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[ "notarcha obrinusalis (walker, 1859) (crambidae: pyraustinae), female - nt, rimbija island lat. 11' 01'' long. 136' 45'', 14. jan. 1977, e. d. edwards leg. (anic) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nhampson g. f. 1912b. descriptions of new pyralidae of the subfamily pyraustinae. - annals and magazine of natural history (8) 9 (49): 149–174; (50): 242–269; (51): 321–336; (52): 433–444; (54): 625–633 .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy." ]

{ "text": [ "notarcha obrinusalis is a moth in the crambidae family .", "it was described by walker 1859 .", "it is found in democratic republic of congo ( north kivu , katanga ) , zambia , china , india and indonesia ( borneo , moluccas ) .", "the larvae have been recorded feeding on zea mays , as well as gramineae , leguminosae and polygonaceae species . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 8 ] }

[ "notarcha obrinusalis is a moth in the crambidae family. it was described by walker 1859. it is found in democratic republic of congo (north kivu, katanga), zambia, china, india and indonesia (borneo, moluccas). the larvae have been recorded feeding on zea mays, as well as gramineae, leguminosae and polygonaceae species." ]

[ "cochylidia subroseana (haworth, 1811) is now recognized among the north american fauna .\ncochylidia moguntiana (rossler, 1864) = cochylidia subroseana (haworth, 1811) = tortrix subroseana haworth, 1811 = cochylis phaleratana herrich - schäffer, 1851 = cochylis flammeolana tengström, 1848 = phalonia = cochylidia phaleratana = coccyx roseana .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 1 / / en\nurltoken\nnotes: vulnerable (proposed as a future red data book species) in woodland in parts of southern england. not recorded in hampshire or on the isle of wight to date. wingspan 11 - 14 mm. compared with c. rupicola the forewing of this species is more angulate apically and the median fascia is narrower [ bradley ]. larva feeds on flowers of goldenrod, over - wintering in a cocoon .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nbrown, j. w. 2005. tortricidae (lepidoptera). in world catalog of insects, vol. 5. apollo books, stenstrup, denmark, 741 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\ndistribution data for u. s. states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of november 2016. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2017 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2017. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness, completeness, or accuracy of any specific data. natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server, including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility, fitness for a particular purpose, and non - infringement. natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server. in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special, indirect, incidental, consequential damages, or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server, under any theory of liability used. natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice; however, natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein. since the data in the central databases are continually being updated, it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt. the data provided is for planning, assessment, and informational purposes. site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies. if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site, the appropriate state natural heritage program (s) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area (see visit local programs) .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group (polytypic) group (monotypic) species split life sp. ssp. intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records (accepted, rejected, pending). to filter / search please enter a phrase. e. g. to filter rejected records, type rejected into the search box, all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n© 2018 birdguides, warners group publications plc. all rights reserved. company registered in england no. 2572212 | vat registration no. gb 638 3492 15\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nblå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch. kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade. kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor, t ex arter i ett visst län, i en viss biotop, substrat, som påverkas av en hotfaktor, eller som är knutna till en sk värdart, t ex trädet alm. dessa kan även kombineras .\nsöka fram arter som är rödlistade, knutna till alm, är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .\nsöka fram arter som är rödlistade, lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .\ndefaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer. under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade. om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer. nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .\ndenna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera. du kan t. ex. navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn. du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder, kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista. ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera”, där du kan söka på olika egenskaper. ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .\nthe mit license copyright (c) 2014 - 2016 google, inc. urltoken permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license (mit) copyright (c) 2011 - 2015 twitter, inc permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright (c) 2008 - 2013 sprymedia limited urltoken permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt, urltoken permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright jquery foundation and other contributors, urltoken this software consists of voluntary contributions made by many individuals. for exact contribution history, see the revision history available at urltoken the following license applies to all parts of this software except as documented below: = = = = permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software. = = = = all files located in the node _ modules and external directories are externally maintained libraries used by this software which have their own licenses; we recommend you read them, as their terms may differ from the terms above .\nthe mit license (mit) - urltoken copyright (c) steven sanderson, the knockout. js team, and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright (c) 2009–2015 permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2005 - 2014 openlayers contributors. all rights reserved. redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and / or other materials provided with the distribution. this software is provided by openlayers contributors '` as is'' and any express or implied warranties, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed. in no event shall copyright holder or contributors be liable for any direct, indirect, incidental, special, exemplary, or consequential damages (including, but not limited to, procurement of substitute goods or services; loss of use, data, or profits; or business interruption) however caused and on any theory of liability, whether in contract, strict liability, or tort (including negligence or otherwise) arising in any way out of the use of this software, even if advised of the possibility of such damage. the views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies, either expressed or implied, of openlayers contributors .\na nationally notable species whose only recent sighting was in 1965 at vert wood where two caterpillars were found. it is known to feed on the flowers and seed - heads of golden rod. (pratt, 2011) .\na maximum of five species may be selected. the data for each species can be then viewed on the same page. tick the box below to select this species .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas, please upload using the upload tools .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\naustria, hungary, germany, denmark, spain, italy, latvia, lithuania, poland, romania, the soviet union - the european part, the czech republic, sweden, estonia, yugoslavia .\nregions of the russian federation: the volga - don, east caucasus, central european, trans - baikal, krasnoyarsk, pribaikalskiy, tuva, southern urals .\naustria, hungary, germany, denmark (mainland), spain (mainland), italy (mainland), latvia, lithuania, poland, romania, russia, slovakia, finland, croatia, czech republic, sweden, estonia .\n[ 10 ] de jong, y. s. d. m. (ed .) (2011) fauna europaea version 2. 4 (faunaeur. org )\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis action might not be possible to undo. are you sure you want to continue ?\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, states, usa, television, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "cochylidia subroseana , the dingy roseate conch , is a moth of the family tortricidae .", "it was described by haworth in 1811 .", "it is found from most of europe ( except ireland , the benelux , denmark , the iberian peninsula , croatia and ukraine ) to china ( anhui , hebei , heilongjiang , henan , hunan , jilin , shanxi , tianjin ) , russia , korea and japan .", "it has also been recorded from north america .", "the wingspan is 11 – 16 millimetres ( 0.43 – 0.63 in ) .", "adults have been recorded on wing in june to august .", "the larvae feed on solidago species .", "they feed on the flowers of their host plant .", "the species overwinters in a cocoon . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 8, 9, 8, 8, 8, 3 ] }

[ "cochylidia subroseana, the dingy roseate conch, is a moth of the family tortricidae. it was described by haworth in 1811. it is found from most of europe (except ireland, the benelux, denmark, the iberian peninsula, croatia and ukraine) to china (anhui, hebei, heilongjiang, henan, hunan, jilin, shanxi, tianjin), russia, korea and japan. it has also been recorded from north america. the wingspan is 11 – 16 millimetres (0.43 – 0.63 in). adults have been recorded on wing in june to august. the larvae feed on solidago species. they feed on the flowers of their host plant. the species overwinters in a cocoon." ]

[ "distribution of species in the starksia atlantica, starksia lepicoelia, and starksia sluiteri complexes. only locations for genetically analyzed specimens plotted. additional locations for some species discussed in text .\nstarksia langi is easily distinguished from starksia greenfieldi and starksia sluiteri based on pigmentation of the trunk, head (females), and first dorsal fin (males). the trunk pigment of starksia langi comprises both larger and more prominent markings than that of starksia greenfieldi and starksia sluiteri, and only in starksia langi are the markings in the second row vertically elongate (generally round in the other species and sometimes considerably more diffuse in starksia greenfieldi). starksia greenfieldi lacks dark markings on the head in both sexes, and starksia sluiteri lacks them in females; starksia langi males have a prominent dark blotch on the cheek, and females have numerous small, discrete, dark spots. males of starksia langi lack a dark blotch on the anterior portion of the dorsal fin, whereas this blotch is present in starksia greenfieldi and starksia sluiteri .\nmodal differences in some counts also help separate other species: starksia lepicoelia modally has 28 total dorsal - fin elements, 33 vertebrae, and 78 total dorsal elements + anal soft rays + vertebrae (vs. 32, 27, and 75, respectively, in starksia williamsi and starksia weigti). starksia williamsi modally has xix dorsal - fin spines, whereas starksia lepicoelia and starksia weigti modally have xx .\nwhich taxonomic groups does the genus starksia belong to and what are the different starksia species? below, you will find the taxonomic groups the genus starksia belongs to and the taxonomic tree with all the different species .\nstarksia lepicoelia and starksia starcki are the only previously described western atlantic starksia with the combination of an orbital cirrus, two externally obvious pelvic - fin rays, and a scaled belly (williams and mounts 2003). starksia starcki is easily distinguished from the species of the starksia lepicoelia complex by the presence of eight or nine irregular dark bars on the body and usually 19 segmented anal - fin rays .\ndescriptions of six new caribbean fish species in the genus starksia (labrisomidae) .\nstarksia sluiteri (metzelaar) is most easily distinguished from starksia langi by having the second row of trunk blotches almost perfectly round (vs. vertically elongate), in lacking conspicuous dark spots on the head (females), and in having a dark marking on the anterior portion of the dorsal fin (males). from starksia greenfieldi, starksia sluiteri differs in lacking pale round spots on the head. although starksia sluiteri and starksia langi have very similar chromatophore patterns, starksia sluiteri appears to have more orange pigment on the second dorsal, caudal, and anal fins .\npreserved female starksia lepicoelia also have a distinctive lip pattern—alternating pale and dark areas. although this banding pattern appears to be present in color images of starksia williamsi, starksia weigti, and starksia robertsoni, it is not present in preserved females of those species, suggesting that in starksia lepicoelia the banding comprises both chromatophores and melanophores whereas in females of the other species it comprises only chromatophores and thus is not retained in preservative. as in males, differences in head pigment between preserved female starksia williamsi and starksia weigti are subtle, but starksia williamsi females have a relatively well - formed bar of pigment from the anterior portion of the lacrimal across both lips, whereas starksia weigti females typically have only a light scattering of melanophores on the upper lip beneath the anterior portion of the lacrimal. additionally, starksia williamsi females tend to have a bit of dark pigment at the posteroventral corner of the orbit and another bit just ventral to posteriormost point of orbit; starksia weigti females usually have more widely scattered pigment on the cheek - - sometimes in a fairly cohesive spot. the head pigment of female starksia robertsoni is very similar to that of starksia williamsi, but modal differences in fin - ray counts separate them, and they are geographically distinct. specifically, starksia williamsi —from the eastern caribbean—typically has xix, 8 dorsal - fin elements, whereas starksia robertsoni —from panama—typically has xx, 7 .\nrange kimura two - parameter distance summary for the starksia atlantica, starksia lepicoelia, and starksia sluiteri species complexes based on cytochrome c oxidase l (col) sequences of individuals represented in the neighbor - joining tree in figure 1. within - complex ranges are shown in bold .\ntrunk pigment in the images and preserved specimen is similar to that of starksia atlantica from the bahamas and starksia springeri from curacao (i. e. , mottled vs. barred as in starksia sangreyae), but the saba specimens lack the horseshoe - shaped blotch of pigment on the cheek characteristic of starksia atlantica and the distinctive dark and pale markings on the cheek of starksia springeri. the blotches of trunk pigment in the saba bank specimens are neither conspicuously block - like nor clearly organized in horizontal tiers as they are in starksia atlantica. specimens from saba bank presumably represent another new species within starksia atlantica, but additional specimens are needed for comparative purposes and description .\nin life, starksia weigti is easily distinguished from starksia lepicoelia, starksia williamsi, and starksia robertsoni by the conspicuous pale round spots on the lips. in preservative, starksia lepicoelia males are distinctive in having at least some very dark spots, streaks, or bars on the lips and lower jaw, and starksia robertsoni males have at least one (up to three) dark spots or bars on the ventral portion of the lower jaw (but not on the lips). although the differences are subtle, preserved males of starksia williamsi typically can be separated from preserved males of starksia weigti in having the lips uniformly covered with melanophores except for the pale anterior tips. in starksia weigti males, lip pigment is variable, but there are usually one or two thin, faint, poorly formed bars of pigment following the pale anterior portions of the lips; posteriorly, the lips may be uniformly covered with melanophores as in starksia williamsi or be quite pale .\nstarksia y - lineata, a new clinid fish from grand cayman island, british west indies .\nneighbor - joining tree derived from cytochrome c oxidase i sequences showing genetically distinct lineages of western atlantic starksia .\na photograph of a specimen identified as starksia atlantica from st. croix, u. s. virgin islands (taken by william smith - vaniz) shows irregular block - like blotches on the body arranged in roughly 3 horizontal tiers, wavy margins on the pale gap that separates two darker areas on the pectoral - fin base, and an irregular horseshoe - shaped blotch of pigment on the cheek. the u. s. virgin islands are thus likely part of the geographical distribution of starksia atlantica longley. several usnm specimens identified as starksia atlantica from navassa island exhibit pigmentation that is somewhat intermediate between that of starksia atlantica and starksia sangreyae: bars of pigment are present on the trunk anteriorly as in starksia sangreyae, but trunk pigment is more block - like posteriorly as in starksia atlantica; navassa specimens also have an irregular horseshoe - shaped blotch on the cheek as in starksia atlantica. further genetic and morphological investigation should help clarify species issues of starksia atlantica from navassa island .\nstarksia greenfieldi can be distinguished from starksia langi and starksia sluiteri by the white (or pale), mostly round spots (absence of melanophores against a darker background) on at least portions of cheek, opercle, and gular region. this pattern is present in both sexes but is often much more prominent in males. williams and mounts (2003) noted that starksia sella, another species of starksia known only from tobago, has small pale spots on the head, but that species lacks dark blotches along the trunk, lacks a dark blotch in the anterior dorsal fin of males, and may be larger (williams and mounts specimens of starksia sella are 13. 7–27. 7 mm sl, our specimens of starksia greenfieldi are 11. 0–23. 0 mm sl) .\nthe purpose of this paper is to describe the systematic results of our recent genetic and morphological investigations of western atlantic starksia, work that was prompted by our discovery of incongruences between preliminary genetic data and the current species classification. we describe seven new species within starksia atlantica, starksia lepicoelia, and starksia sluiteri and provide keys to the species of each of those species complexes. we provide photographs of living and preserved pigment patterns to help in future identifications of the included species and in distinguishing them from western atlantic starksia species likely to be discovered in the future. finally, we discuss geographical distributions of starksia species and comment on congruence between dna barcoding data and morphologically recognizable species .\nbecause we do not know how much more investigation is required to obtain a reasonably complete picture of starksia biodiversity and biogeography, the words of winston churchill included as an epigraph in this paper seem particularly appropriate. the study of starksia must continue .\nstarksia sluiteri williams and mounts 2003, aqua 6 (4): fig. 9 (male and female specimens from tobago )\nwhich are the most common photographed starksia species? below, you will find the list of species commonly photographed by underwater photographers .\ncomparisons among species of the starksia sluiteri complex and starksia fasciata. starksia greenfieldi, left to right: usnm 398921, paratype, tob 9275, 17. 0 mm sl; usnm 398922, paratype, tob 9282, 19. 0 mm sl; usnm, 320832, holotype, 19. 0 mm sl; usnm 320829, paratype, 22. 0 mm sl. starksia langi: usnm 398931, blz 8266, 18. 0 mm sl; usnm 398928, blz 8062, 17. 0 mm sl; usnm 349080, paratype, 18. 0 mm sl; usnm 398927, holotype, 17. 0 mm sl. starksia sluiteri: usnm 399626, cur8271, 16. 5 mm sl; usnm 399624, cur8226, 18. 5 mm sl; usnm 195750, 16. 9 mm sl. starksia fasciata: usnm 399681, tci 9204, 14. 0 mm sl; usnm 399683, tci 9349, 18. 0 mm sl. juveniles / small adults: starksia greenfieldi, usnm 398925, tob 9213; starksia langi, usnm 398930, paratype, blz 8216; starksia sluiteri, usnm 399625, cur 8227. photographs by carole baldwin, cristina castillo, donald griswold, and jeffrey williams .\na review of the western atlantic starksia ocellata - complex (pisces: clinidae) with the description of two new species and proposal of superspecies status .\nstarksia atlantica, greenfield and johnson (1981), fieldiana zoology 8: fig. 3a–b (black and white drawings of male and female specimens from belize )\nthe species name is in honor of david w. greenfield, in recognition of his work on blennioid fishes, particularly his work on the starksia ocellata complex .\nfor starksia, future investigation must include more taxonomic and geographic coverage. increased sampling will assuredly result in the recognition of new species and likely of new species complexes. the faunal breaks that separate members of the species complexes are unknown. in starksia atlantica and starksia lepicoelia, our specimens from bahamas and turks and caicos represent the same species, and in starksia sluiteri, specimens from belize, honduras, and panama appear to be the same. specimens in close proximity geographically thus tend to cluster into recognizable species. as better coverage is attained, it will be interesting to see if the same geographical boundaries characterize more than one of the species complexes or if the boundaries are different for each. likewise it will be interesting to compare geographic boundaries of starksia species with faunal breaks in other reef fishes such as elacatinus. future phylogenetic studies in which relationships among species and species complexes of starksia and other groups are hypothesized should help shed light on patterns of speciation in small reef fishes of the western atlantic .\nwe examined color photographs and numerous preserved specimens from st. croix, u. s. virgin islands, but we do not have genetic data for that material. fresh specimens lack the diagnostic white spots on the lips of starksia weigti. preserved specimens most closely resemble starksia lepicoelia in pattern of pigment on the lips and lower jaw, with females typically having at least some alternating pale and dark areas (nearly identical to that of starksia lepicoelia in some specimens, not distinctive at all in others). although most males have fairly uniform pigment on the lips and lower jaw, at least some males have the distinctive dark bars, spots, or streaks characteristic of male starksia lepicoelia. if the st. croix specimens represent one of the known starksia lepicoelia species, it seems likely based on geography and pigmentation that they are starksia lepicoelia. however, we note that starksia lepicoelia typically has 28 total dorsal elements and 17 anal - fin soft rays, whereas the st. croix specimens (15 counted) typically have 27 and 16, respectively (but 28 dorsal elements and 17 anal rays are not uncommon counts). additional investigation, including genetic analysis, is needed .\na comparisons of head pigment of preserved males and females among species of the starksia lepicoelia complex. starksia lepicoelia: a usnm 399921, bah 9103, 26. 0 mm sl, male b usnm 399617, bah 8079, 19. 0 mm sl, female; starksia weigti: c usnm 399648, blz 5010, holotype, 20. 5 mm sl, male d usnm 399651, blz 8024, paratype, 19. 0 mm sl, female; starksia williamsi: e usnm 387675, holotype, 21. 0 mm sl, male f usnm 387869, paratype, 19. 5 mm sl, female; starksia robertsoni: g usnm 399913, paratype, 18. 0 mm sl, male h amnh 249667, holotype, 22. 0 mm sl, female. photographs by carole baldwin, cristina castillo, and donald griswold .\nseven new species within western atlantic starksia atlantica, s. lepicoelia, and s. sluiteri (teleostei, labrisomidae), with comments on congruence of dna barcodes and species\nseven new species within western atlantic starksia atlantica, s. lepicoelia, and s. sluiteri (teleostei, labrisomidae), with comments on congruence of dna barcodes and species\na color pattern of starksia springeri, usnm 399658, cur 8148, paratype, 15. 0 mm sl, male (?) b diagnostic pigment pattern on cheek and pectoral - fin base in preserved starksia springeri, usnm 398945, holotype, 19. 0 mm sl, female. photographs by carole baldwin, cristina castillo, and donald griswold .\ncomparisons among species of the starksia atlantica complex. left to right for each row - - starksia atlantica: amnh 241247; usnm 399621, bah 8176, 15. 0 mm sl; usnm 386971, 19. 0 mm sl; usnm 386242, 17. 0 mm sl. starksia sangreyae: (note: top and bottom images in first two columns represent starksia sangreyae a and starksia sangreyae b genetic sublineages, respectively .) males – usnm 398936 (top), paratype, blz 8028, 17. 0 mm sl and usnm 398937 (bottom), paratype, blz 8029, 17 mm sl; females – usnm 398934 (top), paratype, blz 5161, 17. 0 mm sl and usnm 398940 (bottom), paratype, blz 8353, 16. 0 mm sl; preserved – usnm 276147, paratype, 15. 5 mm sl; usnm 321073, paratype, 18. 0 mm sl. starksia springeri: usnm 399658, paratype, cur 8148, 15. 0 mm sl; usnm 398945, holotype, cur 08 - 10, 19. 0 mm sl; starksia sp. (saba): saba - 06 - 01, 15. 0 mm sl (no voucher). photographs by carole baldwin, cristina castillo, donald griswold, julie mounts, ross robertson, james van tassell, and jeffrey williams .\nböhlke and springer (1961) noted that counts of dorsal - and anal - fin elements in specimens of starksia sluiteri they examined from off colombia and venezuela (xix dorsal spines and 15–16 anal rays) differ from those given by metzelaar (xx and 17). based on pigment, their colombian and venezuelan specimens appear to be starksia sluiteri. our specimens from curacao, as well as böhlke and springer’s two venezuelan specimens (usnm 195750), have xix dorsal spines and 15–16 anal rays. there is thus a discrepancy between counts in our material and those reported by metzelaar for the holotype. we examined a photograph of the holotype, and there appear to be xx dorsal - fin spines as noted by mezelaar; xx is likely a non - modal count for starksia sluiteri. we note that there is more variation in dorsal - and anal - fin counts in some starksia species than suggested by metzelaar’s description; for example, starksia greenfieldi has xviii–xx dorsal spines, 7–9 dorsal rays, and 14–16 anal rays .\ngilbert (1965) and greenfield (1979) noted that some species of starksia can only be distinguished on the basis of color patterns—i. e. , they exhibit no other morphological differences except sometimes modal differences in counts. greenfield (1979) surmised that color patterns on the lips and sides of the head may be important in species recognition in blennioid fishes, which often live in cryptic habitats, in some cases (e. g. , some chaenopsids) with only the heads typically visible. our morphological investigation of the multiple genetic lineages within starksia atlantica, starksia lepicoelia, and starksia sluiteri resulted in similar findings—i. e. , most of the member species within the three complexes are distinguished from one another solely on the basis of pigment patterns, sometimes only differences in pigment on the lips and cheeks. all differences in counts are modal .\nmetzelaar (1919) described brannerella sluiteri from two specimens from bonaire, netherland antilles. longley (1934) synonymized brannerella with starksia jordan and evermann (type species labrisomus cremnobates gilbert, from the eastern pacific). böhlke and springer (1961) concurred with longley’s synonymy, noting that brannerella is distinctive in a single character, and generic recognition of one - character differences would require the erection of several new genera within caribbean starksia .\nmale and female color patterns of starksia williamsi: a usnm 387869, 19. 5 mm sl, male, paratype b usnm 387767, 20. 2 mm sl, female, paratype. photographs by jeffrey williams .\na species of starksia distinguished by the following combination of characters: no orbital cirrus, regular vertical brown bars on trunk separated by narrow white interspaces, and a well defined horseshoe - shaped blotch of dark pigment on cheek .\nall material that we examined is from belize. the range of the species also apparently includes honduras, as greenfield and johnson (1981) noted that a specimen of starksia atlantica from honduras has regular vertical bars of pigment on the body .\ncomparisons among species of the starksia lepicoelia complex. left to right: starksia lepicoelia (bah): usnm 399928, bah 10050, 25. 0 mm sl; usnm 399617, bah 8079, 19. 0 mm sl; usnm 399921, bah 9103, 26. 0 mm sl; usnm 386972, 14. 0 mm sl; starksia lepicoelia (tci): usnm 399638, tci 9291, 23. 5 mm sl; usnm 399641, tci 9294, 25. 5 mm sl; usnm 399642, 23. 0 mm sl; usnm 399641, tci 9294, 25. 5 mm sl; starksia weigti: blz 6120, 24. 0 mm sl (no voucher); usnm 399650, blz 5193, 24. 0 mm sl; usnm 399648, blz 5010, holotype, 20. 5 mm sl; usnm 274922, paratype, 20. 0 m sl; starksia williamsi: usnm 387767, 19. 8 mm sl; usnm 387767, 20. 2 mm sl; usnm 387675, holotype, 21. 0 mm sl; usnm 387869, paratype, 19. 5 mm sl; starksia robertsoni: amnh 249642, paratype, 21. 5 mm sl; usnm 399909, pan 1419, paratype, 21. 0 mm sl; amnh 249667, holotype, 22. 0 mm sl. photographs by carole baldwin, cristina castillo, donald griswold, ross robertson, james van tassell, and jeffrey williams .\nstarksia fishes inhabit shallow to moderately deep (to ca. 30 m) rock and coral reefs in the western central atlantic and eastern pacific oceans. they are small (atlantic species are generally < 40 mm sl) and cryptic, but they often exhibit bright orange or red coloration in life. twenty - one species are currently recognized in the western atlantic (williams and mounts 2003), six of which are considered members of the starksia ocellata species complex (greenfield 1979) .\nmuseum specimens examined from the lesser antilles (dominica) and puerto rico appear to be starksia sluiteri based on trunk pigment (round vs. elongate blotches in the second row of markings) and no conspicuous round pale spots on the cheek. the pigment is somewhat faded in those specimens, however, and more material, including tissue samples for genetic analysis, is needed. two female specimens from navassa (usnm 361059) are not starksia sluiteri, as the markings in the second row of trunk blotches are elongate, not round. however, those markings are rectangular in the navassa specimens, and the markings in the upper row are square—much more so than in our material of starksia langi from the western caribbean. the larger of the two females has some dark spots on the head as in starksia langi. more material is needed. other museum material examined (e. g. , the uf specimens from antigua and mexico) are too faded to identify to species .\nnamed in honor of victor g. springer, senior scientist emeritus, smithsonian national museum of natural history, for his contributions to the systematics of blennioid fishes, including starksia, and for advice and friendship he has bestowed upon the first author .\naverage (and range) kimura two - parameter distance summary for the starksia sluiteri species complex based on cytochrome c oxidase l (col) sequences of individuals represented in the neighbor - joining tree in figure 1. intraspecific averages are shown in bold .\ncomparison of starksia lepicoelia specimens from bahamas from genetically distinct lineages (see fig. 1): a usnm 399615, bah 8077, 25. 0 mm sl, female b usnm 399617, bah 8079, 19. 0 mm sl, female. photographs by carole baldwin .\nnamed in honor of jeffrey t. williams, smithsonian’s national museum of natural history, in recognition of his work on blennioid fishes, including starksia. jeff’s field - collecting efforts at saba bank, tobago, and turks and caicos resulted in numerous specimens utilized in this study .\ncomparative material. starksia sluiteri. curacao (all dna vouchers): usnm 399623, cur 8162; usnm 399624, cur 8226; usnm 399625, cur 8227; usnm 399626, cur 8271. los roques, venezuela (not dna vouchers): usnm 195750, 2 specimens. dominica (not dna vouchers): usnm 198263, 15. puerto rico (not a dna voucher): usnm 219143, 1. antigua (not a dna voucher): uf 11344, 1. mexico (not dna vouchers): uf 209342, 2. starksia fasciata, turks & caicos islands (all dna vouchers): usnm 399681, tci9204; usnm 399683, tci 9349; usnm 399684, tci 9350; usnm 399685, tci 9714. starksia sp. navassa island (not dna vouchers): usnm 361059, 2 .\ndiagnostic features in preserved a starksia atlantica, usnm 386242, 17. 0 mm sl, male—note irregular horseshoe - shaped blotch of pigment on cheek and wavy margins of pale gap on pectoral - fin base; and b starksia springeri, usnm 398945, holotype, 19. 0 mm sl, female—note pale regions at anteroventral and posterior margins of dark cheek blotch, thin dark anteroventral - to - posterodorsal streak of pigment along distal edge of preopercle, and relatively straight margins of pale gap on pectoral - fin base. photographs by cristina castillo and donald griswold .\ncolor and preserved pigment patterns in starksia robertsoni: a amnh 249667, 22. 0 mm sl, female, holotype (photograph by james van tassell and ross robertson) b usnm 399911, pan 1418, 20. 0 mm sl, male, paratype (photograph by carole baldwin) .\naverage (and range) kimura two - parameter distance summary for the starksia lepicoelia species complex based on cytochrome c oxidase l (col) sequences of individuals represented in the neighbor - joining tree in figure 1. intraspecific averages are shown in bold; n / a = no average (one specimen) .\nmale and female color patterns of starksia langi: a usnm 398931, paratype, blz 8266, 18. 0 mm sl, male b usnm 398929, paratype, blz 8131, 16. 0 mm sl, female c–e diagnostic features of preserved starksia langi – (c and d) usnm 398931, paratype, blz 8266, male, 18. 0 mm sl, note dark marking on cheek and absence of dark blotch in anterior portion of spinous dorsal fin e usnm 398928, paratype, blz 8062, female, 17. 0 mm sl, note small dark spots on head. photographs by carole baldwin, cristina castillo, and donald griswold .\nmale and female color patterns of starksia greenfieldi: a usnm 398920, tob 9212, 15. 0 mm sl, male b usnm 398922, tob 9282, 19. 0 mm sl, female c–e diagnostic features of preserved starksia greenfieldi - c usnm usnm 398919, paratype, male, 22. 0 m sl, note pale spots on head d usnm 320832, holotype, male, 19. 0 mm sl, note pale spots on head and dark blotch in anterior portion of spinous dorsal fin e usnm 320829, female, 22. 0 mm sl, note pale spots on head. photographs by carole baldwin, cristina castillo, and donald griswold .\nstarksia langi. a male from honduras, usnm 399917, hon 050, paratype, 16. 3 mm sl (right side, reversed) b femalefrom panama (atlantic), usnm 399918, pan 018, 14. 5 mm sl c male from isla providencia, colombia, mzusp 107860, 16 mm sl. photographs by carole baldwin .\naverage (and range) kimura two - parameter distance summary for the starksia atlantica species complex based on cytochrome c oxidase l (col) sequences of individuals represented in the neighbor - joining tree in figure 1. intraspecific averages are shown in bold. n / a = no average (one specimen). bar – barbados, sab – saba bank, pan – panama .\na species of starksia distinguished by the following combination of characters: orbital cirrus present; belly scaled; trunk pale to tan (dark orange / tan to bright orange in life), without distinct bars or other markings; lips without conspicuous white spotting, distinct banding, or dark bars—usually with lightly scattered melanophores in preserved specimens; total dorsal elements 27; total vertebrae usually 32; dorsal spines + anal soft rays + vertebrae modally 75 .\nmale and female color patterns of starksia sangreyae: a usnm 398932, holotype, blz 5111, 16. 0 mm sl, male b usnm 398933, blz 5033, 16. 5 mm sl, female. c–d diagnostic patterns of cheek pigment of preserved female and male – c usnm 276147, 15. 0 mm sl, male d usnm 321073, 18. 0 mm sl, female. photographs by carole baldwin, cristina castillo, donald griswold, and julie mounts .\nmale and female color patterns of starksia weigti: a usnm 399648, holotype, blz 5010, 25. 0 mm sl, male b blz 6121 (no voucher), 18. 0 mm sl, female c–d close - up views of diagnostic spotting on lips in life – c blz 6120, 24. 0 mm sl (no voucher), male d usnm 399650, blz 5193, 24. 0 mm sl, female. photographs by carole baldwin and julie mounts .\na species of starksia distinguished by the following combination of characters: no orbital cirrus; trunk with irregular dark blotches on pale background; pectoral - fin base with relatively straight margins defining pale gap that separates two dark blotches; cheek with distinctive dark and pale markings: anterior portion of cheek with prominent dark blotch, anteroventral and posterior margins of blotch well defined by pale regions; posterior pale area on cheek bordered posteriorly by thin, dark, anteroventral - to - posterodorsal streak of pigment along distal edge of preopercle .\na species of starksia distinguished by the following combination of characters: orbital cirrus present; belly scaled; trunk pale (pale red in life), without distinct bars or other markings; lips peppered with white spots in life; lacrimal region with single row of small white spots in life; jaws usually with lightly scattered melanophores in preserved specimens, without distinct banding or dark bars; entire gular region usually covered with scattered melanophores; total dorsal elements usually 27; total vertebrae usually 32; dorsal spines + anal soft rays + vertebrae modally 75 .\nspecimens used in this study were collected from barbados, belize, bahamas, curacao (netherland antilles), florida, honduras, panama (atlantic), saba bank (netherland antilles), st. thomas (u. s. virgin islands), tobago (trinidad and tobago), and turks and caicos. that material and additional museum specimens examined are listed in the appropriate species and comparisons sections. starksia specimens included in the genetic analysis but not in the species accounts are tabulated in appendix 1. institutional abbreviations for collections follow sabaj pérez (2010) .\na species of starksia distinguished by the following combination of characters: orbital cirrus present; belly scaled; trunk pale to dark tan (dark orange / tan to bright orange in life), without distinct bars or other markings; lips without conspicuous white spotting in life; ventral surface of lower jaw of males with one to three dark blotches or bars in preserved specimens, lips without distinct banding or dark bars; dorsal - fin elements usually xx, 7 – 27 total; vertebrae usually 10 + 22 = 32; dorsal spines + anal soft rays + vertebrae modally 75 .\na species of starksia distinguished by the following combination of characters: orbital cirrus present; two rows of prominent, very dark blotches on side of body, at least some of those in lower row vertically elongate to oval, rarely round; males with dark, fat, crescent - shaped marking on cheek and without dark blotch on anterior portion of spinous dorsal fin; females with scattered dark spots on lower half of head and on pectoral - fin base; first anal - fin spine in males two - thirds to three - quarters length of male genital papilla; belly naked .\ncomparative material. starksia atlantica. bahamas: usnm 386971, 1 specimen (not a dna voucher); usnm 386580, 1 (not a dna voucher); usnm 386242, 6 (not dna vouchers); usnm 399619, 3 (not dna vouchers); usnm 399620, bah 8175; usnm 399621, bah 8176; usnm 399622, bah 8177. turks and caicos islands: usnm 399643, tci 9044; usnm 399644, tci 9106; usnm 399645, tci 9107; usnm 399647, tci 9205. navassa island: usnm 360422, 3; usnm 360194, 2; usnm 359543, 2; usnm 360210, 3 .\na species of starksia distinguished by the following combination of characters: orbital cirrus present; two to three rows of dark blotches on side of body, blotches in middle row (or ventral row if only two rows) mostly circular, never vertically elongate or oval; white (or pale), mostly round spots (absence of melanophores against a darker background) on at least portions of cheek, opercle, and gular region, this spotting pattern more prominent in males; males with dark blotch of pigment on anterior portion of spinous dorsal fin; first anal - fin spine one - half to three - quarters length of male genital papilla; belly naked .\nspecimens examined ranging from 12. 0 to 19. 0mm sl; hl 25–32% sl (32% in holotype); genital - papilla length in 15. 0 - mm sl paratype 0. 3 mm, one - fourth length of first anal spine (broken); papilla adhered to spine proximally. note: the presence of a small but measurable genital papilla on 15. 0 - mm sl paratype suggests that it is a male: although female starksia sometimes have a small genital papilla, the 19 mm female holotype does not. as noted below, the 15 mm paratype has a pupil - size dark spot at posterior base of anal fin, which usually characterizes females. we tentatively recognize this paratype as a male .\nthose examples notwithstanding, the general congruence between col lineages and morphologically recognizable species in western atlantic starksia is remarkable, and we have found the same to be true in our genetic and morphological investigations of other shorefish genera (e. g. , baldwin et al. 2009a, baldwin et al. 2009b, tornabene et al. 2010). a paper summarizing smithsonian investigations of western central atlantic shorefish diversity and the utility of dna barcoding in this work is in preparation. cases in which incongruences exist between genetic and morphological data ultimately will be further investigated; because dna barcoding involves sequencing a relatively short segment of a single mitochondrial gene, adding additional genetic data may help resolve some conflicts. on the morphological side, adding information from early life history stages may be of value: the pelagic larval stages of many marine fishes offer a suite of characters for study not present in adults .\ncomparative material. starksia lepicoelia. bahamas (dna vouchers): usnm 399615, bah 8077; usnm 399616, bah 8078; usnm 399617, bah 8079. bahamas (not dna vouchers): usnm 399923, 1 specimen; usnm 399924, 1; usnm 399925, 1; usnm 399926, 1; usnm 399927, 9; usnm 399928, 1; usnm 399929, 1; usnm 399930, 1; usnm 399931, 1; usnm 399932, 1; usnm 399933, 1; usnm 399934, 1; usnm 399921, 1; usnm 399922, 1; usnm 386919, 3 specimens; usnm 386972, 15; usnm 386383, 1; usnm 386402, 8; usnm 386651, 2; usnm 386581, 3; usnm 386500, 4; usnm 387026, 3; usnm 386244, 13; usnm 387069, 6; usnm 399618, 1; usnm 399614, 2; turks and caicos islands (dna vouchers): usnm 399638, tci 9291; usnm 399639, tci 9292; usnm 399640, tci 9293; usnm 399641, tci 9294; usnm 399636, tci 9112; turks and caicos islands (not dna vouchers): usnm 399637, 7; usnm 399642, 1. navassa island (not dna vouchers): usnm 359448, 5; usnm 359699, 19. u. s. virgin islands, st. croix (not dna vouchers): uf 149809, 11; uf 149815, 33; uf 149814, 10 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ngland, switzerland, 5 july 2018 (iucn) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change, with 7% of th ...\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years, but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives... .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices, as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse ...\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 4. 6 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 13442 )\ndorsal spines (total): 20 - 22; dorsal soft rays (total): 8 - 9; anal spines: 17 - 18. first anal spine modified to an intromittent organ in the male; pale with irregular dark brown spots which are larger dorsally than ventrally, none on lower head or abdomen (ref. 13442) .\nrandall, j. e. , 1996. caribbean reef fishes. third edition - revised and enlarged. t. f. h. publications, inc. ltd. , hong kong. 3nd ed. 368 p. (ref. 13442 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01000 (0. 00244 - 0. 04107), b = 3. 04 (2. 81 - 3. 27), in cm total length, based on all lwr estimates for this body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 6 ±0. 4 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months () .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (10 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\noccurs at tobago cays in the grenadines; specimens have been found just south of st vincent island, at bequia island, off tobago island (j. van tassell pers. comm. 2008), and at curacao (greenfield 1979) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe orange spotted blenny has an elongated red and white body with orange to reddish spots / bands along the side of its body. blenny is a common name for small, spiny - rayed fishes with elongated bodies that are found all over the world. more\nred spotted blenny 14 day guarantee live shipping information red spotted blenny = the red spotted blenny (istiblennius chrysospilos) originates in the indo pacific, off of the east coast of africa and areas nearby. more\nthe orange spotted blenny is also known as the redspotted blenny or red - spotted rockskipper. it has a red and white body with orange to reddish spots along the side of its body. more\ngeneral information – the red spotted blenny has an astonishing red and white body with orange to reddish dots along the side of its body. more\nthe orange spotted blenny is also known as the redspotted blenny or red - spotted... more $ 34. more\nbody elongate, compressed; bluntly pointed head; eye, nostril and nape cirri unbranched; dorsal fin xxi (xx - xxii), 8 (8 - 9), a notch between spines and rays; 1st anal spine of male long, free from rest of fin, modified as sexual organ; no ridge or fold along anal fin base; pectorals usually 14; pelvic fins i (internal), 2, inserted before pectoral base; all fin rays unbranched; lateral line continuous, front section arched, rear section straight, 17 - 18 (15 - 18) + 21 (20 - 22) scales; belly naked; smooth scales on rear of body .\npale; body with irregular dark brown spots that are larger above than below; lower head and belly without small dark spots; a broad pale stripe behind eye extends as a y onto operculum, sometimes wit h dark spots on that area; lips without black bars; no dark bar on pectoral base; dorsal, anal and tail fins strongly marked with rows of brown to reddish spots .\neschmeyer, w. n. ; fricke, r. ; van der laan, r. (eds). (2017). catalog of fishes: genera, species, references. electronic version. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of brannerella gilbert, 1900) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\ncarole c. baldwin, 1 cristina i. castillo, 1 lee a. weigt, 1 and victor benjamin c. 2\n1 national museum of natural history, smithsonian institution, washington, d. c. 20560\ncorresponding author: carole c. baldwin (ude. is @ cniwdlab) .\ncopyright carole c. baldwin, cristina i. castillo, lee a. weigt, benjamin c. victor\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\n). the neighbor - joining tree is not intended to reflect phylogenetic relationships. the labels for each entry on the tree is our dna number, and we include that number in the material examined sections and figure captions. abbreviations used in dna numbers reflect geographical location: bah – bahamas, bar – barbados, blz – belize, brz – brazil, cur – curacao, fla – florida, hon – honduras, pan – panama, sab – saba bank (netherland antilles), stvi – st. thomas virgin islands, tci – turks and caicos, tob – tobago. coi sequences are deposited in genbank (accession numbers\nfrom florida, cluster on the tree but represent genetically distinct lineages. those results support greenfield’s (1979) recognition of a\ncomprise multiple, geographically distinct, genetic lineages, suggesting that they also represent species complexes comprising multiple allopatric species. we do not deal further with the\ncomplex section). each of those speciesis represented in our material from only one geographical location, and material from additional geographic locations is needed to determine if they represent species complexes. we note that our material of\nfrom a single specimen from andros island, bahamas. the neighbor - joining tree derived from coi sequences (\ncomplex. the lineages from barbados (bar) and panama (pan) are known only from larvae or juveniles and are not discussed further. the panama lineage is highly divergent in col, and it likely represents a cryptic species within\nspecies not identified in our material. the other three lineages—curacao (cur), saba bank (sab), and bahamas / turks and caicos / belize (bah / tci / blz) comprise specimens originally identified as\n[ p. 147 ], but they erroneously stated “orbital cirri present” intheir treatment of the species [ p. 160 ] .) within the bah / tci / blz lineage, there are three sublineages, two from belize and one from bahamas / turks & caicos islands (or four if the latter is viewed as two). we have identified the specimens from bahamas and turks and caicos as\n). we found no consistent differences between specimens from the bahamas and turks and caicos .\ncomplex by the presence of regular, vertical, brown bars on the trunk separated by narrow white interspaces and a well - defined horseshoe - shaped blotch on the cheek. although those two sublineages are genetically similar to\n, we recognize the two lineages from belize as a distinct species based on their strikingly different pigment pattern and geographic separation. we found no consistent morphological variation between the two belize sublineages and treat them as a single new species. two specimens of this new species were illustrated as\n) are from curacao (cur) and saba bank (sab). the curacao specimens have a distinctive pattern of pigment on the cheek and pectoral - fin base, and we recognize them as a distinct species. the single sequence from saba bank likely represents a new species (\nurn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: f61a042f - f042 - 48ea - b4e1 - c7ad79866916\nusnm 398932, blz 5111, male, 16. 0 mm sl, sta. cb05 - 9, south side of island, carrie bow cay, belize, 1–2 m, 25 april 2005, c. baldwin, d. smith, l. weigt, j. mounts (small fillet removed from right side for dna tissue sampling) .\nnote – posterior portion of body destroyed for dna tissue sampling of all paratypes except usnm 276147 and 321073, which are not dna vouchers. usnm 398939, blz 8031, female, 18. 0 mm sl, sta. cb08 - 2, sand bottom and coral heads, curlew cay, 16°47' 24. 1\nn, 88°04' 41. 0\nw, 5–8 m, 15 may 2008. usnm 398933, blz 5033, female, 16. 5 mm sl, sta. cb05 - 3, spur and grove, carrie bow cay, 9–22 m, 22 april 2005. usnm 398936, blz 8028, male, 17 mm sl, sta. cb08 - 2 (see cb08 - 2 above). usnm 398934, blz 5161, female, 17. 0 mm sl, sta. cb05 - 12, curlew cay, 15–21 m, 27 april 2005. usnm 398935, blz 5206, female, 12. 0 mm sl, sta. cb05 - 13, belize (no other collection data available), 29 april 2005. usnm 398937, blz 8029, male, 17. 0 mm sl, sta. cb08 - 2 (see cb08 - 2 above). usnm 398938, blz 8030, female, 19. 0 mm sl, sta. cb08 - 2 (see cb08 - 2 above). usnm 398940, blz 8353, female, 16. 0 mm sl, sta. cb08 - 32, tobacco cay, 16°53' 23. 8\nn, 88°03' 53. 8\nw, 0–5 m, 25 may 2008. usnm 276147, male, 15. 0 mm sl, sta. gdj 84 - 14, off northwest end of carrie bow cay, 2–3 m, 7 nov 1984. usnm 321073, female, 18. 0 mm sl, sta. gdj 90 - 2, reef flat and crest, coral rubble and sand substrate, carrie bow cay, 3–6 ft. , 18 sep 1990 .\nbelize: usnm 398943, 4 specimens; usnm 398944, 2; usnm 398945, 4; usnm 321066, 1; usnm 276068, 1; usnm 398941, 1; usnm 398942, 1 .\n. dorsal spines xix–xx, usually xix (xix in holotype); segmented dorsal rays 7–8 (8); total dorsal elements 26–27, usually 27 (27); anal spines ii; segmented anal rays 14–16, usually 15 (15); dorsal segmented caudal - fin rays 7; ventral segmented caudal - fin rays 6; dorsal procurrent caudal - fin rays 5–6, usually 6 (6); ventral procurrent caudal - fin rays 4–6, usually 5 (5); segmented pelvic - fin rays 2; pectoral - fin rays 14–15, rarely 15 (14); vertebrae 10 + 21–22 = 31–32, rarely 31 (10 + 22 = 32); 1–4 pairs of infraorbital pores, usually 4 pairs between 3 and 6 o’clock (4 pairs); orbital cirri absent; nape cirri present; anterior nostril cirri present; belly and pectoral - fin base naked or with only a few rows of scales anterior to the anus .\nspecimens examined ranging from 12. 0 to 19. 0 mm sl; hl 29–34% sl (31% in holotype); male genital papilla adhered to first anal spine proximally; papilla length between two - thirds and three - quarters length of first anal spine, 0. 6–1. 0 mm; some females with very small genital papilla .\nvertical brown bars present on trunk separated by narrow white interspaces; anteriormost 6 bars relatively uniform in all specimens; posterior bars often irregular or incompletely formed. a thick horseshoe - shaped blotch of pigment present on cheek. bright orange pigment present on distal portions of pectoral - fin rays, and pale orange pigment usually present on distal portions of posterior anal -, caudal -, and soft dorsal - fin rays. color pattern sexually dimorphic: males with pale red heads (vs. females without red coloration); relatively poorly defined horseshoe - shaped blotch of pigment on cheek that fades posteriorly (well - defined horseshoe - shaped blotch on cheek that is sometimes mirrored on operculum and pectoral fin base); body bars tan and usually with some gold or green color in life (darker and without green / gold color but some posterior bars often with some orange pigment); body bars usually terminating ventrally dorsal to ventral midline (body bars usually extending to ventral midline); blotches of tan / gold pigment on base of dorsal fin associated with body bars, and no tan / gold color present on anal fin (bright orange markings on base of dorsal fin associated with body bars and several bright orange spots on base of anal fin); and large dark spot, roughly diameter of pupil or larger, on trunk at posterior end of dorsal fin (two large dark spots on trunk, one at posterior end of dorsal fin similar in size to that of males, and smaller spot at posterior end of anal fin) .\nvertical bars on trunk, horseshoe - shaped blotch of pigment on cheek, and spot at posterior end of dorsal fin (and anal fin in females) retained in preservative; margins of at least some body bars in females with small dark spots; prominent patches of melanophores on jaws and gular region, and scattered pigment (heavier in females) on rest of head; dorsal fin ranging from overall dusky to having concentrations of pigment on base of fin associated with body bars; caudal fin with light pigment on outer rays, and pectoral fin with scattered melanophores over entire fin; pelvic fin clear .\nthe species name is in honor of mary sangrey for her many years of work coordinating the intern program at the smithsonian’s national museum of natural history. mary brought the intern application of the second author to the first author’s attention and took the first steps toward procuring funding for castillo’s internship." ]

{ "text": [ "starksia guttata , the spotted blenny , is a species of labrisomid blenny native to the caribbean sea and the atlantic ocean from the grenadines to curaçao and trinidad .", "this species is a reef inhabitant .", "it can reach a length of 4.6 cm ( 1.8 in ) sl . " ], "topic": [ 27, 18, 0 ] }

[ "starksia guttata, the spotted blenny, is a species of labrisomid blenny native to the caribbean sea and the atlantic ocean from the grenadines to curaçao and trinidad. this species is a reef inhabitant. it can reach a length of 4.6 cm (1.8 in) sl." ]

[ "chatham albatross chick on flowerpot nest. photo david boyle / chatham island taiko trust\nfully fledged chatham island albatross chick on its flowerpot nest. photo chatham island taiko trust\na young chatham island albatross snuggles up to a decoy of an adult. photo chatham island taiko trust\nthe chatham albatross colony on the pyramid is a busy place during the breeding season. photo chatham island taiko trust\ntransferring & feeding albatross chicks... - chatham island taiko trust | facebook\nchatham island albatross chicks with decoy adults, scattered across the new colony being created on the southwest coast of the main chatham island. photo david boyle / chatham island taiko trust\na young albatross close to fledging practises flapping its wings. photo chatham island taiko trust\nhundreds of chatham island albatrosses fly around the pyramid, where they breed. photo chatham island taiko trust\nthe generation length of the chatham albatross is 25 years (garnett & crowley 2000) .\nthe chatham albatross nest in just one place: the pyramid (above), a storm - swept rock in new zealand' s chatham islands .\nyou can follow the fortunes of the chatham island albatross translocation project on the trust’s facebook page .\nalbatrosses on the move - the boxes in the foreground contain 50 albatross chicks collected from the pyramid, which is the chatham albatross'' s only breeding ground. photo chatham island taiko trust\nfifty young chatham island albatross chicks sit on their flowerpot nests surrounded by decoy adult birds to give the impression of a busy albatross colony .\nthe chatham albatross is classified as vulnerable (vu) on the iucn red list (1) .\nthe new chatham island albatross colony is located above the big sea cliffs on the tuanui' s farm in the southwest of the main chatham island. photo alison ballance\nalong with the wandering albatross, royal albatross are the largest seabirds in the world .\nspecies assessments: chatham albatross thalassarche eremita (agreement on the conservation of albatrosses and petrels, 2010a) .\nchatham island mollymawk. adult in flight. the pyramid, chatham islands, december 2009. image © mark fraser by mark fraser\nof the 21 albatross species, 19 are threatened or endangered. the chatham albatross is critically endangered, with only about 11, 000 of the birds remaining .\nonly 3 albatross species are found exclusively in the north pacific (hawaii, japan, california and alaska): the short - tailed albatross, black - footed albatross and laysan albatross .\nintroduction: the chatham island albatross was formerly a subspecies of the shy albatross (t. cauta). it is endemic to the chatham islands, new zealand, and has a very restricted breeding range on the pyramid, a small island in the chatham group. it is listed as vulnerable .\npicture of the chatham albatross has been licensed under a creative commons attribution. original source: craig nash author: craig nash\nthe chatham albatross is classified as critically endangered (cr), facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild .\na chatham albatross in flight is a magnificent sight. with more than twice the wingspan of our common black - backed gulls, the chatham albatross glides at more than 80kph, yet seemingly exerts only infinitesimal effort to achieve these enormous speeds. more\nthe young chatham island albatross chicks have been translocated to the southwest coast of the main chatham island, on liz and bruce tuanui’s farm, to establish a new breeding colony of the rare seabird .\nrange: the chatham island albatross is endemic to the chatham islands, new zealand. this species breeds on the pyramid, a small island of the chatham island group. outside the breeding season, it ranges in the south pacific, from tasmania to chile and peru .\nthe chatham island albatross translocation project is partnered with the yamashina institute of ornithology in japan as well as with chatham island landowners. additional support for the translocation project has been received from the royal forest and bird society, birdlife international, chatham island conservation board, enterprise trust and owners of the pyramid, as well as from the local chatham island community .\nagreement on the conservation of albatrosses and petrels (2010a). species assessments: chatham albatross thalassarche eremita. available from: urltoken .\nit is a big challenge to land on the wave - lashed pyramid to collect albatross chicks for the translocation. photo chatham island taiko trust\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - chatham albatross (thalassarche eremita )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - chatham albatross (thalassarche eremita )\ntitle =\narkive species - chatham albatross (thalassarche eremita )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nfor a chatham island albatross chick its nest its castle - and if that nest is a flowerpot, well, the chick doesn' t mind .\na pioneering seabird project is using flowerpots as nests, to ensure that 50 young chatham island albatross chicks feel right at home in their new colony .\nthe chatham albatross also forages in coastal waters of the central south pacific and off south america (environment australia 2001f; marchant & higgins 1990) .\nreid, t. ; james, d. 1997. the chatham albatross diomedea (cauta) eremita in australia. notornis 44: 125 - 128 .\nryan, p. g. 2002. chatham albatross, thalassarche eremita: new to africa. bulletin of the african bird club 9: 43 - 44 .\none of the leading albatross experts, paul scofield (left, with filipe moniz, chasing a chatham albatross on the pyramid) has risked his life studying albatross breeding colonies around the world. his goal: learn more about the wide - ranging animals and help save the most imperiled from extinction .\nchatham islands royal albatross populations have a long history of traditional harvesting. by 1921 the birds were fully protected and hunting them was illegal. applications to harvest albatross have been made from 1993 to the present day. none have been granted .\nthe chatham albatross nests on rocky ledges and steep slopes (5). they forage in oceans over the continental slope, particularly in areas of upwelling (4). biology - due to the difficult access of the pyramid islet, and the frequently challenging sea and weather conditions surrounding it, the chatham albatross remains one of the least known of the world’s albatross species (2) (5). more\nthe chatham albatross nests on rocky ledges and steep slopes (5). they forage in oceans over the continental slope, particularly in areas of upwelling (4) .\nthe chatham albatross is found mainly in seas around chatham island, but also ranges to the east and south coast of new zealand and central south pacific. it is a rare vagrant to southeast australian waters (harrison 1983; marchant & higgins 1990; powlesland 1985) .\ndouble, m. c. , gales, r. , beck, n. , small, c. and taylor, f. (2006) chatham albatross. agreement on the conservation of albatross and petrels, christchurch, new zealand .\nbreeds solely on a small, precipitous rock in the chatham islands called ‘the pyramid’, to the east of new zealand (2). when not breeding, the chatham albatross migrates across the south pacific and can be found off the coast of peru and chile (4) .\nthe chatham island taiko trust is a non - profit community conservation trust, established in 1998 by chatham residents, to protect and recover the unique and precious island' s wildlife with the support and involvement of the chatham island community. the trust was originally created to conserve the critically endangered magenta petrel pterodroma magentae or taiko .\nmike bell and the chatham island taiko trust have also been on the show in a 2 - part series about the translocation of tui from rangatira / south east island to a bush reserve on the main chatham island .\nthe breeding population of the chatham albatross is estimated to be between 2000 and 4000 pairs, with the total population around 20 000 individuals (croxall & gales 1998; gales 1993) .\nthe chatham albatross was first described as diomedea cauta eremita by robert cushman murphy, in 1930, based on a specimen from pyramid rock, chatham islands. description - the chatham albatross weighs 3. 1–4. 7 kg (6. 8–10 lb) and it has a length of 90 cm (35 in). the adult has a dark grey crown, face, upper mantle, back, upperwing, tail, and throat. they have a white rump and underparts. more\nbreeding for the chatham albatross is restricted to pyramid rock, chatham islands, off the coast of new zealand (gales 1998). the principal foraging range for this species is in coastal waters off eastern and southern new zealand, and tasmania (environment australia 1999; marchant & higgins 1990) .\nthis area of chatham albatross nesting platforms is called\nthe cave .\nthe nests, which are composed entirely of guano and the bodies of dead chicks, may be hundreds of years old\nextreme storm in 1985 and, while chatham albatross were not as severely affected as northern royal albatross diomedea sanfordi on the forty - fours, the species is consequently classified as critically endangered. past trends are unknown but there is no current evidence of a population decline. more\n. there are 22 albatross species recognised by iucn. these are divided in 4\nage distribution of northern royal albatross at taiaroa head across different life history stages .\nthe chatham island albatross is listed as vulnerable. the global population is estimated at 11, 000 mature individuals, equating to about 16, 000 individuals in total (counts 2008 – 2011) .\nthe chatham albatross is a medium sized albatross, with a wing - span less than 2. 1 m. the bright yellow bill has a distinctive black spot near the tip of the lower mandible, allowing discrimination from the similar shy albatross. the chatam albatross has a sooty grey wash over the crown, cheeks and neck, and a dark back and wings. its blackish notch at the front of the wing, next to the body, is the darkest of the shy albatross complex (pizzey & knight 1999) .\nthis is the third year of the five - year plan. if the folks at chatham island taiko trust are successful, then in just a couple of years, the albatross chicks raised that first year will hit maturity and begin to return to their nesting grounds to start looking for a mate. and perhaps in another few years, the chatham albatross will finally have two nesting colonies in the world !\nthe chatham island mollymawk is currently listed as naturally uncommon by the new zealand department of conservation and vulnerable by the iucn .\nnicholls, d. g. ; robertson, c. j. r. 2007. assessing flight characteristics for the chatham albatross (thalassarche eremita) from satellite tracking. notornis 54: 168 - 179 .\ndecreases in the population size of the chatham albatross in australian waters are probable over the next three generations (75 years) (environment australia 1999; garnett & crowley 2000; marchant & higgins 1990) .\nmodels used to estimate annual survival of northern royal albatross at the taiaroa head colony .\nthere is a history of occasional harvesting of chatham island mollymawks by moriori and other settlers on the chatham islands. although they do not normally follow fishing vessels, small numbers have been reported as bycatch in domestic longline fisheries in new zealand. chatham island mollymawks are at greatest risk during the non - breeding season, from artisanal longline fisheries off the west coast of south america .\nlatham, p. c. m. ; marin, m. ; powlesland, r. g. 2004. chatham albatross (thalassarche eremita) off the chilean coast. notornis 51: 47 - 49 .\nbreeds only at a single locality, the pyramid, a privately - owned rock stack in the chatham islands, new zealand .\nthe chatham island mollymawk is a true pelagic species only returning to land to breed. the only breeding location is the isolated windswept 1. 7 hectare rock stack, the pyramid, located at the southern end of the chatham islands. one pair has attempted to breed on western chain, snares island. during the breeding season, chatham island mollymawks are commonly seen at sea around the pyramid and the southern chatham islands and occasionally at sea around the eastern new zealand coastline. they migrate to coastal waters off chile and peru outside their breeding season. there are records of vagrant chatham island mollymawks from eastern australia, tasmania and southern africa .\nfleming, c. a. (1939). birds of the chatham islands. emu. 38: 380 - 413 .\nthreats to the chatham albatross at pyramid rock include predation by introduced predators and degradation of the breeding habitat through human or other disturbance. the hunting of populations by humans is responsible for earlier population declines (environment australia 2001f). longline fisheries are also responsible for the deaths of foraging chatham albatross, both inside and outside the australian fishing zone (environment australia 2001f; gales 1993, 1998; new zealand ministry of fisheries 1997) .\nfrancis ricc, elliott g, walker k. progress with seabird modelling of gibson’s albatross .\nthe chatham albatross is listed on annex i of the agreement on the conservation of albatrosses and petrels (acap). acap is a multilateral agreement which seeks to conserve albatrosses and petrels by coordinating international activity to lessen known threats to these species (8). the chatham albatross’s breeding site, ‘the pyramid’, is privately owned and special permission for landing must be obtained from the owners (5). this, and the island’s difficult access, may offer the albatross some protection, but legal protection of the site is still urgently required (7). developing and implementing techniques to reduce fisheries by - catch, particularly by longliners (3), would benefit the chatham albatross and the many other albatrosses that die needlessly on the end of fishing hooks .\nrobertson, c. j. r. ; nicholls, n. 2004. chatham albatross. pp 28 - 29 in tracking ocean wanderers: the global distribution of albatrosses and petrels. birdlife international, cambridge, uk .\nthe chatham albatross probably eats fish and cephalopods (e. reid 2002, pers. comm). the chatham albatross has been recorded following fishing boats (e. reid 2002, pers. comm .). the species gathers to scavenge at commercial fishing grounds (marchant & higgins 1990). it takes food from the surface or just below, and has been observed diving to depths of 2 m or more for offal (nicholls 1979) .\nscience working group. (2007) information describing the associated and dependent species chatham albatross thalassarche eremite relating to the south pacific regional fisheries management organisation. third swg meeting, south pacific regional fisheries management organisation. available at: urltoken\nwhile seabird translocations are a common conservation technique, this is only the second time that albatrosses have been moved. the chatham island taiko trust pays tribute to the japanese team who made the first translocation with short - tailed albatrosses and shared their knowledge with the chatham island team .\nrobertson, c. j. r. , d. bell & d. g. nicholls (2000). the chatham albatross (thalassarche eremita): at home and abroad. notornis. 47 (3): 174 .\nthe antipodean albatross is a large albatross that varies in colour from black - and - white to chocolate brown depending on sex, age and race. they breed almost exclusively on the auckland and antipodes islands and forage over the continental shelf edge and deep water from south of west australia to the coast of chile, but are most common in the tasman sea and over the chatham rise east of new zealand. since 2003 a few pairs have started breeding on the chatham islands .\nchatham island mollymawks are generally surface feeders, but will shallow dive for food. they are known to feed on fish, squid and krill .\nrobertson, c. j. r. , bell, d. and nicholls, d. g. (2000) the chatham albatross (thalassarche eremite): at home and abroad. notornis, 47 (3): 174 - .\nduring the 1980' s two chatham albatrosses were regular visitors to albatross island in the bass strait between tasmania and mainland australia (tickell 2000). chatham albatross is listed as critically endangered by the iucp. this species is confined to an extremely small area when breeding and risks include habitat loss, destruction of local environment (eg. oil spill) and disease. the vegetation and soil on pyramid rock is subject to periodic damage from storms and this affects the stability of the nests. more\nthe wingspans of the wandering albatross can reach up to 3. 5 meters (11 ft) .\nhobart: agreement on the conservation of albatrosses and petrels; 2009. species assessment: northern royal albatross\nhowell, s. n. g. 2009. identification of immature salvin’s, chatham and buller’s albatrosses. neotropical birding 4: 19 - 25 .\nsubspecies and range: the buller’s albatross has two subspecies, sometimes considered as separate species, with some differences in behaviour. t. b. bulleri (here described) occurs on solander and snares islands. t. b. platei is found on three kings and chatham islands. this one shows darker head and wider bill. it is named pacific albatross .\nwaved albatross is an exception that breeds in the equatorial galapagos islands and feeds in the south american coast .\ncomparison of the models to estimate the annual survival rate of northern royal albatross at the taiaroa head colony .\ngales r. albatross populations: status and threats. in: robertson g, gales r, editors .\nthe chatham island mollymawk has a stable annual population of about 5300 occupied nests on the pyramid (based on surveys counting nest sites 1999 - 2010) .\nthe chatham island albatross breeds every year on the pyramid, on rocky ledges and steep slopes. they can be seen at sea in the surrounding of the small island and also of the southern chatham islands. they can occasionally reach the coastline of e new zealand. after breeding, this species migrates and reaches the coastal waters off chile and peru. some vagrants may occur from e australia, tasmania and southern africa .\njohnstone, g. w. , d. milledge & d. f dorward (1975). the white - capped albatross of albatross island: numbers and breeding behaviour. emu. 75: 1 - 11 .\nthe chatham island mollymawk is a rare albatross with a restricted range. it is striking in appearance, with a dark grey head and bright yellow bill. endemic to the chatham islands, the entire population breeds on the pyramid, an isolated, almost inaccessible rock stack located south of pitt island in the south pacific ocean. truly a pelagic species they spend most of their life at sea only returning to land to breed .\nevery year, chatham albatrosses return to breed on a single rock stack, called the pyramid, in the chatham islands, new zealand. in the mid - 1980s, severe storms damaged this breeding habitat. although the habitat is slowly recovering, this had a considerable impact on the breeding success of this albatross. however, it is believed that fisheries - related deaths pose the greatest threat to the survival of this species. more\nthe chatham island albatross is monogamous and usually pairs for life. they breed in colonies with nests in close proximity. each pair defends aggressively the nest - site, using biting, bill - clacking or vomiting. the chicks defend themselves using the same displays against intruders .\nan albatross can live up to 60 years and in that life time it would have travelled millions of kilometres .\nthe short - tailed albatross or steller' s albatross, (phoebastria albatrus) was almost hunted to extinction due to the market for its feathers. it is now listed as vulnerable by the iucn' s red list .\nantipodean albatross. adult on water. kaikoura pelagic, november 2006. image © neil fitzgerald by neil fitzgerald urltoken\nagreement on the conservation of albatrosses and petrels. 2009. acap species assessment: antipodean albatross diomedea antipodensis. urltoken\nsouthern royal albatross. adult on water. kaikoura pelagic, january 2013. image © philip griffin by philip griffin\nhabitat: the chatham island albatross breeds on rocky ledges and crevices on the steep slopes of the pyramid which is their only breeding site (1, 7 ha). outside the breeding season, it is pelagic and remains at sea in the coastal waters off chile and peru .\ncalls and songs: sounds by xeno - canto the chatham island albatross is silent at sea, but it becomes noisy at the colony where calls are uttered during courtship displays and territorial defence. they produce bill - snapping, harsh croaks and braying sounds and “aka aka aka” calls .\nwas established in the southern ocean. the 180, 000 square kilometre area is home to 5 species of albatross .\napproximately 8500 pairs of southern royal albatross breed each year on campbell island and < 100 pairs on the auckland islands .\nage - dependent adult survival rate of northern royal albatross at taiaroa head, as estimated from the most parsimonious model .\nfrancis ricc, sagar pm. modelling the effect of fishing on southern buller’s albatross using a 60 - year dataset .\nintroduction: the buller’s albatross has restricted breeding range, and the highest concentration of breeding pairs is found in the chatham islands. this species is endemic to new zealand where it appears relatively sedentary. its name pays tribute to the new zealand ornithologist walter buller (1838 - 1906) .\nat sea chatham island mollymawks are generally solitary and don’t tend to follow ships. they form rafts up to several hundred individuals in washing flocks, offshore from the pyramid .\ntechnically, the word is translocated. because albatross return to the place they were born to raise their own chicks, and because the species needs to nest on more than one island to protect the future of the species, the chatham island taiko trust has launched a five - year plan. each year, the group is taking 50 albatross chicks from the pyramid and translocating them to an area to the southwest .\nalbatross, and chatham albatross were all considered the same species until a 1998 book by robertson and nunn. other experts followed suit, with birdlife international in 2000, brooke in 2004, acap in 2006, and sacc in 2008. though some, like james clements (at the time of his death) didn' t agree, nor has cornell university since (which is responsible for his book). more\nchatham albatross from the other side of the southern ocean inspired our teams and reminded them of the importance of our work. this day the albatross was safe, but on another day, it might have drowned on a longline. we must do everything in our power to prevent the needless slaughter of these birds: we have lost too many albatrosses in the past we are determined not to lose many more. more\nmike says that chatham island albatrosses don’t begin to return to the colony until they are about 5 years old, and they start to breed when they are 7 years old .\na few feet away a partly fledged chatham albatross chick stood up on its pedestal nest, yawned and shook its shaggy wings. then it flumped down with the stoical look one might expect from a creature that had sat on a nest for three months and had another month or two to go .\nthe largest seabird in the world, the royal albatross is a graceful giant with a wing span of over three metres .\nrenowned ocean wanderers, royal albatross travel vast distances from their breeding grounds to feed – as much as 190, 000 km a year. royal albatross range throughout the southern ocean and are most commonly seen in new zealand coastal waters during winter .\nsalvin’s mollymawks have also been recorded on the pyramid, where they interact with chatham island mollymawks, with one mixed species pair recorded on a nest together, caring for a chick .\nfraser, m. j. 2013 [ updated 2017 ]. chatham island mollymawk. in miskelly, c. m. (ed .). new zealand birds online. urltoken\nscofield and other albatross researchers return year after year to their field studies knowing that albatrosses are one of the most threatened families of birds on earth. all but 2 of the 21 albatross species recognized by the international union for the conservation of nature are described as vulnerable, endangered or, in the case of the amsterdam and chatham albatrosses, critically endangered. the scientists hope that the data they gather may save some species from extinction .\ntuck gn, polacheck t, croxall jp, weimerskirch h. modelling the impact of fishery by - catches on albatross populations .\nrobertson, c. j. r. 1991. questions on the harvesting of toroa in the chatham islands. science and research series no. 35, department of conservation, wellington .\nchatham albatross chicks (covered in gray down) spend four to five months on chimney - shaped nests constructed of dirt, rock chips, feathers and guano, while both parents fly far and wide in search of food. feeding their young is such a demanding task that a breeding pair has just one chick per year .\ndiagram of the bayesian multi - state capture - recapture model used to estimate the survival rate of northern royal albatross at taiaroa head .\nmany albatross species are in trouble and need our help. commercial fishing practices are considered the greatest threat to the survival of many albatross species. other threats include loss of habitat, introduced predators, eating or becoming tangled up in plastic, oil spills and climate change .\nthe chatham albatross is critically endangered, with only about 11, 000 of the birds remaining. kennedy warne * ecocenter: oceans the amazing albatrosses = they fly 50 miles per hour. go years without touching land. predict the weather. mate for life. and they' re among the world' s most endangered birds. more\nwatch videos, read blog posts by our staff, and check out the latest news articles about albatross and our work with these birds .\nage distribution of individuals at the age of first return (years since hatching year) for northern royal albatross at the taiaroa head colony .\nage distribution of individuals at the age of first reproduction (years since hatching year) for northern royal albatross at the taiaroa head colony .\nweimerskirch h. reproductive effort in long - lived birds: age - specific patterns of condition, reproduction and survival in the wandering albatross .\nthe colony at taiaroa head is extensively managed, and it is possible that the survival rates of northern royal albatross breeding at taiaroa head differ from those at the chatham islands. birds at taiaroa head benefit from active management that aims to maximise the survival of adults and chicks. in addition, birds from the two colonies may forage in different areas, exposing them to different threats. environmental conditions in early stages of life may also impact individuals’ fitness (lindström, 1999). nevertheless, a simple estimate of adult survival of northern royal albatross on chatham islands was 95. 2% (acap, 2009), within the range of estimates for adult survival at taiaroa head .\ngales, r. (1998). albatross populations: status and threats. in: robertson, g. & r. gales, eds. the albatross: biology and conservation. page (s) 20 - 45. chipping norton, nsw: surrey beatty and sons .\nalbatross chicks choke on our waste. every year tens of thousands of albatross chicks on the midway atoll in the pacific ocean die because they choke or are poisoned by plastics and other human waste that their parents mistakenly feed to them. the work of photographer chris jordan chillingly illustrates the\nthe chatham island albatross has powerful flight and is able to fly into the strong winds of the southern ocean. it rises in the air by turning into the wind and then, it glides while losing height gradually. however, albatrosses are not able to sustain long flapping flight. they remain on the water until they can take - off .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive video - northern royal albatross in flight\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive video - northern royal albatross in flight\ntitle =\narkive video - northern royal albatross in flight\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nalbatrosses are masters of soaring flight, able to glide over vast tracts of ocean without flapping their wings. so fully have they adapted to their oceanic existence that they spend the first six or more years of their long lives (which last upwards of 50 years) without ever touching land. most live in the southern hemisphere, the exceptions being the black - footed albatross of the hawaiian archipelago and a few nearby islands; the short - tailed albatross, which breeds near japan; the waved albatross of equatorial galápagos; and the laysan albatross of the north pacific .\nblack - browed albatross (diomedea / thalassarche melanophrys) with chick on nest, part of a large colony, steeple jason, falkland islands .\nvoice: chatham island mollymawks are usually quiet at sea. they have a series of calls associated with breeding and territorial defence at colonies: bill clacking, harsh croaks and braying followed by aka aka aka calls .\nnorthern royal albatross are long - lived, with one bird at taiaroa head known to have survived at least 51. 5 years since banding (and likely 61 years since fledging; robertson, 1993). our results support the decline in survival rate with age that robertson (1993) detected for birds over 25 years of age using naive survival estimates. senescence has been found in other albatross species, with survival declining from similar ages, after 28 years in wandering albatross (weimerskirch, 1992), and after 25 years in southern buller’s albatross (sagar et al. , 2000) .\nfrom late july to early april, non - breeders followed by successful breeders migrate across the south pacific to chile and peru. tracking of the albatross has shown that they complete this immense journey in 11 to 30 days (4). they then return to the chatham islands via a more northerly route in july and august (2). out over the ocean, the chatham albatross feeds on a diet of squid, fish and krill (7). returning back to ‘the pyramid’, the albatrosses form dense colonies on the grassy and rocky slopes, ready to breed again (6). young chicks have been recorded first returning to the breeding colony at four years of age and first breeding at the age of seven (7) .\nlocated on the windswept end of the otago peninsula, taiaroa head or pukekura is world renown as the only mainland colony of albatross in the southern hemisphere .\nthe action plan for australian birds, the recovery plan for albatrosses and giant - petrels 2001 - 2005 and the threat abatement plan 2006 - bycatch of seabirds for the incidental catch (or by - catch) of seabirds during oceanic longline fishing operations provide guides to threat abatement and management strategies for the chatham albatross (agdeh 2006q; environment australia 2001f; garnett & crowley 2000) .\nrobertson, c. j. r. , bell, d. and scofield, p. (2003) population assessment of the chatham mollymawk at the pyramid, december 2001. department of conservation, wellington, new zealand .\non the pyramid, scofield was reasonably confident of retrieving his gps devices. the chatham albatrosses' feeding forays tend to be relatively short—only a few days—and there was little chance of his birds becoming becalmed in the windy latitudes they inhabit, meridians known to mariners as the roaring forties, furious fifties and screaming sixties. more worrisome to scofield was the knowledge that the area adjacent to the chatham islands—known as the chatham rise—is one of new zealand' s richest commercial fishing grounds, replete with orange roughy and several other deep water species. albatrosses, too, know where fish are found, and the birds sample the most productive fishing areas much as human shoppers make the rounds of favorite stores .\nfor more information (e. g. , population size & distribution) of threatened albatross species, follow the links below to the iucn red lists data .\nwalker, k. ; elliott, g. 2005. population changes and biology of the antipodean wandering albatross diomedea antipodensis. notornis 52: 206 - 214 .\nde roy, t. ; jones, m. ; fitter, j. 2008. albatross: their world, their ways. david bateman ltd, auckland .\nroll the cursor over the albatross beside each island or group of islands to see the species that breed there. they are listed from most abundant to least abundant .\ninchausti p, weimerskirch h. dispersal and metapopulation dynamics of an oceanic seabird, the wandering albatross, and its consequences for its response to long - line fisheries .\nmiskelly, c. m. ; bester, a. j. ; bell. m. 2006. additions to the chatham islands’ bird list, with further records of vagrant and colonising bird species. notornis 53: 215 - 230 .\nrobertson, c. j. r. ; bell, d. ; scofield, p. 2003. population assessment of the chatham mollymawk at the pyramid, december 2001. doc science internal series 91. department of conservation, wellington .\ngeographical variation: two subspecies: larger, paler d. a. gibsoni breeding on the auckland islands, and smaller, darker d. a. antipodensis mainly on antipodes island (a few on campbell, pitt and chatham islands) .\nmiskelly, c. m. ; mcnally n. ; seymour r. ; gregory - hunt d. ; lanauze j. 2008. antipodean wandering albatrosses (diomedea antipodensis) colonising the chatham islands. notornis 55: 89 - 95 .\na storm on the chatham islands in 1985 destroyed the albatrosses’ nesting habitat, reducing the percentage of nests producing fledglings to as low as 3% in some years. there are encouraging signs that their population may be recovering from this event .\n“for an albatross chick, its home is its castle – that’s where its parents come back to, ” says mike bell from the chatham island taiko trust. “these birds nest on pillar nests, which they make out of mud, and while we couldn’t replicate that we dug plant pots into the ground and filled them with peat. it’s quite natural for them to sit in one spot like that. ”\nprotection / threats / status: the chatham island albatross suffers harsh weather conditions during the breeding season. severe storms can kill adults and chicks. outside this period, storms may destroy the vegetation on the breeding grounds and remove the soil necessary for nest - building. in addition, they have very restricted breeding range. when at sea after the breeding season, they are threatened by longline fisheries off the west coasts of south america, and oil pollution throughout the winter range. translocation of chicks to a protected area in the sw corner of the chatham islands is underway between 2014 and 2016, in order to enlarge the breeding range of this species .\nspear, i. b. ; ainley, d. g. ; webb, s. w. 2003. distribution, abundance and behaviour of buller’s, chatham and salvin’s albatrosses off chile and peru. ibis 145: 253 - 269 .\nin the poem the rime of the ancient mariner by samuel taylor coleridge, the albatross is considered a good omen by sailors and to kill one will result in being cursed .\nmoore, p. j. 2013 [ updated 2017 ]. southern royal albatross. in miskelly, c. m. (ed .) new zealand birds online. urltoken\nsimilar species: adult salvin’s mollymawks have a lighter grey head with a greyish - yellow bill (also with a dark tip to the lower mandible). juveniles of chatham island, salvin’s and buller’s mollymawks are all similar, but are rarely seen in new zealand waters, as all three migrate to seas off chile and peru after fledging. buller’s mollymawk is smaller, with a less robust bill. chatham island mollymawk juveniles have the darkest ‘hood’, and generally show some yellow at the base of the bill .\nrobertson, c. j. r. , d. bell & p. scofield (2001). population assessment of the chatham mollymawk at the pyramid, december 2001. doc science internal series 91. department of conservation, wellington, new zealand .\nchatham albatross has grey - black plumage on the back, tail and upper sides of the wings, while the rump and underparts are white. the crown, face and throat are dark grey, contrasting with the sharp bill, which is bright yellow with a dark spot at the tip of the lower mandible. juveniles have more grey plumage and a blue - grey bill, with black tips to both mandibles (3). more\ndue to the difficult access of the pyramid islet, and the frequently challenging sea and weather conditions surrounding it, the chatham albatross remains one of the least known of the world’s albatross species (2) (5). it is thought to lay a single egg every year, in august or september, and incubate it for 66 to 72 days. the egg hatches between october and december, and the chick is thought to fledge between february and april (2) (6). incubation of the egg and feeding of the chick is carried out by both parents, in five day stints (5) .\nwalker, k. ; elliott, g. 1999. population changes and biology of the wandering albatross diomedea exulans gibsoni at the auckland islands. emu 99: 239 - 247 .\nthrough the fog steamed our yacht, mahalia, sliding down gray ocean swells. the gale that had kept us in port for three days in the chatham islands, east of new zealand, had blown itself out, and banks of sea mist lolled in its wake. a fogbow formed on the horizon, and through its bright arch albatrosses rose and fell in an endless roller - coaster glide. ahead, the mist thinned to reveal a fang of rock rearing 570 feet out of the sea: the pyramid, the sole breeding site of the chatham albatross. around its shrouded summit the regal birds wheeled by the hundreds, their plangent wails and strange kazoo - like cackles echoing off the black volcanic slopes .\nwith only one breeding population, the chatham island mollymawk is vulnerable to severe storm events during the breeding season, which can affect breeding success and adult survival. outside the breeding season such events can remove vegetation and the small amount of soil used for nest construction .\nnorthern royal albatross, diomedea sanfordi (murphy, 1917), is a species of great albatross that breeds only in new zealand (agreement on the conservation of albatrosses and petrels, acap, 2009). the species is classified as “endangered” by the international union for conservation of nature (iucn, 2013), on the basis of a restricted breeding range and a projected rapid decline due to low productivity caused by severe storms in the 1980s. the new zealand threat classification system lists this albatross as “naturally uncommon” (miskelly et al. , 2008) .\ninterannual variation of mean annual survival rates for juvenile, pre - breeders and adult northern royal albatross at taiaroa head, as estimated by the most parsimonious model, between 1989–90 and 2011–12 .\npowlesland, r. g. (1985). seabirds found dead on new zealand beaches in 1983 and a review of albatross recoveries since 1960. notornis. 32: 183 - 195 .\nbycatch poses the biggest threat to almost all albatross species. they dive for the fish bait used on longline fishing before it sinks into the sea, get entangled on the hook and drown .\nwe collect them about halfway through their growing period, and then feed them daily until they fledge. we’re basically hoping to reprogramme them to think that here is home, and they’ll come back here to breed, ” mike bell from the chatham island taiko trust tells radionz .\nchatham island mollymawks breed in a single colony on the pyramid, chatham islands. they are monogamous, annual breeders, with shared incubation and chick rearing. the single large (102 x 66 mm) whitish egg is laid on a nest pedestal, built of soil, guano, vegetation and occasionally bone that can reach up to 1m in height. adults return to the colony in august, eggs are laid from mid september to late october, with incubation taking 68 - 72 days. chicks hatch in november to december and fledge from march to may, when 120 - 140 days old .\nelliott. g. p. ; walker, k. j. 2013 [ updated 2017 ]. antipodean albatross. in miskelly, c. m. (ed .) new zealand birds online. urltoken\nnumber of chicks produced, number of pre - breeders, breeding adults, non - breeding adults, and all individuals of northern royal albatross present at the taiaroa head colony each year from 1989–90 to 2011–12 .\npopulation growth of northern royal albatross at taiaroa head from 1989 to 2011, including the means and 95% credible intervals for the number of breeding pairs, the number of adults, and the total population size .\nbehaviour in the wild: the chatham island albatross feeds on fish, squid and krill. the bird takes the squid when the large shoals come near the surface by night. albatrosses are mainly surface feeders, but they may perform shallow dives from the surface for food, about one metre under water. usually, it sits on the water and catches the preys by surface - seizing. this species does not tend to follow the fishing ships. they can form large flocks up to several hundred birds around the pyramid .\ncalls and songs: sounds by xeno - canto the buller’s albatross produces several sounds such as groans, grunts and moans during displays, and performs the typical bill - clattering as well in displays as in threat behaviour .\nmany new zealand fishers have adopted ingenious methods to reduce injuring and killing seabirds—or attracting them to boats in the first place (see sidebar, opposite). however, there is some evidence to suggest that fisheries may benefit albatross populations: a ready supply of discarded fish reduces competition for food between and within albatross species and provides an alternative food source to predatory birds such as skua, which often attack albatross chicks. sagar and stahl' s research in the snares islands suggests that the free lunch boosts the number of chicks that fledge in a given year. they found that 70 percent of feedings brought by adult birds to their chicks contained discards from nearby fisheries .\nthey prey by snapping up food that comes up to the surface of the sea. however, albatrosses can also dive into the water. some albatross species can dive well below 5 metres deep to get to their food .\nwhen a chick is fully fledged, it will stretch its wings and with the help of a large gust of wind, take off for its first major voyage. young albatross spend several years away feeding in south american waters .\ntoroa return to land only to breed and raise their young – one chick every two years. royal albatross usually mate for life at the same nesting area each time. males arrive at the nesting site first to prepare the nest .\nthe population of northern royal albatross at taiaroa head has been steadily increasing since its inception, and doubled from 1989–90 to 2011–12, with a total population size estimated to be 207 individuals (95% ci [ 194–217 ]) in 2010–11. this total does not include four immigrants from the chatham islands that were seen alive at taiaroa head in 2010–11 and 2011–12 but not included in the analysis because of their unknown age. the increase in the population has been linear, and the ratio of the total population size to the number of breeding pairs has not shown any trend over time (\nthe southern royal albatross is the largest of the albatrosses, rivalled only by the true wandering albatross. it has a white body and black wings and white tail. the leading edge of the inner upper wing becomes whiter with age, especially in males. the robust bill is light pink with a creamy tip and with a black cutting edge to the upper mandible. juveniles have blacker wings than adults and white bodies with black flecking on the back, flanks, crown and tail .\nthe self - established colony of northern royal albatross on the mainland of new zealand at taiaroa head provides a unique opportunity for long - term intensive monitoring, and we were consequently able to precisely estimate a number of fundamental parameters driving population dynamics .\none of the least known of the world’s albatrosses (2), this oceanic bird breeds only on a tiny rocky islet in the pacific ocean. the chatham albatross (thalassarche eremita) has grey - black plumage on the back, tail and upper sides of the wings, while the rump and underparts are white. the crown, face and throat are dark grey, contrasting with the sharp bill, which is bright yellow with a dark spot at the tip of the lower mandible. juveniles have more grey plumage and a blue - grey bill, with black tips to both mandibles (3) .\nalbatrosses breed on remote islands forming large colonies. however, such spaces are reducing due to the impact of invasive species. rats prey on the eggs in albatross nests and rabbits can quickly destroy a nesting area with their burrows. read more about the\nalthough scofield' s tracking of chatham albatrosses shows that they, too, frequent the same fishing grounds as deep - sea trawlers, not enough work has been done to compare the benefits of chick survival with the costs of adult deaths from fishing vessels .\nwe don' t know the degree to which we' re propping them up ,\nsays scofield .\nit may seem a strange scene, with 50 fluffy albatross sitting inside flower pots and decoy adults scattered around them. it' s looks like something out of a sci - fi book, but there' s a good reason for all of this .\ntake - off and landing are always difficult manoeuvres for an albatross. but once in the air, it glides along on stiff wings and can cover long distances. when it loses speed, it turns into the wind and rises again over the waves .\ntoroa have great spiritual significance to many iwi. for example moriori of the chatham islands wear plumes (raukura) of hopo (the local name for toroa) to signify their allegiance to the pacifist principles of the chief nunuku whenua. taranaki iwi likewise wear toroa feathers to signify loyalty to the parihaka prophet te whiti o rongomai, a pioneer of non - violent civil disobedience .\nroyal albatross chicks are nest - bound for nine months. providing meals for these chicks is so demanding that the parents take a year off before breeding again. lyndon perriman, the senior ranger, described to me some of the ingenious techniques used to maximize reproductive success." ]

