metadata
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
datasets:
- ms_marco
- sentence-transformers/msmarco-hard-negatives
metrics:
- recall
tags:
- colbert
- passage-retrieval
library_name: colbert-ai
base_model: facebook/xmod-base
inference: false
license: mit
model-index:
- name: colbert-xm
results:
- task:
type: sentence-similarity
name: Passage Retrieval
dataset:
type: unicamp-dl/mmarco
name: mMARCO-ar
config: arabic
split: validation
metrics:
- type: recall_at_1000
name: Recall@1000
value: 74.8
- type: recall_at_500
name: Recall@500
value: 72.1
- type: recall_at_100
name: Recall@100
value: 60.4
- type: recall_at_10
name: Recall@10
value: 36.5
- type: mrr_at_10
name: MRR@10
value: 19.5
- task:
type: sentence-similarity
name: Passage Retrieval
dataset:
type: unicamp-dl/mmarco
name: mMARCO-de
config: german
split: validation
metrics:
- type: recall_at_1000
name: Recall@1000
value: 86
- type: recall_at_500
name: Recall@500
value: 84.1
- type: recall_at_100
name: Recall@100
value: 73.9
- type: recall_at_10
name: Recall@10
value: 49.5
- type: mrr_at_10
name: MRR@10
value: 27
- task:
type: sentence-similarity
name: Passage Retrieval
dataset:
type: unicamp-dl/mmarco
name: mMARCO-en
config: english
split: validation
metrics:
- type: recall_at_1000
name: Recall@1000
value: 96.5
- type: recall_at_500
name: Recall@500
value: 95.9
- type: recall_at_100
name: Recall@100
value: 89.3
- type: recall_at_10
name: Recall@10
value: 65.7
- type: mrr_at_10
name: MRR@10
value: 37.2
- task:
type: sentence-similarity
name: Passage Retrieval
dataset:
type: unicamp-dl/mmarco
name: mMARCO-es
config: spanish
split: validation
metrics:
- type: recall_at_1000
name: Recall@1000
value: 88.4
- type: recall_at_500
name: Recall@500
value: 86.8
- type: recall_at_100
name: Recall@100
value: 77.5
- type: recall_at_10
name: Recall@10
value: 52
- type: mrr_at_10
name: MRR@10
value: 28.5
- task:
type: sentence-similarity
name: Passage Retrieval
dataset:
type: unicamp-dl/mmarco
name: mMARCO-fr
config: french
split: validation
metrics:
- type: recall_at_1000
name: Recall@1000
value: 87.3
- type: recall_at_500
name: Recall@500
value: 85.7
- type: recall_at_100
name: Recall@100
value: 75.2
- type: recall_at_10
name: Recall@10
value: 49.2
- type: mrr_at_10
name: MRR@10
value: 26.9
- task:
type: sentence-similarity
name: Passage Retrieval
dataset:
type: unicamp-dl/mmarco
name: mMARCO-hi
config: hindi
split: validation
metrics:
- type: recall_at_1000
name: Recall@1000
value: 82.2
- type: recall_at_500
name: Recall@500
value: 79.9
- type: recall_at_100
name: Recall@100
value: 69.8
- type: recall_at_10
name: Recall@10
value: 44.2
- type: mrr_at_10
name: MRR@10
value: 23.8
- task:
type: sentence-similarity
name: Passage Retrieval
dataset:
type: unicamp-dl/mmarco
name: mMARCO-id
config: indonesian
split: validation
metrics:
- type: recall_at_1000
name: Recall@1000
value: 86.7
- type: recall_at_500
name: Recall@500
value: 84.8
- type: recall_at_100
name: Recall@100
value: 74.5
- type: recall_at_10
name: Recall@10
value: 48.3
- type: mrr_at_10
name: MRR@10
value: 26.3
- task:
type: sentence-similarity
name: Passage Retrieval
dataset:
type: unicamp-dl/mmarco
name: mMARCO-it
config: italian
split: validation
metrics:
- type: recall_at_1000
name: Recall@1000
value: 86.1
- type: recall_at_500
name: Recall@500
value: 84.3
- type: recall_at_100
name: Recall@100
value: 74.1
- type: recall_at_10
