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README.md

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+---
+annotations_creators:
+- other
+language_creators:
+- other
+languages:
+- en
+licenses:
+- unknown
+multilinguality:
+- monolingual
+pretty_name: SUPERB
+size_categories:
+- unknown
+source_datasets:
+- original
+- extended|librispeech_asr
+- extended|other-librimix
+- extended|other-speech_commands
+task_categories:
+- speech-processing
+task_ids:
+- automatic-speech-recognition
+- phoneme-recognition
+- keyword-spotting
+- query-by-example-spoken-term-detection
+- speaker-identification
+- automatic-speaker-verification
+- speaker-diarization
+- intent-classification
+- slot-filling
+- emotion-recognition
+---
+
+# Dataset Card for SUPERB
+
+## Table of Contents
+- [Table of Contents](#table-of-contents)
+- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
+  - [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
+  - [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
+  - [Languages](#languages)
+- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
+  - [Data Instances](#data-instances)
+  - [Data Fields](#data-fields)
+  - [Data Splits](#data-splits)
+- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
+  - [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
+  - [Source Data](#source-data)
+  - [Annotations](#annotations)
+  - [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
+- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
+  - [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
+  - [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
+  - [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
+- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
+  - [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
+  - [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
+  - [Citation Information](#citation-information)
+  - [Contributions](#contributions)
+
+## Dataset Description
+
+- **Homepage:** [http://superbbenchmark.org](http://superbbenchmark.org)
+- **Repository:** [https://github.com/s3prl/s3prl](https://github.com/s3prl/s3prl)
+- **Paper:** [SUPERB: Speech processing Universal PERformance Benchmark](https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.01051)
+- **Leaderboard:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
+- **Point of Contact:** [Lewis Tunstall](mailto:[email protected]) and [Albert Villanova](mailto:[email protected])
+
+### Dataset Summary
+
+SUPERB is a leaderboard to benchmark the performance of a shared model across a wide range of speech processing tasks with minimal architecture changes and labeled data.
+
+### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
+
+The SUPERB leaderboard can be found here https://superbbenchmark.org/leaderboard and consists of the following tasks:
+
+#### pr
+
+Phoneme Recognition (PR) transcribes an utterance into the smallest content units. This task includes alignment modeling to avoid potentially inaccurate forced alignment. [LibriSpeech](https://huggingface.co/datasets/librispeech_asr) train-clean-100/dev-clean/test-clean subsets are adopted in SUPERB for training/validation/testing. Phoneme transcriptions are obtained from the LibriSpeech official g2p-model-5 and the conversion script in Kaldi librispeech s5 recipe. The evaluation metric is phone error rate (PER).
+
+#### asr
+
+Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) transcribes utterances into words. While PR analyzes the improvement in modeling phonetics, ASR reflects the significance of the improvement in a real-world scenario. [LibriSpeech](https://huggingface.co/datasets/librispeech_asr) train-clean-100/devclean/test-clean subsets are used for training/validation/testing. The evaluation metric is word error rate (WER).
+
+#### ks
+
+Keyword Spotting (KS) detects preregistered keywords by classifying utterances into a predefined set of words. The task is usually performed on-device for the fast response time. Thus, accuracy, model size, and inference time are all crucial. SUPERB uses the widely used [Speech Commands dataset v1.0](https://www.tensorflow.org/datasets/catalog/speech_commands) for the task. The dataset consists of ten classes of keywords, a class for silence, and an unknown class to include the false positive. The evaluation metric is accuracy (ACC)
+
+##### Example of usage:
+
+Use these auxillary functions to:
+- load the audio file into an audio data array
+- sample from long `_silence_` audio clips
+
+For other examples of handling long `_silence_` clips see the [S3PRL](https://github.com/s3prl/s3prl/blob/099ce807a6ffa6bf2482ceecfcaf83dea23da355/s3prl/downstream/speech_commands/dataset.py#L80) 
+or [TFDS](https://github.com/tensorflow/datasets/blob/6b8cfdb7c3c0a04e731caaa8660ce948d0a67b1e/tensorflow_datasets/audio/speech_commands.py#L143) implementations.
+
+```python
+def map_to_array(example):
+    import soundfile as sf
+
+    speech_array, sample_rate = sf.read(example["file"])
+    example["speech"] = speech_array
+    example["sample_rate"] = sample_rate
+    return example
+
+
+def sample_noise(example):
+    # Use this function to extract random 1 sec slices of each _silence_ utterance,
+    # e.g. inside `torch.utils.data.Dataset.__getitem__()`
+    from random import randint
+
+    if example["label"] == "_silence_":
+        random_offset = randint(0, len(example["speech"]) - example["sample_rate"] - 1)
+        example["speech"] = example["speech"][random_offset : random_offset + example["sample_rate"]]
+
+    return example
+```
+
+#### qbe
+
+Query by Example Spoken Term Detection (QbE) detects a spoken term (query) in an audio database (documents) by binary discriminating a given pair of query and document into a match or not. The English subset in [QUESST 2014 challenge](https://github.com/s3prl/s3prl/tree/master/downstream#qbe-query-by-example-spoken-term-detection) is adopted since we focus on investigating English as the first step. The evaluation metric is maximum term weighted value (MTWV) which balances misses and false alarms.
+
+#### ic
+
+Intent Classification (IC) classifies utterances into predefined classes to determine the intent of speakers. SUPERB uses the [Fluent Speech Commands dataset](https://github.com/s3prl/s3prl/tree/master/downstream#ic-intent-classification---fluent-speech-commands), where each utterance is tagged with three intent labels: action, object, and location. The evaluation metric is accuracy (ACC).
+
+#### sf
+
+Slot Filling (SF) predicts a sequence of semantic slot-types from an utterance, like a slot-type FromLocation for a spoken word Taipei, which is known as a slot-value. Both slot-types and slot-values are essential for an SLU system to function. The evaluation metrics thus include slot-type F1 score and slotvalue CER. [Audio SNIPS](https://github.com/s3prl/s3prl/tree/master/downstream#sf-end-to-end-slot-filling) is adopted, which synthesized multi-speaker utterances for SNIPS. Following the standard split in SNIPS, US-accent speakers are further selected for training, and others are for validation/testing.
+
+#### si
+Speaker Identification (SI) classifies each utterance for its speaker identity as a multi-class classification, where speakers are in the same predefined set for both training and testing. The widely used [VoxCeleb1 dataset](https://www.robots.ox.ac.uk/~vgg/data/voxceleb/vox1.html) is adopted, and the evaluation metric is accuracy (ACC).
+
+#### asv
+
+Automatic Speaker Verification (ASV) verifies whether the speakers of a pair of utterances match as a binary classification, and speakers in the testing set may not appear in the training set. Thus, ASV is more challenging than SID. VoxCeleb1 is used without VoxCeleb2 training data and noise augmentation. The evaluation metric is equal error rate (EER).
+
+#### sd
+
+Speaker Diarization (SD) predicts *who is speaking when* for each timestamp, and multiple speakers can speak simultaneously. The model has to encode rich speaker characteristics for each frame and should be able to represent mixtures of signals. [LibriMix](https://github.com/s3prl/s3prl/tree/master/downstream#sd-speaker-diarization) is adopted where LibriSpeech train-clean-100/dev-clean/test-clean are used to generate mixtures for training/validation/testing. We focus on the two-speaker scenario as the first step. The time-coded speaker labels were generated using alignments from Kaldi LibriSpeech ASR model. The evaluation metric is diarization error rate (DER).