{ "text": [ "the chatham albatross ( thalassarche eremita ) , also known as the chatham mollymawk or chatham islands mollymawk , is a medium-sized black-and-white albatross which breeds only on the pyramid , a large rock stack in the chatham islands , new zealand .", "it is sometimes treated as a subspecies of the shy albatross thalassarche cauta .", "it is the smallest of the shy albatross group . " ], "topic": [ 3, 5, 26 ] }

[ "the chatham albatross (thalassarche eremita), also known as the chatham mollymawk or chatham islands mollymawk, is a medium-sized black-and-white albatross which breeds only on the pyramid, a large rock stack in the chatham islands, new zealand. it is sometimes treated as a subspecies of the shy albatross thalassarche cauta. it is the smallest of the shy albatross group." ]

[ "this is the place for ostensella definition. you find here ostensella meaning, synonyms of ostensella and images for ostensella copyright 2017 © urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word ostensella. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word ostensella and, of course, ostensella synonyms and on the right images related to the word ostensella .\ngelechia ostensella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 618; tl: ega\nvad betyder dichomeris? här finner du 2 definitioner av dichomeris. du kan även lägga till betydelsen av dichomeris själv\ndichomeris är ett släkte av fjärilar som beskrevs av hübner 1818. dichomeris ingår i familjen stävmalar .\ndichomeris acmodeta; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 12\ndichomeris agorastis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 13\ndichomeris albula; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 13\ndichomeris apicispina; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 14\ndichomeris apludella; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 14\ndichomeris bifurca; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 15\ndichomeris bomiensis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 16\ndichomeris bucinaria; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 16\ndichomeris consertella; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 18\ndichomeris cuprea; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 18\ndichomeris cuspis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 18\ndichomeris diffurca; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 20\ndichomeris fareasta; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 20\ndichomeris fuscahopa; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 21\ndichomeris fuscanella; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 21\ndichomeris gansuensis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 21\ndichomeris hodgesi; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 22\ndichomeris jiangxiensis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 23\ndichomeris lativalvata; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 23\ndichomeris lespedezae; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 23\ndichomeris lutilinea; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 25\ndichomeris manticopodina; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 25\ndichomeris menglana; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 26\ndichomeris millotella viette, 1956; nat. malgache 8 (2): 212\ndichomeris minutia; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 26\ndichomeris mitteri; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 27\ndichomeris molybdoterma meyrick, 1933; exotic microlep. 4 (12): 353\ndichomeris ningshanensis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 27\ndichomeris nivalis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 27\ndichomeris paulianella viette, 1956; nat. malgache 8 (2): 213\ndichomeris polygona; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 29\ndichomeris polypunctata; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 29\ndichomeris qingchengshanensis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 30\ndichomeris quadratipalpa; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 30\ndichomeris quadrifurca; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 30\ndichomeris sexafurca; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 31\ndichomeris shenae; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 31\ndichomeris spicans; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 32\ndichomeris spuracuminata; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 32\ndichomeris stasimopa meyrick, 1937; exotic microlep. 5 (3): 94\ndichomeris strictella; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 32\ndichomeris synergastis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 32\ndichomeris tersa; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 33\ndichomeris varifurca; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 34\ndichomeris violacula; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 34\ndichomeris wuyiensis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 34\ndichomeris yuebana; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 34\ndichomeris yunnanensis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 35\ndichomeris zymotella viette, 1956; nat. malgache 8 (2): 215\ndichomeris junisonensis matsumura, 1931; 6000 illust. insects japan. - empire: 1082\ndichomeris acritopa meyrick, 1935; mat. microlep. fauna chin. prov. : 72\ndichomeris dolichaula meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 67\ndichomeris loxonoma meyrick, 1937; exotic microlep. 5 (4 - 5): 123\ndichomeris nyingchiensis li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 254\ndichomeris fuscahopa li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 242\ndichomeris fuscusitis li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 243\ndichomeris gansuensis li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 247\ndichomeris hodgesi li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 232\ndichomeris jiangxiensis li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 244\ndichomeris junisonis [ sic ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 23\ndichomeris yunnanensis li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 254\ndichomeris cuspis park, 1994; insecta koreana 11: 19; tl: gangweon prov. , korea\ndichomeris derasella; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 19; [ fe ]\ndichomeris fareasta park, 1994; insecta koreana 11: 15; tl: gangweon prov. , korea\ndichomeris lamprostoma; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 23; [ fe ]\ndichomeris mitteri park, 1994; insecta koreana 11: 17; tl: gangweon prov. , korea\ndichomeris praevacua; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50 :\ndichomeris strictella park, 1994; insecta koreana 11: 11; tl: gangweon prov. , korea\ndichomeris acritopa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 12\ndichomeris adelocentra; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 13\ndichomeris albiscripta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 13\ndichomeris allantopa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 13\ndichomeris amphichlora; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 13\ndichomeris ampliata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 14\ndichomeris anisospila; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 14\ndichomeris antiloxa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 14\ndichomeris antisticta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 14\ndichomeris asodes; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 15\ndichomeris barymochla; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 15\ndichomeris brachygrapha; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 16\ndichomeris brachyptila; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 16\ndichomeris caerulescens; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 16\ndichomeris cellaria; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 16\ndichomeris centracma; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 17\ndichomeris ceponoma; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 17\ndichomeris charonaea; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 17\ndichomeris chartaria; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 17\ndichomeris chinganella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 17\ndichomeris chlanidota; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 17\ndichomeris cinnabarina; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 17\ndichomeris citharista; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 17\ndichomeris clarescens; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 17\ndichomeris cocta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 17\ndichomeris contentella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 18\ndichomeris corniculata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 18\ndichomeris crepitatrix; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 18\ndichomeris deceptella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 19\ndichomeris deltoxyla; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 19\ndichomeris diacrita; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 19\ndichomeris dicausta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 19\ndichomeris doxarcha; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 20\ndichomeris eridantis; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 20\ndichomeris eucomopa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 20\ndichomeris excoriata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 20\ndichomeris ferrata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 20\ndichomeris ferruginosa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 20\ndichomeris frenigera; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 21\ndichomeris fungifera; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 21\ndichomeris geochrota; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 21\ndichomeris horoglypta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 22\ndichomeris ignorata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 22\ndichomeris illicita; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 22\ndichomeris illucescens; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 22\ndichomeris imbricata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 22\ndichomeris immerita; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 22\ndichomeris indiserta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 22\ndichomeris intensa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 22\ndichomeris isoclera; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 23\ndichomeris leptosaris; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 23\ndichomeris leucothicta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 24\ndichomeris levigata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 24\ndichomeris lissota; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 24\ndichomeris litoxyla; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 24\ndichomeris lupata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 25\ndichomeris macroxyla; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 25\ndichomeris malachias; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 25\ndichomeris malacodes; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 25\ndichomeris melanortha; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 26\ndichomeris melitura; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 26\ndichomeris mesoglena; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 26\ndichomeris metatoxa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 26\ndichomeris metuens; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 26\ndichomeris microdoxa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 26\ndichomeris microsphena meyrick, 1921; zool. meded. leyden 6: 166; tl: java, buitenzorg\ndichomeris oceanis; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 27\ndichomeris olivescens; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 28\ndichomeris ostracodes; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 28\ndichomeris pelitis; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 28\ndichomeris petalodes; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 28\ndichomeris planata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 29\ndichomeris polyaema; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 29\ndichomeris praealbescens; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 29\ndichomeris procrossa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 29\ndichomeris pseudometra; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 30\ndichomeris ptychosema; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 30\ndichomeris sciodora; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 31\ndichomeris semnias; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 31\ndichomeris siranta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 31\ndichomeris summata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 32\ndichomeris synclepta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 32\ndichomeris tephroxesta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 33\ndichomeris testudinata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 33\ndichomeris tetraschema; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 33\ndichomeris thyrsicola; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 33\ndichomeris toxolyca; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 33\ndichomeris traumatias; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 33\ndichomeris uranopis; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 33\ndichomeris viridella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 34\ndichomeris indigna; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 54 (note )\ndichomeris ceratomoxantha; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 63 (note )\ndichomeris adelocentra meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 305; tl: java, butenzorg\ndichomeris albula park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 22; tl: taipei co. , taiwan\ndichomeris baccata meyrick, 1923; exotic microlep. 2 (20): 621; tl: brazil, teffé\n= dichomeris bisignella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 16\ndichomeris brachygrapha meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 305; tl: assam, khasis\ndichomeris bucinaria park, 1996; tinea 14 (4): 230; tl: pintung co. , taiwan\ndichomeris chalcophaea meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 434; tl: queensland, brisbane\ndichomeris fida meyrick, 1923; exotic microlep. 2 (20): 620; tl: brazil, para\ndichomeris fusca park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 49; tl: taichung co. , taiwan\ndichomeris fuscalis park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 16; tl: taipei co. , taiwan\ndichomeris harmonias meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (16): 504; tl: china, shanghai\ndichomeris horiodes meyrick, 1923; exotic microlep. 2 (20): 620; tl: brazil, parintins\ndichomeris horoglypta meyrick, 1932; exotic microlep. 4 (7): 202; tl: hasimoto, japan\ndichomeris ingloria meyrick, 1923; exotic microlep. 2 (20): 621; tl: peru, lima\ndichomeris leptosaris meyrick, 1932; exotic microlep. 4 (7): 202; tl: hokkaido, japan\ndichomeris leucothicta meyrick, 1919; exotic microlep. 2 (8): 235; tl: bombay, dharwar\ndichomeris lucrifuga meyrick, 1923; exotic microlep. 2 (20): 620; tl: brazil, para\ndichomeris lutivittata meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 434; tl: queensland, brisbane\ndichomeris mesoctenis meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 434; tl: queensland, brisbane\ndichomeris mesoglena meyrick, 1923; exotic microlep. 2 (20): 619; tl: coorg, pollibetta\ndichomeris metuens meyrick, 1932; exotic microlep. 4 (7): 201; tl: seneng, java\ndichomeris ochthophora meyrick, 1936; exotic microlep. 5 (2): 46; tl: taihoku, formosa\ndichomeris orientis park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 36; tl: kaohsiung co. , taiwan\ndichomeris praevacua meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (16): 504; tl: china, shanghai\ndichomeris quercicola meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 433; tl: punjab, kangra\ndichomeris saturata meyrick, 1923; exotic microlep. 2 (20): 621; tl: brazil, obidos\ndichomeris sciodora meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (16): 504; tl: assam, khasis\ndichomeris symmetrica park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 20; tl: taitung co. , taiwan\ndichomeris syndias [ sic, recte syndyas ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 32\ndichomeris thermodryas meyrick, 1923; exotic microlep. 2 (20): 621; tl: peru, iquitos\ndichomeris trilobella park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 42; tl: pingtung co. , taiwan\ndichomeris anisospila meyrick, 1934; dt. ent. z. iris 48: 34; tl: guangdong, china\ndichomeris argentaria meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 304; tl: barberton\ndichomeris cotifera meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 303; tl: barberton\ndichomeris cuprea li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 237; tl: shaanxi\ndichomeris exsecta meyrick, 1927; exot. microlep. 3 (12): 354; tl: rhodesia, mazoe\ndichomeris ignorata meyrick, 1921; zool. meded. leyden 6: 165; tl: java, preangor, 5000ft\ndichomeris melanortha meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 510; tl: bombay, poona\ndichomeris monorbella viette, 1988; bull. soc. ent. fr. 93 (3 - 4): 104\ndichomeris squalens meyrick, 1914; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1914: 282; tl: british guiana\nresupina omelko, 1999; keys ins. russian far east 5 (2): 107; ts: dichomeris okadai moriuti\ndichomeris tactica meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (5): 152; tl: ecuador, huigra, 4500ft\ndichomeris acrolychna meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 112; tl: brazil, para\ndichomeris allantopa meyrick, 1934; exotic microlep. 4 (16 - 17): 512; tl: nilambur, madras\ndichomeris alogista meyrick, 1935; mat. microlep. fauna chin. prov. : 72; tl: hunan, china\ndichomeris brachymetra meyrick, 1923; exotic microlep. 2 (20): 620; tl: peru, chosica, 2800m\ndichomeris brachyptila meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (19): 584; tl: upper burma, myitkyina\ndichomeris ceponoma meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (5): 151; tl: coorg, dibidi, 3500ft\ndichomeris davisi park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 35; tl: taiwan, taipei co. , sirin\ndichomeris ellipsias meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 114; tl: peru, iquitos\ndichomeris lushanae park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 22; tl: taiwan, taipei co. , sozan\ndichomeris moriutii; li, zhen, kendrick & sterling, 2010, shilap revta lepid. 38 (149): 73\ndichomeris physocoma meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (9): 286; tl: sierra leone, mabang\ndichomeris procyphodes meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 115; tl: brazil, parintins\ndichomeris rhodophaea meyrick, 1920; in alluaud & jeannel, voyage afr. orientale, ins. lép. 2: 73\ndichomeris simaoensis; li, zhen, kendrick & sterling, 2010, shilap revta lepid. 38 (149): 74\ndichomeris stratigera meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 111; tl: brazil, parintins\ndichomeris subdentata meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 113; tl: brazil, santarem\ndichomeris testudinata meyrick, , 1934; dt. ent. z. iris 48: 34; tl: guangdong, china\ndichomeris thalamopa meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 112; tl: brail, téffe\ndichomeris xanthodeta meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 305; tl: three sisters\ndichomeris zonata; li, zhen, kendrick & sterling, 2010, shilap revta lepid. 38 (149): 74\ndichomeris liui li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 234; tl: jiangxi, china\ndichomeris qinlingensis li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 235; tl: shaanxi, china\ndichomeris aequata meyrick, 1914; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1914: 282; tl: british guiana, bartica\ndichomeris agathopa meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 85; tl: rhodesia, umtali\ndichomeris anisacuminata li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 231; tl: china, jiangxi\ndichomeris antizyga meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 303; tl: barberton, pretoria\ndichomeris aphanopa meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 83; tl: rhodesia, umtali\ndichomeris apicispina li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 241; tl: jiangxi, china\ndichomeris asteropis meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 83; tl: rhodesia, umvuma\ndichomeris attenta meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 84; tl: rhodesia, umvuma\ndichomeris bifurca li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 251; tl: jiangxi, china\ndichomeris bodenheimeri; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 16; [ afromoths ]\ndichomeris bomiensis li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 238; tl: china, xizang\ndichomeris cachrydias meyrick, 1914; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1914: 283; tl: british guiana, mallali\ndichomeris decusella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 19; [ afromoths ]\ndichomeris diffurca li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 253; tl: fujian, china\ndichomeris eustacta meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 84; tl: rhodesia, umtali\ndichomeris excepta meyrick, 1914; exot. microlep. 1 (9): 279; tl: nyassaland, mt. mlanje\ndichomeris hylurga meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 83; tl: rhodesia, salisbury\ndichomeris impigra meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 305; tl: barberton, haenertsburg\ndichomeris indiserta meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (9): 285; tl: malay states, kuala lumpur\ndichomeris lativalvata li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 248; tl: jiangxi, china\ndichomeris manticopodina li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 239; tl: shaanxi, china\ndichomeris menglana li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 257; tl: yunnan, china\ndichomeris ningshanensis li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 245; tl: shaanxi, china\ndichomeris nivalis li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 249; tl: jiangxi, china\ndichomeris opsonoma meyrick, 1914; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1914: 281; tl: british guiana, bartica\ndichomeris pladarota meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 84; tl: rhodesia, umtali\ndichomeris polygona li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 243; tl: sichuan, china\ndichomeris qingchengshanensis li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 245; tl: sichuan, china\ndichomeris quadratipalpa li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 238; tl: shaanxi, china\ndichomeris quadrifurca li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 252; tl: fujian, china\ndichomeris sexafurca li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 249; tl: jiangxi, china\ndichomeris shenae li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 246; tl: jiangxi, china\ndichomeris spicans li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 247; tl: jiangxi, china\ndichomeris spuracuminata li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 230; tl: shaanxi, china\ndichomeris stromatias meyrick, 1918; ann. transv. mus. 6 (2): 23; tl: zululand, nkwaleni\ndichomeris tersa li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 241; tl: shaanxi, china\ndichomeris varifurca li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 250; tl: jiangxi, china\ndichomeris violacula li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 237; tl: gansu, china\ndichomeris wuyiensis li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 255; tl: jiangxi, china\ndichomeris xestobyrsa meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 82; tl: rhodesia, salisbury\ndichomeris yuebana li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 236; tl: shaanxi, china\ndichomeris obscura li & zheng, 1997; entomologia sin. 4 (3): 223; tl: fengxian, shaanxi, 1600m\ndichomeris angustiptera li & zheng, 1997; entomologia sin. 4 (3): 228; tl: fengxian, shaanxi, 1600m\ndichomeris acrogypsa turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 168; tl: queensland, rosewood\ndichomeris aculata; ponomarenko & ueda, 2004, trans. lepid. soc. japan 55 (3): 147 (note )\ndichomeris ampliata meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 175; tl: khasis\ndichomeris cirrhostola turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 169; tl: queensland, adavale\ndichomeris deltaspis; ponomarenko & ueda, 2004, trans. lepid. soc. japan 55 (3): 155 (note )\ndichomeris excoriata meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 174; tl: khasis\ndichomeris ferrata meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 174; tl: khasis\ndichomeris ferrogra li & wang, 1997; entomologia sin. 4 (3): 225; tl: mengla, yunnan, 630m\ndichomeris ferruginosa meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 173; tl: khasis\ndichomeris heteracma meyrick, 1923; exotic microlep. 2 (20): 622; tl: brazil, teffé; peru, iquitos\ndichomeris instans meyrick, 1923; exotic microlep. 2 (20): 619; tl: peru, iquitos; brazil, teffé\ndichomeris lividula park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 57; tl: taiwan, hualien co. , pianau - col\ndichomeris oleata meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 305; tl: barberton, three sisters\ndichomeris ostracodes meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (19): 583; tl: upper burma, lashio, 3000ft\ndichomeris petalodes meyrick, 1934; exotic microlep. 4 (16 - 17): 512; tl: nilambur, madras, india\ndichomeris pleuroleuca turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 169; tl: queensland, eidsvold\ndichomeris ptychosema meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 175; tl: khasis\ndichomeris rectifascia li & zheng, 1997; entomologia sin. 4 (3): 220; tl: kangxian, gansu, 800m\ndichomeris simaoensis li & wang, 1997; entomologia sin. 4 (3): 221; tl: simao, yunnan, 325m\ndichomeris summata meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 172; tl: khasis\ndichomeris varronia busck, 1913; ins. inscit. menstr. 1 (7): 89; tl: kitty, british guiana\ndichomeris ventosa meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 304; tl: barberton, three sisters\ndichomeris zonata li & wang, 1997; entomologia sin. 4 (3): 222; tl: simao, yunnan, 325m\ndichomeris tostella; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 72 (note); [ nhm card ]\ndichomeris amphicoma meyrick, 1912; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1911 (4): 695; tl: brazil, santos\ndichomeris antisticha meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (9): 285; tl: costa rica, vulkan irazu, 4000ft\ndichomeris fluitans meyrick, 1920; ann. s. afr. mus. 17 (4): 284; tl: natal, howick\ndichomeris litoxyla meyrick, 1937; exotic microlep. 5 (4 - 5): 123; tl: yakovlevka, primorkii krai, russia\ndichomeris nessica walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 95; tl: panama, la chorrera\ndichomeris taiwana park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 48; tl: taiwan, nantou co. , sunmoon lake, 760m\ndichomeris zomias meyrick, 1914; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1914: 283; tl: british guiana, bartica and mallali\ndichomeris hirculella busck, 1909; proc. ent. soc. wash. 11 (2): 89; tl: east river, connecticut\ndichomeris clarescens meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 174; tl: maskeliya, ceylon\ndichomeris dysorata turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 170; tl: new south wales, syndey\ndichomeris elegans park, 2001; insecta koreana 18 (4): 308; tl: taiwan, pingtung co. , kenting park, 50m\ndichomeris jugata walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 97; tl: mexico, tabasco, teapa\ndichomeris mengdana li & zheng, 1997; entomologia sin. 4 (3): 227; tl: mengda, xunhua, qinghai, 2240m\ndichomeris miltophragma meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 115; tl: brazil, para, obidos, parintins\ndichomeris ptilocompa meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 113; tl: brazil, teffé; peru, jurimaguas\ndichomeris substratella walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 93; tl: mexico, tabasco, teapa\ndichomeris vadonella viette, 1955; ann. soc. ent. fr. 123: 108; tl: ne. madagascar, maroantsetra, ambodivoangy\ndichomeris xerodes walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 100; tl: mexico, tabasco, teapa\n= dichomeris setosella; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 221\ndichomeris glenni clarke, 1947; proc. ent. soc. wash. 49 (7): 187; tl: putnam co. , illinois\ndichomeris aomoriensis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 14; ponomarenko, 1998, far east. ent. 67: 12\ndichomeris ardesiella walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 96; tl: mexico, vera cruz, cordova\ndichomeris arotrosema walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 95; tl: mexico, vera cruz, atoyac\ndichomeris asodes meyrick, 1939; trans. r. ent. soc. lond. 89 (4): 54; tl: telawa, java\ndichomeris erixantha; meyrick, 1921, ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 83; [ nhm card ]; [ afromoths ]\ndichomeris eucomopa meyrick, 1939; trans. r. ent. soc. lond. 89 (4): 54; tl: telawa, java\ndichomeris loxospila; [ nhm card ]; li, zhen, kendrick & sterling, 2010, shilap revta lepid. 38 (149): 77\ndichomeris lypetica walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 91; tl: mexico, guerrero, amula, 6000ft\ndichomeris crepitatrix meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 173; tl: n. coorg, 3500ft\ndichomeris dignella walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 91; tl: mexico, guerrero, amula, 6000ft\ndichomeris excavata busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 18; tl: porto bello, panama\ndichomeris hexasticta walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 94; tl: mexico, guerrero, amula, 6000ft\ndichomeris imbricata meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 175; tl: n. coorg, 3500ft\ndichomeris lutea park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 59; tl: taiwan, nantou co. , meifeng, 30km s tayuling, 2200m\ndichomeris lutilinea ponomarenko & park, 1996; korean j. appl. ent. 35 (2): 118; tl: chuncheon, kangweon prov .\ndichomeris metrodes meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 172; tl: hambantota, ceylon; bombay\ndichomeris olivescens meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 175; tl: kandy and maskeliya, ceylon\ndichomeris thalpodes meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 111; tl: brazil, para; peru, r. napo\ndichomeris tristicta busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 17; tl: trinidad river, panama\ndichomeris melanophylla; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 114 (note); [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]\ndichomeris angulata; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 14; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 14\ndichomeris bulawskii ponomarenko & park, 1996; korean j. appl. ent. 35 (2): 114; tl: 27km sw slavjanka, primorskii krai\ndichomeris fusca; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 60; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 49\ndichomeris linealis; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 83; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 24\ndichomeris lividula; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 83; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 24\ndichomeris lushanae; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 86; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 25\ndichomeris lutea; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 86; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 25\ndichomeris ochreata; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 102; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 27\ndichomeris taiwana; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 135; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 32\ndichomeris trilobella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 141; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 33\ndichomeris illusio hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 101, pl. 2, f. 38; tl: hastings, florida\ndichomeris imitata hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 104, pl. 3, f. 5; tl: devers, texas\ndichomeris angulata park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 43; tl: taiwan, nantou co. , leinhauchi forest station, 15km sw puli, 750m\ndichomeris aprica; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 15; li & sattler, 2012, zootaxa 3373: 57\ndichomeris enoptrias; park & hodges, 1995, insecta koreana 12: (1 - 101); ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 20\ndichomeris hoplocrates; park & hodges, 1995, insecta koreana 12: (1 - 101); ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 22\ndichomeris issikii; park & hodges, 1995, insecta koreana 12: (1 - 101); ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 23\ndichomeris ochreata park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 32; tl: taiwan, nantou co. , mei - feng, 30km s tayuling, 2200m\ndichomeris pyrrhoschista; park & hodges, 1995, insecta koreana 12: (1 - 101); ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 30\ndichomeris sciritis; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 31; li & sattler, 2012, zootaxa 3373: 57\ndichomeris synergastis ponomarenko & park, 1996; korean j. appl. ent. 35 (2): 116; tl: yong - in, kyunggi prov .\ndichomeris viridescens; park & hodges, 1995, insecta koreana 12: (1 - 101); ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 34\ndichomeris offula hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 117, pl. 3, f. 21; tl: ithaca, new york\ndichomeris crepida hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 118, pl. 3, f. 22; tl: mcclellanville, south carolina\ndichomeris santarosensis hodges, 1985; proc. ent. soc. wash. 87 (2): 456; tl: santa rosa national park, guanacaste, costa rica\ndichomeris nenia hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 40, pl. 4, f. 2; tl: bandera co. , texas\ndichomeris hypochloa walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 102, pl. 3, f. 23; tl: mexico, sonora\ndichomeris caia hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 62, pl. 4, f. 7; tl: putnam co. , illinois\ndichomeris laetitia hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 88, pl. 2, f. 22; tl: putnam co. , illinois\ndichomeris aleatrix hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 91, pl. 2, f. 27; tl: putnam co. , illinois\ndichomeris furia hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 93, pl. 2, f. 30; tl: putnam co. , illinois\ndichomeris baxa hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 105, pl. 3, f. 10; tl: presidio of monterey, california\ndichomeris cinnamicostella; walsingham, 1911, biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 103; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris costalis busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 18; tl: tabogilla i. and porto bello, panama\ndichomeris habrochitona walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 102, pl. 3, f. 26; tl: panama, tabernilla\ndichomeris quercicola; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 30; ponomarenko, 1998, far east. ent. 67: 13\ndichomeris carycina; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 43 (note); [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris caryophragma; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 43 (note); [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris diacnista; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 43 (note); [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris lypetica; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 54 (note); [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris tactica; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 60 (note); [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris latescens; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 63 (note); [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris siren hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 64, pl. 4, f. 9; tl: henson creek, oxon hill, maryland\ndichomeris vindex hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 83, pl. 2, f. 9 - 10; tl: putnam co. , illinois\ndichomeris gleba hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 87, pl. 2, f. 18 - 20; tl: putnam co. , illinois\ndichomeris legnotoa hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 101, pl. 4, f. 10; tl: largo, pinellas co. , florida\ndichomeris mimesis hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 101, pl. 2, f. 39; tl: salmon, anderson co. , texas\ndichomeris simulata hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 104, pl. 3, f. 4; tl: canadian, hemphill co. , texas\ndichomeris percnopolis walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 93, pl. 3, f. 11; tl: guatemala, zapote, 2000ft\ndichomeris renascens walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 96, pl. 3, f. 14; tl: mexico, tabasco, teapa\ndichomeris xuthostola walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 101, pl. 3, f. 18; tl: mexico, tabasco, teapa\ndichomeris sylphe hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 58, pl. 1, f. 22; tl: archbold biological staion, lake placid, florida\ndichomeris ardelia hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 62, pl. 4, f. 8; tl: archbold biological station, lake placid, florida\ndichomeris kimballi hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 71, pl. 1, f. 30; tl: archbold biological staion, lake placid, florida\ndichomeris aglaia hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 85, pl. 2, f. 15; tl: lake placid, florida, archbold biological station\ndichomeris anisacuminata; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 14; li, zhen, kendrick & sterling, 2010, shilap revta lepid. 38 (149): 74\ndichomeris argigastra walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 99, pl. 3, f. 16; tl: mexico, vera cruz, atoyac\ndichomeris autometra; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 15; park & hodges, 1995, insecta koreana 12: (1 - 101 )\ndichomeris crambaleas; [ nhm card ]; park & hodges, 1995, insecta koreana 12: (1 - 101); ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 18\ndichomeris melanota walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 94, pl. 3, f. 13; tl: mexico, vera cruz, cordova\ndichomeris okadai; [ nhm card ]; park & hodges, 1995, insecta koreana 12: (1 - 101); ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 28\ndichomeris prensans meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 111; tl: brazil, para, parintins, manaos; peru, iquitos; british guiana, bartica\ndichomeris sciastes walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 90, pl. 3, f. 10; tl: mexico, vera cruz, atoyac\ndichomeris gausapa hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: pl. 1, f. 8; tl: madera canyon, 4880', santa rita mts, arizona\n= dichomeris acuminata; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 13; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 34\ndichomeris solatrix hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 48, pl. 1, f. 15; tl: peña blanca canyon, santa cruz co. arizona\n= dichomeris punctidiscella; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 56; [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 36\ndichomeris copa hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 92, pl. 2, f. 28; tl: snyder heights 1100', ithaca, new york\ndichomeris achne hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 87, pl. 2, f. 34; tl: parker is. , highlands co. , florida\ndichomeris euprepes hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 110, pl. 4, f. 11; tl: big black mnts, letcher co. , kentucky\ndichomeris carinella walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 99, pl. 3, f. 20; tl: mexico, guerrero, amula, 6000ft\ndichomeris fuscusitis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 21; zhao, park, bae & li, 2017, zootaxa 4273 (2): (216 - 234 )\ndichomeris intensa meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 173; tl: maskeliya and puttalam, ceylon; cuddapah, 4000ft, n. coorg\ndichomeris leucostena walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 94, pl. 3, f. 12; tl: mexico, guerrero, amula, 6000ft\ndichomeris blanchardorum hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 43, pl. 1, f. 10 - 11; tl: laguna atascosa, cameron co. , texas\ndichomeris gnoma hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 106, pl. 3, f. 11; tl: shingle creek road, keremeos, british columbia, canada\ndichomeris mercatrix hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 110, pl. 3, f. 15; tl: mclean bogs reserve, tompkins co. , new york\ndichomeris bulawskii; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 16; ponomarenko & ueda, 2004, trans. lepid. soc. japan 55 (3): 151 (note )\ndichomeris diva hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 57, pl. 1, f. 21; tl: 1 mi s patagonia, santa cruz co. , arizona\ndichomeris fistuca hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 68, pl. 1, f. 25; tl: wedge plantation, mccellanville, charleston co. , south carolina\ndichomeris atomogypsa; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 72 (note); [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 15\ndichomeris alphito hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 88, pl. 2, f. 21; tl: madera canyon, 4880', santa rita mts, arizona\ndichomeris pelta hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 99, pl. 2, f. 36; tl: wedge plantation, mcclellanville, charleston co. , south carolina\ndichomeris acrochlora; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 112 (note); [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 12\ndichomeris sybilla hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 121, pl. 3, f. 24; tl: madera canyon, 4880', santa rita mts, arizona\ndichomeris evitata walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 99, pl. 3, f. 15; tl: panama, volcan de chiriqui, 2000 - 3000ft\ndichomeris harmonias; [ nhm card ]; park, 1991, ann. hist. - nat. mus. hung. 83: 121; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 21\ndichomeris xanthoa hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 102, pl. 3, f. 2; tl: ft. niobrara national wildlife refuge, cherry co. , nebraska\ndichomeris bolize hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 100, pl. 2, f. 37; tl: hackberry lake, valentine national wildlife refuge, cherry co. , nebraska" ]

{ "text": [ "dichomeris ostensella is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "it was described by walker in 1864 .", "it is found in guyana and brazil ( amazonas ) .", "adults are coal-black , the forewings with a deep cupreous-black patch in the disc and a submarginal band of the same colour .", "there are two intermediate black cinereous-bordered dots and a few minute black marginal dots .", "the hindwings are dark cupreous . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "dichomeris ostensella is a moth in the gelechiidae family. it was described by walker in 1864. it is found in guyana and brazil (amazonas). adults are coal-black, the forewings with a deep cupreous-black patch in the disc and a submarginal band of the same colour. there are two intermediate black cinereous-bordered dots and a few minute black marginal dots. the hindwings are dark cupreous." ]

[ "hindi meaning of upering, upering meaning in hindi, upering ka matalab hindi me, upering translation and definition in hindi language. upering का मतलब (मीनिंग) हिंदी में जाने |\nmeaning for word (upering) is not available. know correct spelling of upering\nthe ending upering is very rare. there exists extremely few words ending in upering .\nupering may gain entry into your computer in many ways. some of the common sources of upering are :\nupering meaning in hindi: get meaning and translation of upering in hindi language with grammar, antonyms, synonyms and sentence usages. know answer of question: what is meaning of upering in hindi dictionary? upering ka matalab hindi me kya hai (upering का हिंदी में मतलब). upering meaning in hindi (हिन्दी मे मीनिंग) is गर्भाशय. english definition of upering :\nwhat makes worms like upering extremely dangerous is its ability to spread quickly. a upering infection hits very fast; so quickly that you won’t even be aware that it was upering that infected your computer .\nw32. upering. worm may gain entry into your computer in many ways. some of the common sources of w32. upering. worm are :\nclick the scan for issues button to check for upering registry - related issues .\nlinks shared on social media websites pointing to email - worm. win32. upering\nthe primary symptoms of a email - worm. win32. upering infection are :\nemail - worm. win32. upering may gain entry into your computer in many ways. some of the common sources of email - worm. win32. upering are :\nwhat makes worms like w32. upering. worm extremely dangerous is its ability to spread quickly. a w32. upering. worm infection hits very fast; so quickly that you won’t even be aware that it was w32. upering. worm that infected your computer .\nif any files are detected as infected with w32. upering. worm, click delete .\nyour windows registry should now be cleaned of any remnants or infected keys related to upering .\nrun a full system scan and delete all the files detected as w32. upering. worm .\nwhat makes worms like email - worm. win32. upering extremely dangerous is its ability to spread quickly. a email - worm. win32. upering infection hits very fast; so quickly that you won’t even be aware that it was email - worm. win32. upering that infected your computer .\nclick the scan for issues button to check for w32. upering. worm registry - related issues .\nremove email - worm. win32. upering registry infections and speed up your pc - download now !\ntechnically upering is a worm, a type of malware that replicates and circulates without human intervention. upering can replicate and spread not only inside of your computer, but also to other computers connected to your network .\nby now, your computer should be completely free of upering infection. although it has been removed from your computer, it is equally important that you clean your windows registry of any malicious entries created by upering .\nexternal media, such as pen drive, dvd, and memory card already infected with w32. upering. worm\nto get rid of w32. upering. worm from your computer, you need to perform the following steps :\nyour windows registry should now be cleaned of any remnants or infected keys related to w32. upering. worm .\nclick the scan for issues button to check for email - worm. win32. upering registry - related issues .\nwe recommend using clamwin (free download), a highly effective and widely used malware removal program to clean your computer of upering. in addition to upering, this program can detect and remove the latest variants of other malware .\nan infection from upering can also modify the windows registry of your computer. it can maliciously create new registry entries and modify existing ones. therefore, even after you remove upering from your computer, it’s very important to clean the registry .\nexternal media, such as pen drive, dvd, and memory card already infected with email - worm. win32. upering\nto get rid of email - worm. win32. upering from your computer, you need to perform the following steps :\nto remove email - worm. win32. upering from your computer using clamwin, you need to perform the following steps :\nyour windows registry should now be cleaned of any remnants or infected keys related to email - worm. win32. upering .\ntechnically w32. upering. worm is a worm, a type of malware that replicates and circulates without human intervention. w32. upering. worm can replicate and spread not only inside of your computer, but also to other computers connected to your network .\nby now, your computer should be completely free of w32. upering. worm infection. although it has been removed from your computer, it is equally important that you clean your windows registry of any malicious entries created by w32. upering. worm .\nwe recommend using clamwin (free download), a highly effective and widely used malware removal program to clean your computer of w32. upering. worm. in addition to w32. upering. worm, this program can detect and remove the latest variants of other malware .\ntechnically email - worm. win32. upering is a worm, a type of malware that replicates and circulates without human intervention. email - worm. win32. upering can replicate and spread not only inside of your computer, but also to other computers connected to your network .\nby now, your computer should be completely free of email - worm. win32. upering infection. although it has been removed from your computer, it is equally important that you clean your windows registry of any malicious entries created by email - worm. win32. upering .\nan infection from w32. upering. worm can also modify the windows registry of your computer. it can maliciously create new registry entries and modify existing ones. therefore, even after you remove w32. upering. worm from your computer, it’s very important to clean the registry .\nwe recommend using clamwin (free download), a highly effective and widely used malware removal program to clean your computer of email - worm. win32. upering. in addition to email - worm. win32. upering, this program can detect and remove the latest variants of other malware .\nan infection from email - worm. win32. upering can also modify the windows registry of your computer. it can maliciously create new registry entries and modify existing ones. therefore, even after you remove email - worm. win32. upering from your computer, it’s very important to clean the registry .\nwhen upering infects your computer, it tries to create a copy of itself as a windows executable file (. exe). after infecting you computer, upering will attempt to use your network to connect with its source computer. the primary intention is to update itself and download other malware programs and files .\nfollowing these simple preventative measures will ensure that your computer remains free of infections like upering, and provide you with interruption - free enjoyment of your computer .\nin the most common form, a worm like upering will penetrate your operating system. the intent always remains same - to spread malicious code. the worm will start by replicating itself on your computer. quickly thereafter, a worm such as upering will access your network, replicating itself and spreading to other computers on the network .\nwhen w32. upering. worm infects your computer, it tries to create a copy of itself as a windows executable file (. exe). after infecting you computer, w32. upering. worm will attempt to use your network to connect with its source computer. the primary intention is to update itself and download other malware programs and files .\nfollowing these simple preventative measures will ensure that your computer remains free of infections like w32. upering. worm, and provide you with interruption - free enjoyment of your computer .\nclamwin has an intuitive user interface that is easy to use. to get rid of upering, the first step is to install it, scan your computer, and remove the threat .\nin the most common form, a worm like w32. upering. worm will penetrate your operating system. the intent always remains same - to spread malicious code. the worm will start by replicating itself on your computer. quickly thereafter, a worm such as w32. upering. worm will access your network, replicating itself and spreading to other computers on the network .\nwhen email - worm. win32. upering infects your computer, it tries to create a copy of itself as a windows executable file (. exe). after infecting you computer, email - worm. win32. upering will attempt to use your network to connect with its source computer. the primary intention is to update itself and download other malware programs and files .\nfollowing these simple preventative measures will ensure that your computer remains free of infections like email - worm. win32. upering, and provide you with interruption - free enjoyment of your computer .\nworms such as upering can cause immense disruption to your computer activities. the best method for avoiding infection is prevention; avoid downloading and installing programs from untrusted sources or opening executable mail attachments .\nin the most common form, a worm like email - worm. win32. upering will penetrate your operating system. the intent always remains same - to spread malicious code. the worm will start by replicating itself on your computer. quickly thereafter, a worm such as email - worm. win32. upering will access your network, replicating itself and spreading to other computers on the network .\nclamwin has an intuitive user interface that is easy to use. to get rid of w32. upering. worm, the first step is to install it, scan your computer, and remove the threat .\nworms such as w32. upering. worm can cause immense disruption to your computer activities. the best method for avoiding infection is prevention; avoid downloading and installing programs from untrusted sources or opening executable mail attachments .\nclamwin has an intuitive user interface that is easy to use. to get rid of email - worm. win32. upering, the first step is to install it, scan your computer, and remove the threat .\nwe found a total of 1 word that ends with upering. click this word to find out how many points it is worth, its definitions, and all the other words that can be made by unscrambling those letters .\nupering also attempts to infect the windows registry of your computer. the purpose is to remain undetectable, protect other malicious programs it downloads, start up when the computer boots, and ultimately take full control over your computer .\nworms such as email - worm. win32. upering can cause immense disruption to your computer activities. the best method for avoiding infection is prevention; avoid downloading and installing programs from untrusted sources or opening executable mail attachments .\nw32. upering. worm also attempts to infect the windows registry of your computer. the purpose is to remain undetectable, protect other malicious programs it downloads, start up when the computer boots, and ultimately take full control over your computer .\nemail - worm. win32. upering also attempts to infect the windows registry of your computer. the purpose is to remain undetectable, protect other malicious programs it downloads, start up when the computer boots, and ultimately take full control over your computer .\nw32. upering. worm is a mass - mailing worm that spreads by sending itself to email addresses and instant message contacts in the aol address book. it may arrive in an email with an attachment named winupdate32login. exe. this filename could differ depending on the original filename of the worm on the system from which the email originated .\nworms such as upering are one of the most destructive forms of malware. they infect your computer with the sole purpose of disrupting your normal computer activities. they are similar to viruses, but different in one key way: automation. unlike viruses, worms don’t required human intervention to spread; worms have the capability to replicate and transmit themselves .\nworms such as w32. upering. worm are one of the most destructive forms of malware. they infect your computer with the sole purpose of disrupting your normal computer activities. they are similar to viruses, but different in one key way: automation. unlike viruses, worms don’t required human intervention to spread; worms have the capability to replicate and transmit themselves .\nworms such as email - worm. win32. upering are one of the most destructive forms of malware. they infect your computer with the sole purpose of disrupting your normal computer activities. they are similar to viruses, but different in one key way: automation. unlike viruses, worms don’t required human intervention to spread; worms have the capability to replicate and transmit themselves .\nanagrammer is a game resource site that has been extremely popular with players of popular games like scrabble, lexulous, wordfeud, letterpress, ruzzle, hangman and so forth. we maintain regularly updated dictionaries of almost every game out there. to be successful in these board games you must learn as many valid words as possible, but in order to take your game to the next level you also need to improve your anagramming skills, spelling, counting and probability analysis. make sure to bookmark every unscrambler we provide on this site. explore deeper into our site and you will find many educational tools, flash cards and so much more that will make you a much better player. this page covers all aspects of upering, do not miss the additional links under\nmore about: upering\nthank you for visiting wildlist. while undergoing maintenance and upgrade, wildlist website will provide limited access .\ni' m a big word nerd. i create wicked tools to kick butt on word games. anagrammer is my name, solving puzzles is my game !\nall trademarks, copyrights and intellectual property rights to the games including scrabble, words, hanging, scramble with friends, etc are owned by their respective owners: hasbro, zynga inc, j. w. spear & mattel, etc. mr. anagrammer is not affiliated or endorsed by any of the above companies. as a huge fan of these words games, i have merely created these cheat tools and word resources for educational purposes and as a supplement for word gamers around the world. please use scrabble cheat word finder responsibly and in a positive way to expand your vocabulary and improve your word game skills .\nthe cloud is full of risk. your security posture shouldn' t be .\ndiscovered: july 30, 2003 updated: february 13, 2007 12: 04: 26 pm also known as: trojan. aol. annoyer. b [ kav ], w32 / sany. worm [ mcafee ] type: worm systems affected: windows\nclick here for a more detailed description of rapid release and daily certified virus definitions .\nsends an icq notification message to the creators of the worm (ids: 330325635 and 234018819) .\nsends itself to the contacts in the aol address book, either by email or instant message .\nthe first instances of this worm were named winupdate32login. exe. however, if the executable is renamed before it is sent, future copies of the worm will carry the new filename .\nuse a firewall to block all incoming connections from the internet to services that should not be publicly available. by default, you should deny all incoming connections and only allow services you explicitly want to offer to the outside world .\nenforce a password policy. complex passwords make it difficult to crack password files on compromised computers. this helps to prevent or limit damage when a computer is compromised .\nensure that programs and users of the computer use the lowest level of privileges necessary to complete a task. when prompted for a root or uac password, ensure that the program asking for administration - level access is a legitimate application .\ndisable autoplay to prevent the automatic launching of executable files on network and removable drives, and disconnect the drives when not required. if write access is not required, enable read - only mode if the option is available .\nturn off file sharing if not needed. if file sharing is required, use acls and password protection to limit access. disable anonymous access to shared folders. grant access only to user accounts with strong passwords to folders that must be shared .\nturn off and remove unnecessary services. by default, many operating systems install auxiliary services that are not critical. these services are avenues of attack. if they are removed, threats have less avenues of attack .\nif a threat exploits one or more network services, disable, or block access to, those services until a patch is applied .\nalways keep your patch levels up - to - date, especially on computers that host public services and are accessible through the firewall, such as http, ftp, mail, and dns services .\nconfigure your email server to block or remove email that contains file attachments that are commonly used to spread threats, such as. vbs, . bat, . exe, . pif and. scr files .\nisolate compromised computers quickly to prevent threats from spreading further. perform a forensic analysis and restore the computers using trusted media .\ntrain employees not to open attachments unless they are expecting them. also, do not execute software that is downloaded from the internet unless it has been scanned for viruses. simply visiting a compromised web site can cause infection if certain browser vulnerabilities are not patched .\nif bluetooth is not required for mobile devices, it should be turned off. if you require its use, ensure that the device' s visibility is set to\nhidden\nso that it cannot be scanned by other bluetooth devices. if device pairing must be used, ensure that all devices are set to\nunauthorized\n, requiring authorization for each connection request. do not accept applications that are unsigned or sent from unknown sources .\nfor further information on the terms used in this document, please refer to the security response glossary .\nthe following instructions pertain to all current and recent symantec antivirus products, including the symantec antivirus and norton antivirus product lines .\nif you are running windows me or windows xp, we recommend that you temporarily turn off system restore. windows me / xp uses this feature, which is enabled by default, to restore the files on your computer in case they become damaged. if a virus, worm, or trojan infects a computer, system restore may back up the virus, worm, or trojan on the computer .\nwindows prevents outside programs, including antivirus programs, from modifying system restore. therefore, antivirus programs or tools cannot remove threats in the system restore folder. as a result, system restore has the potential of restoring an infected file on your computer, even after you have cleaned the infected files from all the other locations .\nalso, a virus scan may detect a threat in the system restore folder even though you have removed the threat .\nsymantec security response fully tests all the virus definitions for quality assurance before they are posted to our servers. there are two ways to obtain the most recent virus definitions :\nrunning liveupdate, which is the easiest way to obtain virus definitions: these virus definitions are posted to the liveupdate servers once each week (usually on wednesdays), unless there is a major virus outbreak. to determine whether definitions for this threat are available by liveupdate, refer to the virus definitions (liveupdate) .\ndownloading the definitions using the intelligent updater: the intelligent updater virus definitions are posted on u. s. business days (monday through friday). you should download the definitions from the symantec security response web site and manually install them. to determine whether definitions for this threat are available by the intelligent updater, refer to the virus definitions (intelligent updater). the intelligent updater virus definitions are available: read\nhow to update virus definition files using the intelligent updater\nfor detailed instructions .\n: symantec strongly recommends that you back up the registry before making any changes to it. incorrect changes to the registry can result in permanent data loss or corrupted files. modify the specified keys only. read the document ,\nclick start, and then click run. (the run dialog box appears. )\nstart your symantec antivirus program and make sure that it is configured to scan all the files .\nfor norton antivirus consumer products: read the document ,\nhow to configure norton antivirus to scan all files .\nfor symantec antivirus enterprise products: read the document ,\nhow to verify that a symantec corporate antivirus product is set to scan all files .\nalso known as: trojan. aol. annoyer. b [ kav ], w32 / sany. worm [ mcafee ]\nall that is gold does not glitter, not all those who wander are lost; the old that is strong does not wither, deep roots are not reached by the frost. from the ashes a fire shall be woken, a light from the shadows shall spring; renewed shall be blade that was broken: the crownless again shall be king .\nreal names tell you the story of the things they belong to in my language, in the old entish as you might say. it is a lovely language, but it takes a very long time to say anything in it, because we do not say anything in it, unless it is worth taking a long time to say, and to listen to .\ni simply regard romantic comedies as a subgenre of sci - fi, in which the world created therein has different rules than my regular human world .\nscrabble® is a registered trademark. all intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the u. s. a and canada by hasbro inc. , and throughout the rest of the world by j. w. spear & sons limited of maidenhead, berkshire, england, a subsidiary of mattel inc. mattel and spear are not affiliated with hasbro. words with friends is a trademark of zynga. urltoken is not affiliated with scrabble®, mattel, spear, hasbro, zynga, or the words with friends games in any way. this site is for entertainment and informational purposes only .\ntoo many words? restrict to dictionary forms only (no plurals, no conjugated verbs) .\nyou can search for words that have known letters at known positions, for instance to solve crosswords and arrowords .\nlots of words is a word search engine to search words that match constraints (containing or not containing certain letters, starting or ending letters, and letter patterns) .\nyou can use it for many word games: to create or to solve crosswords, arrowords (crosswords with arrows), word puzzles, to play scrabble, words with friends, hangman, the longest word, and for creative writing: rhymes search for poetry, and words that satisfy constraints from the ouvroir de littérature potentielle (oulipo: workshop of potential litterature) such as lipograms, pangrams, anagrams, univocalics, uniconsonantics etc .\nwords and their definitions are from the free english dictionary wiktionary published under the free licence creative commons attribution share - alike .\nplease note: the wiktionary contains many more words - in particular proper nouns and inflected forms: plurals of nouns and past tense of verbs - than other english language dictionaries such as the official scrabble players dictionary (ospd) from merriam - webster, the official tournament and club word list (otcwl / owl / twl) from the national scrabble association, and the collins scrabble words used in the uk (about 180, 000 words each). lotsofwords knows 480, 000 words .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 / / en\nurltoken\nworms can take many forms. simple ones can intrude upon your browsing experience, consume your computer’s resources through sheer reproduction, or even go to the extent of exhausting your network bandwidth. more malicious worms can also hijack your browser and use your email address to send spam messages .\ndouble - click the downloaded installer file to start the installation process. the welcome screen is displayed .\non the license agreement screen that appears, select the i accept the agreement radio button, and then click the next button .\nwhen you start clamwin, it prompts you to download the virus definitions database. click the yes button .\nonce the update completes, select one or more drive to scan. you can hold the shift key to select multiple drives to scan. click the scan button .\nwe recommend downloading and using ccleaner, a free windows registry cleaner tool to clean your registry. to clean your registry using ccleaner, please perform the following tasks :\nclick urltoken to access the download page of ccleaner and click the free download button to download ccleaner .\nclick the fix selected issues button to fix registry - related issues that ccleaner reports .\ntype a file name to backup the registry in the file name text box of the save as dialog box, and then click the save button .\nabout the author: jay geater is the president and ceo of solvusoft corporation, a global software company focused on providing innovative utility software. he is a lifelong computer geek and loves everything related to computers, software, and new technology .\nthis website is using cookies. by continuing to browse, you are agreeing to our use of cookies as explained in our privacy policy. i agree\nsolvusoft is recognized by microsoft as a leading independent software vendor, achieving the highest level of completence and excellence in software development. solvusoft' s close relationship with microsoft as a gold certified partner enables us to provide best - in - class software solutions that are optimized for performance on windows operating systems .\nto achieve a gold competency level, solvusoft goes through extensive independent analysis that looks for, amongst other qualities, a high level of software expertise, a successful customer service track record, and top - tier customer value. as a gold certified independent software vendor (isv), solvusoft is able to provide the highest level of customer satisfaction through delivering top - level software and service solutions, which have been subject to a rigourous and continually - audited approval process by microsoft .\nhinkhoj english hindi dictionary and translation is free online hindi to english and english to hindi dictionary and translation service. best and most easy to use dictionary available on internet .\ncopyright 2007 - 2018 hinkhoj infolabs llp. hinkhoj® is registered trademark of hinkhoj infolabs llp. all rights reserved" ]

{ "text": [ "upering upering ( alias \" annoyer.b \" , or \" sany \" ) is a mass-mailing computer worm .", "it was isolated in tacoma , washington , in the united states , from several submissions from america online members .", "as of late 2005 , it is listed on the wildlist , and has been since 2003 .", "worm a worm is a program that makes and facilitates he distribution of copies of itself ; for example , from one disk drive to another , or by copying itself using email or another transport mechanism .", "the worm may damage and compromise the security of the computer .", "it may arrive via exploitation of a system vulnerability or by clicking on an infected e-mail .", "mass-mailing worm mailing worm ( also known as an email worm or less commonly known as an internet worm ) distributes copies of itself in an infectious e-mail attachment .", "often , these infected e-mails are sent to email addresses that the worm harvests from files on an infected computer .", "isolation date july 22 , 2003 systems affected windows 2000 , windows me , windows xp , windows 95 how it is spread this type of worm is embedded in an e-mail attachment , and spreads using the infected computer 's e-mailing networks .", "uses social engineering tactics to entice the user into opening and executing the e-mail attachment .", "upering spreads by sending itself to email addresses and instant message contacts in the aol address book .", "upering worm arrive as an attachment to an email or an instant message with the lines : hey here 's my pic !!! its to big to show in mail click download now to download it !", "how to identify it may arrive an email with an attachment named winupdate32login.exe the filename could differ depending on the original filename of the worm on the system on which the email originated .", "effects sends an icq notification message to the creators of the worm sends itself to the contacts in the aol address book , either by email or instant message .", "adds the registry value recommendation on how to avoid upering users can avoid infection by simply refusing to open any e-mail file attachments without first verifying its safety with the e-mail sender .", "by using a firewall to block all incoming connections from the internet services that should not be publicly available .", "by enforcing a password policy .", "ensure that programs and users of the computer use the lowest level of privileges necessary to complete a task .", "disable autoplay to prevent the automatic launching of executable files on network and removable drives , and disconnect the drive when not required .", "turn off file sharing if needed .", "removal automatic action once detected , the f-secure security product will automatically disinfect the suspect file by either deleting it or renaming it ." ], "topic": [ 17, 26, 17, 16, 16, 17, 16, 16, 16, 4, 17, 17, 16, 17, 28, 19, 18, 19, 25, 14, 4 ] }

[ "upering upering (alias \" annoyer.b \", or \" sany \") is a mass-mailing computer worm. it was isolated in tacoma, washington, in the united states, from several submissions from america online members. as of late 2005, it is listed on the wildlist, and has been since 2003. worm a worm is a program that makes and facilitates he distribution of copies of itself; for example, from one disk drive to another, or by copying itself using email or another transport mechanism. the worm may damage and compromise the security of the computer. it may arrive via exploitation of a system vulnerability or by clicking on an infected e-mail. mass-mailing worm mailing worm (also known as an email worm or less commonly known as an internet worm) distributes copies of itself in an infectious e-mail attachment. often, these infected e-mails are sent to email addresses that the worm harvests from files on an infected computer. isolation date july 22, 2003 systems affected windows 2000, windows me, windows xp, windows 95 how it is spread this type of worm is embedded in an e-mail attachment, and spreads using the infected computer's e-mailing networks. uses social engineering tactics to entice the user into opening and executing the e-mail attachment. upering spreads by sending itself to email addresses and instant message contacts in the aol address book. upering worm arrive as an attachment to an email or an instant message with the lines: hey here's my pic!!! its to big to show in mail click download now to download it! how to identify it may arrive an email with an attachment named winupdate32login.exe the filename could differ depending on the original filename of the worm on the system on which the email originated. effects sends an icq notification message to the creators of the worm sends itself to the contacts in the aol address book, either by email or instant message. adds the registry value recommendation on how to avoid upering users can avoid infection by simply refusing to open any e-mail file attachments without first verifying its safety with the e-mail sender. by using a firewall to block all incoming connections from the internet services that should not be publicly available. by enforcing a password policy. ensure that programs and users of the computer use the lowest level of privileges necessary to complete a task. disable autoplay to prevent the automatic launching of executable files on network and removable drives, and disconnect the drive when not required. turn off file sharing if needed. removal automatic action once detected, the f-secure security product will automatically disinfect the suspect file by either deleting it or renaming it." ]

[ "argyrophorodes suttoni is a moth in the crambidae family. it was described by agassiz in 2012. it is found in the democratic republic of congo .\nthe species of acentropinae recorded from africa are listed and described with illustrations of the adults and genitalia. ten new synonymies are established. the following species are described new to science: parapoynx zambiensis, argyrophorodes angolensis, a. suttoni, elophila acornutus, e. ealensis, e. minima, nymphicula hexaxantha, eoophyla belladotae, e. cameroonensis, e. carcassoni, e. citrialis, e. dentisigna, e. euprepialis, e. grandifuscalis, e. interopalis, e. kingstoni, e. piscatorum, e. platyxantha, e. principensis, e. ruwenzoriensis, e. stepheni, e. tanzanica. e. nyasalis kenyalis is described as a new subspecies .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nthe wingspan is 16–17 mm. the forewings are white, the costa with fuscous marks along the inner two - thirds. there is a yellow antemedian fascia and there are two wavy pale fuscous crosslines. the base of the hindwings is yellowish, with a yellow postmedian band .\nthe species is named for dr stephen sutton, who first collected the species .\n[ democratic republic of congo, katanga ], zaire, mulenda near bakama, leg. s. sutton .\nholotype ♀, bmnh; paratype 1♀, genitalia slide pyralidae 21449♀, bmnh .\nagassiz d. j. l. 2012. the acentropinae (lepidoptera: pyraloidea: crambidae) of africa. - zootaxa 3494: 1—73 .\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, states, usa, television, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "argyrophorodes suttoni is a moth in the crambidae family .", "it was described by agassiz in 2012 .", "it is found in the democratic republic of congo .", "the wingspan is 16 – 17 mm .", "the forewings are white , the costa with fuscous marks along the inner two-thirds .", "there is a yellow antemedian fascia and there are two wavy pale fuscous crosslines .", "the base of the hindwings is yellowish , with a yellow postmedian band . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "argyrophorodes suttoni is a moth in the crambidae family. it was described by agassiz in 2012. it is found in the democratic republic of congo. the wingspan is 16 – 17 mm. the forewings are white, the costa with fuscous marks along the inner two-thirds. there is a yellow antemedian fascia and there are two wavy pale fuscous crosslines. the base of the hindwings is yellowish, with a yellow postmedian band." ]

