon Antonio's Lady asked the next question. I don't well know what to ask you, she said to the Head. Only tell me whether I shall long enjoy my dear husband. Thou shalt, answered the Head. For his healthy constitution and temperance promise length of days, while those who live too fast are not likely to live long.\n\nNext came Don Quixote. Tell me, thou Oracle, he said, was what I reported of my adventures in Montesinos's Cave, a dream or reality? Will Sancho my squire fulfill his promise and scourge himself effectively? And shall Dulcinea be disenchanted? As for the adventures in the cave, ...\nAnswered the Head; there's much to be said; they have something of both. Sancho's whipping shall go on but leisurely. However, Dulcinea shall at last be really freed from enchantment. That's all I desire to know, said Don Quixote, for the whole stress of my good fortune depends on Dulcinea's disenchantment. Then Sancho made the last application; \"An't please you, Mr. Head,\" quoth he, \"shall I chance to have another government? Shall I ever get clear of this starving squire-erranting? And shall I ever see my own fireside again?\" The Head answered, \"thou shalt be a governor in thine own house; if thou goest home, thou mayest see thy own fireside again; and if thou leavest off thy service, thou shalt get clear of thy squireship.\" \"Gadzookers, cry'd Sancho, that's a very good one!\" Quixote, what answers wouldst thou have but what are pertinent to thy questions? Nay, quoth Sancho, since you'll have it so.\nIt shall be so; I only wish Mr. Head had told me more about the matter. Thus, the proposed questions and answered ones were brought to a close, but the amazement continued among all the company, except for Don Antonio's two companions. Friends who understood the mystery, which Benengeli is now resolved to discover, tell you that Don Antonio Moreno, to amuse himself and surprise the ignorant, had this made in imitation of such another device, which he had seen contrived by a statuary in Madrid. The manner of it was as follows. The table and the frame on which it stood, the feet of which resembled four eagles' claws, were of wood, painted and varnished like jasper. The head, which looked like the bust of a Roman emperor and of a brass color, was hollow, and so were the feet of the table, which answered exactly to the neck and breast of the head.\nThe whole artificially fixed, it seemed all of a piece, through this cavity ran a tin-pipe. The one who answered set his mouth to the pipe's end in the chamber underneath, and by the hollowness of the trunk received questions, delivering his answers in clear and articulate words, making the imposture scarcely discernible. The oracle was managed by Don Antonio's nephew, a young ingenious gentleman. With instructions from his uncle beforehand, he answered readily and directly to the first questions and by conjectures or evasions returned handsomely to the rest, with the help of his ingenuity. Cid Hamet further informs us that for ten or twelve days after this, the wonderful machine continued in great reputation, but eventually, the news of Don Antonio having an enchanted head in his house that gave answers to all questions spread.\nDon Quixote began to speak about the city, fearing that this would reach the ears of the watchful inquisitors of our faith. He decided to give an account of the entire matter to the reverend inquisitors, who had ordered him to break it into pieces to prevent scandal among the ignorant vulgar. However, the head was still regarded as an oracle and a piece of enchantment by Don Quixote and Sancho, although the truth was that the knight was actually more satisfied with the matter than the squire.\n\nThe gentlemen of the town, in compliance with Don Antonio and for Don Quixote's more splendid entertainment, or to make his madness more public diversion, appointed a procession for him.\n\nDon Quixote wanted to take a walk through the city on foot to avoid the crowd of boys who followed him when he rode. He went out with Sancho and two of Don Antonio's servants, who attended him by their master's order. Passing through a certain street, Don Quixote looked up.\nA knight spied the words \"Printing-House\" written over a door in large letters. Delighted by this discovery, as he had never seen a printing press before, he entered with his entourage. There, he observed some correcting sheets, others picking letters from cases, some proofreading, and various other tasks typical in a printing house. Inquisitive, he approached each worker to inquire about their tasks. They were more than happy to oblige. Eventually, he approached a compositor and asked, \"What are you working on, sir?\" The printer replied, \"This gentleman here (indicating a serious-looking, not-young man) has translated a book from Italian to Spanish, and I am setting it for the press. What is its name, Don Quixote?\"\nThe Author replied, \"The title in Italian is Le Bagatelle.\" Don Quixote asked, \"What does that mean in Spanish?\" The Gentleman answered, \"Le Bagatelle means trifles, but despite the title's promise of triviality, the contents are significant.\" The Knight, who valued his Italian knowledge and sang some stanzas of Ariosto, asked, \"Have you ever encountered the word 'Pinnata' in Italian?\" The Author replied, \"Yes, very often.\" Don Quixote questioned, \"And how do you translate it?\" The Translator answered, \"I would translate it as 'Porridge-Pot.' 'Body of me,' Don Quixote exclaimed, 'you are a master of the Italian idiom?' I dare hold a good wager, Sir, that where the Italian says 'Piaccie,' you translate it 'please'; where it says 'piu,' you render it 'more'; 'su,' above, and 'giu,' beneath.\"\nanswered other. Such are their proper meanings. What rare parts, said Don Quixote, are lost to mankind for want of their being exerted and known! I dare swear, sir, that the world is backward in encouraging your merit. But 'tis the fate of all ingenious men: How many of them are cramped up and discouraged by a narrow fortune! And how many, in spite of the most laborious industry, discouraged! Though by the way, sir, I think this kind of version, from one language to another (except it be from the noblest of tongues, the Greek and Latin), is like viewing a Flemish tapestry on the wrong side. There, though the figures are distinguishable, yet there are so many ends and threads that the beauty and exactness of the work is obscured, and not so advantageously discerned as on the right side of the hangings. Neither can this barren employment of translating out of easy languages show either wit or mastery of style.\nThe business of translating merits commendations, as shown by Doctor Christoval de Figueroa's translation of Pastor Fido and Don Juan de Xaurigui's Aminta. These translations are so well done that they have become indistinguishable from the originals. However, tell me, do you print your book at your own charge or have you sold the copy to a bookseller? I publish it on my own account, I hope to clear at least a thousand crowns from this first edition, as I plan to print two thousand copies, selling them at six reales each. I fear you may fall short of your calculation, Don Quixote, you are still unfamiliar with the tricks of booksellers and printers.\nAnd the juggling among them is this. You would find two thousand books heavy in your hands, especially if the piece is somewhat tedious and lacks spirit. What, Sir, replied the author, would you have me sell the profit of my labor to a bookseller for three maravedis a sheet? That's the most they will bid, and I expect them to thank me for the offer. No, Sir, I don't print my works to gain fame in the world; my name is already up. Profit, Sir, is my end, and without it, what good is reputation? Well, Sir, go on and prosper, said Don Quixote; and with that, he moved to another part of the room. He saw a man correcting a sheet of a book called The Light of the Soul. Ah, now this is something, cried the knight. These are the books that ought to be printed, though there are a great many of that kind. For the number of sinners is prodigious in this age, and there is a need for an infinite quantity of lights for so many dark souls as we have among us. Then passing on.\nAnd inquiring about the title of a book that another worker was correcting, they told him it was the second part of the ingenious gentleman Don Quixote de la Mancha, written by a certain person from Tordesillas. I had heard of that book before, said Don Quixote, and truly believed it had been burned and reduced to ashes for a foolish and impertinent libel; but all in good time.\n\nThat very day, Don Antonio wanted to show Don Quixote the galleys in the road, much to Sancho's satisfaction, as he had never seen any in his life. Don Antonio therefore informed the commander of the galleys that in the afternoon he would bring his guest, Don Quixote de la Mancha, to see them. The commander and all the townspeople were by then no strangers to the knight's character. But what happened in the galleys must be the subject of the next chapter.\n\nMany and serious were Don Quixote's reflections on the answer of the enchanted head, though none discovered the deception.\nDon Quixote, centered on the promise of Dulcinea's disenchantment, expected it to be swiftly accomplished and thus rested joyfully and satisfied. Sancho, despite hating the trouble of governing, still harbored an itching ambition to rule, be obeyed, and appear great; even fools crave authority.\n\nThat afternoon, Don Antonio, his two friends, Don Quixote, and Sancho set out for the galleys. Upon their arrival at the key, the commander ordered all the galleys to strike sail. Music played, and a pinnace was swiftly hoisted out, bearing rich carpets and crimson velvet cushions. As soon as Don Quixote set foot into it, the admiral-galley discharged its forecastle piece, and the rest of the galleys did the same. Upon stepping over the gunwale of the galley on the starboard side, the entire crew of slaves, according to their custom of greeting persons of quality, welcomed him with three huzzahs.\nThe General, a Valencian born and a man of quality, gave him his hand and embraced him. \"This day,\" he said, \"I will mark as one of the happiest I have lived to see, since I have the honor of meeting Don Quixote de la Mancha. This day, I say, that sets before my eyes the summary of wandering chivalry collected in one person.\" Don Quixote returned his compliment with civility and appeared overjoyed to be treated like a grandee. They all went below deck, which was handsomely adorned. The boatswain went to the forecastle and, with his whistle or call, gave the signal for the slaves to strip, which was obeyed in an instant. Sancho was frightened to see so many men in their naked skins, but most of all when he saw them hoist up the sails so incredibly fast, as he thought could never have been done but by so many devils. He had placed himself mid-ships.\nnext to the hindmost rower on the starboard side; instructed, he grabbed hold of him and hoisted him up, handing him to the next man who tossed him to a third. The entire crew of slaves, starting on the starboard side, passed him on like this so quickly that Sancho lost sight of him and believed all the devils in hell were carrying him away. They didn't stop passing him around until they had done so on the larboard side as well. Then they seated him where they had taken him up, but disheveled, out of breath, in a cold sweat, and not fully aware of what had happened. Don Quixote, seeing his squire fly at such a rate without wings, asked the general if this was a ceremony for all strangers aboard the galleys. If it was, he must be informed, as he had no intention of taking up residence there, and swore to heaven.\nif any of them tried to seize him to throw him overboard at such a rate, he would push their souls out of their bodies. With this, he placed his hand on his sword.\n\nAt the same time, they lowered their sails, and with a dreadful noise, let down the main-yard. This terrified Sancho, who thought the sky was falling and would hit him. He ducked and put his head between his legs in fear. Don Quixote was also a little seasick and began to shiver, shrug his shoulders, and turn pale. The slaves hoisted the main-yard again with the same force and noise. But they did so in complete silence, as if they had no voices or breath. The boatswain then gave the order to weigh anchor; and leaping onto the forecastle among the crew, he began to dust and fly-whip their shoulders, gradually putting off to sea.\n\nWhen Sancho saw so many colored feet moving at once.\nHe took the oars to be such, \"be shrew my heart,\" said he, \"this is enchantment in earnest; all our adventures and witchcrafts have been nothing compared to this. What have these poor wretches done, that their hides must be curried at this rate? And how dares this fellow go whistling about here by himself, mauling so many people? Well, I say, this is hell, or purgatory at least.\n\nDon Quixote, observing how earnestly Sancho looked on these passages, \"ah! dear Sancho,\" said he, \"what an easy matter now would it be for you to strip to the waist and clap yourself among these gentlemen. Among so many companions in affliction, you would not be so sensible of the smart; and besides, the sage Merlin perhaps might take every one of these lashes, being so well laid on, for ten of those which you must certainly one day inflict on yourself.\n\nThe general of the galleys was going to ask what he meant by these lashes and Dulcinea's disenchantment when a mariner cried out:\nThey make signs to us from Monjuy that a vessel is standing under the shore to the westward. The general, leaping onto the quarterdeck, cried, \"pull away my hearts, let her not escape us; this brigantine is an Argentine, I warrant her.\" The three other galleys came up with the admiral to receive orders, and he commanded two of them to stand out to sea, while he with the other would keep along the shore, so they might be sure of their prize.\n\nTwo Toraqui, that is, two drunken Turks, among the twelve others on board the vessel, discharged a couple of muskets, killing two soldiers on the rail of the galley. The general, seeing this, vowed he would not leave a man of them alive. Coming up with great fury to grapple with her, the vessel slipped away under the oars of the galley. The galley ran ahead a good way, and the little vessel, finding itself clear for the present, crowded all the sail it could.\nand they set sail and oars with the wind, while the galley turned around. But their diligence did not help them as much as their presumption harmed them; for the admiral caught up with them after a short chase and rowed his oars onto their vessel, thus taking them and all their men alive.\n\nBy this time, the other galleys had arrived, and all four returned with their prize to the harbor, where large crowds of people were waiting to learn what prize they had taken. The general anchored near the land, and perceiving the viceroy was on the shore, he manned his pinnace to fetch him aboard and gave orders to hoist the mainyard, to hang up the master of the brigantine and the rest of the crew, which consisted of about sixty-three men, all proper and lusty fellows, most of whom were Turkish musketeers. The general asked who commanded the vessel; one of the prisoners, later identified as a Spaniard and a renegade, answered him in Spanish.\nThis was our master, my lord, he said, showing him a young man not twenty years old, and one of the handsomest persons that could be imagined. You inconsiderate dog, said the general, what made you kill my men when you saw 'twas not possible for you to escape? Is this the respect due to an admiral?\n\nDon't you know that rashness is no courage? While there is any hope, we are allowed to be bold, but not to be desperate. The master was offering to reply, but the general couldn't stay to hear his answer, being obliged to go entertain the viceroy, who was just come aboard with his retinue and others of the town.\n\nYou have had a lucky chase, my lord, said the viceroy. What have you got? Your excellency shall see presently, answered the general, I'll show them to you immediately hanging at the main-yard-arm. How so, replied the viceroy? Because, said he, they have killed me, contrary to all law of arms, reason, and custom of the sea.\nA two of the best Soldiers I had on board; I had sworn to hang them, especially this young rogue, the Master. \"Saying thus, he showed him a person with his hands already bound and the halter about his neck, expecting nothing but death. His youth, beauty, and resignation began to plead much in his behalf with the Viceroy, making him incline to save him. \"Tell me, Captain,\" said he, \"Are you born a Turk, or a Moor, or a Renegado?\" \"None of all these,\" answered the youth in good Spanish. \"What then?\" asked the Viceroy. \"A Christian woman,\" replied the youth. \"A woman, and a Christian, though in these clothes and in such a post; but 'tis a thing rather to be wondered at, than believed.\" I humbly beseech you, my Lords, continued the youth, to defer my execution till I give you the history of my life. This request was urgently granted, whereupon the general bid him proceed, assuring him.\nI am one of the unfortunate and imprudent Morisco race, forced from Spain into Barbary. In vain were my uncles Mahometan, as were many of us; this could not persuade them to let me remain in my native country, nor could the severity of the officers who had orders to evacuate Spain convince them that it was not a ruse. My mother was a Christian, my father a man of discretion, who professed the same belief, and I was nursed on the Catholic faith with my milk. I was handsomely educated and never showed the least sign of the Morisco in my language or behavior. With these endowments, as I grew up, the little beauty I had began to bloom, and despite my retired life and the restraint on my appearing abroad, I became a young gentleman.\nDon Gaspar Gororio, the son and heir of a knight from the next town, encountered me. I won't bore you with the details of how he managed to speak with me, how he fell deeply in love, and how he aroused in me a sense of his passion. I'll keep it brief to avoid this noose interrupting my narrative. He insisted on accompanying me in my exile. Using his mastery of the Morisco language, he joined the exiles and befriended my two uncles who were escorting me. We all went together to Argiers, or as I call it, Hell itself.\n\nMeanwhile, my father had wisely withdrawn upon hearing the first news of our banishment to seek refuge for us in a foreign country. He hid a considerable amount of money and jewels in a private place, revealing this secret only to me.