Research conducted in North America, Western Europe, and Australia, reveal (mostly) negative anti-immigrants and anti-ethnic attitudes (e.g. Miller et al. 1984; Polinard et al., 1985; Goot, 1991; Suarez-Orozco, 1992; Espenshade and Calhoun, 1993; Simon and Alexander, 1993; Gaasholt and Togeby, 1995; Espenshade and Hempstead, 1996) or ambivalent in several cases (e.g. Harwood, 1986; Cornelius, 1992a; Cornelius, 1992b).