[ "the demoiselle crane was named by queen marie antoinette of france for its delicate appearance .\n(\ndemoiselle crane\n, 2000; ellis, et al. , 1996 )\ninformation on the demoiselle crane is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\na fully migratory species, the demoiselle crane may travel vast distances without landing to rest or feed .\nof the 15 species of cranes, only the sandhill crane (grus canadensis), brolga crane (grus rubicunda), demoiselle crane (anthropoides virgo), eurasia crane or common crane (grus grus), and gray crowned crane (balearica regulorum) are not listed as vulnerable, endangered, or critically endangered .\ninternational crane foundation. 1999 .\nthe demoiselle\n( on - line). crane species. accessed 03 / 19 / 03 at urltoken .\nas the blue crane, the demoiselle crane has entirely feathered head, and lacks the red patches of bare skin very common in others gruidae species .\n(\ndemoiselle crane\n, 2000; ellis, et al. , 1996 ;\nthe demoiselle\n, 1999; johnsgard, 1983; meine and archibald, 1996 )\ndemoiselle cranes are the smallest of all crane species and the second most abundant of the world' s cranes (only the sandhill crane is more numerous) .\ninternational crane foundation (icf). 2007. siberian crane. retrieved july 28, 2007 .\n(\ndemoiselle crane\n, 2000; ellis, et al. , 1996; meine and archibald, 1996 )\n2000 .\ndemoiselle crane\n( on - line). animal fact sheets. accessed 03 / 19 / 03 at urltoken .\n(\ndemoiselle crane\n, 2000; ellis, et al. , 1996; johnsgard, 1983; meine and archibald, 1996 )\nly, l .\nthe demoiselle crane\n( on - line). whozoo. accessed 03 / 19 / 03 at urltoken .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - demoiselle crane (anthropoides virgo )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - demoiselle crane (anthropoides virgo )\ntitle =\narkive species - demoiselle crane (anthropoides virgo )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ngolden eagles take demoiselle cranes on the wing as they migrate high over the himalayas .\nvoice: sounds by xeno - canto the demoiselle crane utters raspy, low - pitched, guttural trumpeting calls “krrllaa - krrllaa…” or “krrlll - krrlll” .\nthe japanese crane is the second rarest crane species after the whopping crane with fewer than 2, 600 worldwide. in the 1920s before 10 cranes were found it was thought they had become extinct .\ncrane symbol: seeing a crane in your dream, represents happiness, maternal love, and your gestures of good will. you look out for those who are near and dear to you - crane symbol traits\nwhen first brought to france from the steppes of russia, the demoiselle crane was so named by queen marie antoinette, for its delicate and maiden - like appearance .\nthe following habitats are found across the demoiselle crane distribution range. find out more about these environments, what it takes to live there and what else inhabits them .\nlifelong pair bonds between demoiselle cranes are reinforced by spectacular duets, and ballet - like dancing .\ndescription: the demoiselle crane is the smallest of the cranes’ species. this bird is often mentioned in the literature and poetry of northern india and pakistan. the graceful appearance of this bird involves numerous comparisons between beautiful women and this crane .\nof all the cranes, the head is completely feathered, and lacking red skin, in the adults of only the demoiselle and grus paradisea - blue crane. (b107. w8 )\nthe definition of a crane is a wading bird with a long neck and legs and a long straight bill. there are fifteen different species of crane including :\ninformation exchange has taken place at several conferences, including on specifically for demoiselle cranes. (b107. w8 )\nsearching for and monitoring the sarus crane in lowland nepal and on the indian ...\nthis is the second most abundant crane species (b559. 2. 3. w2c )\ndemoiselle cranes are noticeable when gathered in large flocks on their wintering grounds and upon first arrival on their summer breeding grounds .\nas all cranes’ species, the demoiselle crane performs ritual and beautiful displays, as well in courtship as in social behaviour. these displays or dances consist in co - ordinated bows, jumps, runs and tossing of plant items in the air. the demoiselle crane’s dances tend to be more energetic than in larger species, and are described as “more - ballet - like” than those of the cranes of genus “grus”, with less theatrical postures .\nthe demoiselle crane can be found in a number of locations including: africa, asia, china, europe, himalayas, indian subcontinent, mediterranean, russia. find out more about these places and what else lives there .\nwe asked our staff for their top ten facts about crane migration to create this ...\n. crane pairs stay together all year, and usually remain together until one partner dies. (\non the occasion of his retirement from the international crane foundation, i find myself ...\nzhalong is one of the great crane marshes of china, with the highest breeding ...\nfemales normally lay clutches of two eggs. both sexes incubate the eggs, although females put in more time on the nests than males. demoiselle cranes have the shortest of all crane incubation periods, from 27 - 29 days .\nin china, the red - crowned crane is often featured in myths and legends. in daoism, the red - crowned crane is a symbol of longevity and immortality. in art and literature, immortals are often depicted riding on cranes. a mortal who attains immortality is similarly carried off by a crane. reflecting this association, red - crowned cranes are called xian he, or fairy crane .\ndistinguished from grus paradisea - blue crane by smaller size and by colouration, the blue crane having a red bill, a pale, domed head and a long black\ncloak\n. (b104 )\nin kazakhstan and ukraine, this crane is adapting to use agricultural fields. (b107. w8 )\nin the wild is unknown presently. the marking of individuals for identification has been initiated only recently. because life is more hazardous in the wild, the longevity of a demoiselle crane is predicted to be shorter than one living in captivity .\nhabitat: the demoiselle crane frequents open shrubby plains, savannahs, steppes and various grasslands, often close to the water, streams, lakes or wetlands. this species can be found in deserts and semi - desert if water is available .\nrange: the demoiselle crane breeds in c eurasia, from black sea to mongolia and ne china. it winters in indian subcontinent and in sub - saharan africa. isolated populations occur in turkey and in north africa (atlas mountains) .\nmonitoring wintering populations of demoiselle cranes in south asia and, with partners, identifying threat mitigation strategies to secure the future of this species. for example, we are working with colleagues in sudan to assess the status and population of wintering demoiselle cranes in the vast sudd wetlands .\n( ellis, et al. , 1996 ;\nthe demoiselle\n, 1999; johnsgard, 1983; meine and archibald, 1996 )\nafter hatching, demoiselle chicks are silver gray, and as they develop into a juvenile demoiselle, they become predominately grey at the time of fledging. this color assists in camouflaging the bird. once developing into an adult, they appear as previously described above. an important fact about\ncrane symbol there is no exact definition for any symbol; each symbol is open to interpretation and birds are no exception to this. their symbolism can vary greatly depending on different cultures and religion. the crane is generally thought to be a symbol of maternal love and happiness. many cultures consider the crane to be a symbol of communication and specifically believe that the crane is a messenger of the gods. the greeks and romans believed the crane to be a symbol of spring and light and the bird was sacred to apollo .\neast asia’s red - crowned crane has achieved remarkable cultural significance throughout its range, in part ...\npromoting cooperative research efforts between crane conservationists in mongolia and the amur - heilong basin of russia and china .\ncrane dances are amazing! during the dance, the crane bows, throws its heads back and forth and can even trumpet, throw stones and feathers high in the air. while dancing the crane leaps up and parachutes back down again on its broad wings! this display is usually done in order to attract a mate\nvaries. africans will raise demoiselle chicks as pets, these cranes are popular in the zoos of europe and the orient, and they are also hunted or trapped during migration for food, or for pets. the economic importance of demoiselle cranes is limited mostly to the food and pet trade .\ndancing—widely practiced by all ages and often in large groups together. special dance procedures for courtship and breeding: a very human practice, especially in some of the more primitive cultures. many cultures have their own crane dances mimicking the cranes' dancing, even to the extent of strapping crane feathers or crane wings on the arms .\nthe red - crowned crane, with about 2, 000 birds, is the second rarest crane in the world, after the whooping crane (grus americana), which is considered endangered like the snow crane and the red - crowned crane, but its numbers (about three hundred in the wild plus about 150 in captivity) are increasing, thanks to an aggressive and comprehensive whooping crane recovery program. the whooping crane' s western population, which is the main body of the species, nests at wood buffalo national park in canada and the surrounding area, and winters at the aransas national wildlife refuge in texas. a smaller, eastern population, established since 2001, nests in wisconsin and winters in florida. at one time, the range for these birds extended throughout midwestern north america. in 1941, the wild population consisted of 21 birds. the whooping crane is still one of the rarest birds in north america .\nthere are 15 species of crane. they generally make their homes in grasslands and wetlands. nine species of crane are endangered. some are near extinction. their numbers have been reduced by hunting and habitat loss. captive breeding programs have been set up in several countries to increase their numbers. at some of these places, cranes are raised by humans in crane costumes and taught to fly over grass runways with the help of ultralight planes flown by men in crane costumes .\nthe sarus crane, grus antigone, found in northern pakistan, india, nepal, southeast asia, and queensland, australia, is the largest crane, averaging 156 centimeters. however, indian males can attain a maximum height of approximately 200 centimeters (6. 6 feet), with a wingspan of 250 centimeters (8. 5 feet), making them the world' s tallest living flying bird. the wattled crane, bugeranus carunculatus, which is found in africa south of the sahara desert, is the largest crane in africa and the second tallest species of crane, reaching a height of up to 172 centimeters (six feet). the whooping crane (grus americana), whose name comes from its whooping call, is the tallest north american crane and the only crane species found solely in north america. this species stands nearly 150 centimeters (5 feet) tall with a wingspan of 230 centimeters (7. 5 feet) .\ndiet: the demoiselle crane feeds mainly on plant items such as seeds of grasses and cereal grains. they also catch insects such as coleopteran in summer, but worms, lizards and small vertebrates are included in their diet. they feed by walking slowly and pecking at the surface .\ndemoiselle crane chicks fledge after 55 - 65 days, which is a very short period for cranes. the birds spend a month or so putting on weight in preparation for their fall migration. young birds apparently accompany their parents on the fall migration and stay with them through the first winter .\nthe red - crowned crane is also a symbol of nobility. depictions of the crane have been found in shang dynasty tombs and zhou dynasty ceremonial bronzeware. a common theme in later chinese art is the recluse scholar who cultivates bamboo and keeps cranes .\nalso, the word\npedigree\ncomes from the old french phrase ,\npie de grue ,\nwhich means\nfoot of a crane ,\nas the pedigree diagram looks similar to the branches coming out of a crane' s foot .\n55 - 65 days - shorter than any other crane. (b107. w8, b559. 2. 3. w2c )\nhabitat management and development programs to coordinate agricultural practices with crane conservation is important. (b559. 2. 3. w2c )\nconducting environmental education activities among communities and stakeholders affecting critical crane habitat to increase local and national pride and commitment to conservation action .\ndemoiselle cranes have an extremely large range and their overall population is increasing. they are listed as a species of least concern by the iucn, the world’s leading conservation organization .\nsupporting development and implementation of water management plans that sustain crane habitats and preserve wetlands for wildlife, flood control, enhancement of water quality, fisheries and other harvests important to people at zhalong, momoge, xianghai, tumuji, muraviovka and other key crane wetlands .\nthe cranes: status survey and conservation action plan has looked at the conservation status of individuals in the six regional populations where demoiselle cranes are located. their estimate is as follows :\ndemoiselle cranes gather in large flocks whilst on migration, but once they reach their breeding grounds they gradually become territorial, with each pair nesting on their own. they pair for life, and the bond between two individuals is strengthened by duets, and ballet - like dancing. demoiselle cranes are the smallest of the crane species, and are famous for their elaborate communication methods. with a deep rasping voice, and spectacular dancing, contact both within pairs and amongst large flocks is of vital importance .\nbehaviour: the demoiselle crane forages by walking slowly, and feeds mainly on plant items, but it also takes insects during summer, and worms, lizards and small vertebrates. during the migration, the large flocks make stopovers in cultivated areas, as in the wintering grounds in india where they can damage the crops .\nthe japanese crane is among the largest of the 15 crane species. it stands nearly five tall, weighs 22 pounds and lives more than 60 years. males and females are virtually identical. booth have distinctive red crowns and white and black markings on their wings and bodies .\ncrane general: the initial down is replaced by a second coat of down; this is replaced by feathers. (b107. w8 )\nthe red - crowned crane is a common symbol of luck and fidelity. a pair of red - crowned cranes was used as a design in the d - series of 1, 000 yen notes. in ainu language, this crane is known as sarurun kamui or marsh kamui .\nthe future of demoiselle cranes is more stable and secure than other cranes species. measures are being taken however to diminish the threats listed above. conservation measures that have been successful thus far in benefiting\nrestoring crane wintering areas in the anbyon plain of north korea by assisting the local farming community in developing sustainable farming methods while providing food for cranes .\nflight: the demoiselle crane, as other cranes, needs to run on the ground to reach speed and take off. it flies with deep, powerful wing beats, and alight in standing stance after approaching with dangling legs and spread wings and tail. during the migration above the high mountains, it can fly between 5000 and 8000 metres height .\nare their short toes and bills. adapting to run in the grassland habitat, the toes have evolved to be shorter, as the shorter bills can forge for food more efficiently in upland areas. the length and positioning of the trachea can also distinguish a demoiselle crane from other cranes; demoiselles have a trachea that makes a slight indentation on the sternum .\nin grus canadensis - sandhill crane it has been shown that pairs which are unsuccessful in breeding often dissolve and choose new mates. (b107. w8 )\nbritton, dorothy and tsuneo hayashida. 1981. the japanese crane: bird of happiness. tokyo & new york: kodansha international, 1981. isbn 0870114840\ncrane symbol - christian significance a medieval book called a bestiary had allegorical descriptions of real and fabled animals including the crane. these books were often full of symbolism and contained a moral or religious lesson or allegory. a bestiary reflected the belief that the world itself was the word of god, and that every living creature had its own special meaning. the aberdeen bestiary which was written in the 12th century contains the following information regarding the crane as a religious symbol :\nthe international crane foundation is monitoring the status of cranes and their habitats from south asia to australia and implementing conservation strategies to address emerging threats. we are :\npictures and videos of crane symbol discover the vast selection of pictures and information which relate to crane symbol and illustrate the many individual symbols that we see in everyday life, each with their own unique meaning. all of the articles and pages can be accessed via the signology index - a great educational resource for everyone !\nreproduction: the breeding season occurs in april - may and until late june in the northern parts of the range. the demoiselle crane nests on the dry ground, on gravel, in open patches of grass or cultivated areas. the pair becomes aggressive and territorial, and defends the nesting areas. they may lure the predators away from the nest with a kind of “broken - wing” display .\ndemoiselle cranes gather in large flocks to migrate. they depart their northern breeding grounds in early fall and return in spring. they maintain large flocks while on wintering grounds but disperse and show territorial behavior when nesting during the summer .\nthe sentinel crane represent those who provide goods for others in common, and watch over the obedience of their brothers, protecting them from devils and the incursions of this world .\nseeing a crane in your dream, represents happiness, maternal love, and your gestures of good will. you look out for those who are near and dear to you .\nthe demoiselle crane is migratory and travels through the high mountains of the himalayas, whereas other populations cross the wide deserts of middle - east and north africa to reach their wintering grounds. the small population of turkey seems to be sedentary within its range. the migratory flocks can contain up to 400 birds at the beginning, but when they arrive at the wintering areas, they gather in huge flocks of several thousands .\nbenefit from some international conservation measures carried out for the benefit of other cranes, such as the protected area around the china - mongolia - russia border (aimed primarily at grus vipio - white - naped crane conservation) and international measures to protect the grus leucogeranus - siberian crane central population and its migratory route. (b559. 2. 3. w2c )\nlikewise, in other cultures the crane is important. the greek for crane is γερανος (geranos), which gives us the cranesbill, or hardy geranium. the crane was a bird of omen. in the tale of ibycus and the cranes, a thief attacked ibycus (a poet of the sixth century b. c. e .) and left him for dead. ibycus called to a flock of passing cranes, who followed the murderer to a theater and hovered over him until, stricken with guilt, he confessed to the crime .\nthe demoiselle cranes are considered as crop - pest in some parts of the range, where they damage the crops. they are shot or poisoned for this reason. they are threatened by habitat loss and drainage of wetlands, and suffer hunting pressure. they are killed for food or sport, and pakistan and afghanistan performs illegal pet - trade. the degradation of the habitat occurs across the range in steppes, but also on the wintering grounds and along the migration routes. several protection programs are already active in several countries to regulate the hunting and to protect the bird and its habitat. this species breeds well in captivity. currently, the demoiselle crane’s populations are not endangered .\ncranes general: crane chicks grow rapidly. growth of the legs is particularly rapid in the first six weeks, with the wings then developing rapidly after this. (b107. w8 )\nmiller, a. h. , and c. g. sibley. 1942. “a new species of crane from the pliocene of california. ” condor 44: 126 - 127 .\nafter the eggs hatch, a fledging period lasts for fifty - five to sixty days upland areas. this is the shortest fledging period out of all other cranes. until the next breeding season, for eight to ten months immature cranes remain with their parents. after the juvenile cranes leave their parents, they collect into non - breeding flocks and are nomadic, forging for food and roosting sites during the breeding season of the sexually mature adults. a young crane starts to exhibit adult like social behavior after eighteen months, and pairing can begin to occur, however reproduction is usually not successful until the demoiselle crane is four to eight years of age .\nas the smallest of all cranes, demoiselle cranes are more vulnerable to predators than other species. they are also over - hunted in some parts of the world. in places where they damage crops, they may be regarded as pests and be shot or poisoned .\ndemoiselle cranes are protected by a few cultures in many parts of its range. in several islamic regions, the birds are held in high regard because the koran mentions them. in mongolia and parts of india they are considered lucky birds and are protected by local people. demoiselle cranes are not endangered, however, their range and habitat has slowly been destroyed. scientists record the last sighted breeding in tunisia and morocco was in the 1930s. of 15 species of cranes, 7 are endangered or threatened due to breeding habitat destruction .\njapanese cranes are the largest birds in japan. declared\nspecial natural monuments ,\nthey inhabit parts of china, siberia, korea and eastern hokkaido. they are known in japanese as tancho (“red mountain”) and in english as the japanese crane and the red - crowned crane. [ sources: jennifer ackerman, national geographic, january 2003, tsuneo hayashida, national geographic, october 1983 ]\nin 2005, the number of japanese cranes counted in hokkaido exceeded 1, 000 for the first time. there are currently about 1, 200 japanese crane in japan. most of them in kushiro wetlands. another 1, 400 or so live outside of japan. the cranes in korea and southern china migrate to northern china and siberia. those on hokkaido stay on the island. in june 2008, a red - crowned crane was spotted in a rice field in akita prefecture. it was the first time a red - crowned crane has been seen on honshu in more than a hundred years .\nin japan, the crane is a mystical creature. a thousand paper origami cranes are traditionally given by the bride or grooms father as a wedding gift to wish the couple a thousand years of happiness and prosperity. the paper cranes are also often given to a new baby wishing it long life and good luck. according to ancient japanese legend, anyone who folds a paper crane will be granted a wish\nlifespan—roughly 30 - 40 years: about the same as for pre - industrial humans, although some asian cultures presumed cranes lived for one thousand years and took the crane as a symbol of long life .\nbody language—at least 90 different visual displays play a vital role in maintaining the social order: humans' rich spoken language capabilities probably cover some of the same functions as the crane' s body language .\npairs guard their nests aggressively, despite their small size. the male usually takes the lead, but both birds will divert danger by calling, dancing, charging, or feigning injury. there have been reported cases of several demoiselle cranes cooperatively driving predators away from nesting sites .\nsome species and / or populations of cranes migrate over long distances, while some do not migrate at all. for example, the endangered red - crowned crane, grus japonensis, also called the japanese crane, spends the spring and summer in siberia, where their eggs hatch, but in the fall it migrates in flocks to korea, japan, china, taiwan, and other countries in east asia to spend the winter. all red - crowned cranes migrate, except for a flock that stays in hokkaidō, japan, year long. the names grus japonensis and\njapanese crane\nhave become points of contention from countries, especially china, that question the fairness of including a country name in the scientific name of a highly migratory bird that spends time in several different countries. the red - crowned crane is the national bird of china .\ndemoiselle cranes nest in steppe country. they prefer to nest in areas loosely covered with grass that still provide good viewing rather than in completely open areas. they nest directly on the ground, perhaps atop small stones, but they make no effort to find or build a concave cavity .\ncrane pairs establish large breeding territories in wetlands and grasslands and zealously defend them. intruders are warned off with a loud trumpeting. a pair builds a platform nest in shallow water. typically two eggs are laid, with both sexes share incubation duties. after they hatch chicks remain with their parents until the next breeding season. in many cases only one chick survives. the low reproductive makes rebuilding decimated crane population a difficult task .\nall these factors coupled with an intrinsic beauty and elegance in the crane' s appearance have worked together to capture the human imagination and nurture a rich lode of symbolic associations in many cultures, with records dating back to ancient times. crane symbolism and mythology is widely spread and can be found in areas such as the aegean, south arabia, china, japan, korea, and in the native american cultures of north america .\nthe cycle of reproduction has many stages. first, there is a three to five month nesting period, whereas the non - breeding period is much longer. migrating between breeding grounds and wintering grounds, when in the breeding season, these birds nest in grasslands. usually the nest is on the bare ground consisting of a few twigs and pebbles. on average, the clutch size of a demoiselle crane consists of two eggs that are yellow - green in color with spots of lavender. both sexes assist with the incubation of the eggs over a period of twenty - nine days, however females perform the major part of the task. protecting their nest, demoiselle cranes will chase dogs, foxes, and eagles without hesitation and will even receive help from several other birds to drive invaders away from the nest .\ndemoiselle cranes are migratory birds that breed across central europe and asia and winter mainly in north africa, india, and pakistan. they are birds of dry grasslands (which include steppe country and savannah), but stay within reach of water. the african journey area of the maryland zoo houses these cranes .\nthe development of a public education programs in the breeding and migration ranges of demoiselle cranes, and the development of more specialized education programs involving hunters in afghanistan and pakistan are currently underway. these programs will assure more public awareness of this species, and will hopefully and eventually derive more support in the conservation of\ncranes in general have always inspired expression through art, mythology, legend, and artifacts - continually evoking strong emotional responses. they have also had a predominant place in religion, and have appeared in pictographs, petroglyphs, and ceramics. in ancient egyption tombs, demoiselle cranes have a strong appearance in the ancient art .\ninteracts with many other species. additionally, demoiselle cranes are hosts to parasites of various nematodes such as the gapeworm, capillarids, and ascarids, which are all intestinal parasites. coccidiosis is another parasite in chicks that infests the gut and visceral parts of the bird such as the heart, liver, kidneys, and lungs .\ncompared to grus grus - common crane, distinctly smaller, build more delicately, and with a short, rather fine bill. grey, but with the foreneck silky - black and a spray of white feathers behind the eye. (b104 )\ndiurnal in their habits, throughout the day demoiselle cranes forage, preen, nest, and attend to their young during the breeding season. during the non - breeding season, these birds socialize within flocks. at night, roosting provides security, as they rest on one leg with their head and neck tucked under / on a shoulder .\ncranes are famous for their songs and dances that accompany their mating rituals. crane pairs usually stay together until of one of them dies. they establish breeding and feeding territories, which the defend aggressively against intruders. the male is most active in defending the territory .\nlike other cranes, demoiselle cranes are monogamous and form pairs for life. they reinforce pair bonds by dancing. the birds perform ritualistic displays that include bows, leaps, runs, wing flapping, short flights, jerky bouncing, running, and stick tossing. cranes of all ages, paired and unpaired, dance. among younger birds, dancing may serve to reduce aggression with other cranes, provide physical exercise, and possibly relieve anxiety. demoiselle cranes are active during the day. they forage mainly during the morning hours in open grasslands and fields, then roost together for the rest of the day. they feed on seeds, grasses, other plant materials, insects, worms, lizards, and other small animals .\nin korea, a crane dance has been performed in the courtyard of the tongdosa temple since the silla dynasty (646 c. e .). in northern hokkaidō, the women of the ainu people, whose culture is more siberian than japanese, performed a crane dance that was captured in 1908 in a photograph by arnold genthe. in mecca, in pre - islamic south arabia, the goddesses allat, uzza, and manah, who were believed to be daughters of and intercessors with allah, were called the\nthree exalted cranes .\n), and will give chase to foxes and dogs. man can also be considered a predator, for even though hunting of this species is illegal, in areas with lacking resources, exceptions are made. information on anti - predator adaptation, behavior, and structure, is sparse also. as mentioned previously, demoiselle cranes have numerous communication behaviors that assist in protecting them from predators, such as various threat postures, vocalizations, visualizations, the modification of the bill and toes for more efficient feeding and running, and the silver - gray coloration of the juvenile crane for camouflage, as well as their eggs that are yellow - green with lavender spots .\nhigher - pitched than grus grus - common crane ,\nrecalling cornet, not bugle\n,\nmore grating and coarse\nwith fewer, shorter syllables. calls of male are louder than those of the female. unison call of about 3 - 4 seconds. (b104 )\nstill abundant in most of its historical range, but during the last 100 years it has been eliminated from the iberian peninsula, balkan peninsula, parts of north africa and parts of western eurasia. the stronghold for this crane is the eastern eurasian steppes. (b107. w8 )\nis monogamous. a male and a female will remain a pair for their entire lives. however, this remains true only if reproduction is successful, and reproduction is usually not successful until the age of four to eight years. the breeding season of demoiselle cranes coincides with the local rainy season, and usually takes place in the eurasion steppes from the black sea to northeastern china .\nboth sexes look alike. the demoiselle crane has long legs, a long neck and a long, compressed bill. its body is light bluish gray with light gray on the crown and along the back of the neck and the nape. the face and front of the neck is dark gray with long, pointed feathers hanging over the breast area. white ear tufts circle the sides and back of head. the iris is red and the beak is olive at the base, yellowish at the middle and orange at the tip. the legs and toes are black, as are the primary and secondary flight feathers, and the tail feathers are gray with black tips .\ncrane general: cranes are vulnerable to changes in habitat not only at their breeidng and wintering areas but also, for migratory species, at their traditional staging and resting areas. they are susceptible to human - associated mortality factors such as collisions with utility lines. (b107. w8 )\nlong and narrow compared to eggs of grus grus - common crane. ground colour pale olive yellow to warm olive brown or even olive - green, with large purplish blotches, sometimes over the whole surface, otherwise mainly or only at the large end. (b480. 12. w12 )\nhayes, m. a. 2005. divorce and extra - pair paternity as alternative mating strategies in monogamous sandhill cranes. master’s thesis, university of south dakota, vermilion, s. d. available online (pdf) from the international crane foundation' s library. retrieved july 28, 2007 .\nis known to be the smallest crane, with an average adult length of 90 cm. cranes are recognized for their long necks and legs, their streamlined bodies, and long rounded wings. demoiselle cranes can be distinguished by specific physical features and other unique characteristics. most cranes have bare, red skin patches on their heads, however, demoiselles have a completely feathered head with a white line that extends from the corner of their red eye, to the back of their head. during display, they can elongate these feathers on the sides of their head. with feathery gray areas ranging from the crown to the nape, the bird has a dark underside, with black legs and toes. the main distinguishing features of\nthere are six main populations of demoiselle cranes occurring in over 47 countries throughout the world. the three eastern populations occurring in eastern asia, kazakhstan / central asia and kalmykia (between the black and caspian seas) are abundant, numbering in the tens of thousands. there are also three remnant populations occurring near the black sea and turkey. the two wintering ranges including india and surrounding countries and northwestern africa centered in sudan .\nmates reinforce their bond with “unison” calls. their loud calls, which an be heard up to three kilometers away, are made by thrusting aire through the bird’s long, cooled trachea as if it were some kind of brass instrument, the japanese expression tsuri no hitoke (“call of the crane”) means a voice of authority\nthe black - necked crane inhabits high altitude wetlands on the quighia - tibetan plateau during the april - to - october breeding season and winters in low elevation agricultural valleys in china, bhutan, india and myanmar, particularly on the yunnan - guizhou plateau. for many of these birds their entire migration route is within china .\nthe black - necked crane is named after the black coloring on the bird' s neck and head. standing 90 to 130 centimeters tall, with a wingspan of 180 to 200 centimeters and weighing between 6 to 9 kilograms, these large birds have a bright red crown and feed primarily on barley. tibetans regarded them as holy birds .\ncranes form monogamous pairs and can be extremely territorial, particularly in the breeding season. therefore it is important to house each pair of adult cranes in a separate enclosure from other cranes, and preferably not directly adjacent to another pair of cranes, particularly of the same species. visual barriers should be put in place between crane enclosures before the breeding season\nthe white - naped crane is named after the white stripe that runs along the bird' s neck. standing up to 1. 5 meters and weighing between 4. 75 and 6. 50 kilograms, these large birds inhabit wetlands and adjacent grasslands in china, eastern siberia (near vladivostok), southern japan and the demilitarized zone between north and south korea .\ndemoiselle cranes can reach altitudes of 24, 000 feet when they cross the hindu kush during their fall and spring migrations between nesting grounds in central asia and warmer, wintering areas in india. eurasian cranes migrate between russia and northern europe and spain. they prefer to make their nests in bogs but because bogs are disappearing they make their nests in pocket wetlands in cultivated areas. whopping cranes and siberian cranes brought up in captive breeding programs are being taught to migrate by humans with ultra lights and hand gliders. see siberian cranes\ncranes are found in wetlands and grass plains. they are opportunistic feeders that change their diet according to the season and their own nutrient requirements. they eat a range of items from suitably sized small rodents, fish, amphibians, and insects, to grain, berries, and plants (the cranberry is so - named for its flowers' resemblance to the neck and head of the crane) .\nsome writers have been quick to discount the cranes' legendary pair - bonding fidelity based on one published scientific study of the mating stability of cranes (hayes 2005). that study followed 69 pairs in a dense breeding population of sandhill cranes over 13 years and found 12 instances of\ndivorce\n—and, therefore, 57 instances of stable marriages —a strong record in comparison to human marriage success rates in many countries. the study did not evaluate such other positive and widely held views of the crane as: the male and female share in the tasks of protecting and feeding the young; the male and female flank the young on either side during migration flights; the male and female dance and sing together; or the mate of a wounded or sick crane will stay with its mate even if the flock leaves for migration .\na large number of red - crowned cranes live in the kushiro mire, a 45, 000 - acre area of boreal marsh near the city of kushiro in eastern hokkaido. it is the crane’s main breeding area in japan and where most of the cranes in japan congregate in the winter. the marsh has been preserved in its natural state in part because its cool, foggy climate is not conducive to growing rice .\nis that they will use cultivated lands because of the growing pressures on their natural habitat. sometimes these cranes will cause conflict with farmers. since the breeding grounds in the eurasian steppes are extremely appealing for agricultural development, demoiselle cranes have learned to successfully reproduce in agricultural fields. however, these birds can cause significant crop damage, inflicting serious damage to ripened millet and other crops in result of having to live in these fields. two of the leading controversies that affect the population of this species are the poisoning and shooting of these birds, mainly by the adversely affected farmers .\ncaptured cranes have been raised in nature centers. a female crane usually lay a single egg unless it is damaged or broken and then she lays another one. biologists have stolen the eggs after they have been laid, which in turn has made females lay more eggs, as many as 15. the eggs are hatched in incubators after about 30 days. the hatchlings are raised in the center and then released in the wild .\nare generalists and opportunists with respect to their diet and foraging behavior. with more efficient shorter bills and toes for feeding in dry uplands, croplands, and pastures, these birds hunt with their heads lowered to peck at the ground. furthermore, demoiselle cranes are omnivores, consuming a wide variety of plant materials year round, and supplementing their diet with other animals. more specifically, demoiselles can be considered: carnivores, insectivores, molluscivores, folivores, frugivores, granivores. precisely, their diet includes: seeds, leaves, acorns, nuts, berries, fruits, waste grains, small\nthe mating dance of crane is spectacular. the birds walk stiffly around each other with quick steps, wings half spread, alternately leaping high in the air. during this display, the cranes bow deeply and stretch. next, the cranes pick up sticks or pieces of grass, throw them in the air, and stab at them with their beak as they come down. both sexes, mature and immature, take part in the dances .\nlives in upland areas, unlike most other cranes which can be found in wetland habitat. space and solitude are important for the maintenance of demoiselle cranes, therefore their habitats vary from semi - arid savannas, grasslands, and steppes, to high plateaus. they can also inhabit semi - deserts to true deserts as long as water is available within 200 to 500 meters. ranging in habitat from sea level to 3, 000 meters, they are usually found no farther than a few hundred meters away from rivers, for they need the source of water to survive. after migration, the wintering habitats of\naristotle describes the migration of cranes in the history of animals, adding an account of their fights with pygmies as they wintered near the source of the nile. he describes as untruthful an account that the crane carries a touchstone inside it that can be used to test for gold when vomited up (this second story is not altogether implausible, as cranes might ingest appropriate gizzard stones in one locality and regurgitate them in a region where such stone is otherwise scarce) .\ncranes are the tallest and arguably the most elegant of all flying birds. more closely related to rails and bustards than herons, ibises and storks, they are known best for their unwavering faithfulness to mates, spectacular courtship displays, large size, long migrations and loud calls. many species can reach a height of five feet within a year after they are born. some of them have long life spans. one siberian crane is known to have lived for 83 years .\ndescribing the black - necked crane mating dance, zhang zhiyen wrote in the japan times, “one bird spread its wings, jumped and down, picked up a stick in its bill and threw it into the air. then it flapped its wings and ran in a large circle, leaping and dancing as if full of joy. at the same time its partner bowed and stretched out its neck, beat its wings and rose and fell, cutting an elegant figure. ”\ntoday, while crane numbers continue to rise at a rate of between 5 to 7 percent a year, their habitat is rapidly shrinking. about 90 pairs nest in kushiro mire, which is probably the maximum the marsh can handle. the cranes are famously territorial and crowded them into a particular area reduces the likelihood that their chicks will survive, as adults search larger area for food and defend their territories, leaving nests vulnerable to predators such as foxes, eagles and crows .\nthe international crane foundation (icf) has developed a new and exciting opportunity for all k - 12 educators across the country. cranes in the classroom is offered as a one or two - day workshop spotlighting the unique opportunities that cranes offer the classroom. workshops explore all subject areas and learning styles and address such topics as genetics, migration and biodiversity among others. bring some of the world’s most beautiful and endangered birds into your classroom for an adventure you and your students will treasure !\nhistorically, the cranes have claimed a special place in the human imagination because of their several distinctive similarities to humans, including their height, vocalization, social nature, and perennial monogamy. china, south africa, and uganda each claim a different species of crane as their national bird. in east asia, cranes are revered as symbols of long life, happiness, marital fidelity, and love, all traits that are embodied by these distinctive birds. pairs of cranes living in a dense breeding population, for example, and closely monitored by scientists, maintained their monogamous pair bonds in more than 80 percent of the pairs evaluated (hayes 2005) .\n. to begin, the bond between two individual cranes is formed in non - breeding flocks or in mixed flocks outside of the breeding season. this bond can be created rapidly, or it can take months of interaction. vocalizations have a critical role in the interaction, development and maintenance of pair bonds. developed between the ages of two to three years, demoiselles have the ability to vocalize unison calls. these calls last from a few seconds to a minute, and they allow the partners to come into a breeding condition at the same time. unison calls also are important for the ovarian development of the female. when vocalizing a unison call, demoiselle cranes have a distinct posture where both of the individuals call with their wings closed, although the female calls with her bill pointed upward, and the male calls with the bill held horizontally. unison calls are used to help defend mates and individuals along with various other threat postures and actual attacks. within the pair, the male maintains a role of defense, while the female deals with more domestic affairs .\naccording to japanese tradition, the crane is said to live one thousand years, and if one folds one thousand origami cranes, one' s wish for health will be granted. more recently, folding one thousand cranes has come to embody a wish and prayer for peace as well—since the death of sadako sasaki, a japanese girl who survived the hiroshima atomic bomb blast at age two, only to die at age 12 of radiation - induced leukemia, while she was diligently folding cranes as her prayer for peace. inspired by sadako' s example, japanese school children and later children of the world have established a tradition and movement of folding one thousand paper cranes of peace and sending them on a string to be hung in the section of the hiroshima peace park devoted to sadako and the peace cranes." ]

{ "text": [ "the demoiselle crane ( grus virgo ) is a species of crane found in central eurasia , ranging from the black sea to mongolia and north eastern china .", "there is also a small breeding population in turkey .", "these cranes are migratory birds .", "birds from western eurasia will spend the winter in africa whilst the birds from asia , mongolia and china will spend the winter in the subcontinent .", "the bird is symbolically significant in the culture of pakistan , where it is known as koonj . " ], "topic": [ 29, 17, 12, 14, 12 ] }

[ "the demoiselle crane (grus virgo) is a species of crane found in central eurasia, ranging from the black sea to mongolia and north eastern china. there is also a small breeding population in turkey. these cranes are migratory birds. birds from western eurasia will spend the winter in africa whilst the birds from asia, mongolia and china will spend the winter in the subcontinent. the bird is symbolically significant in the culture of pakistan, where it is known as koonj." ]

[ "hong kong black kite a listserver devoted to the black kite. urltoken species account, with an emphasis on european populations. vireo black kite photos .\nother names: allied kite, black - eared kite (lineatus), common kite, dark kite, eared kite (lineatus), egyptian kite (aegyptius), fork - tailed kite (affinis), large indian kite (lineatus), pariah kite (govinda), siberian black kite (melanotis), small indian kite (govinda), yellow - billed kite (aegyptius) .\nthe black kite is the most abundant raptor (bird of prey) in the world .\nvinuela, j. 1996. establishment of mass hierarchies in broods of the black kite .\nthe black kite species is distributed in europe, africa, asia, indian subcontinent and australia .\nthe black kite' s range covers the majority of the australian mainland, as well as africa, asia and europe. the black kite is arguably the most numerous species of raptor in the world .\nthe latest sighting details and map for black kite are only available to our birdguides ultimate or our birdguides pro subscribers .\ndescription: black - winged kite is grey and white with black shoulders and red eyes. upperparts are bluish - grey. black wings coverts form a black shoulder patch. central tail feathers are bluish - grey and outer tail feathers are white. it has long pointed wings and rounded tail .\nblack kite cellars is committed to producing the finest site - specific pinot noir and chardonnay from exceptional vineyards along the california coast .\nit might not seem de rigueur but for a black kite furnishing one' s nest with white plastic is a major statement .\n“black kite” stars two of afghanistan’s biggest stars, haji gul and leena alam, along with non - actors zahra nasim and hamid noorzay .\n“black kite” will make its world premiere at tiff 2017 as part of the contemporary world cinema slate, date and time to be announced .\nrecommended citation: global raptor information network. 2018. species account: black kite milvus migrans. downloaded from urltoken on 10 jul. 2018\n. the black kite can rarely be seen in the uk, although it is very common in continental europe within the red kites range .\nblack kite nests tend to be located 8 to 15 m above ground, in forests with close proximity to water or in areas with little tree cover. black kites prefer mid - canopy parts of trees, but have been seen as high as 30 m. occasionally, black kites nests will be located near nests of the closely related red kite (\n[ grin 2009 ] global raptor information network. 2009. species account: black kite milvus migrans. downloaded from urltoken on 2 feb. 2009\nsimilar species: the black kite is similar to the much more common swamp harrier. unlike the harrier, the black kite does not soar with its wings held in a shallow v, but has a more flattened profile. it also lacks the harrier’s distinctive pale rump and long legs .\nthe black kite species inhabits a wide variety of habitats such as semi - deserts, grasslands, savannas and woodlands. they avoid dense forests .\nbut the black kit is not dependent on fish. beside fish, the black kite also hunts small mammals and birds and takes carrion (including road kills). sometimes insects, amphibians or earthworms are taken .\nowing to its global ubiquity, the black kite is still classified as least concern on the iucn red list (1). nonetheless, some early research has been conducted to assess habitat conservation priorities for the black kite in europe, where the species is probably most threatened (7) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - black kite (milvus migrans )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - black kite (milvus migrans )\ntitle =\narkive species - black kite (milvus migrans )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\na snail kite hunting for apple snails along the iguaçu river in south america .\nthe black kite' s plumage is similar to other raptors (birds of prey), such as the little eagle, hieraaetus morphnoides, whistling kite, haliastur sphenurus, and square - tailed kite, lophoictinia isura. in flight, however, its long forked tail and almost unmarked underwing make it unmistakable .\nthe black kite species is a medium sized bird and the females are slightly larger than the males. the male black kite measures 45 to 65 cm in length and weighs 600 to 900 grams. the female bird weighs 750 to 1, 100 grams. the wingspan is 120 to 150 cm .\nthe contamination of rivers and likes can have a negative effect on the black kite. it cat take up the contaminants with it' s food (fishes). also, it' s prey base can be reduced by contamination or habitat destruction. the destruction of wetlands is another threat to the black kite .\nis distributed in egypt, arabia, coastal e africa and kenya. the kite subspecies\ns3 table. species - specific analysis: red kite (m. milvus) .\nhas been known to hybridize with the black kite (in captivity where both species were kept together, and in the wild on the cape verde islands) .\nthe black kite has dark brown plumage. the head and neck are paler. there is a dark patch behind the eyes. the outer flight feathers are black and the feathers have dark cross bars and are mottled at the base. the cere, gape and legs are yellow. the beak and claws are black. these kite species have a distinctive shrill whistling sound followed by a rapid whinnying call .\nkiff, l. 1999 .\nblack kite milvus migrans\n( on - line). global raptor information network. accessed march 20, 2011 at urltoken .\nthe kite populations in the tropical regions are resident. the populations of these kite species from europe and north asia leave their breeding grounds between july and october, arriving back between february and may. these kite species winter in sub - saharan africa and southern asia .\nmany migrate via gibraltar or along the east coast of the black sea. black kites are also capable of crossing the mediterranean sea and many black kites cross the mediterranean sea at other places than gibraltar. [ mebs & schmidt 2006 ]\nthe global black kite population is estimated to be 1, 000, 000 to 6, 000, 000 individual birds. the modernisation of urban areas had lead to habitat loss. agricultural pesticides and windmills are the threats to the conservation of these kite species .\nkilkenney - blake, d. 2003 .\nblack kite (milvus migrans )\n( on - line). arkive. accessed february 16, 2011 at urltoken .\nvang, k. , w. dabrowka. 2011 .\nblack kite\n( on - line). birds in backyards. accessed february 15, 2011 at urltoken .\nforero, m. , j. donazar, j. blas, f. hiraldo. 1999. causes and consequences of territory change and breeding dispersal distance in the black kite .\njais, m. 2009 .\nblack kite, milvus migrans\n( on - line). european raptors: biology and conservation. accessed february 17, 2011 at urltoken .\nas a scavenger the black kite can suffer from poison intended to either kill the species itself or other raptors or carnivores like red foxes or wolves. as most raptors that regularly or sometimes perch on electric pylons black kites can be killed by electrocution on unsafe pylons .\nthe black kite is found in a variety of habitats, from timbered watercourses to open plains, and is often observed in and around outback towns. although it is more normally seen in small groups, the black kite may form huge flocks of many thousands of birds, especially during grasshopper plagues. no other australian bird of prey is seen in such large flocks .\n). black kites often are confused with closely related yellow - billed kites, because of their similar appearance. the main difference between these two species is that yellow - billed kites have yellow bills, whereas black kites have black bills. red kites are also similar in appearance to black kites because of their yellow legs and brown coloring .\na rare glimpse of the body feathers just as the kite is having a good' shake' .\nthe black kite is an opportunistic feeder. it feeds on a very broad diet. what food is dominant depends on the local situation. close to water, fish is often the main prey. black kites often take dead or sick fish or steal it from other birds .\nwhen perched, black - winged kite raises and lowers the tail very often. maybe it is a form of display, but also when excited. it is the pre - copulation display .\nmost black kites migrate to africa during the winter, settling near the southern sahara region. black kites are rarely seen in natural desert habitats or high elevation mountainous areas. in addition, although black kites are attracted to various woodland habitats, they rarely inhabit dense forests .\nblack kites play an essential role as efficient scavengers within their ecosystems. a variety of external parasites are found on black kites, as well as several species of endoparasitic trematodes such as\n[ birdlife international 2004 ] birdlife international. 2004. birds in europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. birdlife interntional. cambridge, uk. (black kite species account available at :\nblack kite. adult carrying stick (which it would drop and then swoop down and catch). oram road, meremere, december 2016. image © scott brooks (ourspot) by scott brooks\nblack kites are very similar to red kites ...\nthe black kite can be distinguished from the red kite by its slightly smaller size, less forked tail, visible in flight and generally dark plumage without any rufous. the sexes are alike. the upper plumage is brown but the head and neck tend to be paler. the patch behind the eye appears darker .\nwikipedia urltoken\nthese kite species feed on birds, bats, rodents, fish, reptiles, carrion and household waste .\nin the wild, black kites have been recorded to live up to 24 years. expected lifespan of black kites averages 22 years. there are no known captive records, but their closest relative ,\nblack kites are natural predators of each other; they tend to steal eggs from other kites' nests. another predominant predator of the black kites is humans, though most of the time it is not intentional. this usually occurs when humans encroach on black kite habitats or when black kites go to densely human populated areas in order to search for food. when either of these happens, there is the chance for the birds to have accidents with vehicles, or eat things that might be poisonous to them .\nsee the black kites on skydeck during special presentations only. these birds are not currently on exhibit .\nunderparts are white. outer primaries are black. head is white, with a small black mask around the eye. bill is rather short, with hooked upper mandible. bill is black with yellow cere. eyes are dark red. short bare legs and feet are yellow. both sexes are similar .\nblack kites are sociable, and can be found in large numbers in many parts of their range .\nlike most birds, black kites perceive their environments through visual, auditory, tactile and chemical stimuli .\nthe black kite preys on lizards, small mammals and insects, especially grasshoppers. it also is a scavenger, and frequents tips in outback towns. black kites also gather in flocks around bush fires, and eagerly pounce on small animals as these flee the flames. both live and dead (carrion) prey is eaten .\nprotection / threats / status: black - winged kite populations appear to increase in some areas, due to deforestation for agriculture, giving a suitable habitat to rodent populations, and of course, to black - winged kites which feed on them. this species was observed nesting in sw france in 1990 for the first time .\ndiet: black - winged kite feeds mainly on mammals as small rats. it also eats small ground birds and large insects such as grasshoppers and locusts. on arabian coast, it feeds dead fish, lizards and offal .\na new species of echinochasmus (trematoda: echinostomatidae) from the kite, milvus migrans (boddaert), in india .\nmilvinae, have rather narrow beaks, the upper mandible being wavy - edged. they are typified by the red kite (\nthe species is found in europe, asia, africa and australia. the temperate populations of this kite tend to be migratory while the tropical ones are resident. european and central asian birds (subspecies m. m. milvus and black - eared kite m. m. lineatus, respectively) are migratory, moving to the tropics in winter, but races in warmer regions such as the indian m. m. govinda (pariah kite), or the australasian m. m. affinis (fork - tailed kite), are resident. in some areas such as in the united kingdom, the black kite occurs only as a wanderer on migration. these birds are usually of the nominate race, but in november 2006 a juvenile of the eastern lineatus, not previously recorded in western europe, was found in lincolnshire .\nthe black kite is found through most of africa, europe and asia (except for the sahara, central china and the extreme north) and in parts of indonesia, new guinea and australia (2) (4) .\nblack kites are widespread and adaptable and can be found throughout portions of africa, europe, and australasia .\n. foraging - flock recruitment at a black - billed gull colony: implications for the information center hypothesis .\nhyde, n. h. s. ; bell, m. ; seaton, r. 2013 [ updated 2017 ]. black kite. in miskelly, c. m. (ed .) new zealand birds online. urltoken\nthe black kite is a medium - sized raptor (bird of prey). from a distance, it appears almost black, with a light brown bar on the shoulder. the plumage is actually dark brown, with scattered light brown and rufous markings, particularly on the head, neck and underparts. the tail is forked and barred with darker brown. this feature gives the bird its alternative name of fork - tailed kite. the eye is dark brown and the bill is black with a yellow cere (area of skin around the nostrils). both sexes are similar. young black kites are generally lighter in colour than the adults, and have a comparatively shallower forked tail .\nlandscape foraging habitat selection models for black kite. models are presented within one of the tested hypotheses: (0) intercept only, (i) habitat structure, (ii) food availability, (iii) interaction with other species .\nthe species is not found in the indonesian archipelago between the south east asian mainland and the wallace line. vagrants, most likely of the black - eared kite, on occasion range far into the pacific, out to the hawaiian islands .\nalthough still likely to be the world’s most common raptor, the black kite is dwindling in parts of its range, particularly europe and parts of asia, as a result of agricultural pesticides, water pollution, carcass poisoning and hunting (4) .\nhabitat: black - winged kite breeds in savannahs, semi - desert grasslands, steppes and cultivated plains with thickets. in dry areas, it needs the vicinity of the water. it may be found from sea level to 2700 metres of elevation .\n) —found over much of the old world. both are large (to about 55 cm [ 22 inches ]), reddish birds (the black kite darker), lightly streaked on the head, with long, angled wings and notched tail. the\nresearch on raptors in general in india is scanty, and it is practically non - existent on black kites (milvus migrans govinda) which are the major scavenging raptor in many urban areas. the aim of this study was to analyse the seasonal abundance and roosting behaviour of black kites in an urban metropolis. data on the abundance and behaviour of roosting black kites in this setting were collected using evening roost counts and ad - libitum sampling, respectively. analysis was performed using separate generalized linear models considering roosting kite abundance, number of black kites arriving to roost and number of black kites showing pre - roosting display as response variables, respectively. we found that black kites roosted communally and that their number varied in different years and seasons, with the abundance highest in the summer and lowest during the winter. pre - roosting displays also varied seasonally, being highest during the monsoon and at a minimum in the winter. in our urban setting, black kites arrived at the roosting sites mostly after sunset, and their arrival was influenced by sunset time, temperature, relative humidity and season. some behavioural aspects of black kites within the roosts were also documented. this is the first quantitative assessment of roosting black kite abundance in kolkata, india, and our data provide insight on the roosting behaviour of these birds relative to various environmental parameters .\nrecent dna studies suggest that the yellow - billed, african races, parasitus and aegyptius, differ significantly from black kites in the eurasian clade, and should be considered as a separate, allopatric species yellow - billed kite, m. aegyptius. they occur throughout africa except for the congo basin and the sahara desert. there have been some suggestions that the black - eared kite (m. m. lineatus) should be elevated to full species status as m. lineatus, but this is not well supported .\nbrownish body, black ear covert and slightly forked tail. both breeding resident and winter visitor are found in hong kong .\na new species of echinochasmus (trematoda: echinostomatidae) from the kite, milvus migrans (boddaert), in india. - pubmed - ncbi\nconsidering the large wingspan, the kite isn' t a heavy bird - it weighs no more than 2 - 3lbs (0. 9 - 1. 3kg). one group of young children, when learning of the weight of the kite, likened it to a small flying chicken !\nthe black kite (milvus migrans) is very similar in size and shape to the australasian (swamp) harrier and also inhabits open country. it differs however from the harrier in flying with a very flat wing (rather than holding its wings in a shallow v - shape) and has a very distinctive v - shaped tail. this v - shaped tail provides its other name, the fork - tailed kite .\nit is also home to hundreds of pairs of black kites (milvus migrans), which are medium - sized migratory raptors .\nfor his second feature film, refugee - turned - filmmaker tarique qayumi is looking to shed a different sort of a light on a changing afghanistan. “ black kite ” follows arian, who adores kites, but whose talent is curtailed when the taliban take power and ban kite flying. as his young daughter seema’s childhood seems to be coming to an end, arian risks it all to find and fly kites alongside her .\nthe iucn (international union for conservation of nature) has categorized and evaluated these kite species and has listed them as of\nleast concern\n.\nit eats a wide variety of animals, typically searching for prey aerially; it uses the style of flight characteristic of kites, as it swivels its tail horizontally to steer accurately. once it spots something, it rapidly swoops to the ground to catch the prey item. the black kite and the yellow - billed kite can be grouped as one species, so the following list of food items in its diet applies for both of them :\nthe young kite tail is not as deeply forked as that of an adult, although this isn' t always easy to see when in the field .\nthe black kite is a very common hawk that occurs widely throughout australia, africa and asia. they are gregarious and opportunistic, with large flocks sometimes gathering around cattle yards, slaughterhouses and refuse dumps where they scavenge for scraps. black kites will also rob nestlings, steal food from other birds, as well as prey on small birds and insects. they are excellent soarers, and occasionally cross the tasman sea to new zealand .\nblack kites inhabit a broad range of habitats. most are found in open areas where there is close access to water bodies such as rivers, ponds, or lakes. black kites are commonly found along river edges, which provide necessary resources such as fresh water and fish. wetlands are another habitat that attracts black kites. black kites also occur in woodlands, open savannas, and sometimes even in large cities. it has been suggested that they reside in african and asian cities because there is high prey abundance, such as roadkill or rats .\nblack kites prefer open plains and countryside, in warm to dry, semi - arid to arid areas. they are typically gregarious, and are often seen in small to very large flocks. they are able to soar effortlessly to great heights. when walking, they appear to shuffle along on short legs with their tails held horizontally off the ground. in new zealand, reports of the renwick black kite indicate that the bird was quite sedentary. the decades - long presence of this bird shows that black kites can survive long - term in parts of the new zealand landscape .\n. the nest is often found in forests close to water or even in small groups of trees. in africa and asia, the black kite also nests in cities where there is often plenty of prey. [ mebs & schmidt 2006 ], [ bauer et al. 2005 ], [ walz 2005 ]\nsibylle, j. 2010 .\nblack kites\n( on - line). avian web. accessed february 16, 2011 at urltoken .\nvinuela, j. , j. veiga. 1992. importance of rabbits in the diet and reproductive success of black kites in southwestern spain .\nblack kites have well developed intraspecific communication, vocalizing very loudly and often with other black kites. their screech starts out as a long drawn\nkleee - errr\nsound, then transitions into a sharper\nkeee - keee - keee\ncall. they communicate using high pitches for a variety of different situations, such as breeding, at roosting sites, or even during group hunting. black kites use these calls during pre - and post - breeding to communicate with mates. the calls of black kites are similar to those of red kites (milvus milvus). black kites even appear to be able to communicate with red kites in captivity. sight is well - developed, allowing them to see prey at great distances .\nblack kites have small, bead - like dark brown eyes and a large black, hook - shaped beak for tearing flesh and consuming their prey. the outer edge of their wings appears to be\nfingered\n( a space between each feather gives the appearance of fingers). in addition, this species is recognized for its yellow cere, the skin located on the top of the beak near the nostrils. black kites are often called\nfork - tailed kites\nbecause of the distinct shape of their tails. their tail feathers are split, forming a v - shape; hence the name “fork - tailed”. tail coloration is mostly brown, with darker brown striped feathers within. black kites have long black talons and pale yellow legs. their sharp talons are very effective for catching and holding prey. black kites exhibit slight sexual dimorphism in that females have a slightly larger body size than males, through they feature similar coloration. juveniles are generally lighter in color and have shorter forked tails than adult black kites .\nin october 2001 a nest of the black kite milvus migrans was detected 35 km south - west of melbourne, victoria, well outside the known breeding range of this species. subsequently, this pair successfully fledged two offspring in early january in early january, 2002, with the first - and second - fledged young obtaining independence in just 12 and 10 days respectively. small numbers of black kites are frequently found in the study area, but have not previously been observed breeding. unusually low numbers of whistling kites haliastur sphenurus in the study area in 2001 may have facilitated the successful breeding by the black kites .\nrange: black - winged kite lives in sub - saharan africa, nw africa, southern asia, east indies, arabia and southern europe. widespread and locally common, this species is widely nomadic, according to the food resources such as rodent populations. it is very sedentary in the equatorial parts of its range .\nmost populations of black kites migrate seasonally. where they migrate usually is dependent on the specific geographic range of the kite. in general, populations that breed in northern regions will migrate south to overwinter. populations that breed in more tropical regions will often remain in the same area year - round if resources remain abundant .\ncollar, n. j. (2006) a taxonomic reappraisal of the black - browed barbet megalaima oorti. forktail 22: 170 - 173 .\ncluster of atherosclerosis in a captive population of black kites (milvus migrans subsp .) in france and effect of nutrition on the plasma lipid profile .\nblack kites breed seasonally between the months of march and august, though this period varies slightly with geographic location. nest construction follows pair - formation in march, and egg laying occurs between april and may. black kites reach maturity between 2 and 3 years of age. nests are located at heights of 2 to 30 m and tend to be built in open forest. black kites position their nest near the trunk of the tree. nests also have been found on cliff edges and even on electricity pylons. occasionally, black kites will build their nests relatively close to other black kite pairs. nests have also been known to be placed near other species of birds, including grey heron (ardea cinerea) and cormorant (phalacrocorax carbo) rookeries. new nests usually are built each year, but sometimes they will occupy old nests built or abandoned by other black kites or other species. nests consist of mainly bulky sticks, arranged in layers, many different kinds of soft materials, such as paper, feathers, plastic, feces or almost any other materials they can find .\nblanco g. seasonal abundance of black kites associated with the rubbish dump of madrid, spain. j. raptor res. 1994; 28: 242–245 .\nit is a symbol of success, apparently - the biggest collections of plastic are displayed by the black kites with the most chicks and the best territory .\nforero, m. , j. donazar, f. hiraldo. 2002. causes and fitness consequences of natal dispersal in a population of black kites .\nall these feathers have been found in and around the garden and woodland, as a result of the annual moult. kite feathers are generally quite easy to find in the countryside .\nshields, g. f. (1990) analysis of mitichondrial dna of pacific black brant (branta bernicia nigricans). auk 107: 620 - 623 .\nblack kites have broad, carnivorous diets and feed on many different animal species. they are considered insectivores, piscivores, and scavengers. black kites will hunt for food, but more often act as scavengers. they will steal eggs from other kites for food and scavenge dead carcasses left behind from other animals. black kites also are known to hover over fires to catch insects. their diet also includes a variety of fish, reptiles, amphibians and other small mammals and birds .\nmale brings prey to female which remains on the nest, tending the young. female alone feeds them, male only brings preys to the nest, and they tear up themselves. female feeds all the young, and does not favour the largest. according to the food resources, black - winged kite pair may produce two broods within a season .\nblack kites eat\non the wing ,\ncatching smaller prey out of the air with their talons and bringing the food directly to their mouths without slowing down .\ngiven its immense range it is no surprise that the black kite occupies a wide variety of natural and artificial habitats from wetlands, river edges, savannah and woodland, to villages, towns and even big cities. dense forest, pure deserts and high mountains are essentially the only habitats in which this species does not normally occur (2) (4) .\ndistribution of black kite in southern africa, based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project (© animal demography unit, university of cape town; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little). colours range from dark blue (most common) through to yellow (least common). see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .\nflight: black - winged kite flies over the ground, sometimes hovering, and circling into the wind as a kestrel. when it flies from perch to perch, it performs direct flights with measured wing beats. during courtship displays, it flies with shallow, fluttering flight, and then, performs some glides. it also soars fast with v - shaped wings .\nclancey, p. a. (1995) taxonomic relationships in namiban black tits parus spp. . bull. brit. ornithol. club 115: 181 - 185 .\nvalqui, t. and fjeldsa, j. (2002) atlapetes melanopsis nom. nov. for the black - faced brush - finch. ibis 144: 347 .\nthe overall brown coloring of black kites may help in blending into trees to avoid predators. their loud, high pitched screams also are likely to scare away potential predators .\nprefers open country. often found close to water. normally breeds close to lakes or rivers, which are also used as foraging habitat. in recent years, breeding pairs have been found that were several kilometers away from water. in those case, the nests were often close to landfills where plenty of pray is available. in some places the black kite nests close to the\nblack kites often nest in loose colonies and in areas where nesting sites are at a premium, black kites have been observed nesting only a few feet from one another. nests are generally built in trees, cliffs, or building ledges, and consist primarily of sticks and twigs. black kites typically lay 2 - 3 eggs which are incubated by the female for approximately 30 days. after hatching, the young birds remain in the nest for an additional 6 - 8 weeks, and become independent roughly 3 weeks after fledging .\nmodels for red kites, common buzzard and kestrel included the controlling variable season, and the model for black kites included the controlling variable time (all coefficients in s12 table .\nby its slightly smaller size, less forked tail, visible in flight and generally dark plumage without any rufous. the sexes are alike. the upper plumage is brown but the head and neck tend to be paler. the patch behind the eye appears darker. the outer flight feathers are black and the feathers have dark cross bars and are mottled at the base. the lower parts of the body are pale brown, becoming lighter towards the chin. the body feathers have dark shafts giving it a streaked appearance. the cere and gape are yellow but the bill is black (unlike in the yellow - billed kite). the legs are yellow and the claws are black. they have a distinctive shrill whistle followed by a rapid whinnying call .\nblack kites are migratory and spend the winter in africa south of the sahara. some birds can also be seen in southern europa during the winter but not nearly as common as the\nin it' s african winter quarters pesticides used to kill locusts can kill black kites as it feeds a lot on those large insects in africa [ mebs & schmidt 2006 ] .\ncluster of atherosclerosis in a captive population of black kites (milvus migrans subsp .) in france and effect of nutrition on the plasma lipid pro... - pubmed - ncbi\nlouette, m. (2005) western black - headed batis batis erlangeri: a separate species consisting of two subspecies. bull. afr. bird club 12: 99 - 105 .\nfjeldså, j. (1983) a black rail from junín, central peru: laterallus jamaicensis tuerosi ssp. n. (aves: rallidae). steenstrupia 13: 277 - 282 .\nthe black kite is a very opportunistic and successful hawk. its diet is mainly carrion but it also includes human refuse, shellfish, fish, small mammals, reptiles, insects and birds. it will also steal food from other birds. in their native lands, they take advantage of rodent and insect plagues, as well as capturing small birds, mammals and insects fleeing from bush fires and agricultural burn - offs .\n]. the black kite was the only species that was not negatively affected by high traffic volumes, and also showed a strong selection for roadkill hotspots. roads and motorways are areas easy to spot and for a generalist predator they could provide food in a more predictable way than random movements along the landscape, as it is suggested by the use of road verges described for some generalist predators, such as stone martens (\nvoice: sounds by xeno - canto black - winged kite is usually silent, but it may utter some sounds, such as varied weak whistling calls: a melodious “weepweep”; a wailing whistle at nest; a “piii - uu” during displays; alarm calls are double whistles “plee - wit, plee - wit”. other aspirated lower sounds may be heard. if it attacks other birds, it gives series of shrill whistles .\nsubfamily milvinae) of australia is a large black - breasted bird; it lives mainly on rabbits and lizards. it also eats emu eggs, reportedly dropping rocks on them to break the thick shells .\nblack kites are dark brown birds of prey, comparable in size to honey buzzards. they look gangly in flight with their long wings and long, slightly forked tail (fork not visible if tail fanned out). they have a pale patch beneath each wingtip, and a yellowish stripe on the upper sides of their wing coverts. black kites often soar, gliding slightly downwards with arched wings, constantly twisting their tails sideways. juveniles have uniformly pale and spotted plumage and pale yellow legs. adults’ legs are reddish yellow. their beaks are black with reddish yellow ceres, and their irises are greyish brown .\nthe hugely diverse range of food consumed by black kites varies from region to region and across the seasons. all types of carrion form an important part of this species’ diet, but a notable variety of live prey, such as insects, reptiles, birds and small mammals, are also taken by this agile raptor. in urban environments, black kites are known to forage on human food scraps and garbage, and daringly steal food from market stalls and even people (4). flocks of black kites are also commonly seen gathering around bush fires to pick off the hapless animals feeing the flames (6) .\nlandscape foraging habitat selection models for red kite. models are presented within one of the tested hypotheses: (0) intercept only, (i) habitat structure, (ii) food availability, (iii) interaction with other species .\nbird, j. , s. butchart, j. ekstrom, m. harding. 2009 .\nred kite (milvus milvus )\n( on - line). bird life international. accessed may 05, 2011 at urltoken .\nlarge numbers of black kites (milvus migrans govinda) forage with house crows (corvus splendens) at garbage dumps in many indian cities. such aggregation of many individuals results in aggressiveness where adoption of a suitable behavioral approach is crucial. we studied foraging behavior of black kites in dumping sites adjoining two major corporation markets of kolkata, india. black kites used four different foraging tactics which varied and significantly influenced foraging attempts and their success rates. kleptoparasitism was significantly higher than autonomous foraging events; interspecific kleptoparasitism was highest in occurrence with a low success rate, while ‘autonomous - ground’ was least adopted but had the highest success rate .\n( listen to kites calling by clicking on the' listen to kites' section). the red kite can be quite vocal, with their' mewing' call. i listen to them calling almost every day whilst perching in the trees, flying around, and occasionally chasing off the buzzards. personal experience tells me they are just as vocal outside the breeding season - they call year round. although in some ways similar, the kite call is distinguishable from the common buzzard .\nboth the male and female assist in the nest building process. black kites are very territorial and are constantly alert for potential predators that might harm their young or themselves. female black kites invest their time in incubating eggs, while males are responsible for providing food to the female and their offspring. once the fledging stage begins, both parents are responsible for care of the young, which can continue for several months .\nfeinstein, j. , xiaojun yang and shou - hsien li (2008) molecular systematics and historical biogeography of the black - browed barbet species complex (megalaima oorti). ibis 150: 40 - 49 .\nin winter, kites form large communal roosts. flocks may fly about before settling at the roost. when migrating, the black kite has a greater propensity to form large flocks than other migratory raptors, particularly prior to making a crossing across water. in india, the subspecies govinda shows large seasonal fluctuations with the highest numbers seen from july to october, after the monsoons, and it has been suggested that they make local movements in response to high rainfall .\nthe tiff premiere is a historical drama that blends mediums — including animation, documentary, and live action — to weave a stirring narrative about a man’s love of kite flying (and his child) as he yearns for freedom that seems so very far away .\nblack kites are believed to be monogamous, having a single mate at a time and may even pair for life, although there has been some debate. black kites have a ritualized aerial courtship, which consists of extremely loud calls to one another. in addition, they perform a dangerous display known as grappling, where they lock their feet together in mid - air and begin to spiral towards the ground. ritual courtship behaviors typically begin in march .\nsergio f, pedrini p, marchesi l. adaptive selection of foraging and nesting habitat by black kites (milvus migrans) and its implications for conservation: a multi - scale approach. biol conserv. 2003; 112: 351–362 .\nin flight, the kite is graceful, using slow wing movements, and is often seen gliding over the countryside. they are also surprisingly agile when flying below the woodland canopy, and can also move at remarkable speed when flying away from road kill as cars approach !\njohnson, j. a. , watson, r. t. and mindell, d. p. (2005) prioritizing species conservation: does the cape verde kite exist? . proc. r. soc. lond. ser. b 272: 1365 - 1371 .\nthe red kite has a large wingspan of approximately 5 - 5 half feet. it has a distinct forked tail, which is used rather like a' rudder', long wings, and bright yellow legs. the bill is yellow at the base and has a brown tip .\n) is a striking black and white bird of the subfamily perninae. it is about 60 cm long, including its long forked tail. it is most common in tropical eastern south america but also occurs from central america to the united states .\nblack kites will catch and eat their prey by using their sharp talons to dig into and pull apart the prey both in aerial and ground attacks. they also often rely on the thermal air currents to aid in their attempt to locate food .\nalthough there are no known benefits of black kites to humans, red kites, their closest known relative, consume many crop - destroying pests. in addition, they scavenge road - kill, which potentially may help to reduce the spread of disease .\nblack - eared kites milvus migrans lineatus were observed 122 times over 5 days foraging from victoria harbour and kowloon bay, hong kong. they were found to forage significantly more in kowloon bay and take flight paths parallel to the shore, though over the water, at lower altitudes. their preferential foraging suggests that their food (refuse) may be clumped and not randomly distributed. we tentatively suggest that this species might help identify refuse hotspots in hong kong waterways, although we have not drawn a direct link between refuse distribution and kite foraging behavior .\nresponse variables. individuals were identified at species level whenever possible. for the community level responses, the number of individuals detected per plot in each survey was taken as the relative abundance and the number of species as the relative richness. we also estimated the shannon - wiener diversity index for each plot. for the species level response, we analyzed the abundance of the species with more than 40 observations: red kite (milvus milvus), black kite (milvus migrans), booted eagle (hieraaetus pennatus), common buzzard (buteo buteo), griffon vulture (gyps fulvus), cinereous vulture (aegypius monachus) and kestrels (s1 table). during the breeding season two kestrel species (falco tinnunculus and falco naumanni) share the area and their determination at the species level was not always certain. therefore both species were pooled together .\nthe breeding season of these kite species in india is during winter. the nest is a rough platform of twigs and rags placed usually in a fork of tree. both the male and female take part in nest building, incubation and care of chicks. the clutch usually contains two to three eggs .\npeople who' ve worked with black kites and even red kites, their cousins, had noted these birds' nests were often littered with rubbish, but this is the first time the function of this decoration has been studied ,\nsaid dr fabrizio sergio .\nthe black kite is a medium - sized dark brown hawk with longish rectangular, harrier - like wings, with pale brown across the shoulders. it has a long distinctly forked tail, and the legs and feet are short and weak. the soft parts including eyes are yellow. they are commonly seen gliding, soaring, or quartering the ground in search for food. their flight is very distinctive and buoyant, the tail is continually opening, closing and flexing with the air - currents and when gliding, the carpal joint is often well forward with the wingtips slightly drooped .\nbehaviour: black - winged kite perches on exposed places from which it hunts small rodents, birds, reptiles and large insects. it may hunt from a perch, but often by hovering in mid - air with skill and little effort. when a prey is selected, it drops silently onto it, feet - first, with wings in high v. it may perform some hovering pauses at intermediate heights, before to drop to ground level. small preys are eaten while flying, and larger preys are brought to a branch or a rock. they usually hunt at dusk .\na. location of the study area and the observation points (white dots) in castilla y león region, central spain. thin black lines represent 2 lane roads and bold black lines represent motorways. main cities in the area are displayed with a star. base map downloaded from instituto geográfico nacional de españa (ign, urltoken). b. detail of a sampling point either in a road or motorway, and the grid used for local scale analyses (shaded area) of 100 x 100 m cells inside the 500 m radius .\nblack - eared kites in japan were found to accumulate nearly 70% of mercury accumulated from polluted food in the feathers, thus excreting it in the moult process. ] black kites often perch on electric wires and are frequent victims of electrocution. their habit of swooping to pick up dead rodents or other roadkill leads to collisions with vehicles. instances of mass poisoning as a result of feeding on poisoned voles in agricultural fields have been noted. they are also a major nuisance at some airports, where their size makes them a significant birdstrike hazard .\nsergio, f. , pedrini, p. and marchesi, l. (2003) adaptive selection of foraging and nesting habitat by black kites (milvus migrans) and its implications for conservation: a multi - scale approach. biological conservation, 112: 351 - 362 .\nblack kites are medium - sized raptors, weighing 560 g on average. body length ranges from 47 to 60 cm, with an average wingspan of 140 to 150 cm. their dorsal coloration is mostly brown, which fades to a darker brown towards the tips of the wings and tail. the ventral color is mostly brown, but with a lighter brown to nearly rust color markings dispersed throughout. these markings are especially evident along the ventral body surface. the head of black kites is lighter in color (typically a faint brown or grey) .\neastern pakistan east through tropical india and sri lanka to indochina and malay peninsula. resident. a dark brown kite found throughout the subcontinent. can be seen circling and soaring in urban areas. easily distinguished by the shallow forked tail. the name pariah originates from the indian caste system and usage of this name is deprecated .\nthe migratory habits of the black kite are complex, but generally the populations at higher northern latitudes migrate southwards over winter, while those nearer the equator remain in the same area year round. this typically involves european populations moving south into sub - saharan africa and the middle east, whilst populations north of pakistan and the himalayas travel into south asia. although populations closer to the equator, such as india, australia, and central and southern africa, tend to be sedentary, some do make small migrations in association with the seasons as well as in response to food supply and rainfall (4) .\n). nests are normally built in forests on old trees close to the forest edge. sometimes, in good habitat, several pairs nest close to each other (up to 30 pairs). black kites also like nesting close to (or in) colonies of cormorants or grey herons .\nall birds construct nests to lay eggs and / or to raise offspring. scientific description on the nest materials of black kite milvus migrans govinda is very few and is particularly lacking in urban landscape. therefore, the present study was carried out on three nests of black kites collected from different regions of kolkata metropolis, india to generate quantitative data on the nest parameters and materials used by the black kites to construct nest in this urban metropolis of the country. all these nests of black kites were large oval shaped platform nests, which mostly comprised of dry twigs of various plants (1. 265 ± 0. 094 kg, range 1. 147–1. 452, n = 3), followed by fair amount of human derived (artificial) objects (0. 507 ± 0. 049 kg, range 0. 42–0. 59, n = 3) and clay (0. 347 ± 0. 038 kg, range 0. 29–0. 42 kg, n = 3). dimensions of three nests did not vary significantly (kruskal–wallis test: h = 0. 195, df = 2, p > 0. 05), but the weight of ‘plant materials’, ‘human derived materials’ and ‘clay’ present in all three nests varied significantly (kruskal–wallis test: h = 6. 88, df = 2, p < 0. 05). present study thus adds to the existing knowledge of nest materials used by milvus migrans govinda and is the first scientific report on nest materials used by these diurnal raptors in kolkata metropolis." ]

{ "text": [ "the black kite ( milvus migrans ) is a medium-sized bird of prey in the family accipitridae , which also includes many other diurnal raptors .", "it is thought to be the world 's most abundant species of accipitridae , although some populations have experienced dramatic declines or fluctuations .", "current global population estimates run up to 6 million individuals .", "unlike others of the group , black kites are opportunistic hunters and are more likely to scavenge .", "they spend a lot of time soaring and gliding in thermals in search of food .", "their angled wing and distinctive forked tail make them easy to identify .", "they are also vociferous with a shrill whinnying call .", "this kite is widely distributed through the temperate and tropical parts of eurasia and parts of australasia and oceania , with the temperate region populations tending to be migratory .", "several subspecies are recognized and formerly had their own english names .", "the european populations are small , but the south asian population is very large . " ], "topic": [ 12, 17, 17, 26, 12, 23, 16, 20, 5, 17 ] }

[ "the black kite (milvus migrans) is a medium-sized bird of prey in the family accipitridae, which also includes many other diurnal raptors. it is thought to be the world's most abundant species of accipitridae, although some populations have experienced dramatic declines or fluctuations. current global population estimates run up to 6 million individuals. unlike others of the group, black kites are opportunistic hunters and are more likely to scavenge. they spend a lot of time soaring and gliding in thermals in search of food. their angled wing and distinctive forked tail make them easy to identify. they are also vociferous with a shrill whinnying call. this kite is widely distributed through the temperate and tropical parts of eurasia and parts of australasia and oceania, with the temperate region populations tending to be migratory. several subspecies are recognized and formerly had their own english names. the european populations are small, but the south asian population is very large." ]

[ "nobody uploaded sound recordings for sclater' s lark (spizocorys sclateri) yet .\nmany larks satisfy their thirst and maintain body weight by drinking dew when water is not available. various species, including the black, desert, gray' s, and stark' s lark, as well as the black - crowned and black - eared sparrow - lark, drink brackish or even salty water .\nenglish: hoopoe lark, bifasciated lark; french: sirli du désert; german: wüstenläuferlerche; spanish: alondra ibis .\nryan, peter g. , ian hood, paulette bloomer, joris komen, and timothy m. crowe .\nbarlow' s lark: a new species in the karoo lark certhilauda albescens complex of southwest africa .\nibis 140 (1998): 605–619 .\nryan, p. (2018). sclater' s lark (spizocorys sclateri). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nlarks (alaudidae) .\ngrzimek' s animal life encyclopedia. . retrieved july 09, 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nlarks (alaudidae) .\ngrzimek' s animal life encyclopedia. . encyclopedia. com. (july 9, 2018). urltoken\nenglish: black - crowned finch - lark, pallid finch - lark; french: moinelette à frout - blanc; german: weißstirnlerche; spanish: aloudra gottión de corouna negra .\n, with the main distinctions between the two being the thekla' s heavier black - brown streaks and its grey underwing, present in european specimens .\nthe area to the east of brandvlei offers some excellent bushmanland birding, including good sites for the desirable sclater’s lark (see box) and burchell’s courser (p. 96 *). from brandvlei, take the gravel r357 towards van wyksvlei. check the slightly thicker scrub (especially at 2 and 5 on site map, below) for karoo eremomela (p. 85 *). continue to the bridge at 3, where european bee - eater breeds in summer, and where pririt batis (p. 85 *) occurs in the sparse riparian vegetation. look for dusky sunbird around the occasional flowering bush (often on rocky koppies) and in riverine trees .\nand korea. in southern france and north africa east of libya, sympatric with thekla lark .\nas with many birds in this region, knowledge of their favoured habitat is essential: sclater’s larks occur largely on very stony substrate with little vegetation. when walking through this habitat, be aware that their inconspicuous yet distinctive flight call is an excellent way to locate them. however, perhaps the best method of finding this lark is to wait patiently near a water trough or small dam adjacent to suitable habitat, and spend the otherwise unproductive heat of the day watching for birds coming in to drink, usually in pairs or small groups .\nburnie, david (2001). animal: the definitive visual guide to the world' s wildlife. london: dorling kindersley. p. 342. isbn 9780789477644 .\nbecause each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, urltoken cannot guarantee each citation it generates. therefore, it’s best to use urltoken citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most - recent information available at these sites :\nenglish: short - toed lark; french: alouette calandrelle; german: kurzzehenlerche; spanish: terrera grande .\nenglish: shore lark; french: alouette hausse - col; german: ohrenlerche; spanish: alauda cornuda .\nof the horned lark (eremophila alpestris) and temminck' s lark (e. bilopha) possess a contrasting colored pattern of breast and head, and they have tiny elongated feathers above their eyes that form conspicuous horns. however, the breeding plumage of the male black lark (melanocorypha yeltoniensis) is entirely black. the males of the seven known sparrow - larks (eremopterix) have black underparts and a species - specific black - and - white pattern on their head. only the male black - eared sparrow - lark (e. australis) is totally black - headed; females of all these species are colored as larks in general .\nenglish: clotbey lark; french: alouette de clotbey; german: knackerlerche; spanish: alondra de pico grueso .\nriley, steve .\ncrested lark using' anvil' .\nbritish birds 82 (1989): 30–31 .\nkeith, s. , e. k. urban, and c. h. fry, eds. the birds of africa. vol. 4. london: academic press, 1992 .\nexhibits similar behaviour but also sings during its ascent, whereas the crested lark sings either at altitude or on the ground .\nenglish: long - billed lark; french: alouette à long bec; german: langschnabellerche; spanish: alondra picuda .\nstrategies, such as ants, darkling beetles, stink bugs, and millipedes. rarely, flying insects are taken in aerial pursuit. the bill can be used for digging and probing. depending on their diet, more or less insectivorous and granivorous species can be distinguished, but seasonal changes occur; the crested lark, wood lark, and skylark take fewer seeds during breeding season than in winter. all larks feed arthropods to their young, only stark' s lark (eremalauda starki) feeds a high proportion of unripe grass seeds, even to newly hatched chicks .\nin mainly insectivorous larks, the male is larger and has a longer bill than the female. this is most conspicuous in the greater hoopoe, the long - billed lark, and their relatives, which use their slender and decurved bills for digging in the ground in search of insect larvae. sexual dimorphism in bill and body size also occurs in the bar - tailed lark (ammomanes cincturus) and gray' s lark (a. grayi), which feed mainly on seeds. such differences in size enable both sexes of the same species to exploit different food resources within the same habitat .\nthe crested lark (galerida cristata) is a species of lark distinguished from the other 81 species of lark by the crest of feathers that rise up in territorial or courtship displays and when singing. common to mainland europe, the birds can also be found in northern africa and in parts of western asia and china. it is a non - migratory bird, but can occasionally be found as a vagrant in great britain .\nvariety of habitats, mainly open areas with sparse vegetation, also cultivated land and other man - made semideserts such as railways, airfields, and wastelands. where it co - occurs with the thekla lark, the crested lark occupies the plains, the thekla inhabits rocky and bushy slopes .\nwith imitations of other bird songs and calls. because of this behavior, the mongolian lark (melanocorypha mongolica) is called\nhundred melodies\nin china and is a favored cage bird in east asia. the latakoo or melodious lark (mirafra cheniana) is known to imitate 57 different bird species—even ducks, guineafowl, and bee - eaters—and single males can be distinguished by the set of birds they imitate. some species, such as the crested lark, may even imitate human whistling .\nericson, per g. , ulf s. johansson, and thomas j. parsons .\nmajor divisions in oscines revealed by insertions in the nuclear gene c - myc: a novel gene in avian phylogenetics .\nthe auk 117 (2000): 1069–1078 .\nmost online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. therefore, that information is unavailable for most urltoken content. however, the date of retrieval is often important. refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates .\nand karoo chats (see p. 78) are the most common chats in the region, although familiar, sickle - winged and ant - eating chats may also be seen. the stocky chat flycatcher often perches on telephone wires, while karoo long - billed lark (p. 13), the region’s most widespread lark, is often seen perched on the fence - posts. rufous - eared warbler, black - chested prinia and bokmakierie are common on the scrubby plains, whereas cape penduline tit (p. 81) prefer drainage lines. look out for ludwig’s bustard (p. 105 *) and the occasional kori bustard (p. 116 *), which are often seen in flight, especially in the morning and early evening. the commonest raptors are pale chanting goshawk, greater kestrel and lanner falcon, while martial eagle and black - breasted snake - eagle are also often seen .\nlarks are characteristic birds of the open landscapes like grasslands, steppes, stony plains, and heaths. most larks prefer areas with sparse vegetation. some species, including the wood lark and flapped lark (mirafra rufocinnamomea), depend on a mixture of vegetation types within the same habitat, such as grasses for nest - building and scattered bushes and small\nryan, peter g. , and paulette bloomer .\nthe long - billed lark complex: a species mosaic in southwestern africa .\nauk 116 (1999): 194–208 .\nwilson, j. d. , j. evans, s. j. browne, and j. r. king .\nterritory distribution and breeding success of skylarks alauda arvensis on organic and intensive farmland in southern england .\njournal of applied ecology 34 (1997): 1–20 .\n13–14 cm; 17–21 g. fairly small, buffy lark with rather large - headed appearance, remarkable wedge - shaped bill that is long and heavy along most of length and ...\n7. 1–7. 5 in (18–19 cm); male 0. 9–1. 9 oz (27–55 g); female 0. 6–1. 7 oz (17–47 g). extensively streaked brown plumage, crown feathers can be raised to a short crest; bill stronger than bill of wood lark; sexes alike. most common lark species within its western palearctic part of distribution .\nlarks (alaudidae) are distinguished from other songbirds by several characters. the back of the tarsus is rounded and covered with individual horny scutes on its rear side; unlike in all other oscines, where the back side of the tarsus is generally covered with one single and sharply edged scute. the lark' s syrinx has no pessulus, or small cartilaginous knob at the point of fusion of the bronchiae. the pessulus is present in all other passeriform birds, with the exception of funarioidea and a few tyrannid species .\nits plumage is downy but sparse and appears whitish. the distinct crest from which the crested lark gets its name is conspicuous at all times but is more pronounced during territorial or courtship displays and when singing .\nhayman, peter; burton, philip (1979) .\ncrested lark\n. the birdlife of britain (2nd ed .). london: mitchell beazley publishers limited. p. 80. isbn 0855330872 .\nratcliffe, norman, luis r. monteiro, and cornelis j. hazevoet .\nstatus of raso lark alauda razae with notes on threats and foraging behaviour .\nbird conservation international 9 (1999): 43–46 .\nsmaller than males. bill very long, slender, and slightly decurved. plumage sand - colored above, underside white, throat and breast with dark spots, similar in both sexes. wings long and broad with conspicuous black - and - white pattern, comparable to that of african subspecies of hoopoe (upupa epops). this lark was first described as a hoopoe, and its original scientific name means\nhoopoe with legs of a lark .\nin all larks, both sexes feed the chicks and eat or remove their feces. after eight to 13 days, before they are able to fly, lark chicks leave the nest, still supplied with food by their parents. if the female starts a second brood, the male cares for the young alone. steyn observed cooperative breeding in the spike - heeled lark (chersomanes albofasciata); three adults fed two chicks in one nest in the karoo .\n7. 1–7. 9 in (18–20 cm); male 1. 4–1. 8 oz (39–51 g); female 1. 1–1. 6 oz (30–47 g); one of the largest lark species, females\nyou may also see karoo korhaan and double - banded courser at the roadsides, and black - eared finchlark is usually present in the area. a very common bird of the stony plains is the enchanting spike - heeled lark. these birds move about in small, active groups, jerkily scuttling about the pebbles and digging with their bills into the soft sand accumulated around the bases of bushes. lark - like bunting is often abundant. red lark occurs sparsely in the taller vegetation over this whole area: check at 6, and also at 17. 7 km beyond 7 on the r357. namaqua sandgrouse are often seen flying to water in the mornings, delivering their characteristic, bubbling ‘kelkiewyn’ calls .\nlarks inhabit extreme regions such as deserts, semideserts, and arctic tundras, and areas varying in altitude from about sea level to high mountains. the horned lark, for example, breeds at 14, 750 ft (4, 500 m) in the rocky mountains, and the skylark and tibetan lark (melanocorypha maxima) breed at 14, 450 ft (4, 400 m) and 15, 100 ft (4, 600 m) in the himalayas, respectively. generally, such extreme habitats are left after the breeding season .\njuveniles often have a spotted plumage, which distinguishes them from their parents. this is most conspicuous in the juveniles of horned larks and temminck' s larks, where the feather - horns of the adult plumage are also missing. adult larks molt completely once per year after the breeding season. with the exception of alaemon and eremopterix, the juvenal plumage is replaced by the adult plumage immediately after the bird becomes fully fledged. this juvenal molt is very unusual among nontropical oscines .\n5. 1–5. 5 in (13–14 cm); male 0. 7–1. 0 oz (21–28 g); female 0. 6–0. 9 oz (17–26 g). small lark with dull, cryptic plumage, no streaks on chest. bill short and finchlike. sexes alike .\nalthough red lark (p. 96 *) can be quite localized, it is found widely in the brandvlei region and may be common where the vegetation is suitable. one such locality is precisely 23. 6 km south of brandvlei (1. 1 km south of a picnic site), where a lone windmill stands among a large tract of scrubby vegetation on the east side of the road. for the best chance of success, get here early and listen out for their calls. it is the ‘plains form’ of the red lark that occurs here, which is much browner than the richly - coloured ‘dune form’ occurring near pofadder (p. 95). karoo lark does not occur here. also look out for the localized karoo eremomela (p. 85 *) here and in the scrub exactly 10 km south of brandvlei. this is a relatively scarce species in bushmanland, unlike the yellow - bellied eremomela, which is common over much of the region .\nguillaumet, alban; pons, jean - marc; godelle, bernard; crochet, pierre - andre (2006) .\nhistory of the crested lark in the mediterranean region as revealed by mtdna sequences and morphology\n. molecular phylogenetics and evolution 39 (3): 645–56. doi: 10. 1016 / j. ympev. 2006. 01. 002 .\nat the same time in the northern hemisphere, the bering land bridge, the continental shelf between siberia and alaska, was exposed. the horned lark spread from asia into north america along this land bridge. its recent breeding range in north america reaches from northern alaska to the gulf of mexico, and a separated population established itself on the andean slopes of bogotá, colombia .\nmost larks swallow whole seeds, which are crushed in their stomach using grit. indigestible remains are ejected as small pellets. larks in the genera calandrella, eremopterix, and melanocorypha de - husk seeds in a finchlike manner, fixing the grain between the tongue and palatine and breaking it up. crested larks, wood larks, and skylarks remove husks from seeds by beating them against the ground. they use the same technique for removing the legs and wings of large insects. like the song thrush (turdus philomelos), greater hoopoe larks crack the shells of snails using stones like an anvil. the same behavior was observed once in the crested lark in morocco, but never in central europe. the greater hoopoe lark also frequently drops snails onto stones until their shells break .\nlargely sedentary, not gregarious, low flight distance. song - flight starts from perch, male ascends silently at angle up to 230 ft (70 m), then utters loud and melodious song ascending further up to 330 ft (100 m) and more, flying wide circles over territory. song, uttered on ground or from perch, lasts four minutes on average, but up to 30 minutes have been observed. known to perfectly imitate other bird songs and calls. one extraordinary example, the imitation of a shepherd' s whistle reproduced so accurately that sheep dogs obey the signals as if the shepherd has given them .\nmonogamous. only lark species building nests frequently on top of low shrubs, up to 24 in (60 cm) above ground. also building cup - shaped nests on ground. two to four eggs incubated by female for about 14 days. both parents feed young, which leave nest after 12–13 days, before being able to fly. young remain for at least one month with parents .\nfigures for europe are less varied, with estimates putting the number of breeding pairs at between 3, 600, 000 and 7, 600, 000, or between 7, 200, 000 and 15, 200, 000 individuals. in europe, trends since 1982 have shown an overall decline in the population of the species, resulting in the assumption that the crested lark is in decline globally .\n6. 7 in (17 cm); male 1. 3–1. 8 oz (37–52 g); female 1. 3–1. 7 oz (37–48 g); not as large as skylark, more robust, with stronger bill and longer crest. uniformly dull - colored plumage, upper - parts and breast heavily streaked, sexes alike. very similar to thekla lark, its sibling species .\nthe colonization of australia by the australasian bushlark (mirafra javanica) and of north america by the horned lark happened in the pleistocene at the latest. during pleistocene glacial periods, sea level was much lower than today. sumatra, kalimantan, and java (sunda shelf) were therefore part of asiatic mainland, and new guinea was connected to north australia via the torres land bridge, forming the dispersal route of the australasian bushlark .\nsong is performed during aerial song - displays while males circle about their territories. some species rise almost vertically from ground or perch and ascend up to 330 ft (100 m) or more before gliding or dropping with closed wings back to the ground. continual hovering and singing is characteristic for the skylark. several lark species frequently utter their songs from the ground and elevated perches such as stones, tops of bushes, or trees .\nlarks are of african origin, and that their first radiation took place on this continent. madagascar was colonized once by the african ancestor of the madagascar lark (mirafra hova). today, several mirafra larks occur in asia. however, it is not possible to say how many species colonized asia independently, since it is unknown whether the group of asiatic mirafra species is monophyletic, i. e. , evolved from one common ancestor .\nthe crested lark reached central europe from southwestern and eastern europe later than the skylark and was widespread in the sixteenth century, but receded during the little ice age in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. however, it spread into central europe again from the middle of the nineteenth century onward, helped by global warming and man - made habitats such as roads and railway stations. crested larks even reached scandinavia in 1900, but became extinct in the 1990s, possibly because of climatic change .\nall lark nestlings have a characteristic brightly colored gape, with one black spot inside the tip of the upper and lower mandible. there are two black spots on the base of the tongue in ammomanes, some certhilauda, and mirafra; and an additional third spot on the tip of the tongue in alauda, calandrella, some certhilauda, eremophila, galerida, and lullula. after hatching, larks are covered with scanty down on their foreheads, napes, backs, shoulders, wings, and thighs .\n5. 9 in (15 cm); male 0. 7–1. 2 oz (21–35 g); female 1. 1–1. 2 oz (30–35 g); smaller and more slender than skylark and crested lark. plumage buff brown, upperparts and chest streaked, distinguished from other larks by broad, white supercilium which continues to nape. black - and - white pattern of alula (first digit of wing) feathers very conspicuous. crown feathers can be raised to a small crest .\n6. 7 in (17 cm); male 1. 8–1. 9 oz (52–55 g); female 1. 6 oz (45 g). strong lark with large head. short but massive bill most conspicuous. blunt, toothlike projection on middle of lower mandible fits into notch on upper mandible. upperparts uniformly pink / gray - brown, chest to vent with large black spots, sides of head blackish, throat and eye - ring white; plumage of females of less contrasting color and not so heavily streaked .\nthis is a characteristically nomadic species that moves around in large numbers in response to rain and often irrupts into areas where the grass is seeding. care needs to be taken in identifying the females, which may resemble other larks and finchlarks. breeding must occur rapidly due to limited favourable conditions, and males hover butterfly - like during their characteristic display flights. the nest cup, lined with grass and distinctively surrounded by an earth and spider - web mix, is usually built at the base of a small shrub. curiously for a lark, this species sometimes nests in loose colonies .\nas far as one knows, courtship behavior is displayed on the ground. the male hops and steps around the female in upright posture spreading and cocking its tail - feathers. the undertail - coverts are presented to the female (they are entirely black in the black and the black - crowned sparrow - lark). the wings are drooped and also spread to some degree quivering slightly. the crown feathers are raised even in species without elongated crest feathers. during display, the male utters song fragments. occasionally, the male presents food items to its mate immediately before copulation (courtshipfeeding) .\n4. 5–4. 9 in (11. 5–12. 5 cm); male 0. 5–0. 6 oz (14–16 g); female 0. 4 oz (12 g); one of the smallest lark species. sparrow - larks, like finches or sparrows, have a proportionally large head and a strong conical bill. sexes are dimorphic with respect to plumage color. female mainly pale brown and streaked, male with white forehead, cheeks, sides of neck, and collar of nape. crown, stripe through eye to base of bill, and lower border of cheek black. underparts entirely black, upperparts grayish brown .\nbrandvlei is a small town of exceptionally forlorn demeanour, situated on the plains of central bushmanland. its unprepossessing appearance is deceptive, however, as excellent birding may be had close to the town. make an early start, leaving any non - birding companions to sleep late in the brandvlei hotel. red lark (p. 96 *) may be searched for at the site mentioned above, but it also occurs even closer to town: follow the r27 for 2 km north of town, and turn left along the unsurfaced road to granaatboskolk. continue for about 2 km along here, and check the scrub on either side of the road at 1 (see map, right) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 339, 915 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nthis species is listed as near threatened because it is thought to have a moderately small population. any more conclusive evidence suggesting that the population is smaller, or in decline, may qualify the species for a higher threat category .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: spizocorys sclateri. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes, voice, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up. please select a player to play flash videos .\none of about 15 birds that were congregating at a water trough a few km. west of pofadder .\nin south africa, birds from bushmanland (c. 40 km e of pofadder) described as race theresae and others from se as capensis, but both are inadequately differentiated. monotypic .\nsoft “prrp prrp” or “prrp prrp treep” call, primarily in flight, also on ground during foraging; ...\nstony plains with ephemeral grasses and scattered bushes. often in areas with very little ...\nprimarily in aug–dec, sometimes from jun, and usually well synchronized at any one site; largely independent of rainfall, and even ...\nvirtually resident in some areas, but subject to irregular movements, especially towards edges of ...\nnot globally threatened. currently considered near - threatened. scarce and local, and patchily distributed. non - breeding flocks only small, up to 30 individuals. no evidence ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nrecent molecular phylogeny of this family # r —the most comprehensive attempted to date—has recommended novel arrangements for several species and genera, including the resurrection of a number of abandoned genus - group names .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nexperiences with species japie took me to the waterhole where he found these larks breeding. we found them just before the waterhole, and then sat and waited, they obliged but were very skittish. they always point their beaks up in the air, giving them a somewhat snooty look! other names: -\nthis website is maintained by birding africa. copyright © 1997 - 2016 birding africa\nplease do not use any text, images or content from this site without permission. black harrier photograph courtesy of keith offord. © birding africa 1997 - 2016 info @ urltoken\n[ african tailorbirding cc (ck2003 / 020710 / 23) trading as birding africa ] p. o. box 22727, scarborough, 7975, south africa .\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\n© bustards birding tours 2014 | the content on this site is the property of bustards birding tours (pty) ltd and may not be used or copied in any way without express written permission from the directors and / or copyright holders .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nthis is a highly sought - after, nomadic species which is by no means guaranteed on a trip to the region. yet, despite varying in abundance locally, it remains fairly common throughout bushmanland, and the dedicated birder does stand a good chance of finding the rather elusive bird. in this guide, we give as many reliable sites as possible, but the birds do move around, so the best strategy is to use these sites as starting points from which to embark on your own exploring .\nthis website is maintained by birding africa. please do not use any text, images or content from this site without permission. © birding africa 1997 - 2009 info @ urltoken 4 crassula way, pinelands, 7405, cape town, south africa\n30 may 09: a tragedy unfolds at kommetjie south of cape town as 44 beached false killer whales were shot. click here for more details and pictures. 14 march 09: raptor watch in cape town on 14 march 09\nfrom calvinia, take the r27 north to brandvlei. as you enter bushmanland, the landscape becomes more open and the bushes lower and sparser. from this point on, keep alert for black - eared finchlark, a nomadic species found throughout bushmanland and which often moves around in flocks (p. 96 *). while driving, you are likely to spot the conspicuous, all - dark males fluttering over the road, although they invariably land frustratingly behind the bushes by the time you have stopped the car !\nabout 54 km north of calvinia (95 km south of brandvlei; use the distance signs to orient yourself), check the pan on the left that often contains water and greater flamingo, black - necked grebe, avocet and south african shelduck. the latter two may be seen on any pool of water in the region. blue cranes (p. 72 *) are regularly seen on the isolated patch of cultivated land 55 km south of brandvlei, where thick - billed and red - capped larks are common. there are colonies of south african cliff swallow (active september to april) under road culverts exactly 67 km, 97 km and 107 km south of brandvlei .\nthis endemic is undoubtedly the most frequently missed special in bushmanland, and its elusiveness is attributable to its nomadic tendencies and low population density. the best places to search for it, and the recommended strategies, are given on p. 90. in the non - breeding season, large nomadic groups may be seen in almost any open area. while today it is very much associated with arid areas from the namib to the karoo, the bird wanders widely, and small numbers move in winter into the higher - rainfall wheatlands of the southwestern cape, and into the grasslands of eastern south africa. it was once even described as regular in western kwazulu - natal, although it no longer occurs there .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species. there are 9 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .\nbelow is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (coi or cox1) from a member of the species .\nthis species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size is extremely large, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nin europe, the breeding population is estimated to number 3, 600, 000 - 7, 600, 000 breeding pairs, equating to 10, 800, 000 - 22, 800, 000 individuals (birdlife international 2004). europe forms 25 - 49% of the global range, so a very preliminary estimate of the global population size is 22, 000, 000 - 91, 200, 000 individuals, although further validation of this estimate is needed. national population sizes have been estimated at c. 100 - 10, 000 breeding pairs in china and < c. 10, 000 breeding pairs in korea (brazil 2009) .\n- birds in the dryer parts of morocco and tunisia had longer bills while those in more coastal northern parts had shorter bills typical of the european subspecies. the authors sampled the mitochondrial dna and found they were distinct genetically .\n, has been found to have diverged 1. 9 million years ago and is regarded now by the\nwith a height of 17 cm and a wingspan of 29 to 38 cm, weighing between 37 and 55 g .\nit is a small, brown bird which has a short tail with light brown outer feathers. male and females have no real differences, but young crested larks have more spots on their back than their older counterparts .\ntoday, it could be found in sweden until the 1990s, with sources reporting six individual birds in 1992 before becoming extinct in sweden in 1993 .\nthe birds have also gone extinct in several other european countries, including norway (1972), luxembourg (1973) and switzerland (1980s) .\nthis is a common bird of dry, open country and is often seen by roadsides or in cereal fields, although it is also found occupying small, sandy patches by railways, docks and airfields .\nit sings in flight from high in the sky, at roughly 30 to 60 metres above the ground. the related\nit nests in small depressions in the ground, often in wastelands and on the outskirts of towns. the nests are untidy structures composed primarily of dead grasses and roots .\nas with most larks, the chicks leave the nest early, after about eight days and take flight after reaching 15–16 days old .\njuvenile birds are fed by both parents, and generally leave the nest before they are able to fly to start foraging for food themselves .\n: its plain earth - coloured plumage and hood, its humility (\nfor it goes willingly along the wayside and finds a grain of corn for itself\n), and its time spent in song .\nestimates for the global population of mature individuals of the species range from 22, 000, 000 to 91, 200, 000 .\nharrison, c. j. o. (1966) .\nthe validity of some genera of larks (alaudidae )\n. ibis 108 (4): 573–83. doi: 10. 1111 / j. 1474 - 919x. 1966. tb07209. x .\ngill, f & d donsker (eds .) (30 june 2013) .\nčerný, walter (1975). a field guide in colour to birds. translated by margot schierlová; illustrated by karel drchal. london: octopus books limited. pp. 156–157. isbn 070640405x .\nsnow, david; perrins, christopher m (editors) (1998). the birds of the western palearctic concise edition 2. oxford: oxford university press. pp. 1037–1040. isbn 0198501889 .\nharbard, chris (1989). songbirds: how to attract them and identify their song. london: kingfisher books. p. 52. isbn 0862724597 .\nhayman, peter; hume, rob. the complete guide to the bird life of britain and europe. 2004: bounty books. p. 185. isbn 9781857327953 .\neuropean news\n. british birds (british birds ltd) 88: 274. june 1995. issn 0007 - 0335 .\narmstrong, edward a. (1973). saint francis, nature mystic: the derivation and significance of the nature stories in the franciscan legend. berkeley and los angeles, california: university of california press. pp. 90–91. isbn 0520019660 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nrelationships within the passeri remain uncertain. larks are predominantly ground - dwelling birds; they evolved, however, from more arboreal ancestors. the recapitulation of arboreal habits can be observed during the development of juvenile larks. when leaving the nest before they can fly, they first hop on the ground like thrushes, but are able to walk within a few days just like their parents. strong indications for their long adaptation to terrestrial habits are their courtship display and nest building on the ground, egg - rolling behavior, and distraction - display. when alarmed, larks first squat onto the ground, trusting their cryptic plumage to hide them instead of flying away .\nthe terrestrial lifestyle of the larks is similar to that of pipits and wagtails (motacillidae), but this is not due to common ancestry. motacillidae share with fringillidae, emberizidae, parulidae, and icteridae a sequence of nine additional nucleotides within a specific gene, a sequence missing in larks and in all other birds investigated .\nfifteen genera of larks have been distinguished, and 78 species are listed in peters checklist, about a third of which are members of genus mirafra. however, according to recent reinvestigations, including molecular, morphological, and behavioral studies, eight species should be added which had been thought to be subspecies .\nmembers of the alaudidae should not be confused with other birds commonly called larks: meadowlarks (sturnella) belong to the icteridae, the magpie - larks (grallinidae) of australia and new guinea are members of the corvid assemblage, and the australian songlarks (cinclorhamphus) are thought to be sylviidae .\nin general, the nostrils are concealed with small tufts of feathers. they are clearly visible, however, in the case of alaemon, certhilauda, heteromirafra, mirafra, and pinarocorys .\nlarks usually have short legs, but they are fairly long in alaemon and certhilauda. larks have strong feet. the hind claw is much longer than the toes, especially in species living on soft soil. however, the hind claw is shorter in larks that live on hard ground or are fast runners such as alaemon .\nduring a second radiation, several lineages derived from an ancestor with concealed nostrils, and perhaps this ancestral species was also of african origin. some lineages certainly evolved in africa. one lineage led to spizocorys, others (probably in asia) led to alauda, eremophila, and lullula .\ntrees for perching. human activities provide further suitable habitats for certain species. in north america, skylarks and horned larks regularly breed on cultivated areas such as fields and uncultivated areas such as wastelands .\nlarks are diurnal, ground - dwelling birds, sleeping on the ground in self - made depressions. they scratch their head by indirect method, and frequently take baths in dust or sand like chickens. they may bathe in rain, but not in water. larks move on the ground by walking and running, reaching high speeds. their flight is typically strong and undulating, with wings closed periodically .\nlarks inhabiting arid climates have evolved certain strategies to cope with these severe conditions. they avoid contact with hot soil by perching on elevated stones and shrubs, and during the hottest part of the day, they become inactive and shelter in the shade provided by vegetation or stones. in the arabian desert, larks rest in lizard burrows. parents shade their nestlings by standing over them with wings spread .\nlarks are famous for their melodious and continuous songs, which last from minutes to up to almost an hour. some species even sing at night. many species enlarge their repertoire\nseveral desert - inhabiting larks, including sparrow - larks, are nomadic, and their movements depend on rainfall and food supply. migratory and nomadic species have to some extent a flocking behavior, and some species form sex - specific flocks during winter months. the granivorous larks, members of the genera eremopterix and calandrella, are very gregarious outside their breeding period, forming large flocks .\nlarks feed on arthropods, as well as seeds, green plant material, buds, and fruits. food items are taken directly from the ground or pecked from plants. some larks even prey on venomous insects or arthropods that have chemical defense\nincubation starts with the last egg and, depending on the species, takes 11–16 days. usually, only the female incubates and broods the young. however, sparrow - larks and a few other species seem to be an exception to this rule .\neven today, larks are trapped and shot legally in france and in the mediterranean region. spaepen calculated that five times as many skylarks are killed by humans in france than anywhere else in europe, and the number of skylarks killed annually in southwest france is estimated at five to 10 million birds !\nenglish: singing bushlark; french: alouette de java; german: horsfieldlerche; spanish: alondra de australiana .\n4. 7–5. 9 in (12–15 cm); 0. 7 oz (20 g). plumage inconspicuous other than rufous wing patch, sexes alike .\nmyanmar, southern and central thailand, indochina, philippine islands, kalimantan, java, bali, lesser sunda islands, local in new guinea, northwestern, northern, eastern, and southeastern australia .\nopen grassland with scattered bushes, salty marshes, and edges of cultivated fields .\nperches on trees and wires. song includes imitations of other birds; song - flight takes up to 40 minutes. forms small groups outside breeding period. migratory in southern australia .\nmonogamous. builds domed nests in shelter of tussocks; in southern australia, lays two to four eggs november through january .\nmale 7. 5–7. 9 in (19–20 cm); female 6. 3–6. 7 in (16–17 cm); weight unknown. males clearly larger than females, but sexes do not differ in respect to plumage color or pattern. plumage brown - grayish, heavily streaked, breast marked with dark spots. species reminiscent of a thrush with a long, decurved bill. hind claw is long and straight .\nsolitary or in pairs. male performs spectacular aerial song - display, characteristic for all certhilauda species. male first flies low over the ground, then rises nearly vertically several feet into the air and closes its wings before reaching the high point. after that it nose - dives and descends vertically, not opening the wings before coming close to the ground. whistles while descending; same song is also uttered from prominent perches .\nfeeds on termites, grasshoppers, beetles, and ants, as well as on seeds and berries. uses long bill for digging. since sexes differ in size of bill, they probably exploit different food resources .\nmonogamous. breeds september through december; nest often domed, clutch size ranges from two to three eggs; both parents feed the young .\nnot threatened. common in its limited southwestern african range. range may have increased due to agriculture .\ncape verde islands, southern morocco, northern mauritania to western sahara, southeast egypt. from north africa, through most of the arabian peninsula, including island of sokrota, to pakistan and northwestern india. expanded its area to northern nigeria, possibly due to desertification. vagrant to israel, jordan, and algeria .\nterritorial during breeding season, gregarious other times. in song - flight, male ascends at a 45° angle with legs dangling up to 66 ft (20 m), then flies in roughly circular paths in an undulating style to descend in stages. song also performed from elevated perch .\nfeeds more on seeds than arthropods; de - husks seeds; can drink salty or brackish water .\nmonogamous. female builds cup - shaped nest, male may also be involved in nest - building. rim of nest frequently surrounded by small lumps of soil or stone. breeding period irregular; two to three eggs laid, incubated by both sexes for 11–12 days. both parents feed and brood. young leave nest after eight days before being able to fly. each parent cares for one single chick, so that only two young per brood can be reared (split brood - care) .\ncape verde islands, north africa from mauritania to egypt and sudan, across the middle east to northwestern india .\ntame and confiding, allowing humans to approach to within a few feet. male defends territory against conspecific intruders and other birds by wing - spread behavior. usually solitary or in pairs. song ringing and far - carrying. for song - flight, male jumps up from perch and starts to sing, ascending almost vertically up to 33 ft (10 m) and performs somersaults, displaying its contrasting pattern on tail and wings. it then closes its wings, nose - dives back to perch, not opening its wings until landing. song - flights can be repeated frequently within up to one hour .\nmainly arthropods and snails. most food items obtained by digging with bill. female bill is 30% shorter than bill of male, so sexes probably exploit different food resources. two methods for cracking snail shells: snails dropped onto stone in flight or smashed against stones directly until shells break .\npatchily distributed in north africa, north of sahara from northern mauritania and morocco to algeria, tunisia, and libya. further east, distribution uncertain, but reported as breeding bird from egypt, syria, jordan, and arabia .\nsolitary or in small groups during breeding season, but large flocks observed in winter. male rises from ground and starts to sing before descending in parachute style .\nfeeds on seeds and green plant material as well as on insects. uses bill to cut off plant material and to dig for food, and maybe for cracking solid cuticles of large beetles. however, even hard seeds are swallowed whole and not husked with bill, instead grit is taken with food to aid digestion .\nmonogamous. during ground display, male presents to female pebbles that are used in nest building. nest cup - shaped, frequently surrounded by small lumps of soil or small stones. two to three eggs incubated by female march through may, both parents feed young .\n7. 1–7. 5 in (18–19 cm); male 2. 0–2. 6 oz (57–73 g); female 1. 8–2. 2 oz (50–65 g); larger and stronger than skylark. bill conical and heavy. upperparts brown and streaked, black patches on each side of upper breast characteristic. sexes alike .\nnorth africa, southern europe east to ural steppes, from asia minor to central asia, missing between caspian sea and lake aral .\nresident in southern europe, near east, and north africa, migratory in russia. forms flocks of up to 2, 500 individuals autumn and winter; frequently associated with other larks and corn bunting (miliaria calandra). male utters continuous song from ground or perch. song - flight performed in circles, ascending in spirals. several males often sing close together. song similar to skylark, contains imitations of other birds." ]

