In the meantime, however, numerous researchers have proposed strategies to improve the comparability of cross-national survey data and developed statistical tests which allow one to determine whether empirical constructs meet the requirements of functional equivalence in all countries in comparison (e.g. Bachleitner et al., 2014; Blasius and Thiessen, 2006; Davidov et al., 2011; Harkness et al., 2003, 2010).