+
+##### Example of usage
+
+Use these auxiliary functions to:
+- load the audio file into an audio data array
+- generate the label array
+
+```python
+def load_audio_file(example, frame_shift=160):
+    import soundfile as sf
+
+    example["array"], example["sample_rate"] = sf.read(
+        example["file"], start=example["start"] * frame_shift, stop=example["end"] * frame_shift
+    )
+    return example
+
+
+def generate_label(example, frame_shift=160, num_speakers=2, rate=16000):
+    import numpy as np
+
+    start = example["start"]
+    end = example["end"]
+    frame_num = end - start
+    speakers = sorted({speaker["speaker_id"] for speaker in example["speakers"]})
+    label = np.zeros((frame_num, num_speakers), dtype=np.int32)
+    for speaker in example["speakers"]:
+        speaker_index = speakers.index(speaker["speaker_id"])
+        start_frame = np.rint(speaker["start"] * rate / frame_shift).astype(int)
+        end_frame = np.rint(speaker["end"] * rate / frame_shift).astype(int)
+        rel_start = rel_end = None
+        if start <= start_frame < end:
+            rel_start = start_frame - start
+        if start < end_frame <= end:
+            rel_end = end_frame - start
+        if rel_start is not None or rel_end is not None:
+            label[rel_start:rel_end, speaker_index] = 1
+    example["label"] = label
+    return example
+```
+
+#### er
+
+Emotion Recognition (ER) predicts an emotion class for each utterance. The most widely used ER dataset [IEMOCAP](https://github.com/s3prl/s3prl/tree/master/downstream#er-emotion-recognition) is adopted, and we follow the conventional evaluation protocol: we drop the unbalance emotion classes to leave the final four classes with a similar amount of data points and cross-validates on five folds of the standard splits. The evaluation metric is accuracy (ACC).
+
+### Languages
+
+The language data in SUPERB is in English (BCP-47 `en`)
+
+
+## Dataset Structure
+
+### Data Instances
+
+#### pr
+
+[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
+
+
+#### asr
+
+An example from each split looks like:
+
+```python
+{'chapter_id': 1240,
+ 'file': 'path/to/file.flac',
+ 'audio': {'path': 'path/to/file.flac',
+		   'array': array([-0.00048828, -0.00018311, -0.00137329, ...,  0.00079346, 0.00091553,  0.00085449], dtype=float32),
+		   'sampling_rate': 16000},
+ 'id': '103-1240-0000',
+ 'speaker_id': 103,
+ 'text': 'CHAPTER ONE MISSUS RACHEL LYNDE IS SURPRISED MISSUS RACHEL LYNDE '
+         'LIVED JUST WHERE THE AVONLEA MAIN ROAD DIPPED DOWN INTO A LITTLE '
+         'HOLLOW FRINGED WITH ALDERS AND LADIES EARDROPS AND TRAVERSED BY A '
+         'BROOK'}
+```
+
+#### ks
+
+An example from each split looks like:
+
+```python
+{
+  'file': '/path/yes/af7a8296_nohash_1.wav', 
+  'audio': {'path': '/path/yes/af7a8296_nohash_1.wav',
+		    'array': array([-0.00048828, -0.00018311, -0.00137329, ...,  0.00079346, 0.00091553,  0.00085449], dtype=float32),
+		    'sampling_rate': 16000},
+  'label': 0  # 'yes'
+}
+```
+
+#### qbe
+
+[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
+
+
+#### ic
+
+```python
+{
+  'file': "/path/wavs/speakers/2BqVo8kVB2Skwgyb/063aa8f0-4479-11e9-a9a5-5dbec3b8816a.wav",
+  'audio': {'path': '/path/wavs/speakers/2BqVo8kVB2Skwgyb/063aa8f0-4479-11e9-a9a5-5dbec3b8816a.wav',
+		    'array': array([-0.00048828, -0.00018311, -0.00137329, ...,  0.00079346, 0.00091553,  0.00085449], dtype=float32),
+		    'sampling_rate': 16000},
+  'speaker_id': '2BqVo8kVB2Skwgyb',
+  'text': 'Turn the bedroom lights off',
+  'action': 3,  # 'deactivate'
+  'object': 7,  # 'lights'
+  'location': 0  # 'bedroom'
+}
+```
+
+#### sf
+
+[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
+
+
+#### si
+
+```python
+{
+  'file': '/path/wav/id10003/na8-QEFmj44/00003.wav', 
+  'audio': {'path': '/path/wav/id10003/na8-QEFmj44/00003.wav',
+		    'array': array([-0.00048828, -0.00018311, -0.00137329, ...,  0.00079346, 0.00091553,  0.00085449], dtype=float32),
+		    'sampling_rate': 16000},
+  'label': 2  # 'id10003'
+}
+```
+
+#### asv
+
+[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
+
+
+#### sd
+
+An example from each split looks like:
+```python
+{
+  'record_id': '1578-6379-0038_6415-111615-0009',
+  'file': 'path/to/file.wav',
+  'audio': {'path': 'path/to/file.wav',
+		    'array': array([-0.00048828, -0.00018311, -0.00137329, ...,  0.00079346, 0.00091553,  0.00085449], dtype=float32),
+		    'sampling_rate': 16000},
+  'start': 0,
+  'end': 1590,
+  'speakers': [
+    {'speaker_id': '1578', 'start': 28, 'end': 657},
+    {'speaker_id': '6415', 'start': 28, 'end': 1576}
+  ]
+}
+```
+
+
+#### er
+
+[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
+
+
+
+
+### Data Fields
+
+####Note abouth the `audio` fields
+
+When accessing the audio column: `dataset[0]["audio"]` the audio file is automatically decoded and resampled to `dataset.features["audio"].sampling_rate`. Decoding and resampling of a large number of audio files might take a significant amount of time. Thus it is important to first query the sample index before the `"audio"` column, *i.e.* `dataset[0]["audio"]` should **always** be preferred over `dataset["audio"][0]`.
+
+#### pr
+
+[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
+
+
+#### asr
+
+- `file` (`string`): Path to the WAV audio file.
+- `audio` (`dict`): A dictionary containing the path to the downloaded audio file, the decoded audio array, and the sampling rate.
+- `text` (`string`): The transcription of the audio file.
+- `speaker_id` (`integer`): A unique ID of the speaker. The same speaker id can be found for multiple data samples.
+- `chapter_id` (`integer`): ID of the audiobook chapter which includes the transcription.
+- `id` (`string`): A unique ID of the data sample.
+
+#### ks
+
+- `file` (`string`): Path to the WAV audio file.
+- `audio` (`dict`): A dictionary containing the path to the downloaded audio file, the decoded audio array, and the sampling rate.
+- `label` (`ClassLabel`): Label of the spoken command. Possible values:
+    - `0: "yes", 1: "no", 2: "up", 3: "down", 4: "left", 5: "right", 6: "on", 7: "off", 8: "stop", 9: "go", 10: "_silence_", 11: "_unknown_"`
+
+#### qbe
+
+[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
+
+#### ic
+
+- `file` (`string`): Path to the WAV audio file.
+- `audio` (`dict`): A dictionary containing the path to the downloaded audio file, the decoded audio array, and the sampling rate.
+- `speaker_id` (`string`): ID of the speaker.
+- `text` (`string`): Transcription of the spoken command.
+- `action` (`ClassLabel`): Label of the command's action. Possible values:
+    - `0: "activate", 1: "bring", 2: "change language", 3: "deactivate", 4: "decrease", 5: "increase"`
+- `object` (`ClassLabel`): Label of the command's object. Possible values:
+    - `0: "Chinese", 1: "English", 2: "German", 3: "Korean", 4: "heat", 5: "juice", 6: "lamp", 7: "lights", 8: "music", 9: "newspaper", 10: "none", 11: "shoes", 12: "socks", 13: "volume"`
+- `location` (`ClassLabel`): Label of the command's location. Possible values:
+    - `0: "bedroom", 1: "kitchen", 2: "none", 3: "washroom"`
+
+#### sf
+
+[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
+
+
+#### si
+
+- `file` (`string`): Path to the WAV audio file.
+- `audio` (`dict`): A dictionary containing the path to the downloaded audio file, the decoded audio array, and the sampling rate.