{ "text": [ "sclater 's lark ( spizocorys sclateri ) is a species of lark in the alaudidae family .", "it is found in namibia and south africa .", "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry shrubland .", "it is threatened by habitat loss . " ], "topic": [ 26, 20, 24, 17 ] }

[ "sclater's lark (spizocorys sclateri) is a species of lark in the alaudidae family. it is found in namibia and south africa. its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry shrubland. it is threatened by habitat loss." ]

[ "this is the place for zamorana definition. you find here zamorana meaning, synonyms of zamorana and images for zamorana copyright 2017 © urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word zamorana. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word zamorana and, of course, zamorana synonyms and on the right images related to the word zamorana .\nzamorana razowski & wojtusiak, 2008 (transtillaspis), acta zool. cracov. 51b: 14. tl: ecuador, province loja, sozoranga - utuana, res. el tundo. holotype: mzuj. male .\ntortricidae collected in mountains of the loja province, ecuador are listed. two genera and 33 new species are described: saphenista saragurae sp. n. , thalleulia ochreorufa sp. n. , apotomops rhampha sp. n. , netechma cajanumae sp. n. , netechma albitermen sp. n. , galomecalpa minutuncus sp. n. , inape toledana sp. n. , inape lojae sp. n. , cincorunia monstruncus sp. n. , transtillaspis saragurana sp. n. , transtillaspis zamorana sp. n. , transtillaspis zenenaltana sp. n. , transtillaspis dromadaria sp. n. , transtillaspis curiosissima sp. n. , zenenata gen. n. , zenenata zenena sp. n. , intritenda gen. n. , intritenda tridentinda sp. n. , subterinebrica nigrosignatana sp. n. , subterinebrica albitaeniana sp. n. , oregocerata medioloba sp. n. , ptyongnathosia spinosa sp. n. , punctapinella paraconchitis sp. n. , sychnovalva flavida sp. n. , clepsis terevalva sp. n. , sisurcana obscura sp. n. , auratonota rubromixta sp. n. , auratonota ovulus sp. n. , eccopsis eltundana sp. n. , epinotia lineana sp. n. , epinotia tubuligera sp. n. , epinotia zamorlojae sp. n. , quebradnotia saragurae sp. n. , rhopobota tentaculana sp. n. , mesochariodes micropollex sp. n .\nhedychnium razowski, 1991 (transtillaspis), shilap revta. lepid. 19: 139. tl: venezuela, timotes. holotype: umb. male .\nanxia razowski & brown, 2004 (transtillaspis), shilap revta. lepid. 32: 330. tl: colombia, bogota, chico. holotype: usnm. female .\nchiribogana razowski & wojtusiak, 2008 (transtillaspis), genus 19: 520. tl: ecuador, province pichincha, chiriboga, west cordillera. holotype: mzuj. male .\ncalderana razowski & wojtusiak, 2008 (transtillaspis), genus 19: 520. tl: ecuador, province pichincha, crater pululahua, west cordillera. holotype: mzuj. male .\ncherada razowski & becker, 2001 (transtillaspis), polskie pismo ent. 70: 111. tl: brazil, paran, morro de meio. holotype: mnrj. male .\nlongisetae razowski & wojtusiak, 2008 (transtillaspis), genus 19: 524. tl: ecuador, province bolivar, balzapamba - guaranda old road. holotype: mzuj. male .\npichinchana razowski & wojtusiak, 2008 (transtillaspis), genus 19: 522. tl: ecuador, province pichincha, crater pululahua, west cordillera. holotype: mzuj. male .\nquatrocornuta razowski & wojtusiak, 2008 (transtillaspis), genus 19: 523. tl: ecuador, province pichincha, crater pululahua, west cordillera. holotype: mzuj. male .\nsaragurana razowski & wojtusiak, 2008 (transtillaspis), acta zool. cracov. 51b: 13. tl: ecuador, province loja, saraguro. holotype: mzuj. male .\ntucumana razowski & brown, 2004 (transtillaspis), shilap revta. lepid. 32: 329. tl: argentina, tucuman, ciudad universitaria. holotype: usnm. male .\nzonion razowski & becker, 2001 (transtillaspis), polskie pismo ent. 70: 111. tl: brazil, ro de janeiro, terespolis. holotype: mnrj. male .\natimeta razowski, 1997 (transtillaspis), acta zool. cracov. 40: 91 tl: peru, dept. puno, 5 km e limbani. holotype: zmuc. male .\nmulticornuta razowski & wojtusiak, 2008 (transtillaspis), genus 19: 521 tl: ecuador, province carchi, res. forest golondrinas, west cordillera. holotype: mzuj. male .\nargentilinea razowski & becker, 2002 (transtillaspis), shilap revta. lepid. 30: 317. tl: ecuador, morona - santiago province, indanza. holotype: vbc. male .\ncostipuncta razowski & wojtusiak, 2009 (transtillaspis), acta zool. cracov. 51b: 140. tl: ecuador, prov. tungurahua, el tablon. holotype: mzuj. female .\ngolondrinana razowski & wojtusiak, 2008 (transtillaspis), genus 19: 522. tl: ecuador, province carchi, res. forest golondrinas, west cordillera. holotype: mzuj. male .\nhepaticolorana razowski & wojtusiak, 2008 (transtillaspis), genus 19: 519. tl: ecuador, province carchi, res. forest golondrinas, west cordillera. holotype: mzuj. male .\natheles razowski & wojtusiak, 2011 (transtillaspis), acta zool. cracov. 54b: 106. tl: colombia, western cordillera, tambito forest res. . holotype: mzuj. male .\nchilesana razowski & wojtusiak, 2008 (transtillaspis), genus 19: 521. tl: ecuador, province carchi, volcan chiles massive, res. forest golondrinas. holotype: mzuj. male .\ncinifera razowski & brown, 2004 (transtillaspis), shilap revta. lepid. 32: 329. tl: venezuela, merida, 4 km s santo domingo. holotype: usnm. female .\ncrepera razowski & pelz, 2005 (transtillaspis), acta zool. cracov. 48b: 72. tl: ecuador, napo province, 12 km sse cosanga. holotype: smfl. male .\nempheria razowski & pelz, 2005 (transtillaspis), acta zool. cracov. 48b: 74. tl: ecuador, napo province, 10 km sse cosanga. holotype: smfl. male .\ngalbana razowski & pelz, 2005 (transtillaspis), acta zool. cracov. 48b: 73. tl: ecuador, napo province, 10 km sse cosanga. holotype: smfl. male .\nplagifascia razowski & pelz, 2005 (transtillaspis), acta zool. cracov. 48b: 66. tl: ecuador, tungurahua province, 15 km n ambato. holotype: smfl. male .\npapallactana razowski & wojtusiak, 2009 (transtillaspis), acta zool. cracov. 51b: 140. tl: ecuador, prov. napo, papallacta, las termas. holotype: mzuj. male .\nparallela razowski & wojtusiak, 2010 (transtillaspis), acta zool. cracov. 53b: 97. tl: peru, prov. cusco, cordillera vilcanota, marcapata. holotype: mzuj. male .\ncornutipea razowski, 1997 (transtillaspis), acta zool. cracov. 40: 90 tl: peru, dept. hunaco, 25 km ne hunaco, cordillera carpish pattytrail. holotype: zmuc. male .\ncosangana razowski & wojtusiak, 2009 (transtillaspis), acta zool. cracov. 51b: 139. tl: ecuador, prov. napo, cosanga, res. yanayacu. holotype: mzuj. male .\ncothurnata razowski & pelz, 2005 (transtillaspis), acta zool. cracov. 48b: 71. tl: ecuador, napo province, 15 km se cosanga, cocodrilo. holotype: smfl. male .\nlypra razowski & pelz, 2005 (transtillaspis), acta zool. cracov. 48b: 68. tl: ecuador, napo province, 15 km se cosanga, cocodrilo. holotype: smfl. male .\nmindoana razowski & pelz, 2005 (transtillaspis), acta zool. cracov. 48b: 76. tl: ecuador, pichincha province, 7 km nw mindo, sachatamia. holotype: smfl. male .\nnedyma razowski & pelz, 2005 (transtillaspis), acta zool. cracov. 48b: 74. tl: ecuador, napo province, 15 km se cosanga, cocodrilo. holotype: smfl. male .\nneelys razowski & pelz, 2005 (transtillaspis), acta zool. cracov. 48b: 70. tl: ecuador, napo province, 15 km se cosanga, cocodrilo. holotype: smfl. male .\nparummaculatum razowski & pelz, 2005 (transtillaspis), acta zool. cracov. 48b: 75. tl: ecuador, napo province, 15 km se cosanga, cocodrilo. holotype: smfl. male .\nbaea razowski, 1987 (transtillaspis), bull. acad. pol. sci. sr. sci. biol 35: 79. tl: colombia, narino, volcn galeras. holotype: usnm. male .\nbascanion razowski, 1987 (transtillaspis), bull. acad. pol. sci. sr. sci. biol 35: 75. tl: peru, cuzco, machu picchu. holotype: usnm. male .\nbebela razowski, 1987 (transtillaspis), bull. acad. pol. sci. sr. sci. biol. 35: 82. tl: colombia, bogot, chico. holotype: usnm. male .\nbrachistocera razowski, 1987 (transtillaspis), bull. acad. pol. sci. sr. sci. biol. 35: 81. tl: colombia, bogot, chico. holotype: usnm. male .\nbrandinojuxta razowski, 1987 (transtillaspis), bull. acad. pol. sci. sr. sci. biol. 35: 77. tl: bolivia, cochabamba, incachaca. holotype: usnm. male .\ncuriosissima razowski & wojtusiak, 2008 (transtillaspis), acta zool. cracov. 51b: 15. tl: ecuador, province loja, via saraguro - loja, zenen alto. holotype: mzuj. male .\nemblema razowski & pelz, 2005 (transtillaspis), acta zool. cracov. 48b: 69. tl: ecuador, napo province, 5 km w papallacta, laguna papallacta. holotype: smfl. male .\nrioverdensis razowski & pelz, 2005 (transtillaspis), acta zool. cracov. 48b: 75. tl: ecuador, tungurahua province, 17 km e baos, rio verde. holotype: smfl. male .\nsetata razowski & wojtusiak, 2013 (transtillaspis), acta zool. cracov. 56: 15. tl: venezuela, estadio zulia, sierra de perija, villa de rosario. holotype: mzuj. male .\ntungurahuana razowski & pelz, 2005 (transtillaspis), acta zool. cracov. 48b: 76. tl: ecuador, tungurahua province, 17 km e baos, rio verde. holotype: smfl. male .\nzenenaltana razowski & wojtusiak, 2008 (transtillaspis), acta zool. cracov. 51b: 14. tl: ecuador, province loja, via saraguro - loja, zenen alto. holotype: mzuj. male .\nbatoidea razowski, 1987 (transtillaspis), bull. acad. pol. sci. sr. sci. biol. 35: 75. tl: peru, cuzco, machu picchu. holotype: usnm. male .\nblechra razowski, 1987 (transtillaspis), bull. acad. pol. sci. sr. sci. biol. 35: 79. tl: colombia, narino, volcn galeras. holotype: usnm. male .\ndromadaria razowski & wojtusiak, 2008 (transtillaspis), acta zool. cracov. 51b: 15. tl: ecuador, province loja, sozoranga - utuana, res. el tundo. holotype: mzuj. male .\njuxtarmata razowski & wojtusiak, 2010 (transtillaspis), acta zool. cracov. 53b: 97. tl: peru, dept. huanuco, via huanuco - tingo maria, carpish. holotype: mzuj. male .\nmonoloba razowski & wojtusiak, 2010 (transtillaspis), acta zool. cracov. 53b: 98. tl: peru, dept. huanuco, via huanuco - tingo maria, carpish. holotype: mzuj. male .\nsequax razowski & wojtusiak, 2013 (transtillaspis), acta zool. cracov. 56: 15. tl: ecuador, dept. huatusco, via morona - santiago, gualaceo lemon. holotype: mzuj. male .\nstiphra razowski & wojtusiak, 2013 (transtillaspis), acta zool. cracov. 56: 16. tl: peru, dept. pasco, osacampa, el cedro, yanachaga - chemillen. holotype: mzuj. male .\nscyruncus razowski & wojtusiak, 2013 (transtillaspis), acta zool. cracov. 56: 14. tl: ecuador, prov. morona - santiago, np sangay, via guamota - macas. holotype: mzuj. male .\ncholojuxta razowski & wojtusiak, 2010 (transtillaspis), acta zool. cracov. 53b: 96. tl: peru, dept. pasco, oxapampa, el cedro, yanachaga - chemillen n. p. . holotype: mzuj. male .\nobvoluta razowski & wojtusiak, 2010 (transtillaspis), acta zool. cracov. 53b: 97. tl: peru, dept. pasco, oxapampa, el cedro, yanachaga - chemillen n. p. . holotype: mzuj. female .\narmifera razowski & wojtusiak, 2006 (transtillaspis), shilap revta. lepid. 34: 47. tl: venezuela, stan tachira, p. n. batalln, pramo el rosal, via san jos de bolvar. holotype: mzuj. male .\ncracens razowski & pelz, 2005 (transtillaspis), acta zool. cracov. 48b: 68. tl: ecuador, loja province, 10 km se loja, p. n. podocarpus, cajanuma ranger stn. . holotype: smfl. male .\nependyma razowski & pelz, 2005 (transtillaspis), acta zool. cracov. 48b: 72. tl: ecuador, loja province, 10 km se loja, p. n. podocarpus, cajanuma ranger stn. . holotype: smfl. male .\njuxtonca razowski & pelz, 2005 (transtillaspis), acta zool. cracov. 48b: 69. tl: ecuador, loja province, 10 km se loja, p. n. podocarpus, cajanuma ranger stn. . holotype: smfl. male .\nmecosacculus razowski & pelz, 2005 (transtillaspis), acta zool. cracov. 48b: 73. tl: ecuador, loja province, 10 km se loja, p. n. podocarpus, cajanuma ranger stn. . holotype: smfl. male .\nalluncus razowski & pelz, 2005 (transtillaspis), acta zool. cracov. 48b: 67. tl: ecuador, zamora - chinchipe province, 22 km e loja, p. n. podocarpus, san francisco ranger stn. . holotype: smfl. male .\nluiscarlosi razowski & pelz, 2003 (transtillaspis), nachrbl. ent. ver. apollo (n. f .) 24: 198. tl: ecuador, morona - santiago province, macas, proao > inapula, crea - domono. holotype: vpc. male .\nmonoseta razowski & pelz, 2003 (transtillaspis), nachrbl. ent. ver. apollo (n. f .) 24: 197. tl: ecuador, morona - santiago province, macas, proao > inapula, crea - domono. holotype: vpc. male .\nmultisetae razowski & pelz, 2003 (transtillaspis), nachrbl. ent. ver. apollo (n. f .) 24: 197. tl: ecuador, morona - santiago province, macas, proao > inapula, crea - domono. holotype: vpc. male .\nirrorata razowski & pelz, 2003 (transtillaspis), nachrbl. ent. ver. apollo (n. f .) 24: 198. tl: ecuador, morona - santiago province, macas, proao > alshi, 5 km so alshi. holotype: vpc. male .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\ntortricidae (lepidoptera) from the mountains of ecuador. part 1: southern highlands\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript. here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n... the genus rhopobota is characterized by the presence of a bifid uncus with widely separated arms in the male genitalia, and a relatively large sclerite extending from near the distal end of the ductus bursae along both sides of the corpus bursae in the female genitalia (brown 1983, razowski 1989). although the homology of the\nuncus\nis not entirely resolved, we follow current workers in referring to the integumental structure as the uncus (e. g. , horak 2006, razowski & wojtusiak 2008, razowski & becker 2010a, 2010b, razowski & pelz 2011, zhang & li 2012, razowski 2013a, 2013b)... .\n... mesochariodes razowski & wojtusiak, 2006 is an olethreutinae, eucosmini genus that includes two species from venezuela. two other species have been described by razowski & wojtusiak (2008, 2009). after the study of additional material from ecuador collected by v. o... .\n... the genus rhopobota lederder consists of 61 known species (brown 1979brown, 1983 razowski 1999; zhang, li and wang 2005; brown 2005; razowski and wojtusiak 2008; baixeras, brown and gilligan 2009; razowski 2009; razowski and becker 2010) that are distributed in the holarctic, oriental, australian and neotropical regions. rhopobota is characterized by the presence of a bifid uncus with widely separated arms in the male genitalia and the relatively large sclerite extending from near the distal end of the ductus bursae along both sides of the corpus bursae in the female genitalia (brown 1983; razowski 1999)... .\n... however, he stated that additional material is necessary to determine whether this species is actually present in south america. subsequently, three neotropical species of eccopsis have been described from ecuador: one from the mountains of the southern highlands (razowski & wojtusiak 2008) and two from the galapagos islands (). on the other hand, an outstanding taxonomic contribution on the fauna of tortricidae from chile has been recently published (razowski & pelz 2010), but species of eccopsis have been not cited... .\n... thus, the character state may represent a synapomorphy for neotropical members of the genus. however, the male of another neotropical species, eccopsis eltundana razowski & wojtusiak, 2008, remains unknown (razowski & wojtusiak 2008). presence of basal lobes is shared by all african eccopsis, even though basal lobes are strongly reduced in the male genitalia of the type - species, e. wahlbergiana zeller, 1852 (aarvik 2004)... .\na new species of eccopsis zeller (lepidoptera, tortricidae) from the coastal valleys of northern chile, with the first continental record of e. galapagana razowski & landry\necuadoran species of aglaopollex razowski & pelz, gen. n. , ancylis hübner, [ 1825 ] and rhopobota lederer, 1859 (lepidoptera: tortricidae )\ndescription of the early stages of eccopsis galapagana razowski & landry (tortricidae), a defoliator of prosopis juliflora (sw .) dc. (fabaceae) in colombia\nfigures 15 – 17 in notes on ernocornutia razowski, 1988 (lepidoptera: tortricidae: euliini) with des ...\nfigures 15 – 17. male genitalia of ernocornutia. 15 a, b, e. sangayana, sp. n. , holotype; 16 a, b, e. pilaloana, sp. n. , holotype; 17 a, b, e. pululahuana, sp. n. , holotype .\ntortricidae (lepidoptera) from the valley of rio gualaceo, east cordillera in ecuador, with descript ...\nrazowski j. , wojtusiak j. 2006. tortricidae (lepidoptera) in the valley of río guala - ceo, east cordillera in ecuador, with descriptions of new taxa. acta zoologica cra - coviensia, 49b (1 - 2): 17 - 53. abstract. tortricidae collected in rro gualaceo valley with special attention to their ele - vational distribution are listed. three genera and 34 species are described as new: henri - cus cerussatus... [ show full abstract ]\nnotes on ernocornutia razowski, 1988 (lepidoptera: tortricidae: euliini) with descriptions of seven ...\nthe neotropical genus ernocornutia razowski is compared with pseudomeritastis obraztsov, 1966, seticosta razowski, 1986, ernocornutina razowski, 1988, and eristparcula razowski & becker, 2001. seven new species of ernocornutia from ecuador are described and illustrated: e. firna, sp. n. , e. paracatopta, sp. n. , e. chiribogana, sp. n. , e. termasiana, sp. n. , e. sangayan, sp. n. , e. pilaloana, ... [ show full abstract ]\nsome tortricidae from the east cordillera in ecuador reared from larvae in yanayacu biological stati ...\nabstract. eight species are described from ecuador (napo prov .) as new on the basis of specimens reared from their larvae. these are: xoser astonyx n. sp. , orthocomotis parandina n. sp. , anacrusis yanayacana n. sp. , anacrusis guttula n. sp. , sisurcana sanguinoventer n. sp. , sisurcana cirrhochroma n. sp. , sparganothina hermosa n. sp. , lypothora roseochraon n. sp .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nunless noted, all images on these pages are copyright © 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan. please do not download, copy, print, or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author. contact form .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "transtillaspis zamorana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "it is found in loja province , ecuador .", "the wingspan is about 18 mm for males and 22 mm for females .", "the ground colour of the forewings is pale brownish cream , but darker in the basal area .", "the suffusions and strigulation ( fine streaks ) is brownish and there are some brown spots .", "the hindwings are cream with weak brownish suffusions and pale brownish strigulation .", "the ground colour of the forewings of the females is greyish brown , without strigulation .", "the markings are browner than in males , with sparse blackish dots . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "transtillaspis zamorana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family. it is found in loja province, ecuador. the wingspan is about 18 mm for males and 22 mm for females. the ground colour of the forewings is pale brownish cream, but darker in the basal area. the suffusions and strigulation (fine streaks) is brownish and there are some brown spots. the hindwings are cream with weak brownish suffusions and pale brownish strigulation. the ground colour of the forewings of the females is greyish brown, without strigulation. the markings are browner than in males, with sparse blackish dots." ]

[ "no one has contributed data records for syntomeida ipomoeae yet. learn how to contribute .\nspecies syntomeida ipomoeae - yellow - banded wasp moth - hodges # 8282 - bugguide. net\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nlarvae feed on morning - glory (ipomoea spp .) and perhaps other plants in the same family (convolvulaceae )\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click' save settings' to activate your changes .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018." ]

{ "text": [ "syntomeida ipomoeae , the yellow-banded wasp moth or orange-banded wasp moth , is a moth in the arctiidae family .", "it was described by harris in 1839 .", "it is found in florida and georgia .", "the wingspan is about 43 mm .", "the forewings are black with two to four small white discal spots .", "the hindwings are black with a white basal patch .", "there are alternating yellowish-orange and black bands on the abdomen .", "adults have been recorded on wing from april to october .", "the larvae feed on ipomoea species and possibly also other plants in the convolvulaceae family .", "the larvae have an orange body with black tufts of hair . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1, 23, 8, 8, 23 ] }

[ "syntomeida ipomoeae, the yellow-banded wasp moth or orange-banded wasp moth, is a moth in the arctiidae family. it was described by harris in 1839. it is found in florida and georgia. the wingspan is about 43 mm. the forewings are black with two to four small white discal spots. the hindwings are black with a white basal patch. there are alternating yellowish-orange and black bands on the abdomen. adults have been recorded on wing from april to october. the larvae feed on ipomoea species and possibly also other plants in the convolvulaceae family. the larvae have an orange body with black tufts of hair." ]

[ "- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species: gyraulus nedyalkovi p. glöer & d. g. georgiev, 2012 - id: 5672000448\nglöer p. & georgiev d. (2012) redescription of gyraulus argaeicus (sturany 1904) with the description of two new gastropod species from turkey (mollusca: gastropoda: bithyniidae, planorbidae). journal of conchology 41 (2): 167 - 172. page (s): 170 [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: this species has been recently described from a swamp east of kazanli village on the mediterranean sea coast. the only known site has signs of habitat degradation, due to presence of solid waste and lies adjacent to residential area and greenhouses used for agriculture. other endemic species, bithynia yildrimii, also restricted to the site are considered threatened (cr). hence the species is listed as vulnerable d2 on a precautionary basis due to the single site with known threats. further research is required to establish whether this species is more widely distributed and impact of the current threats on the species. if survey work shows that this species is endemic to the site and the threats are impacting the species, then a revised assessment of critically endangered would be appropriate .\nthis recently described species is currently known from the type locality in turkey, from a swamp east of kazanli village on the mediterranean sea coast. further research is required to establish whether this species is more widely distributed .\nthis species has been recently described, hence the population status and trends are unknown .\nthis species was described from a small canal within a swampy area, the canal had soil banks with phragmytes australis and adjacent to a village near a group of blocks of flats and greenhouse agricultural lands .\nthis species has been recently described, hence the trade status is unknown, but unlikely to be in trade .\nthe type locality is close to a residential building and greenhouses for agricultural use, and the sites was polluted by waste materials, mainly plastics, although the impact on the species is uncertain. as other molluscs found at the site are impacted by these threats, it is likely that this species is vulnerable to them as well .\nthis species has been recently described, hence there are no known conservation actions for this species .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\n( mcnamara et al. 1993, weisser 1993, stadler et al. 1994, weisser\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\na. e. r. agassiz in j. g. f. de charpentier, 1837\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "gyraulus nedyalkovi is a species of small , mostly air-breathing , freshwater snail , aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family planorbidae , the ram 's horn snails .", "the species is endemic to turkey . " ], "topic": [ 2, 2 ] }

[ "gyraulus nedyalkovi is a species of small, mostly air-breathing, freshwater snail, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family planorbidae, the ram's horn snails. the species is endemic to turkey." ]

[ "irish status: the most widespread harpalus, particularly in the north. generally distributed and common .\ndescription: a 8. 2 - 11mm long black, phytophagous ground beetle found in all kinds of open to lightly shaded ground. the only harpalus commonly found in peatlands and exposed upland habitats in ireland .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for. the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard. e. g.' papilio *'. keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature. unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance. meanwhile, please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr. 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail: fauna - eu (at) mfn - berlin. de website: urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nworld distribution: a eurosiberian boreo - temperate species (54) found across europe, south to the caucasus, and east to western siberia .\necology: unlike many of its relatives this species is not markedly xerophilous, and has been recorded from a wide range of habitats including grassland, gardens, light woodland, dryish upland heaths and summit moraine of mountains. it appears to be particularly widespread on upland peat .\nclick here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated. thank you .\nthe photo comparison module can be used to compare up to six species side - by - side. matches are either displayed in a listbox or as a collection of thumbnails. you can display the photos in higher resolution by dragging & dropping the respective thumbnails into the picture slots below. they can be zoomed in / out and positioned within their container. the compilation can be saved and made publicly availabe for all users. selected saved photo comparisons can be searched here .\nblå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch. kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade. kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor, t ex arter i ett visst län, i en viss biotop, substrat, som påverkas av en hotfaktor, eller som är knutna till en sk värdart, t ex trädet alm. dessa kan även kombineras .\nsöka fram arter som är rödlistade, knutna till alm, är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .\nsöka fram arter som är rödlistade, lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .\ndefaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer. under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade. om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer. nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .\ndenna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera. du kan t. ex. navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn. du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder, kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista. ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera”, där du kan söka på olika egenskaper. ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .\nthe mit license (mit) copyright (c) 2011 - 2015 twitter, inc permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright (c) 2008 - 2013 sprymedia limited urltoken permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt, urltoken permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright (c) 2009–2015 permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2005 - 2014 openlayers contributors. all rights reserved. redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and / or other materials provided with the distribution. this software is provided by openlayers contributors '` as is'' and any express or implied warranties, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed. in no event shall copyright holder or contributors be liable for any direct, indirect, incidental, special, exemplary, or consequential damages (including, but not limited to, procurement of substitute goods or services; loss of use, data, or profits; or business interruption) however caused and on any theory of liability, whether in contract, strict liability, or tort (including negligence or otherwise) arising in any way out of the use of this software, even if advised of the possibility of such damage. the views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies, either expressed or implied, of openlayers contributors .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nthere are over 25, 000 species of carabids (ground beetles) in 1500 genera world wide, 2, 600 specie in europe and over 350 in the uk. the fossil record goes as far back as the permian. they are usually found on the ground and can run fast .\nthe adults range in length from 3 - 36 mm, and are mainly nocturnal. many of the european carabids are voracious predators of\nand many other invertebrates, so should be cherished by gardeners. in areas where the weather is cold, many species hibernate during the winter .\nthe photograph above and drawing below below show a typical carabid larva. the abdomen has 10 segments including the anal tube, 3 leg - bearing segments making up the thorax, and 1 head segment .\nthe typical carabid adult is shown in the photograph below of cychrus caraboides, note the long, filiform antennae, legs thin and long for fast running, and huge jaws for crushing and dismembering prey .\ngatunek rozmieszczony we wschodniej części europy oraz w europie środkowej, na zachód sięga do wschodniej części francji, nadto wykazany z trzech południowych prowincji szwecji, z kaukazu oraz syberii. spotykany na suchych glebach piaszczystych na obszarach śródlądowych oraz na wydmach nadmorskich. odznacza się dużą lotnością. licznie obserwowany na terenie warszawy w lipcu i sierpniu podczas przylotów nocnych do światła (j. makólski *) .\nsienkiewicz p. , lipa j. j. 2010. chrząszcze z rodziny biegaczowatych (coleoptera: carabidae) jako żywiciele pasożytniczych i komensalicznych eugregaryn (apicomplexa: eugregarinorida) – przegląd badań z terenu polski. wiad. entomol. , 29 (4): 289 - 295 .\naleksandrowicz o. , pakuła b. , grabiec e. 2009b. species composition and ecological structure of carabid’s assembly in a fodder’s mixture field in northern poland. [ in: ] environment. technology. resources proceedings of the 7th international scientific and practical conference. volume 1. rēzeknes augstskola, rēzekne, ra izdevniecība. pp. 147 - 153 .\nrenner k. , messutat j. 2007. untersuchungen zur käferfauna der umgebung von skwierzyna im westlichen polen (wielkopolska). coleo, 8: 16 - 20 .\nzalewski m. , ulrich w. 2006. dispersal as a key element of community structure: the case of ground beetles on lake islands. diversity and distributions, 12: 767 - 775 .\nulrich w. , zalewski m. 2006. abundance and co - occurrence patterns of core and satellite species of ground beetles on small lake islands. oikos, 114 (2): 338 - 348 .\noriginal russian text © a. g. voronin, l. n. chumakov, 2015, published in ekologiya, 2015, no. 6, pp. 470–472 .\narnol’di, k. v. , sharova, i. kh. , klyukanova, g. n. , and butrina, n. n. , ground beetles (carabidae, coleoptera) of the streletskaya steppe near kursk and the seasonal dynamics of their activity, in\n( the fauna and animal ecology), moscow: nauka, 1972, pp. 215–230 .\nlyubechanskii, i. i. and mordkovich, v. g. , classification of ecological groups of epigeic animals: the example of carabid beetles in the western siberian plain ,\n( ekologo - zoogeograficheskii analiz) (the fauna and assemblages of ground beetles (coleoptera, trachypachidae, carabidae) in the forest zone of the middle urals: ecological–zoogeographic analysis), perm: perm. gos. univ. , 1999 .\nvoronin, a. g. and esyunin, s. l. , the diversity of ground beetle fauna (coleoptera, carabidae) in the middle urals: basic trends and factors that determine them ,\nvoronin, a. g. & chumakov, l. n. russ j ecol (2015) 46: 589. urltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nthis is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited .\nseminatural grassland is one of the most species rich habitats in europe' s open landscapes. long continuity of grazing or mowing, without application of fertilisers and pesticides (pärt and söderström 1998) has built up a high diversity of plants and insects (appelqvist et al. 2001). for example, swedish grasslands can harbour up to 60 species of vascular plants per m 2 (eriksson and eriksson 1997) .\nmanagement experiments have shown that type and timing of management have profound effects on grassland biodiversity (morris 2000) and have also indicated that the present management may not provide sufficient conditions for grassland biodiversity (zobel 1992; poschlod et al. 2005). the main ecological effect of late management by mowing or late grazing is that the vegetation is left undisturbed in the early summer. this is advantageous for seed production, especially in plants with early reproduction (karlsson 1984; zopfi 1993; lennartsson and svensson 1996; simán and lennartsson 1998). timing of grazing affects the vegetation structure and has been shown to also affect the species composition and abundance of ants (boulton et al. 2005), beetles (mcferran et al. 1994) and spiders (dennis et al 2001; schwab et al. 2002) .\nstudies of ecological effects of grazing and other grassland management often use one or a few species, usually vascular plants, as indicators for the grassland condition (lennartsson and oostermeijer 2001), but few studies analyse effects on different taxa or taxonomic groups. some studies have indicated that different species groups in semi - natural grasslands may differ considerably regarding which management regime is optimal (e. g. söderstöm et al. 2001; vessby et al. 2002) .\nin this study, conventional grassland management, i. e. grazing from may to september, was compared with an experimentally applied traditional management, grazing from mid - july. the effects of grazing regime were analyzed regarding abundance, species richness, and species composition of different groups of predator arthropods: ants, carabid beetles and spiders .\ntwo homogenous (by means of vegetation) areas in each pasture were chosen, and an alternative grazing regime was established by separating, by fencing, one area of 1 hectare (pustnäs) and one of 4 hectares (harpsund) from the continuously grazed pastures. data sampling was performed in these exclosures and in the continuously grazed grassland adjacent to the exclosures. the exclosures were not grazed until 27 july in harpsund and 18 july in pustnäs, when the fence was opened and the grazers were allowed to utilize the whole pasture. the alternative grazing regimes were initiated in 1997 in pustnäs and in 2001 in harpsund and were applied each year until 2005. the difference in time of opening was due to practical reasons related to the farmers' cattle management and arrangement of grazing .\nvegetation height was measured using a rising plate (sanderson et al. 2001) at 30 random sampling points per grazing treatment at 6–9 occasions from late may to late september 2001–2003. litter layer thickness, from the litter surface to the mineral soil, was measured at 30 random points on the first sampling occasion, using a mm - graded stick .\ntemperature data on the mean of each 24 hour - period throughout the study period were provided by the ultuna climate and bioclimate station (see urltoken) .\narthropods were sampled by using pitfall traps: 850 ml plastic jars, 12 cm in diameter buried to the level of the ground surface. the traps were filled 1 / 3 with water and a drop of detergent to reduce the surface tension .\nin harpsund, 28 traps were installed in each grazing treatment in a spatial arrangement that covered the environmental variation within each treatment area. in each grazing treatment, 7 traps were located uphill and 7 downhill on the north - facing slope of the ridge, and 7 traps were located uphill and 7 downhill on the south - facing slope. hereafter, a group of 7 traps is called a block. the distance between the traps was at least 10 m, and the distance between the blocks was at least 20 m .\nthe grassland in pustnäs was smaller than in harpsund, and, therefore, only 7 traps per grazing treatment were randomly established .\nthe traps operated for 10 periods during 7 days from 13 may to 28 august 2002 in harpsund and nine periods from 30 may to 29 august 2002 in pustnäs. the traps operated during 7 successive days, followed by 7 days of non - operation. animals were collected from each trap after each operation sequence and preserved in 50% propylenglycol. all beetle samples from pustnäs before 10 july were accidentally destroyed in the lab, leaving seven sampling periods for carabids from that site .\nants were identified to species level based on seifert (1996), and beetles to species level based on lindroth (1985, 1986). due to resource limitation, spiders were collected only at five (harpsund) and four (pustnäs) sampling events. spiders were identified to species, genus, or family level using roberts (1995) and jones - walters (1994) .\nto investigate the effect of grazing regime on density and persistence of ant nests, and to investigate the occurrence of lasius flavus foerster (hymenopera: formicidae), which is not easily caught in pitfall traps, all hillocks taller than 10 cm were mapped. in pustnäs, mapping was performed over the whole 1 hectare treatment areas. in harpsund, nests were mapped in one 0. 04 ha area per treatment, placed 10 m from each other, at opposite sides of the fence. ants inhabiting the mounds were collected and determined to species level, and mounds without ants were assigned abandoned. mapping was done in july in 2002, 2003, and 2004 in pustnäs and in 2002 and 2003 in harpsund. height and diameter of the mounds was measured in 2002 .\nthe sampling design in pustnäs and harpsund was not identical, and the two sites were therefore analyzed separately .\nfor the data from harpsund, variation in capture efficiency attributable to the individual locations of the traps was avoided by pooling the catches from the 7 traps in each block at each trapping occasion. thus, the estimate of species richness was based on the number of species found in each block at one occasion in one treatment. in pustnäs, no blocks were used and species richness was based on individual traps. the species of carabid beetles and spiders were also analyzed in terms of functional groups, and since body size can be assumed to be important for several aspects of a species' ecology (see discussion), the grouping was partly based on size. based on the size frequencies beetles were classified in three size classes, < 5 mm, 5–8 mm, and > 8 mm and according to life - cycle, habitat preference, and food preference (\n). life - cycle refers to which stage that hibernates and was used since this can be assumed to influence the phenology of the species, in turn potentially important for the species response to grazing season. spiders were classified in six classes according to a combination of size and foraging behavior (web - builders < 3 mm, web - builders 3–6 mm, runners < 6 mm, runners 6–10 mm, runners > 10 mm, and “sit - and - wait - species” ,\nspp. in order to meet assumptions of normality, all data on spiders and beetles were log (n + 0. 1) transformed before analysis .\ntotal number of species found in two seminatural grasslands, harpsund and pustnäs, divided in different preference or life - cycle groups .\nants are social insects, while spiders and beetles are not and this affectd the numbers of individuals trapped. worker ants often follow one another so the actual number of individuals trapped in pitfalls is not related to the density of ant colonies. therefore, colony density of a species in a block at one sampling occasion in harpsund was estimated as the proportion of traps in the block that contained the species. due to the chosen distance between traps, this proportion provides a good approximation of the colony density of small species with limited movement ranges (e. g. myrmica spp. , lasius spp .) and of the activity density of bigger species (e. g. formica spp .) with larger movement ranges (savolainen et al. 1989). activity density of smaller species was estimated for both harpsund and pustnäs as the number of individuals trapped (per trap in pustnäs, per block in harpsund). in order to meet assumptions of normality, data on colony density were arcsine transformed (fowler et al. 1998) and those on activity were log (n + 0. 1) transformed .\nit was assumed that the difference in population size of the arthropods between the two treatment areas varied over time and that the similarities at different times before onset of late grazing were larger than the similarities between before and after the onset of late grazing. therefore, the data sets of harpsund and pustnäs were divided into (1) those that includes all observations before onset of late grazing, (2) those including all observations after onset of late grazing, and (3) those including observations on 26 july, one sampling day before, and 12 august, the sampling day after, the onset of late grazing. the shapiro - wilk' s test for normality was used to test the appropriateness of the statistical model. for harpund, repeated measures data on arthropods were analysed using a mixed effects model with grazing regime as fixed factor, block as random factor, and sampling time as repeated factor (littell et al. 2006). for pustnäs, repeated measures data on arthropods were analysed using a mixed effects model with grazing regime as fixed factor, trap as random factor, and sampling time as repeated factor .\nbonferroni or similar corrections for multiple tests were not applied, but instead the results were interpreted with care, focusing on single results instead of the number of significant differences (e. g. lindberg and bengtsson 2006) .\nthe total, not mean numbers of ant mounds per treatment, was counted. therefore, contingency tests, g - tests, were used to test for differences between grazing treatments in number of inhabited and abandoned ant mounds, respectively. each year and site was analyzed separately. the height of inhabited ant mounds was analyzed for each site separately by two - way anova with ant species (lasius niger and l. flavus (formicidae) ) and grazing regime as factors .\ndue to non - normality, tests on vegetation height and litter depth were performed using non - parametric tests .\n). in late grazing, vegetation grew to a height of 8–9 cm until onset of late grazing. after onset of late grazing, vegetation was rapidly reduced but remained 0. 5–2 cm taller than in continuous grazing throughout the season (\n). by the end of the season, vegetation height in harpsund differed about 2 cm between the grazing regimes; in pustnäs vegetation height differed less than 1cm .\nvegetation height over three grazing seasons in two grazing regimes, continuous grazing (open circles) and late grazing (filled), in two seminatural pastures, harpsund (left panels) and pustnäs (right). the late onset of grazing is indicated by a vertical line. error bars show one s. e. , and for clarity (to avoid overlap), one - sided error bars are used. high quality figures are available online .\nthickness of litter layer in early june in harpsund was 4. 6–6. 8 mm in continuous grazing from 2001 to 2003 and 8. 7–11. 0 in late grazing from 2002 to 2003. this difference between treatments was significant in both years (mann - whitney u - test, p < 0. 05). in 2001, i. e. at the beginning of the first experimental season, litter thickness did not differ between treatments in harpsund (6. 8 ± 3. 0 and 6. 2 ± 3. 2 in continuous and late grazing, respectively). in pustnäs, litter layer varied between 4. 2 and 5. 5 mm during 2001–2003 in continuous grazing and between 8. 8 ± 2. 8 and 11. 3 ± 3. 4 in late grazing, and the difference between treatments was significant for all three years (p < 0. 05) .\nnumber of individuals: in harpsund, 8750 individuals belonging to 15 different species were trapped, and, in pustnäs, 2204 individuals of 11 species. pitfall traps detected a significant overall effect of grazing regime on the number of individuals in pustnäs but not in harpsund. before onset of late grazing, more individuals were found in continuous grazing in pustnäs (repeated measures anova; f\nwas the most numerous ant species in both pustnäs and harpsund, but none of the measurement methods detected significant effects of grazing regime on the activity of this species .\nmean numbers of individuals of ants (hymenoptera) caught by pitfall trapping over the growing season in two semi - natural grasslands, harpsund (top panel) and pustnäs (bottom), subject to two grazing regimes, continuous grazing (open circles) and late onset of grazing (filled). the late onset of grazing is indicated by a vertical line. error bars show one s. e. , and for clarity (to avoid overlap), one - sided error bars are used. high quality figures are available online .\nnumber of species and species - specific responses: in harpsund, pitfall traps showed that species richness was not affected by grazing regime. the ant, myrmica rubra l. was present in larger numbers (repeated measures anova; f 1, 64 = 8. 7, p = 0. 03) and had higher colony density (f 1, 64 = 9. 8, p = 0. 02) in continuous grazing, whereas formica polyctena had higher activity density in late grazing (f 1, 64 = 12, p = 0. 04). the colony density, but not the abundance of individual myrmica scabrinodis nylander ants, was higher in late grazing before (f 1, 64 = 12. 5, p = 0. 04), but not after, late onset of grazing. the total number of individuals of myrmica spp. was higher in continuous grazing (f 1, 32 = 22, p = 0. 009) .\nin pustnäs, pitfall traps showed higher species numbers in continuous grazing compared to late grazing (repeated measures anova; f 1, 112 = 8. 14, p = 0. 008). the total number of individuals of myrmica spp. was significantly higher in continuous grazing (f 1, 112 = 9. 8, p = 0. 005), and this effect was also found for two of the myrmica species, m. lobicornis and m. rubra (p < 0. 04 both species). in contrast, formica rufibarbis f. was mostly present in late grazing (f 1, 112 = 22, p < 0001). after onset of late grazing, these differences between grazing regimes persisted .\nwere mapped, corresponding to 675 and 200 per hectare, respectively. in continuous grazing, 2 mounds of\nwere mapped, corresponding to 300 and 250 mounds per hectare, respectively. thus, more ant mounds than expected by random allocation were inhabited by\nin late grazing than in continuous grazing (g - test; p < 0. 05 in both years ,\na non - significant opposite pattern was found. in pustnäs, only one mound of\nwere found in late and continuous grazing, respectively. in harpsund, 98% of the inhabited mounds mapped in 2002 were still inhabited in 2003. the number of mounds inhabited by\n). grazing regime had no significant effect on the mean height of the anthills (17. 4 ± 5. 4 and 14. 4 ± 3. 8 cm in late and continuous grazing, respectively; two - way anova, f\nnumber of ant mounds during two years and in two grazing regimes, continuous grazing (cont .) and late onset of grazing (late). white bars show lasius flavus mounds; dashed bars show lasius niger mounds, and black bars show abandoned mounds, sometimes invaded by myrmica spp. high quality figures are available online .\nin pustnäs, more than half of the mounds that were found in 2002 were completely destroyed by cattle in 2003 and 2004. no significant effects of grazing regime were found on the number of mounds inhabited by l. niger, nor on the number of abandoned mounds was found. grazing regime had no significant effect on the mean height of the anthills (16. 9 ± 5. 4 and 17. 9 ± 5. 8 cm in late and continuous grazing, respectively) .\nin harpsund, 7502 specimens belonging to eight families were counted. of the lycosidae, 13 different species were identified. grazing regime had no significant effect on number of individuals. analysis of functional groups showed that the number of individuals of web builders < 3 mm was higher in continuous grazing after onset of late grazing (repeated measures anova; f 1, 16 = 7, p = 0. 04), but not earlier in the summer. runners > 10mm, mainly trochosa terricola thorell (araneae: lycosoidea), were more common in late grazing after 27 july (f 1, 16 = 6. 1, p = 0. 048), but not earlier in the summer. grazing regime had no significant effects on the number of individuals or species of the genera paradosa spp. , alopectosa spp. , or trochosa spp. some single species showed differences between grazing regimes at some sampling dates in harpsund, but these differences varied in an inconsistent manner .\nin pustnäs, 2465 specimen belonging to seven families were counted. of the lycosidae, 11 different species were identified. more species were found in late compared to continuous grazing before onset of late grazing, i. e. in the undisturbed vegetation (f 1, 42 = 22, p = 0. 0002). after onset of late grazing, no differences were found. analysis of functional groups showed that the number of individuals of web builders < 3mm was higher in continuous grazing (f 1, 42 = 60, p < 0. 0001) both before and after onset of late grazing. in contrast, the abundance of sit - and - wait - species and runners > 10mm (trochosa spp .), was about seven times higher in late grazing (f 1, 42 = 60, p = 0. 0006) both before and after onset of late grazing. the taxonomic group linyphiidae was about four times higher in continuous than in late grazing (f 1, 42 = 60, p = 0. 0003). no other taxonomic groups were significantly affected by grazing regime. of single species, the small runner, paradosa fulvipes was caught in higher numbers in late grazing (f 1, 42 = 60, p = 0. 007) .\nnumber of individuals and species: in pustnäs, a total of 288 individuals belonging to 27 species and, in harpsund, 1429 individuals of 42 species were trapped during the study .\ngrazing regime as main factor had no significant effect on either species richness or number of individuals (repeated measures anovas; harpsund, p > 0. 1; pustnäs, p > 0. 4). analyses of cumulative data showed, in contrast, that the abundance of individuals was about 1. 5 times higher in late grazing in pustnäs (f 1, 14 = 5. 1, p = 0. 04). this effect was not found in harpsund .\n). the shift in preference between the two treatment areas occurred around 1 july, before the onset of late grazing (29 july). in pustnäs, no interaction effect was found for either number of species (p = 0. 6), or number of individuals (p = 0. 5 ,\nmean numbers of individuals and species of ground beetles (coleoptera: carabidae) caught by pitfall trapping over the growing season in a semi - natural grassland in harpsund that was subject to two grazing regimes: continuous grazing (open circles) and late onset of grazing (filled). the late onset of grazing is indicated by a vertical line. error bars show one s. e. , and for clarity (to avoid overlap), one - sided error bars are used. high quality figures are available online .\nmean numbers of individuals and species of ground beetles (coleoptera: carabidae) caught by pitfall trapping over the growing season in a semi - natural grassland in pustnäs that was subject to two grazing regimes: continuous grazing (open circles) and late onset of grazing (filled). the late onset of grazing is indicated by a vertical line. error bars show one s. e. , and for clarity (to avoid overlap), one - sided error bars are used. high quality figures are available online .\n= 4. 2, p = 0. 04), and the number of individuals was higher in continuous grazing at most dates. the adult - hibernating species were replaced by larvae - hibernating species during the first half of july (\n), and date had, consequently, a significant effect on the number of individuals of both life cycle types (p < 0. 0001). of the species that were found in sufficient numbers to be analyzed separately, the adult hibernating species, e. g .\nsturm, were more common in continuous grazing early in the summer in harpsund. around 1 july, those species disappeared and were replaced by larvae hibernating species, such as\npaykull, which were more common in late grazing. with few exceptions, no significant grazing regime preference could be detected at the species level .\nmean numbers of individuals of adult - hibernating (upper panel) and larvae - hibernating (lower panel) species of ground beetles (coleoptera: carabidae) caught by pitfall trapping over the growing season in a semi - natural grassland in harpsund that was subject to two grazing regimes: continuous grazing (open circles) and late onset of grazing (filled). the late onset of grazing is indicated by a vertical line. error bars show one s. e. , and for clarity (to avoid overlap), one - sided error bars are used. high quality figures are available online .\nadult - hibernating species were considerably smaller (6. 7 ± 3. 1 mm) than larvae - hibernating species (10. 1 ± 5. 5 mm). body size of imagines explained, however, little of the variation in individual number between grazing regimes in harpsund. the grazing regime / date interaction affected significantly the number of individuals of small species (repeated measures anova; f 64, 7 = 3. 25, p = 0. 02), but the abundance varied between dates in an inconsistent manner. analyses of cumulative data indicated that large - bodied carabids (> 8 mm) were more common in late grazing (f 1, 8 = 15, p = 0. 02) and that other species were not affected by grazing regime .\nin pustnäs, beetles were collected only during the second half of the summer. during that period, larvae hibernating species were dominant as in harpsund, but no significant differences between grazing regimes were found. the number of individuals of small species (< 5 mm) before late onset of grazing significantly differed between grazing regimes at some sampling occasions (repeated measures anova; interaction grazing / time f 26, 1 = 5. 5, p = 0. 04) and was generally higher in continuous grazing (grazing as main effect, f 26, 1 = 7. 1, p = 0. 08). after late onset of grazing, the number of individuals of large species (> 8 mm) were significantly more common in late grazing (f 68, 1 = 14. 4, p = 0. 02). intermediate - sized species (5–8 mm) were affected by the grazing regime / date interaction (f 68, 4 = 2. 9, p = 0. 03), and the number of individuals was lower in late grazing at most dates .\nresponses of species with different food or habitat preference: almost all species were predators according to literature, and differences between food preference groups were thus not possible to test .\nin harpsund, habitat preference contributed to explaining differences in abundance between grazing regimes. before onset of late grazing, the number of individuals of species preferring shade or moderate exposure was significantly higher in late grazing sampling of the downhill blocks (f = 8. 35, p = 0. 04). also, the number of individuals of species preferring sparse vegetation, differed between grazing regimes at some sampling occasions, but the results varied in a inconsistent manner between sampling dates .\nin pustnäs, the numbers of individuals belonging to different habitat preference groups were low, and no significant differences between grazing regimes were detected .\nthis study also shows that arthropod predators that are not directly dependent on the vegetation and plant species, are strongly influenced by the timing of management, in this case timing of grazing. in summary, small ants and spiders were in general more common in continuous than in late grazing, whereas larger spiders and formica - ants were more abundant in late grazing. ant mound density was higher in late grazing in one of the grasslands. the abundance of carabids was higher in continuous grazing in the early summer, but higher in late grazing in the later summer .\nthe results indicate that timing of grazing affects several habitat variables of the grassland habitat, and that different groups of arthropod predators are reacting to different variables. the possible relationships between timing, habitat variables, and species groups are discussed below and summarized in\npossible effects of timing of grazing on vegetation and other habitat variables in semi - natural grassland that may affect arthropod predators either directly or through effects on their prey communities. dashed arrows show weaker effect. the expected effect of two grazing regimes: continuous grazing (c) and late onset of grazing (l) is indicated as either positive (+) or negative (-). the observed effect refers to significant differences in abundance between the two grazing regimes. high quality figures are available online .\ntall vegetation in late grazing provides a three - dimensional space for climbing arthropods, and this aspect of the vegetation is one conspicuous difference between continuous and late grazing in the early summer. also in the late summer, patches with tall vegetation were more common in late grazing, as indicated by error bars in\n), but contrary to expectations, web builders were more common in continuous grazing. this may be because the grazing cattle destroyed the webs and forced the spiders to move .\nin contrast, tall vegetation is an obstructing structure for species running on the ground, in particular predators using visual hunting (cole et al. 2005). this may partly explain why small running spiders, small carabids, and small ants were more abundant in continuous grazing, although higher microhabitat temperature, as discussed below, may be a more important factor for the small arthropods. large running predators among all studied groups were more common in late grazing, which indicates that the advantage of larger food supply (see below) is a more important factor for larger arthropods than the disadvantages of obstructing vegetation (heck and crowder 1991) .\nthe preference of small carabids for continuous grazing may also be explained by a combination of temperature, body size, and life cycle. the small carabids found in this study were mainly adult hibernating and were thus present as imago in the grassland in the early summer. larva hibernating species are larger and were emerging as imago from approximately 1 july. higher abundance of carabids in continuous grazing in the early, but not in the late summer, may thus be because early - summer species are smaller and therefore prefer low vegetation. it is notable that late grazing became more attractive to carabids around 1 july, three weeks before late onset of grazing, but approximately when adult - hibernating species were replaced by larva - hibernating ones .\ntemperature and humidity can also be expected to affect the abundance of several of the organisms serving as a prey resource for the studied predator groups. for example, snails and worms are sensitive to desiccation (andersen 1997) and should be more abundant in late grazing. this may explain the higher abundances of large species of carabids, ants (formica spp .), and spiders in late grazing .\nfor carabids, the litter layer may also affect the habitat' s suitability for hibernation, which may be part of the explanation for higher abundance of larva - hibernating species in late grazing. larvae hibernating species hibernate in or close to the foraging areas (lindroth 1992). although not studied, a thicker litter layer and a more heterogeneous vegetation structure may provide favorable conditions for hibernation (cf. brose 2003, macleod et al. 2004). if so, adult carabids can be expected to be more common in late grazing, both because they are hatched there and because they may choose habitats that are optimal for larvae hibernation. in contrast, adult hibernating species migrate to suitable hibernation sites, sometimes far from the summer foraging areas (lindroth 1992). in the spring they migrate back, possibly choosing the optimal foraging and breeding habitats .\nsome results of the current study may be explained by competition. for example, formica ants are known to compete with other ant species for food and suitable nest sites and also to affect other species by predation. lesica and kanowski (1998) showed that formica and myrmica ants compete for suitable nest sites, resulting in a lower nest density of myrmica. activity of leptothorax and myrmica ants has been shown to be higher when formica spp. were absent (puntilla et al. 1991). in the current study, the presence of f. polyctena and f. rufibarbis in late grazing may have suppressed the activity of myrmica spp .\nthe colonies of formica ants may also have had a negative effect on the linyphiidae spiders. lenoir (2003) found that wood ants that were manipulated to forage exclusively on the forest floor had a negative effect on the activity of linyphiidae. however, web - building spiders can escape from interference with ground - dwelling wood ants by ‘staying by their webs’ (lenoir 2003). in the present study, activity of arthropods was measured by the use of pitfall traps, which may reflect higher rates of web destruction. since no data on abundance of spider webs was collected, it was not possible to estimate the actual abundance of linyphiidae .\ndung serves as an essential substrate for a number of obligate coprophilous arthropods, of which some can be expected to serve as prey for the studied predator groups. some groups of small arthropods followed temporally the distribution of dung, i. e. were more common in continuous grazing in the early summer and equally common in the two treatments after late onset of grazing. it is possible that dung is important for small predators, but its effect cannot be separated from the effect of low vegetation and sun exposure, as discussed above. no groups of larger predators followed the abundance of dung, and it is likely that the effect of dung on the food supply for large predators was of little importance compared to the effect of vegetation height and growth as discussed above .\nthe grazers cause mechanical damage and disturbance to the grassland ecosystem, mainly by grazing and trampling. this presumably affects the studied groups of arthropods both directly and indirectly. the main, indirect effect of trampling and grazing (zahn et al. 2007) is reduction of prey populations, for example by trampling of ground fauna and grazing of sessile life stages of phytophages and seed predators (zahn et al. 2007) .\ndirect effects of disturbance are trampling mortality of ground dwelling specimens, damage of spider nets, and damage of ant mounds. for example, duffey (1975) showed that abundance and diversity of spiders was reduced by trampling by cattle. in this study, larger running spiders were less common in continuous grazing, but, as discussed above, this may be primarily an effect of larger food supply in late grazing. it has been shown that some mound - building ant species are sensitive to grazing, probably due to trampling by the grazers (beever and herrick 2006). in the current study l. flavus was present in large numbers in late grazing in harpsund, while it was almost absent in continuous grazing. in pustnäs, cattle were observed destroying ant mounds of l. niger, but there were no such observations from harpsund .\nsome results of this study indicated that two or more of the discussed habitat variables may have synergistic effects on predator abundance, whereas other variables may have opposing effects. of the variables discussed here, some can be assumed to affect habitat choice of predator arthropods by creating attractive conditions in the grazing treatment in question; other variables have a repelling effect, thus decreasing the abundance in the treatment (\n). one example of a possible synergy is that both favourable temperature conditions (in continuous grazing) and unfavourable hunting conditions (in late grazing) can be expected to increase abundance of small predators in continuous grazing. another example is that both litter and tall vegetation in late grazing may increase prey abundance, thus attracting predators to the treatment area. for carabids, the effect of litter on hibernation conditions may act in synergy with the two mentioned variables .\none example of a possible trade - off between variables is that higher prey abundance attracts while colder microclimate repels small predators in late grazing. in this case, the effect of microclimate seemed to be more important. another example of opposing effects is that destruction of ant mounds may repel and higher temperature may attract small ants (l. flavus) in continuous grazing, while larger food resources may attract the ants in late grazing. in this case, destruction of mounds and food resources seemed to be more important than a warmer microclimate." ]

{ "text": [ "harpalus latus is a ground beetle in the harpalinae subfamily that can be found in europe , armenia , georgia , kazakhstan , mongolia , and north korea . " ], "topic": [ 20 ] }

[ "harpalus latus is a ground beetle in the harpalinae subfamily that can be found in europe, armenia, georgia, kazakhstan, mongolia, and north korea." ]