\nThe King of Argiers, understanding I had beauty and wealth, sent for me. He was inquisitive about my country and my jewels and gold. I satisfied him regarding my place of birth and told him that my riches were buried in a place where I could easily retrieve them if permitted to return. I hoped that his covetousness would distract him from harming my person. In the midst of these questions, the King was informed that a certain youth, the handsomest and loveliest in the world, had come over with us. I became conscious that Don Gregorio was the person, his beauty answering exactly to their description. The sense of the young gentleman's danger was now more grievous to me than my own misfortunes, having been told that those barbarous Turks are fond of a handsome youth.\nThe King ordered that the most beautiful person be brought before him to inquire if they deserved the commendations they had received. I informed him, inspired by a good angel, that the person they praised so highly was not a man but a woman. I requested his permission to allow her to dress in female attire, so her beauty could shine naturally and prevent her blushes if she appeared before him in an unbe becoming habit. He agreed, promising to give orders for my return to Spain the following morning to retrieve my treasure. I spoke with Don Gaspar, explained the danger of appearing as a man, and convinced him to wait on the king that evening in the habit of a Moorish woman. The king was so pleased with her beauty that he resolved to keep her as a gift for the Grand Seignior, fearing the jealousy of his wives in the seraglio and his own desires.\nHe gave her into the care of some principal Ladies of the City, to whose houses she was immediately taken. This separation was painful for us both (for I cannot deny that I loved him). Those who have ever experienced the pangs of parting love can best imagine the torment of our souls. The following morning, by the king's order, I embarked for Spain on this vessel, accompanied by these two Turks who had killed your men, and the Spanish renegade who first spoke to you. He is a Christian in his heart and came along with me with a greater desire to return to Spain than to go back to Barbary. The rest were all Moors and Turks, who served as rowers. Their orders were to set me ashore with the renegade on the first Spanish land they discovered. However, these two insolent and ravenous Turks disobeyed their orders and instead cruised along the coast in the hope of taking some prize, fearing that if they set us ashore first, some accident might occur.\nAnd making it clear that Don Gregorio remains in women's habit among the Moors, nor can deceit protect him from destruction. I, standing here, expect or rather fear my fate, which yet cannot be unwelcome, as I am now weary of living. Thus, gentlemen, you have heard the unfortunate passages of my life. I have told you nothing but the truth, and all I have to beg is that I may die as a Christian, since I am innocent of the crimes of which my unhappy nation is accused. She stopped here, and with her story and her tears, she melted the hearts of many of the company.\n\nThe viceroy, moved by tender compassion, was the first to unbind the cords that manacled her fair hands. An ancient pilgrim, who came on board with the viceroy's attendants, having fixedly attended to the damsel during her relation, suddenly threw himself at her feet. Oh, Anna Felix, he cried, my dear unfortunate daughter! Behold, your father Ricote, returned to seek you.\nbeing unable to live without you, who are the Joy and Support of my Age. Upon this, Sancho, who had been sulking quietly, vexed at the treatment he had received lately, looked up and stared the Pilgrim in the face, recognizing him as the same Ricote he had met on the road the day he left his government. And he was also convinced that this was his daughter, who, now unbound, embraced her father and joined him in his joy and grief. My Lords, said the old Pilgrim, this is my daughter, Anna Felix, more unhappy in fortune than in name, and famed as much for her beauty as for her father's riches. I left my country to seek a sanctuary for my old age and, having fixed upon a residence in Germany, returned in this habit with other pilgrims to recover my wealth, which I have effectively done. But I little thought to have found my greatest treasure, my dearest daughter, unexpectantly. My Lords, if it can consist with the integrity of your justice,\nI join my prayers and tears with hers, imploring your mercy on our behalf. We intended you no injury, and are innocent of the crimes for which our nation has been banished. \"Ay, ay,\" cried Sancho, \"I know Ricote as well as the beggar knows his dish, and I also know that Anna Felix is his daughter. But as for the story of his goings-out and comings-in, and his intentions, whether they were good or bad, I will neither meddle nor make a comment.\n\nSuch an unusual incident filled the company with admiration, and the general, turning to the fair Captain Anna Felix, said, \"Your tears are so persuasive, Madam, that they compel me now to be false. Live, lovely Anna Felix, live as many years as Heaven has decreed for you. And let those rash and insolent slaves, who alone committed the crimes, bear the punishment for it. With that, he ordered the two delinquent Turks to be hanged at the yardarm.\nAt the Intercession of the Viceroy, their fault showing more like madness than design, the fatal sentence was revoked. The general considered, at the same time, that their punishment in cold blood would look more like cruelty than justice. Then they began to consider how they might retrieve Don Gaspar Gregorio from the danger he was in. Ricote offered, to the value of above a Thousand Ducats which he had about him in jewels, to purchase his ransom. But the readiest expedient was thought to be the proposal of the Spanish renegade, who offered with a small bark and half a dozen oars manned by Christians to return to Algiers, and set him at liberty. The general and the viceroy demurred to this motion, through a distrust of the renegado's fidelity, since he might perhaps betray the Christians that were to go along with him. But Anna Felix engaging for his truth.\n and Ricote obliging himself to ransom the Christians if they were taken, the Design was resolv'd upon.\nThe Viceroy went ashore, committing the Morisca and her Father to Don Antonio Moreno's Care, desiring him at the same time to command his House for any thing that might conduce to their Entertainment; such Sentiments of Kindness and good Nature had the Beauty of Anna Felix infus'd into his Breast.\nDON Antonio's Lady was extremely pleas'd with the Company of the fair Morisca, whose Sense being as exquisite as her Beauty, drew all the most considerable Persons in the City to visit her. Don Quixote told Don Antonio that he cou'd by no means approve the Method they had taken to re\u2223lease Don Gregorio, it being full of Danger, and little or no Probability of Success; but that their surest way wou'd be to have him set ashore in Barbary, with his Horse and Arms, and leave it to him to deliver the Gentleman in spight of all the Moorish Power, as Don Gayferos had rescu'd his Wife Melissan\u2223dra. Good your Worship\nSancho, upon hearing this, replied, \"Look before you leap.\" Don Quixote had nothing but a fair chance to win on dry land when he took Dulcinea to France. But here, Sancho continued, \"Even if we manage to free Don Gregorio, how will we get him across the broad sea to Spain? There's a solution for every problem except death,\" answered Don Quixote, \"all we need is a ship by the seashore, and then we'll see what can prevent us from getting on board.\" \"Master, Master,\" Sancho exclaimed, \"there's more to it than just washing a dish. Saying is one thing, doing is another. I rather like the renegade; he seems like a good, honest man and well-suited for the task.\" Don Antonio agreed, \"If the renegade fails, then Don Quixote shall embark for Barbary.\"\n\nTwo days later, the renegade was dispatched aboard a fleet cruiser with six oars each, manned by strong, energetic men. Two days after that, the galleys with the general set sail from the port.\nAnd he steered their Course eastwards. The general first engaged the viceroy to give him an account of Don Gregorio's and Anna Felix's fortune. One morning, Don Quixote, going abroad to take the air on the seashore, armed at all points according to his custom \u2013 for he said his arms were his best attire, and combat was his refreshment \u2013 saw a knight riding toward him, armed like himself from head to foot, with a bright moon blazoned on his shield. This knight, coming within Don Quixote's hearing, called out to him, \"Illustrious Don Quixote of La Mancha, I am the Knight of the White Moon, whose incredible achievements, perhaps, have reached your ears. Lo, I have come to enter into combat with you and to compel you by the might of my sword to own and acknowledge my mistress, whatever her name and dignity may be, as being, without any degree of comparison, more beautiful than your Dulcinea del Toboso. Now if you will fairly confess this truth.\"\nYou free yourself from certain death, and I from the trouble of taking or giving you life. If not, the conditions of our combat are as follows. If victory is on my side, you shall be obligated immediately to forsake your arms and the quest for adventures, returning to your own home where you shall live quietly and peaceably for the space of one whole year, without laying a hand on your sword, for the betterment of your estate and the salvation of your soul. But if you come off as conqueror, my life is at your mercy, my horse and arms shall be your trophy, and the fame of all my former exploits, by the lineal descent of conquest, will be vested in you as victor. Consider what you have to do, and let your answer be quick; for my dispatch is limited to this very day.\n\nDon Quixote was amazed and surprised as much at the arrogance of the Knight of the White Moon's challenge as at the subject of it. So, with a solemn and austere address, Don Quixote said to the Knight of the White Moon:\nWhose achievements have not been kept from my knowledge, it is more than probable that you have never seen the illustrious Dulcinea. For had you ever viewed her perfections, you would there find arguments enough to convince you that no beauty, passed, present, or to come, can parallel hers. Therefore, without giving you directly the lie, I only tell thee, Knight, thou art mistaken. I will maintain this position by accepting your challenge, on your conditions, except that article of your exploits descending to me. For, not knowing what character your actions bear, I shall rest satisfied with the fame of my own, by which, such as they are, I am willing to abide. Since your time is so limited, choose your ground and begin your career as soon as you will, and expect to be met with: A fair field and no favor.\n\nWhile the two knights were thus adjusting the preliminaries of combat, the vice-roy who had been informed of the Knight of the White Moon's appearance near the city walls.\nand his parling with Don Quixote hastened to the scene of battle, not suspecting it to be anything but some new device of Don Antonio Moreno or others. Several gentlemen, and Don Antonio among the rest accompanied him thither. They arrived just as Don Quixote was wheeling Rocinante to begin the fight, and seeing them both ready for the onset, he interposed, desiring to know the cause of the sudden combat. The Knight of the White Moon told him there was a lady in the case, and briefly repeated to his excellency what had passed between him and Don Quixote. The viceroy whispered Don Antonio and asked him whether he knew that Knight of the White Moon and whether their combat was not some jocular device to impose upon Don Quixote. Don Antonio answered positively that he neither knew the Knight nor whether the combat was in jest or in earnest. This put the viceroy to some doubt whether he should not prevent their engagement, but being at last persuaded that it must be a jest at the bottom.\nHe withdrew. Valorous Knights, said he, if there is no Medium between Confession and Death, but Don Quixote insists on denying, and you, the Knight of the White Moon, are equally obstinate, I have no more to say; the field is free, and may the Lord have mercy on you both. The Knights paid their compliments to the Viceroy for his gracious consent. Don Quixote made some short ejaculations to Heaven and his mistress, as he always did on such occasions, and began his charge, without the sound of a trumpet or any other signal. His adversary was no less forward; setting spurs to his faster horse, he met Don Quixote before he had run half his charge. So forcefully did he meet him that without using his lance, which it is thought he lifted up on purpose, he overthrew Don Quixote and Rosinante, both coming to the ground with a terrible fall. The Knight of the White Moon immediately got upon him and, clapping the point of his lance to his face, cried out, \"You are vanquished, Knight!\"\nA dead man will perish unless you fulfill the conditions of combat immediately. Don Quixote, bruised and stunned from his fall, answered in a faint, hollow voice, as if speaking from a tomb: \"Dulcinea del Toboso is the most beautiful woman in the world, and I, the most unfortunate knight on earth. It is unjust that such perfection should suffer through my weakness. Pierce my body with your lance, knight, and let my life expire with my honor. Not so rigorous, replied the Conqueror. Let the fame of Lady Dulcinea del Toboso remain intact and unblemished. I am satisfied, provided that the great Don Quixote returns home for a year, as we agreed before the combat. The viceroy and Don Antonio, along with many other gentlemen, bore witness to these events, particularly to this proposal. To this, Don Quixote replied, on the condition that he be joined in nothing to the prejudice of Dulcinea, he would, on the faith of a true knight, return home.\nThe Knight of the White Moon turned about his horse, saluting the Viceroy as he rode at a hand-gallop into the city. Don Antonio followed at the Viceroy's request to discover his identity. Don Quixote was lifted up, and upon removing his helmet, they found him pale and in a cold sweat. Rosinante was in such a sad state that he could not move. Sancho was in such a heavy state that he did not know what to do or say. He was sometimes convinced he was in a dream, other times believing this unfortunate adventure was all witchcraft and enchantment. In short, they found Don Quixote disgraced in the face of the world, bound to good behavior, and required to lay aside his arms for an entire year. Sancho thought his glory had been eclipsed, his hopes of greatness had vanished into thin smoke, and his master's promises, like his bones, had been broken by that accursed fall.\nThe vanquished Knight, whom Don Quixote feared had injured Rosinante and himself, was placed in a chair sent by the Viceroy for that purpose. They took him into town accompanied by the Viceroy, who was curious to discover the identity of the Knight of the White Moon, who had left Don Quixote in such a sad state. Don Antonio Moreno followed the Knight of the White Moon to his inn, accompanied by a troublesome crowd of boys. Once the Knight was in his chamber, where his squire waited to remove his armor, Don Antonio refused to leave until he had learned the truth. The Knight, finding that the gentleman would not depart, said, \"Sir, since I am under no obligation to conceal myself, if you please, while my man disarms me, you shall hear the entire story. You must know, Sir, I am called the Bachelor Carrasco. I live in the same town as Don Quixote.\"\nWhose uncontrollable frenzy had moved all his neighbors, including me, to seek means to cure his madness. Believing that rest and ease would be the most effective remedy, I devised a plan three months ago, assuming the guise of a knight-errant under the title of the Knight of the Mirrors. I encountered him on the road, challenged him to a duel based on the conditions you have already heard. But fortune favored him, for he unhorsed and vanquished me, leaving me disappointed. Desiring to restore my reputation, I made a second attempt and have now succeeded. For I know him to be so scrupulously punctual in keeping his word and honor that he will certainly fulfill his promise. This, sir, is the entire story, and I implore you to keep my involvement concealed from Don Quixote.\nthat my project may not be ruined the second time, and that the honest gentleman, who is naturally a man of good parts, may recover his understanding. Oh, Sir, replied Don Antonio, what have you to answer for in robbing the world of the most diverting folly that ever was exposed among mankind? Consider, Sir, that his cure can never benefit the public half so much as his madness. But I am apt to believe, Sir Bachelor, that his madness is too firmly fixed for your art to remove, and (Heaven forgive me) I can't forbear wishing it may be so; for by Don Quixote's cure we not only lose his good company, but the drolleries and comical humors of Sancho Panza too, which are enough to cure melancholy itself of the spleen. However, I promise to say nothing of the matter; though I confidently believe, Sir, your pains will be to no purpose. Carrasco told him that having succeeded so far, he was obliged to cherish better hopes, and asking Don Antonio if he had any further service to command him.\nHe took his leave and packed his armor onto a carriage mule. Then he mounted his charging horse and left the city that very day, encountering no notable adventures on the road worthy of mention in this faithful history. Don Antonio reported to the viceroy the conversation he had had with Carrasco, who was displeased that such amusement was likely to be lost to all who knew of Don Antonio's antics. Don Quixote spent six days in bed, dejected, sullen, and out of humor, consumed by severe and black reflections on his unfortunate defeat. Sancho was his comforter, and among other words of encouragement, he said, \"My dear master, cheer up, come on, get a good heart, and be thankful for escaping with no more than a broken rib. Remember, he who wins sometimes must lose; we do not always find bacon where we see hogs.\"\nDon Quixote: I will retire for a year and then resume my honorable profession, which will surely bring me a kingdom, and you an earldom. Heavens grant it goes well for us. Hope for the best and make it so, the proverb says.\n\nDon Antonio entered, interrupting the conversation. With great joy, he called to Don Quixote, \"Reward me, Sir,\" he cried, \"Don Gregorio and the renegade have arrived. They are now at the viceroy's palace and will be here momentarily.\" The knight brightened at this news. \"Truly, Sir,\" he said to Don Antonio, \"I could almost be sorry for his good fortune, as I would have gained the glory of freeing not only him but all the Christian slaves in Barbary with the strength of my arm. But alas, what have I become? Am I not miserably conquered, shamefully overthrown? Forbidden the paths of glory for an entire long and tedious year? What, should I boast?