+- `label` (`ClassLabel`): Label (ID) of the speaker. Possible values: 
+    - `0: "id10001", 1: "id10002", 2: "id10003", ..., 1250: "id11251"`
+
+#### asv
+
+[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
+
+
+#### sd
+
+The data fields in all splits are:
+- `record_id` (`string`): ID of the record.
+- `file` (`string`): Path to the WAV audio file.
+- `audio` (`dict`): A dictionary containing the path to the downloaded audio file, the decoded audio array, and the sampling rate.
+- `start` (`integer`): Start frame of the audio.
+- `end` (`integer`): End frame of the audio.
+- `speakers` (`list` of `dict`): List of speakers in the audio. Each item contains the fields:
+  - `speaker_id` (`string`): ID of the speaker.
+  - `start` (`integer`): Frame when the speaker starts speaking.
+  - `end` (`integer`): Frame when the speaker stops speaking.
+
+#### er
+
+- `file` (`string`): Path to the WAV audio file.
+- `audio` (`dict`): A dictionary containing the path to the downloaded audio file, the decoded audio array, and the sampling rate.
+- `label` (`ClassLabel`): Label of the speech emotion. Possible values:
+    - `0: "neu", 1: "hap", 2: "ang", 3: "sad"`
+
+### Data Splits
+
+#### pr
+
+[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
+
+
+#### asr
+
+|     | train | validation | test |
+|-----|------:|-----------:|-----:|
+| asr | 28539 |       2703 | 2620 |
+
+#### ks
+
+|    | train | validation | test |
+|----|------:|-----------:|-----:|
+| ks | 51094 |       6798 | 3081 |
+
+#### qbe
+
+[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
+
+
+#### ic
+
+|    | train | validation | test |
+|----|------:|-----------:|-----:|
+| ic | 23132 |       3118 | 3793 |
+
+#### sf
+
+[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
+
+
+#### si
+
+|    | train  | validation | test |
+|----|-------:|-----------:|-----:|
+| si | 138361 | 6904       | 8251 |
+
+#### asv
+
+[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
+
+
+#### sd
+
+The data is split into "train", "dev" and "test" sets, each containing the following number of examples:
+
+|    | train |  dev | test |
+|----|------:|-----:|-----:|
+| sd | 13901 | 3014 | 3002 |
+
+#### er
+
+The data is split into 5 sets intended for 5-fold cross-validation:
+
+|    | session1 | session2 | session3 | session4 | session5 |
+|----|---------:|---------:|---------:|---------:|---------:|
+| er | 1085     | 1023     | 1151     | 1031     | 1241     |
+
+## Dataset Creation
+
+### Curation Rationale
+
+[More Information Needed]
+
+### Source Data
+
+#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
+
+[More Information Needed]
+
+#### Who are the source language producers?
+
+[More Information Needed]
+
+### Annotations
+
+#### Annotation process
+
+[More Information Needed]
+
+#### Who are the annotators?
+
+[More Information Needed]
+
+### Personal and Sensitive Information
+
+[More Information Needed]
+
+## Considerations for Using the Data
+
+### Social Impact of Dataset
+
+[More Information Needed]
+
+### Discussion of Biases
+
+[More Information Needed]
+
+### Other Known Limitations
+
+[More Information Needed]
+
+## Additional Information
+
+### Dataset Curators
+
+[More Information Needed]
+
+### Licensing Information
+
+[More Information Needed]
+
+### Citation Information
+
+```
+@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2105-01051,
+  author    = {Shu{-}Wen Yang and
+               Po{-}Han Chi and
+               Yung{-}Sung Chuang and
+               Cheng{-}I Jeff Lai and
+               Kushal Lakhotia and
+               Yist Y. Lin and
+               Andy T. Liu and
+               Jiatong Shi and
+               Xuankai Chang and
+               Guan{-}Ting Lin and
+               Tzu{-}Hsien Huang and
+               Wei{-}Cheng Tseng and
+               Ko{-}tik Lee and
+               Da{-}Rong Liu and
+               Zili Huang and
+               Shuyan Dong and
+               Shang{-}Wen Li and
+               Shinji Watanabe and
+               Abdelrahman Mohamed and
+               Hung{-}yi Lee},
+  title     = {{SUPERB:} Speech processing Universal PERformance Benchmark},
+  journal   = {CoRR},
+  volume    = {abs/2105.01051},
+  year      = {2021},
+  url       = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.01051},
+  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
+  eprint    = {2105.01051},
+  timestamp = {Thu, 01 Jul 2021 13:30:22 +0200},
+  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-2105-01051.bib},
+  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
+}
+
+Note that each SUPERB dataset has its own citation. Please see the source to see
+the correct citation for each contained dataset.
+```
+
+### Contributions
+
+Thanks to [@lewtun](https://github.com/lewtun), [@albertvillanova](https://github.com/albertvillanova) and [@anton-l](https://github.com/anton-l) for adding this dataset.

dataset_infos.json

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"asr": {"description": "Self-supervised learning (SSL) has proven vital for advancing research in\nnatural language processing (NLP) and computer vision (CV). The paradigm\npretrains a shared model on large volumes of unlabeled data and achieves\nstate-of-the-art (SOTA) for various tasks with minimal adaptation. However, the\nspeech processing community lacks a similar setup to systematically explore the\nparadigm. To bridge this gap, we introduce Speech processing Universal\nPERformance Benchmark (SUPERB). SUPERB is a leaderboard to benchmark the\nperformance of a shared model across a wide range of speech processing tasks\nwith minimal architecture changes and labeled data. Among multiple usages of the\nshared model, we especially focus on extracting the representation learned from\nSSL due to its preferable re-usability. We present a simple framework to solve\nSUPERB tasks by learning task-specialized lightweight prediction heads on top of\nthe frozen shared model. Our results demonstrate that the framework is promising\nas SSL representations show competitive generalizability and accessibility\nacross SUPERB tasks. We release SUPERB as a challenge with a leaderboard and a\nbenchmark toolkit to fuel the research in representation learning and general\nspeech processing.\n\nNote that in order to limit the required storage for preparing this dataset, the\naudio is stored in the .wav format and is not converted to a float32 array. To\nconvert the audio file to a float32 array, please make use of the `.map()`\nfunction as follows:\n\n\n```python\nimport soundfile as sf\n\ndef map_to_array(batch):\n    speech_array, _ = sf.read(batch[\"file\"])\n    batch[\"speech\"] = speech_array\n    return batch\n\ndataset = dataset.map(map_to_array, remove_columns=[\"file\"])\n```\n", "citation": "@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2105-01051,\n  author    = {Shu{-}Wen Yang and\n               Po{-}Han Chi and\n               Yung{-}Sung Chuang and\n               Cheng{-}I Jeff Lai and\n               Kushal Lakhotia and\n               Yist Y. Lin and\n               Andy T. Liu and\n               Jiatong Shi and\n               Xuankai Chang and\n               Guan{-}Ting Lin and\n               Tzu{-}Hsien Huang and\n               Wei{-}Cheng Tseng and\n               Ko{-}tik Lee and\n               Da{-}Rong Liu and\n               Zili Huang and\n               Shuyan Dong and\n               Shang{-}Wen Li and\n               Shinji Watanabe and\n               Abdelrahman Mohamed and\n               Hung{-}yi Lee},\n  title     = {{SUPERB:} Speech processing Universal PERformance Benchmark},\n  journal   = {CoRR},\n  volume    = {abs/2105.01051},\n  year      = {2021},\n  url       = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.01051},\n  archivePrefix = {arXiv},\n  eprint    = {2105.01051},\n  timestamp = {Thu, 01 Jul 2021 13:30:22 +0200},\n  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-2105-01051.bib},\n  