[ "2009. white - winged black tern, marshall' s iora and sarus crane .\nmarshall' s iora (aegithina nigrolutea) is a species of bird in the aegithinidae family .\n2007. [\nthis has reference to your query regarding the number of marshall' s iora ...\n] .\nnice shot. good you got it in the clearing, these birds are annoyingly () active... i think this is a common iora. the range of distribution of marshall' s iora is restricted to north - west india and pakistan. (salim ali )\nthe white - tailed iora has yellow underparts; black on other parts. similar to; common iora. white - tailed iora has white edges to tail feathers converging broalyd to white patch at end of tail. some subspecies of common iora may have a little white on tai tipl .\nioras are small to medium - small passerines, about 11·5–15·5 cm in total length. common and marshall’s ioras have an adult male wing length of 60–67 mm, little different from the 61–68 mm of the green iora (...\nsundar, k. s. gopi; deomurari, arpit; bhatia, yashodhan; narayanan, s. prasanth .\nthe male green iora has mainly green plumage; black tail; split yellow eye - ring .\nthe common iora is a small bird found across the tropical indian subcontinent with populations showing plumage variations .\nthere were a great many highlights, but those most vivid in my mind are of flocks of indian coursers at bharatpur, sarus cranes standing majestically in agricultural fields near bharatpur, brown and tawny fish owls at kumeria and corbett, marshall' s iora at bharatpur... . chris bradshaw reports for birdwatching breaks\nthe common iora has yellow underparts; 2 white wing - bars. nonbreedin male has black wings, tail. in addition, breeding male has black cap, back female has greenish wings; olive tail. similar to; white - tailed iora. white - tailed iora has white edges to tail feathers converging broalyd to white patch at end of tail. some subspecies of common iora may have a little white on tai tipl .\n2010. range extension of vigors' s or western crimson sunbird in gujarat .\n2007. first breeding record of tickell' s blue - flycatcher from kachchh .\nvaru, maulik s. ; zala, kapilsinh v. ; trivedi, ashvin .\ngajera, nikunj; dave, s. m. ; dharaiya, n. a .\nvaru, maulik s. ; rupapara, jalpan c. ; kacha, purvesh k .\na bird' s eye view. the collected essays and shorter writings of sálim ali .\noshua, justus; gokula, v. ; sunderraj, s. f. wesley .\njoshua, justus; gokula, v. ; sunderraj, s. f. wesley .\njadhav, anika; parasharya, b. m. ; thakker, p. s .\nioras have a pointed and notched beak with straight culmen. the common iora males in the breeding season have a black cap and back, also a black wing and tail at all seasons. females have greenish wings and an olive tail. both sexes are yellow in color on their underparts and the male has two white bars on the wings. the males in breeding plumage have a variable distribution of black on the upperparts and can be confused with marshall’s iora, however, the latter always has white tips to the tail .\nw w w. i n d i a w i l d s. c o m\n: an addition to the avifauna of india' s western seaboard, south of jamnagar area .\ntaxonomy: iora lafresnayei hartlaub, 1844, melaka, peninsular malaysia. race innotata intergrades with nominate in malay peninsula. three subspecies recognized .\nali, a. mohamed samsoor; kumar, s. ramesh; arun, p. r .\ntiwari, j. k. ; francis, clement; ganesh, jai; venkatraman, s .\nregardless of habitat type, ioras rarely fly beyond the distance between neighbouring crowns. their typical dispersion patterns, however, vary, and these do seem to be habitat - linked. in the common and marshall’s ioras, which are generally absent from closed - canopy forest, space is partitioned ...\nkala, himani k. p. ; joshua, justus; sunderraj, s. f. wesley .\nlet' s enjoy e - birding through\nbird base of gujarat state, india\n... !\nali, a. h. mohamed samsoor; kumar, s. ramesh; arun, p. r .\nan undoubted courtship display of the common iora, given from a perch in the presence of a female, and after a bout of long - calling ...\nthe common iora (aegithina tiphia) is a small passerine bird found across the tropical indian subcontinent with populations showing plumage variations, some of which are designated as subspecies .\nthe green iora (aegithina viridissima) is a species of bird in the aegithinidae family. it is found in brunei, indonesia, malaysia, myanmar, singapore, and thailand .\nbhatt, yagnesh. 2014. it' s falling ducklings! hornbill. 4 (october - december): 38 - 40 .\n2005. [\nmr. hiren soni' s note regarding trade of indian exotic birds in ahmedabad ...\n] .\ntaxonomy: iora viridissima bonaparte, 1850, sumatra. population of batu is (off w sumatra) named as race nesiotis, but considered inseparable from nominate. taxonomic status of n natuna is (s china sea) population yet to be resolved; currently included in nominate, but further study needed. two subspecies recognized .\nali, a. mohamed samsoor; kumar, s. ramesh; arun, p. r. ; reginald, l. joseph .\nkala, himani k. p. ; joshua, justus; menon, jagadeesh m. ; sunderraj, s. f. wesley .\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nonly at the extreme western, semi - desert fringe of the family’s range, on the kathiawar peninsula, in west india, has any impression been gained of ioras being other than sedentary. in a highly seasonal environment there, r. s. dharmakumarsinhji suggested that ...\nroy, aditya. 2011. ahmedabad' s vanishing vultures! !! . hornbill. 3 (july - september): 38 - 40 .\nonly members are able to see the rest of the text. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now .\nyou don' t have any subscription to the hbw alive. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nthe ioras are a small group of arboreal passerines found throughout tropical asia. all four species are fairly widespread (and all are in the same genus aegithina). certainly the most often seen is the common iora .\nonly subscribers have complete access to the families of the hbw alive. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nso far as strictly vocal repertoires are concerned, most sounds made by ioras are strident, with a rasping or burring quality, and have a certain unmusical strangeness, all reasons why iora calls are so easily ...\nthe great iora (aegithina lafresnayei) is a species of bird in the aegithinidae family. it is found in cambodia, china, laos, malaysia, myanmar, thailand, and vietnam. its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .\njoshua, justus; joshi, nischal m. ; kumar, v. vijay; joshi, pankaj n. ; rao, s. v. subba; sharma, yogesh; guleria, ramnaresh .\nshot it near pune. f 4. 5 | iso 100 | 1 / 320 s i am confused about this bird. help in naming and critiques are welcome. waiting for mrudul to post her snap of same bird .\nbb 2000 ltd, the company that owns and publishes british birds, is run by a board of directors, all of whom are volunteers. the company employs two full time staff – roger riddington is the journal’s editor while hazel jenner manages subscriptions and administration – and three part - time design / editorial staff .\na photographic guide to the bird species most frequently seen in india, bangladesh, nepal, pakistan and sri lanka. over 250 species are included, with thumbnail silhouettes identifying visually the different family groups. the book' s introduction explains how to use the guide effectively and also contains information on bird biology and behaviour .\nthe ioras are a small group of arboreal passerines found throughout tropical asia. all four species are fairly widespread (and all are in the same genus aegithina). certainly the most often seen is the common iora (left). it is found from the indian subcontinent to palawan (philippines) and the greater sundas. ioras tend to forage alone in the subcanopy, often eating berries and fruit and well as insect prey. i was reminded of minature new world orioles…\nfrom the wet evergreen forests and alpine peaks of the himalayas, to the thar desert and the vast wetlands, grasslands, and agricultural habitats that stretch to new delhi and beyond, northern india is a diverse and welcoming paradise for birders and ecotourists. this field guide provides a concise, fully illustrated introduction to the region' s known species .\nthis is the most comprehensive photographic guide to the birds of india and the indian subcontinent. never before have so many of the region' s species been illustrated in one book. this is an essential volume for all birdwatchers and wildlife enthusiasts as well as for anyone traveling to india, nepal, sri lanka, the maldives, pakistan, bangladesh, or bhutan .\nif any word could be said to encapsulate the essence of goa, it would have to be the portuguese sossegarde, meaning\ncarefree\n. for the birder the area is a paradise, two hundred species should be available during a two week period with a hundred more on a long stay. goa' s national parks all get a mention, along with key access details. other intriquing wild life notes include, the\nmugger\ncrocodile and how to see the endangered\nolive ridley\nmarine turtle .\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes, voice, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up. please select a player to play flash videos .\na female or a male in non - breeding plumage feeding in a tree .\nshantilal varu, jugal tiwari, athula edirisinghe, lars petersson, shivam tiwari, jaysukh parekh suman, vaibhav mishra, james eaton, josep del hoyo, jacqueserard, nimali digo and thilanka edirisinghe, deomurari, marco valentini, jayant atrey .\nthis species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: aegithina nigrolutea. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group (polytypic) group (monotypic) species split life sp. ssp. intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records (accepted, rejected, pending). to filter / search please enter a phrase. e. g. to filter rejected records, type rejected into the search box, all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n© 2018 birdguides, warners group publications plc. all rights reserved. company registered in england no. 2572212 | vat registration no. gb 638 3492 15\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 328, 330 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\ndouble - check spelling, grammar, punctuation. translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different, search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different, try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations, dictionary, verb conjugations, and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language. have a suggestion, idea, or comment? send us your feedback .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n) are a small family of four bird species found in india and southeast asia. they are generally highly arboreal and usually occur in the tree canopy, with only very rare records of this family coming down to the ground. their habitats include lowland acacia scrub, forest edge, as well as agricultural land. the group exhibits sexual dimorphism in its plumage, with the males being brightly plumaged in yellows and greens. they eat insects and spiders. songs are whistles that are musical to human ears. this family has just one genus .\nfatbirder - linking birders worldwide... wildlife travellers see our sister site: wand\nare a small family of four passerine bird species found in pakistan and southeast asia. they are one of only three bird families that are entirely endemic to the indo - malayan ecozone. they were formerly grouped with the other two of those groups, the leafbirds and fairy - bluebirds, in irenidae .\nthey are small to medium small sized passerines, ranging from 11. 5 to 15. 5 cm in length. overall the males are larger than the females. these are reminiscent of the bulbuls, but whereas that group tends to be drab in colouration, the ioras are more brightly coloured. the group exhibits sexual dimorphism in its plumage, with the males being brightly plumaged in yellows and greens. unlike the leafbirds, ioras have thin legs, and their bills are proportionately longer. calls are strident whistles; songs are musical to human ears .\nin the two species whose male courtship displays are known, they are elaborate, culminating in the males' parachute - style descent looking like green balls of fluff. the nests are compact open cups felted to branches with spiderweb. females lay 2 or 3 eggs, which have pinkish speckles and red and purple lines. they incubate at night; the males, by day. incubation lasts about 14 days. both parents share responsibility for brooding and feeding .\nthe ioras (aegithinidae) are a small family of four passerine bird species found in pakistan and southeast asia .\nhis species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion .\naegithina viridissima is restricted to the sundaic lowlands, where it occurs from south tenasserim, myanmar, peninsular thailand, singapore, sabah, sarawak and peninsular malaysia, kalimantan (including natuna islands) and sumatra (including offshore islands), indonesia and brunei (birdlife international 2001). it is locally fairly common to common within this range .\nthey forage in trees in small groups, gleaning among the branches for insects. they sometimes join mixed species feeding flocks .\ntwo to four greenish white eggs are laid in a small and compact cup - shaped nest made out of grass and bound with cobwebs and placed in the fork of a tree. both male and female incubate and eggs hatch after about 14 days .\nthe call is a mixture of churrs, chattering and whistles, and the song is a trilled wheeeee - tee. they may sometimes imitate the calls of other birds such as drongos .\nbirds of south asia - the ripley guide; second edition, by pamela c. rasmussen and john c. anderton - british birds\nbirds of south asia – the ripley guide; second edition, by pamela c. rasmussen and john c. anderton\nnational museum of natural history, michigan state university and lynx edicions, 2012; pbk, vol. 1 with 379pp, 180 plates, over 1, 450 distribution maps, vol. 2. with 684pp, many line diagrams, sonograms, etc. isbn 978 - 84 - 96553 - 85 - 9 subbuteo code m19177, £55. 00\ncorrections to a number of shortcomings in the descriptive text in volume 1 from the first edition have been addressed, for example the number of words for great black - headed gull larus ichthyaetus has increased from 25 to 62, thus ending the confusion over the tail band mentioned in 2005 bb review .\nthis means that 5% of all sales generated by british birds subscribers, whether it is books reviewed in the journal, featured on its book page or listed on the subbuteo website, will be paid to british birds – and will directly support the production of the journal .\nif you are already a british birds subscriber, please do not use this form. instead, please send your email address plus either your subscriber number or your name and address (including postcode) to subscriptions at britishbirds dot co dot uk and we will add you to the list of recipients of the subscriber e - newsletter containing exclusive subscriber content and offers .\nthe company is wholly owned by the british birds charitable trust (bbct, registered charity no. 1089422). neither the company directors nor the trustees are paid for their services, providing their time and enthusiasm because they passionately believe in the value of bb. the company is managed with a view to making a small profit which can be donated to the trust to help fund its charitable work .\nover the past six years, this, combined with donations from other sources, has enabled the trust to give almost £40, 000 support to a variety of conservation and educational projects ranging from rat eradication on seabird islands to the study of cuckoo migration, as well as assisting young birders develop their interest .\na full list of projects is given here. the trust is seeking to expand its charitable endeavours and would welcome donations from like - minded organisations and individuals .\nthanks sabyasachi for identification, i was dumb to recollect its name. agree abt comments .\nnice image. agree about the light. it was quite difficult to photograph it, since the bushes were very dense and it was very quick jumping around. some more space on the left would have been good. will post my image soon. thanks for sharing .\nthanks for the information on the two types of ioras. i would have liked a rectangular composition here .\npowered by vbulletin® version 4. 2. 5 copyright © 2018 vbulletin solutions inc. all rights reserved .\nbibliography of gujarat ornithology\nis portal on\ngujarat ornithology\n, covering\nreferences, citations, bibliography\non\ngujarat birds, birding & birders\n... !\nthe portal comprises of potential references, citations & bibliography on\ngujarat birds\n... !\nin gujarat, india, with notes on identification of marsh terns occurring in western india .\nin the little rann of kachchh, and its distribution in the saurashtra region of gujarat, india .\nparasharya, d. p. ; teli, janki; parasharya, b. m .\nparekh, jaysukh. 2014. strange behaviour of lesser sand plover. hornbill. 2 (april - june): 38 .\n, linnaeus, 1758) in breeding plumage in freshwater ecosystem of kachchh district, gujarat .\ntiwari, jugal. 2014. the vanishing grasslands of naliya. hornbill. 3 (july - september): 14 - 19 .\nacharya, parikshit. 2013. jessore: in search of the hornbill. hornbill. 3 (july - september): 36 - 38 .\nkasambe, raju; khan, noor; surve, siddhesh; dasari, bala .\nkhan, asif. 2013. a survival story. hornbill. 4 (october - december): 12 - 15 .\nmunjpara, sandeep b. ; pandey, c. n. ; jethva, bharat .\n( gruiformes: otididae) in breeding and non - breeding seasons in kachchh, gujarat, india .\nparekh, jaysukh. 2013. a chance meeting with a trumpeter finch. hornbill. 1 (january - march): 36 .\nroy, aditya; shastri, kartik; everett, sherwin; bhatt, rushi; patel, pavan; kumar, pranav; roy, manisha; prajapati, rutu; desai, brinky .\n( gray) - a first report for ambakantha forest (banaskantha district), north gujarat .\ntatu, ketan; vyas, virag; munjapara, sandeep; pathak, bharat; pandey, c. n .\nvyas, raju; upadhyay, kartik; patel, mital r. ; bhatt, rahul d. ; patel, pritesh .\nparekh, jaysukh. 2012. spot - billed duck feeding on grains! hornbill. 2 (april - june): 31 .\nstatus of indian birds and their conservation: first international conference on indian ornithology (icio) - 2011 .\n227 - 229. salim ali centre for ornithology and natural history. coimbatore, india .\n2011. a study on nesting ecology of colonial breeding water birds in surat city .\n297. salim ali centre for ornithology and natural history. coimbatore, india .\n2011. death toll of flamingos in bhavnagar and action taken for their conservation .\n287. salim ali centre for ornithology and natural history. coimbatore, india .\ngajera, nikunj; pardeshi, manojkumar; mahato, arun kumar roy; vijaykumar, v .\non the avifaunal diversity of dryland areas of kachchh district, gujarat, india .\n211 - 212. salim ali centre for ornithology and natural history. coimbatore, india .\nganpule, prasad; varu, maulik; zala, kapilsinh v. ; trivedi, ashwin .\nkumar, j. i. nirmal; das, manishita; kumar, rita n. ; verma, yamini .\n2011. spatial and temporal patterns of waterbird abundance and species richness in a sewage fed wetland, khodiyar, gujarat, india .\n2011. status and distribution of threatened wetland birds in the kachchh district of gujarat .\n128 - 129. salim ali centre for ornithology and natural history. coimbatore, india .\n153 - 154. salim ali centre for ornithology and natural history. coimbatore, india .\nmunjpara, sandeep b. ; jethva, bharat; pandey, c. n .\n216 - 218. salim ali centre for ornithology and natural history. coimbatore, india .\nparekh, jaysukh. 2011. iridescence in birds. hornbill. 2 (april - june): 23 .\n2011. status of vultures and the role of panjrapols in their conservation in gujarat .\n2011. vulture conservation in ahmedabad: a status of extensive conservation efforts through regular monitoring, rescue, treatment, rehabilitation and awareness practices .\n236. salim ali centre for ornithology and natural history. coimbatore, india .\ntatu, ketan; vyas, virag; munjpara, sandeep b. ; pathak, bharat; pandey, c. n .\n14 - 15. salim ali centre for ornithology and natural history. coimbatore, india .\n300. salim ali centre for ornithology and natural history. coimbatore, india .\npreying on termites (termitidae) in shoolpaneshwar wildlife sanctuary, gujarat, india .\n2010. olivaceous leaf - warbler: a regular winter visitor in saurashtra? .\n2010. status of avifauna at taranga hill - forest, gujarat, india .\n2010. a bibliography of ornithology in gujarat, india (1758 - 2010) .\n2010. gwendolen (wendy) mary beryl sparks (1916–2007): a gujarat sojourn in 1947 - 1948 .\n2010. first record: selection of an electric pole as a roosting site by black ibis in north gujarat region .\n2009. nesting patterns of some terrestrial birds in danta forest range, northern gujarat, india .\n2009. sighting of blue - throated flycatcher at morbi: a new record for gujarat .\n2009. obituary: himmatsinhji (october 09, 1928 to february 22, 2008) .\n2009. inland breeding of kentish plover at nyari - i dam, rajkot .\nmaurya, kamlesh k. ; bopanna, i. p. ; dutta, sutirtha .\nmunjpara, sandeep; potter, arjun; solanki, parimal; tak, jyoti .\n2009. vulture update: meeting of the state level committee on vulture conservation .\nvora, chiku; mewada, tana; chauhan, faruk; thoria, vishal; jadeja, shivbhadrasinh; zinzuvadia, pratap .\n). (cms techni) 1 - 61. convention on the conservation of migratory species of wild animals & agreement on the conservation of african - eurasian migratory waterbirds. bonn, germany .\nhiguchi, hiroyoshi; javed, salim; nagendran, meenakshi; fujita, masaki .\n2008. a flight down memory lane. the little brown puzzles - 3 .\n2008. a flight down memory land. the little brown puzzles - 4 .\n2008. late shri m. k. himmatsinhji - glimpses of his life [ 1928–2008 ] .\n2007. a survey of the birds of indroda nature park in gujarat, india. american museum of natural history. web source :\n, the newsletter of the bcsg vulture cell...' ] .\ngajjar, archana p. ; jethva, d. m. ; mathew, k. l .\n2007. should the indian peafowl population nose - dive like that of the house sparrow? .\ngavali, deepa j. ; lakhampurkar, j. j. ; wangikar, u. k. ; soni, rupal .\n2007. a flight down memory lane - 2: photographing birds in the nineteen - forties .\nkumar, j. i. nirmal; soni, hiren; kumar, rita n .\n2007. patterns of seasonal abundance and diversity in the waterbird community of nal lake bird sanctuary, gujarat, india .\n2007. [' the mynas referred to in our note published in vihang...' ] .\npadate, geeta; shaikh, d. a. ; rathod, jagruti .\npalekar, jyoti. 2007. great rann of kachchh - a boundless realm. hornbill. 1 (january - march): 14 - 21 .\nshah, yogendra; chauhan, faruk; surendran, sapna; parmar, mahavirsinh; chauhan, prashant .\nshah, yogendra; vora, chiku; chauhan, faruk; surenderan, sapna .\n2007. an intriguing episode of sociable lapwing in dasada, surendranagar district, gujarat .\n2007. mass mortality of sea gulls at lakhota lake, jamnagar, gujarat .\n2007. ecological importance of the khirsara vidi (grassland) gujarat, india, considering avifauna as an indicator group .\n2007. [\nthis is in response to' letters to the editor' by prasad ganpule, morbi ...\n] .\n2007. some interesting bird sightings: [ following are the important bird sightings in kachchh... ] .\nvora, chiku; chauhan, faruk; jadeja, shivbhadrasinh; thoria, vishal .\n2006. [\nin continuation to my note on' strange feeding behaviour of...' (flamingo 2: (5 - 6) ...\n] .\n2006. adult large white - headed gulls at okha, gujarat, india - a photo - documentation .\n2006. management and monitoring of captive breeding of painted stork and eurasian spoonbill in zoo aviary .\njadhav, anika; parasharya, b. m. ; rughani, bharat .\njoshua, justus; soni, hiren; joshi, nischal m. ; deiva, oswin .\njoshua, justus; soni, hiren; joshi, nischal m. ; joshi, pankaj n .\n( schalow, 1875) is mentioned in the checklist published by bcsg .\n] .\n2006. importance of wetlands for conservation of bird life in the dry lands of western india .\n2006. chhari - dhand - a desert wetland (iba) in banni grasslands of kutch, gujarat .\n( latham, 1790) in mount abu aravalli hills, rajasthan, india .\n2006. significant bird records and local extinctions in purna and ratanmahal wildlife sanctuaries, gujarat, india .\n2005. report on the workshop on\ncurrent status of vultures in gujarat\nheld on 19th september 2004 at anand .\n2005. letters to the editors. [\ni sighted black - capped kingfisher ...\n] .\n2005. [\nthis has reference to' letter from the president' in vol. - ii, no. 3 - 4 ...\n] .\n2005. the vanishing kings of the sky - oriental white - backed vultures .\n2005. red - winged crested cuckoo at vapi: a first record for gujarat state .\n2005. letters to the editors. [\nsighting of the black - capped kingfisher ...\n] .\n2005. [\ni enjoyed reading\nflamingo\nvery much. in reference to the yellow - legged green - pigeon in kachchh ...\n] .\n2005. [\ni was happy to have vol. 3, no. 1 (january - march): 2005 issue of the newsletter ...\n] .\n2005. [\ni found a good example of the comments i had made in my letter ...\n] .\njain, nayan k. ; patel, samir n. ; patel, maulik v .\n2005. 40 white backed vultures die at the mahuva vulture colony, gujarat .\njhala, rajdeep; jadav, rajan; trivedi, bhavesh; ardesena, ravi; hathi, dhaivat; mario, d. k. chandeker .\n2005. [\ni trust you will ensure that we have certain very clear procedures for accepting new additions to the birds of our region ...\n] .\n2005. letters to the editors. [\ni have just seen the' flamingo' vol. 2 no. 3 & 4, 2004 .\n] .\n2005. [\nshortly after i got back here (from hingolgadh), the postman delivered\nflamingo\nvol. 2. nos. 1 & 2 ...\n] .\n2005. letters to the editors. [\nthank you ever so much for the bundle of very important information that you have sent to me ...\n] .\n2005. [\nthanks for the flamingo vol. 3 (1) received some days back .\n] .\n2005. first symposium on grasslands of saurashtra and kachchh: status and conservation of lark species .\npatel, snehal; nirmala, c. h. ; bhatt, mukesh .\n2005. [\nas usual i finished reading\nflamingo\nin one siting and enjoyed it very much .\n] .\nshah, yogendra; vora, chiku; chauhan, faruk; rajdeep zala, ; dhamecha, devjibhai .\n2005. letters to the editors. [\nthis is with reference to status of black - capped kingfisher ...\n] .\n2005. [\nlet me first congratulate for your unbiased, factual and courageous editorial write up ...\n] .\n2005. first sighting dates of some migratory bird species in northern and central gujarat during 2004 - 05 .\n2005. [\nin connection with article' birds and bats...'\n] .\n2005. letters to the editors. [\ni have seen the black - capped kingfisher ...\n] .\n2004. identification and mapping of lesser florican breeding sites to develop a fodder producing grassland network in western india .\ninputs from bird watchers for the workshop on\ncurrent status of vultures in gujarat\n19th september, 2004 .\ndhadhal, jaidev; dodiya, pravinsang; dave, ruchi. 2004. boobies in india .\ngadhvi, indra; dodia, p. p. ; dhadhal, jaidev .\n2004. [\ni thank you for sending issues of vol. 1 of 2003 ...\n] .\njadav, rajan; trivedi, bhavesh; deokar, r. v. ; hathi, dhaivat; jhala, rajdeep .\njani, j. j. ; kher, r. h. ; patel, d. j. ; tere, anika; rank, d. n .\n2004. [\njust received vol. 1, no. 5 and 6 2003 ...\n] .\npatankar, pratyush; pandya, pranav j. ; vyas, viraj r .\nsingh, brijendra; singh, randheer; dutt, t. k. ; dadu, mohammed; singh, debi; lewis, murray .\n2004. kutchh bird and animal survey. report. 20th october 2004 - 29th october 2004. 1 - 11 .\nin the saltpans of g. h. c. l. , dholera .\ntrivedi, bhavesh a. ; jhala, rajdeep; jadhav, rajan; hathi, dhaivat .\n2004. observations on abundance of gyps vultures in three protected areas of gujarat .\nvora, uday; pathan, v. a. ; parasharya, b. m .\ntraditionally placed alongside chloropsis and irena, all three most typically being lumped in irenidae; genetic work has shown it to be closely related to malaconotidae and allies # r # r .\nlinnean genera dealt with structure on a grand scale, and speculation among ornithologists of the day about the nature of the bird that the great man had named motacilla tiphia ranged from “flycatcher” or “finch” to “warbler” and, later, “babbler”. over 50 years later, in the ...\nat family level, habitats occupied by aegithinids range from mangroves and pioneer strand woodland, including casuarina (casuarina equisetifolia) stands, on accreting coastal dunes, inland across a full spectrum of broadleaf tree cover. these inland wooded areas range from stunted, ...\n“seeds” have been reported in one or more stomachs of common ioras from sarawak, in north - west borneo, and c. w. mason and h. maxwell - lefroy identified “remains of buds” in one of six stomachs from india. furthermore, robinson claimed that common ioras in the malay peninsula occasionally ate ...\nwhereas the green and great ioras are largely confined to forest habitats, the other two members of the family enter orchards and fruit groves from time to time. indeed, one of the tamil names for the common ...\nwhere suitable habitat remains, common and green ioras tend to be fairly numerous. the vernacular name has been applied just to the former perhaps because of its larger range but, more likely, simply because of ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to access to a lot of extra features !\nlist of species of the ioras (aegithinidae) family. each species provides information on taxonomy, descriptive notes, voice, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation and bibliography .\na detailed list of the species of the family is displayed to our subscribers, showing the following columns: genus, species, common name, conservation status, figure, and the check mark. above the table, a tiny search engine is displayed to facilitate the filtering of the species .\nwells, d. (2018). ioras (aegithinidae). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nwe have kept jott a free peer - reviewed scientific journal to promote conservation. we have not put up a paywall to readers, and we do not charge for publishing. but running a monthly journal costs a lot. while we do have some partners, we still require support to keep the journal alive. if our readers help fund it, our future will be more secure .\nurn: lsid: zoobank. org: pub: fd44ad9b - e3de - 4cc5 - 8d10 - f75a18e4b020\nallows unrestricted use of this article in any medium, reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication .\ntiger reserve for giving permission to survey in the area. dr. stephen is acknowledged for his help in the field. thanks to anonymous reviewers for their fruitful comments and suggestions .\nthe total area is 881km² with 497. 8km² as its core area and consists of undulating plateaus and the wide valleys of the\net al. 2011) with tropical dry deciduous thorn forest (champion & seth 1968) .\ntherefore, it is essential to survey this area for the documentation of avian fauna .\nselected for a bird survey in the core and buffer zones of the reserve, i. e. ,\nbird lists were compiled in each area and each list comprised only 20 different bird species seen .\nall lists were cumulated and a complete list of all bird species was prepared for each area .\ndifferent calls of confirmed species were also noted. the total number of each species from each site was added up and a checklist of birds for the tiger reserve compiled .\n( u) (6–15 sightings), common (c) (16–50 sightings), abundant (a) (> 50 sightings) .\nfor each species (where the species was sighted): a = aerial, d = disturbed, f = forested habitat, g = grass dominant habitat, o = open or scrub habitat, w = water bodies and riparian habitat .\nfeeding observations were also recorded in the field for each bird. the identification of birds and checklists were prepared following\nin the present survey, a total of 224 bird species was recorded from different sites and habitats .\navifauna in the present study. some of the additions are: pheasant - tailed jacana\net al. 2006) but could not be recorded during the present survey (see appendix 1) .\nthe status was recorded only for the birds recorded in the present study and it is clearly evident from fig. 2 that residents (128 species) outnumber the winter (89) and summer visitors (7) .\ntiger reserve so sighting was interesting although it was sighted wintering in delhi (sharma 2002) and in bikaner district along the indira gandhi canal in rajasthan (kumar 2004) .\nonly two male individuals were seen once at each site. it is a new record for the area .\narea (20 september 2010) in forest with open habitat. given the species’ declining range and populations in the subcontinent, the sighting of the falcon in\narea near rocky cliffs twice only during 2008 on 10 june and 18 november in the same area .\net al. (2006) observed that the species occurred in sizeable numbers .\narea (8 august 2007 & 11 june 2008) in the open habitat. no breeding signs were recorded .\nonly and once it was recorded feeding with citrine wagtail and white wagtail near water. this must be a passage migrant in\nwas very clear in the males, indicating the west himalayan population of the nominate race. it was also sighted at the bara fort in\nthe topography and diversity of habitats - for instance the water bodies, lakes, dense forest, scrub forest, open land and surrounded by agricultural fields provided different strata and guilds, which increased the diversity of birds .\nthe presence of 22 raptor species including scavengers like the vulture signifies the importance of the area in terms of healthy ecosystems .\net al. (2010) also suggested the same areas for the conservation of the tiger .\nmany threatened bird species have been sighted in these areas only (appendix 1) .\nmany passage migratory and migratory bird species were recorded here but this lake is under serious threat from tourism and local pressure. people from the surrounding villages use this lake for their daily needs .\nlivestock grazing on the shore of the lake is another threat to the birds .\n& gupta 2006, 2007) and it is changing the bird composition also .\nmany new bird species were recorded only from a specific area, which is under threat by tourism .\nimportant bird areas in india: priority sites for conservation. indian bird conservation network: bombay natural history society and birdlife international (uk), mumbai .\neffects of biomass extraction on vegetation structure, density and composition of indian tropical dry forest .\na field guide to the birds of borneo, sumatra, java and bali .\ntiger reserve, western india: preliminary findings on home range, prey selection and food habits .\nthe journal of threatened taxa is an open access and print, peer - reviewed, monthly, international journal on conservation and taxonomy. the aim of the journal is to promote wildlife research and conservation action worldwide at no cost to authors, no subscription or membership cost, and no hidden cost, on a regular basis without compromising on ethics, standards and pre - requisites of scientific publications .\nthis site is run on the open journal system (ojs). this work is licensed under creative commons attribution 4. 0 international license .\nthe himalayan land of kumaon, in the north indian state of uttaranchal, is a paradise for birdwatching and wildlife. situated 25 km east of corbett tiger reserve, camp corbett offers comfortable accomodation for a very reasonable price. explore the spectacular hill jungles on foot, with 317 bird species recorded. our mountain lodge at pangot is in another fascinating area for birding. (visit website direct )\nindia is a country which contiues to amaze and enthrall the world as it unfolds its tremendous cultural and natural treasures. india footprints caters to clients who want responsible tourism. we help and support orphanage house. when you take a tour with india footprints it is not only about tourism, you contribute to environment, the nature & the wildlife. we cater for tailormade or customized tours .\nwe spent 10 days from december 25 through january 4 in kerala (and briefly tamil nadu), india with the dual objectives of relaxing and searching for southern indian specialty birds. the trip was organized for two of us by kalypso adventures. kalypso provided excellent service as did our birding guide... . mark giordano reports for kerala birds\nspecializes in birdwatching and wildlife safaris in bharatpur, delhi, corbett park and its surrounding areas and the hills of kumaons. since we belong to the area and are totally passionate about our activities we can assure you of a comfortable way to enjoy nature, birdwatching and wildlife in india .\nthis highly recommended field guide covers all the bird species found in india, pakistian, sri lanka, nepal, bhutan, bangladesh and the maldives. the plates face the descriptions and maps for quick at - a - glance reference. many of the plates have been repainted for this edition and a number of new species added. this guide also provides tables, summarising identification features of particularly difficult groups such as nightjars, warblers and rosefinches .\na photographic guide to india (including nepal, sri lanka, the maldives, pakistan, bhutan and bangladesh. )\nthis up - to - date pocket - sized guide is essential for anyone interested in the birds of pakistan, india, nepal, bhutan, bangladesh, or sri lanka. the book includes information on field identification, habitat, range, and status of the 1, 300 species of birds found these countries, as well as illustrations and distribution maps for each .\nthis is an indispensable guide to over 90 sites and areas, for birds as well as other wildlife. it contains a checklist of indian birds and the first comprehensive checklist of mammals.' i have been unable to find fault with the areas that i am familiar with and the maps are almost like visiting the site again ...\nthis compact work has full colour illustrations of the more common and striking birds on the indian sub - continent. it covers 545 bird species in a vast diversity of habitats ranging from the himalayas to sri lanka, and from pakistan to bangladesh\nconcentrating on identification, this guide to the birds of the indian subcontinent covers over 1300 species, with information on habits and distribution. it also includes a detailed map for each species .\nthis comprehensive book depicts all bird species found on the indian subcontinent. the entries are arranged familywise on 106 colour plates which follow each other in systematic order and are thus easy to find. beautifully illustrated by the american bird painter, john henry dick, the book provides concise information concerning status, size, habitat and distribution within subcontinental limits. the text has also been completely revised and updated with a great deal of new data .\nincludes the taj mahal and jaipur. this covered everything i needed before travelling to india. it is full of useful tips and information and was enough for our limited needs .\nin this website, i have attempted to bring to you birds found in india, in the wild, in their natural habitat,' as god made them'. enjoy yourselves & thanks for dropping in! - vijay cavale\nkolkatabirds promotes awarness by showcasing birds of india. it is expected that this will aid conservation in the long run. the site has a north east india focus and introduces many hot spots in the region." ]

{ "text": [ "the white-tailed iora or marshall 's iora ( aegithina nigrolutea ) , is a songbird in the genus aegithina found in parts of india and sri lanka . " ], "topic": [ 14 ] }

[ "the white-tailed iora or marshall's iora (aegithina nigrolutea), is a songbird in the genus aegithina found in parts of india and sri lanka." ]

[ "cleptoparasitic behavior and immatures of the bee melecta duodecimmaculata (apoidea, apidae, melectini); appendix, tribal descriptions of the anthophorini and melectini based on their mature larvae. (american museum novitates, no. 3746 )\nthe larvae of the anthophoridae (hymenoptera, apoidea). part 3, the melectini, ericrocini, and rhathymini. american museum novitates; no. 2382\ndetails - the larvae of the anthophoridae (hymenoptera, apoidea). part 3, the melectini, ericrocini, and rhathymini. american museum novitates; no. 2382 - biodiversity heritage library\nimran bodlah, muhammad amjad, muhammad adnan bodlah and abdul qayyum. first record of two genera of anthophorini and one genus of melectini (apinae: apidae: hymenoptera) from pothwar punjab, pakistan. 2016; 4 (4): 1031 - 1035 .\nty - book ti - the larvae of the anthophoridae (hymenoptera, apoidea). part 3, the melectini, ericrocini, and rhathymini. american museum novitates; no. 2382 ur - urltoken py - 1969 au - rozen, jerome g. (jerome george) er -\nnote that the mention of “ melecta oreina baker” in the key to eastern hemisphere genera of melectini by rightmyer and engel (2003) should have read “ melecta emodi baker” (oreina is, of course, the type species of sinomelecta which they recognized as a valid genus) .\nabstract: four species of wild bees (apidae: hymenoptera) belonging to two tribes viz. anthophorini and melectini have been recorded for the first time from the pothwar tract of punjab, pakistan. amegilla (zonamegilla) cingulata (fabricius, 1775) and anthophora confusa (smith, 1854) of tribe anthophorini while two cleptoparasitic bee, thyreus himalayensis (radoszkowski, 1893) and thyreus ramosus (lepeletier, 1841) of tribe melectini have been illustrated with the help of micro - photographs, floral host plants and their distribution range. these baseline studies will help the future research to manage these bees in these areas for the uplift of crop yield and future pollination studies .\nthe objective of this paper is to fully describe two genera of the anthophorine tribe melectini. each is known from only one or two specimens collected over a century ago and preserved without adequate locality data. one or both may now be extinct. the two genera do not appear to be close relatives, although they share a striking common character: both have only two submarginal cells in the forewing although all other melectini have three. the genera involved are brachymelecta linsley and sinomelecta baker; each is discussed and described below. since each genus contains only a single species, the descriptions combine specific characters with probable generic characters, i. e. , characters that differentiate other genera of melectini. a very unusual feature of sinomelecta is that the male, like the female, has 12 antennomeres. in nearly all bees males have 13 antennomeres. there is no reason to believe that brachymelecta shares this character but since the antennae of the sole specimen of that genus are broken, new material will be necessary if the antennomeres of that taxon are to be counted .\n@ book { bhl168510, title = { the larvae of the anthophoridae (hymenoptera, apoidea). part 3, the melectini, ericrocini, and rhathymini. american museum novitates; no. 2382 }, url = urltoken note = urltoken publisher = { }, author = { rozen, jerome g. (jerome george) }, year = { }, pages = { 0 }, }\nthe enigmatic, cleptoparasitic bee genera brachymelecta linsley and sinomelecta baker (apinae: melectini) are redescribed, each represented by a single species which has not been reencountered since capture of the type series ca. 1878 and 1900, respectively. both genera are the only melectines to possess two submarginal cells in the forewing but are otherwise wholly dissimilar. brachymelecta mucida (cresson), a species known only from the male holotype collected in “nevada”, is newly described and figured, including the first account of the hidden sterna and genitalia. sinomelecta oreina baker is similarly described and figured based on the holotype male and paratype female, apparently collected from the eastern tibetan plateau. both genera are valid and from the available data do not appear to represent merely autapomorphic forms of melecta latreille. indeed, the terminalia of sinomelecta oreina are in some respects more similar to those of species of thyreus panzer .\n< mods xmlns: xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3. 0\nxmlns: xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi: schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > the larvae of the anthophoridae (hymenoptera, apoidea). part 3, the melectini, ericrocini, and rhathymini. american museum novitates; no. 2382 < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > rozen, jerome g. (jerome george) < / namepart > < namepart type =\ndate\n> 1928 - < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> book < / genre > < origininfo > < dateissued > 1969 < / dateissued > < / origininfo > < physicaldescription > < form authority =\nmarcform\n> print < / form > < / physicaldescription > < language > < languageterm authority =\niso639 - 2b\ntype =\ntext\n> english < / languageterm > < / language > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < / mods >\nandrena fabricius 1775 anthrena illiger 1801 emend. anthocharessa gistel 1850 syn. opandrena robertson 1902 syn. (= holandrena) pterandrena robertson 1902 syn. (= callandrena) solenopalpa pã (c) rez 1897 syn. (= didonia) platandrena viereck 1924 syn. (= simandrena) tropandrena viereck 1924 syn. (= gonandrena) andrenella hedicke 1933 syn. (= micrandrena) gymnandrena hedicke 1933 syn. (= melandrena) schizandrena hedicke 1933 syn. (= plastandrena) glyphandrena hedicke 1933 syn. (= plastandrena) cryptandrena lanham 1949 homo. (= melandrena) elandrena lanham 1949 syn. (= scaphandrena) mimandrena lanham 1949 syn. (= scrapteropsis) xanthandrena lanham 1949 syn. (= euandrena) stenandrena timberlake 1949 syn. (= simandrena) bythandrena lanham 1950 syn. (= melandrena) chaulandrena laberge 1964 syn. (= dactylandrena) geandrena laberge 1964 syn. (= euandrena) mitsukuriella hirashima & laberge 1965 homo. (= plastandrena) mitsukuriapis hirashima, laberge, ikudome 1994 (= plastandrena) truncandrena warncke 1968 syn. (= scaphandrena) eremandrena laberge 1964 syn. (= ptilandrena) fumandrena warncke 1974 nom. nud. (= fumandrena) troandrena warncke 1974 nom. nud. (= troandrena) calcarina osychnyuk 1993 homo. (= osychnyukandrena )\narhysosage brã (r) thes 1922 ruiziella timberlake 1952 homo. ruziapis timberlake 1952 lapsus ruizapis timberlake 1953 emend .\ncallonychium brã (r) thes 1922 callonychium (paranychium) toro & herrera 1980 nom. nud. (= paranychium )\nmelitturga latreille 1809 melliturga latreille 1809 lapsus meliturga lepeletier & serville 1828 emend. melitturga (petrusianna) patiny 1998 syn. melitturga (australomelitturga) patiny 1999 syn. petrusia patiny 1999 nom. nud .\nplesiopanurgus cameron 1907 neopanurgus schwammberger 1971 syn. plesiopanurgus (zizopanurgus) patiny 1999 nom. nud. plesiopanurgus (zizopanurgus) patiny & rasmont 1999 syn .\nmeliturgula friese 1903 poecilomelitta friese 1913 syn. meliturgula (popovmeliturgula) patiny 1999 syn .\nscrapter lepeletier 1841 homo. panurginus nylander 1848 scrapteroides gribodo 1894 syn. greeleyella cockerell 1904 syn. birkmania viereck 1909 syn. panurgus (clavipanurgus) warncke 1972 syn .\npanurgus panzer 1806 eriops klug 1807 syn. eryops latreille 1811 emend. panurgus (euryvalvus) patiny 1999 syn. panurgus (pachycephalopanurgus) patiny 1999 syn. panurgus (stenostylus) patiny 1999 homo. [ = micropanurgus ] panurgus (micropanurgus) patiny 2002 syn .\nmacrotera smith 1853 perdita (lutziella) cockerell 1922 homo. (= cockerellula )\nperdita smith 1853 philoxanthus ashmead 1898 syn. (= cockerellia) neoperdita ashmead 1899 syn. geoperdita cockerell & porter 1899 syn. tetraperdita cockerell & porter 1899 syn. zaperdita robertson 1918 syn .\nprotandrena cockerell 1896 protandrena (austrandrena) cockerell 1906 syn. protoandrena cresson 1928 emend. xenopanurgus michener 1952 syn. (= heterosarus) pseudosarus ruz 1980 syn. (= heterosarus )\npodalirius latreille 1802 suppressed anthophora latreille 1803 lasius panzer 1804 suppressed megilla fabricius 1804 syn. lasius jurine 1801 suppressed (= dasymegilla) micranthophora cockerell 1906 syn. (= heliophila) saropoda latreille 1809 syn. (= heliophila) anthemoessa robertson 1905 homo. (= melea) solamegilla marikovskaya 1980 syn. (= paramegilla )\nhabrophora smith 1854 homo. habropoda smith 1854 emphoropsis ashmead 1899 syn. meliturgopsis ashmead 1899 syn. psithyrus (laboriopsithyrus) frison 1927 syn .\napis linnaeus 1758 apicula rafinesque 1814 syn. apiarus rafinesque 1815 syn. megapis ashmead 1904 syn. micrapis ashmead 1904 syn. apis (synapis) cockerell 1907 syn. hauffapis armbruster 1938 syn. apis (sigmatapis) maa 1953 syn .\ncentris fabricius 1804 hemisia klug 1807 nom. nud. hemisia klug 1807 syn. centris (cyanocentris) friese 1900 syn. centris (poecilocentris) friese 1900 syn. gundlachia cresson 1865 homo. (= heterocentris) centris (rhodocentris) friese 1900 syn. (= heterocentris) hemisiella moure 1945 (= heterocentris) centris (penthemisia) moure 1950 syn. (= paracentris) centris (trichocentris) snelling 1956 syn. (= paracentris) centris (melanocentris) friese 1900 syn. (= ptilotopus) paremisia moure 1945 syn. (= trachina )\nepicharis klug 1807 nom. nud. epicharis klug 1807 eucharis dalla torre 1896 lapsus xanthepicharis moure 1945 syn .\nancyloscelis berthold 1827 nom. nud. ancyloscelus berthold 1827 nom. nud. ancyloscelis latreille 1829 ancylosceles haliday 1836 emend. leptergates holmberg 1887 nom. nud. leptergatis holmberg 1903 syn. dipedia friese 1906 syn .\ndiadasia patton 1879 dasiapis cockerell 1903 syn. leptometria holmberg 1903 syn. coquilletapis viereck 1909 syn .\nmelitome latreill 1825 nom. nud. melitoma berthold 1827 nom. nud. melitoma lepeletier & serville 1828 entechnia patton 1879 syn. meliphila schrottky 1902 syn. eutechnia holmberg 1903 lapsus\nptilothrix smith 1853 ptilothryx marschall 1873 emend. emphor patton 1879 syn. teleutemnesta holmberg 1887 syn. energoponus holmberg 1903 syn .\nhopliphora lepeletier 1841 eurytis smith 1854 syn. oxynedys schrottky 1902 syn. cyphomelissa schrottky 1902 syn. oxynedis moure 1946 emend .\nscirtetica holmberg 1903 homo. alloscirtetica holmberg 1909 neoscirtetica schrottky 1913 syn. holmbergiapis cockerell 1918 syn. alloscirtetica (dasyscirtetica) michener, laberge, & moure 1955 syn. alloscirtetica (ascirtetica) moure & michener 1955 syn. alloscirtetica (scirteticops) moure & michener 1955 syn .\neucera scopoli 1770 eucera (pareucera) tkalcu 1978 syn. (= hetereucera) eucera (stilbeucera) tkalcu 1978 syn. (= hetereucera) eucera (atopeucera) tkalcu 1984 syn. (= hetereucera) eucera (agatheucera) sitdikov & pesenko 1988 syn. (= hetereucera) eucera (hemieucera) sitdikov & pesenko 1988 syn. (= hetereucera) eucera (pileteucera) sitdikov & pesenko 1988 syn. (= hetereucera) eucera (rhyteucera) sitdikov & pesenko 1988 syn. (= hetereucera) eusynhalonia ashmead 1899 syn. (= synhalonia) synalonia robertson 1905 emend. (= synhalonia )\ngaesischia michener, laberge, & moure 1955 gaesischia (agaesischia) moure & michener 1955 syn. (= gaesischiana) dasyhalonia (zonalonia) moure & michener 1955 syn. (= pachyhalonia) dasyhalonia (zonolonia) moure & michener 1955 lapsus (= pachyhalonia) dasyhalonia (zonohalonia) moure & michener 1955 lapsus (= pachyhalonia )\nmelissode latreille 1825 nom. nud. melissodes berthold 1827 nom. nud. melissodes latreille 1829 melissoda drapiez 1841 homo. ecplectia michener 2000 lapsus\nmelissoptila holmberg 1884 thyreotremata holmberg 1887 nom. nud. thyreothremma holmberg 1903 syn. thyreotremata sandhouse 1943 syn .\npeponapis robertson 1902 peponapis (colocynthophila moure 1948 syn. peponapis (eopeponapis) hurd & linsley 1970 syn. peponapis (austropeponapis) hurd & linsley 1970 syn. peponapis (xeropeponapis) hurd & linsley 1970 syn. peponapis (xenopeponapis) hurd & linsley 1970 syn .\nsvastra holmberg 1884 anthedon robertson 1900 homo. (= anthedonia) abda sandhouse 1943 syn. (= anthedonia )\nthygater holmberg 1884 macroglossa radoszkowski 1884 homo. macroglossapis cockerell 1899 syn. nectarodiaeta holmberg 1887 nom. nud. (= nectarodiaeta )\nplusia hoffmannsegg 1817 homo. eumorpha friese 1899 homo. eufriesea cockerell 1908 eufriesia lutz & cockerell 1920 emend. euplusia moure 1943 syn .\neuglossa latreille 1802 euglossa (dasystilbe) dressler 1978 syn. euglossa (euglossella) moure 1967 syn. euglossa (glossura) cockerell 1917 syn. euglossa (glossurella) dressler 1982 syn. euglossa (glossuropoda) moure 1989 syn. cnemidium perty 1833 homo. (= euglossella )\neulaema lepeletier 1841 eulaenia spinola 1851 lapsus eulema smith 1854 emend. apeulaema moure 1950 syn .\nanthophorula cockerell 1897 diadasiella ashmead 1899 syn. athrophorula michener 2000 lapsus exomalopsis (pachycerapis) cockerell 1922 syn. exomalopsis (panomalopsis) timberlake 1980 syn. (= anthophorisca )\nexomalopsis spinola 1853 epimonispractor holmberg 1887 nom. nud. epimonispractor holmberg 1903 syn. megomalopsis michener & moure 1957 syn .\nisepeolus cockerell 1907 palinepeolus holmberg 1909 syn. calospiloma brã (r) thes 1909 syn .\nmelecta latreille 1802 symmorpha illiger 1807 nom. nud. symmorpha klug 1807 syn. bombomelecta patton 1879 syn .\ncrocisa jurine 1801 suppressed thyreus panzer 1806 crocissa panzer 1806 syn. crocisa jurine 1807 syn .\nmelipona illiger 1806 melipona (micheneria) kerr, pisani, & aily 1967 homo. melipona (michmelia) moure 1975 syn. melipona (melikerria) moure 1992 syn. melipona (eomelipona) moure 1992 syn .\nmeliponula cockerell 1934 plebeiella moure 1961 syn. (= meliplebeia) apotrigona moure 1961 syn. (= meliplebeia )\ntrigona (plebeia) schwarz 1938 mourella schwarz 1946 syn. friesella moure 1946 syn. schwarzula moure 1946 syn. (= scaura )\ntrigona jurine 1807 amalthea rafinesque 1815 syn. aphaneura gray 1832 syn. alphaneura gray 1832 syn. platytrigona moure 1961 syn. (= heterotrigona) lophotrigona moure 1961 syn. (= heterotrigona) tetragonula moure 1961 syn. (= heterotrigona) tetragonilla moure 1961 syn. (= heterotrigona) geniotrigona moure 1961 syn. (= heterotrigona) odontotrigona moure 1961 syn. (= heterotrigona) tetrigona moure 1961 syn. (= heterotrigona) trigonella sakagami & moure 1975 syn. (= heterotrigona) trigona (sundatrigona) inoue & sakagami 1993 syn. (= heterotrigona) trigona (ptilotrigona) moure 1951 syn. (= tetragona) camargoia moure 1989 syn. (= tetragona )\nhypotrigona (trigonisca) moure 1950 hypotrigona (leurotrigona) moure 1950 syn. hypotrigona (celetrigona) moure 1950 syn. hypotrigona (dolichotrigona) moure 1950 syn .\nleiopodus smith 1854 liopodus schulz 1906 emend. protepeolus linsley & michener 1937 syn .\ncolax lepeletier & serville 1825 nom. nud. colax lepeletier & serville 1828 homo. rhathymus lepeletier & serville 1828 liogastra perty 1833 syn. rathymus smith 1854 homo. bureauella dominique 1898 syn .\ncaenonomada ashmead 1899 chacoana holmberg 1887 nom. nud. chacoana holmberg 1903 syn .\nchalepogenus holmberg 1903 schrottkya friese 1908 syn. desmotetrapedia schrottky 1909 syn. lanthanomelissa (lanthanella) michener & moure 1957 syn. tapinotaspis (tapinorhina) michener & moure 1957 syn. tapinorrhina moure 1994 emend .\nmonoeca lepeletier & serville 1828 epeicharis radoszkowski 1884 syn. fiorentinia dalla torre 1896 syn. florentina ashmead 1899 lapsus pachycentris friese 1902 syn. chaetostetha michener 1942 syn .\nparatetrapedia moure 1941 chalepogenoides michener 1942 syn. lissopedia moure 1994 (= xanthopedia )\ntetrapedia klug 1810 tetrapedium berthold 1827 emend. lagobata smith 1861 syn. tetrapaedia dalla torre 1896 emend .\nammobates latreille 1809 phileremus latreille 1809 syn. ammobatoides schenck 1869 homo. ammobates (caesarea) friese 1911 syn. pasites (micropasites) warncke 1983 homo. (= xerammobates) pasites (ebmeriana) pagliano & scaramozzino 1990 syn. (= xerammobates )\npasites jurine 1807 morgania smith 1854 syn. omachthes gerstaecker 1869 syn. homachthes dalla torre 1896 emend. omachtes friese 1909 emend. pasitomachthes bischoff 1923 syn. pasitomachtes sandhouse 1943 emend .\nammobatoides radoszkowski 1868 phiarus gerstaecker 1869 syn. euglages gerstaecker 1869 syn. paidia radoszkowski 1872 homo. paedia dalla torre 1891 emend .\nholcopasites ashmead 1899 neopasites (trichopasites) linsley 1942 syn. neopasites (odontopasites) linsley 1942 syn .\nbiastes panzer 1806 rhineta illiger 1807 syn. melittoxena morawitz 1873 syn. biastoides schenck 1874 syn .\ndoeringiella holmberg 1886 doeringiella (orfilana) moure 1954 syn. pseudopeolus ashmead 1899 emend. (= pseudepeolus) doeringiella (stenothisa) moure 1954 syn. (= pseudepeolus) triepeolus (synepeolus) cockerell 1921 syn. (= triepeolus )\nepeolus (diepeolus) gribodo 1894 syn. pyrrhomelecta ashmead 1899 syn. argyroselenis robertson 1903 syn. epeolus (monoepeolus) bischoff 1930 syn. oxybiastes mavromoustakis 1954 syn .\nnomada scopoli 1770 hypochrotaenia holmberg 1886 syn. nomadita mocsry 1894 syn. lamproapis cameron 1902 syn. nomada (heminomada) cockerell 1902 syn. nomada (micronomada) cockerell & atkins 1902 syn. nomada (nomadula) cockerell 1903 syn. centrias robertson 1903 syn. cephen robertson 1903 syn. gnathias robertson 1903 syn. holonomada robertson 1903 syn. xanthidium robertson 1903 homo. phor robertson 1903 syn. nomadosoma rohwer 1911 syn. polybiapis cockerell 1916 syn. nomada (callinomada) rodeck 1945 syn. nomada (pachynomada) rodeck 1945 syn. nomada (laminomada) rodeck 1947 syn. acanthonomada schwarz 1966 syn. nomada (phelonomada) snelling 1986 syn. hypochrotaenia (aphelonomada) snelling 1986 syn. nomada (asteronomada) broemeling 1988 syn. nomada (adamon) syn .\ntownsendiella crawford 1916 townsendiella (eremopasites) linsley 1942 syn. townsendiella (xeropasites) linsley 1942 syn .\nclavicera latreille 1802 suppressed ceratina latreille 1802 zaodontomerus cockerell & porter 1899 emend. (= zadontomerus )\nneoceratina perkins 1912 syn. pithitis klug 1807 protopithitis hirashima 1969 rhysoceratina michener 2000 simioceratina daly & moure 1988 xanthoceratina vecht 1952 zadontomerus ashmead 1899\nxilocopa latreille 1802 suppressed xylocopa latreille 1802 xylocopa (alloxylocopa) maa 1939 nom. nud. (= alloxylocopa) xylocopa (mimoxylocopa) hurd & moure 1963 syn. (= bomboixylocopa) xylocopa (ctenopoda) ma 1938 homo. (= ctenoxylocopa) baana sandhouse 1943 syn. (= ctenoxylocopa) koptorthosoma dalla torre 1896 emend. (= koptortosoma) cyaneoderes ashmead 1899 syn. (= koptortosoma) coptorthosoma pã (c) rez 1901 emend. (= koptortosoma) xylocopa (orbitella) ma 1938 homo. (= koptortosoma) xylocopa (maiella) michener 1942 syn. (= koptortosoma) euryapis sandhouse 1943 syn. (= koptortosoma) xylocopa (eoxylocopa) sakagami & yoshikawa 1961 nom. nud. (= koptortosoma) xylocopa (cyphoxylocopa) hurd & moure 1963 syn. (= koptortosoma) xylocopa (afroxylocopa) hurd & moure 1963 syn. (= koptortosoma) xylocopa (oxyxylocopa) hurd & moure 1963 syn. (= koptortosoma) xylocopa (lieftinckella) hurd & moure 1963 syn. (= koptortosoma) xylocopa (platynopoda) westwood 1840 syn. (= mesotrichia) xylocopa (audinetia) lepeletier 1841 syn. (= mesotrichia) platinopoda dalla torre 1896 lapsus (= mesotrichia) andineta ashmead 1899 lapsus (= mesotrichia) audineta ashmead 1899 lapsus (= mesotrichia) xylocopa (hoplitocopa) lieftinck 1955 syn. (= mesotrichia) xylocopa (hoploxylocopa) hurd & moure 1963 syn. (= mesotrichia) apis (ancylosoma) dalla torre 1896 unav. ? (= neoxylocopa) xylocopa (megaxylocopa) hurd & moure 1963 syn. (= neoxylocopa) proxylocopa (ancylocopa) maa 1954 syn. (= proxylocopa) xylocopa (schã¶nherria) dalla torre 1896 emend. (= schonnherria) schornherria ashmead 1899 lapsus (= schonnherria) xylocopa (schoenherria) hurd & moure 1963 emend. (= schonnherria) xylocopa (ioxylocopa) hurd & moure 1963 syn. (= schonnherria) xylocopa (xylocospila) hurd & moure 1963 syn. (= schonnherria) xylocopa (xylocopina) hurd & moure 1963 syn. (= stenoxylocopa) xylocopa (calloxylocopa) hurd & moure 1963 syn. (= xylocopoides) xylocopa (epixylocopa) hurd & moure 1963 syn. (= xylomelissa) xylocopa (apoxylocopa) hurd & moure 1963 syn. (= xylomelissa) xylocopa (dinoxylocopa) hurd & moure 1963 syn. (= xylomelissa) xylocopa (perixylocopa) hurd & moure 1963 syn. (= xylomelissa) xylocopa (euxylocopa) hurd & moure 1963 syn. (= xylomelissa) xylocopa (acroxylocopa) hurd & moure 1963 syn. (= xylomelissa )\ncolletes latreille 1802 evodia panzer 1806 syn. monia westwood 1875 syn. monidia cockerell 1905 syn. colletes (rhinocolletes) cockerell 1910 syn. colletes (ptilopoda) friese 1921 syn. colletes (denticolletes) noskiewicz 1936 syn. colletes (puncticolletes) noskiewicz 1936 unav. rhynchocolletes moure 1943 syn. colletes (pachycolletes) bischoff 1954 syn. colletes (albocolletes) warncke 1978 syn. colletes (elecolletes) warncke 1978 syn. colletes (nanocolletes) warncke 1978 syn. colletes (simcolletes) warncke 1978 syn .\ncallomelitta smith 1853 binghamiella cockerell 1907 syn. binghamiella (pachyodonta) rayment 1954 syn .\nleioproctus smith 1853 dasycolletes smith 1853 syn. lioproctus smith 1879 emend. paracolletes (heterocolletes) rayment 1935 syn. leioproctus (anacolletes) michener 1965 syn. pasiphae spinola 1851 homo. (= spinolapis) leioproctus (microcolletes) michener 1965 syn. (= protomorpha) nodocolletes rayment 1931 syn. (= lamprocolletes) notocolletes cockerell 1916 syn. (= euryglossidia) paracolletes (lysicolletes) rayment 1935 syn. (= euryglossidia) baptonedys moure et al. 1999 syn. (= nomiocelletes) bicolletes friese 1908 syn. (= perditomorpha) edwynia moure 1951 homo. (= perditomorpha) edwyniana moure 1951 syn. (= perditomorpha) belopria moure 1956 syn. (= perditomorpha )\nleioproctus actenosigynes moure et al. 1999 albinapis urban & graf 2000 andrenopsis cockerell 1905 baeocolletes michener 1965 cephalocolletes michener 1989 ceratocolletes michener 1965 chilicolletes michener 1989 cladocerapis cockerell 1904 colletellus michener 1965 colletopsis michener 1965 euryglossidia cockerell 1910 excolletes michener 1965 filiglossa rayment 1959 glossopasiphae michener 1989 goniocolletes cockerell 1907 halictanthrena ducke 1907 hexantheda ogloblin 1948 holmbergeria jã¶rgensen 1912 hoplocolletes michener 1965 kylopasiphae michener 1989 lamprocolletes smith 1853 nesocolletes michener 1965 nomiocolletes brã (r) thes 1909 odontocolletes maynard 1997 perditomorpha ashmead 1899 protodiscelis brã (r) thes 1909 protomorpha rayment 1959 pygopasiphae michener 1989 reedapis michener 1989 sarocolletes michener 1989 spinolapis moure 1951 tetraglossula ogloblin 1948 torocolletes michener 1989 urocolletes michener 1965\nlonchopria vachal 1905 biglossidia moure 1948 syn. (= biglossa) aeganopria moure 1949 syn. (= biglossa )\nscrapter lepeletier & serville 1828 polyglossa friese 1909 syn. strandiella friese 1912 syn. polyglossa (parapolyglossa) brauns 1929 syn .\ncaupolicana spinola 1851 megacilissa smith 1853 syn. caupolicania schulz 1906 emend. megalocilissa schulz 1906 emend. zikanapis (foersterapis) moure 1964 syn. (= zikanapis) caupolicanoides michener 1966 syn .\napista smith 1861 homo. mydrosoma smith 1879 bicornelia friese 1899 syn. madrosoma ashmead 1899 lapsus egapista cockerell 1904 syn .\neuryglossa smith 1853 stilpnosoma smith 1879 syn. euryglossa (euryglossimorpha) strand 1910 syn .\neuryglossina cockerell 1910 turnerella cockerell 1910 syn. zalygus cockerell 1929 syn. (= euryglossella )\nhylaeus fabricius 1793 pectinata mã (c) helã¿ 1935 unav. trichota mã (c) helã¿ 1935 unav. nylaeus popov 1939 lapsus patagiata blã¼thgen 1949 syn. nesohylaeus ikudome 1989 syn. dentigera mã (c) helã¿ 1935 unav. (= dentigera) imperfecta mã (c) helã¿ 1935 unav. (= dentigera) heterapis cockerell 1911 homo. (= heterapoides) pseudobranchiata mã (c) helã¿ 1935 unav. (= koptogaster) koptobaster popov 1939 (= koptogaster) lambdopsis mã (c) helã¿ 1935 unav. (= lambdopsis) boreopsis ikudome 1991 (= lambdopsis) noteopsis ikudome 1991 (= lambdopsis) barbata mã (c) helã¿ 1935 homo. (= mehelyana) mehelya popov 1939 homo. (= mehelyana) anylaeus bridwell 1919 syn. (= nothylaeus) anhylaeus heider 1926 emend. (= nothylaeus) campanularia mã (c) helã¿ 1935 homo. (= paraprosopis) prosopis jurine 1801 suppressed (= prosopis) prosapis ashmead 1894 emend. (= prosopis) cingulata mã (c) helã¿ 1935 homo. (= prosopis) fasciata mã (c) helã¿ 1935 syn. (= prosopis) auricularia mã (c) helã¿ 1935 unav. (= prosopis) navicularia mã (c) helã¿ 1935 unav. (= prosopis) navicularia popov 1939 syn. (= prosopis) fascista popov 1939 lapsus (= prosopis) psilylaeus snelling 1985 syn. (= prosopisteron) spatularia mã (c) helã¿ 1935 homo. (= spatulariella) brachyspatulariella pittioni 1950 syn. (= spatulariella) amblyspatulariella pittioni 1950 syn. (= spatulariella) platyspatulariella pittioni 1950 syn. (= spatulariella )\nchilicola spinola 1851 hyloeosoma ashmead 1899 lapsus (= hylaeosoma) stenoediscelis toro & moldenke 1979 syn. (= anoediscelis) idioprosopis meade - waldo 1914 syn. (= oediscelis) oediscelisca moure 1946 syn. (= oediscelis) heteroediscelis toro & moldenke 1979 syn. (= oediscelis )\naugochlora smith 1853 oxystoglossa smith 1853 syn. angochlora schrottky 1901 lapsus odontochlora schrottky 1909 syn. augochlora (mycterochlora) eickwort 1969 syn. augochlora (aethechlora) moure & hurd 1987 syn. (= oxystoglossella )\naugochlora (augochloropsis) cockerell 1897 augochlora (angochloropsis) schrottky 1901 lapsus augochlora (tetrachlora) schrottky 1909 syn. (= paraugochloropsis) augochloropsis (pseudaugochloropsis) schrottky 1906 syn. (= paraugochloropsis) paraugochlora schrottky 1910 syn. (= paraugochloropsis) rivalisia strand 1921 syn. (= paraugochloropsis) augochlora (glyptobasis) moure 1941 homo. (= paraugochloropsis) augochlora (glyptobasia) moure 1941 syn. (= paraugochloropsis) glyptochlora moure 1959 syn. (= paraugochloropsis )\ncorynura spinola 1851 corynogaster sichel 1867 syn. rhopalictus sichel 1867 syn. callochlora moure 1964 homo. (= callistochlora )\nmegalopta smith 1853 megaloptera ashmead 1899 lapsus megalopta (megaloptella) schrottky 1906 syn. tmetocoelia moure 1943 syn .\ncacosoma smith 1879 homo. neocorynura schrottky 1910 neocorynura (neocorynuroides) eickwort 1969 syn .\ncorynura (corynuropsis) cockerell 1901 homo. rhinocorynura schrottky 1909 ctenocorynura schrottky 1914 syn. corynuroides sandhouse 1914 syn. rhynocorynura sakagami & moure 1965 emend .\ntemnosoma smith 1853 micraugochlora schrottky 1909 syn. temnosoma (temnosomula) ogloblin 1953 syn .\nandrena (agapostemon) guã (c) rin - mã (c) neville 1844 notagapostemon janjic & packer 2003 syn .\nlasioglossum curtis 1833 halictus (lucasius) dours 1872 homo. halictus (lucasiellus) cockerell 1905 syn. halictus (lucasellus) schulz 1911 syn. curtisapis robertson 1918 syn. halictus (pallhalictus) warncke 1975 syn. halictus (fahrhalictus) warncke 1975 syn. halictus (leuchalictus) warncke 1975 syn. lasioglossum (bluethgenia) pesenko 1986 syn. lasioglossum (ebmeria) pesenko 1986 syn. lasioglossum (lophalictus) pesenko 1986 syn. lasioglossum (sericohalictus) pesenko 1986 syn. paralictus robertson 1901 syn. (= dialictus) chloralictus robertson 1902 syn. (= dialictus) halictus (gastrohalictus) ducke 1902 syn. (= dialictus) halictomorpha schrottky 1911 syn. (= dialictus) prosopalictus strand 1913 syn. (= dialictus) rhynchalictus moure 1947 syn. (= dialictus) halictus (microhalictus) warncke 1975 syn. (= dialictus) halictus (puncthalictus) warncke 1975 syn. (= dialictus) halictus (smeathhalictus) warncke 1975 syn. (= dialictus) halictus (marghalictus) warncke 1975 syn. (= dialictus) halictus (pyghalictus) warncke 1975 syn. (= dialictus) halictus (pauphalictus) warncke 1981 syn. (= dialictus) habralictellus moure & hurd 1982 syn. (= dialictus) lasioglossum (afrodialictus) pauly 1984 syn. (= dialictus) lasioglossum (mediocralictus) pauly 1984 syn. (= dialictus) nesohalictus crawford 1910 syn. (= ctenonomia) oxyhalictus cockerell & ireland 1937 syn. (= ctenonomia) lasioglossum (labrohalictus) pauly 1981 syn. (= ctenonomia) lasioglossum (ipomalictus) pauly 1999 syn. (= ctenonomia) lasioglossum (rubrihalictus) pauly 1999 syn. (= ctenonomia) halictus (calchalictus) warncke 1975 (= evylaeus) halictus (inhalictus) warncke 1975 (= evylaeus) parasphecodes (aphalictus) cockerell 1930 syn. (= parasphecodes) ceylonicola friese 1918 syn. (= sudila )\npatellapis friese 1909 madagalictus pauly 1984 syn. (= archihalictus) pachyhalictus (rugalictus) pauly 1980 syn. (= dictyohalictus )\nruizantheda herrera & etcheverry 1960 nom. nud. ruizantheda moure 1964 ruizantheda (ruizanthedella) moure 1964 syn. oragapostemon cure 1989 syn .\nsphecodes latreille 1804 dichroa illiger 1806 syn. sabulicola verhoeff 1890 syn. thrausmus buysson 1900 syn. drepanium robertson 1903 proteraner robertson 1903 sphecodium robertson 1903 stelidium robertson 1903 lapsus machaeris robertson 1903 dialonia robertson 1903 sphecodes (callosphecodes) friese 1909 syn. sphegodes mavromoustakis 1949 emend. sphecodes (austrosphecodes) michener 1978\nthrinchostoma saussure 1890 trichostoma dalla torre 1896 emend. thrincostoma dalla torre 1896 emend. trichchostoma ashmead 1899 lapsus rostratilapis friese 1914 syn. nesothrincostoma blã¼thgen 1933 syn. trinchostoma sandhouse 1943 emend .\nlipotriches gerstaecker 1858 rhopalomelissa alfken 1926 syn. nomia (epinomia) alfken 1939 homo. alfkenomia hirashima 1956 syn. rhopalomelissa (lepidorhopalomelissa) wu 1985 syn. rhopalomelissa (trichorhopalomelissa) wu 1985 syn. rhopalomelissa (tropirhopalomelissa) wu 1985 syn. crinoglossa friese 1925 syn. (= macronomia )\nmellitidia guã (c) rin - mã (c) neville 1831 melittidia dalla torre 1896 emend .\nnomia latreille 1804 nitocris rafinesque 1815 syn. nomia (paranomia) friese 1897 homo. (= acunomia) nomia (paranomina) michener 1944 homo. (= acunomia) nomia (curvinomia) michener 1944 syn. (= acunomia) nomia (maculonomia) wu 1982 syn. (= acunomia) pronomia pauly 1997 syn. (= leuconomia )\nsteganomus ritsema 1873 cyathocera smith 1875 syn. nomia (dinomia) hirashima 1956 syn .\ndufourea lepeletier 1841 halictoides nylander 1848 syn. halictoides (epihalictoides) cockerell & porter 1899 syn. halictoides (parahalictoides) cockerell & porter 1899 syn. dufourea (trilia) vachal 1900 syn. conohalictoides viereck 1904 syn. neohalictoides viereck 1904 syn. cryptohalictoides viereck 1904 syn. mimulapis bridwell 1919 syn. betheliella cockerell 1924 syn. halictoides (cephalictoides) cockerell 1924 syn. rophites (dentirophites) warncke 1979 syn. rophites (merrophites) warncke 1979 syn. rophites (microrophites) warncke 1979 syn. rophites (cyprirophites) warncke 1979 syn. rophites (carinorophites) warncke 1979 syn. dufourea (alpinodufourea) ebmer 1984 syn. dufourea (atrodufourea) ebmer 1984 syn. dufourea (minutodufourea) ebmer 1984 syn. dufourea (afrodufourea) ebmer 1984 syn. dufourea (glossadufourea) ebmer 1993 syn .\nafranthidium michener 1948 honanthidium pasteels 1969 syn. (= branthidium) melanthidium pasteels 1969 homo. (= nigranthidium) warnckeia pagliano & scaramozzino 1990 syn. (= nigranthidium )\nanthidium (anthidiellum) cockerell 1904 anthidium (ceri - anthidium) friese 1923 syn. cerianthidium cockerell 1925 emend. chloranthidium pasteels 1969 lapsus (= chloranthidiellum) pygnanthidium mavromoustakis 1963 emend. (= pycnanthidium) anthidiellum (rhanthidiellum) pasteels 1972 emend. (= ranthidiellum )\nanthidium fabricius 1804 melanthidium cockerell 1947 syn. stenanthidium moure 1947 syn. tetranthidium moure 1947 syn. anthidium (melanoanthidium) tkalcu 1967 syn. anthidium (echinanthidium) pasteels 1969 syn. anthidium (pontanthidium) pasteels 1969 syn. anthidium (ardenthidium) pasteels 1969 syn. anthidium (morphanthidium) pasteels 1969 syn .\nanthodioctes holmberg 1887 nom. nud. anthodioctes holmberg 1903 nananthidium moure 1947 syn .\ndianthidium (bathanthidium) mavromoustakis 1953 lasanthidium romankova 1988? syn. (= stenanthidiellum )\nduckeanthidium moure & hurd 1960 atropium pasteels 1984 syn. grafanthidium urban 1995 syn. ketianthidium urban 1999 syn. ?\nhypanthidiodes moure 1947 hypanthidioides michener 1948 lapsus hypanthidioides moure & urban 1975 lapsus hypanthidioides urban 1993 lapsus gnathanthidium urban 1994 homo. (= michanthidium )\ndianthidium (notanthidium) isensee 1927 trichanthidium moure 1947 homo. (= allanthidium) allanthidium (anthidianum) michener 1948 (= allanthidium )\nanthidium (pseudoanthidium) friese 1898 paranthidiellum michener 1948 pseudoanthidium (paraanthidiellum) pasteels 1969 emend. pseudoanthidium (carinellum) pasteels 1969 syn. trachusa (orientotrachusa) gupta 1993 syn. reanthidium pasteels 1969 syn. (= royanthidium )\nanthidium (rhodanthidium) isensee 1927 bellanthidium pasteels 1969 syn. rhodanthidium (trianthidium) mavromoustakis 1958 syn. (= asianthidium) meganthidium (oxyanthidium) mavromoustakis 1963 syn. (= asianthidium) axillanthidium pasteels 1969 syn. (= asianthidium )\ntrachusa jurine 1801 suppressed stelis panzer 1806 gyrodroma klug 1807 syn. gymnus spinola 1808 syn. ceraplastes gistel 1848 syn. chelynia provancher 1888 syn. melanostelis ashmead 1898 syn. stelidium robertson 1902 syn. microstelis robertson 1903 syn. stelis (pavostelis) sladen 1916 syn. stelis (stelidina) timberlake 1941 syn. stelis (stelidiella) timberlake 1941 lapsus stelis (leucostelis) noskiewicz 1961 syn. doxanthidium pasteels 1969 syn. (= heterostelis) stelidella timberlake 1941 lapsus (= stelidina )\ntrachusa panzer 1804 diphysis lepeletier 1841 syn. megachileoides radoszkowski 1874 syn. megachiloides saussure 1890 lapsus protanthidium cockerell & cockerell 1901 syn. (= paraanthidium) protoanthidium cameron 1902 syn. (= paraanthidium) trachusa (philotrachusa) pasteels 1969 syn. (= paraanthidium) olmecanthidium peters 1972 syn. (= ulanthidium )\ndioxys lepeletier & serville 1825 hoplopasites ashmead 1898 syn. chrysopheon titus 1901 syn .\ncoelioxys latreille 1809 coelioxys (paracoelioxys) gribodo 1884 syn. coelioxys (tropicocoelioxys) gupta 1991 syn. coelioxys (orientocoelioxys) gupta 1992 syn. coelioxys (nigrocoelioxys) gupta 1993 syn. coelioxys (melanocoelioxys) mitchell 1973 syn. (= acrocoelioxys) coelioxita pasteels 1977 syn. (= allocoelioxys) coelioxula pasteels 1982 syn. (= allocoelioxys) coelioxys (schizocoelioxys) mitchell 1973 syn. (= boreocoelioxys) coelioxys (dasycoelioxys) mitchell 1973 syn. (= glyptocoelioxys) coelioxys (liothgrapis) cockerell 1932 lapsus (= liothyrapis) liothgraphis sandhouse 1943 lapsus (= liothyrapis) coelioxys (hemicoelioxys) pasteels 1968 syn. (= liothyrapis )\nashmeadiella cockerell 1897 titusella cockerell 1906 syn. ashmeadiella (corythochila) michener 1939 syn. (= arogochila) rhamphorhina michener 1939 syn. (= arogochila )\natoposmia cockerell 1935 anthocopa (phaeosmia) michener 1943 syn. (= eremosmia )\nheriades spinola 1808 eriades dalla torre & friese 1895 emend. trypetes schenck 1861 syn. heriades (orientoheriades) gupta 1987 syn. heriades (eutrypetes) popov 1955 (= michenerella) heriades (physostetha) michener 1938 (= neotrypetes )\nhoplitis klug 1807 osmia (ctenosmia) thomson 1872 syn. osmia (acanthosmia) thomson 1872 syn. (= alcidamea) osmia (liosmia) thomson 1872 syn. (= alcidamea) osmia (tridentosmia) schmiedeknecht 1885 syn. (= alcidamea) autochelostoma sladen 1916 (= alcidamea) heriades (micreriades) mavromoustakis 1958 syn. (= alcidamea) phyllotoma dumã (c) ril 1860 syn. (= anthocopa) pseudosmia radoszkowski 1872 syn. (= anthocopa) pseudo - osmia radoszkowski 1873 emend. (= anthocopa) osmia (arctosmia) schmiedeknecht 1885 syn. (= anthocopa) osmia (furcosmia) schmiedeknecht 1885 syn. (= anthocopa) pseudocosmia radoszkowski 1886 emend. (= anthocopa) osmia (lithosmia) alfken 1935 syn. (= anthocopa) osmia (glossosmia) michener 1943 syn. (= anthocopa) hoplitella cockerell 1910 homo. (= hoplitina) andronicus cresson 1864 syn. (= monumetha) chlorosmia sladen 1916 syn. (= monumetha) chelostoma (cephalapis) cockerell 1910 syn. (= proteriades) anthocopa (xerosmia) michener 1943 syn. (= proteriades) euryporiella michener 2000 lapsus (= eurypariella) hoplitis (calohoplitis) tkalcu 1995 syn. (= megalosmia )\nosmia panzer 1806 amblys klug 1807 syn. osmia (ceratosmia) thomson 1872 syn. osmia (aceratosmia) schmiedeknecht 1885 syn. osmia (pachyosmia) ducke 1900 syn. acanthosmiades titus 1904 lapsus (= acanthosmioides) osmia (chalcosmia) schmiedeknecht 1885 syn. (= helicosmia) gnathosmia robertson 1903 syn. (= helicosmia) osmia (cryptosmia) yasumatsu & hirashima 1950 syn. (= helicosmia) osmia (exosmia) tkalcu 1979 syn. (= hemiosmia) nothosmia ashmead 1899 syn. (= melanosmia) centrosmia robertson 1903 syn. (= melanosmia) leucosmia robertson 1903 syn. (= melanosmia) monilosmia robertson 1903 syn. (= melanosmia) xanthosmia robertson 1903 syn. (= melanosmia) chenosmia sinha 1958 syn. (= melanosmia) osmia (heterosmia) tkalcu 1993 nom. nud. (= ozbekosmia) osmia (viridosmia) warncke 1988 syn. (= pyrosmia) osmia (caerulosmia) zanden 1988 syn. (= pyrosmia )\nprotosmia ducke 1900 anthocopa (rhodosmia) michener 1943 syn. raphidostoma cockerell 1936 syn. (= chelostomopsis )\nwainia tkalcu 1980 wainia (trichotosmia) tkalcu 1980 syn. anthocopa (eremoplosmia) zanden 1991 syn. (= caposmia )\nmelitta kirby 1802 cilissa leach 1812 syn. kirbya lepeletier 1841 homo. pseudocilissa radoszkowski 1891 syn. brachycephalapis viereck 1909 syn .\nstenotritus smith 1853 oestropsis smith 1868 homo. gastropsis smith 1868 syn. melitribus rayment 1930 syn .\nmaggie whitson changed the thumbnail image of\ndomino cuckoo bee on stylidium crassifolium\n.\nmaggie whitson marked\ndomino cuckoo bee\nas hidden on the\nstylidium crassifolium\npage. reasons to hide: duplicate\nmaggie whitson marked\ndomino cuckoo bee on stylidium crassifolium\nas hidden on the\nstylidium crassifolium\npage. reasons to hide: duplicate\nmaggie whitson marked\ndomino cuckoo bee\nas hidden on the\nthyreus waroonensis\npage. reasons to hide: duplicate\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser. some features of this site may not work without it .\nrozen, jerome g. , jr. (jerome george), 1928 -\nfull - text is provided in portable document format (pdf). to view articles you must have the free adobe acrobat reader. click here to download the latest version. the. epub version displays best on an ipad, but may work on other devices that accept. epub format. download directly to your device’s book reader (e. g. , ibooks) or drag into your e - books collection on your computer .\namerican museum novitates novitates (latin for\nnew acquaintances\n), published continuously and numbered consecutively since 1921, are short papers that contain descriptions of new forms and reports in zoology, paleontology, and geology. new numbers are published at irregular intervals .\ndepartment of library services american museum of natural history central park west at 79th st. , new york, ny 10024 © american museum of natural history, 2011\nbiodivlibrary @ artropica @ austmus @ bhl _ au indeed. these are truly works of art 😊\nby: ding, liang. - rozen, jerome g. (jerome george) - zhongguo ke xue yuan. dong wu yan jiu suo .\nbhl' s existence depends on the support of its patrons. help us keep this free resource alive !\nlieftinck, m. a. , 1972. - further studies on the old world melectine bees, with stray notes on their distribution and host relationships (hymenoptera, anthophoridae). tijdschrift voor entomologie, 115 (7): 253 - 324, 2 pls. scheuchl, e. , 1995. illustrierte bestimmungstabellen der wilbienen deutschlands und österreichs. band i: anthophoridae. ed. erwin scheuchl, 158 pp .\ncopyright © 2013 - 2018. all rights reserved. journal of entomology and zoology studies\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nchecklist of apoidea of north america... - 18 - nov - 2005, manuscript (version 18 - nov - 05 )\nhymenoptera name server version 0. 03 4. x. 2002, website (version 0. 03 )\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 620fd5ee - 92ef - 4b55 - 9829 - 5e20c6e9297b\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: da633f42 - 952e - 43b1 - 8d91 - 0a1184a608af\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: eb8b7ba7 - e9c5 - 48cf - 9d05 - ca9ab456a9af\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: b6e6c5c9 - fcf6 - 470c - 9c0b - c60e0b47abef\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 255142\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license 3. 0 (cc - by), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\ngiven the rarity of this material, the few references to them in the literature, and thereby their general unfamiliarity to many, it is worthwhile to summarize the historical details for each genus. the only known specimen of\nis preserved in the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia. described in 1879 as “\ndescribed by cresson that do occur in nevada and adjacent states. of course an error in labeling is possible but there is no evidence of such an error. cresson described various\ncollected by morrison, sometimes given as h. k. morrison [ herbert knowles morrison (1854–1885) ], mostly from the western united states but some from the southeast (georgia). in spite of extensive collecting in the western united states by persons interested in bees, no other specimens have been obtained .\nmight be extinct, or may exist in or near nevada, less likely elsewhere. if not extinct, it is presumably exceedingly rare. like other\n, it would be a cleptoparasite in nests of other bees. the only equally small north american melectine is\nlateral habitus of male holotype of brachymelecta mucida (cresson) (ansp type no. 2294); inset depicts the three original labels associated with the specimen .\nthe two known specimens of sinomelecta, one of each sex, were in the collection of donald b. baker (1922–2004) for many years and are today preserved in the division of entomology of the university of kansas natural history museum. they were described by baker as sinomelecta oreina in 1997 (baker 1997). these specimens were found by baker in a mixed batch of “dealer material” probably collected near the “turn of the century”, i. e. , about 1900. with other insects of various orders, they stood above a penciled label “sungpan” or “songpan”. after discussing the probable meaning of this label and noting that there is no certainty that all the insects came from the same locality, baker (1997) summarized by indicating the probability “that the sinomelecta came from a montane locality on the eastern fringe of the tibetan plateau. the general locality would approximate to the ta - hsuëh shan and chiunghsia shan of the times atlas. ” that additional specimens have not been taken, so far as we know, may merely reflect the scarcity of bee collectors in this region .\nbrachymelecta linsley, 1939: 458. type species: melecta mucida cresson, 1879a, by original designation. michener 1944: 287; michener 2000: 748, 750; michener 2007: 771, 773 .\nantenna with f1 over 1. 5 times as long as f2. mesoscutellum with subhorizontal dorsal surface about twice as long as vertical surface; dorsal and posterior surfaces divided by longitudinal depression resulting in bilobed form, posterior dorsal part of each lobe forming narrowly rounded, obtuse angle projecting posteriorly. arolia present. forewing with two submarginal cells (i. e. , 1rs - m absent). metasomal t1 to t4 densely covered with pale brown, appressed, plumose setae; t1 with midlength of horizontal surface subequal to that of vertical (anterior) surface and considerably shorter than midlength of exposed part of t2 .\ndorsal (2) and facial (3) views of male holotype of brachymelecta mucida (cresson) (ansp type no. 2294) .\nforewing (4) and hind wing (5) of male holotype of brachymelecta mucida (cresson) (ansp type no. 2294) .\nmale terminalia of holotype of brachymelecta mucida (cresson) (ansp type no. 2294). 6 seventh metasomal sternum 7 eighth metasomal sternum 8 genital capsule, lateral view 9 genital capsule, dorsal view 10 genital capsule, ventral view .\nmelecta? mucida cresson, 1879a: 205 [ ♂ ]. cresson 1887: 298 [ checklist ]; fox 1893: 143 [ ♂, key ]; cresson 1916: 125 [ type catalog, note on broken antennae ] .\n[ melecta ]? mucida cresson; cresson 1879b: 218 [ checklist ] .\nbrachymelecta mucida (cresson); hurd 1953: 37 [ ♂, note ] .\n); deposited in the department of entomology, academy of natural sciences, philadelphia, pennsylvania, usa .\nmale (holotype): body length 9 mm, forewing length 8 mm. head width 2. 7 mm; head length (lower margin of clypeus to vertex in facial view) 2. 1 mm. intertegular distance 2. 0 mm; distance between outer margins of tegulae 3. 0 mm .\nclypeus strongly protuberant, in lateral view extending anteriorly about compound eye width in front of lower compound eye margin; lower margin straight, middle third slightly depressed. mandible with distal half almost parallel sided, less than half as wide as base; apex bidentate, upper tooth slightly smaller and shorter than lower tooth; basal tooth not evident but mandibles closed and not fully exposed. malar space very short, base of mandible closely approaching compound eye. labrum not fully exposed but apparently about as long as broad. inner orbits converging below (\n). gena broadest at upper third, not as broad as compound eye; preoccipital ridge sharply angulate; median ocellus with transverse diameter (= ocellar diameter) greater than that of lateral ocellus, ocellocular distance approximately equal to interocellar distance, ocelloccipital distance less than twice ocellar diameter, distance between lateral and median ocelli equal to diameter of lateral ocellus. antenna with scape scarcely over twice as long as maximum width which is scarcely greater than width of flagellum (based on first four flagellomeres only); pedicel exposed as narrow ring about four times as broad as long; f1 over 1. 5 times as long as f2; f2, 3, and 4 subequal, each broader than long, f2 and f3 together longer than f1 (\n: 125). mesoscutellum with subhorizontal dorsal surface about twice as long as vertical surface; dorsal and posterior surfaces divided by longitudinal depression resulting in bilobed form, posterior dorsal part of each lobe forming narrowly rounded, obtuse angle projecting posteriorly; angle between posterior and dorsal surfaces approximately orthogonal but not formed by carina; posterior surface not overhanging metanotum; lower margin of mesoscutellum above metanotum marked by strong transverse carina. metatibia with outer surface coarsely nodulose; outer apical margins of tibiae protuberant but without conspicuous spines; mesotibial spur and outer metatibial spur about as long as tibial diameter; inner metatibial spur longer than tibial diameter; arolia well developed; pretarsal claws cleft, outer ramus slender, sharply pointed, inner ramus flattened, expanded, much shorter than outer ramus, apex approximately right angular [ much as in\nbecause of rather dense vestiture, surface in some areas seen only locally; following might change considerably if setae removed from certain areas: clypeus coarsely and closely punctate medially, anterior margin with even larger and irregular punctures; most of remainder of head with dense coarse punctures with irregular smooth shiny areas between some punctures; lower half of frons, adjacent parts of paraocular area, and supraclypeal area dull with dense small punctures. mesosoma largely coarsely punctate with punctures similar to those of center of clypeus but with more shiny ground between punctures which often separated by one - half puncture width although close in other areas; median part of mesoscutellum and especially mesoscutellar lobes with punctures even larger, leaving only a network of ridges; metanotum and propodeal triangle with punctures smaller, as close as they can be, on lateral part of triangle forming series of transverse (vertical) irregular striae. metasomal punctures minute, mostly separated by several puncture diameters, surface between punctures largely lineolate, especially on sterna where large areas lack punctures almost completely; posterior margins of terga smooth .\nsetae of head and mesosoma rather abundant, mostly two to three ocellar diameters in length, grayish white (cinereous) with brownish tints on lower parts of gena, blackish on axilla, largely white on sides of mesosoma and center of face; antennal scape and coxae with similar grayish white setae, mostly one ocellar diameter in length. antennal pedicel with dense very short setae; flagellum asetose; legs beyond coxae largely with short, yellowish white setae, dense and yellow on under sides of tarsi; profemur with strong fringe of white setae two or more ocellar diameters in length on posterior surface; similar fringe of much shorter and less conspicuous white setae on mesofemur; outer surface of mesotibia except near base densely covered with white setae that obscure surface; protibia with similar white setae, less dense, and absent on both base and apex. metasomal t1 to t4 densely covered with pale brown, appressed, plumose setae, except posterior margins smooth and bare, these margins narrow on t1 to t3, broader especially medially on t4; t5 and t6 with exposed parts like margins of more anterior terga but t6 with some pale brown plumose setae basally; t1 to t4 with a few long simple setae laterally, very few on t1, number increasing and more dorsal from t2 to t4; s1 to s3 with few long pale setae, large median areas on s2 and s3 asetose; s4 and s5 with fringes of long pale brown setae .\nintegumental coloration black, legs and middle third of mandible dark reddish brown except tibial spurs black; metasomal sterna and posterior margins of terga dark brown; under side of antenna brownish black; tegula translucent brownish black. wings transparent, shaded with dusky brown beyond venation of forewing, darkest near costal margin distal to marginal cell (\n), weakly darkened within distal cells; veins dusky brown, pterostigma light brown .\nrecords the specimen as from “nevada, (morrison) ” (p. 205) even though the preserved label provides only “nev. ” (\n), presumably an abbreviation for nevada. the specific epithet also appears in a checklist of north american\ncollected by h. k. morrison in colorado, georgia, nevada, and elsewhere. many of these are well known north american species. according to\nmorrison is known to have collected in nevada in 1878 and sold his collections back east .\nsinomelecta baker, 1997: 245. type species: sinomelecta oreina baker, 1997, by original designation. michener 2000: 748, 751; rightmyer and engel 2003: 3, 6; michener 2007: 771, 774 .\nantenna with 12 antennomeres in both sexes; f1 nearly twice as long as apical width and about twice as long as f2. body without patches of appressed, white setae. mesoscutellum with subhorizontal dorsal surface about twice as long as subvertical surface, both surfaces divided by weak longitudinal median depression so that mesoscutellum is weakly biconvex, each convexity emphasized by small posteriorly directed sublateral projection that almost overhangs metanotum. arolia present but small. forewing with two submarginal cells (i. e. , 1rs - m absent). metasomal t1 with long cinereous setae laterally; t2 to t5 with similar setae, some of them brownish, at extreme sides; t2 to t4 with subapical bands of white setae (broken medially on t2); t1 with midlength of horizontal surface about half as long as declivitous anterior surface and about half as long as midlength of exposed part of t2." ]