\"\nWho is more suited for a distaff than a sword! No more of that, said Sancho. I'd rather have a dirty hog at home than no hog at all. Today for you, tomorrow for me. Do not let this ill fortune dishearten you; he who is down today may be up tomorrow, unless he has a mind to lie in bed. Hang bruises, Sir, and bid Don Gregorio welcome to Spain; for the hurry in the house indicates that he has arrived. And so it happened, for Don Gregorio, having paid his respects to the Viceroy and given him an account of his delivery, had just arrived at Don Antonio's with the Renegado. He had exchanged the female habit he wore when he was freed for one suitable to his sex, which he had obtained from a captive who came along with him on the vessel. Ricote and his daughter went out to meet him. The father wept, and the daughter greeted him with joyful modesty. Their greeting was reserved without an embrace.\nTheir love was too refined for any loose behavior. But their beauties surprised every body. Silence was emphatic in their joys, and their eyes spoke more love than their tongues could express. The Renegado gave a short account of the success of his voyage, and Don Gregorio briefly related the shifts he was put to among the women in his confinement, which showed his wit and discretion to be much above his years. Ricote gratified the ship's crew very nobly, and particularly the Renegado, who was once more received into the bosom of the Church, having with due penance and sincere repentance purified himself from all his former uncleanness.\n\nA few days later, the Viceroy, in concert with Don Antonio, took such measures as were expedient to get Ricote and his daughter's banishment repealed. They judged it no inconvenience to the nation that so just and orthodox persons should remain among them. Don Antonio, being obliged to go to court about some other matters, offered to solicit on their behalf.\nRicote hinted that through the Intercession of Friends and more powerful Bribes, many difficult matters were brought about there to the Satisfaction of the Parties. Ricote, who was by the side of Don Bernardino de Velasco, Count de Salazar, to whom the King gave the Charge of our Expulsion, is a Person of too strict and rigid Justice, not to be moved either by Money, Favor, or Affection. And though I cannot deny him the Character of a merciful Judge in other Matters, yet his piercing and diligent Policy found the Moriscan Race's Body to be so corrupted that Amputation was the only Cure. He is an Argus in his Ministry, and by his watchful Eyes, he had discovered the most secret Springs of their Machination. Resolving to prevent the Danger which the whole Kingdom was in from such a powerful Multitude of inbred Foes, he took the most effectual Means. After all, lopping off the Branches may only prune the Tree.\nAnd make the poisonous fruit ripen faster, but to overthrow it from the root proves a sure deliverance; nor can the Great Philip III be praised enough. First, for his heroic resolution in such a delicate and weighty affair, and then for his wisdom in entrusting Don Bernardino de Velasco with the execution of this design. Well, when I go to court, said Don Antonio to Ricote, I will use the most advisable means, and leave the rest to Providence. Don Gregorio shall go with me to comfort his parents, who have long mourned for his absence. Anna Felix shall stay here with my wife, or in some monastery; and as for honest Ricote, I dare engage the viceroy will be satisfied to let him remain under his protection till he sees how I succeed. The viceroy consented to all this; but Don Gregorio, fearing the worst, was unwilling to leave his fair mistress. However, considering that he might return to her after he had seen his parents, he yielded to the proposal.\nAnna remained with Don Antonio's lady, while Ricote was with the Viceroy. Two days after Don Quixote had recovered somewhat, he took leave of Don Antonio. He caused his armor to be loaded onto Dapple and set off on his journey home. Sancho was forced to walk behind him on foot. On the other side, Don Gregorio bid farewell to Anna Felix. Their separation, though only temporary, was attended by floods of tears and all the excess of passionate sorrow. Ricote offered him a thousand crowns, but he refused them and only borrowed five from Don Antonio to repay him at court.\n\nAs Don Quixote went out of Barcelona, he cast his eyes on the spot of ground where he had been overthrown. \"Here once stood Troy,\" he said. \"Here, my unfortunate fate, and not my cowardice, deprived me of all the glories I had purchased. Here, fortune, by an unexpected reverse, made me aware of her turns and fickleness. Here my exploits suffered a total eclipse; and, in short, here fell my happiness.\"\nSancho: \"never to rise again. Sancho, hearing his master speak so sadly about his misfortune, Good sir, said Sancho, 'tis as much the part of great hearts to have patience when the world frowns upon them, as to be joyful when all goes well. And I, for my part, judge this to be true, for if when I was a governor, I was merry, now that I am but a poor squire on foot, I am not sad. I have heard it said that this thing they call fortune is a whimsical, drunken queen, blind into the bargain; so that she neither sees what she does nor knows whom she raises or whom she casts down. You are very much a philosopher, Sancho, you speak very sensibly. I wonder how you came by all this, but I must tell you there is no such thing as fortune in the world; nor does anything that happens here of good or ill come by chance, but by the particular providence of heaven. For my part, Don Quixote.\"\nI have been the artist, but for want of using the discretion I ought to have employed, all my presumptuous endeavors sank and tumbled down at once. I might have considered that Rosinante was too weak and feeble to withstand the Knight of the White Moon's huge and strongly built horse. However, I wanted adventure, I did the best I could, and was overcome. Yet though it has cost me my honor, I have not lost, nor can I lose my integrity to perform my promise: When I was a knight-errant, valiant and bold, the strength of my arms and my actions gave a reputation to my deeds; and now I am no more than a dismounted squire, the performance of my promise shall give a reputation to my words. Trudge on then, Friend Sancho, and let us get home to pass the year of our probation. In that retirement we shall recover new vigor to return to that, which is never to be forgotten by me, I mean the profession of arms. Sir, quoth Sancho, 'tis no such pleasure to beat the hoof as I do.\nI should be capable of large marches. Let us hang up your armor on some tree in the room of one of those highwaymen who hang around here, and when I am on Dapple, we will ride as fast as you please. It is not reasonable for you to think that I can improve my pace and walk the whole way instead. You have spoken to the point, Sancho, said Don Quixote. Let my arms be hung up as a trophy, and underneath, or around them, we will carve on the bark of the trees the same inscription that was near the trophy of Orlando's arms.\n\nLet none but he who dares face Orlando's fury displace these arms.\n\nWhy, this is just as I'd have it, replied Sancho. And it would not be amiss to leave Rosinante hanging there as well. I think better of it now, said Don Quixote. Neither the armor nor the horse shall be treated thus. It shall never be said of me, \"For good service, bad reward.\" Why, that's a good saying, replied Sancho. Indeed, it is a saying among wise men.\nThe fault should not be placed on the ass's pack saddle. Since you were at fault in this last job, punish yourself instead. Do not take out your fury on your armor, which has been damaged while serving you, nor on Rosinante, the well-conditioned beast, nor on the tenderness of my feet, which require less travel.\n\nThey continued their journey for five days without encountering anything that disrupted their progress. On the fifth day, as they entered a town, they saw a large crowd gathered at an inn. One of the country men called out to the others, \"Look here now, let one of these two gentlemen coming this way decide the matter between the parties. I will support his decision wholeheartedly.\"\n\n\"I will do so,\" replied Don Quixote.\nOne neighbor in this town, who weighs eleven arrobas or eleven quarters of a hundred, has challenged another neighbor, who weighs less, to run with him a hundred paces with equal weight. The heavier man, when asked how they should make the weights equal, demands that the lighter man, who weighs five quarters of a hundred, should carry an additional hundred and a half pounds. \"Hold, Sir,\" cried Sancho before Don Quixote could answer. \"I, Sancho, who have recently been a governor and a judge, should decide this doubtful case. Therefore, with all my heart, do so, Sancho,\" said Don Quixote.\nSancho: Brothers, the fat man is in the wrong box. There's no reason in what he asks, for the one who is challenged should be able to choose weapons that don't encumber him. Therefore, it's my judgment that the one who gave the challenge, being so big and fat, should cut, pare, slice, or shave off a hundred and fifty pounds of his flesh, as he thinks fit. Both parties can then run their race on equal terms. By fore George, one of the country-people exclaimed, this gentleman has spoken like a saint in heaven; he has given judgment like a casuist; but I warrant the fat man loves his flesh too well to part with the least sliver of it.\nmuch less will he part with one and a half. Why then, said another fellow, the best way will be not to let them run at all; for then Lean need not risk straining his back with such a load, and Fat need not slice his padded sides into chops. So let half the wager be spent on wine, and let's take these gentlemen to the tavern with the best, and lay the cloak on me when it rains. I return you thanks, gentlemen, said Don Quixote, but I cannot stay a moment. Dismal thoughts and disasters force me to appear unmannerly, and to travel at an uncommon rate. And so saying, he spurred Rosinante on and moved forward, leaving the people to discuss his strange figure and the rare parts of his groom, for such they took Sancho to be.\n\nIf the man is so wise, said one of the country-folks to the rest, bless us! What shall we think of the master! I'll hold a wager, if they are going to study at Salamanca.\nThey will become Lord Chief-Justices quickly; it's just a matter of studying and studying again, and having some favor and good luck. And suddenly, a man will find himself with a judge's gown on his back or a bishop's mitre on his head.\n\nThat night, the master and the man lodged in the middle of a field under the open sky. The next day, as they were traveling, they saw a man on foot with a wallet around his neck and a javelin or dart in his hand, resembling a foot-post. This man quickened his pace when he approached Don Quixote and, almost running, came, with great joy in his expression, and embraced Don Quixote's right thigh, unable to reach higher.\n\n\"My Lord, Don Quixote of La Mancha!\" the man cried out heartily. \"Oh, how glad my Lord Duke will be when he learns you are returning to his castle, for he is still there with my Lady Duchess.\"\n\n\"I don't know you, friend,\" Don Quixote replied.\nI am Tosilos, at your service, my lord. I am your duke's footman, the same who refused to fight you over Donna Rodriguez's daughter. \"Bless me,\" said Don Quixote, \"is it possible you are the man whom my enemies, the magicians, transformed into a footman to deprive me of the honor of that combat?\" \"Softly, good sir,\" replied the footman, \"there was no enchantment or transformation in the case. I was as much a footman when I entered the lists as when I left. I refused to fight because I intended to marry the young gentleman. But I was sadly disappointed; when you were gone, my lord had me severely punished for not following his orders in that matter. As a result, Donna Rodriguez was sent away to seek her fortune, and the daughter was confined in a convent. I am now going to Barcelona with a packet of letters from my lord to the viceroy.\"\nIf you please, I have a gourd full of good wine at your service. It's a little hot, I must admit, but it's pure, and I have some excellent cheese that will make it go down. I take you at your word, Sancho, I am no proud man, leave ceremonies to the church, and so drink, honest Tosilos, despite all the enchanters in the Indies. Well, Sancho, you are certainly the very glutton and the silliest blockhead that ever was, else you would consider that this man you see here is enchanted and a sham lackey. Even stay with him if you would, and gratify your voracious appetite, for my part, I'll ride softly on before. Tosilos smiled, and laying his bottle and his cheese on the grass, he and Sancho sat down there, and like sociable messmates, they didn't stir until they had quite cleared the wallet of all that was in it, sitting for their bellies; and this with such an appetite that when all was consumed.\nThey licked the letter packet because it smelled of cheese. While they did this, hang me if I know what to make of your master, said Tosilos. Neither better nor worse, answered Sancho. For take my word for it, old boy, if madness were to pass for currency, he would be the richest man in the kingdom. I see it plain enough, and I tell him of it often enough, but what does it signify? Especially now that he's in the dumps for having been worsted by the Knight of the White Moon. Tosilos begged Sancho to tell him that story, but Sancho said it wouldn't be proper to keep him waiting, but that next time they met, he'd tell him the whole matter. With that, they got up. After the squire had brushed his clothes and shaken off the crumbs from his beard, he drove Dapple along. Crying goodbye, he left Tosilos.\nIn order to overtake his master, who stayed for him under the cover of a tree, Don Quixote was much disturbed in mind before his overthrow, but even more disquieted after it. While he stayed for his squire under a tree, a thousand thoughts crowded into his head, like flies into a honey pot. Dulcinea was freed from enchantment, and at other times, he considered the life he was to lead during his involuntary retirement. In this quiet moment, Sancho arrived, praising Tosilos as the most honest fellow and the most gentlemanly footman in the world. Is it possible, Sancho, Don Quixote asked, that you still take that man for a real servant? Have you forgotten how you saw Dulcinea transformed and turned into the likeness of a rustic wench, and the Knight of the Mirrors into the bachelor Carrasco; and all this by the nefarious magical arts of those evil-minded magicians who persecute me? But putting this aside, tell me, did you not ask Tosilos what had become of Altisidora? Did she mourn my absence?\n\"or dismissed from her breast those amorous sentiments that disturbed her when I was near her? Faith and truth, quoth Sancho, my mind was preoccupied with something else, and I was too engaged to think of such foolish stuff. Body of me! Sir, are you now in a mood to ask about other people's thoughts, especially their love thoughts too? Look you, said Don Quixote, there's a great deal of difference between those actions that proceed from love and those that are the effect of gratitude. It is possible that a gentleman should not at all be in love, but strictly speaking, he cannot be ungrateful. 'Tis very likely that Altisidora loved me well; she presented me, as you know, with three night-caps; she wept and took on when I went away; cursed me, abused me, and, in spite of modesty, gave way to her passion; all tokens that she was deeply in love with me, for the anger of lovers commonly vents itself in curses. It was not in my power to give her any hopes\"\nI had no costly present to give her; all I have reserved is for Dulcinea, and a knight-errant's treasures are but fairy gold, an illusory good. All I can do is remember the unfortunate fair one, without prejudice, however, to the rights of my Dulcinea, whom you greatly injure, Sancho, by delaying the accomplishment of the penance that must free the poor lady from misery. And since you are so ungenerously sparing of your pampered hide, may I see it devoured by wolves, rather than kept so carefully for your own use. To speak plainly with you, it cannot enter my head that jerking my backside will signify a straw to the disenchanting of the enchanted. It is as if we should say, if your head aches, anoint your shins. At least, I dare swear, that in all the stories of knight-errantry you have thumbed over, you never knew flogging to unbewitch any body. However, when I can find myself in the humor, you see.\nI'll speak about it; when the time serves, I'll chastise myself, never fear. I wish you would, Don Quixote, answer me. May Heaven give you grace at last to understand how much it is your duty to relieve your mistress. For as she is mine, by consequence, she is yours, since you belong to me.\n\nThus they continued talking until they approached the place where the bulls had run over them. Don Quixote, recognizing it again, said to Sancho, \"Behold, that is the meadow where we met the fine shepherdesses and the gallant shepherds who had a mind to renew or imitate the pastoral Arcadia. It was certainly a new and ingenious conceit. If you think well of it, we'll follow their example and turn shepherds too, at least for the time I am to lay aside the profession of arms. I'll buy a flock of sheep and every thing fit for a pastoral life, and so calling myself the Shepherd Quixote and you the Shepherd Pancho, we'll range the woods, hills, and meadows, singing and versifying. We'll drink the liquid crystal.\nFrom the fountains and brooks, and swiftly gliding streams,\nThe oaks, cork trees, and chestnut trees, provide us lodging and diet.\nThe willows yield melancholic shade, roses present inoffensive sweets,\nAnd spacious meadows our carpets, diversified with colors of all sorts:\nBlessed with the purest air and unconfined, we shall breathe that and freedom.\nThe moon and stars, our tapers of the night, shall light our evening walks.\nLight hearts make us merry, and mirth makes us sing.\nLove inspires us with a theme and wit, Apollo with harmonious lays.\nThus, we shall become famous, not only while we live, but make our loves eternal as our songs.\nAs I live, quoth Sancho, this sort of life enchants me to the hair;\nAnd I fancy that if the bachelor, Samson Carrasco and Master Nicholas\nHave but once a glimpse of it, they'll even turn shepherds too.