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}\n}\n", "homepage": "http://www.openslr.org/12", "license": "", "features": {"file": {"dtype": "string", "id": null, "_type": "Value"}, "text": {"dtype": "string", "id": null, "_type": "Value"}, "speaker_id": {"dtype": "int64", "id": null, "_type": "Value"}, "chapter_id": {"dtype": "int64", "id": null, "_type": "Value"}, "id": {"dtype": "string", "id": null, "_type": "Value"}}, "post_processed": null, "supervised_keys": {"input": "file", "output": "text"}, "task_templates": [{"task": "automatic-speech-recognition", "audio_file_path_column": "file", "transcription_column": "text"}], "builder_name": "superb", "config_name": "asr", "version": {"version_str": "1.9.0", "description": "", "major": 1, "minor": 9, "patch": 0}, "splits": {"train": {"name": "train", "num_bytes": 11852430, "num_examples": 28539, "dataset_name": "superb"}, "validation": {"name": "validation", "num_bytes": 897213, "num_examples": 2703, "dataset_name": "superb"}, "test": {"name": "test", "num_bytes": 871234, "num_examples": 2620, "dataset_name": "superb"}}, "download_checksums": {"http://www.openslr.org/resources/12/dev-clean.tar.gz": {"num_bytes": 337926286, "checksum": "76f87d090650617fca0cac8f88b9416e0ebf80350acb97b343a85fa903728ab3"}, "http://www.openslr.org/resources/12/test-clean.tar.gz": {"num_bytes": 346663984, "checksum": "39fde525e59672dc6d1551919b1478f724438a95aa55f874b576be21967e6c23"}, "http://www.openslr.org/resources/12/train-clean-100.tar.gz": {"num_bytes": 6387309499, "checksum": "d4ddd1d5a6ab303066f14971d768ee43278a5f2a0aa43dc716b0e64ecbbbf6e2"}}, "download_size": 7071899769, "post_processing_size": null, "dataset_size": 13620877, "size_in_bytes": 7085520646}, "sd": {"description": "Self-supervised learning (SSL) has proven vital for advancing research in\nnatural language processing (NLP) and computer vision (CV). The paradigm\npretrains a shared model on large volumes of unlabeled data and achieves\nstate-of-the-art (SOTA) for various tasks with minimal adaptation. However, the\nspeech processing community lacks a similar setup to systematically explore the\nparadigm. To bridge this gap, we introduce Speech processing Universal\nPERformance Benchmark (SUPERB). SUPERB is a leaderboard to benchmark the\nperformance of a shared model across a wide range of speech processing tasks\nwith minimal architecture changes and labeled data. Among multiple usages of the\nshared model, we especially focus on extracting the representation learned from\nSSL due to its preferable re-usability. We present a simple framework to solve\nSUPERB tasks by learning task-specialized lightweight prediction heads on top of\nthe frozen shared model. Our results demonstrate that the framework is promising\nas SSL representations show competitive generalizability and accessibility\nacross SUPERB tasks. We release SUPERB as a challenge with a leaderboard and a\nbenchmark toolkit to fuel the research in representation learning and general\nspeech processing.\n\nNote that in order to limit the required storage for preparing this dataset, the\naudio is stored in the .flac format and is not converted to a float32 array. To\nconvert, the audio file to a float32 array, please make use of the `.map()`\nfunction as follows:\n\n\n```python\nimport soundfile as sf\n\ndef map_to_array(batch):\n    speech_array, _ = sf.read(batch[\"file\"])\n    batch[\"speech\"] = speech_array\n    return batch\n\ndataset = dataset.map(map_to_array, remove_columns=[\"file\"])\n```\n", "citation": "@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2105-01051,\n  author    = {Shu{-}Wen Yang and\n               Po{-}Han Chi and\n               Yung{-}Sung Chuang and\n               Cheng{-}I Jeff Lai and\n               Kushal Lakhotia and\n               Yist Y. Lin and\n               Andy T. 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The paradigm\npretrains a shared model on large volumes of unlabeled data and achieves\nstate-of-the-art (SOTA) for various tasks with minimal adaptation. However, the\nspeech processing community lacks a similar setup to systematically explore the\nparadigm. To bridge this gap, we introduce Speech processing Universal\nPERformance Benchmark (SUPERB). SUPERB is a leaderboard to benchmark the\nperformance of a shared model across a wide range of speech processing tasks\nwith minimal architecture changes and labeled data. Among multiple usages of the\nshared model, we especially focus on extracting the representation learned from\nSSL due to its preferable re-usability. We present a simple framework to solve\nSUPERB tasks by learning task-specialized lightweight prediction heads on top of\nthe frozen shared model. Our results demonstrate that the framework is promising\nas SSL representations show competitive generalizability and accessibility\nacross SUPERB tasks. We release SUPERB as a challenge with a leaderboard and a\nbenchmark toolkit to fuel the research in representation learning and general\nspeech processing.\n\nNote that in order to limit the required storage for preparing this dataset, the\naudio is stored in the .wav format and is not converted to a float32 array. To\nconvert the audio file to a float32 array, please make use of the `.map()`\nfunction as follows:\n\n\n```python\nimport soundfile as sf\n\ndef map_to_array(batch):\n    speech_array, _ = sf.read(batch[\"file\"])\n    batch[\"speech\"] = speech_array\n    return batch\n\ndataset = dataset.map(map_to_array, remove_columns=[\"file\"])\n```\n", "citation": "@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2105-01051,\n  author    = {Shu{-}Wen Yang and\n               Po{-}Han Chi and\n               Yung{-}Sung Chuang and\n               Cheng{-}I Jeff Lai and\n               Kushal Lakhotia and\n               Yist Y. Lin and\n               Andy T. 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The paradigm\npretrains a shared model on large volumes of unlabeled data and achieves\nstate-of-the-art (SOTA) for various tasks with minimal adaptation. However, the\nspeech processing community lacks a similar setup to systematically explore the\nparadigm. To bridge this gap, we introduce Speech processing Universal\nPERformance Benchmark (SUPERB). SUPERB is a leaderboard to benchmark the\nperformance of a shared model across a wide range of speech processing tasks\nwith minimal architecture changes and labeled data. Among multiple usages of the\nshared model, we especially focus on extracting the representation learned from\nSSL due to its preferable re-usability. We present a simple framework to solve\nSUPERB tasks by learning task-specialized lightweight prediction heads on top of\nthe frozen shared model. Our results demonstrate that the framework is promising\nas SSL representations show competitive generalizability and accessibility\nacross SUPERB tasks. We release SUPERB as a challenge with a leaderboard and a\nbenchmark toolkit to fuel the research in representation learning and general\nspeech processing.\n\nNote that in order to limit the required storage for preparing this dataset, the\naudio is stored in the .flac format and is not converted to a float32 array. To\nconvert, the audio file to a float32 array, please make use of the `.map()`\nfunction as follows:\n\n\n```python\nimport soundfile as sf\n\ndef map_to_array(batch):\n    speech_array, _ = sf.read(batch[\"file\"])\n    batch[\"speech\"] = speech_array\n    return batch\n\ndataset = dataset.map(map_to_array, remove_columns=[\"file\"])\n```\n", "citation": "@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2105-01051,\n  author    = {Shu{-}Wen Yang and\n               Po{-}Han Chi and\n               Yung{-}Sung Chuang and\n               Cheng{-}I Jeff Lai and\n               Kushal Lakhotia and\n               Yist Y. Lin and\n               Andy T. Liu and\n               Jiatong Shi and\n               Xuankai Chang and\n               Guan{-}Ting Lin and\n               Tzu{-}Hsien Huang and\n               Wei{-}Cheng Tseng and\n               Ko{-}tik Lee and\n               Da{-}Rong Liu and\n               Zili Huang and\n               Shuyan Dong and\n               Shang{-}Wen Li and\n               Shinji Watanabe and\n               Abdelrahman Mohamed and\n               Hung{-}yi Lee},\n  title     = {{SUPERB:} Speech processing Universal PERformance Benchmark},\n  journal   = {CoRR},\n  volume    = {abs/2105.01051},\n  year      = {2021},\n  url       = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.01051},\n  archivePrefix = {arXiv},\n  eprint    = {2105.01051},\n  timestamp = {Thu, 01 Jul 2021 13:30:22 +0200},\n  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-2105-01051.bib},\n  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}\n}\n", "homepage": "https://fluent.ai/fluent-speech-commands-a-dataset-for-spoken-language-understanding-research/", "license": "", "features": {"file": {"dtype": "string", "id": null, "_type": "Value"}, "speaker_id": {"dtype": "string", "id": null, "_type": "Value"}, "text": {"dtype": "string", "id": null, "_type": "Value"}, "action": {"num_classes": 6, "names": ["activate", "bring", "change language", "deactivate", "decrease", "increase"], "names_file": null, "id": null, "_type": "ClassLabel"}, "object": {"num_classes": 14, "names": ["Chinese", "English", "German", "Korean", "heat", "juice", "lamp", "lights", "music", "newspaper", "none", "shoes", "socks", "volume"], "names_file": null, "id": null, "_type": "ClassLabel"}, "location": {"num_classes": 4, "names": ["bedroom", "kitchen", "none", "washroom"], "names_file": null, "id": null, "_type": "ClassLabel"}}, "post_processed": null, "supervised_keys": null, "task_templates": null, "builder_name": "superb", "config_name": "ic", "version": {"version_str": "1.9.0", "description": "", "major": 1, "minor": 9, "patch": 0}, "splits": {"train": {"name": "train", "num_bytes": 7071466, "num_examples": 23132, "dataset_name": "superb"}, "validation": {"name": "validation", "num_bytes": 953622, "num_examples": 3118, "dataset_name": "superb"}, "test": {"name": "test", "num_bytes": 1158347, "num_examples": 3793, "dataset_name": "superb"}}, "download_checksums": {"http://fluent.ai:2052/jf8398hf30f0381738rucj3828chfdnchs.tar.gz": {"num_bytes": 1544093324, "checksum": "4376699f7daf134a9fa57a1d880ffcaaf94a3e2551ba0b40ad894d7abb71aacb"}}, "download_size": 1544093324, "post_processing_size": null, "dataset_size": 9183435, "size_in_bytes": 1553276759}, "si": {"description": "Self-supervised learning (SSL) has proven vital for advancing research in\nnatural language processing (NLP) and computer vision (CV). The paradigm\npretrains a shared model on large volumes of unlabeled data and achieves\nstate-of-the-art (SOTA) for various tasks with minimal adaptation. However, the\nspeech processing community lacks a similar setup to systematically explore the\nparadigm. To bridge this gap, we introduce Speech processing Universal\nPERformance Benchmark (SUPERB). SUPERB is a leaderboard to benchmark the\nperformance of a shared model across a wide range of speech processing tasks\nwith minimal architecture changes and labeled data. Among multiple usages of the\nshared model, we especially focus on extracting the representation learned from\nSSL due to its preferable re-usability. We present a simple framework to solve\nSUPERB tasks by learning task-specialized lightweight prediction heads on top of\nthe frozen shared model. Our results demonstrate that the framework is promising\nas SSL representations show competitive generalizability and accessibility\nacross SUPERB tasks. We release SUPERB as a challenge with a leaderboard and a\nbenchmark toolkit to fuel the research in representation learning and general\nspeech processing.\n\nNote that in order to limit the required storage for preparing this dataset, the\naudio is stored in the .flac format and is not converted to a float32 array. To\nconvert, the audio file to a float32 array, please make use of the `.map()`\nfunction as follows:\n\n\n```python\nimport soundfile as sf\n\ndef map_to_array(batch):\n    speech_array, _ = sf.read(batch[\"file\"])\n    batch[\"speech\"] = speech_array\n    return batch\n\ndataset = dataset.map(map_to_array, remove_columns=[\"file\"])\n```\n", "citation": "@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2105-01051,\n  author    = {Shu{-}Wen Yang and\n               Po{-}Han Chi and\n               Yung{-}Sung Chuang and\n               Cheng{-}I Jeff Lai and\n               Kushal Lakhotia and\n               Yist Y. Lin and\n               Andy T. Liu and\n               Jiatong Shi and\n               Xuankai Chang and\n               Guan{-}Ting Lin and\n               Tzu{-}Hsien Huang and\n               Wei{-}Cheng Tseng and\n               Ko{-}tik Lee and\n               Da{-}Rong Liu and\n               Zili Huang and\n               Shuyan Dong and\n               Shang{-}Wen Li and\n               Shinji Watanabe and\n               Abdelrahman Mohamed and\n               Hung{-}yi Lee},\n  title     = {{SUPERB:} Speech processing Universal PERformance Benchmark},\n  journal   = {CoRR},\n  volume    = {abs/2105.01051},\n  year      = {2021},\n  url       = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.01051},\n  archivePrefix = {arXiv},\n  eprint    = {2105.01051},\n  timestamp = {Thu, 01 Jul 2021 13:30:22 +0200},\n  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-2105-01051.bib},\n  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}\n}\n", "homepage": "https://www.robots.ox.ac.uk/~vgg/data/voxceleb/vox1.html", 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superb.py

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+# coding=utf-8
+# Copyright 2021 The TensorFlow Datasets Authors and the HuggingFace Datasets Authors.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+# Lint as: python3
+"""SUPERB: Speech processing Universal PERformance Benchmark."""
+
+import csv
+import glob
+import os
+import textwrap
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+import datasets
+from datasets.tasks import AutomaticSpeechRecognition
+
+
+_CITATION = """\
+@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2105-01051,
+  author    = {Shu{-}Wen Yang and
+               Po{-}Han Chi and
+               Yung{-}Sung Chuang and
+               Cheng{-}I Jeff Lai and
+               Kushal Lakhotia and
+               Yist Y. Lin and
+               Andy T. Liu and
+               Jiatong Shi and
+               Xuankai Chang and
+               Guan{-}Ting Lin and
+               Tzu{-}Hsien Huang and
+               Wei{-}Cheng Tseng and
+               Ko{-}tik Lee and
+               Da{-}Rong Liu and
+               Zili Huang and
+               Shuyan Dong and
+               Shang{-}Wen Li and
+               Shinji Watanabe and
+               Abdelrahman Mohamed and
+               Hung{-}yi Lee},
+  title     = {{SUPERB:} Speech processing Universal PERformance Benchmark},
+  journal   = {CoRR},
+  volume    = {abs/2105.01051},
+  year      = {2021},
+  url       = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.01051},
+  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
+  eprint    = {2105.01051},
+  timestamp = {Thu, 01 Jul 2021 13:30:22 +0200},
+  biburl    = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-2105-01051.bib},
+  bibsource = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
+}
+"""
+
+_DESCRIPTION = """\
+Self-supervised learning (SSL) has proven vital for advancing research in
+natural language processing (NLP) and computer vision (CV). The paradigm
+pretrains a shared model on large volumes of unlabeled data and achieves
+state-of-the-art (SOTA) for various tasks with minimal adaptation. However, the
+speech processing community lacks a similar setup to systematically explore the
+paradigm. To bridge this gap, we introduce Speech processing Universal
+PERformance Benchmark (SUPERB). SUPERB is a leaderboard to benchmark the
+performance of a shared model across a wide range of speech processing tasks
+with minimal architecture changes and labeled data. Among multiple usages of the
+shared model, we especially focus on extracting the representation learned from
+SSL due to its preferable re-usability. We present a simple framework to solve
+SUPERB tasks by learning task-specialized lightweight prediction heads on top of
+the frozen shared model. Our results demonstrate that the framework is promising
+as SSL representations show competitive generalizability and accessibility
+across SUPERB tasks. We release SUPERB as a challenge with a leaderboard and a
+benchmark toolkit to fuel the research in representation learning and general
+speech processing.
