Model Card for chopt-350m

AI Squared's chopt-350m is a large language model which is derived from Meta AI's Open Pre-trained Transformer language modelsand fine-tuned on a corpus of 15k records (Databricks' "Dolly 15k" Dataset) to help it exhibit chat-based capabilities. Despite the permissive license of the Dolly 15k dataset, due to this model being a derivative of OPT it is restricted to use for non-commercial research purposes. The ChOPT family of models from AI Squared are licensed under the OPT-175B license, Copyright (c) Meta Platforms, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

While chopt-350m is not a state-of-the-art model, we believe that the level of interactivity that can be achieved on such a small model that is trained so cheaply is important to showcase, as it continues to demonstrate that creating powerful AI capabilities may be much more accessible than previously thought.

Model Description

• Developed by: AI Squared, Inc.
• Shared by: AI Squared, Inc.
• Model type: Large Language Model
• Language(s) (NLP): EN
• License: other
• Finetuned from model: OPT

Bias, Risks, and Limitations

chopt-350m is not a state-of-the-art language model. chopt-350m is an experimental technology and is not designed for use in any environment other than for research purposes. Furthermore, the model can sometimes exhibit undesired behaviors. Some of these behaviors include, but are not limited to: factual inaccuracies, biases, offensive responses, toxicity, and hallucinations. Just as with any other LLM, we advise users of this technology to exercise good judgment when applying this technology.

Usage

To use the model with the transformers library on a machine with GPUs, first make sure you have the transformers and accelerate libraries installed. From your terminal, run:

pip install "accelerate>=0.16.0,<1" "transformers[torch]>=4.28.1,<5" "torch>=1.13.1,<2"

The instruction following pipeline can be loaded using the pipeline function as shown below. This loads a custom InstructionTextGenerationPipeline found in the model repo here, which is why trust_remote_code=True is required. Including torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16 is generally recommended if this type is supported in order to reduce memory usage. It does not appear to impact output quality. It is also fine to remove it if there is sufficient memory.

from transformers import pipeline
import torch

generate_text = pipeline(model="aisquared/chopt-350m", torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16, trust_remote_code=True, device_map="auto")

You can then use the pipeline to answer instructions:

res = generate_text("Who was George Washington?")
print(res)

Alternatively, if you prefer to not use trust_remote_code=True you can download instruct_pipeline.py, store it alongside your notebook, and construct the pipeline yourself from the loaded model and tokenizer:

from instruct_pipeline import InstructionTextGenerationPipeline
from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer
import torch

tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("aisquared/chopt-350m", padding_side="left")
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("aisquared/chopt-350m", device_map="auto", torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16)

generate_text = InstructionTextGenerationPipeline(model=model, tokenizer=tokenizer)

Model Performance Metrics

We present the results from various model benchmarks on the EleutherAI LLM Evaluation Harness for all models in the ChOPT family. Model results are sorted by mean score, ascending, to provide an ordering. These metrics serve to further show that none of the DLite models are state of the art, but rather further show that chat-like behaviors in LLMs can be trained almost independent of model size.

Model	openbookqa	arc_easy	winogrande	hellaswag	arc_challenge	piqa	boolq
chopt-125m	0.178	0.443182	0.501973	0.294165	0.197099	0.630577	0.476758
chopt-research-125m	0.17	0.436027	0.503552	0.294762	0.205631	0.62568	0.48685
opt-125m	0.166	0.435606	0.501973	0.291775	0.190273	0.6284	0.554434
chopt-350m	0.178	0.450758	0.508287	0.325334	0.21843	0.650707	0.559633
opt_350m	0.176	0.441077	0.52644	0.320056	0.207338	0.645267	0.57737
chopt-research-350m	0.172	0.462542	0.514601	0.327524	0.235495	0.643634	0.589908
opt-1.3b	0.234	0.569865	0.596685	0.414957	0.232935	0.718172	0.577676
chopt-research-1_3b	0.232	0.564815	0.59116	0.424716	0.276451	0.713275	0.634557
chopt-1_3b	0.236	0.569444	0.584057	0.42621	0.268771	0.723069	0.658104
opt-2.7b	0.25	0.608165	0.608524	0.458176	0.267918	0.738303	0.603058
chopt-2_7b	0.276	0.616582	0.601421	0.472615	0.288396	0.75136	0.552294
chopt-research-2_7b	0.262	0.610269	0.625099	0.458176	0.295222	0.742111	0.636697