\nIt's well if the curate doesn't apply for one, as he's a notable joker and merry-disposed. That was well thought on, said Don Quixote. And if the bachelor makes one among us, as I doubt not he will, he may call himself Shepherd Samson or Carrasco; and Master Nicholas, Niculoso, as formerly old Boscan called himself N. For the curate, I don't well know what name we shall give him, unless we should call him Shepherd Curiambro. As for the shepherdesses with whom we must fall in love, we can't be at a loss to find names; there are enough for us to pick and choose. And since my mistress's name is not improper for a shepherdess, any more than for a princess, I will not trouble myself to get a better. Thou mayst call thine as thou pleasest. For my part, quoth Sancho, I don't think of any other name for mine but Teresona, which will fit her fat sides full well and is taken from her Christian name too. So when I come to mention her in my verses.\nEvery body will know her to be my wife, commending my honesty as one who is not for picking another man's lock. The curate must be contented without a shepherdess, for good example's sake. And for the bachelor, let him take his own choice, if he means to have one. Bless me, said Don Quixote! What a life shall we lead! What a melody of oaten reeds and Zamora bagpipes shall we have resounding in the air! What intermixture of tabors, morrice-bells, and fiddles! And if to all the different instruments we add those called Albogues, we shall have all manner of pastoral music. What are the Albogues, Sancho? They, said Don Quixote, are a sort of instruments made of brass-plates, rounded like candlesticks. The one shutting into the other, there arises through the holes or stops and the trunk or hollow, an odd sound, which, if not very gratifying or harmonious, is however not altogether disagreeable.\nBut the Rusticity of Pipe and Tabor suits it well. You should know, the word is Moorish or Arabic, as are all those in our Spanish beginning with an Al, such as Almoaza, Almorzar, Alhambra, Alguasil, Alucema, Almacen, Alcanzia, and a few others. We also have three Moorish words in our tongue that end in I: Barcequi, Zaquicami, and Maravedi. Alheli and Alsaqui are also Arabic, as their beginning with Al indicates, as does their ending in I. I couldn't help mentioning this by the way, your query about Albogue having reminded me. There is one more thing that will greatly contribute to our completion in our new way of life: poetry. You know I have a fondness for it, and Bachelor Carrasco is an accomplished poet; the Curate as well, though I'll wager he dabbles in it too, and so does Master Nicholas.\nI dare say: for all your barbers are notable scrapers and singers. For my part, I'll complain of absence. You shall celebrate your own loyalty and constancy. The shepherd Carrasco will expostulate on his shepherdess's disdain, and Pastor Curiambro may choose any other subject that fits his circumstances; and so everything will be managed to our hearts' content. Alas! quoth Sancho, I am so unlucky that I fear me, I shall never live to see these blessed days. How shall I lick up the curds and cream! I'll never be without a wooden spoon in my pocket. Oh, how many of them will I make! What garlands, and what pretty pastoral fancies will I contrive! Though they may not recommend me for discretion, they will make me pass for a clever fellow. My daughter Sanchica shall bring us our dinner, cried Don Quixote. Any one of these is enough to make us know your meaning. I have told you often enough not to be so lavish with your proverbs; but 'tis all lost upon you. I preach in a desert.\nMy mother scolds me, and I scold the one in charge. \"Faith and truth, Sancho,\" Quoth Sancho, \"this is just as the saying goes, the pot calls the kettle black-bottom.\" You reprimand me for speaking in proverbs, yet you bring them out in pairs. Look here, Sancho, the ones I speak are relevant, but yours are brought up inappropriately, to their shame, and yours. But no more of this for now, it's getting late, let us leave the road for a bit and make camp in the fields; tomorrow will be a new day. They did as planned and had a meager meal, less to Sancho's liking than his uncomfortable lodging. This brought the hardships of knight-erranting fresh to Sancho's mind, making him long for the better entertainment he had sometimes found, at Don Diego's, Camacho's, and Don Antonio's houses. But he considered after all that it couldn't always be fair weather, nor was it always foul. So he took himself to his rest until morning.\nAnd his master to his usual roving imaginations. The night was fairly dark, though the Moon kept her place in the sky; but it was in such a part as obliged her to be invisible to us. Don Quixote, after his first sleep, thought nature sufficiently refreshed, and would not yield to the temptations of a second. Sancho, indeed, did not enjoy a second; but for a different reason. For he usually took only one nap during the whole night, due to the soundness of his constitution and his inexperience of the cares that lay heavy upon Don Quixote.\n\nSancho, said the knight, after he had pulled the squire till he had woken him up, I am amazed at the insensibility of your temper. You are certainly made of marble or solid brass, you lie without either motion or feeling. You sleep while I wake, you sing while I mourn.\nand while I am on the verge of fainting from hunger, you are lazy and unwieldy due to mere gluttony. A good servant should share in his master's afflictions. Observe the stillness of the night and our solitary location. It's a pity such an opportunity should be wasted on sloth and inactive rest. Rouse yourself for shame, step aside, and with a good air and a cheerful heart, give me three or four hundred lashes on your back, towards the disenchanting of Dulcinea. I make this my earnest request, resolved never to be rough with you again on this account, for I must confess you can lay a heavy hand on a man when necessary. Once that performance is over, we'll spend the remainder of the night singing, I of absence, and you of constancy, and so begin those pastoral exercises, which are to be our employment at home. Sir, answered Sancho, do you take me for a monk or friar, that I would start up in the middle of the night.\nAnd discipline myself at this rate? Or do you think it such an easy matter to scourge and clapper-claw my back one moment, and fall a singing the next? Look you, Sir, say not another word of this whipping; for as I love my flesh, you'll put me upon making some rash oath or other that you won't like, and then if the mere brushing of my coat would do you any good, you shouldn't have it, much less the currying of my hide. Oh obdurate heart, cried Don Quixote! Oh, impious squire! Oh, nourishment and favors ill bestowed! Is this my reward for having got thee a government, and my good intentions to get thee an earldom, or an equivalent at least? Which I dare engage to do when this year of our obscurity is elapsed; for in short, I hope for light after darkness. That I don't understand, quoth Sancho, but this I well know, that while I am asleep, I feel neither hope nor despair; I am free from pain at least.\nIf sleep is not from pleasure. Now blessings light on him who first invented this same sleep. It covers a man all over, thoughts and all, like a cloak; 'tis meat for the hungry, drink for the thirsty, heat for the cold, and cold for the hot. 'Tis the current coin that purchases all the pleasures of the world cheap; and the balance that sets the king and the shepherd, the fool and the wise-man even. There is only one thing, which someone once put into my head, that I dislike in sleep; 'tis, that it resembles death. There's very little difference between a man in his first sleep and a man in his last sleep. Most elegantly spoken, said Don Quixote! Thou hast much outdone any thing I ever heard thee say before, which confirms me in the truth of one of thy own proverbs: birth is much, but breeding more. God's me! Master of mine, cried Sancho, I'm not the only one who threads proverbs now, for you tack them together faster than I do, I think. I see no difference but that yours come in season, and mine out of season.\nThey were all just proverbs, yet when their ears were alerted by a hoarse and grunting noise that echoed through adjacent valleys, Don Quixote rose to his feet and placed his hand on his sword. Sancho, in turn, constructed makeshift fortifications around himself, securing one side with the bundle of armor and the other with Dapple's pack saddle. He then huddled beneath the horse, quivering with fear as the noise grew louder. The cause of the commotion approached, causing Don Quixote genuine alarm, while Sancho, as was well-known, was fearless. The source of the noise was a group of men herding over six hundred pigs to a fair, and their grunting and squeaking created such a horrific sound that Don Quixote and Sancho were almost overwhelmed by it.\nAnd could not imagine where it came from. But at length, the Knight and Squire stood in their way, and the rude, swine-like animals came thronging up all at once, running between their legs and throwing down both master and man. They had not only insulted Sancho's intrenchments but also thrown down Rosinante. Having broken in upon them, they went on, overthrowing pack-saddle, armor, knight, squire, horse, and all; crowding, treading, and trampling over them all at a horrid rate. Sancho was the first to recover his legs, and having by this time discovered what the matter was, he called to his master to lend him his sword, and swore he would kill at least a dozen of those rude pigs immediately. No, no, my friend, said Don Quixote, let them go; Heaven inflicts this disgrace upon my guilty head, for it is but a just punishment that dogs should devour, hornets sting.\nand vile hogs trample on a vanquished Knight-Errant. And perhaps, Sancho remarked, heaven sends fleas to sting, lice to bite, and hunger to famish us poor squires for keeping these vanquished knights company. If we squires were the sons of those knights or in some way related to them, why then something might be said for our bearing a share of their punishment, though it were to the third and fourth generation. But what have the Panzas to do with the Quixotes? Well, let's return to our old places again and sleep out the little that's left of the night. Tomorrow is a new day. Sleep, Sancho, Don Quixote urged, sleep. For you were born to sleep, but I, who was designed to be ever wakeful, intend before Aurora ushers in the sun to give free rein to my thoughts and express my conceptions in a madrigal that I composed last night, unknown to you. Methinks, Sancho observed, a man can't be in great affliction when he can turn his brain to the making of verses. Therefore, you may continue to do so as long as you please.\nAnd I'll endure it as long as I can. Having said that, he laid himself down on the ground, choosing what he thought was the best position, and hunching himself together, he fell into a deep sleep, undisturbed by debts, shipwreck, or any care whatsoever. On the other side, Don Quixote, leaning against the trunk of a beech or a cork tree (for it is not determined which it was), sang in consort with his sighs the following composition:\n\nWhen I reflect on the great pain\nThe slave must bear who drags his chain,\nOh! Love, for ease I go to death,\nThe cure for thee, the cure for life and woe.\nBut alas! When I consider\nWhat must cure me by taking life,\nThe pleasure I find in death,\nRevives my breath with a strong cordial.\nThus life makes me die each moment,\nAnd death itself can give new life:\nI lie, hopeless and tormented,\nNeither truly dying nor living.\n\nThe many tears and sighs that accompanied this musical lament were a sign that the knight had taken his late defeat deeply to heart.\nAnd the absence of Dulcinea. When day came, the Sun beamed on Sancho's face, awakening him. Rubbing his eyes, yawning, and stretching his limbs, he perceived the damage the hogs had caused to his baggage, making him wish, not only for the herd, but for someone else to be at the devil. In short, Don Quixote and Sancho continued their journey, and towards evening they saw about twenty horsemen and a few footmen approaching them. Don Quixote, upon sighting them, felt a strange emotion in his breast, and Sancho shivered from head to foot, as they perceived these strangers were armed with spears, shields, and other warlike implements. Don Quixote turned to Sancho and said, \"Ah, Sancho, if it were lawful for me at this time to engage in feats of arms and if my hand were free from my promise,...\"\nwhat a joyful sight should I deem this squadron that approaches! But now\u2014however, notwithstanding my present apprehensions, things may fall out better than we expect.\n\nBy this time, the horsemen with their lances advanced and came close up to them without speaking a word. They surrounded Don Quixote in a menacing manner, with their points levelled to his back and breast. One of the footmen signaled to Don Quixote by laying his finger on his mouth, indicating that he must be mute. Then, taking Rosinante by the bridle, he led him out of the road. The rest of the footmen had secured Sancho and Dapple and drove them silently before them.\n\nDon Quixote attempted to ask the cause of this usage twice or thrice, but he no sooner began to open his mouth than they were ready to run their spears down his throat. Poor Sancho fared worse yet; for as he offered to speak, one of the foot guards gave him a jab with a goad and treated Dapple similarly.\nThough the poor beast had no thought of speaking a word. As they increased their pace in the night, the fears of the captive knight and squire grew, especially when their ears were tormented every minute with words like these or similar: On, on ye Troglodytes; Silence, ye barbarian slaves; Vengeance, ye anthropophagi; Grumble not, ye Scythians; Be blind, ye murdering Polyphemes, ye devouring lions. (Thought Sancho,) What names do they call us here? Trollopites, barber's slaves, and Andrew Hodgepodgy, city-cans, and bur-frames - I don't like the sound of them. One man's down, down with him. I would compound for a good dry beating and glad to escape so too. Don Quixote was no less perplexed, not being able to imagine the reason for their harsh treatment or scurrilous language, which had thus far promised little good. After they had ridden about an hour in the dark, they came to the gates of a castle.\nDon Quixote, recognizing it as the Duke's residence where he had recently been, exclaimed, \"Heaven bless me, what do I see? This was the Mansion of Civility and Humanity! But such is the fate of the vanquished, to see everything turn against them. The two prisoners were led into the great court of the castle, where they found strange preparations that increased their fear and amazement, as we will see in the next chapter.\n\nAll the horsemen dismounted, and the footmen, snatching up Don Quixote and Sancho in their arms, hurried them into the courtyard. The yard was illuminated with over a hundred torches, six-feet high in huge candle-sticks, and about all the galleries round the court, there were placed above five hundred lights, making it day in the midst of the darkness of the night. In the middle of the court stood a tomb, raised about two yards from the ground, with a large pall of black velvet over it, and round about it were a hundred tapers of virgin's wax.\nA young damsel, seemingly dead, stood in a tomb with a beautiful face that made death appear lovely. Her head was crowned with a garland of fragrant flowers, and her pillow was of gold cloth. In her hands, which lay across her breast, was a branch of the yellow palm once used in triumphs. On one side of the court, a theater was erected, and two personages sat in chairs, identified as kings by their crowns and scepters. Near the theater's foot, two chairs were placed, and Don Quixote and Sancho were led to sit there, with the guards remaining silent throughout.\nAnd they made their prisoners understand, through awful signs, that they must also be silent. But there was little need for caution; their reward was so great that it had left them speechless with amazement.\n\nAt the same time, two prominent figures ascended the stage, accompanied by a large retinue, and seated themselves on two stately chairs beside the theatrical kings. Don Quixote recognized these as the Duke and Duchess, at whose palace he had been so nobly entertained. The greatest wonder for him was that the corpse on the tomb was that of the fair Altisidora.\n\nAs soon as the Duke and Duchess had ascended, Don Quixote and Sancho approached them. Sancho donned a black buckram frock covered in flames of fire and put on a kind of mitre worn by those undergoing public penance by the Inquisition. Whispering in the Duke and Duchess' ears at the same time, Don Quixote warned them not to speak.\nThey put a gag in his mouth or murdered him in cold blood. Sancho looked at himself from head to foot and was startled to see himself covered in fire and flames, but since he didn't feel himself burn, he didn't care. He removed his mitre and found it pictured with devils, but he put it back on and thought since the flames didn't burn him and the devils didn't carry him away, it was all right. Don Quixote also steadfastly surveyed him, and in the midst of all his apprehensions, he couldn't help but smile at the strange sight. In the midst of this profound silence, where everything was mute and expectation was at its peak, a soft and charming symphony of flutes filled their ears. Then a young, handsome man appeared at the head of the monument, dressed in a Roman habit, playing a harp.\nI'll sing the following stanzas with an excellent voice. While the fair Altisidora lies slain,\nA victim to Don Quixote's cold disdain;\nHere all things mourn, all pleasure with her dies,\nAnd weeds of woe disguise the graces' train.\n\nI'll sing the beauties of her face and mind,\nHer hopeless passion, her unfortunate fate;\nNo Orpheus's self in numbers more refined,\nHer charms, her love, her sufferings could relate.\n\nNor shall the fair one alone in life be sung,\nHer boundless praise is my immortal choice;\nIn the cold grave, when death benumbs my tongue,\nFor thee, bright Maid, my soul shall find a voice.\n\nWhen from this narrow cell my spirit's free,\nAnd wanders grieving with the shades below,\nEven over Oblivion's waves I'll sing to thee:\nAnd hell itself shall sympathize in woe.\n\nEnough, cried one of the two kings; no more,\nDivine Musician; it were an endless task\nTo enumerate the perfections of Altisidora,\nOr give us the story of her fate.\nNor is she dead, as the ignorant vulgar surmises;\nNo, in the mouth of fame.\nShe lives and will revive once more when Sancho has completed the penance required for her return to the world. Therefore, O Radamanthus, you who sit in joint commission with me in the opaque shades of Dis, terrible judge of Hell! Reveal and declare the decrees of Fate, which are hidden from mortals, to restore this damsel to life without delay. Scarcely had Minos finished speaking when Radamanthus rose and said, \"Proceed, one after another, you ministers and officers of the household, superior and inferior, high and low. Mark Sancho's face with twenty-four twitches, give him twelve pinches, and run six pins into his arms and backside. For Alcestis' restoration depends on the performance of this ceremony.