name: Recall@10
value: 48.2
- type: mrr_at_10
name: MRR@10
value: 26.5
- task:
type: sentence-similarity
name: Passage Retrieval
dataset:
type: unicamp-dl/mmarco
name: mMARCO-ja
config: japanese
split: validation
metrics:
- type: recall_at_1000
name: Recall@1000
value: 83.6
- type: recall_at_500
name: Recall@500
value: 81.8
- type: recall_at_100
name: Recall@100
value: 71.4
- type: recall_at_10
name: Recall@10
value: 44.6
- type: mrr_at_10
name: MRR@10
value: 24.1
- task:
type: sentence-similarity
name: Passage Retrieval
dataset:
type: unicamp-dl/mmarco
name: mMARCO-nl
config: dutch
split: validation
metrics:
- type: recall_at_1000
name: Recall@1000
value: 86.8
- type: recall_at_500
name: Recall@500
value: 85
- type: recall_at_100
name: Recall@100
value: 75.2
- type: recall_at_10
name: Recall@10
value: 49.8
- type: mrr_at_10
name: MRR@10
value: 27.5
- task:
type: sentence-similarity
name: Passage Retrieval
dataset:
type: unicamp-dl/mmarco
name: mMARCO-pt
config: portuguese
split: validation
metrics:
- type: recall_at_1000
name: Recall@1000
value: 87.1
- type: recall_at_500
name: Recall@500
value: 85.3
- type: recall_at_100
name: Recall@100
value: 75.8
- type: recall_at_10
name: Recall@10
value: 50.5
- type: mrr_at_10
name: MRR@10
value: 27.6
- task:
type: sentence-similarity
name: Passage Retrieval
dataset:
type: unicamp-dl/mmarco
name: mMARCO-ru
config: russian
split: validation
metrics:
- type: recall_at_1000
name: Recall@1000
value: 85.7
- type: recall_at_500
name: Recall@500
value: 83.8
- type: recall_at_100
name: Recall@100
value: 73.6
- type: recall_at_10
name: Recall@10
value: 47.3
- type: mrr_at_10
name: MRR@10
value: 25.1
- task:
type: sentence-similarity
name: Passage Retrieval
dataset:
type: unicamp-dl/mmarco
name: mMARCO-vi
config: vietnamese
split: validation
metrics:
- type: recall_at_1000
name: Recall@1000
value: 81.6
- type: recall_at_500
name: Recall@500
value: 79
- type: recall_at_100
name: Recall@100
value: 67.5
- type: recall_at_10
name: Recall@10
value: 42.4
- type: mrr_at_10
name: MRR@10
value: 22.6
- task:
type: sentence-similarity
name: Passage Retrieval
dataset:
type: unicamp-dl/mmarco
name: mMARCO-zh
config: chinese
split: validation
metrics:
- type: recall_at_1000
name: Recall@1000
value: 84.8
- type: recall_at_500
name: Recall@500
value: 83.1
- type: recall_at_100
name: Recall@100
value: 72.2
- type: recall_at_10
name: Recall@10
value: 46
- type: mrr_at_10
name: MRR@10
value: 24.6
language:
- multilingual
- af
- am
- ar
- az
- be
- bg
- bn
- ca
- cs
- cy
- da
- de
- el
- en
- eo
- es
- et
- eu
- fa
- fi
- fr
- ga
- gl
- gu
- ha
- he
- hi
- hr
- hu
- hy
- id
- is
- it
- ja
- ka
- kk
- km
- kn
- ko
- ku
- ky
- la
- lo
- lt
- lv
- mk
- ml
- mn
- mr
- ms
- my
- ne
- nl
- 'no'
- or
- pa
- pl
- ps
- pt
- ro
- ru
- sa
- si
- sk
- sl
- so
- sq
- sr
- sv
- sw
- ta
- te
- th
- tl
- tr
- uk
- ur
- uz
- vi
- zh
ColBERT-XM
🛠️ Usage | 📊 Evaluation | 🤖 Training | 🔗 Citation
This is a ColBERT model that can be used for semantic search in many languages. It encodes queries and passages into matrices of token-level embeddings and efficiently finds passages that contextually match the query using scalable vector-similarity (MaxSim) operators. The model uses an XMOD backbone, which allows it to learn from monolingual fine-tuning in a high-resource language, like English, and perform zero-shot retrieval across multiple languages.