+
+Note that in order to limit the required storage for preparing this dataset, the
+audio is stored in the .wav format and is not converted to a float32 array. To
+convert the audio file to a float32 array, please make use of the `.map()`
+function as follows:
+
+
+```python
+import soundfile as sf
+
+def map_to_array(batch):
+    speech_array, _ = sf.read(batch["file"])
+    batch["speech"] = speech_array
+    return batch
+
+dataset = dataset.map(map_to_array, remove_columns=["file"])
+```
+"""
+
+
+class SuperbConfig(datasets.BuilderConfig):
+    """BuilderConfig for Superb."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        features,
+        url,
+        data_url=None,
+        supervised_keys=None,
+        task_templates=None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(version=datasets.Version("1.9.0", ""), **kwargs)
+        self.features = features
+        self.data_url = data_url
+        self.url = url
+        self.supervised_keys = supervised_keys
+        self.task_templates = task_templates
+
+
+class Superb(datasets.GeneratorBasedBuilder):
+    """Superb dataset."""
+
+    BUILDER_CONFIGS = [
+        SuperbConfig(
+            name="asr",
+            description=textwrap.dedent(
+                """\
+            ASR transcribes utterances into words. While PR analyzes the
+            improvement in modeling phonetics, ASR reflects the significance of
+            the improvement in a real-world scenario. LibriSpeech
+            train-clean-100/dev-clean/test-clean subsets are used for
+            training/validation/testing. The evaluation metric is word error
+            rate (WER)."""
+            ),
+            features=datasets.Features(
+                {
+                    "file": datasets.Value("string"),
+                    "audio": datasets.features.Audio(sampling_rate=16_000),
+                    "text": datasets.Value("string"),
+                    "speaker_id": datasets.Value("int64"),
+                    "chapter_id": datasets.Value("int64"),
+                    "id": datasets.Value("string"),
+                }
+            ),
+            supervised_keys=("file", "text"),
+            url="http://www.openslr.org/12",
+            data_url="http://www.openslr.org/resources/12/",
+            task_templates=[AutomaticSpeechRecognition(audio_file_path_column="file", transcription_column="text")],
+        ),
+        SuperbConfig(
+            name="ks",
+            description=textwrap.dedent(
+                """\
+            Keyword Spotting (KS) detects preregistered keywords by classifying utterances into a predefined set of
+            words. The task is usually performed on-device for the fast response time. Thus, accuracy, model size, and
+            inference time are all crucial. SUPERB uses the widely used Speech Commands dataset v1.0 for the task.
+            The dataset consists of ten classes of keywords, a class for silence, and an unknown class to include the
+            false positive. The evaluation metric is accuracy (ACC)"""
+            ),
+            features=datasets.Features(
+                {
+                    "file": datasets.Value("string"),
+                    "audio": datasets.features.Audio(sampling_rate=16_000),
+                    "label": datasets.ClassLabel(
+                        names=[
+                            "yes",
+                            "no",
+                            "up",
+                            "down",
+                            "left",
+                            "right",
+                            "on",
+                            "off",
+                            "stop",
+                            "go",
+                            "_silence_",
+                            "_unknown_",
+                        ]
+                    ),
+                }
+            ),
+            supervised_keys=("file", "label"),
+            url="https://www.tensorflow.org/datasets/catalog/speech_commands",
+            data_url="http://download.tensorflow.org/data/{filename}",
+        ),
+        SuperbConfig(
+            name="ic",
+            description=textwrap.dedent(
+                """\
+            Intent Classification (IC) classifies utterances into predefined classes to determine the intent of
+            speakers. SUPERB uses the Fluent Speech Commands dataset, where each utterance is tagged with three intent
+            labels: action, object, and location. The evaluation metric is accuracy (ACC)."""
+            ),
+            features=datasets.Features(
+                {
+                    "file": datasets.Value("string"),
+                    "audio": datasets.features.Audio(sampling_rate=16_000),
+                    "speaker_id": datasets.Value("string"),
+                    "text": datasets.Value("string"),
+                    "action": datasets.ClassLabel(
+                        names=["activate", "bring", "change language", "deactivate", "decrease", "increase"]
+                    ),
+                    "object": datasets.ClassLabel(
+                        names=[
+                            "Chinese",
+                            "English",
+                            "German",
+                            "Korean",
+                            "heat",
+                            "juice",
+                            "lamp",
+                            "lights",
+                            "music",
+                            "newspaper",
+                            "none",
+                            "shoes",
+                            "socks",
+                            "volume",
+                        ]
+                    ),
+                    "location": datasets.ClassLabel(names=["bedroom", "kitchen", "none", "washroom"]),
+                }
+            ),
+            supervised_keys=None,
+            url="https://fluent.ai/fluent-speech-commands-a-dataset-for-spoken-language-understanding-research/",
+            data_url="http://fluent.ai:2052/jf8398hf30f0381738rucj3828chfdnchs.tar.gz",
+        ),
+        SuperbConfig(
+            name="si",
+            description=textwrap.dedent(
+                """\
+            Speaker Identification (SI) classifies each utterance for its speaker identity as a multi-class
+            classification, where speakers are in the same predefined set for both training and testing. The widely
+            used VoxCeleb1 dataset is adopted, and the evaluation metric is accuracy (ACC)."""
+            ),
+            features=datasets.Features(
+                {
+                    "file": datasets.Value("string"),
+                    "audio": datasets.features.Audio(sampling_rate=16_000),
+                    # VoxCeleb1 contains 1251 speaker IDs in range ["id10001",..."id11251"]
+                    "label": datasets.ClassLabel(names=[f"id{i + 10001}" for i in range(1251)]),
+                }
+            ),
+            supervised_keys=("file", "label"),
+            url="https://www.robots.ox.ac.uk/~vgg/data/voxceleb/vox1.html",
+        ),
+        SuperbConfig(
+            name="sd",
+            description=textwrap.dedent(
+                """\
+            Speaker Diarization (SD) predicts `who is speaking when` for each timestamp, and multiple speakers can
+            speak simultaneously. The model has to encode rich speaker characteristics for each frame and should be
+            able to represent mixtures of signals. [LibriMix] is adopted where LibriSpeech
+            train-clean-100/dev-clean/test-clean are used to generate mixtures for training/validation/testing.
+            We focus on the two-speaker scenario as the first step. The time-coded speaker labels were generated using
+            alignments from Kaldi LibriSpeech ASR model. The evaluation metric is diarization error rate (DER)."""
+            ),
+            features=datasets.Features(
+                {
+                    "record_id": datasets.Value("string"),
+                    "file": datasets.Value("string"),
+                    "audio": datasets.features.Audio(sampling_rate=16_000),
+                    "start": datasets.Value("int64"),
+                    "end": datasets.Value("int64"),
+                    "speakers": [
+                        {
+                            "speaker_id": datasets.Value("string"),
+                            "start": datasets.Value("int64"),
+                            "end": datasets.Value("int64"),
+                        }
+                    ],
+                }
+            ),  # TODO
+            supervised_keys=None,  # TODO
+            url="https://github.com/ftshijt/LibriMix",
+            data_url="https://huggingface.co/datasets/superb/superb-data/resolve/main/sd/{split}/{filename}",
+        ),
+        SuperbConfig(
+            name="er",
+            description=textwrap.dedent(
+                """\
+            Emotion Recognition (ER) predicts an emotion class for each utterance. The most widely used ER dataset
+            IEMOCAP is adopted, and we follow the conventional evaluation protocol: we drop the unbalanced emotion
+            classes to leave the final four classes with a similar amount of data points and cross-validate on five
+            folds of the standard splits. The evaluation metric is accuracy (ACC)."""
