The first group of fixed characteristics contains a number of personal factors such as gender, age, and education that have been found to be systematically related to union membership in cross-sectional studies for many countries (see the surveys by Riley 1997 and Schnabel 2003) and that can be expected to influence the decision never to join a union as well.
exploredata-ZA3700_VarV519 exploredata-ZA3700_VarV186 exploredata-ZA3700_VarV548 exploredata-ZA3700_VarV517 exploredata-ZA3700_VarV182