Usage
Start by installing the colbert-ai and some extra requirements:
pip install git+https://github.com/stanford-futuredata/ColBERT.git@main torchtorch==2.1.2 faiss-gpu==1.7.2 langdetect==1.0.9
Then, you can use the model like this:
# Use of custom modules that automatically detect the language of the passages to index and activate the language-specific adapters accordingly
from .custom import CustomIndexer, CustomSearcher
from colbert.infra import Run, RunConfig
n_gpu: int = 1 # Set your number of available GPUs
experiment: str = "colbert" # Name of the folder where the logs and created indices will be stored
index_name: str = "my_index" # The name of your index, i.e. the name of your vector database
documents: list = ["Ceci est un premier document.", "Voici un second document.", "etc."] # Corpus
# Step 1: Indexing. This step encodes all passages into matrices, stores them on disk, and builds data structures for efficient search.
with Run().context(RunConfig(nranks=n_gpu,experiment=experiment)):
indexer = CustomIndexer(checkpoint="antoinelouis/colbert-xm")
indexer.index(name=index_name, collection=documents)
# Step 2: Searching. Given the model and index, you can issue queries over the collection to retrieve the top-k passages for each query.
with Run().context(RunConfig(nranks=n_gpu,experiment=experiment)):
searcher = CustomSearcher(index=index_name) # You don't need to specify checkpoint again, the model name is stored in the index.
results = searcher.search(query="Comment effectuer une recherche avec ColBERT ?", k=10)
# results: tuple of tuples of length k containing ((passage_id, passage_rank, passage_score), ...)
Evaluation
- mMARCO: We evaluate our model on the small development sets of mMARCO, which consists of 6,980 queries for a corpus of 8.8M candidate passages in 14 languages. Below, we compared its multilingual performance with other retrieval models on the dataset official metrics, i.e., mean reciprocal rank at cut-off 10 (MRR@10).
| model | Type | #Samples | #Params | en | es | fr | it | pt | id | de | ru | zh | ja | nl | vi | hi | ar | Avg. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | BM25 (Pyserini) | lexical | - | - | 18.4 | 15.8 | 15.5 | 15.3 | 15.2 | 14.9 | 13.6 | 12.4 | 11.6 | 14.1 | 14.0 | 13.6 | 13.4 | 11.1 | 14.2 |
| 2 | mono-mT5 (Bonfacio et al., 2021) | cross-encoder | 12.8M | 390M | 36.6 | 31.4 | 30.2 | 30.3 | 30.2 | 29.8 | 28.9 | 26.3 | 24.9 | 26.7 | 29.2 | 25.6 | 26.6 | 23.5 | 28.6 |
| 3 | mono-mMiniLM (Bonfacio et al., 2021) | cross-encoder | 80.0M | 107M | 36.6 | 30.9 | 29.6 | 29.1 | 28.9 | 29.3 | 27.8 | 25.1 | 24.9 | 26.3 | 27.6 | 24.7 | 26.2 | 21.9 | 27.8 |
| 4 | DPR-X (Yang et al., 2022) | single-vector | 25.6M | 550M | 24.5 | 19.6 | 18.9 | 18.3 | 19.0 | 16.9 | 18.2 | 17.7 | 14.8 | 15.4 | 18.5 | 15.1 | 15.4 | 12.9 | 17.5 |
| 5 | mE5-base (Wang et al., 2024) | single-vector | 5.1B | 278M | 35.0 | 28.9 | 30.3 | 28.0 | 27.5 | 26.1 | 27.1 | 24.5 | 22.9 | 25.0 | 27.3 | 23.9 | 24.2 | 20.5 | 26.5 |
| 6 | mColBERT (Bonfacio et al., 2021) | multi-vector | 25.6M | 180M | 35.2 | 30.1 | 28.9 | 29.2 | 29.2 | 27.5 | 28.1 | 25.0 | 24.6 | 23.6 | 27.3 | 18.0 | 23.2 | 20.9 | 26.5 |
| 7 | DPR-XM (ours) | single-vector | 25.6M | 277M | 32.7 | 23.6 | 23.5 | 22.3 | 22.7 | 22.0 | 22.1 | 19.9 | 18.1 | 18.7 | 22.9 | 18.0 | 16.0 | 15.1 | 21.3 |
| 8 | ColBERT-XM (ours) | multi-vector | 6.4M | 277M | 37.2 | 28.5 | 26.9 | 26.5 | 27.6 | 26.3 | 27.0 | 25.1 | 24.6 | 24.1 | 27.5 | 22.6 | 23.8 | 19.5 | 26.2 |
- Mr. TyDi: We also evaluate our model on the test set of Mr. TyDi, another multilingual open retrieval dataset including low-resource languages not present in mMARCO. Below, we compared its performance with other retrieval models on the official dataset metrics, i.e., mean reciprocal rank at cut-off 100 (MRR@100) and recall at cut-off 100 (R@100).