{ "text": [ "the melectini are a tribe of medium - to large-sized apid bees found essentially worldwide .", "they are brood parasites of the related typical digger bees ( anthophorini ) and occasionally visit flowers e.g. in prairie landscapes of the united states .", "as in other cuckoo bees , females can be easily distinguished from those of their hosts by the lack of scopae and other pollen-collecting adaptations , as well as lacking prepygidial fimbria and basitibial plates .", "their body hair is rather short and on the abdomen lies flat against the exoskeleton .", "they may , therefore , be difficult at first glance to distinguish from the nomadinae , but the details of their wing venation are characteristic : the marginal cell is shorter than the first two submarginal cells , and the second abscissa of vein m+c u is extremely short , with the cells it connects being almost adjacent to each other .", "the jugal lobes are very small , less than half as long as the vannal lobes . " ], "topic": [ 20, 10, 10, 23, 1, 23 ] }

[ "the melectini are a tribe of medium - to large-sized apid bees found essentially worldwide. they are brood parasites of the related typical digger bees (anthophorini) and occasionally visit flowers e.g. in prairie landscapes of the united states. as in other cuckoo bees, females can be easily distinguished from those of their hosts by the lack of scopae and other pollen-collecting adaptations, as well as lacking prepygidial fimbria and basitibial plates. their body hair is rather short and on the abdomen lies flat against the exoskeleton. they may, therefore, be difficult at first glance to distinguish from the nomadinae, but the details of their wing venation are characteristic: the marginal cell is shorter than the first two submarginal cells, and the second abscissa of vein m+c u is extremely short, with the cells it connects being almost adjacent to each other. the jugal lobes are very small, less than half as long as the vannal lobes." ]

[ "have a fact about gisilia antidesma? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for gisilia antidesma? write it here to share it with the entire community .\ngisilia subcrocea; kasy, 1968, ann. nat. mus. wien 72: 522; [ nhm card ]; [ afromoths ]\ngisilia stereodoxa; kasy, 1968, ann. nat. mus. wien 72: 518; kasy, 1975, ann. nat. mus. wien 79: 244; [ nhm card ]; koster & sammut, 2006, nota lepid. 29 (1 / 2): 61; [ me5 ], 189, 23; [ afromoths ]; [ fe ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmalawi, mt mulanje, 1000 m, 08. xii. 2002, leg. d. j. l. agassiz .\nholotype ♀, genitalia slide bengtsson 1211x♀, bmnh; paratype 1♀, genitalia slide bengtsson 1948x♀, nhmo .\nbengtsson b. a. 2014. the afrotropical scythrididae. - esperiana memoir 7: 1–361 .\nlimnoecia antidesma meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 308; tl: three sisters\nascalenia armigera meyrick, 1923; exot. microlep. 3 (1 - 2): 60; tl: fiji, labasa\ncholotis cardinata meyrick, 1918; ann. transv. mus. 6 (2): 28; tl: natal, umkomaas\nascalenia conformata meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 97; tl: natal, durban\nstagmatophora sclerodes meyrick, 1909; ann. transv. mus. 2 (1): 19, pl. 6, f. 7; tl: pretoria\nascalenia stagnans meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 96; tl: transvaal, pretoria\nseu, sardinia, malta, egypt, sudan, iran. see [ maps ]\nlarva on acacia nilotica koster & sammut, 2006, nota lepid. 29 (1 / 2): 61\nascalenia subcrocea meyrick, 1923; exot. microlep. 3 (1 - 2): 60; tl: assuan, egypt\n[ afromoths ] de prins, j. & de prins, w. , 2013\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nvári l. 1958. list of zoological and botanical types preserved in collections in southern and east africa. - — 1 (1): 86–88 .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation." ]

{ "text": [ "gisilia gielisi is a moth in the cosmopterigidae family .", "it was described by koster in 2010 .", "it is found in the united arab emirates . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20 ] }

[ "gisilia gielisi is a moth in the cosmopterigidae family. it was described by koster in 2010. it is found in the united arab emirates." ]

[ "what type of species is latirulus fasciatus? below, you will find the taxonomic groups the latirulus fasciatus species belongs to .\nwhich photographers have photos of latirulus fasciatus species? below, you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species latirulus fasciatus .\nhow to identify latirulus fasciatus marine species? below, you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species latirulus fasciatus. for each identification criteria, the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species latirulus fasciatus are marked in green .\nwhere is latirulus fasciatus found in the world? below, you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species latirulus fasciatus can be found .\nlatirus (latirulus) cossmann, a. e. m. , 1889 type species: latirus (latirulus) subaffinis orbigny, a. v. m. d. d', 1850\nworms - world register of marine species - latirulus nagasakiensis (e. a. smith, 1880 )\nspecies latirulus nagasakiensis (e. a. smith, 1880) accepted as turrilatirus nagasakiensis (e. a. smith, 1880 )\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species: latirulus lesbarritzensis p. lozouet, 2015 - id: 8016001848\nsubfamily: peristerniinae - genus: latirulus a. e. m. cossmann, 1901 (syn: lathyrulus, fredenia, streptocarina, streptodictyon, streptolathyrus - db: 9 sp, 1 img )\nlozouet p. (2015). nouvelles espèces de gastéropodes (mollusca: gastropoda) de l' oligocène et du miocène inférieur d' aquitaine (sud - ouest de la france). partie 5. cossmanniana. 17: 15 - 84. [ details ]\n( of fredenia cadée & a. w. janssen, 1994 †) lozouet p. (2015). nouvelles espèces de gastéropodes (mollusca: gastropoda) de l' oligocène et du miocène inférieur d' aquitaine (sud - ouest de la france). partie 5. cossmanniana. 17: 15 - 84. [ details ]\n( of streptocarina hinsch, 1977 †) lozouet p. (2015). nouvelles espèces de gastéropodes (mollusca: gastropoda) de l' oligocène et du miocène inférieur d' aquitaine (sud - ouest de la france). partie 5. cossmanniana. 17: 15 - 84. [ details ]\n( of streptodictyon tembrock, 1961 †) lozouet p. (2015). nouvelles espèces de gastéropodes (mollusca: gastropoda) de l' oligocène et du miocène inférieur d' aquitaine (sud - ouest de la france). partie 5. cossmanniana. 17: 15 - 84. [ details ]\n( of streptolathyrus cossmann, 1901 †) lozouet p. (2015). nouvelles espèces de gastéropodes (mollusca: gastropoda) de l' oligocène et du miocène inférieur d' aquitaine (sud - ouest de la france). partie 5. cossmanniana. 17: 15 - 84. [ details ]\nlozouet p. (2015). nouvelles espèces de gastéropodes (mollusca: gastropoda) de l' oligocène et du miocène inférieur d' aquitaine (sud - ouest de la france). partie 5. cossmanniana. 17: 15 - 84. page (s): 32, pl. 11 fig. 7, pl. 12 figs 1 - 2, 11 - 15 [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43. 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed. my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nsubfamily: peristerniinae - genus: lamellilatirus w. g. lyons & m. a. snyder, 2008 (db: 5 sp, 5 img )\nsubfamily: peristerniinae - genus: latirolagena g. f. harris, 1897 (db: 3 sp, 2 img )\nsubfamily: peristerniinae - genus: latirus p. d. montfort, 1810 (syn: chascax, lathires, lathirus, lathyra, lathyrus, latyrus - db: 96 sp, 56 img )\ndentifusus rosenberg, g. & g. j. vermeij, 2003 type species: dentifusus deynzeri vermeij, g. j. & g. rosenberg, 2003\nmicrofulgur finlay, h. j. & j. marwick, 1937 type species: microfulgur longirostris marshall, 1937\nfasciolaria lamarck, j. b. p. a. de, 1799 type species: fasciolaria tulipa tulipa linnaeus, c. , 1758\nafricolaria snyder, m. a. , g. j. vermeij & w. g. lyons, 2012 type species: africolaria rutila watson, r. b. , 1882\naurantilaria snyder, m. a. , g. j. vermeij & w. g. lyons, 2012 type species: fasciolaria aurantiaca lesson, r. p. , 1842\naustralaria snyder, m. a. , g. j. vermeij & w. g. lyons, 2012 type species: australaria australasia perry, g. , 1811\ncinctura hollister, s. c. , 1957 type species: cinctura hunteria hunteria perry, g. , 1811\nconradconfusus snyder, m. a. , 2002 type species: conradconfusus parilis conrad, t. a. , 1832\nfilifusus snyder, m. a. , g. j. vermeij & w. g. lyons, 2012 type species: filifusus filamentosus röding, p. f. , 1798\ngranolaria snyder, m. a. , g. j. vermeij & w. g. lyons, 2012 type species: granolaria salmo wood, w. , 1828\nkilburnia snyder, m. a. , g. j. vermeij & w. g. lyons, 2012 type species: kilburnia heynemanni dunker, r. w. , 1870\nlugubrilaria snyder, m. a. , g. j. vermeij & w. g. lyons, 2012 type species: lugubrilaria lugubris adams, a. & l. a. reeve in reeve, l. a. , 1847\nmicrocolus cotton, b. c. & f. k. godfrey, 1932 type species: microcolus dunkeri jonas, j. h. , 1844\npleuroploca fischer, 1884 type species: pleuroploca trapezium linnaeus, c. , 1758\npleuroploca (pleia) finlay, h. j. , 1930 type species: pleuroploca (pleia) decipiens tate, r .\npustulatirus vermeij, g. j. & m. a. snyder, 2006 type species: pustulatirus mediamericanus hertlein, l. g. & a. m. strong, 1951\ntarantinaea monterosato, t. a. de m. di, 1917 type species: tarantinaea lignaria linnaeus, c. , 1758\ntriplofusus olsson, a. a. & a. harbison, 1953 type species: triplofusus giganteus kiener, l. c. , 1840\nturrilatirus vermeij, g. j. & m. a. snyder, 2006 type species: turrilatirus turritus gmelin, j. f. , 1791\nfusinus rafinesque, c. s. , 1815 type species: fusinus (fusinus) colus linnaeus, c. , 1758\nfusinus (fusinus) rafinesque, c. s. , 1815 type species: fusinus (fusinus) colus linnaeus, c. , 1758\nfusinus (fusinus) ansatus caboblanquensis (var .) †? (3 )\nfusinus (aptyxis) troschel, f. h. , 1868 type species: fusinus (aptyxis) syracusanus linnaeus, c. , 1758\nfusinus (barbarofusus) grabau, a. w. & shimer, 1909 type species: fusinus (barbarofusus) barbarensis trask, 1855\nfusinus (heilprinia) grabau, a. w. , 1904 type species: fusinus (heilprinia) caloosaensis heilprin, a. , 1887\namiantofusus fraussen, k. , yu. i. kantor & r. hadorn, 2007 type species: amiantofusus amiantus dall, w. h. , 1889\nchryseofusus hadorn, r. & k. fraussen, 2003 type species: chryseofusus chrysodomoides schepman, m. m. , 1911\ncyrtulus hinds, r. b. , 1843 type species: cyrtulus serotinus hinds, r. b. , 1844\nglaphyrina finlay, h. j. , 1926 type species: glaphyrina vulpicolor sowerby, g. b. iii, 1880\ngranulifusus kuroda, t. & t. habe, 1954 type species: granulifusus niponicus niponicus smith, e. a. , 1879\nharasewychia petuch, e. j. , 1987 type species: harasewychia harasewychi petuch, e. j. , 1987\nharfordia dall, w. h. , 1921 type species: harfordia harfordii stearns, r. e. c. , 1871\nmarmarofusus snyder, m. a. & w. g. lyons, 2014 type species: marmarofusus nicobaricus röding, p. f. , 1798\nollaphon iredale, t. , 1929 type species: ollaphon molorthus hedley, c. & w. l. may, 1908\nsinistralia adams, h. g. & a. adams, 1853 type species: sinistralia maroccensis gmelin, j. f. , 1791\ntrophonofusus kuroda, t. & t. habe, 1971 type species: trophonofusus muricatoides yokoyama, m. , 1920\nviridifusus snyder, m. a. , g. j. vermeij & w. g. lyons type species: viridifusus buxeus reeve, l. a. , 1847\nperisternia mörch, o. a. l. , 1852 type species: peristernia nassatula lamarck, j. b. p. a. de, 1822\nperisternia (nodopelagia) hedley, c. , 1915 type species: peristernia (nodopelagia) brazieri angas, g. f. , 1877\nbullockus lyons, w. g. & m. a. snyder, 2008 type species: unknowngenustype\ndolicholatirus bellardi, l. , 1884 type species: dolicholatirus lanceus gmelin, j. f. , 1791\ndolicholatirus (fractolatirus) iredale, t. , 1936 type species: dolicholatirus (fractolatirus) normalis iredale, t. , 1936\nhemipolygona rovereto, g. , 1899 type species: hemipolygona armatus adams, a. , 1855\nlatirolagena harris, g. d. , 1897 type species: latirolagena smaragdula linnaeus, c. , 1758\nbenimakia habe, t. , 1958 type species: benimakia rhodostomus dunker, r. w. , 1860\nlatirus montfort, p. d. de, 1810 type species: latirus aurantiacus montfort, p. d. de, 1810\nlatirus (polygona) schumacher, h. c. f. , 1817 type species: latirus (polygona) fusiformis schumacher, h. c. f. , 1817\nlatirus (pseudolatirus) bellardi, l. , 1884 type species: latirus (pseudolatirus) bilineata hörnes, m. , 1853\ncrassibougia stahlschmidt, p. & k. fraussen, 2012 type species: niso terebellum dillwyn, l. w. , 1817\ncryptofusus beu, a. g. , 2011 type species: cryptofusus cryptocarinatus dell, r. k. , 1956\nfusolatirus kuroda, t. & t. habe in kuroda, t. , t. habe & k. oyama, 1971 type species: peristernia pilsbryi kuroda, t. & t. habe, 1952\nlamellilatirus lyons, w. g. & m. a. snyder, 2013 type species: lamellilatirus ceramidus dall, w. h. , 1889\nleucozonia gray, j. e. , 1847 type species: leucozonia nassa nassa gmelin, j. f. , 1791\nlightbournus lyons, w. g. & m. a. snyder, 2008 type species: unknowngenustype\nnodolatirus bouchet, ph. & m. a. snyder, 2013 type species: unknowngenustype\nopeatostoma berry, s. s. , 1958 type species: opeatostoma pseudodon burrow, e. j. , 1815\ntaron hutton, f. w. , 1883 type species: taron dubius hutton, f. w. , 1878" ]

{ "text": [ "latirulus is a genus of sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "latirulus is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family fasciolariidae, the spindle snails, the tulip snails and their allies." ]

[ "photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish, wildlife, and plants in idaho .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on image to enlarge .\nscientists aim to describe a single' tree of life' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things. however, evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery, and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named. eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific' classifications'. some species have been named more than once. such duplicates are listed under synonyms. eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhi larry, it certainly is. thank you very much for your time and effort. regards, branden\nhere' s a post i made about a month ago. might be another candidate species for your data base. unknown if actually extinct, but when you read my post you' ll see that it is at least as close as one can get .\nlarry, i actually had it under\nrediscovered\n. but if there is no known population and at least several surveys conducted by yourself have failed to find it when appropriate methods were used, then i will certainly put it in the extinct species database. the\nextinct\npart of the database would more correctly be called the\nmissing\ndatabase. as i' m sure you' re more than aware it is very difficult to ascertain when a species is truly extinct when there is at least some suitable habitat left. i therefore take the more cautious approach of listing all species which are potentially extinct, as is the case here. it' s just that it' s easier to refer to the database as a database of extinct species. by any chance would you be willing to write a small (or large) article detailing your attempts to locate this species? it would be hosted as a pdf file on my website, fully acknowledged as your own work of course! , with a link or two to your website (if you have one), or perhaps your business if you have one, as a show of my gratitude for your time and effort. regards, branden\nin light of larry' s recent message re: tinostoma smaragditis, i thought you might find this url interesting. simply took 10 seconds to find on google scholar! urltoken mark\nin light of larry' s recent message re: tinostoma smaragditis, i thought you might find this url interesting. simply took 10 seconds to find on google scholar !\nthat' s where i got the fact that it was rediscovered from. i just forgot that the rediscovery date was 1998 though, and so after larry had searched and failed to find the moth !\neuphyes bayensis (hesperiidae) is listed in natureserve as gh (globally historical - better known as missing in action). it was known from just two coastal spots in mississippi and texas, both habitats hit in the same year by hurricanes rita hit texas and katrina literally put the type locality in mississippi under several feet of ocean. but it was recently found in louisiana at a couple of sites as part of an effort by us - fish and wildlife service and their monitoring of potential species for listing as endangered. so all is good... i described this bug - so i have a vested interest in it. shuey\neuphyes bayensis (hesperiidae) is listed in natureserve as gh (globally historical - better known as missing in action). it was known from just two coastal spots in mississippi and texas, both habitats hit in the same year by hurricanes rita hit texas and katrina literally put the type locality in mississippi under several feet of ocean .\nbut it was recently found in louisiana at a couple of sites as part of an effort by us - fish and wildlife service and their monitoring of potential species for listing as endangered. so all is good ...\nthankyou very much for those details shuey. i' ve acknowledged your help in my database. could you provide me with any further details about when the last record was before it disappeared from texas and mississippi? and when it was relocated in louisiana? or any other details at all which may be pertinent ?\nregardless, it' s current status is unknown one way or the other placed in\nrediscovered\nsounds reasonable if you have no\npossibly or presumed extinct\nlist or something similar. even parnassius clodius strohbeeni is still listed in most sources as\npresumed extinct\ndespite no specimens having been seen or collected since 1956. same with\nmy\nhemileuca eglanterina in the spring mountains here. so that suggests the presumed extinct is a correct term other than not knowing if and where the line is drawn between possible and presumed in number of years since last recorded .\ni only have an extinct species database and mirror rediscovered species database. the website is a little constrained, but it' s hosted for free so i can' t complain at all. but i think the two database for each taxonomic group is sufficient anyway because i' ve made it aware that each species listed as\nextinct\nis really only presumed so, or possibly so, because they could still exist unless no suitable habitat remains .\ni think i will keep it in the rediscovered database for now. thanks again for your help larry\nthank you very much for those details shuey. i' ve acknowledged your help in my database. could you provide me with any further details about when the last record was before it disappeared from texas and mississippi? and when it was relocated in louisiana? or any other details at all which may be pertinent ?\ni don' t know exactly when it was last collected. i was looking at photos of the bug from texas on a regular basis before the hurricanes hit in the early 2000' s. and i know that there have been several efforts specifically to find bayensis since the storms at the two historical sites - with no success .\nas to the louisiana site - i don' t know exactly. i was sent photos to confirm id, and some shots of the habitat (a series of drainage ditches through pretty flat ground. i' m guessing that it is disturbed coastal plain wetland .\nbranden, it sure would be beneficial to know what species are already listed in your data base. otherwise it' s a shot in the dark to not cover the same ground again, and would be much easier to suggest other species not already listed. i know of many, but can' t see taking the time and effort not knowing if you might already have them included. also you gave no clue what you consider\nrecent\n, where the cut off is. in the larger picture recent could be since they first evolved. food for thought. larry\nit sure would be beneficial to know what species are already listed in your data base. otherwise it' s a shot in the dark to not cover the same ground again, and would be much easier to suggest other species not already listed. i know of many, but can' t see taking the time and effort not knowing if you might already have them included .\ni will post a list of them here later tonight for the benefit of forum members. perhaps some of them have been rediscovered since i first came across them, and haven' t had the time to research any change in status .\nalso you gave no clue what you consider\nrecent\n, where the cut off is. in the larger picture recent could be since they first evolved .\none of the joys of getting old, and staying up for days on end with little or no sleep. almost 6am here and i' ve been on the computer since 3am yesterday morning .\nand of course one of the most famous cases of all - colias ponteni. bob\ns' il n' y pas de solution c' est qu' il n' y a pas de problème! akuna matata... .\ncharaxes defulvata from sao tome just knwon by the type never refound despite very intensive collectings there .\nhi, about the list post by suroundxx: maculinea teleius burdigalensis is not extinct. it remains few populations in west of france. regards, yvan\ni hope not. thankyou very much for this list radovan. it is very much appreciated !\na medium - size (3. 0 - 4. 5 cm. wingspan) pale grey moth, slightly reddish or pinkish grey on the lower half of the forewing. the hindwing is whitish with some darkening along the outer veins and at the anal angle. the leading half of the forewing is light grey, with a large diffuse dark grey blotch at the disk, usually containing a small black discal dot. the pale grey area along the costa near the apex is not well defined as it is in\nand extends further along the costa toward the base. the most prominent markings are the dark scaling on the forewing base which also extends part way along the inner margin (lacking in\n) and the prominent dark grey blotch at the disc. normal lines are absent or nearly so. antennae are pectinate to beyond the midpoint, then simple. both sexes are similar. the genitalia and the 8th sternite differ greatly from those of" ]

{ "text": [ "oligocentria pinalensis , the arizona prominent , is a moth of the notodontidae family .", "it is only found within the pinal mountains of central arizona .", "due to its extremely limited known range , oligocentria pinalensis is at a high risk of becoming extinct from isolated events , such as a forest fire .", "there is not enough current population data to make a full conclusion of its present status .", "although it has been listed by the natureserve conservation status as \" gh \" or possibly extinct , date of listing of status was 2002 .", "the species was first described by f.h. benjamin , a pan-pacific entomologist , in a publication from 1932 . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 17, 17, 17, 5 ] }

[ "oligocentria pinalensis, the arizona prominent, is a moth of the notodontidae family. it is only found within the pinal mountains of central arizona. due to its extremely limited known range, oligocentria pinalensis is at a high risk of becoming extinct from isolated events, such as a forest fire. there is not enough current population data to make a full conclusion of its present status. although it has been listed by the natureserve conservation status as \" gh \" or possibly extinct, date of listing of status was 2002. the species was first described by f.h. benjamin, a pan-pacific entomologist, in a publication from 1932." ]

[ "scientific synonyms and common names gobius roulei de buen, 1928 synonyms: gobius roulei de buen, 1928c, nat. res. inst. esp. oceanogr. , (ser. ii), (30): 1, fig. 1 - 2 (porto - pi, bahia de palma, majorca). gobius (gobius) roulei: de buen, 1930a: 138; 1931b: 52, 67. gobius roulei: lozano rey, 1960: 102, 119, fig. 56. common name: roule' s goby [ en ]\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nmarine; bathydemersal; depth range 320 - 385 m (ref. 4696). deep - water\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 8. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 4696 )\ndistinguished by the following characteristics: d1 vi, d2 i / i 1 - 12, a 1 / 11, p 17 - 18, c 16 - 17 principle rays (adult specimen with 13 branched rays; branching of fin rays not completed in the juvenile specimen); all rays of the first dorsal fin are elongated in the adult specimen (tips pronounced in the juvenile), with d1 iii longest. ctenoid scales; ll 37, including scales on caudal fin (squamation not completely developed in juvenile specimen), tr 8; head, nape, predorsal area, breast, ventral side of abdomen (midline) and base of p naked; area anterior of a line from the dorsal origin of the pectoral fin to the origin of the second dorsal fin naked; anterior most scales in lateral midline reach the base of the pectoral fin in the adult specimen (only near to it in the juvenile); some of these most anterior scales are cycloid (ref. 86376 )\noccurs inshore in the mediterranean but found in deeper waters off portugal (ref. 4696) .\nmiller, p. j. , 1986. gobiidae. p. 1019 - 1085. in p. j. p. whitehead, m. - l. bauchot, j. - c. hureau, j. nielsen and e. tortonese (eds .) fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean. volume 3. unesco, paris. (ref. 4696 )\n): 13. 2 - 13. 7, mean 13. 5 (based on 7 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00617 (0. 00279 - 0. 01364), b = 3. 08 (2. 89 - 3. 27), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 2 ±0. 2 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (17 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n. dl vi; d2 i + 12; a i + 11. scales in lateral series 33 - 34 .\nbuen, f. de 1928c. descripción de un nuevo gobius (g. roulei nov. sp .). notas resúm. inst. esp. oceanogr. , 2 (30): 6 pp .\nbuen, f. de 1930a. sur une collection de gobiinae provenant du maroc. essai de synopsis des espèces de l' europe. bull. soc. sci. nat. phys. , maroc, 10: pp. 120 - 147 .\nbuen, f. de 1931b. notas a la familia gobiidae. observaciones sobre algunos generos y sinopsis de las especies ibéricas. notas resúm. inst. esp. oceanogr. , 2 (54): 76 pp .\nlozano y rey, l. 1960. peces fisodistos. tercera parte. subseries toracicos (ordenes equeneiformes y gobiformes), pediculados y asimetricos. mems r. acad. cienc. exact. fis. nat. madr. , ser. : cienc. nat. , 14: 613 pp. , 173 fig. , 7 pl .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: gobius roulei is restricted to warm to temperate waters of the eastern atlantic and the mediterranean sea. it can be locally abundant in its preferred habitats. gobius roulei is not utilized and there are no known widespread threats. therefore, g. roulei is assessed as least concern .\ngobius roulei is found in the warm temperate eastern atlantic and in the mediterranean sea. it is a small epibenthic gobioid species known from a few records in the western mediterranean (balearic islands (spain); sardinia and ligurian sea (italy) (miller 1986, ahnelt and dorda 2004, liu et al. 2009), the adriatic sea (kovačić 1995, lipej et al. 2005) and a recent finding from cyprus (kovačić and golani 2006). in the eastern atlantic it is known only from portugal (miller 1986, louisy 2002). gobius roulei has been collected from three to 385 m (miller 1986, kovačić 1995) .\nno estimation of population size and population trend for g. roulei has been published. in the north adriatic sea, g. roulei is quite abundant in its typical habitat (kovačić 1995). lipej et al. (2003) found average densities in the northern adriatic of 0. 06 and 0. 08 specimens per 100 m 2. no other estimation of abundance has been published .\nno conservation measures are in place or needed for this species and it occurs in marine protected areas .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nalso known as gudgeons, reef gobies. found over rock and sandy areas in both shallow waters and extremely deep waters. length - 8cm depth - 1 - 300m widespread eastern atlantic, mediterranean reef gobies have the largest and smallest species usually with very distinctive colouring .\ncreated to help individuals around the world identify tropical fish found during their scuba dive and snorkelling excursions .\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\noccurs inshore in the mediterranean but found in deeper waters off portugal (ref. 4696) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish french online dictionary term bank, where you can search in more than 2 million words in categories and different pronunciation options .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en" ]

{ "text": [ "gobius roulei , roule 's goby , is a species of goby native to the eastern atlantic ocean and the mediterranean sea where it can be found at depths of from 320 to 385 metres ( 1,050 to 1,263 ft ) .", "this species can reach a length of 8 centimetres ( 3.1 in ) tl . " ], "topic": [ 18, 0 ] }

[ "gobius roulei, roule's goby, is a species of goby native to the eastern atlantic ocean and the mediterranean sea where it can be found at depths of from 320 to 385 metres (1,050 to 1,263 ft). this species can reach a length of 8 centimetres (3.1 in) tl." ]

[ "html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na new species of fish, pseudoliparis swirei, published in zootaxa (4358: 161 - 177) by gerringer, m. e et al. was voted among top 10 new species described in 2017 .\na new species of madagascan crickets described by mustafa ünal and george beccaloni in zootaxa was featured in a national geographic story. well done mustafa and george !\na new species of wolf spider, lycosa aragogi, is named after aragog—the famous fictional spider from “harry potter” book series by j. k. rowling. the new species is similar to the animatronic puppet version of the character used in the film “harry potter and the chamber of secrets”, which is actually based on a wolf spider. the naming of the new species is dedicated to the 20th anniversary of harry potter book series .\nscott e. brooks, jeffrey m. cumming, francisco limeira - de - oliveira, marc pollet\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ 10 ] de jong, y. s. d. m. (ed .) (2011) fauna europaea version 2. 4 (faunaeur. org )\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken, dr erik j. karsholt, dr ole & by dr ole karsholt\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3. 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme. contract no. ri - 223806. activity area: capacities. period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture: gannet (morus bassanus (linnaeus, 1758) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript. here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n... distribution. china (gansu, hebei, inner mongolia, ningxia and qinghai), mongolia, russia: south ural (junnilainen et al. 2010), altai, south of krasnojarskiy krai, zabaikalskiy krai, amur region (povolný 2002; ponomarenko 2008; bidzilya 2009). remarks... .\n..., scandinavia, russia (southern ural) (ponomarenko 2008; huemer and karsholt 2010; junnilainen et al. 2010). in ukraine it was known from lvov region only (schille 1930)... .\n... kf4 - monochroa nomadella (zeller, 1868) neufund für den asiatischen teil russlands! die art war bereits aus dem südural sowie der mongolei bekannt (junnilainen et al. 2010 plutella sp. zwei arten der gattung plutella sind trotz aktueller revision der paläarktischen fauna (baraniak 2007) vorerst unbestimmbar... .\n... 4034av). biología: según la información que disponemos, la larva se alimenta de anthemis tinctoria l. y los adultos vuelan distribución: se distribuye por escandinavia y europa central (elsner, 1999): alemania, austria, cerdeña, escandinavia, eslovaquia, estonia, dinamarca, francia, hungría, italia, letonia, lituania, polonia, portugal, república checa, ucrania; también se encuentra en turquía, asía central y el cáucaso (junnilainen et al. , 2010). detalles: siguiendo a vives moreno (2014) resulta nueva para españa, ya era conocida de portugal y habría que poner (e. p .)... .\n... all the specimens from north of the alps that we have been able to cross - check are correctly attributed to caryocolum amaurella. however, recent records from ukraine (bidzilya and budashkin 2009) and russia (southern ural mountains) (junnilainen et al. 2010) have to be re - examined due to a possible mix - up with caryocolum crypticum. records from switzerland are dubious, and at least in one instance refer to the new species, whereas those from france (nel 2003) are confirmed (see huemer and karsholt 2010, fig. 154c)... .\n... in the male genitalia, f. spurcella has the sacculus longer than the valva, the saccus is shorter than in f. algarbiella and the phallus lacks the conspicuous horn - like carina. two other species of filatima from easternmost parts of europe are also similar (junnilainen et al. , 2010). f. transsilvanella z. kovács & s. kovács, 2001 has slightly lighter coloured forewing... .\nbeautiful gelechiid moths - aristotelia baltica a. šulcs & i. šulcs, 1983, stat. n. and related species (gelechiidae )\na new endemic species of monochroa from the south - western alps (lepidoptera: gelechiidae) .\nthe holarctic genus agonochaetia is reviewed and a new species is described from québec, canada. in addition, a new related genus and species is described from the canary islands. comparative diagn…\n[ more ]\nthe gelechiid fauna of the southern ural mountains, part i: descriptions of seventeen new species (l ...\nthis paper is the first in a two - part series treating the family gelechiidae from the southern ural mountains, including newly described species. the material was collected during 1996–2007 on 21 different finnish - russian expeditions. catatinagma rebel, 1903, stat. rev. , is removed from synonymy of apatetris staudinger, 1879, and is now considered valid. two generic names are synonymized: ... [ show full abstract ]\nthe cochylid fauna of the southern ural mountains, with description of cochylimorpha ignicolorana ju ...\na list of 78 species of the tortricoid tribe cochylini from the southern ural mountains is presented. the material was collected during 1996–2000 on nine different finnish - russian expeditions. cochylimorpha ignicolorana junnilainen & k. nupponen sp. n. is described. the new taxon occurs on dry steppe slopes in the headland region of the southern urals, and it is rather easy to separate from... [ show full abstract ]\nthe scythridid fauna of the southern ural mountains, with description of fourteen new species (lepid ...\na list of 37 species of the family scythrididae from the southern ural mountains is presented. the material was collected during 1996 - 1999 in five different finnish - russian expeditions. fourteen new species are described by varying combination of authors: scythris acipenserella k. & t. nupponen sp. n. , s. aegrella k. nupponen & junnilainen sp. n. , s. albisaxella k. & t. nupponen sp. n. , s... . [ show full abstract ]\nthe elachistidae fauna of the southern ural area, russia, is outlined. a total of 51 species are listed, four of which remain unidentified to species level. six species are described as new: elachista (aphelosetia) olschwangi kaila sp. n. , e. (a .) arduella kaila sp. n. , e. (a .) gibbera kaila sp. n. , e. (a .) chamaea kaila sp. n. , e. (a .) acutella kaila sp. n. and e. (elachista) devexella kaila... [ show full abstract ]\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nlike most websites we use cookies. this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies. if you would like to, you can learn more about the cookies we use .\ncab direct is the most thorough and extensive source of reference in the applied life sciences, incorporating the leading bibliographic databases cab abstracts and global health. cab direct provides a convenient, single point of access to all of your cabi database subscriptions." ]

{ "text": [ "chrysoesthia falkovitshi is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "it is found in ukraine , russia ( southern ural , lower volga ) and mongolia .", "the habitat consists of calcareous artemisia steppes . " ], "topic": [ 27, 20, 24 ] }

[ "chrysoesthia falkovitshi is a moth of the gelechiidae family. it is found in ukraine, russia (southern ural, lower volga) and mongolia. the habitat consists of calcareous artemisia steppes." ]

[ "undescribed microraptorian (lamanna, li, harris, atterholt and you, 2010) early aptian, early cretaceous xiagou formation, gansu, china material - (gsgm coll ?) pectoral girdle, humerus, radius, ulna comments - lamanna et al. (2010) referred this to microraptoria based on the supracoracoid fenestra. reference - lamanna, li, harris, atterholt and you, 2010. first non - avian dinosaur from the lower cretaceous (aptian) xiagou formation of the changma basin, northwestern china. journal of vertebrate paleontology. program and abstracts 2010, 119a .\nshanag turner, hwang and norell, 2007 s. ashile turner, hwang and norell, 2007 = sinornithosaurus ashile (turner, hwang and norell, 2007) paul, 2010 berriasian - barremian, early cretaceous huhteeg svita, mongolia holotype - (igm 100 / 1119) incomplete maxilla, incomplete dentary, partial splenial diagnosis - (after turner et al. , 2007) triangular, anteriorly tapering maxilla; lateral lamina of nasal process of maxilla reduced to small triangular exposure; absence of a promaxillary fenestra; presence of interalveolar pneumatic cavities; incipient dentary groove on posterolateral surface of dentary. comments - this specimen was discovered in 1999, first noted by turner et al. (2006) then described in turner et al. (2007). the latter analysis found it in an unresolved position among microraptoria + eudromaeosauria, though noted greatest similarity to sinornithosaurus. it has since been recovered as a microraptorian (longrich and currie, 2009) or sister to microraptoria + eudromaeosauria (senter et al. , 2012). references - turner, pol, norell and hwang, 2006. resolving dromaeosaurid phylogeny: new information and additions to the tree. journal of vertebrate paleontology. 26 (3), 133a. turner, hwang and norell, 2007. a small derived theropod from oosh, early cretaceous, baykhangor mongolia. american museum novitates. 3557, 27 pp. longrich and currie, 2009. a microraptorine (dinosauria–dromaeosauridae) from the late cretaceous of north america. proceedings of the national academy of sciences. 106 (13), 5002 - 5007. paul, 2010. the princeton field guide to dinosaurs. princeton university press. 320 pp. senter, kirkland, deblieux, madsen and toth, 2012. new dromaeosaurids (dinosauria: theropoda) from the lower cretaceous of utah, and the evolution of the dromaeosaurid tail. plos one. 7 (5), e36790 .\nalthough consensus exists among researchers that birds evolved from coelurosaurian theropods, paleontologists still debate the identification of the group of coelurosaurians that most closely approaches the common ancestor of birds. the last 20 years witnessed the discovery of a wide array of avian - like theropods that has considerably amplified the anatomical disparity among deinonychosaurians, some of which resemble archaeopteryx more than deinonychus. among these newly discovered theropods that show remarkable bird - like characteristics are the four - winged theropods microraptor and anchiornis, and the unenlagiids unenlagia, buitreraptor, and rahonavis. a bizarre group of minute - sized coelurosaurs, the scansoriopterygidae, also exhibits some avian similarities that lead some authors to interpret them as more closely related to birds than other dinosaurs. with the aim to explore the phylogenetic relationships of these coelurosaurians and birds, we merged recently published integrative databases, resulting in significant changes in the topological distribution of taxa within paraves. we present evidence that dromaeosauridae, microraptoria, unenlagiidae, and anchiornis + xiaotingia form successive sister taxa of aves, and that the scansoriopterygidae are basal coelurosaurians not closely related to birds. the implications in the evolutionary sequence of anatomical characters leading to birds, including the origin of flight, are also considered in light of this new phylogenetic hypothesis .\nall content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. this information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n• senter p, barsbold r, britt b. b and burnham d. b. (2004 )\nsystematics and evolution of dromaeosauridae (dinosauria, theropoda )\n.\ntime stands still for no man, and research is ongoing. if you spot an error, or want to expand, edit or suggest an entry feel free to\nit seems that you' re in usa. we have a dedicated site for usa\nshop the archives and get your next ebook for just 14. 99! stock up today > >\nfernando emilio novas is an argentine paleontologist working for the comparative anatomy department of the bernardino rivadavia natural history argentine museum in buenos aires. novas holds a phd in natural sciences. working for the conicet, he described or co - described many dinosaurs, among them abelisaurus, aniksosaurus, aragosaurus, austroraptor, megaraptor, neuquenraptor, orkoraptor, patagonykus, unenlagia, araucanoraptor, skorpiovenator, tyrannotitan, talenkauen, and puertasaurus, most from the patagonia region of argentina .\njavascript is currently disabled, this site works much better if you enable javascript in your browser .\nwe' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser. would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?\nyou can add location information to your tweets, such as your city or precise location, from the web and via third - party applications. you always have the option to delete your tweet location history. learn more\nhere' s the url for this tweet. copy it to easily share with friends .\nby embedding twitter content in your website or app, you are agreeing to the twitter developer agreement and developer policy .\nnot on twitter? sign up, tune into the things you care about, and get updates as they happen .\nthis timeline is where you’ll spend most of your time, getting instant updates about what matters to you .\nhover over the profile pic and click the following button to unfollow any account .\nwhen you see a tweet you love, tap the heart — it lets the person who wrote it know you shared the love .\nthe fastest way to share someone else’s tweet with your followers is with a retweet. tap the icon to send it instantly .\nadd your thoughts about any tweet with a reply. find a topic you’re passionate about, and jump right in .\nother: it appears in the late jurassic period (despite having only existed in the cretaceous) eating bugs near a herd of tuojiangosaurus when the d - team undoes the massive fire. another is later seen celebrating victory with the d - team, alpha gang, and the other dinosaurs on the backlander after their battle against the spectral space pirates .\nother: the microraptor is the elder of dino village and is the leader .\nthe pterosaur and dark pterosaur appear to use greatly enlarged versions of the microraptor character model as their basis .\nmicroraptor, the dainason ammonite, and the anime' s woolly mammoth are the only prehistoric creatures (and microraptor the only dinosaur) featured in some form of dinosaur king without any connection to a dinosaur or move card, having no role in the arcade game nor tcg, which is why most of its statistics in dinosaur king don' t exist. however, it would most likely be a wind dinosaur owing to its position as a small coelurosaur .\nstudies in 2012 showed that microraptor is iridescent black, like a crow or blackbird. its color in the anime is the complete opposite, being fluffy white, though this is purely coincidental as the anime was made several years before the finding .\ncan' t find a community you love? create your own and start something epic .\ndinosaurs are divided into two orders, the saurischia and the ornithischia, on the basis of their hip structure .\nsaurischia (from the greek meaning\nlizard hip\n) include all the theropods (bipedal carnivores) and sauropods (long - necked herbivores) .\nornithischia (from the greek meaning\nbird - hip\n) is the other dinosauria order, most of which were quadrupedal herbivores .\nthis page was last modified on 6 september 2010, at 15: 26 .\ndeinonychosauria colbert and russell, 1969 definition - (deinonychus antirrhopus < - passer domesticus) (holtz and osmolska, 2004; modified from padian, 1997) other definitions - (troodon formosus + dromaeosaurus albertensis) (holtz and osmolska, 2004; modified from sereno, 1997) (troodon formosus + velociraptor mongoliensis) (modified from sereno, 1998) (dromaeosaurus albertensis < - passer domesticus) (godefroit, demuynck, dyke, hu, escuillie and claeys, 2013) (troodon formosus + velociraptor mongoliensis, - passer domesticus) (hendrickx, hartman and mateus, 2015) (troodon formosus + velociraptor mongoliensis, - ornithomimus edmontonicus, passer domesticus) (sereno, in press) = dromaeosauria chatterjee and templin, 2007 = dromaeosauridae sensu godefroit, demuynck, dyke, hu, escuillie and claeys, 2013 definition - (dromaeosaurus albertensis < - passer domesticus) comments - there have been two basic suggested definitions for deinonychosauria, one stem - based (deinonychus < - passer) by padian (1997) and the other node based (troodon + dromaeosaurids) by sereno (1997). sereno' s latest (in press) definition is a modification of the latter, but explicitly excludes birds and ornithomimosaurs. i prefer padian' s because it is based on the eponymous genus, and colbert and russell (1969) did not originally specify the inclusion of troodontids. they only include dromaeosaurids in the taxon, and only mention dromaeosaurus, deinonychus and velociraptor as members of that family. given the trichotomy between dromaeosaurids, troodontids and ornithurines presented on this site, sereno' s (in press) definition of deinonychosauria cannot be applied anywhere on the tree. the present formulation of deinonychosauria is synonymous with dromaeosauridae in the topology presented on this site, but the taxa retain unique entries because i consider it likely eumaniraptoran topology will be labile for the near future. references - hendrickx, hartman and mateus, 2015. an overview of non - avian theropod discoveries and classification. palarch' s journal of vertebrate palaeontology. 12 (1), 1 - 73 .\npamparaptor porfiri, calvo and dos santos, 2011 p. micros porfiri, calvo and dos santos, 2011 late turonian - early coniacian, late cretaceous portezuelo formation of the rio neuquen subgroup, neuquen, argentina holotype - (mucpv - 1163) (~ 500 - 700 mm) metatarsal ii (82. 1 mm), phalanx ii - 1 (16. 6 mm), phalanx ii - 2 (18. 1 mm), proximal pedal ungual ii, metatarsal iii (93 mm), phalanx iii - 1 (26. 5 mm), phalanx iii - 2 (17. 4 mm), metatarsal iv (92. 5 mm), distal phalanx iv - 1, proximal phalanx iv - 2 diagnosis - (after porfiri et al. , 2011) slender metatarsus; metatarsal ii approximately twice the proximal width of iii or iv; metatarsal ii distally overlapping metatarsal iii; distal end of metatarsal ii with small medially directed sulcus anteriorly; pedal phalanx ii - 2 longer than ii - 1; proximal half of metatarsal iii narrow and with subparallel margins; metatarsal iii not ginglymoid; metatarsals iv and iii subequal in length; distal half of metatarsal iv strongly compressed transversely, acquiring a blade - like shape in posterior view. comments - this was discovered in 2005 and initially referred to neuquenraptor by porfiri et al. (2007), with the differences considered ontogenetic. porfiri et al. (2011) later described it as a new taxon of dromaeosaurid, though they noted troodontid similarities and did not run a phylogenetic analysis. novas et al. (2013) questioned the unenlagiine identification, stating the elongate metatarsus ,\ndistally extended metatarsal iv, subequal in distal extension to metatarsal iii\n, non - ginglymoid metatarsals ii and iv, and more elongate and acute pedal ungual were more similar to birds. they regarded it as paraves incertae sedis. references - porfiri, calvo, dos santos and valieri, 2007. new record of neuquenraptor (theropoda, dromaeosauridae) from the late cretaceous of patagonia. ameghiniana. 44 (s), 34r. porfiri, calvo and dos santos, 2011. a new small deinonychosaur (dinosauria: theropoda) from the late cretaceous of patagonia, argentina. anais da academia brasileira de ciências. 83 (1), 109 - 116. novas, agnolin, ezcurra, porfiri and canale, 2013. evolution of the carnivorous dinosaurs during the cretaceous: the evidence from patagonia. cretaceous research. 45, 174 - 215 .\nunnamed unenlagiine (langston, 1953) maastrichtian, late cretaceous ortega, columbia material - (ucmp 39649b) incomplete lateral tooth comments - initially identified as a carnosaur (langston, 1953), this was described as an unenlagiine similar to austroraptor by ezcurra (2009). references - langston, 1953. cretaceous terrestrial vertebrates from colombia, south america. bulletin of the geological society of america. 64, 1519. ezcurra, 2009. theropod remains from the latest cretaceous of colombia and their implications on the palaeozoogeography of western gondwana. cretaceous research. 30, 1339 - 1344 .\nunnamed unenlagiine (benson, rich, vickers - rich and hall, 2012) late aptian - early albian, early cretaceous eumeralla formation of the otway group, victoria, australia material - (nmv p180889) proximal femur reference - benson, rich, vickers - rich and hall, 2012. theropod fauna from southern australia indicates high polar diversity and climate - driven dinosaur provinciality. plos one. 7 (5), e37122 .\nunnamed unenlagiine (candeiro, cau, fanti, nava and novas, 2012) turonian - santonian, late cretaceous adamantina formation of the bauru group, brazil material - (mpm 011) (~ 1 m; adult) anterior - mid dorsal vertebra reference - candeiro, cau, fanti, nava and novas, 2012. first evidence of an unenlagiid (dinosauria, theropoda, maniraptora) from the bauru group, brazil. cretaceous research. 37, 223 - 226 .\nundescribed possible dromaeosauridae (chure, madsen and britt, 1993) late kimmeridgian, late jurassic brushy basin member of morrison formation, utah, us material - teeth comments - chure et al. (1993) reported small teeth with large hooked distal serrations and small or absent mesial serrations. references - chure, madsen and britt, 1993. new data on theropod dinosaurs from the late jurassic morrison fm. (mf). journal of vertebrate paleontology. 13 (3), 30a. chure, 1995. the teeth of small theropods from the morrison formation (upper jurassic: kimmeridgian), ut. journal of vertebrate paleontology. 15 (3), 23a .\nundescribed possible dromaeosaurid (turner and peterson, 1999) late oxfordian - tithonian, late jurassic mother' s day quarry, morrison formation, montana, us material - tooth comments - turner and patterson reference a dromaeosaur tooth from this undescribed quarry. reference - turner and peterson, 1999. biostratigraphy of dinosaurs in the upper jurassic morrison formation of the western interior u. s. a. in gillette (ed). vertebrate paleontology in utah. utah geological survey miscellaneous publication. 99 - 1, 77 - 114 .\npossible dromaeosauridae indet. (nelson and crooks, 1987) barremian - late albian, early cretaceous cedar mountain formation, utah, us material - teeth comments - currie et al. (1990) said that troodontid teeth reported from the cedar mountain formation by nelson and crooks (1987) were more likely velociraptorines because of the serrations are small (12 / mm) and elongate. references - nelson and crooks, 1987. stratigraphy and paleontology of the cedar mountain formation (lower cretaceous), eastern emery county, utah. in averett (ed .), paleontology and geology of the dinosaur triangle: guidebook for 1987 field trip. museum of western colorado, grand junction. 55 - 63. currie, rigby and sloan, 1990. theropod teeth from the judith river formation of southern alberta, canada. in carpenter and currie (eds .). dinosaur systematics: perspectives and approaches. cambridge university press, new york. pp. 107 - 125 .\nunnamed dromaeosaurid (senter, kirkland, deblieux and madsen, 2010) barremian, early cretaceous yellow cat member of the cedar mountain formation, utah, us material - (umnh vp 20209) proximal caudal vertebra (45 mm), six distal caudal vertebrae, distal caudal vertebra (41 mm), distal caudal vertebra (~ 40 mm), distal caudal vertebra (~ 43 mm), distal caudal vertebra (~ 46 mm), distal chevrons comments - this was initially identified (senter et al. , 2010) as part of what would later be named yurgovuchia by senter et al. (2012). references - senter, kirkland, deblieux and madsen, 2010. three new theropods from the cedar mountain formation (lower cretaceous) of utah. journal of vertebrate paleontology. program and abstracts 2010, 162a. senter, kirkland, deblieux, madsen and toth, 2012. new dromaeosaurids (dinosauria: theropoda) from the lower cretaceous of utah, and the evolution of the dromaeosaurid tail. plos one. 7 (5), e36790 .\nundescribed dromaeosauridae (kirkland et al. , 1997) early albian, early cretaceous ruby ranch member of cedar mountain formation, utah, us material - teeth (kirkland et al. , 1997) partial skeleton including mid dorsal vertebra, femur (~ 290 mm) and astragalus (chure, britt and scheetz, 2007) multiple elements (chure, britt and scheetz, 2007) manual ungual (kirkland, online) pes (kirkland, online) comments - kirkland et al. (1997; 1999) referred teeth to cf. deinonychus sp. . chure et al. (2007) reported on this dromaeosaurid which differs from utahraptor in having a taller, symmetrical astragalar ascending process. a mid dorsal is noted to be pleurocoelous. kirkland listed (on a webpage active in 2007, but now offline and not archived) a manual ungual from the same member which may belong to utahraptor. he also stated a dromaeosaurid pes was known. the extent to which either of these remains correspond to the two individuals noted by chure et al. is unknown. references - kirkland, britt, burge, carpenter, cifelli, decourten, eaton, hasiotis and lawton, 1997. lower to middle cretaceous dinosaur faunas of the central colorado plateau: a key to understanding 35 million years of tectonics, sedimentology, evolution, and biogeography. brigham young university geology studies. 42, 69 - 103. kirkland, cifelli, britt, burge, decourten, eaton and parrish, 1999. distribution of vertebrate faunas in the cedar mountain formation, east - central utah. in gillette (ed .). vertebrate paleontology in utah. utah geological survey, miscellaneous publication. 99 - 1, 201 - 218. chure, britt and scheetz, 2007. sickle - claw theropod dinosaurs of the lower cretaceous cedar mountain formation from the dalton wells quarry and dinosaur national monument, utah. journal of vertebrate paleontology. 27 (3), 59a. kirkland, online 2007. urltoken [ offline ]\nundescribed dromaeosauridae (chapman, deck, varricchio and jackson, 2004) late albian - cenomanian, early - late cretaceous wayan formation, idaho, us material - (imnh 2240 / 45084; morph 4) tooth (? x4x2. 6 mm) (krumenacker et al. , 2016) (imnh 2251 / 49826; morph 4) tooth (8. 4x4. 2x2. 5 mm) (krumenacker et al. , 2016) (imnh 2251 / 50034; morph 4) tooth (~ 9. 4x ~ 10. 6x ~ 5. 2 mm) (krumenacker et al. , 2016) (imnh 2251 / 50832; morph 4) tooth (8. 9x5. 3x ~ 2. 5 mm) (krumenacker et al. , 2016) (imnh 2251 / 50849; morph 4) tooth (~ 3x ~ 1. 9x? mm) (krumenacker et al. , 2016) (imnh 2167 / 50104; morph 4) tooth (4. 1x2. 1x1 mm) (krumenacker et al. , 2016) caudal vertebrae (krumenacker, 2005) material (chapman, deck, varricchio and jackson, 2004) comments - stated to have a low hcr and high amount of labiolingual compression. references - chapman, deck, varricchio and jackson, 2004. cretaceous wayan formation of idaho: a preliminary report. 24 (3), 151 - 152. krumenacker, 2005. preliminary report on new vertebrate fossils from the draney limestone (aptian) and wayan formation (albian) of east idaho. journal of vertebrate paleontology. 25 (3), 80a. krumenacker and scofield, 2015. a diverse theropod tooth assemblage from the mid - cretaceous (albian - cenomanian) wayan formation of idaho. journal of vertebrate paleontology. program and abstracts 2015, 158. krumenacker, simon, scofield and varricchio, 2016. theropod dinosaurs from the albian - cenomanian wayan formation of eastern idaho. historical biology. doi: 10. 1080 / 08912963. 2015. 1137913\nundescribed dromaeosaurid (ullmann, varricchio, knell and lacovara, 2010) albian, early cretaceous vaughn member of the blackleaf formation, montana, us reference - ullmann, varricchio, knell and lacovara, 2010. taphonomy and taxonomy of a vertebrate microsite in the cretaceous blacklaef formation in southwest montana. journal of vertebrate paleontology. program and abstracts 2010, 179a .\nunnamed dromaeosauridae (bonde, 2008) albian, early cretaceous willow tank formation, nevada, us material - teeth (? x7x3. 5, ? x6x3. 5 mm), incomplete femur, partial tibia reference - bonde, 2008. paleoecology and taphonomy of the willow tank formation (albian), southern nevada. masters thesis, montana state university. 96 pp .\nunnamed dromaeosauridae (kirkland et al. , 1997) late albian, early cretaceous mussentuchit member of the cedar mountain formation, utah, us material - (cm 71599) two teeth (fiorillo, 1999) teeth (kirkland et al. , 1997) partial skeleton (cifelli et al. , 1999) comments - this was called cf. deinonychus sp. nov. by kirkland et al. (1997), and noted to be large. fiorillo (1999) described two teeth which were strongly compressed, lack mesial serrations, and have distal serrations which are taller than wide and are straight with a slight apically oriented hook. he referred these to velociraptorinae. cifelli et al. (1999) note a partial skeleton is known, though do not say if it is of the\nvelociraptorine\nor\ndromaeosaurine\ntaxon. cifelli et al. also list velociraptorinae indet. teeth. references - kirkland, britt, burge, carpenter, cifelli, decourten, eaton, hasiotis and lawton, 1997. lower to middle cretaceous dinosaur faunas of the central colorado plateau: a key to understanding 35 million years of tectonics, sedimentology, evolution, and biogeography. brigham young university geology studies. 42, 69 - 103. cifelli, nydam, gardner, weil, eaton, kirkland, madsen, 1999. medial cretaceous vertebrates from the cedar mountain formation, emery county, utah: the mussentuchit local fauna. in gillette (ed .). vertebrate paleontology in utah. utah geological survey, miscellaneous publication. 99 - 1, 219 - 242. fiorillo, 1999. non - mammalian microvertebrate remains from the robison eggshell site, cedar mountain formation (lower cretaceous), emery county, utah. in gillette (ed .). vertebrate paleontology in utah. utah geological survey, miscellaneous publication. 99 - 1, 259 - 268 .\nundescribed dromaeosauridae (amnh online) cretaceous montana, us material - (amnh 2363) six teeth comments - these are listed on the amnh wbsite as cf. velociraptor sp. , but are more likely another basal dromaeosaurid taxon based on provenence .\ndromaeosauridae indet. (kirkland, lucas and estep, 1998) late cenomanian, late cretaceous dakota formation, utah, us material - teeth comments - these remains were listed as velociraptorinae indet. by kirkland et al. (1998) and eaton et al. (1999). they are presumably one of the two dromaeosauridae indet. gen. et sp. teeth listed by kirkland et al. (1997). references - kirkland, britt, burge, carpenter, cifelli, decourten, eaton, hasiotis and lawton, 1997. lower to middle cretaceous dinosaur faunas of the central colorado plateau: a key to understanding 35 million years of tectonics, sedimentology, evolution, and biogeography. brigham young university geology studies. 42, 69 - 103. kirkland, lucas and estep, 1998. cretaceous dinosaurs of the colorado plateau. in lucas, kirkland and estep (eds .). lower and middle cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems. new mexico museum of natural history and science bulletin. 14, 79 - 89. eaton, cifelli, hutchison, kirkland and parrish, 1999. cretaceous vertebrate faunas from the kaiparowits plateau, south central utah. in gillette (ed .). vertebrate paleontology in utah. utah geological survey, miscellaneous publication. 99 - 1, 345 - 353 .\ndromaeosauridae indet. (kirkland, lucas and estep, 1998) middle - late turonian, late cretaceous smoky hollow member of the straight cliffs formation, utah, us material - (mna 994) tooth (parrish, 1999) (omnh 24439) tooth (parrish, 1999) (omnh 24441) tooth (parrish, 1999) (omnh 24442) tooth (parrish, 1999) comments - these were listed as velociraptorinae by kirkland et al. (1998) and parrish (1999). references - kirkland, lucas and estep, 1998. cretaceous dinosaurs of the colorado plateau. in lucas, kirkland and estep (eds .). lower and middle cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems. new mexico museum of natural history and science bulletin. 14, 79 - 89. parrish, 1999. dinosaur teeth from the upper cretaceous (turonian -. judithian) of southern utah. in gillette (ed .). vertebrate paleontology in utah. utah geological survey, miscellaneous publication. 99 - 1, 319 - 321. dromaeosauridae indet. (kirkland, lucas and estep 1998) coniacian - santonian, late cretaceous john henry member of the straight cliffs formation, utah, us material - (omnh 21238) tooth (parrish, 1999) (omnh 21673) tooth (parrish, 1999)? material (eaton et al. , 1999) comments - these were listed as velociraptorinae by kirkland et al. (1998) and parrish (1999). in addition, eaton et al. (1999) listed? dromaeosauridae indet. from a santonian possible straight cliffs (or wahweap ?) locality. references - kirkland, lucas and estep, 1998. cretaceous dinosaurs of the colorado plateau. in lucas, kirkland and estep (eds .). lower and middle cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems. new mexico museum of natural history and science bulletin. 14, 79 - 89. eaton, diem, archibald, schierup and munk, 1999. vertebrate paleontology of the upper cretaceous rocks of the markagunt plateau, southwestern utah. in gillette (ed .). vertebrate paleontology in utah. utah geological survey, miscellaneous publication. 99 - 1, 323 - 333. parrish, 1999. dinosaur teeth from the upper cretaceous (turonian - judithian) of southern utah. in gillette (ed .). vertebrate paleontology in utah. utah geological survey, miscellaneous publication. 99 - 1, 319 - 321 .\nundescribed dromaeosaurid (lucas et al. , 1988) mid santonian, late cretaceous point lookout sandstone, new mexico, us material - (nmmnh p - 27481) tooth (8. 9x5. 2x2. 7 mm) (williamson and brusatte, 2014) reference - williamson and brusatte, 2014. small theropod teeth from the late cretaceous of the san juan basin, northwestern new mexico and their implications for understanding latest cretaceous dinosaur evolution. plos one. 9 (4), e93190 .\npossible undescribed dromaeosaurid (eaton, 1999) santonian - campanian, late cretaceous iron springs formation, utah, us material - tooth reference - eaton, 1999. vertebrate paleontology of the iron springs formation, upper cretaceous, southwestern utah. in gillette (ed .). vertebrate paleontology in utah. utah geological survey, miscellaneous publication. 99 - 1, 339 - 343 .\ndromaeosauridae indet. (kirkland, lucas and estep 1998) early campanian, late cretaceous wahweap formation, utah, us material - (ucm 8613) tooth (parrish, 1999)? material (eaton et al. , 1999) comments - ucm 8613 was listed as velociraptorinae by kirkland et al. (1998) and parrish (1999). in addition, eaton et al. (1999) listed? dromaeosauridae indet. from an early campanian possible wahweap locality. references - kirkland, lucas and estep, 1998. cretaceous dinosaurs of the colorado plateau. in lucas, kirkland and estep (eds .). lower and middle cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems. new mexico museum of natural history and science bulletin. 14, 79 - 89. eaton, diem, archibald, schierup and munk, 1999. vertebrate paleontology of the upper cretaceous rocks of the markagunt plateau, southwestern utah. in gillette (ed .). vertebrate paleontology in utah. utah geological survey, miscellaneous publication. 99 - 1, 323 - 333. parrish, 1999. dinosaur teeth from the upper cretaceous (turonian - judithian) of southern utah. in gillette (ed .). vertebrate paleontology in utah. utah geological survey, miscellaneous publication. 99 - 1, 319 - 321. dromaeosauridae indet. (ratkevich and duffek, 1996) campanian, late cretaceous fort crittenden formation, arizona, us material - two teeth comments - these were identified as cf. richardoestesia and cf. saurornitholestes by ratkevich and duffek (1996), but reidentified merely as dromaeosauridae indet. by sullivan and lucas (2006). references - ratkevich and duffek, 1996. small macro - and large micro - vertebrate fauna of the fort crittenden formation, southeast arizona. proceedings of southwest paleontological society and mesa southwest museum, mesa, arizona. 4, 115 - 120. sullivan and lucas, 2006. the kirtlandian land - vertebrate\nage\n- faunal composition, temporal position and biostratigraphic correlation in the nonmarine upper cretaceous of western north america. new mexico museum of natural history and science bulletin. 35, 7 - 29 .\nundescribed dromaeosauridae (fix, darrough, parris and grandstaff, 2012) campanian, late cretaceous chronister site, missouri, us reference - fix, darrough, parris and grandstaff, 2012. western appalachia dinosauria and associated vertebrates of the late cretaceous of southeast missouri. journal of vertebrate paleontology. program and abstracts 2012, 94 .\nundescribed dromaeosauridae (mor online) late campanian, late cretaceous judith river formation, montana, us material - (mor 029) teeth (mor online) (mor 040) ungual fragment (mor online) (mor 119) digit, two phalanges (mor online) (mor 126) manual ungual (mor online) (mor 156) tooth (mor online) (mor 176) tooth (mor online) (ucmp 129723) maxillary fragment (ucmp online) (ucmp 140582) tooth (ucmp online) (ucmp 154576) ungual (ucmp online) (ucmp 154577) phalanx (ucmp online) (ucmp 154578) phalanx (ucmp online) (ypm pu 22301) (ypm online) (ypm pu 22302) (ypm online) comments - these remains likely belong to richardoestesia, paronychodon, saurornitholestes and / or dromaeosaurus .\nundescribed dromaeosauridae (chiba, ryan, braman, eberth, scott, brown, kobayashi and evans, 2015) late campanian, late cretaceous oldman formation, alberta, canada material - (rtmp coll .) two teeth reference - chiba, ryan, braman, eberth, scott, brown, kobayashi and evans, 2015. taphonomy of a monodominant centrosaurus apertus (dinosauria: ceratopsia) bonebed from the upper oldman formation of southeastern alberta. palaios. 30, 655 - 667 .\ndromaeosauridae indet. (fanti and miyashita, 2009) late campanian, late cretaceous wapiti formation, alberta, canada material - (ualvp 50640. 01) tooth fragment tooth reference - fanti and miyashita, 2009. a high latitude vertebrate fossil assemblage from the late cretaceous of west - central alberta, canada: evidence for dinosaur nesting and vertebrate latitudinal gradient. palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology. 275, 37 - 53 .\ndromaeosauridae indet. (parrish, 1999) late campanian, late cretaceous kaiparowitz formation, utah, us material - (mna hm - 6) tooth (parrish, 1999) (omnh 21240) tooth (parrish, 1999) (omnh 24158) tooth (parrish, 1999) (ucm 8312, 83240 (in part), 8642 (in part), 8655, 8659 (in part), 8663) six teeth (parrish, 1999) comments - the teeth were listed as velociraptorinae by parrish (1999). ucmp 149171 was listed in the ucmp online database as dromaeosaurid, but is a troodontid (zanno et al. , 2011). references - parrish, 1999. dinosaur teeth from the upper cretaceous (turonian -. judithian) of southern utah. in gillette (ed .). vertebrate paleontology in utah. utah geological survey, miscellaneous publication. 99 - 1, 319 - 321. zanno, varricchio, o’connor, titus and knell, 2011. a new troodontid theropod, talos sampsoni gen. et sp. nov. , from the upper cretaceous western interior basin of north america. plos one. 6 (9), e24487 .\ndromaeosauridae indet. (williamson and brusatte, 2014) late campanian, late cretaceous hunter wash member of kirtland formation, new mexico, us material - (nmmnh p - 33147) tooth references - williamson and brusatte, 2014. small theropod teeth from the late cretaceous of the san juan basin, northwestern new mexico and their implications for understanding latest cretaceous dinosaur evolution. plos one. 9 (4), e93190 .\nundescribed dromaeosauridae (rivera - sylva, frey, stinnesbeck, padilla gutierrez, gonzalez gonzalez and amezcua torres, 2015) late campanian, late cretaceous cerro del pueblo formation, mexico material - long bone fragments and phalanx reference - rivera - sylva, frey, stinnesbeck, padilla gutierrez, gonzalez gonzalez and amezcua torres, 2015. the late cretaceous las aguilas dinosaur graveyard, coahuila, mexico. journal of vertebrate paleontology. program and abstracts 2015, 203 .\nundescribed dromaeosauridae (mor online) campanian, late cretaceous two medicine formation, montana, us material - (mor 721) partial skeleton comments - this probably belongs to saurornitholestes and / or bambiraptor .\nundescribed dromaeosauridae (eberth and currie, 2010) early maastrichtian, late cretaceous horseshoe canyon formation, alberta, canada material - (rtmp 98. 63. 48) phalanx (9 mm) (rtmp or ualvp coll .) (unassociated) metatarsal i, pedal phalanx ii - 1, phalanx ii - 2, two phalanges comments - this postcrania may be referrable to richardoestesia, atrociraptor or dromaeosaurinae, all also known from the albertosaurus bonebed. the phalanx measuring 9 mm may not be the only one referred to be number, as is assumed here. note the three manual phalanges referred to? atrociraptor by eberth and currie should also more properly be listed here. reference - eberth and currie, 2010. stratigraphy, sedimentology, and taphonomy of the albertosaurus bonebed (upper horseshoe canyon formation; maastrichtian), southern alberta, canada. canadian journal of earth sciences. 47 (9), 1119 - 1143 .\ndromaeosauridae indet. (kirkland, lucas and estep, 1998; described by jasinski, sullivan and lucas, 2011) early maastrichtian, late cretaceous naashoibito member of ojo alamo formation, new mexico, us material -? (lafon coll .) metatarsal i (lehman, 1981) (nmmnh p - 32814) tooth (5. 2x3. 3x1. 6 mm) (williamson and brusatte, 2014) (smp vp - 2430)? cranial fragments, tooth (12 mm), dorsal vertebra, incomplete? vertebrae, incomplete? rib, incomplete? humerus, manual ungual (~ 48 mm), fragments (jasinski, sullivan and lucas, 2011) (smp vp - 2505) tooth (34 mm) (jasinski, sullivan and lucas, 2011) (smp vp - 2595) tooth (14 mm) (jasinski, sullivan and lucas, 2011) comments - williamson and brusatte (2014) state nmmnh p - 32814 is more similar to acheroraptor than saurornitholestes due to rounded distal serrations and lingual ridges. jasinoski et al. (2015) reported\nby far the most complete dromaeosaurid\nfrom the south us, which seems to be smp vp - 2430 that jasinski et al. (2011) said\nprobably represents a new taxon and will be described in detail elsewhere .\nreferences - kirkland, lucas and estep, 1998. cretaceous dinosaurs of the colorado plateau. in lucas, kirkland and estep (eds .). lower and middle cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems. new mexico museum of natural history and science bulletin. 14, 79 - 89. jasinski, sullivan and lucas, 2011. taxonomic composition of the alamo wash local fauna from the upper cretaceous ojo alamo formation (naashoibito member), san juan basin, new mexico. in sullivan, lucas and spielmann (eds .). fossil record 3. new mexico museum of natural history and science bulletin. 53, 216 - 271. williamson and brusatte, 2014. small theropod teeth from the late cretaceous of the san juan basin, northwestern new mexico and their implications for understanding latest cretaceous dinosaur evolution. plos one. 9 (4), e93190. jasinski, sullivan and dodson, 2015. late cretaceous dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaurs (dinosauria: dromaeosauridae) from southern laramidia and implications for dinosaur faunal provinciality in north america. journal of vertebrate paleontology. program and abstracts 2015, 150 .\nunnamed dromaeosaurid (baszio, 1997) late maastrichtian, late cretaceous frenchman formation, saskatchewan, canada material - teeth (baszio, 1997) comments - baszio (1997) reported this was similar to teeth from the lance formation, perhaps indicating they are the same species. he referred it to saurornitholestes, but as with the lance material, this is considered unlikely. reference - baszio, 1997. investigations on canadian dinosaurs: systematic palaeontology of isolated dinosaur teeth from the latest cretaceous of south alberta, canada. courier forschungsinstitut senckenberg. 196, 33 - 77 .\nundescribed possible dromaeosaurid (canale, carballido, otero, canudo and garrido, 2014) albian - cenomanian, early cretaceous - late cretaceous bayo overo member of the cerro barcino formation, chubut, argentina material - tooth reference - canale, carballido, otero, canudo and garrido, 2014. carcharodontosaurid teeth associated with titanosaur carcasses from the early cretaceous (albian) of the chubut group, chubut province, patagonia, argentina. jornadas argentinas de paleontologia de vertebrados. ameghiniana. 51 (6) suplemento, 6 .\nundescribed dromaeosauridae (casal, martinez, candeiro, lamanna and ibiricu, 2007) mid cenomanian - turonian, late cretaceous lower bajo barreal formation, chubut, argentina material - three teeth reference - casal, martinez, candeiro, lamanna and ibiricu, 2007. first record of dromaeosauridae (dinosauria: theropoda) in the early late cretaceous bajo barreal formation of chubut province, argentina. journal of vertebrate paleontology. 27 (3), 56a .\nunnamed possible dromaeosauridae (franco - rosas, 2002) turonian - late maastrichtian, late cretaceous adamantina and marilia formations of the bauru group, brazil material - teeth comments - these teeth have long, pointed distal serrations with deep interdenticle slits. they are said to be similar to dromaeosaurids, and the description matches basal forms more than derived dromaeosaurines. reference - franco - rosas, 2002. methodological parameters for the identification and taxonomic classification of isolated theropodomorph teeth. anais da academia brasileira de ciencias. 74 (2), 367 .\nunnamed possible dromaeosauridae (elias, bertini and medeiro, 2007) late albian - early cenomanian, early - late cretaceous alcantara formation, brazil material - (ufma 1. 20. 194 - 1) tooth (16. 1x7. 3x3. 4 mm) (ufma 1. 20. 194 - 2) incomplete tooth (13. 1x7. 9x3. 8 mm) comments - these were referred to velociraptorinae by elias et al. (2007), but lack e. g. a high dsdi or 8 - shaped basal section. reference - elias, bertini and medeiro, 2007. velociraptorinae (maniraptoriformes) teeth from the coringa flagstone outcrop, middle cretaceous of the sao luis - grajau basin, maranhao state, northern - northeastern brazil. in carvalho, cassab, schwanke, carvalho, fernandes, rodrigues, carvalho, arai and oliveira (eds .). paleontologia: cenários de vida. 1, 315 - 325 .\nundescribed dromaeosaurid (metcalf, vaughan, benton, cole, simms and dartnall, 1992) early bathonian, middle jurassic chipping norton formation, england material - (glrcm coll. ; f) tooth (3. 5 mm) comments - this was labeled a dromaeosaur - like tooth and said to be a possible troodontid. it is elongate and moderately recurved, with mesial serrations present apically. serrations on both carinae are low and rounded, with a dsdi of ~ 2. the base is not constricted and blood pits are absent. serration density is 6 / mm distally and 13 / mm mesially. this tooth differs from troodontids in lacking a basal constriction and blood pits, as well as having such a high dsdi. the latter is only known in some derived dromaeosaurids and richardoestesia, but the low serration density excludes it from the latter genus. however, the low rounded morphology of the distal serrations is not seen in other dromaeosaurids. reference - metcalf and walker, 1994. a new bathonian microvertebrate locality in the english midlands. in fraser and sues (eds .). in the shadow of the dinosaurs - mesozoic small tetrapods, cambridge (cambridge university press). 322 - 332 .\nundescribed dromaeosauridae (wills, 2015) bathonian, middle jurassic forest marble formation, england material - (small) sixteen teeth reference - wills, 2015. isolated dromaeosaurid teeth from the bathonian (middle jurassic) of dorset, united kingdom. journal of vertebrate paleontology. program and abstracts 2015, 238 .\nundescribed dromaeosauridae (lubbe, richter and knotschke, 2009) kimmeridgian, late jurassic langenberg quarry, germany material - (dfmmh / fv 383) tooth (9. 7x6. 9x3. 1 mm) (lubbe, richter and knötschke, 2009) (dfmmh / fv 530) tooth (7. 2x5. 7x2. 7 mm) (lubbe, richter and knötschke, 2009) (dfmmh / fv 705) tooth (xx mm) (lubbe, richter and knötschke, 2009) comments - while seven teeth assigned to velociraptorinae by lubbe et al. (2009), gerke and wings (2014) found four of these were neotheropoda indet. , megalosaurid and tyrannosauroid. based on the information in lubbe et al. , fv 658 may be the megalosaurid (larger, elongate crown, more of mesial carina serrated), fv 382 and 790. 5 may be tyrannosauroid (less recurved and thicker labiolingually), and fv 707. 1 may be indet. (larger and only partially preserved). references - lubbe, richter and knötschke, 2009. velociraptorine dromaeosaurid teeth from the kimmeridgian (late jurassic) of germany. acta palaeontologica polonica. 54 (3), 401 - 408. gerke and wings, 2014. characters versus morphometrics: a case study with isolated theropod teeth from the late jurassic of lower saxony, germany, reveals an astonishing diversity of theropod taxa. journal of vertebrate paleontology. program and abstracts 2014, 137 .\nundescribed dromaeosauridae (royo y gómez, 1927) tithonian - berriasian, late jurassic - early cretaceous villar del arzobispo formation, spain material - (cpt - 1283) tooth (5. 4x4. 1x2. 3 mm) (gasco et al. , 2012) (cpt - 1327) tooth (14. 6x8. 4x4 mm) (gasco et al. , 2012) (cpt - 1433) tooth (~ 10. 7x5. 1x3. 1 mm) (gasco et al. , 2012) (cpt - 1443) tooth (5. 5x4. 2x2. 3 mm) (gasco et al. , 2012) (cpt - 1658) tooth (6. 2x3. 7x2. 4 mm) (gasco et al. , 2012) (cpt - 1659) tooth (6. 8x4. 3x2. 6 mm) (gasco et al. , 2012) (cpt - 2126) tooth (6. 3x4x2. 1 mm) (gasco et al. , 2012) (mncn coll .) tooth (royo y gómez, 1927) comments - mncn coll. was originally identified by royo y gomez (1927) as megalosaurus cf. dunkeri, then as a dromaeosaurid by ruiz - omeñaca and pereda - suberbiola (1999). references - royo y gómez, 1927. sesión del 6 de julio de 1927. boletín de la real sociedad española de historia natural. 27. ruiz - omeñaca and pereda - suberbiola, 1999. un documento inédito de royo y gómez sobre los dinosaurios del levante. temas geológico - mineros itge. 26, 111 - 112. gascó, cobos, royo - torres, mampel and alcalá, 2012. theropod teeth diversity from the villar del arzobispo formation (tithonian - berriasian) at riodeva (teruel, spain). palaeobiodiversity and palaeoenvironments. 92 (2), 273 - 285 .\nunnamed possible dromaeosauridae (lindgren, currie, rees, siverson, lindström and alwmark, 2008) early berriasian, early cretaceous skyttegaard member of the rabekke formation, denmark material - (mguh 28403) incomplete tooth (5x3. 5x1. 3 mm) (mguh 28404) incomplete tooth (4. 1x2. 5x1. 4 mm) (mguh 28405) (juvenile ?) incomplete tooth (1. 5x. 1. 2x. 8 mm) (mguh 28406) partial tooth (mguh 28407) tooth fragment (mguh 28408) tooth fragment (mguh 28409) tooth comments - lindgren et al. (2008) referred these to three morphotypes - 28403, 28404 and 28408 are said to be a basal velociraptorine, 28406 and 28407 might be conspecific but differ in serration morphology, and 28405 was a possible dromaeosaurine. bonde (2012) on the other hand referred 28406 and 28407 to velociraptorinae, 28403 and 28404 to basal dromaeosaurids, and 28405 to dromaeosaurinae. the latter also considered 28409 as dromaeosauridae incertae sedis. references - lindgren, currie, rees, siverson, lindström and alwmark, 2008. theropod dinosaur teeth from the lowermost cretaceous rabekke formation on bornholm, denmark. geobios. 41, 253 - 263. bonde, 2012. danish dinosaurs: a review. in godefroit (ed .). bernissart dinosaurs and early cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems. indiana university press. 434 - 451. unnamed dromaeosauridae (sweetman, 2004) barremian, early cretaceous wessex formation, england material - (bmnh r 16510) lateral tooth (> 21. 5 mm) (iwcms. 2002. 1) lateral tooth (16 mm) (iwcms. 2002. 2) lateral tooth (8. 5 mm) (iwcms. 2002. 3) lateral tooth (iwcms. 2002. 4) lateral tooth comments - these teeth are moderately to strongly recurved and compressed, with bw / fabl ratios of. 4 -. 6. mesial serrations are present only apically, and absent in iwcms. 2002. 2. there are 3. 8 - 4. 8 / mm. distal serrations number 2. 7 - 3. 5 / mm in most specimens, are rounded and inclined apically. iwcms. 2002. 2 has 6. 25 / mm however, and may be a different taxon. sweetman (2004) assigned them to velociraptorinae based on the high dsdi (1. 37 - 1. 6) reference - sweetman, 2004. the first record of velociraptorine dinosaurs (saurischia, theropoda) from the wealden (early cretaceous, barremian) of southern england. cretaceous research. 25, 353 - 364 .\nunnamed dromaeosaurid (rauhut and zinke, 1995) barremian, early cretaceous una formation, spain material - (ipfub una th 21 - 36, 38, 40 - 47, 50 - 52, 63, 65, 70) sixty - six teeth (ipfub una th 66) tooth (15 mm) comments - these teeth are strongly recurved and highly compressed. distal serrations are rounded or slightly inclined apically. mesial serrations are much smaller when present (dsdi 1. 11 - 2). a few have faint longitudnal ridges on both sides. rauhut (2002) referred them to velociraptorinae due to the high dsdi, large serrations (~ 7 - 7. 5 / mm) and strong recurvature. references - rauhut and zunke, 1995. a description of the barremian dinosaur fauna from una with a comparison of that of las hoyas. ii. international symposium of lithographic limestone, extended abstracts. 123 - 126. rauhut, 2002. dinosaur teeth from the barremian of una, province of cuenca, spain. cretaceous research. 23, 255 - 263. undescribed possible dromaeosaurid (naish pers. comm. to sweetman, 2004) barremian - early aptian, early cretaceous wealden group, england material - fragmentary remains. comments - sweetman commented on these remains, attributed to naish pers. comm. 2003. reference - sweetman, 2004. the first record of velociraptorine dinosaurs (saurischia, theropoda) from the wealden (early cretaceous, barremian) of southern england. cretaceous research. 25, 353 - 364 .\nunnamed dromaeosauridae (lanser and heimhofer, 2015) late barremian - early aptian, early cretaceous balve - beckum quarry, germany material - (lwl mn ba 5) partial tooth (lwl mn ba 6) tooth fragment (lwl mn ba 7) tooth fragment (lwl mn ba 9) tooth fragment (lwl mn ba 10) tooth fragment (lwl mn ba 11) tooth fragment (lwl mn ba 12) incomplete tooth (? x5x3. 8 mm) (lwl mn ba 13) tooth (12. 8x7. 4x4. 5 mm) reference - lanser and heimhofer, 2015. evidence of theropod dinosaurs from a lower cretaceous karst filling in the northern sauerland (rhenish massif, germany). paläontologische zeitschrift. 89 (1), 79 - 94 .\nunnamed dromaeosaurid (torices, currie, canudo and pereda - suberbiola, 2015) late campanian, late cretaceous tremp formation, spain material - (dpm - fig2 - t1 + t2) tooth (12. 1x6. 7x4. 3 mm) comments - this was listed as dromaeosauridae indet. 2 by torices (2002), and dromaeosauridae indet. by torices et al. (2015). reference - torices, 2002. los dinosaurios terópodos del cretácico superior de la cuenca de tremp (pirineos sur - centrales, lleida). coloquios de paleontología. 53, 139 - 146. torices, currie, canudo and pereda - suberbiola, 2015. theropod dinosaurs from the upper cretaceous of the south pyrenees basin of spain. acta palaeontologica polonica. 60 (3), 611 - 626 .\nunnamed dromaeosaurid (torices, currie, canudo and pereda - suberbiola, 2015) late campanian - early maastrichtian, late cretaceous sedano formation, spain material - (mcna 14622) tooth (3. 4x2. 6x1. 3 mm) reference - torices, currie, canudo and pereda - suberbiola, 2015. theropod dinosaurs from the upper cretaceous of the south pyrenees basin of spain. acta palaeontologica polonica. 60 (3), 611 - 626 .\nundescribed dromaeosaurid (company, torices, pereda - suberbiola and ruiz - omenaca, 2009) late campanian - early maastrichtian, late cretaceous sierra perenchiza formation, valencia, spain material - two teeth (~ 10 mm) comments - described as strongly compressed labiolingually, slightly recurved distally, and both mesial and distal carinae have minute serrations (~ 7 per mm). reference - company, torices, pereda - suberbiola and ruiz - omenaca, 2009. theropod teeth from the late cretaceous of chera (valencia, eastern spain). journal of vertebrate paleontology. 29 (3), 81a .\nundescribed dromaeosauridae (ortega, escaso, perez garcia, torices and sanz, 2009) late campanian - early maastrichtian, late cretaceous villalba de la sierra formation, spain material - teeth, several postcranial elements comments - ortega et al. (2009) state teeth of velociraptorinae and dromaeosaurid postcrania are present. torices et al. (2011) mention both cf. dromaeosauridae indet. and cf. velociraptorinae indet. . reference - ortega, escaso, perez garcia, torices and sanz, 2009. the vertebrate diversity of the upper campanian - lower maastrichtian\nlo hueco\nfossil - site (cuenca, spain). journal of vertebrate paleontology. 29 (3), 159a - 160a. torices, barroso - barcenilla, cambra - moo, perez and serrano, 2011. vertebrate microfossil analysis in the palaeontological site of' lo hueco' (upper cretaceous, cuenca, spain). journal of vertebrate paleontology. program and abstracts 2011, 205 .\nunnamed dromaeosauridae (torices, 2002) early maastrichtian, late cretaceous tremp formation, spain material - (dpm - fon6 - t1) tooth (dpm - fon6 - t2) tooth (16. 3x7. 5x5. 8 mm) comments - dpm - fon6 - t1 was noted as dromaeosauridae indet. 1 by torices (2002), though not mentioned in torices et al. (2015). dpm - fon6 - t2 was listed by torices as dromaeosauridae indet. 2, and by torices et al. as dromaeosauridae indet. . reference - torices, 2002. los dinosaurios terópodos del cretácico superior de la cuenca de tremp (pirineos sur - centrales, lleida). coloquios de paleontología. 53, 139 - 146. torices, currie, canudo and pereda - suberbiola, 2015. theropod dinosaurs from the upper cretaceous of the south pyrenees basin of spain. acta palaeontologica polonica. 60 (3), 611 - 626 .\nunnamed dromaeosaurid (garcia, pincemaille, vianey - liaud, marandat, lorenz, cheylan, capetta, michaux and sudre, 1999) early maastrichtian, late cretaceous vitrolles - couperigne, provence, france material - few teeth comments - garcia et al. (1999) provisionally assign a few teeth to dromaeosauridae. the illustrated tooth is highly recurved, not constricted basally, seems to lack mesial serrations, while having 2 - 3 distal serrations per mm. distal serrations are hooked apically. they therefore most closely resemble\nvelociraptorine\ndromaeosaurids. reference - garcia, pincemaille, vianey - liaud, marandat, lorenz, cheylan, capetta, michaux and sudre, 1999. decouverte du premier squelette presque complet de rhabdodon priscus (dinosauria, ornithopoda) du maastrichtian inferieur de provence. les comptes rendus de l' académie des sciences. 328: 415 - 21 .\nunnamed dromaeosaurid (deperet, 1899) maastrichtian, late cretaceous gres de saint - chinian, herault, france material - maxillary fragment, partial mandible, teeth, manual phalanges, fibula comments - deperet (1899) referred remains from the masstrichtian of france to dryptosaurus. these were later referred to megalosaurus pannoniensis by lapparent (1946), and then to dromaeosauridae by allain and taquet (2000). references - deperet, 1899. aperçu sur la géologie du chaînon de saint - chinian. bull. soc. géol. france. 27, 686 - 709. lapparent, 1947. les dinosauriens du crétacé supérieur du midi de la france. mémoire de la société géologique de france. 56, 1 - 54. allain and taquet, 2000. a new genus of dromaeosauridae (dinosauria, theropoda) from the upper cretaceous of france. journal of vertebrate paleontology. 20 (2), 404 - 407 .\nundescribed dromaeosauridae (codrea, godefroit and smith, 2012) maastrichtian, late cretaceous rusca montana basin, romania material - (ubb ngth2) tooth (ubb coll .) two teeth reference - codrea, godefroit and smith, 2012. first discovery of maastrichtian (latest cretaceous) terrestrial vertebrates in rusca montana basin (romania). in godefroit (ed .). bernissart dinosaurs and early cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems. indiana university press. 570 - 581 .\nunnamed possible dromaeosaurid (laurent, cavin and bilotte, 1999) late maastrichtian, late cretaceous lestaillats mars formation, france material - tooth fragment comments - laurent et al. (1999) report a small serrated, laterally compressed tooth fragment that they believe may come from a dromaeosaurid. reference - laurent, cavin and bilotte, 1999. a new late maastrichtian vertebrate locality in the french petites - pyrenees. les comptes rendus de l' académie des sciences. 328, 781 - 787 .\nunnamed dromaeosaurid (torices, currie, canudo and pereda - suberbiola, 2015) late maastrichtian, late cretaceous aren formation, spain material - (mpz2004 / 6) tooth (17. 5x11x4. 4 mm) reference - torices, currie, canudo and pereda - suberbiola, 2015. theropod dinosaurs from the upper cretaceous of the south pyrenees basin of spain. acta palaeontologica polonica. 60 (3), 611 - 626." ]