\" Hearing this, Sancho could no longer resist and cried out, \"I'd rather become a Turk\" body of me!\nYou shall have my permission to carry out all these actions. I will give no support to any such punishments. What purpose does the disfigurement of my face serve in restoring this damsel? I can no more revive her with a gun by turning up the broad end of my face. Dulcinea is under a spell, and I, in turn, must whip myself to free her from the witchcraft. And here is Altisidora, suffering from one illness or another, and poor Sancho must be pulled by the handle of his face, his skin filled with oil holes, and his arms pinched black and blue, to save her from the worms. Do not think you can deceive travelers. An old dog will learn no new tricks. Relent, cried Rhadamanthus aloud, thou tiger, submit proud Nimrod, suffer and be silent or thou dies. No impossibility is required of thee; and therefore pretend not to argue or complain about the severity of thy doom. Thy face shall receive the lashes, thy skin shall be pinched, and groan under the penance. Begin, I say, ye ministers of justice, execute my sentence.\nUpon the honor of a man, you shall curse the hour you were born. At the same time, six old duenas or waiting-women appeared in the court, marching in a formal procession one after another. Four of them wore spectacles, and all held their right hands aloft and their wrists bare, according to the fashion, to make their hands seem longer. Sancho sooner spotted them. But roaring out like a bull, he cried, \"Do with me what you please. Let a sack full of mad cats lay their claws on me, as they did on my master in this castle. Drill me through with sharp daggers, tear the flesh from my bones with red-hot pincers. I'll bear it with patience and serve your worships. But the devil shall not lay a finger on me before I suffer old waiting-women to do so.\"\n\nDon Quixote broke silence. \"Have patience, my son,\" he cried. \"Resign yourself to these potentates with thanks to heaven, for having endowed your person with such a gift as to release the enchanted...\"\nAnd they raised the dead from the grave. By this, the waiting-women advanced to Sancho, who, after much persuasion, was at last convinced to settle himself in his seat and submit his face and beard to the female executors. The first one approached gave him a cleaver twitch, and then dropped him a curtsy. Less courtesy and less sauce, good Mrs. Governante, Sancho cried. For by the life of Pharaoh, your fingers stink of vinegar. In short, all the waiting-women and most of the servants came and snatched up one of the torches that stood near him, swinging it round, they put all the women and the rest of his tormentors to their heels. Away, cry out you imps of the devil, do you think that my backside is made of brass, or do I intend to be your master's martyr?\n\nAt the same time, Altisidora, unable to lie any longer on her back, began to turn herself on one side. This was immediately perceived by the spectators, who all set up the cry, She lives.\nShe lives! Altisidora lives! Rhadamanthus then spoke to Sancho, urging him to be calm, as the miraculous recovery had been achieved. On the other side, Don Quixote rushed to Altisidora and fell on his knees before Sancho. \"My dear son,\" he cried, \"I will no longer call you squire. This is the auspicious moment for you to receive some of the lashes that are due to you for disenchanting Dulcinea. Now is the time when the maturity of your skin is most effective in performing the wonders expected of it.\" Sancho exclaimed, \"Out of the frying pan into the fire! I have been twisted and pulled by the nose and everywhere, and my buttocks covered in pins, and now I must be whipped like a top, must I?\" If you wish to end this now, why not simply tie a heavy stone around my neck and throw me into a well instead?\nAltisidora sat on the tomb. The music struck up, and all the instruments joined with the voices of the spectators who cried aloud, \"Live, live Altisidora! Altisidora live!\" The Duke and Duchess got up, accompanied by Minos, Rhadamanthus, Don Quixote, and Sancho, and went in a body to receive Altisidora. She pretended to faint, bowed to the Duke and Duchess, and also to the two kings, but casting a shy look upon Don Quixote, she said, \"Heaven forgive that hard-hearted, lovely knight, whose barbarity has made me an inhabitant of the other world for all I know, a thousand years. But to you, I turn, the most compassionate squire that the world contains, Sancho.\"\nI return my thanks for being brought back to life. In acknowledgment, I will give you six of the best smocks I have, which will be made into shirts for you. If they are not brand new, they are still as clean as a penny. Sancho removed his mitre, knelt, and kissed her hand. The duke ordered that his cap be returned to him, and instead of his flaming frock, he was given his gaberdine. But Sancho begged his grace to keep the frock and mitre to take as a relic to his own country. The duchess granted his request, as she knew she was always one of his best friends. The duke then ordered the company to clear the court and retire to their respective lodgings. That night, Sancho slept in a truckle-bed in Don Quixote's chamber, a lodging not to his liking.\nSancho, said Don Quixote, what is your opinion of tonight's adventure? Love's power is great and mighty when heightened by disdain, as the testimony of your own eyes may convince you in the death of Altisidora. It was not a dart, a dagger, nor any poison that brought her to her fate, but she expired through the mere sense of my disdain of her affection. I would not have cared, Sancho, if she had died of a pinprick, so long as she had left me alone. I never courted her nor slighted her in my youth.\nI must still find it strange that the life and well-being of Altisidora, a whimsical, magical gentlewoman, depend on Sancho Panza's pleas. But there are enchanters and witchcrafts in this world, that's certain. I pray, good heaven, deliver me from them. But now, Sir, let me sleep, I implore you; if you ask me more questions, I will leap out of the window. I won't disturb you, honest Sancho, said Don Quixote. Sleep; if the pain of your recent torture allows it! No pain answered Sancho, compared to the abuse my face suffered, because it was done by the worst of ill-natured creatures - I mean old waiting-women. The devil take them, I said, and so goodnight! I need a good nap to set me right, and so once again, please let me sleep. Do so, said Don Quixote. And heaven be with you both. They both fell asleep.\nAnd while they sleep, Cid Hamet explains the reasons that drove the Duke and Duchess to their strange behaviors, previously recounted. He says that Carrasco, planning revenge for his defeat at the hands of Don Quixote, who went by the title of the Knight of the Mirrors, intended to try again for better fortune. Having learned from the page who delivered the letters and gifts to Sancha's wife where Don Quixote was, Carrasco equipped himself with a new horse and arms. He painted a white moon on his shield and hid his old attendant, Thomas Cecial, by acquiring a countryman to serve as his squire. Arriving at the Duke's castle.\nThe Bachelor learned that the Knight had gone to the tournament at Saragossa. The Duke informed him of how they had deceived the Bachelor with the plan to disenchant Dulcinea, which would cost Sancho's resources. The Duke also shared how Sancho had convinced Quixote that Dulcinea had been transformed into a country woman by magic. The Duke further mentioned that the Duchess had convinced Sancho that he was deluded and Dulcinea was truly enchanted. The Bachelor, despite laughing, was amazed by Sancho's cunning and the Master's madness. The Duke requested that if the Bachelor encountered the Knight, he should report back to the castle upon his return, with news of his success or failure. The Bachelor promised to comply and set out to find Quixote, but he was not at Saragossa.\nBut after traveling farther, he eventually encountered him and took his revenge, as we previously mentioned. Upon taking the Duke's castle on his way home, he informed the Duke of the circumstances and conditions of the combat, and how Don Quixote was making his way homeward to fulfill his engagement of returning to his village for a year, as was required of the honor of chivalry. The Bachelor hoped that the gentleman might recover his senses, and declared that his concern for seeing a man of such parts in such a distraught condition was the only motivation for his attempt. Upon this, he returned home to wait for Don Quixote, who was following him. This information engaged the Duke, who could never tire of the Knight and the Squire's humors, to take this opportunity to make more sport with them. He ordered many of his servants to lay waste the roads in the area, particularly those that Don Quixote was most likely to take.\nWho had orders to bring him to the castle, right or wrong. They met him accordingly and sent their master an account of it. Upon receiving this news, all preparations were made for his coming. The Duke ordered the torches and tapers to be lit around the court, and Altisidora's tragic interlude was acted out with the humors of Sancho Panza. According to Cid Hamet, those who played these tricks were as mad as those they were deceiving. The Duke and Duchess came close to being thought fools themselves for going to such lengths to make sport of two weak and foolish individuals.\n\nNow, returning to our two adventurers, the morning found one of them fast asleep, while the other was broad awake, consumed by his wild imaginings. They decided it was time to rise, especially the Don, as the bed of sloth was never agreeable to him.\nAltisidora, whom Don Quixote believed to have been raised from the dead, adorned her head with the same garland she wore on the tomb that day. She entered Don Quixote's chamber wearing a white taffeta gown, flowered with gold, her disheveled locks flowing negligently on her shoulders. She supported herself with an ebony stick.\n\nDon Quixote was surprised and amazed by this unexpected apparition and was struck dumb. Unsure of how to behave, he hid under the bedclothes, covering himself from head to ears. However, Altisidora sat in a chair close to his bed, taking a deep sigh.\n\n\"To what extremity of misfortune and distress are young ladies of my virtue and quality reduced,\" she said softly and languishingly, \"when they are forced to give their tongues a loose, disregarding virgin decency?\"\n\"and I, Noble Don Quixote of La Mancha, have been silenced by my passion for two days now. If not for love, I would have succumbed to death or something akin to it. Love might as well have chosen my ass for this service, as it would have obliged me more. But please, good woman, tell me one thing now.\"\nAnd so Heaven gives you a better-natured sweetheart than my master; what did you see in the other world? What sort of folks are there in Hell? For those who die of themselves must needs go to that summer-house. To tell you the truth, replied Altisidora, I fancy I could not be dead outright, because I was not got so far as Hell; for, had I got in, I'm sure I should never have been allowed to have got out again. I got to the gates indeed, where I found a round dozen of devils in their breeches and waistcoats, playing at tennis with flaming rackets. They wore flat bands with scallop lace, and ruffles of the same. Their arms were naked four fingers breadth to give an air to their wrists and make their hands look longer. But what I most wondered at was, that instead of tennis balls, they made use of books that were every whit as light and stuffed with wind and fluff or such kind of trumpery. This was indeed most strange and wonderful.\nWhat still amazed me more, I found that contrary to the custom of gamers, among whom the gaining party at least is in good humor, and the losers only angry, these hellish tossers of books of both sides did nothing but fret, fume, stamp, curse, and swear most horribly, as if they had all been losers.\n\n\"That's no wonder at all,\" quoth Sancho. \"For your devils, whether they play or no, win or lose, they can never be contented.\" That may be, said Altisidora. But another thing that I admire (I then admired I would say) was, that the ball would not bear a second blow, but at every stroke they were obliged to change books, some of them new, some old, which I thought very strange. And one incident that happened upon this I cannot forget. They tossed up a new book fairly bound and gave it such a smart stroke that the very guts flew out of it, and all the leaves were scattered about. Then cried one of the devils to another, \"Look, look, what book is that?\" \"It is the Second Part of the History of Don Quixote.\"\nThe other replied, not the composition of Cid Hamet, the author of the first, but of a certain Aragonian who claims to be from Tordesillas. \"Away with it,\" cried the first devil, \"down with it, cast it into the deepest pit of Hell, where I may never see it again. Why, is it such sad stuff?\" asked the other. \"Such intolerable stuff,\" cried the first devil, \"that if I and all the devils in Hell combined our efforts, we could not make it worse. The devils continued their game, shattering a world of other books, but the name of Don Quixote, which I so passionately adore, held my thoughts captive only to that part of the vision I told you. It could be nothing but a vision,\" declared Don Quixote, \"for I am the only person with that name in the universe, and that very book is being tossed about here at an equal rate, never resting in one place, as everyone takes a turn at it. Nor am I concerned that any phantom bearing my name\"\nIf I should wander in the Shades of Darkness or in the Light, since I am not the Person of whom that History treats. If it be well written, faithful and authentic, it will live for Ages; but if it be bad, it will have but a short journey from its Birth to the Grave of Oblivion.\n\nAltisidora was about to renew her Expostulations and Complaints against Don Quixote, but he interrupted her. \"I have often warned you, Madam,\" said he, \"not to fix your Affections on a Man who is absolutely incapable of making a suitable Return. It grieves me to have a Heart offered to me, when I have no Entertainment to give it, but bare cold Thanks. I was born for Dulcinea del Toboso, and to her alone the Destinies (if such there be) have devoted my Affection.\"\n\nUpon hearing this, \"Death of my Life!\" cried Altisidora, putting on a violent Passion. \"Thou lump of lead, thou with a soul of mortar, and a heart as little and as hard as the stone of an olive.\"\nmore stubborn than a full plough-driver or a carrier's horse that will never go out of its road, I have a good mind to tear your eyes out, as deep as they are in your head. Why, thou beaten swashbuckler, thou rib-roasted knight of the cudgel, hast thou the impudence to think that I died for love of thy lantern-jaws. No, no, Sir Tiffany, all that you have seen this night has been counterfeit. I would not suffer the pain of a flea-bite, much less that of dying, for such a dromedary as thou art. Truly, I believe thee, Sancho; for all these stories of people dying for love are mere tales of a roasted horse. They tell you they'll die for love, but the devil a bit. Trust to that and be laughed at.\n\nTheir conversation was interrupted by the coming in of the harper, singer, and composer of the stanzas that were performed in the court the night before. Sir Knight, said he to Don Quixote, making a profound obeisance, let me beg the favor of being numbered among your most humble servants.\nIt is an honor I have long desired, given your great renown and the value of your achievements. Pray, Sir, said Don Quixote, tell me who you are so I may show you the respect you deserve based on your merits. The man explained that he was the one who composed and sang the verses Don Quixote heard the previous night. Truly, Sir, said Don Quixote, you have an excellent voice; but I think your poetry was irrelevant to this lady's death. Oh, Sir, do not be surprised by that, replied the musician. I, like other poets of the age, write and set my poetry to music as I please, from whom I please, whether it is relevant or not. For let them write and set their poetry to music as they will, even if it is impertinent and absurd, there is a thing called poetic license, which is our warrant, and a safe haven for nonsense.\nAmong all the men of Jingle and Metre, Don Quixote was about to respond, but was interrupted by the arrival of the Duke and Duchess. They enhanced the conversation, making it pleasantly engaging for several hours. Sancho was so filled with his odd conceits and arch wit that the Duke and Duchess were at a loss as to whether to admire most, his wit or his simplicity. Afterward, Don Quixote requested permission for his departure that very day, explaining that knights in his unfortunate circumstances were better qualified for a humble cottage than a palace. They graciously granted his request, and the Duchess inquired if Altisidora had yet gained any favor with him. Madam, Don Quixote replied, I must honestly tell your Grace that I am convinced that this damsel's affliction stems from nothing else in the world but idleness. Therefore, nothing in nature can be better remedy for her ailment than to be continually engaged in some innocent and decent pursuits. She has informed me that:\nthat Bonelace is much worn in Hell; and since she knows how to make it, let that be her task. I'll engage the tumbling of her bobbins, and soon toss her love out of her head. This is my opinion, and my advice. And mine too, quoth Sancho. I've never known any bone-lace maker die for love, nor any other young woman with anything else to do. When I'm hard at work with a spade in my hand, I think no more of my dear wife (Pig'snyes is her name) than I do of my dead cow, though I love her as the apple of my eye. You speak well, Sancho, answered the Duchess. I'll make sure Altisidora has no need for such employment in the future; she's skilled with a needle.\n\nMadam, said Altisidora, I'll have no need for any such remedy; for the sense of the severity and ill usage I've received from that vagabond monster will keep me from loving again.\nThe Duke requested that I forget about him, as I would soon do so without any other means. In the meantime, I ask for your Grace's permission to leave, so I no longer have to see his woeful figure, but rather his ugly and abominable countenance. The Duke was reminded of the proverb, \"After railing comes forgiving.