+            ),
+            features=datasets.Features(
+                {
+                    "file": datasets.Value("string"),
+                    "audio": datasets.features.Audio(sampling_rate=16_000),
+                    "label": datasets.ClassLabel(names=["neu", "hap", "ang", "sad"]),
+                }
+            ),
+            supervised_keys=("file", "label"),
+            url="https://sail.usc.edu/iemocap/",
+        ),
+    ]
+
+    @property
+    def manual_download_instructions(self):
+        if self.config.name == "si":
+            return textwrap.dedent(
+                """
+            Please download the VoxCeleb dataset using the following script,
+            which should create `VoxCeleb1/wav/id*` directories for both train and test speakers`:
+            ```
+            mkdir VoxCeleb1
+            cd VoxCeleb1
+
+            wget https://thor.robots.ox.ac.uk/~vgg/data/voxceleb/vox1a/vox1_dev_wav_partaa
+            wget https://thor.robots.ox.ac.uk/~vgg/data/voxceleb/vox1a/vox1_dev_wav_partab
+            wget https://thor.robots.ox.ac.uk/~vgg/data/voxceleb/vox1a/vox1_dev_wav_partac
+            wget https://thor.robots.ox.ac.uk/~vgg/data/voxceleb/vox1a/vox1_dev_wav_partad
+            cat vox1_dev* > vox1_dev_wav.zip
+            unzip vox1_dev_wav.zip
+
+            wget https://thor.robots.ox.ac.uk/~vgg/data/voxceleb/vox1a/vox1_test_wav.zip
+            unzip vox1_test_wav.zip
+
+            # download the official SUPERB train-dev-test split
+            wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/s3prl/s3prl/master/s3prl/downstream/voxceleb1/veri_test_class.txt
+            ```"""
+            )
+        elif self.config.name == "er":
+            return textwrap.dedent(
+                """
+            Please download the IEMOCAP dataset after submitting the request form here:
+            https://sail.usc.edu/iemocap/iemocap_release.htm
+            Having downloaded the dataset you can extract it with `tar -xvzf IEMOCAP_full_release.tar.gz`
+            which should create a folder called `IEMOCAP_full_release`
+            """
+            )
+        return None
+
+    def _info(self):
+        return datasets.DatasetInfo(
+            description=_DESCRIPTION,
+            features=self.config.features,
+            supervised_keys=self.config.supervised_keys,
+            homepage=self.config.url,
+            citation=_CITATION,
+            task_templates=self.config.task_templates,
+        )
+
+    def _split_generators(self, dl_manager):
+        if self.config.name == "asr":
+            _DL_URLS = {
+                "dev": self.config.data_url + "dev-clean.tar.gz",
+                "test": self.config.data_url + "test-clean.tar.gz",
+                "train": self.config.data_url + "train-clean-100.tar.gz",
+            }
+            archive_path = dl_manager.download_and_extract(_DL_URLS)
+
+            return [
+                datasets.SplitGenerator(name=datasets.Split.TRAIN, gen_kwargs={"archive_path": archive_path["train"]}),
+                datasets.SplitGenerator(
+                    name=datasets.Split.VALIDATION, gen_kwargs={"archive_path": archive_path["dev"]}
+                ),
+                datasets.SplitGenerator(name=datasets.Split.TEST, gen_kwargs={"archive_path": archive_path["test"]}),
+            ]
+        elif self.config.name == "ks":
+            _DL_URLS = {
+                "train_val_test": self.config.data_url.format(filename="speech_commands_v0.01.tar.gz"),
+                "test": self.config.data_url.format(filename="speech_commands_test_set_v0.01.tar.gz"),
+            }
+            archive_path = dl_manager.download_and_extract(_DL_URLS)
+            return [
+                datasets.SplitGenerator(
+                    name=datasets.Split.TRAIN,
+                    gen_kwargs={"archive_path": archive_path["train_val_test"], "split": "train"},
+                ),
+                datasets.SplitGenerator(
+                    name=datasets.Split.VALIDATION,
+                    gen_kwargs={"archive_path": archive_path["train_val_test"], "split": "val"},
+                ),
+                datasets.SplitGenerator(
+                    name=datasets.Split.TEST, gen_kwargs={"archive_path": archive_path["test"], "split": "test"}
+                ),
+            ]
+        elif self.config.name == "ic":
+            archive_path = dl_manager.download_and_extract(self.config.data_url)
+            return [
+                datasets.SplitGenerator(
+                    name=datasets.Split.TRAIN,
+                    gen_kwargs={"archive_path": archive_path, "split": "train"},
+                ),
+                datasets.SplitGenerator(
+                    name=datasets.Split.VALIDATION,
+                    gen_kwargs={"archive_path": archive_path, "split": "valid"},
+                ),
+                datasets.SplitGenerator(
+                    name=datasets.Split.TEST, gen_kwargs={"archive_path": archive_path, "split": "test"}
+                ),
+            ]
+        elif self.config.name == "si":
+            manual_dir = os.path.abspath(os.path.expanduser(dl_manager.manual_dir))
+            return [
+                datasets.SplitGenerator(
+                    name=datasets.Split.TRAIN,
+                    gen_kwargs={"archive_path": manual_dir, "split": 1},
+                ),
+                datasets.SplitGenerator(
+                    name=datasets.Split.VALIDATION,
+                    gen_kwargs={"archive_path": manual_dir, "split": 2},
+                ),
+                datasets.SplitGenerator(name=datasets.Split.TEST, gen_kwargs={"archive_path": manual_dir, "split": 3}),
+            ]
+        elif self.config.name == "sd":
+            splits = ["train", "dev", "test"]
+            _DL_URLS = {
+                split: {
+                    filename: self.config.data_url.format(split=split, filename=filename)
+                    for filename in ["reco2dur", "segments", "utt2spk", "wav.zip"]
+                }
+                for split in splits
+            }
+            archive_path = dl_manager.download_and_extract(_DL_URLS)
+            return [
+                datasets.SplitGenerator(
+                    name=datasets.NamedSplit(split), gen_kwargs={"archive_path": archive_path[split], "split": split}
+                )
+                for split in splits
+            ]
+        elif self.config.name == "er":
+            manual_dir = os.path.abspath(os.path.expanduser(dl_manager.manual_dir))
+            return [
+                datasets.SplitGenerator(
+                    name=f"session{i}",
+                    gen_kwargs={"archive_path": manual_dir, "split": i},
+                )
+                for i in range(1, 6)
+            ]
+
+    def _generate_examples(self, archive_path, split=None):
+        """Generate examples."""