| model | Type | #Samples | #Params | ar | bn | en | fi | id | ja | ko | ru | sw | te | Avg. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MRR@100 | |||||||||||||||
| 1 | BM25 (Pyserini) | lexical | - | - | 36.8 | 41.8 | 14.0 | 28.4 | 37.6 | 21.1 | 28.5 | 31.3 | 38.9 | 34.3 | 31.3 |
| 2 | mono-mT5 (Bonfacio et al., 2021) | cross-encoder | 12.8M | 390M | 62.2 | 65.1 | 35.7 | 49.5 | 61.1 | 48.1 | 47.4 | 52.6 | 62.9 | 66.6 | 55.1 |
| 3 | mColBERT (Bonfacio et al., 2021) | multi-vector | 25.6M | 180M | 55.3 | 48.8 | 32.9 | 41.3 | 55.5 | 36.6 | 36.7 | 48.2 | 44.8 | 61.6 | 46.1 |
| 4 | ColBERT-XM (ours) | multi-vector | 6.4M | 277M | 55.2 | 56.6 | 36.0 | 41.8 | 57.1 | 42.1 | 41.3 | 52.2 | 56.8 | 50.6 | 49.0 |
| R@100 | |||||||||||||||
| 5 | BM25 (Pyserini) | lexical | - | - | 79.3 | 86.9 | 53.7 | 71.9 | 84.3 | 64.5 | 61.9 | 64.8 | 76.4 | 75.8 | 72.0 |
| 6 | mono-mT5 (Bonfacio et al., 2021) | cross-encoder | 12.8M | 390M | 88.4 | 92.3 | 72.4 | 85.1 | 92.8 | 83.2 | 76.5 | 76.3 | 83.8 | 85.0 | 83.5 |
| 7 | mColBERT (Bonfacio et al., 2021) | multi-vector | 25.6M | 180M | 85.9 | 91.8 | 78.6 | 82.6 | 91.1 | 70.9 | 72.9 | 86.1 | 80.8 | 96.9 | 83.7 |
| 8 | ColBERT-XM (ours) | multi-vector | 6.4M | 277M | 89.6 | 91.4 | 83.7 | 84.4 | 93.8 | 84.9 | 77.6 | 89.1 | 87.1 | 93.3 | 87.5 |
Training
Data
We use the English training samples from the MS MARCO passage ranking dataset, which contains 8.8M passages and 539K training queries. We do not employ the BM25 netaives provided by the official dataset but instead sample harder negatives mined from 12 distinct dense retrievers, using the msmarco-hard-negatives distillation dataset. Our final training set consists of 6.4M (q, p+, p-) triples.
Implementation
The model is initialized from the xmod-base checkpoint and optimized via a combination of the pairwise softmax cross-entropy loss computed over predicted scores for the positive and hard negative passages (as in ColBERTv1) and the in-batch sampled softmax cross-entropy loss (as in ColBERTv2). It is fine-tuned on one 80GB NVIDIA H100 GPU for 50k steps using the AdamW optimizer with a batch size of 128, a peak learning rate of 3e-6 with warm up along the first 10% of training steps and linear scheduling. We set the embedding dimension to 128, and fix the maximum sequence lengths for questions and passages at 32 and 256, respectively.
Citation
@article{louis2024modular,
author = {Louis, Antoine and Saxena, Vageesh and van Dijck, Gijs and Spanakis, Gerasimos},
title = {ColBERT-XM: A Modular Multi-Vector Representation Model for Zero-Shot Multilingual Information Retrieval},
journal = {CoRR},
volume = {abs/2402.15059},
year = {2024},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.15059},
doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2402.15059},
eprinttype = {arXiv},
eprint = {2402.15059},
}