{ "text": [ "microraptoria ( greek , μίκρος , mīkros : \" small \" ; latin , raptor : \" one who seizes \" ) is a clade of paravian theropods known for long feathers on their legs they appeared 125 million years ago in china .", "many may have been semi-arboreal gliders .", "microraptorians were relatively small ; adult specimens of microraptor range between 77 – 90 centimetres long ( 2.53 – 2.95 ft ) and weigh up to 1 kilogram ( 2.2 lb ) , making them some of the smallest known dinosaurs . " ], "topic": [ 26, 24, 0 ] }

[ "microraptoria (greek, μίκρος, mīkros: \" small \"; latin, raptor: \" one who seizes \") is a clade of paravian theropods known for long feathers on their legs they appeared 125 million years ago in china. many may have been semi-arboreal gliders. microraptorians were relatively small; adult specimens of microraptor range between 77 – 90 centimetres long (2.53 – 2.95 ft) and weigh up to 1 kilogram (2.2 lb), making them some of the smallest known dinosaurs." ]

[ "snoeks, j. and g. g. teugels (1991) tristramella. : p. 519 - 520. in j. daget, j. - p. gosse, g. g. teugels and d. f. e. thys van den audenaerde (eds .) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa (cloffa). isnb, brussels; mrac, tervuren; and orstom, paris. vol. 4 .\nsnoeks, j. and g. g. teugels, 1991. tristramella. p. 519 - 520. in j. daget, j. - p. gosse, g. g. teugels and d. f. e. thys van den audenaerde (eds .) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa (cloffa). isnb, brussels; mrac, tervuren; and orstom, paris. vol. 4. (ref. 5712 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer, w. n. (ed .). 2014. catalog of fishes. updated 10 march 2014. available at: http: / / urltoken .\njustification: this species was endemic to one lake in israel; it is now extinct. it has not been recorded since 1989 / 90, in spite of searches for the species both in the lake and in local markets. destruction of breeding habitat (marsh area in north part of the lake) may be the reason for its apparent disappearance .\nthis species is now extinct. it was last seen in 1989 / 90. since then, it has not been found (either in the lake or in local markets) in spite of attempts to find it .\nthis was a lacustrine species. reproduction occured in spring (april - july): it was a paternal mouth brooder. the species fed on zooplankton and small fish .\nthe reasons for the extinction of this species are unknown. destruction of marshes, the breeding area of the species, has been speculated. as a reason for its extinction .\nconservation actions are no longer relevant to this species as it is now extinct .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 28. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 13609 )\nlives among reeds near the shore of lake tiberias and in springs around the lake. omnivorous, feeding mainly on phytoplankton, but occasionally preying on small fish. spawns between april and july. paternal or both sexes mouth - brooder. spawning takes place in sandy depressions or among reeds. up to 250 eggs have been counted in the buccal cavity .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 7500 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01000 (0. 00244 - 0. 04107), b = 3. 04 (2. 81 - 3. 27), in cm total length, based on all lwr estimates for this body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 1 ±0. 51 se; based on food items .\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low to moderate vulnerability (27 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\nthis website uses cookies to improve functionality and performance. by continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our\nin spite of us and international legislation, humans continues to cause extinctions of species worldwide .\nmuch of the fish at this seaside market in gaza city actually comes from israel or is smuggled through tunnels from egypt, since the fish population available to gaza fishermen is depleted. the long jaw likely went extinct because of fish markets such as these .\nthe long jaw, which lived in lakes and ate zooplankton and other small fish, was one of only a few\npaternal mouthbrooder\nspecies, meaning that the male cared for the eggs instead of the female, holding them in his mouth for protection .\nthis species was endemic to the kinneret lake in israel (also known as the sea of tiberius and the sea of galilee). long jaws were listed as critically endangered in 2006 and then re - listed as extinct in 2014 .\nresearchers suggest breeding habitat destruction in the lake' s marshy northern area contributed to the long jaws' disappearance, but the exact reason for extinction is unknown .\n. all rights reserved. terms under which this service is provided to you .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nblanc, m. , j. - l. gaudet, p. banarescu and j. - c. hureau (1971) european inland water fish. a multilingual catalogue. : fishing news (books) ltd. , london .\nchinese academy of fishery sciences (2003) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database. : urltoken\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication .\ngoren, m. (1997) pers. comm. : tel aviv university, tel aviv, israel .\nwu, h. l. , k. - t. shao and c. f. lai (eds .) (1999) latin - chinese dictionary of fishes names. : the sueichan press, taiwan. 1028 p .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c42d7 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 3234f3f4 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 324ac511 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 33317dee - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nfroese r. & pauly d. (eds). (2018). fishbase (version feb 2018). in: roskov y. , abucay l. , orrell t. , nicolson d. , bailly n. , kirk p. m. , bourgoin t. , dewalt r. e. , decock w. , de wever a. , nieukerken e. van, zarucchi j. , penev l. , eds. (2018). species 2000 & itis catalogue of life, 30th june 2018. digital resource at urltoken species 2000: naturalis, leiden, the netherlands. issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 865d8446 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services." ]

{ "text": [ "tristramella sacra ( hebrew : טברנון לסתני ) is a possibly extinct species of cichlid fish that was endemic to the sea of galilee in israel .", "it has not been recorded since 1990 , despite searches both of the lake and in local markets , and may therefore be extinct .", "this species can reach a length of 28 centimetres ( 11 in ) tl .", "t. sacra 's spawning ground was the marshy northern margin of the lake .", "this dried out in 1991 and again in the mid-1990s , destroying this species ' breeding habitat and therefore possibly causing its disappearance .", "water levels in the sea of galilee may have been under stress since israel 's national water carrier was built in 1964 , and this stress may have been increased since the israel – jordan peace treaty of 1994 committed israel to supply 50 million cubic meters of water per year from the lake to jordan . " ], "topic": [ 26, 8, 0, 1, 4, 28 ] }

[ "tristramella sacra (hebrew: טברנון לסתני) is a possibly extinct species of cichlid fish that was endemic to the sea of galilee in israel. it has not been recorded since 1990, despite searches both of the lake and in local markets, and may therefore be extinct. this species can reach a length of 28 centimetres (11 in) tl. t. sacra's spawning ground was the marshy northern margin of the lake. this dried out in 1991 and again in the mid-1990s, destroying this species' breeding habitat and therefore possibly causing its disappearance. water levels in the sea of galilee may have been under stress since israel's national water carrier was built in 1964, and this stress may have been increased since the israel – jordan peace treaty of 1994 committed israel to supply 50 million cubic meters of water per year from the lake to jordan." ]

[ "dancing in the rain. young male dancer in black fedora dancing in the rain\ndancing in the rain. young male dancer in black fedora dancing under the rain\nwomen are happy with the rain, they are happy and dancing in the rain .\nto ask other readers questions about dancing in the rain, please sign up .\nyoung girl dancing bare feet under the rain enjoying warm summer weather. slider shot\nyoung couple dancing in water under rain on a black background. modern dances .\nlulusitas dancing in the rain - world pedigree database chihuahua, chihuahua pedigree database .\nthe current race record for dancing rain (irl) is 0 wins from 1 starts .\nslow motion: three cheerful girls dancing in the rain at beautiful summer sunset. gorgeous young women in bikinis dancing at rainy summer sunset .\nall the latest horse racing form, betting odds, news, breeding, jockey and trainer information for dancing rain (irl). dancing rain (irl) is a mare born in 2008 april 24 by danehill dancer out of rain flower\ndancing is her passion. portrait of beautiful young contemporary dancer dancing under the water shower while standing against black background\ndancing rain’s third dam, rose of jericho (alleged), is the dam of derby winner dr devious .\nwe’d love your help. let us know what’s wrong with this preview of dancing in the rain by shelley hrdlitschka .\n7, 851\ndancing in the rain\nstock photos, vectors, and illustrations are available royalty - free .\njockey johnny murtagh and dancing rain return to winner’s enclosure after winning the oaks at epsom in june 2011. © racingkel\nwatch eugenio suarez’s salsa - dancing rain delay video with the recent stormy weather has come the debut of eugenio suarez’s big - screen salsa dancing. check out this story on urltoken urltoken\nthe horse js dancing rain can' t be found in the database. please check to see if you' ve made a typo. otherwise, you can add js dancing rain to the database by simply entering sire / dam information .\ndark blue stormy cloud motion in stormy rain day, thunderstorm clouds dancing in panorama horizon. time lapse of storm clouds moving fast, storm clouds moving fast, rain clouds, timelapse .\ncourtesy of the reds, here is eugenio suarez' s rain delay salsa dancing video. read about it here: urltoken urltoken\ndancing rain, a daughter of danehill dancer out of rain flower (indian ridge) is the only oaks winner carrying her first foal to be offered at public auction in the past 50 years .\nhappiness and rain. a happy woman smiles in the rain, the woman immersed in the nature of dance under the rain in slow motion. concept of love, nature, happiness, freedom .\nchampion mare dancing rain, who is carrying a foal by the prodigious frankel, has sold at auction for four million guineas (£4. 2m) .\ndancing on ice, itv1, 6. 10pm & 9. 30pm, sunday .\ndancing in the rain compellingly makes the case for being fully present, leaning in, and living one’s values. this book is such a gift for educational leaders .\nhappy senior woman dancing and jumping outside in the rain with black umbrella. joyful elder woman having fun outdoors on rainy day spinning with umbrella on downtown street. 4k\n“this game is all about reducing the odds and give you the greatest chance of producing a classic winner – buying dancing rain is a way of reducing those odds .\nlast year’s winner dancing rain is among 33 entries for the £250, 000 group two qipco british champions fillies’ and mares’ stakes run over a mile and a half .\nfunny model released man driving car, tapping drum beat and dancing while listening to music .\nlittle red hair girl dancing under rain with umbrella. autumn background. great isolated objects can be use for school children book, advertising, post cards and etc. vector .\nwith two classic - winning parents, clearly expectations will be high for dancing rain’s first foal, even though it was rather a different story when she herself appeared at epsom .\nrain colored by music. heavy shower hits the crowd during dj' s set .\nsingin' in the rain\nwas recorded on 5 - 6 - 1951 .\nthis game is all about reducing the odds and for us to get the greatest chance of producing a classic winner, buying dancing rain reduces the odds ,\nhe added .\none young caucasian business man dancing outdoors running trough water fountain at sunset. successful happiness career background\nyoung cool man break dancing in club with lights, smoke and water. tattoo on body .\nwith the recent stormy weather has come the debut of eugenio suarez’s big - screen salsa dancing .\ndancing with the stars 2011 final: j. r. martinez and rob kardashian get perfect scores\na happy woman smiles in the rain, the woman immersed in the nature of dance under the rain in slow motion. concept of love, nature, happiness, freedom .\nhere is the best america' s got talent auditions rain dance performance. they made the audience stun with their amazing dance performance with rain and light streak illusion. this is one of the best got talent rain dance ever. click here to know more: urltoken\ntwo little children playing in red and yellow rubber boots in autumn park in colorful rain coats and clothes. closeup of happy kids dancing and walking through fall autumnal golden leaves and foliage .\na couple, man and woman in love dancing, kissing and playing happy smiling under the rain in the nature. freedom and love. concept of love, nature, happiness, freedom .\ntheir fellow finalist ricki lake has achieved the most perfect scores on dancing with the stars so far .\nthe harvest rain talent academy is a hub for creative young people who are passionate about performing and want to improve their singing, acting and dancing skills in a fun, friendly and supportive environment .\na happy woman smiles in the rain, the woman immersed in the nature of dance under the happy and free rain in slow motion. concept of love, nature, happiness, freedom .\nmilk was added to the water for the title number to make the rain appear more visible .\ninstant downloads of all 670 litchart pdfs (including the art of racing in the rain) .\neugenio suarez dances the salsa during rain delays on the big screen at great american ball park .\nbefore going on to say that the thing she would miss about the show was:' dancing' .\nslow motion, close up, lens flare: gorgeous woman with blonde ponytail dances in the cool summer rain. caucasian girl holding a yellow umbrella twirls playfully in the rain in golden lit rural setting\nslow motion, close up, sun flare: cheerful blonde girl dances in the rain under her yellow umbrella. gorgeous young caucasian woman spins happily in the summer rain in the golden lit countryside .\nauctioneers tattersalls said dancing rain was the only oaks winner carrying her first foal to be offered at public auction in the past 50 years and she achieved the second highest ever auction price for a broodmare in europe .\nall connected with dancing rain are realistic in their belief that the excitement derived from her all - the - way victory at epsom to her last star turn at tattersalls may well be as good as it gets .\na thriving partnership liam norris and william huntingdon started buying horses together in 2006 and have forged an increasingly successful partnership, the highlight naturally being the purchase of dancing rain for €200, 000 at goffs in 2009 .\nhaggas confirmed that the prix de l' arc de triomphe is high on the list of possible targets for dancing rain .\nwe' ve nothing to lose, she' s a classic winner already .\nunder the guidance of the harvest rain team, our young stars build their confidence not just as performers but as people, and gain a stronger sense of self esteem as part of the harvest rain community .\nshe later changed into a flowing dark blue floral print silk dress and tan dancing heels to better showcase her repertoire .\ndancing with the stars 2011 final: j. r. martinez and rob kardashian get perfect scores | daily mail online\nclairemont stud has only been in operation for a little over a year but in that short space of time it has already made headlines beyond just the racing press thanks to a rather special mare by the name of dancing rain .\ndancing rain, a daughter of danehill dancer and formerly owned by brothers martin and lee taylor, was a renowned front - runner on the flat and also claimed the british champions fillies' and mares' stakes at ascot in 2011 .\n“we treat the stud as a business but that said it was very emotional saying goodbye to dancing rain, ” says martin taylor, a partner with the law firm freshfields who was involved in betfair’s floatation on the london stock exchange .\nshe tried but a slow early pace and the undulations of the unique course proved her undoing, finishing fourth to dancing rain. however, it was another matter at the more galloping irish track of the curragh in mid - july .\nduring rain delays, the reds will play music on a loop over a video of the reds third baseman, shown waist - up, staring straight into the camera and dancing salsa. the video pulls back to show four white, full - body silhouettes of suarez dancing, and then zooms back in for another close - up with suarez making somewhat awkward eye contact .\nstewards' cup heroine dancing star bids to complete her relentless ascent through the sprinting ranks in saturday' s 32red sprint cup at haydock .\nin dancing in the rain, jerry murphy has written a thoroughly engaging, lucid, and pragmatic book exploring the benefits of mindfulness and compassion in our professional and everyday lives. it is an inspiring testament to how our inner work can inform our engagement with others .\ndean jerome murphy provides an invaluable, lyrical, and extremely practical guide for all who seek to lead with wisdom. he even shows hard - charging people how to enjoy the fruits of their labor! dancing in the rain is a fabulous, richly useful book .\nthe cincinnati reds have largely avoided lengthy rain delays this season at great american ball park, but stormy weather has returned in the last few days. it’s not all bad, though – with the weather came the debut of eugenio suarez’s big - screen salsa dancing .\n“the first rain delay, i saw it and said, ‘what? these guys are using my video for that? ’” suarez said. “that’s funny. that’s a good moment to do something during the rain delay. i like it a lot. ”\nin late july. as a group one winner she carried a seven pound weight penalty and finished second, beaten two lengths by dancing rocks .\nhand - drawn lettering\ndance in the rain\n. vector lettering on black background. lettering for print, web and clothes .\n24. in 1983 ,\nsingin' in the rain\nwas staged as a theatrical musical in london' s west end .\nrain can produce peculiar results in motorcycle racing; with power more of a disadvantage, in the wet rider skill becomes even more important. riders such as chris vermeulen became famous for their ability in the wet, the loveable australian claimed his only motogp™ win in 2007 at a rain soaked french gp. as electronics have begun to play a bigger role, rain specialists have become a rarer and rarer breed. but racing in the beating rain is by no means easy, as two of the motogp™ championship challengers showed on sunday .\nharvest rain has long been a breeding ground for new talent and the place where stars are made. each year, hundreds of aspiring young performers come to harvest rain seeking the opportunities they need to develop their skills and begin their journey towards a career in musical theatre .\nharvest rain has long been a breeding ground for new talent and the place were stars are made. each year, hundreds of aspiring young performers come to harvest rain seeking the opportunities they need to develop their skills and begin their journey towards a career in musical theatre .\nremembered for: that chemistry, a dirty dancing showdance - and beating a joke dancer in the final to ensure strictly became a serious tv hit .\nin this practical and wise book, a trustworthy ally makes accessible what is essential. dancing in the rain serves as an expert field guide to transformational leadership from the inside out, developing sustainable inner capacities that help us lead in turbulent times with the power of presence, perspective, and purpose .\ndancing in the rain is a gift for school leaders. jerry murphy’s wisdom, humor, and humility shine through every page, reflecting his own leadership journey. it’s a vital resource, including a toolkit of exercises and practices that support leaders in navigating variable weather patterns while still enjoying the dance .\nwhile reading dancing in the rain: leading with compassion, vitality, and mindfulness in education, we kept thinking of all the people we wanted to buy this book for. it is that relevant... readers interested in learning how to better deal with emotional upheavals should read this work .\ndancing rain (ire) ch. m, 2008 { 1 - t } dp = 5 - 12 - 9 - 0 - 0 (26) di = 4. 78 cd = 0. 85 - 9 starts, 4 wins, 2 places, 1 shows career earnings: £572, 503\ngoing on to say that he knew her father joel grey was a tony award winning - showman, and that she had dancing and performing in her blood .\nformer eastenders star kara tointon will start tomorrow night' s strictly come dancing at the top of the leader board after impressing the judges with her viennese waltz .\nremembered for: loving dancing, being the girl you wanted to chat with - or head out to the pub with. and a quickstep full of sunshine .\ni' ve been looking at the weather forecast quite a lot and i see we' re due a little bit (of rain) .\ndancing in the rain is a welcome contribution to the world of education. here is a practical set of tools that educational leaders can call on for support and strength in challenging times. the stresses of leadership don’t seem likely to lessen—what good fortune that the skills for handling such stress are becoming more widely available .\n“oaks day was surreal, ” martin recalls. “it was the nicest day of dancing rain’s career really because we had no expectations. she’d run well as a two - year - old in a good maiden but the first wind we got that she might be any good was when we were on our way to cheltenham on champion hurdle day and the phone rang and it was william [ haggas ]. naturally we thought he was going to give us some bad news but instead he said he’d quite like to make an oaks entry for dancing rain. we were so excited that we got lost and almost missed the first race .\nbred in ireland by swettenham stud, an australian breeding operation owned by the sangster family, dancing rain was foaled at camas park stud in tipperary. she was bought as a yearling by liam norris and william huntingdon for €200, 000 for brothers martin and lee taylor, for whom norris manages clairemont stud in hampshire .\na self - confessed form addict and “statistics geek”, martin taylor proudly points to the fact that in winning the oaks dancing rain ran the fastest last three furlongs of any epsom classic since timing began. but his interest runs beyond numbers, as one would expect of a man with a plan to develop a breeding operation .\nbrock, zoë .\nthe art of racing in the rain characters .\nlitcharts. litcharts llc, 17 feb 2017. web. 9 jul 2018 .\nbrock, zoë .\nthe art of racing in the rain characters .\nlitcharts llc, february 17, 2017. retrieved july 9, 2018. urltoken\nbrock, zoë .\nthe art of racing in the rain characters .\nlitcharts llc, february 17, 2017. retrieved july 9, 2018. urltoken\n“primarily we’re traders, we want to trade and that’s one of the reasons we sold the mare [ dancing rain ]. we also sold all five of our yearlings earlier in the year. the most important thing is breeding good horses and producing results, and we’re fortunate we’ve got some really good land to do that on. ”\nlet' s hear it for the boys! j. r. martinez and rob kardashian get perfect scores in dancing with the stars final as they edge closer to mirrorball trophy\ni wish that the gentle wisdom and guidance that dancing in the rain provides had been available to me sooner. i highly recommend this book for leaders who wish to lead in soulful and mindful ways; for leaders who dare to go inward in ways that help inform their outer work in the world. may this help them flourish and thrive .\ni' ve been told to expect 4mm of rain friday and the same again on saturday so i' m hoping it' s just genuine good ground .\ndancing rain, last year' s oaks winner, would be an intriguing contender on her first start since november, but her trainer, william haggas, described the chance of her tilting against frankel as no more than\npossible\n.\nwe' ll either go there or the yorkshire oaks, which is the logical choice ,\nhe said .\ntointon also received top marks for winning the strictly swing - a - thon, which involved all five remaining couples dancing at the same time in a knock - out dance - off .\nthe 50 - year - old dirty dancing actress looked amazing in a grey dress and brown high heeled sandals, whilst hough looked hunky in a fitted white t - shirt and black jeans .\ndancing in the rain is about a 16 year old girl dealing with the death of her adoptive mother. brenna has a lot to deal with right now, her adoptive mother passed away, she id trying to decide if she wants to reconnect with her biological family, and there is a boy showing interest in her. this book is actually a follow up to another, called dancing naked. that book is about kia and her teen pregnancy - with brenna, so this book now is following the daughter in her adoptive family and life. i did\nbidding to become the first filly or mare to win the prestigious handicap since the mighty lochsong in 1992, dancing star carried the same colours of owner - breeder jeff smith to an impressive success .\nlittle girl playing in rainy summer park. child with rainbow umbrella, waterproof coat and boots jumping in puddle in the rain. kid walking in autumn shower. outdoor fun by any weather\nin a year when the best picture oscar went to a comedy about hollywood' s turbulent transition from silence to sound ,\nsingin' in the rain\nsuddenly seems timely again .\nthe brisbane academy of musical theatre (bamt) is the training arm associated with harvest rain that operated out of the hayward street studios in brisbane. bamt offers a range of classes for\nas the celebrity skaters glided nervously on to the rink for the new series of itv' s dancing on ice a fortnight ago, it was a bittersweet moment for last year' s champion hayley tamaddon .\nlochangel was a similar type and at the same age she ended up in group one company so we' re very hopeful she (dancing star) is a pattern - race filly in the making .\nchengdu - dec 14: chinese modern duo dance\nrain of the fortress besieged\nperformed by shanghai song and dance troupe at golden theater. dec 14, 2007 in chengdu, china .\ngarth stein is the author of enzo races in the rain! , based on the new york times bestselling novel the art of racing in the rain (and its tween adaptation, racing in the rain). his other works include a sudden light, how evan broke his head and other secrets, raven stole the moon, and a play, brother jones. he is the cofounder of seattle7writers. org, a nonprofit collective of sixty - two northwest authors dedicated to fostering a passion for the written word. garth lives in seattle with his family and his dog, comet .\nthe art of racing in the rain is an incredibly moving story filled with lessons in life. i encourage disney to fulfil the dream of enzo as being a notable figure among the human life .\nthe final shot end scene with the billboard for the fictional\nsingin in the rain\n, implies that lina has definitely left her position at monumental pictures as the lead female box office star, as kathy and don kiss in front of a billboard for their new film ,\nsingin' in the rain\n. no further clues are given as to what lina is doing at this stage in her career .\njenny, whose picture appeared across national papers and news bulletins as she led dancing rain around a jam - packed ring at tattersalls, managed the late david hardisty’s oaklands farm for five years after a three - year stint at the irish national stud, while her husband formerly managed nearby highclere stud. liam also grew up in the area at polhampton stud, run by his father sean during his 37 - year service to the queen .\nwhile struggling with the death of her beloved adoptive mother, sixteen - year - old brenna reconnects with members of her biological family, hoping to discover why her biological mother broke off contact many years earlier. at the same time, she is falling in love with ryan, who provides support while she grieves but has to leave her when she needs him most. despite powerful feelings of abandonment, brenna realizes that getting strong physically and focusing on the needs of others might just help her move beyond her crippling grief, find peace and plan a future for herself. dancing in the rain continues the story that began in shelley hrdlitschka' s bestselling dancing naked .\nthe film version of the art of racing in the rain has had almost as many setbacks as denny’s racing career. universal tried it, but production stalled. now disney has bought the rights. fingers crossed !\ndebbie reynolds had to rub her eyes with onions to make herself cry for the penultimate scene in the movie, when kelly tells the audience that she, and not lina, is the real star of\nthe dancing cavalier .\nthe soundstage used for the signature\nsingin' in the rain\nscene is used for the street scenes for the quintessential 80' s & 90' s hit tv series sit - com seinfeld (1989) .\nini garth stein' s special adaptation for young people of his acclaimed new york times bestselling adult novel the art of racing in the rain, readers will meet one funny dog: enzo, the lovable mutt who tells this story .\nofficial video of blind melon performing no rain from the album blind melon. buy it here: urltoken like blind melon on facebook: urltoken official website: urltoken heather deloach plays the tapdancing\nbee girl .\ndirected by samuel bayer .\ndancing in the rain takes a fresh look at leadership and its challenges. peppered with real - life stories, the book chronicles murphy’s own transformation as he learned to apply mindfulness and self - compassion to his leadership. his stories will help you align your work with your values, slow down and be present with the ups and downs of your work, take time to nourish yourself and learn to safely express your emotions with authenticity. it is a must - read for anyone in a leadership position .\nat the 1972 academy awards, gene kelly deliberately ignored malcolm mcdowell because he was so offended by the graphic rape scene in a clockwork orange (1971) being performed to kelly' s original vocal of\nsingin' in the rain .\ndancing in the rain is a sensitive portrayal that deals with loss, grief, adjustment, depression, frustration in many of the characters. the central figure in the story, breanna, finds herself going through a range of emotions at the loss of her mother. although breanna is main figure, the reader is also given glimpses of how other family members and friends are affected by this death and their struggle to cope. i found this book to be a real page turner from beginning to end and highly recomme\nwhile dancing rain is no longer the star player on the clairemont team, the addition of the black - type dalakhani filly aniseed, whose dam anna karenina is a half - sister to arcangues, has further augmented the clutch of well - credentialed young mares in residence, as, it is hoped, will valtina, a winning daughter of teofilo who remains in training. as any successful breeding operation knows, it’s the long game that matters and reputations hewn in the paddocks are earned over time with careful management .\naccording to supplemental information on the dvd, the first time they tried to film the\nsingin' in the rain\nsequence they shot it in the late afternoon. unfortunately the homeowners in the area had just come home from work and had turned on their lawn sprinklers so there was not enough water pressure for the\nrain\nto work. they finally filmed the sequence the next day, early enough so that everyone was at work and the water pressure was adequate for the shot .\ni was pleased to win a copy of dancing in the rain by shelley hrdlitschka through the librarything early reviewers program. this book did a good job of tackling many heavy topics including open adoption, loss of a parent and grief. seventeen year old, brenna, is still reeling from the loss of her mother to breast cancer a few months earlier. in addition her mother left her with the diary of her birth mother which brenna has started to read after her mother' s death. learning she was adopted makes\ndancing in the rain offers a lively and accessible guide aimed at helping education leaders thrive under pressure by developing the inner strengths of mindfulness and self - compassion, expressing emotions wisely, and maintaining a clear focus on the values that matter most. jerome t. murphy, a scholar and former dean who has written and taught about the inner life of education leaders, argues that the main barrier to thriving as leaders is not the outside pressures we face, but how we respond to them inside our minds and hearts .\nsuarez said he hasn’t heard much about the video from teammates. manager bryan price hadn’t seen it despite rain delays for the first two games of the series against the miami marlins, and many players hole up in the clubhouse until the weather clears .\nvalentino rossi (movistar yamaha motogp) went to bed on saturday night performing a rain dance; his dry weather pace was simply not enough to keep with the likes of marc marquez (repsol honda team) and teammate jorge lorenzo. it seems that even mother nature is a rossi fan as come sunday morning warm up the heavens had opened and silverstone lived up to britain’s reputation of rain. rossi led the session handily, heading, somewhat fortuitously, danilo petrucci (octo pramac racing) as both marquez and lorenzo struggled .\ndancing in the rain is a sensitive portrayal that deals with loss, grief, adjustment, depression, frustration in many of the characters. the central figure in the story, breanna, finds herself going through a range of emotions at the loss of her mother. although breanna is main figure, the reader is also given glimpses of how other family members and friends are affected by this death and their struggle to cope. i found this book to be a real page turner from beginning to end and highly recommend this read! five stars! !\noriginally, debbie reynolds was going to play gene kelly' s partner in the\nbroadway melody\nsequence, but her dancing wasn' t up to the task. leslie caron, who had danced with kelly in an american in paris (1951), was the second choice, but she was unavailable .\nsingin' in the rain (1952) is one of the most - loved and celebrated film musicals of all time from mgm, before a mass exodus to filmed adaptations of broadway plays emerged as a standard pattern. it was made directly for film, and was not a broadway adaptation .\nin 2009, harvest rain developed it' s musical theatre internship program as a way of offering talented young performers a way to pursue their passion, and over the last six years the program has helped hundreds of singers, actors and dancers find their way on to the stages of the world. now ,\n“as william haggas said on the day, it was a no - lose situation. the worst that could have happened was that we would take her home and we’d still have had her and a frankel foal. ” as it is, dancing rain now resides at darley’s dalham hall stud, where she will visit new approach this season after giving birth to her first foal. she was sheikh mohammed’s sole purchase at the breeding stock sales, prompting his advisor john ferguson to admit: “for an operation like ours, you can have lots of mares, but you have to have the jewels. to sheikh mohammed, she was a jewel. ”\nthen, in flashback, he reminisces for the listening public, in exaggerated fashion, about his life story and rise to the top in show business. don tells of his early pre - hollywood days, dancing school, rigorous musical training at the conservatory of fine arts, and many performances with his vaudeville partner / musician, cosmo .\nin this concise volume, murphy draws on a combination of eastern contemplative traditions and western psychology, as well as his own experience and research in the field of education leadership. he presents a series of exercises and activities to help educators take discomfort more in stride, savor the joys and satisfactions of leadership work, and thrive as effective leaders guided by heartfelt values. every day, education leaders find themselves swamped in a maelstrom of pressures that add to the complex challenges of educating all students to a high level. with humor and compassion, dancing in the rain shows educators how to lead lives of consequence and purpose in the face of life’s inescapable downpours .\nas the plan to buy well - bred fillies advanced, another two, by galileo and danehill dancer, were selected at goffs in 2009. while one was struck by colic in the early stages of training and never raced, the other would go on to become a dual classic heroine. until december, dancing rain spent the last year alongside that daughter of galileo (shaleela, whose dam is a half - sister to shergar), at clairemont. shaleela’s contribution to the farm may yet be felt. later this year her danehill dancer yearling filly will be sent to the sales along with alaia’s oasis dream colt, an increasing representation of homebreds in what will again be a largely pinhooked draft .\nthe video was filmed back in spring training when reds players record a bunch of in - stadium promotions to be used during the season. suarez was asked if he could dance, and suarez gamely busted a few moves. he hadn’t thought of it since, at least until rain caused a nearly two - hour delay before friday’s game .\n16. irony alert: filming the sequence where kathy dubs lena' s singing and speaking voices in\nthe dancing cavalier ,\nit was decided that reynolds' voice wasn' t working, so jean hagen' s own speaking voice was used to dub reynolds. plus, betty noyes dubbed reynolds' singing voice for the\nwould you\nnumber in that scene .\nfor years, i struggled with the demands of being a principal while caring for my mother with alzheimer’s. on the outside, i appeared all together, while the real me struggled in silence. no one ever told me to care for myself—until this life - changing book. i’m no beyoncé, but i’m learning to dance in the rain .\ndancing in the rain is about a 16 year old girl dealing with the death of her adoptive mother. brenna has a lot to deal with right now, her adoptive mother passed away, she id trying to decide if she wants to reconnect with her biological family, and there is a boy showing interest in her. this book is actually a follow up to another, called dancing naked. that book is about kia and her teen pregnancy - with brenna, so this book now is following the daughter in her adoptive family and life. i did not read that first book but i don' t think it is necessary as you get enough information from this one about kia and her story to know about brenna. however, if you are interested in dancing naked this may give you too much insight into that book. i really enjoyed this story. brenna is a very real character dealing with real emotions. i think i was reading this at the right time too since i have been dealing with a lot of emotions lately. grief is so hard and this story shows brenna' s growth and adjustment as she deals with it. i love this character growth. there is also a romantic element as in most ya books but this one was not the complete focus as brenna is dealing with other things too - i liked that as well. if you enjoy contemporary and don' t mind the possibility of a few tears, this one is for you .\nshelley discovered her love for children’s literature as a teacher. this gave her the idea to write her own books, and she is now the author of nine novels for teens, all published by orca book publishers. shelley lives in north vancouver, british columbia. when she’s not writing she can be found hiking, snowshoeing, practising yoga, zumba dancing or volunteering at the grouse mountain refuge for e\noasis dream is by green desert. this venerable son of danzig is also the sire of cape cross (g1 winners sea the stars and ouija board) and leading young sire invincible spirit. oasis dream’s dam is a daughter of dancing brave named hope. the year oasis dream was champion two - year - old, hope’s daughter zenda won the french 1, 000 guineas (poule d’essai des pouliches) .\nshelley discovered her love for children’s literature as a teacher. this gave her the idea to write her own books, and she is now the author of nine novels for teens, all published by orca book publishers. shelley lives in north vancouver, british columbia. when she’s not writing she can be found hiking, snowshoeing, practising yoga, zumba dancing or volunteering at the grouse mountain refuge for endangered wildlife .\nfrankel broke new ground through his 14 - start unbeaten career. what he achieved was so hitherto unseen that official handicappers proceeded to a “historical recalibration” of their rankings, which started in 1977. superstars dancing brave, shergar and alleged saw their ratings downgraded to be placed behind the “new benchmark of equine excellence”, as frankel was referred to by the rankings committee. here are just a few indicators of frankel’s out‑of‑this‑world domination .\nthe title song was shot out of doors on one of the permanent streets built on the studio back lot - - the east side street. the area was blacked out with tarpaulins (rather than shooting\nday - for - night\n) and had to be lit from behind so that the rain was visible to the camera but without the carbon arc lights reflecting in the shop windows .\nit was voted the # 1 movie musical in american film history by the american film institute in 2006. the song\nsingin' in the rain\nranks # 3 in their top songs. it also is in the top 100 list of afi' s 100 years... 100 movies (# 10) and afi' s 100 years... 100 passions (# 16) .\nfrankel covered 133 mares in his first season at stud, standing at a £125, 000 stud fee. 126 (95 %) were scanned in foal. among them were an incredible 25 group 1 winners, headed by arc heroine danedream, classic winners dancing rain, finsceal beo, elusive wave, nebraska tornado, ramruma and stacelita, six - time group 1 victrix midday and fellow winners at the highest level alexander goldrun, african rose, balance, heat haze, lahudood, zee zee top, dar re mi, lightening pearl, mi sueno, red bloom, zagora, etc. also covered by frankel during his first breeding season were the dams of the group 1 winners arcano, dubawi, emulous, lope de vega, make believe, midday, promising lead, proviso, special duty, timepiece, treasure beach, we are etc .\nthe first ever series and newsreader natasha kaplinsky quick - stepped her way far ahead of the competition from the off. out of the ten dances that were featured, natasha received the highest mark for eight of them before going on to finish 39 points ahead of the other finalist, christopher parker. her on stage chemistry with aussie bad boy brendan cole sparked relationship rumours but natasha was emphatic that it was only the dancing that she had fallen for .\nseries three was a game changer with darren gough lifting the strictly glitter ball for the men. he beat fellow sportsman colin jackson and also zoe ball in the final. winning rave reviews for his paso doble and his quick step surprised quite a few, not least fellow cricketer freddie flintoff who said :\ni didn' t realise he was so light on his feet. i' m used to him charging when bowling, not dancing .\n' it' s all very amicable now, and it' s not like i totally crumbled. if i take anything from the experience, it' s that i' ve learnt to live life in the moment. looking back, yes, of course dancing on ice contributed to the end of my relationship. i was away from home and caught up in the show for six months - and that' s not a good basis for marriage .\none of the more surprising things about oasis dream is the versatility of his performers. his sire green desert is best known for siring milers. but oasis dream is proving capable of siring anything from group - winning two - year - old sprinters to 12 furlong performers. this versatility no doubt stems from the fact that oasis dream’s first three dams were sired by the king george vi and queen elizabeth s. winners dancing brave, mill reef and busted .\ni was pleased to win a copy of dancing in the rain by shelley hrdlitschka through the librarything early reviewers program. this book did a good job of tackling many heavy topics including open adoption, loss of a parent and grief. seventeen year old, brenna, is still reeling from the loss of her mother to breast cancer a few months earlier. in addition her mother left her with the diary of her birth mother which brenna has started to read after her mother' s death. learning she was adopted makes brenna feel another sense of loss and struggling to make sense of her feelings. as she works to put her life back in order she meets a young man that works at the wildlife preserve where she works who helps who become emotionally strong by being more physically strong. i enjoyed this book as well as the characters especially ryan and brenna and am hoping that we will hear more about them in a future book .\nas the film' s stature grows with each passing year, it becomes all the more mystifying that, at the time of its release, it was considered nothing more than an enjoyable and profitable mgm musical, one of many released the same year. it received only two academy award nominations, none in major categories, and lost both. in hindsight, the film was likely unappreciated because it was released in the shadow of the previous year' s triumphant, oscar - winning an american in paris (1951), also an mgm musical, equally joyous, but with high art pretensions that singin' in the rain (utterly lacked. whereas an american in paris had elevated the movie musical to a new level of artistic expression, singin' in the rain, an unabashed musical comedy, appeared to once again lower the bar. in hindsight, this is not the case, but at the time of the film' s release, comparisons to an american in paris, also produced by arthur freed, also starring gene kelly, were inevitable and damning. to get a sense of how colossal the former film was, both freed and kelly had received special honorary oscars for their contributions to the industry, these in addition to the six competitive awards the film won. in such a climate, the unpretentious charms of singin' in the rain were lost .\nbecause the colorful, witty film is set in 1927, it humorously satirizes and parodies the panic surrounding the troubling transitional period from silents to talkies in the dream factory of hollywood of the late 1920s as the sound revolution swept through. the film' s screenplay, suggested by the song singin' in the rain that was written by freed and brown, was scripted by betty comden and adolph green (who also wrote on the town (1949) ) .\nthe\nbroadway ballet\nsequence was originally to have featured gene kelly and donald o' connor, but the latter was forced to leave because of a prior tv commitment, so cyd charisse was tapped to replace him. she was made up to look like louise brooks and had to diet off the extra pounds she had just gained during her recent pregnancy. charisse, a ballet dancer who had never before worked in heels, had to adjust her dancing style considerably to mesh with kelly' s jazz background .\ncome race time, the rain had settled and wet tyres were fitted. initially marquez had been able to keep with rossi, the pair breaking away, but the spaniard found himself on the floor as he exited turn 1. this dnf is the final nail in the coffin of marquez’s 2015 title challenge. he now sits 77 points behind rossi in the standings and though it is mathematically still possible for marquez to claim a third motogp™ crown, a miracle is needed .\nthe art of racing in the rain is getting all kinds of buzz, and it deserves every accolade. readers will be moved by this warm hug of a story (and may find themselves looking searchingly into the eyes of their own canine companions). enzo is a charming and witty narrator. his tale, while hilarious at times, is quite often heartbreaking, but it is ultimately uplifting and heartwarming. and i found the ending to be oh so very satisfying !\ndebbie reynolds had no dancing experience before she made the film. she pointed this out when she was asked to be in the film, but gene kelly said he could teach her, just as he' d done with frank sinatra for anchors aweigh (1945). reynolds had been a gymnast, so she wasn' t completely unfamiliar with physical movement requiring grace and stamina. ever the trouper, she buckled down and rehearsed day and night until she could share a dance floor with kelly and donald o' connor without embarrassing herself .\nthe\nsinging in the rain\nnumber took all day to set up - - and gene kelly was very ill (some say with a fever over 101). when it was all set up, kelly insisted on doing a take - - even though the blocking was only rudimentary (starting and ending positions only), and co - director stanley donen was ready to send him home. he ad - libbed most of it and it only took one take, which is what you see on film .\ncostume designer walter plunkett said that this was the most work he ever did on a film, including gone with the wind (1939). both films were period pieces, but singin' in the rain required a greater number of elaborate, ornately detailed costumes than gone with the wind did. they had to be more accurate, too, since 1952 audiences remembered hollywood of the late' 20s more clearly than 1939 audiences remembered the civil war. all told, plunkett designed about 500 costumes for the film .\n11. even kelly worked himself sick. the title number, filmed on a street set two blocks long on the mgm backlot, took seven days to film, with six hours of fake rain each day. the water was mixed with milk to make it show better on camera, but the mixture made kelly' s wool suit shrink. the perpetually drenched kelly had a bad cold and fever the whole time. dancers gwen verdon, jeanne coyne, and carol haney dubbed kelly' s tap sounds and splashing noises in post - production .\n22. despite her academy award nomination, hagen was never able to capitalize on her performance to land prominent roles in other movies. by contrast, charisse parlayed her silent part into the lead in comden and green' s\nthe band wagon\n( opposite fred astaire) and other musicals throughout the 1950s and beyond. reynolds, of course, remains a busy movie and cabaret star to this day (she turns 80 on april 1) and attributes her career longevity to the boot - camp experience of making\nsingin' in the rain." ]

{ "text": [ "dancing rain ( foaled on 24 april 2008 ) is a retired thoroughbred mare that was bred in ireland and raced in the united kingdom , ireland , germany and japan .", "dancing rain was the unanticipated winner of the 2011 epsom oaks and won the preis der diana in the later part of her three-year-old season .", "her form faltered late in her three-year-old year , finishing 16th out of a field of 19 horses in the queen elizabeth ii commemorative cup in japan .", "her four-year-old season was plagued with injury and she did not run in a race until late october 2012 .", "retired at the end of 2012 , dancing rain became a broodmare at clairemont stud in hampshire and was subsequently sold to sheik mohammed bin rashid al maktoum for £ 4.2 m while in foal to frankel . " ], "topic": [ 22, 14, 14, 14, 7 ] }

[ "dancing rain (foaled on 24 april 2008) is a retired thoroughbred mare that was bred in ireland and raced in the united kingdom, ireland, germany and japan. dancing rain was the unanticipated winner of the 2011 epsom oaks and won the preis der diana in the later part of her three-year-old season. her form faltered late in her three-year-old year, finishing 16th out of a field of 19 horses in the queen elizabeth ii commemorative cup in japan. her four-year-old season was plagued with injury and she did not run in a race until late october 2012. retired at the end of 2012, dancing rain became a broodmare at clairemont stud in hampshire and was subsequently sold to sheik mohammed bin rashid al maktoum for £ 4.2 m while in foal to frankel." ]

[ "this is the place for kansuensis definition. you find here kansuensis meaning, synonyms of kansuensis and images for kansuensis copyright 2017 © urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word kansuensis. also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word kansuensis and, of course, kansuensis synonyms and on the right images related to the word kansuensis .\nhave a fact about catopta danieli? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for catopta danieli? write it here to share it with the entire community .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\noriginal russian text © r. v. yakovlev, 2009, published in zoologicheskii zhurnal, 2009, vol. 88, no. 10, pp. 1207–1212 .\ngentili, p. , “revision sistematica de los cossidae (lep .) de la patagonia andina, ” revta. soc. entomol. argentina\nschoorl, j. w. , “a phylogenetic study on cossidae (lepidoptera: ditrysia) based on external adult morphology, ” zool. verhandl .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nedit your maps. learn and tell what a subject is about by adding or removing correlations between topics .\nknowledge gamification. play and test knowledge discovery between two topics - (alpha version) .\nengage your friends to explore how world knowledge is interconnected. start a map and share it with # chainletterknowledge hastag: get your friends to take the call and extend your discovery, and see where your kick - start will lead !\nengage your friends to extend your story: follow where your kick - start leads .\nenter the forbidden forest: take the challenge to find a fastest path through world knowledge .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, states, usa, television, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "catopta kansuensis is a moth in the cossidae family .", "it was described by bryk in 1942 .", "it is found in china ( gansu , qinghai ) . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20 ] }

[ "catopta kansuensis is a moth in the cossidae family. it was described by bryk in 1942. it is found in china (gansu, qinghai)." ]

[ "belongs to terebratula according to m. a. bitner and p. moissette 2003\nspecies terebratula cranium o. f. müller, 1776 accepted as macandrevia cranium (o. f. müller, 1776 )\nwhat made you want to look up terebratula? please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site. please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference: o. f. müller. 1776. zoologicae danicae prodromus, seu animalium daniae et norvegiae indigenarum. characteres, nomina et synonyma imprimis popularium 1 - 281\nfull reference: c. linnaeus. 1758. systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. editio decima 1: 1 - 824\naverage measurements (in mm): 44. 9 x 37. 8, shell 43. 9 x 37. 7\ndall, w. h. (1873). catalogue of the recent species of the class brachiopoda. proc. acad. nat. sci. phila. 177 - 204. [ details ]\nmüller, o. f. (1776). zoologiae danicae prodromus: seu animalium daniae et norvegiae indigenarum characteres, nomina, et synonyma imprimis popularium. hafniae, typiis hallageriis. 1 - 274. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndall, w. h. (1920). annotated list of the recent brachiopoda in the collection of the united states national museum, with descriptions of thirty - three new forms. proceedings of the united states national museum. 57 (2314): 261–377. , available online at urltoken; = y [ details ]\nlove words? you must — there are over 200, 000 words in our free online dictionary, but you are looking for one that’s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn' t know had words .\nthis entry needs a photograph or drawing for illustration. please try to find a suitable image on wikimedia commons or upload one there yourself !\nthis page was last edited on 7 october 2017, at 12: 38 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nmeristella crassa: lindström, 1880, lk. pl. 13: 4 - 8, 23 - 25, joon .\nmeristina? terebratulina: jaanusson, 1956, lk. 384, joon. pl. 1: 1 - 6\ncryptothyrella terebratulina: boucot, johnson & staton, 1964, lk. 817, joon .\ncryptothyrella terebratulina (wahlenberg, 1821): sheehan, 1977, lk. 38 - 41, joon. pl 3: 1 - 21; text - fig. 10 - 11\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under cc by - nc licence .\nsemicircularis eichwald, 1829 was identified as the type species of the new genus .\nand karchowice beds) carbonate rocks include so - called ore - bearing dolomites .\ntiticacensis, productus reticulatus y productuspapilio; rivera y alleman (1974) asignan como sintipos a los dos primeros especimenes y holotipo al tercero .\nand rhynchonella, and placed them in the\nmiddle domerian\n( late pliensbachian) .\n( linnaeus, 1758) (entre 1, 6 y 9, 6 %), cirripedos, restos de cetaceos y selaceos (maximo 2, 5% en n2), briozoos y equinodermos (entre 1, 3 y 5, 7 %) .\nall content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. this information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional .\nsource: south african journal of geology, volume 56 number 1, jan 1953, p. 183 - 186\nleach, w. e. (1814 - 1817). zoological miscellany: being descriptions of new or interesting animals. london. vol. 1\nlamarck [ j. - b. m. ] de. (1819). histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres. tome sixième, 1re partie. paris: published by the author, vi + 343 pp. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nstiasny, g. (1933). vi. verzeichnis der brachiopoden - sammlung des naturhistorischen reichsmuseums in leiden. uitgegeven door het rijksmuseum van natuurlijke historie te. deel xv. leiden. aflevering 3 - 4. 129 - 148. [ details ]\nthunberg, c. p. 1789. d. d. museum naturalium academiæ upsaliensis cujus partem octavam, consensu exp. fac. med. upsal. præside carol. pet. thunberg (...) publico examini subjicit, carolus ericus rademine, stockholmiensis. in audit. gust. maj. d. viii. jun. mdcclxxxix [ 1789 ]. h. a. m. s. - pp. [ 1 - 4 ], 95 - 107. upsaliæ. (edman) .\nnomen nudum, no description attached. was regarded by sherborn 1902 as a new name .\nthe basic data of this taxon were entered by hand, consulting the original description, and following animalbase standard .\nsowerby, g. b. (1846). descriptions of thirteen new species of brachiopods. proceedings of the zoological society of london. 14: 91–95. [ details ]" ]

{ "text": [ "terebratula is a modern genus of brachiopod with a fossil record dating back to the late devonian .", "these brachiopods are stationary epifaunal suspension feeders and have a worldwide distribution . " ], "topic": [ 26, 21 ] }

[ "terebratula is a modern genus of brachiopod with a fossil record dating back to the late devonian. these brachiopods are stationary epifaunal suspension feeders and have a worldwide distribution." ]

[ "peacock bass aquarium 2000x1400x650. potamotrygon motoro, 8 peacock bass and 2 cichla kellberi .\ncalled\npopoca\nor\nbotão\nin brazil, cichla monoculus is widely distributed along the amazon main stem and up to the mid - upper rio negro and tributaries. it is also found in coastal rivers. typically attains up to 5 pounds but has been known to reach 10 .\nwhere found with congeners (other species of peacock bass), such as c. temensis, c. monoculus tends to occupy the shallower or more structure dense areas of the fishery, especially related to dense tangles of wood .\npeacock bass aquarium 2000x1400x650. potamotrygon motoro, 8 peacock bass and 2 cichla kellberi. „audionautix“ kūrinys „rock tune“ yra licencijuotas pagal creative commons attribution licenciją (_ _ license _ url _ _) atlikėjas: urltoken\nkullander, s. o. and e. j. g. ferreira, 2006. a review of the south american cichlid genus cichla, with descriptions of nine new species. ichthyol. explor. freshwat. 17 (4): 289 - 398. (ref. 57716 )\nin waters where c. temensis is present, c. monoculus tends to occupy lentic (slow) waters with the most dense structure. it readily strikes subsurface lures, including jigs and flies and will sometimes take zara spooks and small woodchoppers on the surface. in rio solimoes waters where c. temensis is not present, it can be found guarding fry and will readily attack large surface plugs. angling characteristics in other regions are not known to us .\nfreshwater; benthopelagic; ph range: 7. 0 -? . tropical; 25°c - 28°c (ref. 13614 )\nsouth america: rio solimões - amazonas along the main channel and lower courses of tributaries; peru, colombia and brazil; including araguari and lower oyapock rivers north of the amazon. probably much more widespread in the lowland amazon basin .\nmaturity: l m? , range 20 -? cm max length: 70. 0 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 50805); max. published weight: 9. 0 kg (ref. 35237 )\ndiagnosis: this species is similar to c. kelberi and c. pleiozona in having three dark vertical bars on side, presence of a pronounced occipital bar in large specimens, absence of black or ocellated markings laterally on head, and presence of irregular dark blotches on anterior abdominal side. differs from c. pleiozona by having less scales in a lateral row (68 - 87 vs. 84 - 93 in c. pleiozona) and typical absence of dark vertical bar anteriorly on caudal peduncle, and from c. kelberi by absence of light spots on anal and pelvic fins and lower caudal fin (ref. 57716) .\nspecimens collected were from flood prone areas, but in the amazon the biotopes are more varied. this fish forays along the shore where small fishes may be concentrated. juveniles feed on shrimps, while adults are almost exclusively piscivore. oviparous (ref. 205). males are sexually mature after one year while females mature after two years. during reproduction which is not markedly seasonal, large males develop a frontal hump and become territorial (ref. 35237). maximum length 80 cm tl (ref. 35237) .\noviparous (ref. 205). may spawn 3 - 4 times a year in batches of 50 to 100 eggs, each spawning lasting 2 - 3 hours (ref. 50805) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 9 ±0. 66 se; based on food items .\nresilience (ref. 69278): medium, minimum population doubling time 1. 4 - 4. 4 years (fec = 150 - 400) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): moderate vulnerability (39 of 100) .\npeacock bass aquarium 2000x1400x650. silver arowana, red tail catfish, potamotrygon motoro and 8 peacock bass .\ngiant amazon peacock bass! | fishing peacock bass in the amazon pt. 3\nid key: short vertical bars that do not extend below the lateral line and a long horizontal bar beginning at the base of the pectoral fin. no individualized ocellum at the base of second dorsal and no opercular (cheek) markings. brilliantly colored when spawning. large specimens have dark occipital bar .\n3 distinct, entire, short, broad bars from dorsal peak to near lateral line. postorbital band on operculum (cheek markings) not present. irregular horizontal dark bar on abdominal side .\nmarkings and color fairly consistent between individuals, except for reproductively active specimens who show brilliant red markings around lower jaw .\ndepth to length ratio: approx. 30% lateral line scales: approx. 75\ncountries: peru, ecuador, columbia, brazil river basins: rio solimoes - amazonas basin to marajo island (near mouth of amazon). widespread throughout amazon basin .\nprimarily occupies lentic (slow or still water) environments in floodplain lakes and backwater river lagoons, both blackwater and whitewater .\nfor more information about fishing trips for peacock bass and other exotic species, contact us .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nabreu, v. l. b. j. w. b. silva, 1987. análise da produção pesqueira em cinco açudes públicos administrados pelo departamento nacional de obras contra as secas (dnocs), período de 1966 a 1985. bol. téc. dnocs fortaleza brasil 45 (1 / 2): 27–50 .\n( osteichthyes: cichlidae) da barragem campo grande, rn. master' s dissertation, ufrn, natal, brazil: 79 pp .\nchellappa, s. , m. e. yamamoto m. s. r. f. cacho, 1999. reproductive behaviour and ecology of two species of cichlid fishes. in val, a. l. v. m. f. almeida - val (eds .), biology of tropical fishes. manaus, brazil. 113–126. 460 pp .\nle cren, e. d. , 1951. the length - weight relationship and seasonal cycle in gonad weight and condition in the perch (\nmichalany, j. , 1990. técnica histológica em anatomia patológica com instruções para o cirurgião, enfermeira e citotécnico. 2 ed. são paulo, brasil: 247 pp .\npotts, g. w. r. j. wootton (eds .), 1984. fish reproduction: strategies and tactics. academic press, london: 410 pp .\nstirling, h. p. , 1985. chemical and biological methods of water analysis for aquaculturists. university of stirling, scotland: 119 pp .\nval, a. l. v. m. f. almeida - val, 1995. fishes of the amazon and their environment. physiological and biochemical aspects. springer, heidelberg. 224 pp .\nvazzoler, a. e. a. m. , 1996. biologia da reprodução de peixes teleósteos: teoria e prática. brasília: editora sbi / uem / cnpq, brasil: 169 pp .\nl .) from an upland and lowland population. j. fish biol. 12: 331– 343 .\nrecords by other methods (net, hand line, spear, bow fishing etc. )\n'; document. write (amazon); document. write (google); } / / - - >\n© 2017 fishing world urltoken e. u. | world records freshwater fishing® is a registered trademark | realization: grafikbyfilters\nworld records freshwater fishing by heinz machacek is licensed under a creative common attribution - noncommercial - noderivs 3. 0 unported license." ]

{ "text": [ "cichla monoculus , sometimes known as the tucanare peacock bass ( \" peacock bass \" is also used for some of its relatives ) , is a very large species of cichlid , and a prized game fish .", "it is native to the amazon basin in south america , but has also been introduced to regions outside its natural range ( e.g. , florida , hawaii , and panama 's gatun lake ) .", "it reaches 80 cm ( 31 in ) in length and 9 kg ( 20 lb ) in weight . " ], "topic": [ 21, 13, 0 ] }

[ "cichla monoculus, sometimes known as the tucanare peacock bass (\" peacock bass \" is also used for some of its relatives), is a very large species of cichlid, and a prized game fish. it is native to the amazon basin in south america, but has also been introduced to regions outside its natural range (e.g., florida, hawaii, and panama's gatun lake). it reaches 80 cm (31 in) in length and 9 kg (20 lb) in weight." ]

[ "eliasson, c. u. 2000. är svart guldbagge, gnorimus variabilis (coleoptera: scarabaeidae), ursprunglig vid sin nordgräns? ent. tidskr. 121: 173–179 .\nalexander, k. n. a. (2004). gnorimus variabilis (linnaeus) (scarabaeidae) in west sussex. the coleopterist 13 (3): 92 .\ngnorimus variabilis (linnaeus, 1758): tronquet (2014): 392. [ statut pour la france métropolitaine ] tronquet, m. [ coord. ] 2014. catalogue des coléoptères de france. revue de l’association roussillonnaise d’entomologie, 23 (supplément): 1 - 1052 .\nthis is the variable chafer (g norimus variabilis). an extremely rare species, it is only found in two locations across the entire of the united kingdom. it lives in dead wood and we are working to learn more about this insect’s biology and chemo - ecology .\nscarabaeus variabilis linnaeus, 1758: linnaeus (1758): 352. [ description originale ] linnaeus, c. 1758. systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. editio decima, reformata. holmiæ. (salvius). tomus i: 1 - 824. [ urltoken ]\nlarvutvecklingen sker i rödmurken ved i ihåliga träd, både levande och döda. angrepp är främst konstaterade i både levande och döda stående träd, men arten kan även påträffas i omkullfallna träd. de allra flesta fynden är gjorda i ihåliga levande ekar, men larver är även påträffade i bl. a. avenbok, björk och klibbal. larvutvecklingen tar två till tre år i anspråk. före förpuppningen gör larven en ganska fast kokong av exkrementer. den fullbildade skalbaggen visar sig vanligen ganska sent, från början av juli till början av augusti. den påträffas ofta sittande i och intill stamhåligheterna eller vid utflytande sav. i motsats till sin nära släkting gnorimus nobilis påträffas den sällan i blommor, men har någon gång hittas i blomställningar av älggräs. arten förekommer ofta i samma träd som läderbaggen (osmoderma eremita) och andra rödlistade insekter .\nscientists aim to describe a single' tree of life' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things. however, evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery, and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named. eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific' classifications'. some species have been named more than once. such duplicates are listed under synonyms. eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nfor more details on the nature of research i am currently undertaking, please see the research page .\nin continuing your browsing of this site, you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics. learn more about cookies .\ntauzin (2004) [ ecologie ] tauzin, p. 2004. quelques localités connues pour les espèces françaises d’ aleurostictus (coleoptera, cetoniidae, trichiinae, trichiini). cetoniimania, 1 (1): 33 - 52 .\nnational inventory of natural heritage, website: https: / / inpn. mnhn. fr .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas, please upload using the upload tools .\nen 16 - 22 mm lång bladhorning med klumpig kropp och långa ben med kraftiga klor. översidan är svart med spridda vita - ljusgula fläckar .\nutbredd från skåne till bohuslän, södermanland och västmanland. artens nuvarande utbredning i landet är starkt fragmenterad. de flesta fynden är gjorda i kalmar län, och endast där bedöms lokalerna ligga så nära varandra att ett utbyte är möjligt. i västmanland utplanterades larver av arten på 1960 - talet i en ek vid strömsholm. under senare år har arten vid ett par tillfällen påträffats i trakten av kungsör, och det kan inte helt uteslutas att de härstammar från strömsholmsutsättningen. troligen är dock förekomsten spontan med tanke på att flera andra arter med en reliktartad utbredning i nordeuropa finns inom samma område. under de senaste åren har nya lokaler för arten påträffats genom att den specifikt eftersökts i hålekar. lokalerna är dock små och begränsade, endast ett lågt antal träd beräknas hysa arten på varje ställe och populationerna förefaller vara individfattiga. världsutbredningen sträcker sig från väst - och sydeuropa österut till turkiet .\nlarvutvecklingen sker i rödmurken ved i ihåliga träd, både levande och döda, såväl i stående träd som i lågor. främst i ek, men även i klibbal. utbredd från skåne till bohuslän, södermanland och västmanland. antalet lokalområden i landet skattas till 90 (70 - 110). förekomstarean (aoo) skattas till 360 (280 - 440) km². en minskning av populationen pågår eller förväntas ske. minskningen avser kvalitén på artens habitat. de skattade värdena som bedömningen baserar sig på ligger alla inom intervallet för kategorin starkt hotad (en). de skattade värdena för förekomstarea ligger under gränsvärdet för starkt hotad (en). detta i kombination med att utbredningsområdet är kraftigt fragmenterat och fortgående minskning förekommer gör att arten uppfyller b - kriteriet. (b2ab (iii) ) .\nigenväxning av passande hagmarker med gamla hålekar är ett allvarligt hot mot arten, dels på grund av att detta skapar ett ogynnsamt mikroklimat och dels genom att de gamla hålträden dör i förtid. ett annat långsiktigt problem är ett generationsglapp i vissa trädbestånd som i framtiden kan leda till brist på lämpligt substrat .\nallt måste göras för att spara gamla hålträd i landskapet. i detta ingår även att man kontinuerligt förhindrar att de gamla träden växer in i tätare bestånd och dör en för tidig död. även omkullfallna hålträd bör sparas samt att hålträd som avverkas eller som faller på olämpliga platser kan fraktas till de kända lokalerna. med tanke på att de träd som arten ynglar i ofta har en ålder av flera hundra år måste vi redan nu planera för hur vi skall kunna få fram ersättningsträd om hundra år .\nlänsvis förekomst och status för svart guldbagge baserat på sammanställningar och bedömningar av gjorda fynd .\nblå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch. kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade. kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .\nhansen, v. 1964. fortegnelse over danmarks biller. ent. medd. 33: 337 .\nnilsson, s. g. , baranowski, r. , hedin, j. , jansson, n. & ranius, t. 2002. hålträdslevande guldbaggars (coleoptera, scarabaeidae) biologi och utbredning i sverige. ent. tidskr. 123 (3): 81 - 98 .\npalm, t. 1950. anteckningar om svenska skalbaggar. v. ent. tidskr. 71: 141 .\npalm, t. 1959. die holz - und rindenkäfer der süd - und mittelschwedischen laubäume. opusc. ent. suppl. xvi: 302 .\nlängre texter, utöver kriteriedokumentation, har sammanställts av: bengt ehnström 1999. rev. nicklas jansson 2007. © artdatabanken, slu 2007 .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor, t ex arter i ett visst län, i en viss biotop, substrat, som påverkas av en hotfaktor, eller som är knutna till en sk värdart, t ex trädet alm. dessa kan även kombineras .\nsöka fram arter som är rödlistade, knutna till alm, är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .\nsöka fram arter som är rödlistade, lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .\ndefaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer. under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade. om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer. nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .\ndenna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera. du kan t. ex. navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn. du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder, kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista. ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera”, där du kan söka på olika egenskaper. ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .\nthe mit license copyright (c) 2014 - 2016 google, inc. urltoken permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license (mit) copyright (c) 2011 - 2015 twitter, inc permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright (c) 2008 - 2013 sprymedia limited urltoken permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt, urltoken permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license (mit) - urltoken copyright (c) steven sanderson, the knockout. js team, and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright (c) 2009–2015 permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2005 - 2014 openlayers contributors. all rights reserved. redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and / or other materials provided with the distribution. this software is provided by openlayers contributors '` as is'' and any express or implied warranties, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed. in no event shall copyright holder or contributors be liable for any direct, indirect, incidental, special, exemplary, or consequential damages (including, but not limited to, procurement of substitute goods or services; loss of use, data, or profits; or business interruption) however caused and on any theory of liability, whether in contract, strict liability, or tort (including negligence or otherwise) arising in any way out of the use of this software, even if advised of the possibility of such damage. the views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies, either expressed or implied, of openlayers contributors." ]

{ "text": [ "gnorimus variabilis ( the variable chafer ) is a species of scarab beetle belonging to the subfamily cetoniinae , the flower chafers .", "it was first described by carl linnaeus in 1758 .", "the species is native to europe and is usually found in oak and beech woods or parkland . " ], "topic": [ 27, 5, 24 ] }

[ "gnorimus variabilis (the variable chafer) is a species of scarab beetle belonging to the subfamily cetoniinae, the flower chafers. it was first described by carl linnaeus in 1758. the species is native to europe and is usually found in oak and beech woods or parkland." ]