+        if self.config.name == "asr":
+            transcripts_glob = os.path.join(archive_path, "LibriSpeech", "*", "*", "*", "*.txt")
+            key = 0
+            for transcript_path in sorted(glob.glob(transcripts_glob)):
+                transcript_dir_path = os.path.dirname(transcript_path)
+                with open(transcript_path, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+                    for line in f:
+                        line = line.strip()
+                        id_, transcript = line.split(" ", 1)
+                        audio_file = f"{id_}.flac"
+                        speaker_id, chapter_id = [int(el) for el in id_.split("-")[:2]]
+                        audio_path = os.path.join(transcript_dir_path, audio_file)
+                        yield key, {
+                            "id": id_,
+                            "speaker_id": speaker_id,
+                            "chapter_id": chapter_id,
+                            "file": audio_path,
+                            "audio": audio_path,
+                            "text": transcript,
+                        }
+                        key += 1
+        elif self.config.name == "ks":
+            words = ["yes", "no", "up", "down", "left", "right", "on", "off", "stop", "go"]
+            splits = _split_ks_files(archive_path, split)
+            for key, audio_file in enumerate(sorted(splits[split])):
+                base_dir, file_name = os.path.split(audio_file)
+                _, word = os.path.split(base_dir)
+                if word in words:
+                    label = word
+                elif word == "_silence_" or word == "_background_noise_":
+                    label = "_silence_"
+                else:
+                    label = "_unknown_"
+                yield key, {"file": audio_file, "audio": audio_file, "label": label}
+        elif self.config.name == "ic":
+            root_path = os.path.join(archive_path, "fluent_speech_commands_dataset")
+            csv_path = os.path.join(root_path, "data", f"{split}_data.csv")
+            with open(csv_path, encoding="utf-8") as csv_file:
+                csv_reader = csv.reader(csv_file, delimiter=",", skipinitialspace=True)
+                next(csv_reader)
+                for row in csv_reader:
+                    key, file_path, speaker_id, text, action, object_, location = row
+                    audio_path = os.path.join(root_path, file_path)
+                    yield key, {
+                        "file": audio_path,
+                        "audio": audio_path,
+                        "speaker_id": speaker_id,
+                        "text": text,
+                        "action": action,
+                        "object": object_,
+                        "location": location,
+                    }
+        elif self.config.name == "si":
+            wav_path = os.path.join(archive_path, "wav")
+            splits_path = os.path.join(archive_path, "veri_test_class.txt")
+            with open(splits_path, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+                for key, line in enumerate(f):
+                    split_id, file_path = line.strip().split(" ")
+                    if int(split_id) != split:
+                        continue
+                    speaker_id = file_path.split("/")[0]
+                    audio_path = os.path.join(wav_path, file_path)
+                    yield key, {
+                        "file": audio_path,
+                        "audio": audio_path,
+                        "label": speaker_id,
+                    }
+        elif self.config.name == "sd":
+            data = SdData(archive_path)
+            args = SdArgs()
+            chunk_indices = _generate_chunk_indices(data, args, split=split)
+            if split != "test":
+                for key, (rec, st, ed) in enumerate(chunk_indices):
+                    speakers = _get_speakers(rec, data, args)
+                    yield key, {
+                        "record_id": rec,
+                        "file": data.wavs[rec],
+                        "audio": data.wavs[rec],
+                        "start": st,
+                        "end": ed,
+                        "speakers": speakers,
+                    }
+            else:
+                key = 0
+                for rec in chunk_indices:
+                    for rec, st, ed in chunk_indices[rec]:
+                        speakers = _get_speakers(rec, data, args)
+                        yield key, {
+                            "record_id": rec,
+                            "file": data.wavs[rec],
+                            "audio": data.wavs[rec],
+                            "start": st,
+                            "end": ed,
+                            "speakers": speakers,
+                        }
+                        key += 1
+        elif self.config.name == "er":
+            root_path = os.path.join(archive_path, f"Session{split}")
+            wav_path = os.path.join(root_path, "sentences", "wav")
+            labels_path = os.path.join(root_path, "dialog", "EmoEvaluation", "*.txt")
+            emotions = ["neu", "hap", "ang", "sad", "exc"]
+            key = 0
+            for labels_file in sorted(glob.glob(labels_path)):
+                with open(labels_file, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+                    for line in f:
+                        if line[0] != "[":
+                            continue
+                        _, filename, emo, _ = line.split("\t")
+                        if emo not in emotions:
+                            continue
+                        wav_subdir = filename.rsplit("_", 1)[0]
+                        filename = f"{filename}.wav"
+                        audio_path = os.path.join(wav_path, wav_subdir, filename)
+                        yield key, {
+                            "file": audio_path,
+                            "audio": audio_path,
+                            "label": emo.replace("exc", "hap"),
+                        }
+                        key += 1
+
+
+class SdData:
+    def __init__(self, data_dir):
+        """Load sd data."""
+        self.segments = self._load_segments_rechash(data_dir["segments"])
+        self.utt2spk = self._load_utt2spk(data_dir["utt2spk"])
+        self.wavs = self._load_wav_zip(data_dir["wav.zip"])
+        self.reco2dur = self._load_reco2dur(data_dir["reco2dur"])
+
+    def _load_segments_rechash(self, segments_file):
+        """Load segments file as dict with recid index."""
+        ret = {}
+        if not os.path.exists(segments_file):
+            return None
+        with open(segments_file, encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            for line in f:
+                utt, rec, st, et = line.strip().split()
+                if rec not in ret:
+                    ret[rec] = []
+                ret[rec].append({"utt": utt, "st": float(st), "et": float(et)})
+        return ret
+
+    def _load_wav_zip(self, wav_zip):
+        """Return dictionary { rec: wav_rxfilename }."""
+        wav_dir = os.path.join(wav_zip, "wav")
+        return {
+            os.path.splitext(filename)[0]: os.path.join(wav_dir, filename) for filename in sorted(os.listdir(wav_dir))
+        }
+
+    def _load_utt2spk(self, utt2spk_file):
+        """Returns dictionary { uttid: spkid }."""
+        with open(utt2spk_file, encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            lines = [line.strip().split(None, 1) for line in f]
+        return {x[0]: x[1] for x in lines}
+
+    def _load_reco2dur(self, reco2dur_file):
+        """Returns dictionary { recid: duration }."""
+        if not os.path.exists(reco2dur_file):
+            return None
+        with open(reco2dur_file, encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            lines = [line.strip().split(None, 1) for line in f]
+        return {x[0]: float(x[1]) for x in lines}
+
+
+@dataclass
+class SdArgs:
+    chunk_size: int = 2000
+    frame_shift: int = 160
+    subsampling: int = 1
+    label_delay: int = 0
+    num_speakers: int = 2
+    rate: int = 16000
+    use_last_samples: bool = True
+
+
+def _generate_chunk_indices(data, args, split=None):
+    chunk_indices = [] if split != "test" else {}
+    # make chunk indices: filepath, start_frame, end_frame
+    for rec in data.wavs:
+        data_len = int(data.reco2dur[rec] * args.rate / args.frame_shift)
+        data_len = int(data_len / args.subsampling)
+        if split == "test":
+            chunk_indices[rec] = []
+        if split != "test":
+            for st, ed in _gen_frame_indices(
+                data_len,
+                args.chunk_size,
+                args.chunk_size,
+                args.use_last_samples,
+                label_delay=args.label_delay,
+                subsampling=args.subsampling,
+            ):
+                chunk_indices.append((rec, st * args.subsampling, ed * args.subsampling))
+        else:
+            for st, ed in _gen_chunk_indices(data_len, args.chunk_size):
+                chunk_indices[rec].append((rec, st * args.subsampling, ed * args.subsampling))
+    return chunk_indices
+
+
+def _count_frames(data_len, size, step):
+    # no padding at edges, last remaining samples are ignored
+    return int((data_len - size + step) / step)
+
+
+def _gen_frame_indices(data_length, size=2000, step=2000, use_last_samples=False, label_delay=0, subsampling=1):
+    i = -1
+    for i in range(_count_frames(data_length, size, step)):
+        yield i * step, i * step + size
+    if use_last_samples and i * step + size < data_length:
+        if data_length - (i + 1) * step - subsampling * label_delay > 0:
+            yield (i + 1) * step, data_length
+
+
+def _gen_chunk_indices(data_len, chunk_size):
+    step = chunk_size
+    start = 0
+    while start < data_len:
+        end = min(data_len, start + chunk_size)
+        yield start, end
+        start += step
+
+
+def _get_speakers(rec, data, args):
+    return [
+        {
+            "speaker_id": data.utt2spk[segment["utt"]],
+            "start": round(segment["st"] * args.rate / args.frame_shift),
+            "end": round(segment["et"] * args.rate / args.frame_shift),
+        }
+        for segment in data.segments[rec]
+    ]
+
+
+def _split_ks_files(archive_path, split):
+    audio_path = os.path.join(archive_path, "**", "*.wav")
+    audio_paths = glob.glob(audio_path)
+    if split == "test":
+        # use all available files for the test archive
+        return {"test": audio_paths}
+
+    val_list_file = os.path.join(archive_path, "validation_list.txt")
+    test_list_file = os.path.join(archive_path, "testing_list.txt")
+    with open(val_list_file, encoding="utf-8") as f:
+        val_paths = f.read().strip().splitlines()
+        val_paths = [os.path.join(archive_path, p) for p in val_paths]
+    with open(test_list_file, encoding="utf-8") as f:
+        test_paths = f.read().strip().splitlines()
+        test_paths = [os.path.join(archive_path, p) for p in test_paths]
+
+    # the paths for the train set is just whichever paths that do not exist in
+    # either the test or validation splits
+    train_paths = list(set(audio_paths) - set(val_paths) - set(test_paths))
+
+    return {"train": train_paths, "val": val_paths}