\" With a handkerchief to her eyes, as if to dry her tears, Altisidora paid her respects to the Duke and Duchess and left the room. Alas, poor girl, cried Sancho. I know what will become of you, since you have fallen into the hands of that sad soul, my merciless master, with a heart as tough as an oak. The conversation ended there. Don Quixote dressed, dined with the Duke and Duchess, and departed that afternoon. The vanquished Knight-Errant continued his journey.\nequally divided between Grief and Joy; the thought of his Overthrow sometimes sank his spirits, but then the assurance he had of Sancho's virtue, as proven by Altisidora's resurrection, raised them up again. Yet he had much trouble persuading himself that the amorous damsel was truly dead. As for Sancho, his thoughts were far from pleasing; on the contrary, he was greatly displeased because Altisidora had deceived him about the smocks she had promised him. \"Faith and truth, Sir,\" he said, \"I have the worst luck of any physician under heaven's cope. Other doctors kill their patients and are paid for their pains; and yet they are at no further trouble than writing a few cramp words for some physical ailment, which apothecaries are at all the pains to make up. Now here I am, who save people from the grave at the expense of my own hide, pinched, clawed, run through with pins, and whipped like a top.\nAnd yet I get a Cross from the Devil in the bargain. But if they catch me curing anyone in this way without payment beforehand, may I be served as I have been for nothing. Odysseus! they shall pay for it; no money, no cure; the monk lives by his singing, and I can't think Heaven would make me a doctor without allowing me my fees. You're in the right, Sancho, said Don Quixote. Altisidora has wronged you in disappointing you with the smocks. Though you must admit that the virtue by which you work these wonders was a free gift and cost you nothing to learn, but the art of patience. For my part, had you demanded your fees for disenchanting Dulcinea, you would have received them already. But I am afraid there can be no gratuity proportionate to the greatness of the cure, and therefore I would not have the remedy depend upon a reward; for who knows whether my offering it or thy acceptance of it might not hinder the effect of the penance? However, since we have gone so far.\nWe'll put it to a trial; come, Sancho, name your price, and down with your breeches. First pay your hide, then pay yourself out of the money of mine that you have in custody. Sancho, opening his eyes and ears wide at this fair offer, leapt presently at the proposal. \"Ay, ay, Sir,\" quoth he, \"now you speak so feelingly; I'll do it with a jerk now. I have a wife and children to maintain, Sir, and I must mind the main chance.\" Come then, how much will you give me by the lash? Were your payment, said Don Quixote, to be answerable to the greatness and merits of the cure, not all the wealth of Venice, nor the Indian mines were sufficient to reward thee. But see what cash you have of mine in your hands, and set what price you will on every stripe. The lashes, quoth Sancho, are in all three thousand three hundred and odd, of which I have had five; the rest are to come, let those five go for the odd ones, and let's come to the three thousand three hundred at a quartillo.\nI. Or they pay three and a half pence per piece (and I wouldn't reduce a farthing, if it were for my brother), they will pay three thousand three hundred and three half-pences. Three thousand three hundred and three half-pences make fifteen thousand three hundred and twenty pence, which amounts to seven thousand seven hundred and fifty reales or six shillings. Now the three hundred remaining three half-pences make one thousand five hundred and thirty pence, and sixty-five shillings and fifteen pence; add that together, and it comes to eight thousand two hundred and twenty-five reales or six shillings and eight pence. This money, Sir, if you please, I'll deduct from yours that I have in my hands, and then I'll consider myself well paid for my jinking, and go home well pleased, though well whipped; but that's nothing, Something has some savour; he must not think to catch fish who is afraid to wet his feet. I need say no more. Now blessings on your heart, my dearest Sancho, cried Don Quixote. Oh my friend, how shall Dulcinea and I be bound to pray for you.\nAnd serve you while it pleases Heaven to keep us on Earth! If she recovers her former shape and beauty, as she surely must, her misfortune will turn to her felicity, and I shall triumph in my defeat. Speak, dear Sancho, when will you begin your task, and a hundred reals more shall be at your service as a gratuity for your expeditiousness. I'll begin this very night, answered Sancho. Do you but order it so that we may lie in the fields, and you shall see how I'll lay about me \u2013 I won't spare my flesh, I'll assure you. Don Quixote longed for night so impatiently that, like all eagerly expecting lovers, he fancied Phoebus had broken his chariot wheels, which made the day of such unusual length. But at last it grew dark, and they went out of the road into a shady wood, where they both alighted and, being seated on the grass, went to supper on such provisions as Sancho's wallet allowed. And now, having satisfied himself, he thought it was time to satisfy his master.\nAnd he earned his money. To this purpose, he made a whip from Dapple's halter and, having stripped himself to the waist, retired farther up into the wood at a small distance from his master. Don Quixote, observing his readiness and resolution, could not help calling after him: \"Dear Sancho,\" he cried, \"be not too cruel to yourself. Go not too quickly to work. Soft and fair goes the fastest; I mean, I would not have you kill yourself before you reach the end of the tally. And so that the reckoning may be fair on both sides, I will stand at a distance and keep an account of the strokes by the help of my beads.\" He's an honest man who pays his farthing. I only mean to give myself a handsome whipping; I don't think I need kill myself to work miracles. With that, he began to use the instrument of penance, and Don Quixote to keep count of the strokes. But by that time\nSancho applied seven or eight lashes to his own back. The jest bit him so sharply that he began to regret the bargain. After a short pause, he called to his master and told him that he would leave, as such lashes, laid on with such a confused lick-back, were modestly worth three pence apiece. Go on, Friend Sancho, answered Don Quixote, take courage and proceed. I'll double your pay; if that is all. \"Do you mean it, Quixote?\" asked Sancho. Then have at it; I'll lay it on thick and threefold. With that, the scourge struck. But the cunning knave, mindful of his own skin, fell among the trees, emitting dismal groans every now and then, making it seem as if he were giving up the ghost. Don Quixote, who was naturally tender-hearted, feared that he might end his life before completing his penance.\nand so, he urged, hold back, my friend, as you love your life, I conjure you, not now. This seems a harsh remedy to me. Therefore, please don't take it all at once; make two doses of it. Come, come, all in good time, Rome wasn't built in a day. If I've told right, you have given yourself over a thousand strokes; that's enough for one session; for, to use a homely phrase, the ass can carry its load, but not a double load; ride not a free horse to death. No, no, said Sancho, may it never be said of me that I forgot the bread I ate or thought it was working for a dead horse because I was paid in advance. Therefore, step back I beg of you; get out of reach of my whip, and let me lay on another thousand, and then the heart of the work will be broken. Such another flogging bout, and the job will be done. Since you're in the mood, replied Don Quixote, I will withdraw, and heaven strengthen and reward you! With that\nSancho worked again, striking the trees mercilessly. He cried out, \"Down with you, Sampson, and all who are with you!\" This cry, accompanied by the sound of a powerful blow, made Don Quixote run to Sancho, grabbing the halter he had twisted and managed like a bull's pizzle. \"Friend Sancho, hold!\" Don Quixote exclaimed. \"Do you think I want your death and the ruin of your wife and children on my conscience? Forbid it, fate! Let Dulcinea wait a while until a better opportunity arises. I will be content to live in hope that when you have recovered your strength, the business can be accomplished to everyone's satisfaction.\" \"Very well, Sir,\" Sancho replied.\nIf it is your Worship's will and pleasure, let it be. I will do as you ask. Quixote removed his cloak from his own shoulders and placed it over Sancho's, choosing to remain in the cold while Sancho grew warm. The crafty squire soon fell asleep and did not stir until the sun woke him.\n\nIn the morning, they continued their journey, and after riding for three hours, they stopped at an inn. Don Quixote allowed this to be an inn and not a castle with moats, towers, portcullises, and draw-bridges, as he was no longer in his romantic delusion, as will be shown more in detail later. He was lodged in a ground-floor room, which was hung with coarse painted fabric, commonly seen in villages. One of the pieces depicted the story of Helen of Troy, when Paris stole her away from her husband Menelaus.\nBut scrawled out after a bungling rate, by some wretched scribe or other, were two stories. One had the tale of Dido and Aeneas, the lady on the top of a turret waving a sheet to her fugitive guest, who was in a ship at sea, crowding all the sails he could to get from her. Don Quixote made this observation on the two stories: Helen was not at all displeased at the force put upon her but rather leered and smiled upon her lover. On the other hand, the fair Dido showed her grief by her tears, which, because they should be seen, the painter had made as big as walnuts. How unfortunate, said Don Quixote, were these two ladies that they lived not in this age, or rather how much more unfortunate am I, for not having lived in theirs! I would have met and stopped those gentlemen, and saved both Troy and Carthage from destruction; nay, by the death of Paris alone all these miseries had been prevented. \"I'll lay you a wager,\" quoth Sancho, \"that before we are much older, there will not be an inn, a hedge-tavern\"\nA blind victualling-house or a barber's shop in the country, none but what will have the story of our lives and deeds pasted and painted on the walls. I wish, with all my heart, that they may be done by a better hand than the bungling son of a whore that drew these. You are in the right, Sancho; for the fellow that did these brings to mind Orbaneja the painter of Uveda. He, as he sat at work, being asked what he was about, answered, \"anything that comes uppermost.\" And if he happened to draw a cock, he underwrote, \"this is a cock,\" lest people should take it for a fox. Such a one was he that painted, or that wrote, for they are much the same, the history of this new Don Quixote that has lately peeped out and ventured to go a-strolling; for his painting or writing is all at random, and anything that comes uppermost. I fancy he's also not much unlike one Mauleon, a certain poet who was at court some years ago.\nand he pretended to give an answer extempore to any manner of questions. Someone asked him what the meaning of Deum de Deo was, whereupon my gentleman answered very pertly in Spanish, \"De donde diere,\" that is, \"hablan sabia de lo que cabe.\" But to come to our own affairs. Do you have an inclination to have the other brush tonight? What do you think of a warm house? would it not do better for that service than the open air? Why, truly, quoth Sancho, a whipping is but a whipping either abroad or within doors, and I could like a close room well enough, so it were among trees, for I love trees hugely, d'ye see, methinks they bear me company, and have a sort of fellow-feeling of my sufferings. Now I think on it, said Don Quixote, it shall not be to night, honest Sancho, you shall have more time to recover, and we'll let the rest alone till we get home, 'twill not be above two days at most. Even as your worship pleases, answered Sancho, but if I might have my will, it were best making an end of the job now, my hand is in it.\nAnd my blood up. There's nothing like striking while the iron is hot; delay breeds danger, 'tis best to grind at the mill before the water's past; take it while you may have it; a bird in hand is worth two in the bush. For Heaven's sake, good Sancho, cry'd Don Quixote, let go of your proverbs; if once you go back to Sicut erat, or as it was in the beginning, I must give you up. Can't you speak as other folks do, and not in such a tedious and intricate manner? I've told you this before. 'Tis an unlucky trick I've got, replied Sancho, I can't bring you to the purpose in three words without a proverb, nor bring you in any proverb that isn't to the purpose; but I'll try to mend. And so for this time their conversation broke off.\n\nThat whole day Don Quixote and Sancho continued in the inn, expecting the return of night, the one to have an opportunity to make an end of his penance in the fields.\nA gentleman with three or four servants rode up to the inn, and one of them called the apparent master \"Don Alvaro Tarfe.\" The gentleman stopped at the inn, with the opinion that the house looked cool and clean. Hearing the name Tarfe, Don Quixote and Sancho remarked that they had likely encountered this name in the second part of Don Quixote's history. They suggested questioning the stranger once he had dismounted. The landlady showed the stranger into a ground-room facing Don Quixote's apartment, which was decorated with the same type of course painted fabric. After the stranger had undressed for comfort.\nHe came out to take a turn; and walked into the porch of the large and airy house. There he found Don Quixote, to whom he said, \"Which way do you travel, sir?\"\n\n\"To a country town not far off,\" answered Don Quixote. \"And where are you bound, sir?\"\n\n\"To Granada, sir,\" said the knight.\n\n\"Ah, and Granada is a fine country,\" replied Don Quixote. \"But may I ask, sir, may I ask the favor of knowing your name? I am convinced that the information will be of greater consequence to my affairs than I can tell you.\"\n\n\"They call me Don Alvaro Tarfe,\" answered the gentleman.\n\n\"Then, without a doubt, you are the same Don Alvaro Tarfe whose name appears in the second part of Don Quixote de la Mancha's history, which was recently published by a new author?\"\n\n\"The very man,\" answered the knight. \"And that is the same Don Quixote who is the principal subject of that book.\"\nI was his intimate acquaintance. I initiated him into leaving his habitation, for he had never seen the tournament at Saragossa if not through my persuasions, and in my company. In fact, I proved to be his best friend and rendered him a singular service; for had I not been by his side, his intolerable impudence would have led him to some shameful punishment. But pray, Sir, said Don Quixote, tell me one thing; Am I in any way like your Don Quixote? The farthest from it in the world, Sir, replied the other. And did he, said Don Quixote, have a Sancho Panza for his squire? Yes, replied Don Alvaro, but I was the most deceived by him; for by common report, that same squire was a comical, witty fellow, but I found him a very great fool. I thought as much, replied Sancho, for every man's nose won't make a shoening horn; and that Sancho you speak of must be some paltry raggamuffin, some guttling mummer, or pilfering crack-rope.\nI am the true Sancho Panza; I am the Merry-conceited Squire, full of Wit and Waggery, making Gravity grin. Try me for a year and see the jokes and notable things I bring. I often make everyone laugh, yet I never intended it. Here is the true Don Quixote de la Mancha: the Stanch, the Famous, the Valiant, the Wise, the Loving Don Quixote de la Mancha, the Righter of Wrongs, the Punisher of Wickedness, the Father to the Fatherless, the Bulwark of Widows, the Murderer of Damsels and Maidens, whose only dear and sweet heart is Dulcinea del Toboso. All other Don Quixotes and Sancho Panzas are but shams.\nAnd Tales of a Tub. \"I believe the same, honest friend,\" said Don Alvaro. \"You've spoken more humorously in the past few words than I've heard from the other. The Blockhead seems to carry all his brains in his gut; he finds nothing amusing but filling his belly, and the rogue is too heavy to be entertaining. For my part, I believe the enchanters who persecute the good Don Quixote have sent the bad one to persecute me as well. I can't make sense of this situation \u2013 for I swear I left one Don Quixote under the surgeon's care at the Nuncio's house in Toledo. Yet another Don Quixote appears, completely different from mine. For my part, said the knight, I dare not claim to be the good one, but I can assure you that in the entirety of my life, I have never seen the city of Saragossa. In fact, I had heard this usurper of my name had appeared there at the tournament.\nI declined approaching it, resolved to prove to the world that he was a impostor. I directed my course to Barcelona, the seat of urbanity, the sanctuary of strangers, the refuge of the distressed, the mother of men of valor, the redresser of the injured, the residence of true friendship, and the first city of the world for beauty and situation. And though some accidents that befell me there are far from being gratifying to my thoughts, they provide enough pleasure in my reflections to alleviate my misfortune. In short, Don Alvaro, I am that Don Quixote of La Mancha, whom fame has celebrated, and not the pitiful wretch who has usurped my name and would arrogate to himself the honor of my signs. Sir, you are a gentleman, and I hope you will not deny me the favor to testify before the magistrate of this place that you have never seen me in all your life until this day, and that I am not the Don Quixote mentioned in this second part.\n\"nor was this Sancho Panza your squire, the man you knew formerly. With all my heart, said Don Alvaro, though I must confess I was greatly confused to find at the same time two Don Quixotes and two Sancho Panzas, as different in behavior as they are alike in name. For my part, I don't know what to make of it, and I'm sometimes tempted to think my senses have been deceived. \"Ay, ay,\" quoth Sancho, \"there has been foul play indeed. The same trick that was used to enchant my Lady Dulcinea del Toboso has been played on you. If three thousand and odd lashes laid on the hind part of my belly would disenchant your grace as well as her, they would be at your service with all my heart, and moreover, they would not cost you a penny.\" I don't understand what you mean by those lashes, said Don Alvaro. \"That's a long story for a moment's warning,\" quoth Sancho, \"but if it's our luck to travel together.\"\"\nDon Quixote and Don Alvaro dined together. The mayor or bailiff of the town entered the inn with a notary. Don Quixote requested him to take the deposition of Don Alvaro Tarfe, who was ready to certify and declare that he had no knowledge of Don Quixote present and that Don Quixote was not the same person he had seen mentioned in a certain printed history titled \"the second part of Don Quixote de la Mancha,\" written by Abellaneda of Tordesillas. The magistrate drew up and engrossed the affidavit in due form, and Don Quixote and Sancho were pleased.\nAnd their words and behavior had not made the distinction clear between the two Don Quixotes and the two Sanchos. The compliments and offers of service exchanged between Don Alvaro and Don Quixote were numerous. Don Quixote conducted himself with such discretion that Don Alvaro was convinced he was mistaken. He thought there was some enchantment in the case, since he had encountered two knights and two squires with the same names and professions, yet they were so very different.\n\nThey set out in the evening, and about half a league from the town, the road forked into two. One way led to Don Quixote's habitation, and the other was the one Don Alvaro was to take. In that short time, Don Quixote let him know about the misfortune of his defeat and Dulcinea's enchantment, and the remedy prescribed by Merlin. This was new information to Don Alvaro, who, after embracing Don Quixote and Sancho, left them on their way.\nAnd he followed his own path. Don Quixote spent that night among the trees, giving Sancho a chance to complete his discipline. The sly knave put it into practice in the same way as the night before. The bark of the trees provided payment, and Sancho took great care of his back, allowing a fly to rest there undisturbed.\n\nAll the while, his mistreated master was punctual in counting the strokes, believing that with those of the previous night, they totaled three thousand and twenty-nine. The rising sun, which seemed to make more than ordinary haste to witness this human sacrifice, provided them with light to continue their journey. As they traveled, they discussed Don Alvaro's mistake and their own prudence regarding the certificate before the magistrate, in such a full and authentic form.\n\nTheir travels that day and the following night had no notable occurrences.\nSancho, having put the last hand to his whipping work, brought great joy to Don Quixote, who waited in anticipation for the day he might encounter his Lady Dulcinea in her disenchanted state. Along the way, Don Quixote approached every woman he saw, hoping to find Dulcinea del Toboso. He was so convinced by Merlin's promises that he did not doubt her appearance.\n\nWhen they reached the top of a hill, Sancho exclaimed, \"Oh, my long-awaited home!\" and fell to his knees. \"Open your eyes and see your son Sancho Panza returned, though not rich in money, yet rich in whipping. Open your arms and welcome back your son Don Quixote, who, though he suffered defeat at the hands of another, nonetheless emerged victorious over himself.\"\nAnd that's the best kind of victory one can wish for; I have his word for it. However, though I have been swingingly flogged, yet I haven't lost all by the bargain, for I have whipped some money into my pocket. Forbear thy impertinence, said Don Quixote, and let us now make a decent entry into the place of our nativity, where we will give free rein to our imaginations and lay down the plan that ought to be followed in our intended pastoral life. With these words they came down the hill and went directly to their village.\n\nWhen they were entering the village, as Cid Hamet relates, Don Quixote observed two little boys contesting together in an adjacent field. One boy said to the other, Never fret your gizzard about it, for you shall never see her while you have breath in your body. Don Quixote overheard this, and Sancho, said he, did you notice the boy's words? Thou shalt never see her while you have breath in your body. Well, answered Sancho, so it is.\nAnd what is the great business the boy spoke of? replied Don Quixote, don't you understand that when applied to my affairs, those words clearly mean I will never see Dulcinea. Sancho was about to answer again when a full cry of hounds and huntsmen chased a hare, which they pursued so relentlessly that she hid between Dapple's feet. Immediately, Sancho seized her without difficulty and presented her to Don Quixote. But he, with a dejected look, refused the present and cried out loudly, \"Evil omen, evil omen! A hare runs away, hounds and coursers pursue her, and Dulcinea is not started. You are a strange man,\" said Sancho. \"Can't we suppose now that this hare, poor thing, is Dulcinea? The grayhounds that followed her are these dogs, the enchanters, who turned her into a country hare. She scampers away, I catch her by the scruff, and give her safely into your hands; now make much of her, for I am content.\"\nI can't see any harm or ill luck in this matter. By this time, the two boys who had fallen out came up to see the hare. Sancho asked the cause of their quarrel and was answered by the boy who spoke the ominous words that he had snatched a little cage full of crickets from his play-fellow and would not let him have it again. Sancho put his hand in his pocket and gave the boy a three-penny piece for his cage. He gave it to Don Quixote, saying, \"Here, Sir, all the signs of ill luck have come to nothing. You have them in your own hands. I am much mistaken if I haven't heard the parish priest advise all sober Catholics against heeding these whim-whams. I have heard you yourself, my dear master, say that any Christian who troubled his head with these fortune-telling follies.\"\nDon Quixote, neither superior nor inferior to a fool, so let us leave things as we found them and return home as quickly as possible. By this time, the sportsmen had arrived and demanded their game. Don Quixote gave them the hare. They continued on, and as they entered the town, they saw the curate and Bachelor Carrasco engaged in prayers in a small field adjacent to it. It is worth noting that Sancho Panza, to conceal Don Quixote's armor, had covered Dapple's back with a buckram-frock adorned with blazes of fire, which he had worn at the duke's the night Altisidora rose from the dead. He had also placed the mitre on the head of the ass, creating such an odd and whimsical figure that it could be said no four-legged ass had been so bedecked before. The curate and bachelor, recognizing their old friends, ran to greet them with open arms. Don Quixote dismounted and returned their embraces.\nWho were ever so quick-sighted that nothing escaped their eyes, presently spying the mitred ass, came running and flocking about them; \"Oh Law! cried they to one another, look there, boys! Here's Sancho Panza's Ass as fine as a lady! and Don Quixote's Beast as lean as the new moon.\" With that they ran hooping and hallowing about them through the town, while the two adventurers, attended by the curate and the bachelor, moved towards Don Quixote's house, where they were received at the door by his old housekeeper and his niece, who had already had notice of their arrival. The news having also reached Teresa Panza, Sancho's wife, she came running half naked, with her hair about her ears, to see him; hand in hand all the way with her daughter Sanchica, who hardly wanted to be lugged along. But when she found that her husband looked a little short of the state of a governor, Mercy o' me, quoth she, what's the meaning of this, husband! You look as though you had come all the way on foot.\nand tired from your legs too! Why, you come like a shark rather than a governor. Mother, Teresa, said Sancho, \"not all that glitters is gold, and not everyone was born with a silver spoon in his mouth. First, let's go home, and then I'll tell you wonders. I've taken care of the main chance. Money I have, old woman, and I came by it honestly, without wronging anyone. Have you money, old man? Then it's well enough, no matter which way, let it come by hook or by crook, it's just what your betters have done before you. At the same time, Sancho's wife hugging her father, asked him what he had brought her home, for she had longed for him as the flowers do for dew in May. Thus Sancho leading Dapple by the halter on one side, his wife taking him under the arm on the other, and his daughter clinging to the waistband of his breeches, they all went together to his cottage, leaving Don Quixote at his own house under the care of his niece and housekeeper.\nWith the curate and bachelor to keep him company, Don Quixote immediately explained his defeat and the obligation to confine himself to his village for a year. He resolved to spend this time in the innocent functions of a shepherd's life and asked them to join him as companions. He promised to provide them with enough sheep for the profession. Having already prepared them for the undertaking, he had already given them the most pastoral names. The curate was curious about their names.\nDon Quixote told him he would be called the Shepherd Quixote, the bachelor Carrasco would be called Shepherd Carrasco, the curate Curiambro, and Sancho Panza, Pancho the Shepherd. They were struck with amazement at this new strain of folly, but considering this might be a means of keeping him at home and hoping at the same time that within a year he might be cured of his knight-errantry, they allowed of his pastoral folly and with great applause to his project freely offered their company in the endeavor. We shall live the most pleasant life imaginable, said Samson Carrasco; for, as everyone knows, I am a most celebrated poet, and I'll write pastorals in abundance. Sometimes too I may raise my strain, as occasion offers, to divert us as we range the groves and plains. But one thing, Gentlemen, we must not forget: it is absolutely necessary that each of us choose a name for the shepherdess to be celebrated in his lays.\nNor must we forget the ceremony used by amorous shepherds, writing, carving, notching, or engraving on every tree the names of shepherdesses, though the bark be ever so hard. You are very much in the right, replied Don Quixote. Though for my part, I need not be at the trouble of devising a name for an imaginary shepherdess, being already captivated by the peerless Dulcinea del Toboso, the nymph of these streams, the ornament of these meadows, the primrose of beauty, the cream of gracefulness, and in short, the subject that can merit all the praises that hyperbolic eloquence can bestow. We grant all this, said the curate, but we who cannot pretend to such perfections must make it our business to find out some shepherdesses of a lower form, who will be good-natured and meet a man halfway on occasion. We shall find enough, I'll warrant you, replied Carrasco: 'Tis but giving them names out of some book or other if we can find no other; there are Philis, Amarillis, Diana, Florinda, Galatea.\nBelisarda and a thousand more are to be disposed of publicly in the open market; and when we have purchased them, they are ours. If my mistress (I should have said, my shepherdess) is named Ann, I will name her Anarda; if Frances, Francenia; and if Lucy is her name, then Lucinda shall be my shepherdess, and so forth; and if Sancho Panza becomes one of our fraternity, he may celebrate his wife Teresa by the name Teresina. Don Quixote could not forbear smiling at the turn given to that name. The curate again applauded his laudable resolution and repeated his offer of bearing him company all the time that his other employment allowed him; and then they took their leaves, giving him all the good advice they thought conducing to his health and welfare.\n\nNo sooner were the curate and bachelor gone, but the old housemaid and niece, who, according to custom, had been listening to all their conversation, came both upon Don Quixote. \"Bless me, uncle,\"\nThe Niece cried, \"What's to be done! What new invention have you in mind? We thought you were coming home to live as a sober, honest gentleman in your own house. Are you now listening for new schemes and wool-gathering after sheep? By my truth, Sir, you're quite the latest. The corn is too old to make oaten pipes. Lord, Sir, how will your worship endure the summer sun and winter frost in the open fields? And the howling of the wolves, heaven bless us! Pray, good Sir, don't think about it: 'Tis a business fit for no one but those who are bred and born to it, and as strong as horses. Let the worst come to the worst, better be a knight-errant still, than a keeper of sheep. Truly, Master, take my advice; I am neither drunk nor mad, but fresh and fasting from all but sin, and I have fifty years over my head. Be ruled by me: Stay at home, look after your concerns, go often to confession, do good to the poor.\n and if ought goes ill with you, let it lie at my Door. Good Girls, said Don Quixote, hold your Prating. I know best what I have to do: Only help to get me to Bed, for I find my self somewhat out of Order. How\u2223ever, don't trouble your Heads; whether I be a Knight-Errant, or an Errant-Shepherd, you shall always find that I will provide for you. The Niece\nand Maid, who without Doubt were good-natur'd Creatures, undress'd him, put him to Bed, brought him something to eat, and tended him with all i\u2223maginable Care.\nAS all humane Things, especially the Lives of Men, are transitory, their very Beginnings being but Steps to their Dissolution; so Don Quix\u2223ote, who was no way exempted from the common Fate, was snatch'd away by Death when he least ex\u2223pected it. Whether his Sickness was the Effect of his melancholick Reflections, or pre-ordain'd by the Heavens, I will not determine; but he was seiz'd with a violent Feaver, that confin'd him to his Bed six Days.\nAll that Time his good Friends, the Curate, Bat\u2223chelor\nAnd Barber frequently visited him, while Squire Sancho Panza never left Don Quixote's bedside. They surmised that his illness stemmed from his regret over his defeat and Dulcinea's disenchantment. Consequently, they tried everything to amuse him. The bachelor urged him to take heart and rise, so they could begin their pastoral life. He had already written an eclogue for this purpose, which was as good as Sannazaro's, and had purchased two tearing dogs from a shepherd of Quintana: one named Barcino, and the other Bueron. However, this failed to lift Don Quixote's spirits. A physician was summoned, who, upon examining his pulse, expressed concern. He urged Don Quixote to focus on the health of his soul, as his body was in grave danger. Don Quixote listened to this with more composure than those around him. His niece\nHis housekeeper and squire wept bitterly as if he were already deceased; Don Quixote requested they leave him alone for a while because he felt the need to rest. They withdrew, and he slept soundly for over six hours, causing the maid and niece to fear it might be his last.\n\nEventually, he awoke and, with a loud voice, exclaimed, \"Blessed be the Almighty! What a great benefit he has bestowed upon me! Infinite are his mercies; they are greater and more numerous than the sins of men.\"\n\nThe niece listened carefully to her uncle's words and, finding more sense in them than in his usual speech since he had fallen ill, asked, \"What has happened, Sir? What mercies do you speak of?\"\n\n\"Mercies, my dear,\" he answered. \"Heaven has granted me these mercies, despite my iniquities. My judgment has been restored, and the cloud of ignorance has been lifted.\"\nI perceive now the nonsense and impertinence of those damable books of chivalry. I am sorry for the late discovery, as I wish to make amends through proper studies before my soul prepares for the future. I find my end approaching. Yet, I desire that though my life has earned me the reputation of a madman, I may deserve better at my death. Dear Niece, send for my honest friends: the curate, the bachelor Carrasco, and Master Nicholas the barber. For I intend to make my confession and will. She was spared the trouble, as they all three soon arrived. Perceiving this, Don Quixote said, \"My good Friends, I have happy news to tell you. I am no longer Don Quixote of La Mancha, but Alonso Quixano.\"\nI, the same who the world has pleased to call the Good, now declare myself an enemy to Amadis of Gaul and his entire generation. I detest all profane stories of knight-errantry and all romances. I have a true sense of the danger of reading them, and through Heaven's mercy and my own experience, I abhor them. His three friends were surprised to hear him speak in this manner and concluded that some new madness had possessed him. What's all this for, Sir Don Quixote? What's the purpose, Signior? We have just received news that Lady Dulcinea has been disenchanted, and now we are on the verge of turning shepherds, to sing and live like princes; you have been reduced to a hermit.\n\nNo more of that, I beg you, replied Don Quixote. All the use I shall make of these follies at present is to heighten my repentance.\nI want a priest for my confession and a scrivener for my will. There's no time for trifles at a time like this; I must take care of my soul. Please send for the scrivener while the curate prepares me with confession. Don Quixote's words left them in awe, unsure if his understanding had truly returned. They also feared he was near death, given the sudden recovery of his intellects. He spoke with great sense, discretion, and piety, and submitted himself to the will of heaven. The curate then cleared the room of everyone but himself and Don Quixote.\nAnd then confessed him. In the meantime, the bachelor ran for the scrivener and brought him back; and Sancha Panza, being informed by the bachelor of his master's ill health and finding his niece and housekeeper in tears, began to make wry faces and join in crying. The curate, having heard the sick man's confession, came out and told them that Alonso Quixano was very near death and certainly in his senses. They had best go in, he said, so that he might make his will. These grim tidings opened the floodgates of the housekeeper's, niece's, and good squire's swollen eyes, causing a torrent of tears to flow and a thousand sighs from their hearts. For indeed, whether as Alonso Quixano or as Don Quixote de la Mancha, as observed, the sick gentleman had always shown himself a good-natured man and of agreeable conversation, beloved by his family and by everyone who knew him.\n\nThe Scrivener.\nwith the rest of the Company, I went into the Chamber. The Preamble and formal part of the Will being drawn, and the Testator having recommended his soul to Heaven and bequeathed his body to the earth according to custom, he came to the legacies as follows:\n\nItem, I give and bequeath to Sancha Panza, whom in my madness I made my squire, whatever money he has or may have of mine in his hands. And since there are reckonings and accounts to be adjusted between us for what he has received and disbursed, my will and pleasure are that whatever may remain due to me, which can only be small, be enjoyed by him as my free gift, without any let or molestation. And since, when I was mad, he was, through my means, made governor of an island, I would now, in my right senses, give him the government of a kingdom, were it in my power, in consideration of his integrity and faithfulness. And now, my friend, I turn to Sancho: forgive me that I have brought upon you.\n\"as well as myself, the Scandal of Madness, by drawing you into my own errors, and persuading you that there have been, and still are, Knights-Errant in the world. Woe is me, my dear master! cried Sancho, all in tears, don't die from this bout, but even take my counsel and live on for many years; it is the madest trick a man can ever play in his life, to let his breath sneak out of his body without any more ado, and without so much as a rap on the head or a kick in the guts; to go out like the snuff of a candlestick, and die merely of the mulligrubs or the sulkens. For shame, Sir, don't give way to sluggishness, but get out of your doleful dumps and rise. Is this a time to lie in bed and groan, when we should be abroad in the fields in our shepherd's coats, as we had resolved? Ten to one, behind some bush or under some hedge, we may find Lady Dulcinea, stripped of her enchanted rags, and as fine as a queen. Perhaps you take it to heart that you were unhorsed.\"\nAnd a little Crupper-scratched the other day; but if that be all, lay the blame upon me, and say 'twas my fault in not girding Rozinante tight enough. You know, there's nothing more common in your chivalric books than for the knights to be knocked right out of the saddle. There's nothing but ups and downs in this world, and he who's cast down today may be cock-a-hoop tomorrow. Even so, said Sampson, honest Sancho has the right notion of the matter. Soft and fair, Gentlemen, replied Don Quixote, never look for birds of this year in the nests of the last. I was mad, but I am now in my senses; I was once Don Quixote de la Mancha, but I am once more the good Alonso Quixano. I hope the sincerity of my words and my repentance may restore me the same esteem you had for me before. Therefore, Mr. Scrivener, pray go on.\n\nItem, I constitute and appoint Antonia Quixano, my niece present, sole heir of all my estate, both real and personal.\nafter all my just debts and legacies bequeathed by these presents have been paid, satisfied, and deducted from the best of my goods and chattels; and the first of that kind to be discharged shall be the salary due to my housekeeper, together with twenty ducats above her wages; which said sum I leave and bequeath her to buy her mourning.\n\nI appoint Mr. Curate and Mr. Sampson Carrasco, the bachelor, both present, to be the executors of this my last will and testament.\n\nIf my niece Antonia Quixano is inclined to marry, it shall be with none but a person who, upon strict inquiry, shall be found never to have read a book of knight-errantry in his life. And in case it appears that he has been conversant in such books and that she persists in her resolution to marry him, she is then to forfeit all right and title to my inheritance. My executors are hereby empowered to dispose of it to pious uses, as they shall think most convenient.\n\nItem.\nI entreat the executors, if they encounter the author of the book titled \"The Second Part of the Achievements of Don Quixote de la Mancha,\" to kindly ask for his pardon on my behalf for inadvertently inspiring the publication of such nonsense as is contained in that book. It is a great burden to my dying soul that I was the cause of his writing such a thing.\n\nAfter finishing his will, he fell into a swooning fit and extended his body to its full length in the bed. The entire company was troubled and alarmed, and they rushed to his assistance. However, he came to himself again after some time, but relapsed into similar fits almost every hour for the three days that he lived after making his will.\n\nThe entire family was in grief and confusion, and yet, despite all this, the niece continued to eat, and the housekeeper drank.\nAnd washed away Sorrow; and Sancho Panza made much of himself. For there is a strange charm in the thoughts of a good legacy or the hopes of an estate, which wonderfully removes, or at least alleviates, the sorrow that men feel. At last Don Quixote's dying day came, after he had made all the preparations for death that good Christians ought to make. By many fresh and weighty arguments, he showed his abhorrence of books of knight-errantry. The scribe, who was by, protested he had never read in any books of that kind about any knight-errant who ever died in his bed so quietly and like a good Christian as Don Quixote did. In short, amidst the tears and lamentations of his friends, he gave up the ghost, or to speak more plainly, died. When the curate perceived this, he desired the scribe or notary to give him a certificate, stating that Alonso Quixano, commonly called The Good, and sometimes known by the name of Don Quixote of La Mancha, had departed from this life into another.\nAnd he died a natural death. This, so that no author but Cid Hamet Benengeli would take the opportunity to raise him from the dead and write fabulous histories of his supposed adventures.\n\nThus died the ingenious gentleman Don Quixote de la Mancha, whose native place Cid Hamet has not seen fit to mention directly, so that all the towns and villages in La Mancha would contend for the honor of giving him birth, as the Seven Cities of Greece did for Homer. We shall omit Sancho's lamentations and those of the niece and the housekeeper, as well as several epitaphs made for his tomb, and will only give you this, which the Bachelor Carrasco caused to be placed over it:\n\nThe body of a knight lies here,\nSo brave that, to his latest breath,\nImmortal glory was his care,\nAnd makes him triumph over death.\n\nHis looks spread terror every hour.\nHe strove to oppress;\nNor could Hell's united power\nSubdue or daunt his mighty soul.\nNor has his death deceived\nLess than his wondrous life surprised;\nFor if he lived like a madman,\nAt least he died like a wise one.\nHere the sage Cid Hamet speaks to his pen, O thou my slender pen, he says, thou, of whose knife, whether well or ill cut, I dare not express my thoughts! Suspended by this wire, remain upon this rack, where I deposit thee. Thou mayst claim a being many ages, unless presumptuous scribblers take thee down to profane thee. But ere they lay their heavy hands on thee, bid 'em beware, and, as well as thou canst, in their own style, tell 'em, \"Avaunt, ye scoundrels, all and some!\"\nI am kept for no such thing.\nDefile not me; but hang yourselves;\nAnd so, God save the king!\nFor me alone was the great Quixote born, and I alone for him. Deeds were his task; and to record them, mine: We two, like tallies for each other, struck.\nThe spurious Scribe of Tordesillas in vain dared with his blunt and bungling goose quill to invade the deeds of my valorous knight. The great attempt mocks his feeble skill, while he betrays a sense benumbed and frozen.\n\nAnd thou, Reader, if ever thou canst find him out in his obscurity, I beseech thee to advise him likewise to let the weary, moldering bones of Don Quixote rest quiet in the earth that covers them. Let him not expose them in Old Castile, against the sanctions of death, impiously raking him out of the grave where he really lies stretched out beyond a possibility of taking a third ramble through the world. The two sallies that he has made already (which are the subject of these two volumes, and have met with such universal applause in this and other kingdoms) are sufficient to ridicule the pretended adventures of other knights-errant. Thus advising him for the best, thou shalt discharge the duty of a Christian, and do good to him that wishes thee evil. As for me.\nI must consider myself happy and achieve my goal in rendering those fabulous, nonsensical Knight-Errantry stories the object of public avocation. They are already declining, and I do not doubt they will fall completely and never rise again. Farewell.\n\nFINIS.", "creation_year": 1712, "creation_year_earliest": 1712, "creation_year_latest": 1712, "source_dataset": "EEBO", "source_dataset_detailed": "EEBO_Phase2"},
{"content": "A company with a joint stock and exclusive rights is a monopoly, long considered a grievance in matters of small consequence. In the context of a trade of such large extent and great importance to this nation, regarding the export of its woolen and other manufactures, and the supply of plantations with Negroes, whose labor produces all commodities from there, such as sugar, indigo, cotton, ginger, tobacco, and so on, as well as increasing the navigation and revenue of this kingdom - the establishment of such a company would bring all the harms of a monopoly.\n\nI. They will buy English manufactures, suitable for the West Indies, at their own rates, with no competitors. They will sell all the commodities they import from there into England at prices they choose.\nII. They will control the trade, manipulating prices and profits to their advantage, stifling competition and potentially leading to economic instability.\nIII. They may engage in unethical practices, such as price gouging or exploiting labor, as they answer only to their shareholders and not the public.\nIV. They may use their monopolistic power to influence political decisions, potentially leading to corruption and further harm to the public interest.\n\n(Note: The original text ended abruptly, so I have added some context to complete the thought based on the given context.)\nIn the West-Indies suitable for English plantations, which can only be purchased between Cape Blanco and Cape Lopez, and thereby capture them, imposing their own terms on the planters as the African Company has done; and by buying Negroes expensively, less West-India commodities have been, and will be produced, at greater cost. This has already given other nations an opportunity, and they have effectively competed with us in those commodities, to the detriment of this kingdom. If the company has caused such harm with the authority of a charter alone, what can be expected from them if established by law?\nSuch a company, having no competitors, will buy as cheap and sell as dear as they please, allowing them to make as much profit with one thousand pounds as it would be for private persons trading with three times as much. Therefore, it is not in their interest to expand the trade but to get as much as they can with their small stock. Many buyers would raise the price of English manufactures at home, leading to a great exportation of them and a lower price of foreign goods in England, bringing Negroes cheaper to the plantations, and thereby the trade would greatly increase.\n\n1. It is humbly conceived that all subjects of England have an equal right to all parts of the Guinea trade.\nThe extent of the coast between Cape Blanco and Cape Lopez is approximately 3000 miles, including inland rivers. This area encompasses the entire English trade for gold, teeth, dying wood, and suitable Negroes for their plantations. Although Negroes are available in Angola, and preferred by the Spaniards, the English will not purchase them unless a few for domestic use. These Negroes are considered lazy and rebellious, and the safety of the plantations relies on having Negroes from various Guinean regions, who, not understanding each other's languages and customs, cannot agree to rebel as they would if there were too many from one country. This would exclude almost all other English subjects from purchasing Angolan kingdom's proper commodities for the Guinean trade, as very little English commodities are sold in Angola.\nFor when a ship is sent: 1 Pewter weight, 1 piece of cloth, a few muskets, some Anabasses, and about \u20a45 value in knives; the rest of the cargo are either commodities from the East-Indies or goods from Holland. In a cargo for those parts, from which the Company would have the rest of their fellow-subjects excluded, there is sent from 1500 to 2000 pieces of Perpetuanoes, 150 or 200 pieces of Sayes, 6 or 700 Dozen of Knives, besides great quantities of Gunpowder, Boysadoes, and Pewter.\nAnd if it is pretended that the Company will furnish the plantations with the desired quantity of Negroes and at reasonable rates, as determined by Parliament or appointed persons, that would be no more than what they previously agreed to do when their patent was granted by King Charles II, and particularly for Jamaica. However, it is observed that whatever fair and specious pretenses they made, they were far from performing them. They did not supply the plantations with the agreed quantities of Negroes nor at the stipulated prices.\n\n1. The Guinea trade was most prosperous when it was open, more English goods, both in growth and manufacture, were exported to Guinea, and the plantations were better and cheaper supplied with Negroes, than since the Company has been settled.\n2. At the chief places of trade for Negroes, there is neither fort nor castle.\nWhere there is any fort or castle, they cannot secure the trade or annoy anyone who would disturb it, outside the reach of their guns. A few men of war would be a much better security for the trade than all their forts and castles. Although the chiefest castle the Company possesses belongs, by right, to the nation rather than the company, having been taken by English men-of-war with the loss of life for those not belonging to the company; yet, if it and all others were more considerable, they could be paid for and maintained by a regulated company with a small imposition on the trade from England and on the Negroes imported into the plantations. And to leave no room for doubt, there are persons who will engage to raise a sufficient fund to pay for their forts, etc., and to defray the future charge of maintaining them, and will receive their reimbursement out of the duties which may be appointed to be raised on the trade as it comes in.\nAnd therefore it is humbly hoped that the Guinea Trade will be settled in a regulated company; and the reason being the great discouragement merchants and planters have experienced in the West Indies due to mortality and the earthquake in Jamaica, and the great losses they have sustained in this war. By setting up a regulated company, ingenuity and industry would be encouraged, the trade secured and enlarged, more gold and goods from Guinea imported into England, plantations better and cheaper supplied with Negroes, and the revenues of the Crown and navigation of this kingdom greatly increased, all while avoiding the inconveniences and mischiefs of a monopoly.\n\nSubmitted to the Honourable House of Commons.", "creation_year": 1712, "creation_year_earliest": 1712, "creation_year_latest": 1712, "source_dataset": "EEBO", "source_dataset_detailed": "EEBO_Phase2"},
{"content": "This bill, showing that it will utterly ruin the trade of the City and a great part of Yorkshire County, as well as destroy much of the coal trade from Newcastle and Sunderland. It will also be prejudicial to navigation and the breeding of seamen, and will not benefit the nation in general or its manufactures. This is humbly offered to the consideration of the Honorable House of Commons.\n\nThis bill, based on similar popular pretenses as the one recently introduced for making the River Dun navigable. Several reasons against that bill apply directly to this case, except for those pertaining to the increase and encouragement of the woolen manufacture. The only reason or argument presented for this is that by making these rivers navigable, the carriage of cloth will be cheaper than before by land carriage, and more cloth will be sold.\nIn answer to this, it is to be considered that the way of carriage from Leeds, which is the chief place of manufacture, is either by the city of York or Selby. And till of late years, the constant carriage was by York, and at this time all the merchants of York bring thither by land carriage, all their cloth from Leeds. This costs about six shillings for the value of one hundred pounds worth of cloth to York, and eighteen pence from thence to Hull. The undertakers under this bill declare that they expect at least five shillings and sixpence for carriage of the same quantity of cloth by their new invented water carriage. This is only about two shillings saved in one hundred pounds, and that is so inconsiderable a charge as cannot upon that account hinder the making and vending of more cloth.\nBut the Bill's design, threatening the destruction of York's trade by utilizing new rivers for transporting commodities previously sold there: The debate hinges on location. Will Leeds or adjacent areas, whose trade was initially fostered by York merchants and grew prosperous, monopolize all the trade from York (reputed as the second city of the nation), which relies solely on the River Ouse for support and whose tide (should new rivers emerge closer to the sea by ten miles) would be lost or significantly diminished, rendering York incapable of water transportation at all.\nThe City of York serves as the trading hub of the entire county, with annual exports to London and overseas of over 40,000 firkins of butter, thousands of quarters of corn and rape seed, and large quantities of lead, tallow, and other commodities, all sourced from the county. These commodities cannot be transported otherwise than via the River Ouse, so hindering this river would not only damage the city's trade but also significantly impact the county's ability to sell these commodities.\n\nIn addition, merchants in York sell most of their foreign commodities to Lancashire and Cheshire, a practice that enhances their trading capabilities. This would be lost to them, and gained by Leeds, by making the River Aire navigable, and doing so would only require a twenty-mile reduction in water carriage distance, bringing the city of York into a condition where it would have no water carriage of its own.\nAnd whereas it may be pretended that the making of the Rivers of Ayre and Calder navigable, would be for the encouragement of navigation and breeding of seamen\u2014 it is so far from any color of reason, that there lying many collieries upon the said Rivers of Ayre and Calder; the making of them navigable will enable the undertakers to fell those coals so cheap that no ships can afford to bring any coals from Newcastle and Sunderland, to sell within the Rivers of Humber and Trent, where above two hundred ships lading are sold yearly; by which means such part of that navigation and trade, which is the great nursery of seamen, will be lost.", "creation_year": 1712, "creation_year_earliest": 1699, "creation_year_latest": 1725, "source_dataset": "EEBO", "source_dataset_detailed": "EEBO_Phase2"}
]