[ "biology and systematics of the neotropical leafminer genus eucosmophora (lepidoptera: gracillariidae) .\nbiology and systematics of the neotropical leafminer genus eucosmophora (lepidoptera: gracillariidae). | davis | tropical lepidoptera research\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nif you know the species, please, click on the picture and write the species name in comments section. also, you can go to the gallery page with all photos of gracillariidae sp. (large size) .\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, states, usa, television, ... more\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nholotype ♂, mhng; paratypes 28♂ and 28♀, genitalia slides bl 1170, bl 1555, bl 1557, bl 1558, bl 1560, bl 1561, bl 1564, bl 1565, bl 1566, bmnh, cnc, cdrs, mhng, usnm .\nholotype ♂, coll. walsingham nr. 66751, bmnh; 8 paratypes nrs. 66752, 66754, 66755, 66757, 66758 in bmnh, nrs. 66753, 66756, 66759 in usnm .\ntype (gender not stated) and paratypes (gender and number not stated) in usnm, paratype (gender not stated) in\nins. exp. stat .\nholotype ♂, cas; allotype ♀, cas; paratypes 6♂ and 3♀, usnm, amnh .\nholotype ♂, nr. 61414, usnm; paratypes 4♂ and 3♀, usnm and coll. bourquin (buenos aires) .\nholotype ♂, cas; allotype ♀, cas; paratypes 5♂ and 10♀, usnm, amnh .\nholotype nr. 19326 (gender not stated), usnm; about 25 syntypes (gender not stated) .\nholotype ♂, mhng; paratypes 8♂ and 6♀, genitalia slides mhng 2937, mhng 2938, mhng 3011, bmnh, cdrs, mhng, usnm .\nholotype ♂, genitalia slide po6, cas; paratypes 55 specimens (♂ and ♀), cas, cis, cnc, lacm, usnm .\nholotype ♂, mhng; paratypes 41♂ and 49♀, genitalia slides bl 1173, bl 1567, bl 1568, bl 1569, bl 1570, bl 1571, bl 1572, bl 1573, bl 1574, bl 1575, bl 1577, mhng 3012, bmnh, cnc, cdrs, mhng, usnm .\nholotype nr. 19328, usnm; 3 syntypes (gender not stated) .\ntype nr. 19329 (gender not stated), usnm; ca. 12 paratypes (gender not stated) .\nholotype ♂, mhng; paratypes 22♂ and 20♀, genitalia slides bl 1171, bl 1578, bl 1579, bl 1580, bl 1581, bl 1582, bl 1583, mhng 3010, bmnh, cdrs, cnc, mhng, usnm .\nholotype nr. 19327 (gender not stated), usnm; 4 paratypes (gender not stated) .\nholotype ♂, usnm 100840, genitalia slide 24559, bpbm; paratypes 3♂, bpbm .\nholotype nr. 19330 (gender not stated), usnm; 11 syntypes (gender not stated) .\nholotype ♂, genitalia slide de prins 3835♂, nmk; paratypes 63♂, 83♀, genitalia slides de prins 3829♂, 3833♀, 3834♂, 3837♂, 3838♂, 3839♀, 3840♀, 3841♀, 3842♀, 3843♂, 3844♂, bmnh, mnhg, rmca, usnm, zsm, rbins, dmns, tmsa .\nholotype ♂, genitalia slide po7, cas; paratypes 22 specimens (♂ and ♀), cas, cis, cnc, usnm .\nholotype (gender not stated), macn; allotype coll. bourquin (buenos aires); paratypes 5 specimens (gender not stated), usnm, coll. da costa lima (rio de janeiro), coll. orfila (buenos aires), coll. pastrana in macn .\nholotype ♂, upzb; paratypes 7♂, 5♀, mgcl, dzup, usnm .\nholotype, no. 4962 (gender not stated), usnm; paratypes 2 specimens (gender not stated), usnm .\nholotype ♂, nr. 12854, usnm; allotype 1♀; syntypes 1♂ and 4 specimens (gender not stated) .\nholotype nr. 19324 (gender not stated), usnm; syntypes\na number of specimens\n.\nholotype ♂, cas; allotype ♀, ucb; paratypes 35 specimens (gender not stated) in bmnh, cas, coll. deschka (steyr), lacm, ucb, ucd, usnm .\nholotype ♀ ,\n1 ky. (a beautiful spec, entirely different from all european ones. )\n, cmcz (hagen 1884: 151) ;\ncaenotype\n♂, usnm (walsingham 1907b: 224) .\nholotype ♂, usnm (digtal image usn holotype 01066895). paratypes 16♂, 26♀, genitalia slides usnm 33848♂, 33850♀ .\nholotype ♂, cas; allotype ♀, ucb; paratypes 13 specimens (gender not stated) in cas, lacm, ucb, usnm, bmnh .\nholotype ♂, cas; allotype ♀, ucb; paratypes 61 specimens (gender not stated) in bmnh, cas, coll. deschka (steyr), lacm, ucb, ecd, usnm .\nholotype ♂, cas; allotype ♀, ucb; paratypes 98 specimens (gender not stated) in bmnh, cal, coll. deschka (steyr), lacm, ucb, ucd, usnm .\n2 syntypes, lectotype ♂ nr. 12006, usnm, designated by opler & davis (1981: 26) .\nholotype ♂, cas; allotype ♀, ucb; paratypes 8♂ and 4♀ in bmnh, cas, lacm, ecb, ucd, usnm .\nholotype ♂, cas; allotype ♀, ucb; paratypes 43 specimens (gender not stated) in cas, lacm, ucb, usnm .\n18 syntypes (♂ and ♀), coll. ely, coll. baun, usnm .\nholotype ♂, cas; allotype ♀, ucb; paratypes 6♂ and 6♀ in bmnh, cas, lacm, ucb, ucd, usnm .\nholotype ♂, cas; allotype ♀, ucb; paratypes 40 specimens (gender not stated) in bmnh, cas, coll. deschka (steyr), lacm, ucb, ucd, usnm .\nholotype ♂, cas; allotype ♀, ucb; paratypes 1♂ and 2♀ in ucb, usnm .\nholotype ♂, cas; allotype ♀; paratypes 24 specimens (gender not stated) in bmnh, cas, coll. deschka (steyr), lacm, ucb, ucd, usnm .\nholotype ♂, cas; allotype ♀, ucb; paratypes 25 specimens (gender not stated) in bmnh, cas, coll. deschka (steyr), lacm, ucb, ucd, usnm .\nholotype ♂, cas; allotype ♀, cas; paratypes 37♂ and 26♀, usnm, amnh .\nholotype ♂, mhng; paratypes 15♂ and 14♀, genitalia slide mhng 2749, bl 1562, bl 1563, bmnh, mhng, idea, mnnc, and usnm .\nmore than 30 syntypes (gender not stated) ,\ntype - no. 4959\n, usnm .\nholotype ♂, usnm; paratypes 50♂, 47♀, genitalia slides 34344, 34347–34349, 34351, 34374♂, 34375♀, 34383♀, usnm, mgcl, coll. wagner .\nholotype (gender not stated), coll. walsingham nr. 13150, usnm, paratypes (gender not stated), coll. walsingham nrs. 33842, 33843, bmnh (walsingham 1914: 337) .\nholotype ♂, mhng; paratypes 2♂ and 11♀, genitalia slides bl 1236, bl 1549, bl 1550, bl 1551, bl 1552, bl 1553, bmnh, cdrs, mhng, usnm .\nholotype ♀, nr. 100839, usnm, paratypes 2♂, genitalia slide usnm 24630♂ and 3♀, genitalia slides usnm 24560♀, 24628♀, 24629♀, usnm, bmnh .\nholotype ♀, genitalia slide usnm 31825, usnm; paratype 1♀ (abdomen missing), usnm .\nholotype ♂, genitalia slide drd 4039, inbio; paratypes 18♂ and 4♀, genitalia slides drd 4038, 4040, usnm 32195, 32197, 32198, inbio, usnm, coll. wagner .\nholotype ♂, usnm; paratypes 95♂ and 109♀, genitalia slides usnm 30371, 30835, 31614, 31643, 31644, 31807, 31814, 31834, 31835, 31997, 32020, 32208, 32209, 32215, drd 4021, 4022, 4023, usnm, coll. wagner .\nholotype ♂, genitalia slide usnm 31824, usnm; paratypes 2♂, usnm .\nholotype ♂, genitalia slide drd 4020, coll. wagner; paratypes 20♂ and 17♀, genitalia slides usnm 31649, 31805, 31806, 31832, 32207, usnm, coll. wagner .\nholotype ♂, genitalia slide drd 4041, inbio; 4♂, genitalia slide drd 4071, inbio, usnm, coll. wagner .\nholotype ♂, usnm; paratypes 21♂, 15♀, usnm, macn, mgcl, dzup .\nholotype ♂, usnm; paratypes 27♂, 19♀, macn, dzup, usnm .\nholotype ♂, usnm; paratypes 9♂, 7♀, genitalia slides usnm 34623♂, 34759♂, 34760♀; wing venation slide usnm 34774♀, usnm .\nlectotype ♂, designated by davis & de prins (2011: 57), abdomen missing, usnm .\nlectotype ♀, designated by davis & de prins (2011: 48), usnm .\n1 specimen (gender not stated), cat. nr. 7868, usnm .\nholotype ♂, nr. 72077, usnm; paratypes 1♂ and 2♀, usnm .\nholotype ♂, nr. 72076 usnm; paratypes 5♂ and 5♀, usnm .\nholotype ♂ usnm; paratypes 13♂ and 16♀, plus larvae and pupae, usnm, ucr .\nholotype ♂, nr. 72097, usnm; paratypes 5♂ and 3♀, usnm .\nholotype ♂, genitalia slide usnm 34733♂, digital image usnm 01325414, usnm; paratypes 1♂, 1♀, usnm .\n6 syntypes, (gender not stated) ;\ntype\n- no. 4955, usnm .\nholotype ♂, cas; allotype ♀ cas; paratypes 4♂ and 4♀, usnm, amnh .\n5 syntypes (gender not stated), type no. 4958, usnm .\nlectotype ♀, paralectotypes 11♀, designated by davis (in davis et al. 1991: 31), usnm .\nholotype ♂, mhng; paratypes 2♂ and 16♀, genitalia slides bl 1584, bl 1586, bl 1599, bmnh, cdrs, mhng, usnm .\nholotype ♀, usnm; paratypes 4♂ and 5♀, coll. braun, usnm, ansp .\nholotype 1♂; paratypes 1♂ and 8♀, of which 1♂ and 6♀ in coll. braun, 1♀ in ansp, 1♀ in usnm .\nholotype nr. 10287 (gender not stated), usnm; co - types (number and gender not stated) in mmnb, bmnh .\nholotype ♀, coll. walsingham nr. 66739, bmnh; paratypes 5 specimens (gender not stated), coll. walsingham nrs. 66743, 66744, (gender not stated), usnm .\nholotype (gender not stated), hes; paratypes 8 specimens (gender not stated), bpbm, usnm, coll. swezey .\nholotype ♀, usnm; paratypes 2 larvae, 3 pupae, 2♂ and 3♀, usnm, ucr, inbio .\nholotype ♂, genitalia slide 31635, usnm; paratypes 29♂, 18♀, genitalia slides 31636, 31637, usnm .\nholotype ♀, usnm; paratypes 9 larvae, 8 pupae, 7♂ and 2♀, genitalia slides usnm 33279, 33280, 33286, usnm, ucr .\nneotype ♂, nr. 72096, usnm; paratypes 5 specimens (gender not stated), usnm, university of costa rica. the original holotype was destroyed in the mail from costa rica to brazil, and a paratype in the usnm is designated to replace it (becker 1974: 335) .\nholotype ♂, genitalia slide 34075, usnm; paratypes 9♂, 8♀, genitalia slides 34076–34078, usnm .\nholotype ♂, usnm; paratypes 26♂, 31♀, 6 specimens, genitalia slides 31632, 31634, usnm .\nholotype ♂, usnm; paratypes 1 prepupa, 1 pupa, 6♂ and 4♀, genitalia slide usnm 33280–33282, 33285, usnm, ucr, inbio .\nholotype ♂, genitalia slide nr. usnm30779, gd1704, usnm; paratypes 4♂ and 10♀ in coll. deschka (steyr), usnm .\nholotype ♂, cas; allotype ♀, cas; paratypes 35♂ and 51♀, usnm, amnh .\n2 syntypes\n2 texas .\ncmcz (hagen 1884: 151); 1 syntype in usnm; 4 syntypes in bmnh, lectotype (gender not stated), designated by freeman (1970: 273) (see davis & deschka 2001: 20) .\nholotype ♀, coll. walsingham nr. 66734, bmnh; 3 paratypes (gender not stated), coll. walsingham nr. 66735, usnm .\nholotype ♂, genitalia slide usnm30777, gd1410, usnm; paratypes 86♂ and 76♀ in coll. d. l. wagner, coll. deschka (steyr), ucb, usnm, bmnh .\nholotype ♂, usnm; paratypes 86♂ and 87♀ in coll. d. l. wagner, coll. deschka (steyr), usnm, bmnh .\nholotype nr. 21813 (gender not stated), usnm; paratypes\na good series\n( gender not stated) .\nholotype ♂, genitalia slide usnm - 30776, gd1549, usnm; paratypes 25♂ and 23♀ in coll. d. l. wagner, coll. deschka (steyr) and usnm .\nholotype ♂, genitalia slide nr. usnm30778, gd1312, usnm; paratypes 8♂ and 9♀ in coll. deschka (steyr), ansp, usnm .\nholotype ♂, genitalia slide grc - 2907♂, usnm; paratypes 6 specimens (♂ and ♀), genitalia slide grc - 2908♂, usnm; 2 paratypes from hokkaidō should probably be referred to phyllonorycter similis or p. acutissimae (see kumata 1982b: 72–74) .\nholotype ♂, usnm; paratypes 8♂ and 13♀, coll. braun, usnm, ansp, cnc .\nholotype ♂, usnm; paratypes 25♂ and 16♀, coll. braun, usnm, ansp, cnc .\nholotype ♂, usnm; paratypes 8♂ and 5♀; coll. braun, usnm, ansp, cas .\nholotype ♂, cas; allotype ♀, cas; paratypes, 13♂ and 20♀, usnm, amnh .\ntype and paratype (gender not stated) in usnm (freeman 1970: 276) .\nholotype nr. 19332 (gender not stated), usnm; 3 syntypes (gender not stated) .\nholotype ♀, zmuc; paratypes 2♂ and 4♀, genitalia slides esnm22257, usnm31121, usnm, 1♂ and 1♀, 5 larvae, 2 pupae, usnm." ]

{ "text": [ "eucosmophora paraguayensis is a moth of the gracillariidae family .", "it is known from paraguay .", "the length of the forewings is 3-3.7 mm for males .", "the larvae probably feed on a sapotaceae species and probably mine the leaves of their host plant . " ], "topic": [ 2, 27, 9, 11 ] }

[ "eucosmophora paraguayensis is a moth of the gracillariidae family. it is known from paraguay. the length of the forewings is 3-3.7 mm for males. the larvae probably feed on a sapotaceae species and probably mine the leaves of their host plant." ]

[ "subspecies purpuradusta microdon microdon (gray, 1828) represented as purpuradusta microdon (j. e. gray, 1828 )\nworms - world register of marine species - purpuradusta microdon (j. e. gray, 1828 )\npurpuradusta microdon microdon, (gray 1828) 10. 1 - 12. 0 mm. philippines by randy bridges in fb | conchas marinas / seashells | pinterest | philippines\npurpuradusta microdon is species of tropical sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries. this species lives in the indo - pacific oceans .\nto barcode of life (4 barcodes) to biodiversity heritage library (1 publication) (from synonym purpuradusta microdon microdon (gray, 1828) ) to biodiversity heritage library (34 publications) (from synonym cypraea microdon j. e. gray, 1828) to biodiversity heritage library (4 publications) to biological information system for marine life (bismal) (from synonym cypraea microdon j. e. gray, 1828) to biological information system for marine life (bismal) to encyclopedia of life to genbank (2 nucleotides; 1 proteins) to genbank (2 nucleotides; 2 proteins) (from synonym purpuradusta microdon microdon (gray, 1828) ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection (from synonym cypraea microdon j. e. gray, 1828) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection\npurpuradusta granum schilder, f. a. & m. schilder, 1938: papua new guinea\nworms - world register of marine species - cypraea microdon j. e. gray, 1828\npurpuradusta minoridens is rarer at kwajalein than the two similar species, p. fimbriata and p. microdon. the few specimens known have all come from the seaward reef, under rocks in surge channels at depths of 8 - 16m, although it may be more common and just not often properly identified. it is most similar in shape to purpuradusta fimbriata. its teeth are smaller than those of p. fimbriata but larger than p. microdon. the anterior columellar teeth are a bit larger than the rest, but not as distinctly larger as in p. fimbriata. the dorsal bands are faint and not blotchy. the indo - pacific distribution of p. minoridens is similar to that of p. microdon, excluding hawaii, western australia, and the northern indian ocean .\n( of cypraea microdon j. e. gray, 1828) burgess, c. m. (1970). the living cowries. as barnes and co, ltd. cranbury, new jersey. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43. 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed. my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nkiener l. c. (1843 - 1850). spécies général et iconographie des coquilles vivantes. vol. 1. famille des enroulées. genres porcelaine (cypraea), linné, pp. 1 - 166, pl. 1 - 57 [ pp. 1 - 32 (1844), 33 - 166 (1845), pl. 7 - 8, 11, 14 - 16, 22 (1843), 1 - 6, 9 - 10, 12 - 13, 17 - 21, 23 - 54 (1844), 55 - 57 (1845) ], ovule (ovula), lamarck, pp. 1 - 27, pl. 1 - 5 [ pp. 1 - 27 (1844), pl. 1 - 5 (1843) ], tarière (terebellum), lamarck, pp. 1 - 3, pl. 1 [ pp 1 - 3 (1850), pl. 1 (1844) ], ancillaire (ancillaria), lamarck, pp. 1 - 31, pl. 1 - 6. [ pp 1 - 31 (1844), pl. 1 - 6 (1843) ]. paris, rousseau & j. b. baillière. , available online at urltoken page (s): pl. 54 figs 4 - 4a [ 1844 ]; 92 [ 1845 ] [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nput your suggestion in the fields below. empty fields will keep the existing data .\n© 1996 - 2018 guido t. poppe & philippe poppe - conchology, inc .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology, inc. in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only, as we handle very few foreign shells in general. as time goes, the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n© 1996 - 2018 guido t. poppe & philippe poppe - conchology, inc. (0. 001 seconds. )\nburgess, c. m. (1970). the living cowries. as barnes and co, ltd. cranbury, new jersey. (look up in imis) [ details ]\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, states, usa, television, ... more\nthis species is distributed in the red sea and in the indian ocean along chagos, kenya, the mascarene basin, mauritius and tanzania .\nif you do not have an account yet, you can register here first .\ne - mail conchbooks office if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "purpuradusta microdon is species of tropical sea snail , a cowry , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae , the cowries .", "this species lives in the indo-pacific oceans .", "the shell of this cowry closely resembles that of purpuradusta minoridens .", "subspecies purpuradusta microdon microdon ( gray , 1828 ) purpuradusta microdon chrysalis ( kiener , l.c. , 1843 )" ], "topic": [ 2, 13, 2, 4 ] }

[ "purpuradusta microdon is species of tropical sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae, the cowries. this species lives in the indo-pacific oceans. the shell of this cowry closely resembles that of purpuradusta minoridens. subspecies purpuradusta microdon microdon (gray, 1828) purpuradusta microdon chrysalis (kiener, l.c., 1843 )" ]

[ "acontias breviceps essex 1925: 332 acontias plumbeus breviceps — fitzsimons 1943: 249 acontias breviceps — daniels et al. 2006 acontias breviceps — lamb et al. 2010\nunmasking evolutionary diversity among two closely related south african legless skink species (acontinae: acontias) using molecular data .\nunmasking evolutionary diversity among two closely related south african legless skink species (acontinae: acontias) using molecular data. - pubmed - ncbi\nwe examined species boundaries among two phylogenetically closely related and morphologically similar south african fossorial legless skink species, acontias breviceps and acontias gracilicauda. samples of these two species were collected throughout their distribution ranges and sequenced for three dna loci (two mitochondrial loci, 16s rrna and cytochrome b (cyt b), plus the nuclear locus prolactin). phylogenetic relationships were determined using maximum parsimony, bayesian inference and maximum likelihood analyses of the combined dna sequence data set. the total evidence topology retrieved two paraphyletic clades in both acontias species with strong statistical support. the phylogenetic results revealed that a. breviceps specimens from the eastern cape province were basal (clade 1), while the highveld specimens of a. breviceps from the mpumalanga province (clade 2) were retrieved as sister to a. gracilicauda (clade 1). in addition, the a. gracilicauda specimens from the interior of the northern cape province (clade 2) were found embedded within the a. occidentalis species complex. these clades were characterised by marked sequence divergence for the cyt b locus. furthermore, no maternal or nuclear haplotypes were shared between clades within both a. breviceps and a. gracilicauda, alluding to genetic and reproductive isolation. the results provide overwhelming evidence to assign a. breviceps from the mpumalanga highveld to a novel species. further sampling is required to accurately delineate species boundaries within a. gracilicauda. the conservation implications of our results are briefly discussed .\nacontias breviceps - species dictionary - southern africa - interactions - page 1: ispot nature - your place to share nature. ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature. once you' ve registered, you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nessex, r. 1925. descriptions of two new species of the genus acontias and notes on some other lizards found in the cape province. rec. albany mus. 3: 332 - 342 .\nrepublic of south africa (e cape, e transvaal) type locality: hogsback, amatola mts. , 6000 ft elevation .\nerroneous spelling of a. brevipes? (see greer 2001). morphology: limbless .\nnamed after latin “brevis, - e” = short and “ - ceps”, a short form of “caput” = head .\nbates, m. f. ; branch, w. r. , bauer, a. m. ; burger, m. , marais, j. ; alexander, g. j. & de villliers, m. s. (eds .) 2014. atlas and red list of the reptiles of south africa, lesotho, and swaziland. suricata 1. south african national biodiversity institute, pretoria, 512 pp .\nbranch, william r. 1993. a photographic guide to snakes and other reptiles of southern africa. cape town: struik publishers, 144 s .\ndaniels, savel r. ; neil j. l. heideman, martin g. j. hendricks, keith a. crandall 2006. taxonomic subdivisions within the fossorial skink subfamily acontinae (squamata: scincidae) reconsidered: a multilocus perspective. zoologica scripta 35 (4): 353\ngreer, allen e. 2001. distribution of maximum snout - vent length among species of scincid lizards. journal of herpetology 35 (3): 383 - 395 - get paper here\nlamb, t. ; biswas, s. & bauer, a. m. 2010. a phylogenetic reassessment of african fossorial skinks in the subfamily acontinae (squamata: scincidae): evidence for parallelism and polyphyly. zootaxa 2657: 33–46 - get paper here\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz (database content) and jakob hallermann, zoological museum hamburg (new species and updates) .\nthis south african legless skink is found in two isolated populations in the eastern cape and mpumalanga escarpment. the area in which this species is distributed is approximately 30, 000 km\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nscientists aim to describe a single' tree of life' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things. however, evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery, and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named. eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific' classifications'. some species have been named more than once. such duplicates are listed under synonyms. eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nbusschau t 1, conradie w 2, jordaan a 3, daniels sr 4 .\ndepartment of botany & zoology, university of stellenbosch, private bag x1, matieland 7602, south africa .\nsouth african institute for aquatic biodiversity, private bag 1015, grahamstown 6140, south africa; port elizabeth museum, p. o. box 13147, humewood 6013, south africa .\ndepartment of zoology & entomology, university of the free state, p. o. box 339, bloemfontein 9300, south africa .\ndepartment of botany & zoology, university of stellenbosch, private bag x1, matieland 7602, south africa. electronic address: srd @ sun. ac. za .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en" ]

{ "text": [ "acontias breviceps , the shorthead lance skink , is a viviparous , legless , fossorial lizard occurring along the southern and eastern sections of the great escarpment in south africa .", "it may grow up to 10 cm long .", "this skink was first collected in 1925 by robert essex at hogsback in the amatola mountains in the eastern cape at an elevation of some 6000 ft. a disjunct second population exist in the transvaal drakensberg .", "essex collected for the albany museum of grahamstown , but a fire in 1941 destroyed most specimens and records . " ], "topic": [ 25, 0, 18, 5 ] }

[ "acontias breviceps, the shorthead lance skink, is a viviparous, legless, fossorial lizard occurring along the southern and eastern sections of the great escarpment in south africa. it may grow up to 10 cm long. this skink was first collected in 1925 by robert essex at hogsback in the amatola mountains in the eastern cape at an elevation of some 6000 ft. a disjunct second population exist in the transvaal drakensberg. essex collected for the albany museum of grahamstown, but a fire in 1941 destroyed most specimens and records." ]

[ "the outlook for the\nsmoky pocket gopher\nis grim. (full text )\npurchase includes free access to book updates online and a free trial membership in the publisher' s book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. chapters: yellow - faced pocket gopher, smoky pocket gopher, quertaro pocket gopher, naked - nosed pocket gopher, merriam' s pocket gopher, zinser' s pocket gopher. not illustrated. excerpt: see text the yellow - faced pocket gopher (cratogeomys castanops) is a species of pocket gopher that is native to shortgrass prairies in the southwestern united states and northern mexico. the yellow - faced pocket gopher has a yellowish - brown coat, a short tail, and one deep groove down the anterior middle of each incisor. there are currently 19 identified subspecies of cratogeomys castanops: ... more: urltoken\npocket gophers build elaborate tunnel systems underground. their tunnel systems have sleeping chambers, food storage chambers and even bathrooms! pocket gophers are solitary animals and eat roots and tubers .\npocket gophers are named for their fur - lined cheek pouches. their cheek pouches are used to carry food and can be turned inside out !\nthis gopher prefers volcanic soils (> 1 m in depth) (demastes et al. 2002). its primary habitat includes pine and oak forests and grasslands, but it can also live in degraded habitats and agricultural lands .\nthere are 39 species in this family. pocket gophers are found in north and central america. they have stout bodies; short tails; big heads; small ears and eyes; and short, but powerful legs with strong digging claws .\nhafner, m. s. , spradling, t. a. , light, j. e. , hafner, d. j. and demboski, j. r. 2004. systematic revision of pocket gophers of the cratogeomys gymnurus species group. journal of mammalogy 85: 1170 - 1183 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nthe taxonomy of cratogeomys fumosus has recently been revised using mitochondrial and nuclear dna, chromosomes, and morphological characters, such that it now incorporates four previously distinct species: c. gymnurus, c. neglectus, c. tylorhinus, c. zinseri, plus what was previously considered c. fumosus (hafner et al. 2004). four subspecies of c. fumosus are currently recognized: c. f. fumosus, c. f. angustirostris, c. f. imparilis, and c. f. tylorhinus. (hafner 2016) .\nhafner, m. , castro - arellano, i. & vargas, j .\njustification: this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, occurrence in protected areas, tolerance to some degree of habitat modification (including agricultural lands), and because it is unlikely to be declining at the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nthis species is endemic to mexico, where it occurs in the trans - mexican volcanic belt at the southern end of the mexican plateau from the states of jalisco and colima in the west to hildago and the state of mexico in the east (demastes et al. 2002). it ranges in elevations from about 300 m to 3, 370 m asl. it is found usually at 2, 000 m asl or higher in most of its range, but in colima and south - western jalisco populations occur at lower elevations .\nthere are no major threats to this species. in many parts of its range, habitat is being degraded or lost to expanding agriculture and human settlement. this species also is persecuted as a pest in parts of its range. isolated populations in colima, lago de morenos in jalisco, and in querétaro are particularly at risk .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish, wildlife, and plants in idaho .\nclick the species name for a detailed record or scroll to the bottom of the page to create a field guide .\ncheck the boxes next to the species you want to appear in your guide, then click the\ncreate field guide\nbutton. each species will add about 50 kb to your field guide .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhome | wild files | n. h. animals | animals a - z | watch online\nleast concern near threatened vulnerable endangered critically endangered extinct in wild extinct status and range is taken from icun redlist. if no status is listed, there is not enough data to establish status .\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 3rd ed. , vols. 1 & 2\ncomments: included in gymnurus species - group by russell (1968b). however, fumosus is likely a species that includes gynmurus, neglectus, tylorhinus, and zinseri; see demastes et al. (2002 )\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\ncopyright © 1995 - 2018 ebay inc. all rights reserved. accessibility, user agreement, privacy, cookies and adchoice" ]

{ "text": [ "the smoky pocket gopher ( cratogeomys fumosus ) is a species of rodent in the family geomyidae .", "it is endemic to mexico ( querétaro ) .", "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland .", "molecular phylogenetics has revealed that this species also includes the animals formerly separated as c. gymnurus , c. neglectus , c. tylorhinus and c. zinseri . " ], "topic": [ 29, 0, 24, 8 ] }

[ "the smoky pocket gopher (cratogeomys fumosus) is a species of rodent in the family geomyidae. it is endemic to mexico (querétaro). its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland. molecular phylogenetics has revealed that this species also includes the animals formerly separated as c. gymnurus, c. neglectus, c. tylorhinus and c. zinseri." ]

[ "kento furui added the japanese common name\n無腸目\nto\nacoela\n.\nyan wong changed the thumbnail image of\nfile: acoela. jpg\n.\na description of three acoela from the gulf of naples. | the stylet -\nas of 2003, acoela is included as an order together with nemertodermatida in the species complex acoelomorpha within the phylum platyhelminthes on the basis of similarities between acoela and nemertodermatida. according to the european register of marine species, there are 20 families within the order acoela .\nacoela are found worldwide in mostly shallow waters in all oceans from tropical to polar regions .\norder acoela .\nalien travel guide (july 15, 2003). < urltoken > .\na promising model system for the acoela. however, despite the relatively detailed knowledge of its morphology [\ni like how the video now says exactly what it' s doing. it' s trolling the poor acoela !\nacoela (acoels) .\ngrzimek' s animal life encyclopedia. . retrieved july 10, 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nwestblad e: studien über skandinavische turbellaria acoela. 5. arkiv för zoologi. 1948, 41a (7): 1 - 82 .\nwestbald e: studien über skandinavische turbellaria acoela. i. arkiv för zoologi. 1940, 32a (20): 1 - 28 .\nacoela (acoels) .\ngrzimek' s animal life encyclopedia. . encyclopedia. com. (july 10, 2018). urltoken\nwhat made you want to look up acoela? please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible) .\nthe work of ruiz - trillo and his colleagues has been challenged by tyler and his working group, who maintain that the order acoela should be considered the earliest or most primitive group within phylum platyhelminthes. lundin considers the acoela to have likely evolved from ancestors within or related to the nemertodermatida .\nsteinböck o: die hofsteniiden (turbellaria acoela). grundsätzliches zur evolution der turbellarien. z zool syst evolutionsforsch. 1966, 4: 58 - 195 .\nacoela and nemertodermatida are marine worms that occur abundantly in sandy or silty sediments as well as among algae. most of the species are members of the meiofauna (a mixed assemblage of small animals that will pass through a 250 µm sieve). currently there are about 400 named species of acoela and 9 species of nemertodermatida .\ndörjes j: die acoela (turbellaria) der deutschen nordseekste und ein neues system der ordnung. z zool syst evolutionsforsch. 1968, 6: 56 - 452 .\nlundin k: degenerating epidermal cells in xenoturbella bocki (phylum uncertain), nemertodermatida and acoela (platyhelminthes). belgian j zool. 2001, 131: 153 - 157 .\nbartolomäus, thomas, and ivonne balzer .\nconvolutriloba longifissura nov. spec. (acoela) — the first case of longitudinal fission in plathelminthes .\nmicrofauna marina 11 (1997): 7–118 .\npetrov a, hooge m, tyler s: ultrastructure of sperms in acoela (acoelomorpha) and its concordance with molecular systematics. invertebr biol. 2004, 123 (3): 183 - 197 .\ncrezée m: monograph of the solenofilomorphidae (turbellaria: acoela). internationale revue der gesamten hydrobiologie. 1975, 60 (6): 769 - 845. 10. 1002 / iroh. 19750600604 .\njanssen, hans heinrich, and rolf gradinger .\nturbellaria (archoophora: acoela) from antarctic sea ice endofauna— examination of their micromorphology .\npolar biology 21, no. 6 (1999): 410–416 .\nacoela are free - living, either planktonic (swimming or drifting) or interstitial (living between sand grains on the sea bottom). a few are commensals on other invertabrates. they move by means of cilia, or tiny hairlike projections, covering the entire outer side of their epidermis. the species that live among sand grains reportedly behave much as do ciliated protozoans, particularly paramecium and opalina, which share space with the acoela .\nsemmler h, bailly x, wanninger a: myogenesis in the basal bilaterian symsagittifera roscoffensis (acoela). front zool. 2008, 5: 14 - 10. 1186 / 1742 - 9994 - 5 - 14 .\none process that could have driven the elaboration of the nervous system in the crucimusculata is adaptation to a more complex ecology. the majority of taxa at the base of the acoela are interstitial and supposedly feed on dissolved organic matter [\nferrero ea, bedini c: ultrastructural aspects of nervous - system and statocyst morphogenesis during embryonic development of convoluta psammophila (turbellaria, acoela). hydrobiologia. 1991, 227: 131 - 137. 10. 1007 / bf00027592 .\nacoela live in marine or brackish water. some species drift or swim in the open sea, or live unobtrusively among sand grains on sea bottoms in shallow coastal waters. some even live in cold brine channels within antarctic ice floes .\nferrero e: a fine structural analysis of the statocyst in turbellaria acoela. zool scripta. 1973, 2 (1): 5 - 16. 10. 1111 / j. 1463 - 6409. 1973. tb00793. x .\npetrov a, hooge m, tyler s: comparative morphology of the bursal nozzles in acoels (acoela, acoelomorpha). j morphol. 2006, 267 (5): 634 - 648. 10. 1002 / jmor. 10428 .\ngschwentner, robert, sanja baric, and reinhard rieger .\nnew model for the formation and function of sagittocysts: symsagittifera corsicae n. sp. (acoela) .\ninvertebrate biology 121, no. 2 (1999): 95–103 .\nsmith jps, bush l: convoluta pulchran. sp. (turbellaria: acoela) from the east coast of north america. trans am microsc soc. 1991, 110 (1): 12 - 26. 10. 2307 / 3226735 .\nnevertheless, other features of the acoela that support their being a phylum unto themselves include their simple nervous system, as compared with platyhelminth species, and their manner of embryonic development. according to a study by raikova et al. , which compared the brains of acoels with those of other platyhelminths, the acoel brain and nervous system are simpler and much different in structure from those of other platyhelminths, suggesting major differences between the two groups and supporting the classification of acoela as a separate phylum .\ngschwentner, robert, peter ladurner, willi salvenmoser, reinhard rieger, and seth tyler .\nfine structure and evolutionary significance of sagittocysts of convolutriloba longifissura (acoela, platyhelminthes) .\ninvertebrate biology 118, no. 4 (1999): 332–345 .\nthe acoela may be direct descendants of the earliest line of animals to diverge from diploblastic organisms with the beginnings of triploblastic features: a middle tissue layer and bilateral symmetry. the dna studies suggest that the acoels or their direct ancestors diverged from the diploblasts much earlier than did the main line of triploblastic animals (including all living triploblasts other than acoela), in pre - cambrian times, well before the so - called cambrian explosion era of 540–500 million years ago, when most if not all modern animal phyla appeared .\nchandler rm, thomas mb, smith jps: the role of shell granules and accessory cells in eggshell formation in convoluta pulchra (turbellaria, acoela). biol bull. 1992, 182 (1): 54 - 65. 10. 2307 / 1542180 .\nacoels reproduce sexually, although some species also reproduce asexually by fission (asexual reproduction). acoela have no distinct gonads; gametes are formed directly from the mesenchyme, or middle tissue layer. acoel spermatozoa bear two flagella on each sperm cell, another primitive feature .\nraikova, olga, m. reuter, elena kotikova, and margaretha k. s. gustafsson .\na commissural brain! the pattern of 5 - ht immunoreactivity in acoela (plathelminthes) .\nzoomorphology 118, no. 2 (1998): 69–77 .\nraikova oi, reuter m, kotikova ea, gustafsson mks: a commissural brain! the pattern of 5 - ht immunoreactivity in acoela (plathelminthes) [ platyhelminthes ]. zoomorphology. 1998, 118 (2): 69 - 77. 10. 1007 / s004350050058 .\njondelius u, wallberg a, hooge m, raikova oi: how the worm got its pharynx: phylogeny, classification and bayesian assessment of character evolution in acoela. syst biol. 2011, 60 (6): 845 - 871. 10. 1093 / sysbio / syr073 .\nbedini c, lanfranchi a: the central and peripheral nervous system of acoela (plathelminthes). an electron microscopical study. acta zool. 1991, 72 (2): 101 - 106. 10. 1111 / j. 1463 - 6395. 1991. tb00322. x .\nreuter m, raikova oi, gustafsson mks: an endocrine brain? the pattern of fmrf - amide immunoreactivity in acoela (plathelminthes). tissue cell. 1998, 30 (1): 57 - 63. 10. 1016 / s0040 - 8166 (98) 80006 - 2 .\ngaerber cw, salvenmoser w, rieger rm, gschwentner r: the nervous system of convolutriloba (acoela) and its patterning during regeneration after asexual reproduction. zoomorphology. 2007, 126 (2): 73 - 87. 10. 1007 / s00435 - 007 - 0039 - z .\nsmith jps, tyler s: fine structure and evolutionary implications of the frontal organ in turbellaria acoela. i. diopisthoporus gymnopharyngeus n. sp. zool scr. 1985, 14: 91 - 102. 10. 1111 / j. 1463 - 6409. 1985. tb00180. x .\nreuter m, raikova oi, jondelius u, gustafsson mks, maule ag, halton dw: organisation of the nervous system in the acoela: an immunocytochemical study. tissue cell. 2001, 33 (2): 119 - 128. 10. 1054 / tice. 2000. 0134 .\nachatz jg, chiodin m, salvenmoser w, tyler s, martinez p: the acoela: on their kind and kinships, especially with nemertodermatids and xenoturbellids (bilateria incertae sedis). org div evol. 2012, : - 10. 1007 / s13127 - 012 - 0112 - 4 .\nwhen acoels were considered to be a bunch of unusual flatworms it was quite easy to ignore all these peculiar characteristics, or at least brush over them. now that acoela is recognised as a distinct group of its own, these peculiarities have taken on a whole new significance. these humble worms may\norder acoela exclusively marine; mouth present; pharynx simple or lacking; no intestine; without protonephridia, oviducts, yolk glands, or definitely delimited gonads; about 200 species. order neorhabdocoela saclike linear intestine; protonephridia and oviducts usually present; gonads few, mostly compact; nervous system generally with 2 longitudinal\n]. bilobed brains with one or more “straight” commissures evolved secondarily within the acoela and the pervasion of such brains by frontal glands and muscles corroborates this – they were simply there before. the selective advantage of an “internalized” brain most likely lies in biomechanical constraints. as shown above the dorsal posterior commissure of\nwallberg a, curini - galletti m, ahmadzadeh a, jondelius u: dismissal of acoelomorpha: acoela and nemertodermatida are separate early bilaterian clades. zool scripta. 2007, 36 (5): 509 - 523. 10. 1111 / j. 1463 - 6409. 2007. 00295. x .\nraikova oi, reuter m, gustafsson mks, maule ag, halton dw, jondelius u: evolution of the nervous system in paraphanostoma (acoela). zool scripta. 2004, 33 (1): 71 - 88. 10. 1111 / j. 1463 - 6409. 2004. 00137. x .\npfistermüller r, tyler s: correlation of fluorescence and electron microscopy of f - actin - containing sensory cells in the epidermis of convoluta pulchra (platyhelminthes: acoela). acta zool. 2002, 83 (1): 15 - 24. 10. 1046 / j. 1463 - 6395. 2002. 00095. x .\ntekle yi, raikova oi, ahmadzadeh a, jondelius u: revision of the childiidae (acoela), a total evidence approach in reconstructing the phylogeny of acoels with reversed muscle layers. j zool sys evol res. 2005, 43 (1): 72 - 90. 10. 1111 / j. 1439 - 0469. 2004. 00293. x .\ntyler, s. , artois, t. ; schilling, s. ; hooge, m. ; bush, l. f. (eds) (2006 - 2018). world list of turbellarian worms: acoelomorpha, catenulida, rhabditophora. acoela. accessed through: world register of marine species at: urltoken; = 2847 on 2018 - 07 - 10\nhooge m, wallberg a, todt c, maloy a, jondelius u, tyler s: a revision of the systematics of panther worms (hofstenia spp. , acoela), with notes on color variation and genetic variation within the genus. hydrobiologia. 2007, 592 (1): 439 - 454. 10. 1007 / s10750 - 007 - 0789 - 0 .\nsome adult acoela reproduce asexually by fission in one of three possible ways: architomy, in which smaller pieces separate from the maternal animal prior to organ differentiation; paratomy, or transverse fission, in which organ differentiation takes place within the fragments before separation; and budding, or local tissue reorganization in which a small bud or outgrowth detaches itself from the parent organism and lives independently .\nis that the brain is devoid of any sl immunoreactive somata, a fact that has not been reported for any other species within the acoela. we cannot explain this difference, but as we found the same result using two different antibodies we think that there is strong support for this conclusion. here, it should be noted that the monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies gave identical results concerning the structures that were immunoreactive (compare figures\nthe name acoela comes from two greek words that mean\nwithout a body cavity\n; it refers to a distinguishing feature of this order (or phylum) of tiny wormlike multicellular marine invertebrates. species in this group have no true body cavity or coelom. a true coelom is a fluid - filled body cavity formed from mesodermal tissue. it lies between the outer body wall of epidermal tissue and the gut or digestive tract .\non the other hand we propose that sexual conflict is a driving force for the elaboration of the nervous system. generally, when looking at the character distribution of sexual traits in a phylogeny of the acoela there is a trend towards more complexity from “basal” to “divergent” taxa and it has been argued that sexual conflict, the antagonistic co - evolution of male and female sexual traits, nicely accounts for this variation, especially in copulatory organs and sperm ultrastructure [\ntaking the phylogeny of acoels (( (crucimusculata + prosopharyngida) paratomellidae) diopisthoporidae) and the character distribution outlined above into account it is clear that the ground pattern of the acoel nervous system consists of a small number of neurons associated with the statocyst, one to two ring commissures and two to six posterior neurite bundles and a stomatogastric nervous system is absent. this conclusion is further supported by a comparison with the sistergroup of the acoela, the nemertodermatida. only two to four neurite bundles have been found in all described species and ring commissures occur in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: nature. publisher: new york: nature publishing group. oclc: 499775149\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1. 0 / / en\nurltoken\nhox and parahox genes in nemertodermatida, a basal bilaterian clade. - pubmed - ncbi\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nint j dev biol. 2006; 50 (8): 675 - 9 .\njimenez - guri e 1, paps j, garcia - fernandez j, salo e .\ndepartament de genetica, facultat de biologia, universitat de barcelona, barcelona, spain. eva. jimenez @ urltoken\nacoels are tiny; the members of most species are no longer than 0. 078 in (2 mm), although convolutriloba retrogemma can reach lengths of 0. 23–0. 28 in (6–7 mm) and convoluta roscoffensis can grow up to 0. 59 in (15 mm) long. the bodies\nof acoels may be either oval or cylindrical in shape, and flattened dorsoventrally .\nacoels have either a simple pharynx or none at all; the pharynx or mouth is situated on the ventral (lower) surface. they have no digestive tract (gut), no protonephridia (primitive kidneys for excretion and osmotic balance), and no distinct gonads. the brain is quite simple, unlike the more complex bilobed brain found in most platyhelminth species. the acoel nervous system is a loose net of nerve fibers strung throughout the body. most species also have simple eyes known as ocelli. individuals of nearly all species carry a statocyst, a tiny, spherical organ for balance and orientation .\nacoels have no true gut, but have instead a digestive syncytium, a simple, not formed inner cavity. the digestive syncytium is not formed from mesodermal tissue as is a true coelom. various acoel species feed on algae, microorganisms and detritus, ingesting food through a simple pharynx or even simpler mouth located on the ventral surface. some carry endosymbiotic algae within their epidermis and absorb nourishment manufactured by the algae .\nthe mouth or pharynx of an acoel leads to a packed or loose mass of endodermal cells that serves as the digestive organ. food particles ingested by the animal are absorbed and digested by individual cells in the endodermal mass. this mode of digestion is known as phagocytosis .\nacoels differ from other bilaterally symmetrical animals in the way in which their embryonic cells divide during development. a fertilized acoel egg divides once; then the two resulting cells subdivide further into many smaller cells. this pattern contrasts with the eggs of all other bilateral animals, each of which divides first into two and then into four cells that go on to divide into many smaller cells. according to henry et al. , the acoel pattern of embryonic development supports the hypothesis that the acoels branched off from the ancestral line of bilateral animals very early, and may thus represent an earlier evolutionary experiment in body structure .\nacoels are quite obscure yet so widespread and numerous that no species are considered threatened .\nacoels have no known direct significance to humans as of 2003. their main value to humanity is scientific, in that studies of them may shed light on the earliest evolution of bilateral triploblastic animals .\nindividuals of convoluta roscoffensis are oval wormlike creatures that may be as much as 0. 59 in (15 mm) long and have a characteristic green color from the inclusion of numerous individuals of the photosynthetic alga tetraselmis convolutae in their tissues. there may be as many as 25, 000 individual algae living within an individual of c. roscoffensis .\nadult individuals of c. roscoffensis congregate in temporary tidal pools, swarming near the water surface to allow maximal photosynthesis to take place in their onboard alga. these acoels may be present in the summer in such numbers that they turn the water green. when the tide returns, the acoels are swept back out to sea .\njuvenile individuals of c. roscoffensis take in but do not digest individuals of the alga tetraselmis convolutae. at maturity, the pharynx and mouth disappear while the alga distributes itself throughout the worm' s body. the worm is then entirely dependent upon the alga for its nourishment. tetraselmis supplies the acoel with sugars and oxygen while the acoel donates nitrogen wastes to the alga .\nreproduces sexually by mating between male and female individuals (dermal impregnation). the eggs are fertilized internally and then released .\noval wormlike creatures, colored green by the presence of symbiotic algae in their tissues. convolutriloba longifissura, like other members of sagittiferidae, bears sagittocysts, which are tiny hook - like projections that form in and arise from the epidermis. sagittocysts are used for defense and capturing prey. convolutriloba longifissura carries its sagittocysts on its dorsal (upper) surface .\ningests smaller organisms, while carrying symbiotic tetraselmis algae within its epidermis as well as internally. unlike convoluta roscoffensis, however, convolutriloba longifissura regularly digests individual members of its onboard complement of algae .\nreproduces sexually by mating between male and female individuals (dermal impregnation). the eggs are fertilized internally and then released. it also reproduces asexually by fission. in fission, the hindmost fourth of the maternal animal separates itself in a transverse direction and drops away. the fragment divides longitudinally and the new individuals form eyes and mouths over a period of 2–3 days. meanwhile, the maternal animal regrows the lost section and repeats the fissioning process, thus launching a new group of offspring every four days .\nlike other members of the sagittiferidae family, s. corsicae bears sagittocysts, which form in and arise from the epidermis, and are used for defense and capturing prey. the needle - shaped sagittocysts are produced in specialized gland cells called sagittocytes, whose roots are surrounded by muscles. the worm contracts the muscles to eject the sagittocysts. symsagittifera corsicae carries its sagittocysts on its rear ventral surface .\nreproduces sexually, via male - female mating and internal fertilization of eggs, which are then released .\nbalzer, i .\nsymbiotic association between the acoel convolutriloba longifissura and the alga tetraselmis sp .\nin endocytobiology vii, edited by e. wagner, j. normann, h. greppin, j. h. p. hackstein, r. g. hermann, k. v. kowallik, h. e. a. schenk, and j. seckbach. geneva: geneva university press, 1999 .\ncaira, janine n. , and d. timothy j. littlewood .\nworms, platyhelminthes .\nin encyclopedia of biodiversity, vol. 5, edited by s. levin. san diego: academic press, 2001 .\nlittlewood, d. t. j. , and r. a. bray, eds. interrelationships of the platyhelminthes. london: taylor and francis, 2001 .\nakesson, b. , r. gschwentner, j. hendelberg, p. ladurner, j. müller, and r. rieger .\nfission in convolutriloba longifissura: asexual reproduction in acoelous turbellarians revisited .\nacta zoologica 82, no. 3 (2001): 231–239 .\nbalzer, i .\nsymbiotic association between the plathelminth convolutrilova longifissura and the alga tetraselmis sp .\nnova hedwigia 112 (1996): 461–475 .\nhenry, j. q. , m. q. martindale, and b. c. boyer .\nthe unique developmental program of the acoel flatworm, neochildia fusca .\ndevelopmental biology 220 (2000): 285–295 .\nruiz - trillo, i. , m. riutort, t. j. littlewood, e. a. herniou, and j. baguna .\nacoel flatworms: earliest extant bilaterian metazoans, not members of platyhelminthes .\nscience 283 (1999): 1919–1923 .\nacoel flatworms misrepresented ?\nuniversity of maine, department of biological sciences. 1999 (july 15, 2003). < urltoken > .\nproject: morphology and phylogeny of the acoelomorpha (platyhelminthes) .\ngöteborgs universitets marina forskningscentrum. < urltoken > .\nurltoken gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the modern language association (mla), the chicago manual of style, and the american psychological association (apa) .\nwithin the “cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list .\nbecause each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, urltoken cannot guarantee each citation it generates. therefore, it’s best to use urltoken citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most - recent information available at these sites :\nmost online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. therefore, that information is unavailable for most urltoken content. however, the date of retrieval is often important. refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates .\nin addition to the mla, chicago, and apa styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list .\nacoels are several hundred species of small, flattened worms, usually under 1. 5 cm (0. 5 in) long. they' re found across much of the world in marine environments; some use their cilia to crawl between grains of sand on the sea floor, others infest the surface of corals and feast on whatever goodies they find on the mucus there, some live in the brackish waters of mangroves and there are even a few who travel through the tiny channels found in polar ice, seeking out algae to feed on .\nthey were initially thought to be flatworms, which is reasonable enough given that they' re worms who are flat. they' re named after the fact that they\n, the body cavity found in most other animals. both flatworms and acoels are solid flesh from skin to gut .\nhowever, molecular studies show that acoels aren' t flatworms at all. they' re rather more simple than that. yup. they' re more simple than flatworms !\nacoels are already named after their lack of an empty space, which is kind of weird when you think about it, but they also lack another empty space: the gut. i must admit, i have a hard time picturing this! acoels have a mouth for food to go in but it seems this food then goes straight into digestive cells rather than hanging out in a gut first .\nthey also lack what' s known as a protonephridium. humans and other vertebrates have kidneys which get rid of waste products from the blood. invertebrates have a completely different organ for the same purpose, called the nephridium. the\nnephridium is just right for flatworms and several other simple, wormy creatures. apparently acoels eschew such internal housekeeping .\nspeaking of bad housekeeping, while acoels are hermaphrodite, they don' t have gonads. the cells that produce eggs and sperm are simply scattered about the body. it' s like going to someone' s house and finding a sock on the kitchen counter and a plant pot full of gardening tools in the bathroom. what a mess !\nanother strange thing about acoels are their nerve cords. animals can be divided into two enormous groups; deuterostomes, like us humans, other chordates and echinoderms, with our dorsal nerves cords. that means we have that thick bundle of nerves running down our backs in the spinal column. the other lot are the protostomes, they include annelids, arthropods, molluscs, and flatworms, and their nerve cord\nacoels? they have nerve cords along the belly, along the back and several more in between. this sets them apart from pretty well every other animal in the world !\ndating back to early animal life, when even flatworms were a mere twinkle in the eyespot .\noh, and some acoels have eyespots. there can be up to 4 of them, each one composed of just two cells, making them the simplest of any animal. pretty much all of them also have something called\n, which is an organ that lets them tell up from down. this must surely be their pride and joy. a real life organ !\nthat isn' t the only organ they have, though. you might think a simple, marine worm like this would dump their eggs and sperm around the place and leave them to it, but no. while there are some who reproduce asexually by simply splitting in two, acoels usually engage in real copulation and internal fertilisation .\nsome species have an opening into which a soft, muscular copulatory organ can slip in and dump a load of sperm which can then be stored in an organ called the bursa until required. others don' t have such an opening, and they just stab each other with needles. the sperm cells then migrate to the bursa. also the sperm cells have two flagella rather than one, which is just strange .\nso after all that simplicity and missing body parts, things suddenly get very complicated when it comes to sex. at least we can see where their interests lie. acoels clearly play their music on a\nacoels take' bag of random body parts' to the extreeeeme. are they parasectic to the corals, or they just chilling on them ?\ni guess when your life consists of eating and sex, it' s good to know which way' s up .\n@ esther: haha! yeah, they' re scarcely\nparts\nat all, just bits and bobs all over the place! they' re not really parasitic. they just eat whatever they find on the coral rather than the actual coral, so i don' t think it causes any harm. although maybe it' s a problem when there' s way too many of them. @ crunchy: so true! that' s the kind of wisdom we can attain from nature. @ texwisgirl: it' ll be fashionable decor in a few years, just you wait !\nglad to know that they have their priories straight concerning reproduction. however, if they get any simpler, they' d be over - sized bacteria !\nruggiero ma, gordon dp, orrell tm, bailly n, bourgoin t, brusca rc, et al. (2015) a higher level classification of all living organisms. plos one 10 (4): e0119248. doi: 10. 1371 / journal. pone. 0119248. pmid: 25923521\nthis page was last edited on 19 december 2017, at 10: 19 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nthis is a directory page. britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\nanimal, (kingdom animalia), any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms (i. e. , as distinct from…\nthe nervous system of isodiametra pulchra consists of a bilobed brain with a dorsal posterior commissure, a frontal ring and tracts, four pairs of longitudinal neurite bundles, as well as a supramuscular and submuscular plexus. serotonin - like immunoreactivity (sli) is displayed in parts of the brain, the longitudinal neurite bundles and a large part of the supramuscular plexus, while fmrfamide - like immunoreactivity (rfli) is displayed in parts of the brain and a distinct set of neurons, the longitudinal neurite bundles and the submuscular plexus. despite this overlap sli and rfli are never colocalized. most remarkable though is the presence of a distinct functional neuro - muscular system consisting of the statocyst, tracts, motor neurons and inner muscles, as well as the presence of various muscles that differ with regard to their ultrastructure and innervation .\nacoels are microscopic, hermaphroditic and acoelomate worms that predominantly live in benthic marine habitats. their relatively simple morphology but the high plasticity of their neuroanatomy was recognized early on [\n]; however, there are some shared traits such as the possession of a peripheral plexus and 3–5 pairs of neurite bundles, which usually have a similar diameter and are distributed regularly spaced around the antero - posterior axis. the brain can be shaped like a ring, a barrel, or a bilobed mass with a complex connectivity of various neurites forming connectives and commissures [\n] research on these worms has been revived. species on which the most work has been conducted are the convolutids\n]. the latter lives in marine mud flats in maine (usa) and measures about 1 mm in length. for the most part, specimens are translucent, feed on diatoms, lay 1–2 eggs per worm per day throughout the whole year and can be cultured in petri dishes under laboratory conditions [\n], data on its nervous system are scarce. therefore, we studied this organ using a set of complementary methods to give a detailed description, provide a basis for future studies investigating the effects of knockdown of genes involved in neurogenesis, and advance our understanding of the constraints on the species’ neuroanatomy .\na). the brain exhibits a commissure at the posterior rim or slightly posterior to the statocyst, which, in accordance with raikova et al. [\n], we term the dorsal posterior commissure. however, the area around the statocyst lacks any signal. four pairs of neurite bundles are evident: a dorsal, a lateral, a ventral and a medio - ventral bundle (figures\nb, c). there is an inconspicuous connection between the ventral and the medio - ventral pair approximately 25 μm behind the commissure. distinct neurons extend neurites at various angles from anterior to posterior and around the posterior rim of the mouth (figure\n. anterior half, ventral side in focus. arrowheads point to neurons in an anterior - posterior orientation and around the posterior rim of the mouth. abbreviations: 1 dorsal neurite bundle; 2 lateral neurite bundle; 3 ventral neurite bundle; 4 medio - ventral neurite bundle; cop male copulatory organ; m mouth; pc dorsal posterior commissure. scale bars :\na, b). somata are especially numerous at the anterior end except in the area of the frontal organ, projecting neurites into the brain that measure up to 20 μm in length. the majority of somata at the anterior end lie below the body - wall musculature, whereas in the rest of the body they are located peripheral to the body - wall musculature (figures\na, c). the ventral and dorsal neurite bundles extend to the level of the mouth, where they merge into the plexus around the mouth or the area on the dorsal side of the mouth, respectively. the lateral bundles extend all the way to the posterior end, where they merge with the plexus approximately 25 μm away from the posterior tip. the medio - ventral bundles split about 100 μm posterior to the statocyst, merging into the plexus around the mouth, with the innermost neurites bending around the mouth. the areas noted above are the most conspicuous parts of the basiepidermal plexus (figures\nwhole mount stained with polyclonal antibodies against serotonin. a. projection of dorsal sections. b. projection of ventral sections. inset: projection of body wall showing cilia of epidermal cells in blue and receptor cell with single cilium with sli in red. note that the soma of the cell was out of the section plane and its intensity is therefore weaker. abbreviations: 1 dorsal neurite bundle; 2 lateral neurite bundle; 3 ventral neurite bundle; 4 medio - ventral neurite bundle; al anterior lobe; cop male copulatory organ; fo frontal organ; m mouth; pc dorsal posterior commissure. scale bar: 100 μm .\nwhole mounts stained with polyclonal antibodies against serotonin (magenta: a, b, c, d, e), tyrosinated tubulin (green: e), and fluorophore - tagged phalloidin (cyan). asterisks mark position of statocyst. a. anterior end of adult specimen, projection of dorsal sections. the dorsal body - wall musculature has been omitted for clarity. arrowhead points to swallow’s nest receptor cell. note the position of the x - muscle ventral to the dorsal posterior commissure. b. anterior end of adult specimen, projection of ventral sections. arrowheads point to swallow’s nest receptor cells. note the position of the x - muscle ventral to the statocyst. c. dorsal projection of juvenile. note the position of the x - muscle ventral to the dorsal posterior commissure. d. ventral projection of juvenile. note the position of the x - muscle ventral to the statocyst. e. dorsal projection of juvenile. arrows point to gland cells at posterior tip. abbreviations: 1 dorsal neurite bundle; 2 lateral neurite bundle; 3 ventral neurite bundle; 4 medio - ventral neurite bundle; al anterior lobe; ds digestive syncytium; fr frontal ring; m mouth; om oblique inner muscle; pc dorsal posterior commissure; pl posterior lobe. scale bars: a, b 50 μm; c, d 50 μm; e 20 μm .\na, b, c, d). when entering the brain, the dorsal neurite bundles bend slightly ventrally and seem to disintegrate into paired areas of high connectivity, which are far less apparent than the anterior lobes but which nevertheless will subsequently be termed the posterior lobes in accordance with smith and bush [\n]. however, two tracts are consistent and strong enough to follow: one continues further anteriorly, connecting to the corresponding anterior lobe, and the other bends towards the midline, becoming part of the posterior commissure. about 12 μm towards the midline from where the dorsal neurite bundle “splits”, a tract extends directly ahead to the anterior lobe, together with the dorsal side of the frontal ring and the posterior commissure forming a trapezoid structure on top of the statocyst (figures\nc). the lateral neurite bundle can be followed all the way to the anterior lobe, and of the many connections to the adjacent nerve cords the following are apparent: one to the posterior lobe, located at the level of the dorsal posterior commissure, and one to the ventral neurite bundle, occurring approximately 15 μm posterior to this commissure. the ventral neurite bundles enter the posterior lobe and extend to the lateral sides of the commissure. however, many bundles of neurites extend towards the anterior lobe and there is a conspicuous connection with the medio - ventral neurite bundles approximately 10 μm posterior to the dorsal posterior commissure. the medio - ventral neurite bundles pass the posterior lobes and terminate straight in the anterior lobes (figure\nwhole mounts of adult specimens stained with antibodies against fmrfamide (green: a, b, c, f, f’, f”), serotonin (monoclonal; magenta: a, b, c, f, f’, f”), and fluorophore - tagged phalloidin (blue; d, e). a. dorsal side of entire specimen. b. anterior end. arrows point to lateral varicosities of neurites that probably connect the lobes with receptor cells in the epidermis. c. detail of b. d. anterior half of a specimen showing rfl immunoreactive parts of the brain and neurites surrounding the dorso - ventral muscles of the ventral groove. e. musculature of copulatory organs innervated by rfl immunoreactive neurites. f. dorsal projection of brain. f’. central projection of brain. f”. ventral projection of brain. abbreviations: 1 dorsal neurite bundle; 2 lateral neurite bundle; 3 ventral neurite bundle; bn bursal nozzle; cop male copulatory organ; ds digestive syncytium; fr frontal ring; pc dorsal posterior commissure. scale bars: a 100 μm; b 50 μm; c 10 μm; d 50 μm; e 50 μm; f - f” 25 μm .\nwhole mount stained with antibodies against tyrosinated tubulin (green: a, b, c, d, e), serotonin (polyclonal; magenta: a, b, c, d, e), and fluorophore - tagged phalloidin (blue: a, b). a. projection of central sections. arrowheads point to neurites that follow distinct inner muscles. b. projection of ventral sections. arrowheads point to neurites that follow distinct inner muscles. asterisk marks position of statocyst. c. projection of dorsal sections. d. projection of central sections. asterisk marks position of statocyst. e. magnification of d. abbreviations: 1 dorsal neurite bundle; 2 lateral neurite bundle; 3 ventral neurite bundle; 4 medio - ventral neurite bundle; at anterior tract; bw body wall; ds digestive syncytium; fo frontal organ; fr frontal ring; lt left tract; pc dorsal posterior commissure; pt posterior tract; rt right tract; sp spermatids and sperm. scale bars: a, b 50 μm; c, d 30 μm; e 10 μm .\na, b, c, f - f”). there are four pairs of neurite bundles: a dorsal, a lateral, a ventral and a medio - ventral bundle. all bundles emanate from the posterior lobes except for the medio - ventral bundles, which emanate from the anterior lobe. the dorsal bundles extend to the level of the male copulatory organ, where they fan out towards the midline and the lateral neurite bundles, while the lateral neurite bundles extend to the posterior end and merge with the plexus in this area about 25 μm away from the posterior tip (figure\ne). the medio - ventral neurite bundles extend to the mouth, possibly encircling it. there are two prominent rows of dorso - ventral muscles along the ventral groove, which are innervated by fmrfamide - related immunoreactive neurites (figure\na, b, f). contrary to sli, there is no clear separation between the anterior and posterior lobes but instead there are rather two paired lobes that reach from the lateral edges of the frontal ring to a short distance posterior to the dorsal commissure (figures\nf−f”). the number and position of distinct neurons within the brain that show rfli was fixed in all specimens examined. there is a pair of bipolar neurons lateral to the ventral neurite bundles at the level of the dorsal posterior commissure (figure\nf, f’). the staining intensity of these neurons varies greatly and weakly stained cells can be obscured merely by the density of neurites in this area. neurites with rfl immunoreactive varicosities that extend from the lateral sides of the lobes to the lateral sides of the anterior tip of the animals were apparent in all specimens (figures\na, b, d). the tracts and neurons form a pattern that was highly conserved among all studied specimens. the anterior tract connects the anterior lobes, the posterior tract the posterior lobes, and two paired crossover tracts connect one anterior lobe with the posterior lobe of the opposite side via the posterior tract. the roots of the anterior tracts and the crossover tracts have a common origin in the anterior lobes (figure\n( green: rfli; magenta: sli; cyan: central nervous system) .\n. venral view. abbreviations: 1 dorsal neurite bundle; 2 lateral neurite bundle; 3 ventral neurite bundle; 4 medio - ventral neurite bundle; al anterior lobe; bn bursal nozzle; cop male copulatory organ; fr frontal ring; m mouth; pc dorsal posterior commissure; pl posterior lobe; pt posterior tract; sb seminal bursa; sph sphincter .\n). the neuropil is compact and there are accumulations of neurons around the statocyst and in the periphery of the anterior and the posterior lobe. however, they do not form a clear rind around these structures (figure\na) and a lens - like structure that is made up of thin tubules on the ventral side. on the ventral side of the statocyst lies a neuron termed the ventral polar cell in accordance with ferrero ([\n). there is also a so - called ventral nerve cushion surrounding the statocyst and two dorso - lateral nerve cushions in the area of the nuclei of the parietal cells. no synaptic contacts between neurons and the statocyst have been found, but there are large dense contacts between the cells of the cushions and the ecm of the capsule (figure\nd, e), but synaptic vesicles are absent. in other parts of the brain, small clear vesicles (20–40 μm; figures\nb) and dense core vesicles (~ 90 μm) are present. large lucent vesicles were found together with small clear vesicles, but never with large dense vesicles in the same cell (figures\na, b). synapses are omnipresent in the neuropil but the density of these structures is highest in the anterior lobe. all synapses found were unidirectional and most form dyad, triad, or tetrad sites (figures\nhorizontal semithin section through anterior end of adult specimen stained with richardson' s. arrowheads point to muscles. note nuclei around the statocyst and the anterior neuropil, pseudostriation in highlighted inner muscles, and metaphase chromosomes in germ cells. abbreviations: 2 lateral neurite bundle; cg cyanophilic gland cells; ds digestive syncytium; eg eosinophilic gland cells; ep epidermis; gc germ cells; np neuropil; rh rhabdoids; sl statolith. scale bar: 25 μm .\nelectron micrograph of sagittal section through anterior end of adult specimen. arrowhead points to ventral polar cell. note various tissues extending through brain and lipid droplets ventral to statocyst. abbreviations: cg cyanophilic gland cells; ds digestive syncytium; eg eosinophilic gland cells; fr frontal ring; pc dorsal posterior commissure; pt posterior tract; rh rhabdoids; st statocyst. scale bar: 10 μm .\nelectron micrographs of cross sections through the statocyst of an adult specimen. asterisks mark the ecm of the statocyst. a. cross section through the statocyst. inset: multilaminar bodies of the lithocyte. b. magnification of a. black arrowheads mark dense plucks of muscle cell attached to statocyst capsule. c. magnification of a showing a dense junction of cushion with statocyst capsule. d. magnification of a showing part of the ventral cushion. white arrowheads point to synapse - like structures. e. dorso - lateral cushion. picture is rotated clock - wise; position of parietal cell nucleus is usually dorso - lateral. white arrowheads point to synapse - like structures. abbreviations: dcu dorsal nerve cushion; mu muscle; lc lithocyte; pac parenchymal cell; p parietal cell; sl statolith; vc ventral nerve cushion. scale bars: a 5 μm; b 1 μm; c, d, e 2 μm .\nelectron micrographs of horizontal sections through the brain of an adult specimen. arrowheads point to synapses. a, b. area of neuropil showing various vesicles and synapses. c. synapses. abbreviations: dv dense vesicles; llv large lucent vesicles; mi mitochondrion; slv small lucent vesicles. scale bars: a, b, c 500 nm .\nthe gross anatomy of the nervous system of adults is already present in hatchlings and juveniles. the frontal ring, the anterior and posterior lobes, the posterior commissure, the four pairs of neurite bundles, the distinct pattern exhibited by the posterior commissure, the tracts close to the statocyst and the two pairs of x - muscles and oblique muscles are all present (figures\na, b). the statocyst, though, does not seem to be fully developed at this point. the lithocyte does not contain the large numbers of multilaminar bodies, the statolith is not yet present and the space between the lithocyte and the parietal cells is so limited that the lithocyte is barely able to float .\nelectron micrographs of a horizontal section through a juvenile specimen. a. whole specimen. b. anterior end. abbreviations: al anterior lobe; cv chordoid vacuole; ds digestive syncytium; ep epidermis; np neuropil; pl posterior lobe. scale bars: a 25 μm; b 10 μm .\nto readers used to the terminology of earlier work on the nervous systems of free - living flatworms some terms might be unfamiliar, however, given that comparisons of nervous systems between phyla have increased in recent years we decided to use more accurate and up - to - date terms, following the glossary for invertebrate neuroanatomy by richter et al. [\n]. the most striking replacement is the usage of neurite bundle instead of nerve cord. concerning the latter it is noteworthy that a nerve cord can either be a medullary cord or a neurite bundle. the former is signified by a longitudinally extending central neuropil surrounded by a cell cortex consisting of neuronal somata distributed along its entire length, whereas neurite bundles do not show such a demarcation [\nmore difficult is the assessment of the presence of connectives in acoels. in the case of\nthe longitudinal neurite bundles extending along the body disintegrate into the posterior or anterior lobe, respectively, and there are no distinct longitudinal bundles of neurites in the brain, therefore there is no need to use this term. however, such longitudinal neurite bundles are apparent in larger species [\n]. consequently the critical point would be if these bundles connect distinct ganglia. in a brain that lacks ecm and is surrounded and pervaded by non - neuronal tissue it is naturally difficult to find “distinct” units and consequently no such ganglia have been described using light microscopy. nevertheless, the presence of two to three commissures, anterior and posterior lobes and the close spatial relation between distinct sets of cells revealed with rfli and a distinct commissure indicate the subdivision of these brains into separate compartments and in our view justify the usage of this term in the publications with which we compare our results with further below." ]

{ "text": [ "the acoela or acoels are a class of small and simple invertebrates in the phylum xenacoelomorpha that resemble flatworms .", "historically they were treated as an order of turbellarian flatworms , but molecular phylogeny studies revealed them to be basal bilaterians . " ], "topic": [ 10, 26 ] }

[ "the acoela or acoels are a class of small and simple invertebrates in the phylum xenacoelomorpha that resemble flatworms. historically they were treated as an order of turbellarian flatworms, but molecular phylogeny studies revealed them to be basal bilaterians." ]

[ "range: the carunculated caracara is found above the tree - line in the andes of ecuador and sw colombia .\nwent up for birds photography and was not disappointed. sure sighting of the carunculated caracara. however, it is pretty windy and cold .\ndescription: the carunculated caracara is an opportunistic species usually seen walking on the ground in open habitats in the high andes. it is very similar to the mountain caracara (p. megalopterus), but this one has uniform black chest and upper belly .\nvoice: sounds by xeno - canto the carunculated caracara utters raucous territorial calls while throwing the head back, almost touching the shoulders. but at nest, they give short clicks and grumbles if disturbed .\nflight: the carunculated caracara has strong flight and often soars even into strong winds. it may soar over great distance on half - closed wings. it also performs low flight when searching for preys .\nreproduction: the carunculated caracaras nest on cliff - ledges where they build a structure with sticks. it may occasionally nest in tree .\nhabitat: the carunculated caracara frequents the páramo (high, tropical, montane vegetation), the grassy pastures with some bushes, and the open areas at high elevation, up to 3000 - 4000 metres, where it can be seen walking in dry treeless highlands .\nprotection / threats / status: the carunculated caracara is uncommon to locally fairly common in highlands and grassy pastures. it is relatively common near the border with ecuador, and is spreading its range in some parts of the habitat. the species is not currently threatened .\nit looks similar to the closely related mountain caracara, but it has a black chest and upper belly with dense white streaks .\nbehaviour: the carunculated caracara often occurs around cattle in grassy pastures. this species feeds on carrion, but also takes numerous living preys such as worms, insects, amphibians, lizards, small rodents and birds. it walks and runs on the ground, often foraging in family groups of 7 - 8 birds, but also in larger flocks of up to 40 around cattle, and scavenging almost anything they can find and eat .\nthe striated caracara is officially protected by falklands islands (malvinas) law which makes it illegal to kill this bird without written permission from the government. they are also listed under cites appendix ii, which classifies the striated caracara as ‘not necessarily threatened with extinction, but trade must be controlled in order to avoid utilization incompatible with their survival’ .\nlike other raptors, the striated caracara has exceptional eyesight, which is eight times better than that of a human. this aids them in spotting potential items of food in the distance .\nbierregaard, r. o. , jr, boesman, p. & marks, j. s. (2018). carunculated caracara (phalcoboenus carunculatus). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nthese birds have a set of sharp talons, common to all birds of prey. these claws aid the striated caracara in reaching food sources such as muscles, eggs, carcasses and earthworms .\nthe striated caracara shows a level of curiosity unlike that of other raptors. it is thought this behaviour is to help them take advantage of a wide range of food sources and find novel ways of reaching others .\nsince 1972, new islands in west falkland has been protected and managed as a private nature reserve which has allowed the striated caracara to re - colonize the island and now represents the largest single - island breeding population throughout their range .\nthe striated caracara is a dark bird with the plumage ranging from deep brown to almost black. it has its characteristic white streaking on the nape of the neck running down the breast and along the upper back. the underwings are reddish - brown with white tips on the primary feathers and a white band at the end of the tail. the caracara has a blueish bill with bare yellow skin around the eyes and the base of the beak. there is no major sexual dimorphism between species .\nthe striated caracara is an opportunistic bird and primarily a scavenger. the majority of its diet is made up of carrion, offal and food scraps and will occasionally take insects and earthworms dug from the ground with its talons. they will also prey upon weak and injured animals including young seabirds and newborn lambs. the striated caracara has also been observed to dig seabirds nesting in their burrows during the day and then hunt for them on wing throughout the night. they will also eat the eggs and chicks of larger seabirds such as albatrosses and feed on the carcasses of dead fur seals and penguins .\ndue to their curiosity and lack of fear towards humans, the striated caracara became a pest to sheep farmers by targeting newborn lambs and weak ewes. in 1908, they became designated officially as a pest species and a bounty was put on their heads on the falkland islands. farmers were paid for every beak they handed in, and in just 17 years, the striated caracara was eliminated from east and west falkland. in the 1920’s however, government naturalist, james e. hamilton, objected to the killing of the birds and bounties were stopped in 1930. they did not receive protection however, until 1964 .\nresearch and data collecting is also due to or already being carried out on the striated caracara including monitoring of the breeding population (which includes ringing to monitor juvenile mortality rate), ecology, dispersal, population dynamics and survival and to assess the damage to livestock caused by striated caracaras and evaluate the impact on sheep farming .\nthe current population size is limited to approximately 1, 000 - 2, 499 mature individuals, which equates to 1, 500 - 3, 749 individuals altogether. a survey conducted in 2006 also found that the population was stable at around 500 pairs. at present, the striated caracara is not considered to be facing any serious threats .\nthe breeding season of the striated caracara occurs in austral summer, from december to late february. the male and female will display to each other, such as the ‘head throwing’ display. the nest is built either on the ground or on cliff ledges and is constructed of twigs and vegetation and lined with grass and wool. these birds are loosely colonial, with neighboring pairs often nesting less than 10 meters from each other when nest sites are scarce .\nthe striated caracara shows a level of tameness and curiosity unlike that of other raptors. they show little fear of humans and will often examine tourists by tugging at shoelaces and trouser legs or stealing hats and cameras. their curious behaviour is more like that of a corvid and it is thought that this ‘pathological curiosity’ helps the birds to develop novel ways of finding food. they fearlessly examine everything in their environment and are able to take advantage of a wide diversity of food sources .\nthe striated caracara is rare throughout much of its range however, is common on some of the smaller islands in the west falklands. they exist on isolated coasts and islands off extreme south argentina and chile. these birds are also found on islands where populations of seal and / or seabirds are present, including the south and east coasts of isla grande on tierra del fuego, isla de los estados, navarino, cape horn and the falkland islands. they occupy open lowland areas, mainly across rocky coastlines but may also inhabit higher elevations on low coastal mountains .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nsacc. 2005 and updates. a classification of the bird species of south america. available at: urltoken .\njustification: although this species may have a restricted range, it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size may be small, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe population is estimated to number 1, 000 - 10, 000 individuals, roughly equating to 670 - 6, 700 mature individuals. trend justification: the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthere are many ways to contribute—we need species information, photographs, audio, video, translations, maps, distribution data, and bird sightings. there' s a role for everyone !\n), in neotropical birds online (t. s. schulenberg, editor). cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca, ny, usa. retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nformerly treated as race of p. megalopterus, as was p. albogularis; the three form a species - group, in which some authors also include p. australis. monotypic .\n50–56 cm; wingspan 112–119 cm. mostly glossy black, but boldly patterned with white streaks on breast; underwing, lower belly, undertail coverts and tip of tail ...\nusually silent. during interactions, utters grating and squealing barks; also may give long series ...\nhighly opportunistic. diet includes worms, maggots, snails, fish, small rodents, birds, lizards, vegetable matter; said to take almost ...\neggs laid in sept and oct, young fledge in jan, but one well - developed nestling collected in late may. stick nest built on cliffs; nest ...\npresumably sedentary. outside breeding season, may gather in flocks of 100 + birds .\nnot globally threatened (least concern). cites ii. uncommon to locally common, with global population estimate of fewer than 10, 000 individuals. in colombia, commonest in ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na guide to the birds of colombia by steven l. hilty and william l. brown - princeton university press – isbn 069108372x\nthe adult has glossy black head, neck and upperparts. on the black upperwing, the flight feathers are tipped white, forming a white trailing edge. the uppertail - coverts are black, whereas the black tail has conspicuous white base and terminal band .\non the underparts, black breast and upper belly are broadly streaked white. lower belly, undertail - coverts and thighs are white. on the underwing, wing - coverts and bases of flight feathers are white .\non the head, the black crown shows a moderately curled crest. the bare skin of face, cere, eyering and throat is bright orange - red to deep red. on the throat, the wrinkled skin forms wattles. the bill is whitish. the eyes are brown to blackish - grey. long legs and feet are bright yellow .\nthe immature is fuscous - brown above with blackish - brown shaft streaking. head, rump and underparts show weak white mottling. the tail has narrow white terminal band. the bare face is dull yellow. the bill is grey. legs and feet are dusky .\nat the beginning of the breeding season, the bare face becomes brighter. the birds give territorial calls while throwing their head back. some circular flights can be observed high in the air .\nthis species is probably sedentary. large flocks of up to 100 birds and more can be seen outside the breeding season .\nthe female usually lays 2 eggs in september - october. the young fledge in january. the nesting behaviour of this species is poorly known .\nwe noticed that you' re using an unsupported browser. the tripadvisor website may not display properly. we support the following browsers :\nantisana ecological reserve, napo province: address, antisana ecological reserve reviews: 4. 5 / 5\nthis reserve is located on the foothills of the volcano antisana, ecuador' s fourth highest mountain at 5705 meters .\nwe spent 3 days in the cloud forest and made the 4am start to antisana on the day we flew home. we’re so glad we did when rewarded with 4 condor, 2 right over our heads. but we also had many more birds including ibis, ...\nwe just arrived back from a day long tour of antisana ecological reserve. our guide was richard hernandez and we cannot recommend him enough. we saw several andean condors, rare hummingbird species, i as well as many other species including isbis, falcons and cara cara... .\nreally wonderful place! we saw at least 12 of the andean condor. i was so intrigued looking in my binoculars i didn' t get any pics! it' s a beautiful drive there. we stopped at a hacienda for hot chocolate too. i' ve attached a few pics\nmy parents and i have just returned from an amazing day tour to antisana with luis as our guide. as it was raining heavily in quito, we had doubts that the tour would be worth it but luis assured us otherwise. he was right to ...\nour guide took us here looking for the andean specialties. saw lots of new and interesting birds with many good photo opportunities, too. we did some walking on nice trails. you are at high elevation (4, 000 m) and it was breezy. beautiful, expansive country. unfortunately, ...\none day of our birding trip was to be spent in antisana, way up in the eastern andes. we drove there from papallacta, and it is a perfectly manageable drive, even when stopping countless times for road birding. the landscapes are stunning, altiplano fields and ...\nwe were hesitant to visit antisana ecological reserve because of the rains but since we wanted to maximize our birding trip to ecuador, my husband and i decided to go for it. it was really cold up in the mountains. i recommend wearing warm clothing... .\nthe antisana ecological reserve is immense at 120, 000 hectares. the most accessible route is via pintag about 60 km se of quito then past the quarries and into the park on the road to the laguna la mica. this is true paramo and the vistas ...\ni visited many reserves in ecuador and this one is the finest in every possible way. great views of mountains, lakes, glaciers and a rugged ride to the base camp. the climb was great. getting into the reserve needs two kinds of permits from the ...\nnote: your question will be posted publicly on the questions & answers page .\ni heard you need to have a permit to visit antisana. where do you get the permit ?\nhi, you should go better in summer, which is may - oct here. at any time of year, you better go warm. good luck\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site... (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites. taxes, fees not included for deals content .\nalthough this species may have a restricted range, it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size may be small, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: phalcoboenus carunculatus. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\na cursorial falcon, the\nraven of the andes\nseen here digging and scratching for grubs .\nthey are commonly seen walking on the ground, searching for carrion or virtually any small animal to feed on .\nfor updates please follow beautyofbirds on google + (google. com / + avianweb )\nthe articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers .\n; however, mistakes do happen. if you would like to correct or update any of the information, please\nthroughout history, crows, ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death. …\nplease note: any content published on this site is commentary or opinion, and is protected under free speech. it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes, and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice. avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material. your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 332, 168 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\n2 - 3 adults in low tumbling flight. open páramo. reference: ila 142 - 144 (phacar1). krabbe & nilsson (2003) (isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9). filtered version on moore et al. (2013) urltoken\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\noportunistic. feeds on carrion, and live animals which include but are not limited to rabbits, rats, lizards, frogs, toads, earthworms, birds, insects and insect larvae. looks for food by an obvious terrestrial behaviour, walking or running on the paramo (global raptor information network, 2016) .\njuveniles of the species have browner plumage than the adults. the have a tawny patch on the upper back in place of the distinctive white streaking and tail band. youngsters acquire their full adult plumage at approximately five years of age .\nthese birds have also been observed moving rocks and raiding dustbins in order to access food sources and will scavenge the internal organs of butchered animals. their tendency to attack newborn lambs and injured sheep have led to the development of a resentful relationship with local livestock owners .\nstriated caracaras are highly social and juveniles with exhibit ‘gang’ behaviour similar to that of corvids in order to compete with the more aggressive adults. adults are also territorial and will advertise their presence with loud calls. they are a non - migratory species but will move seasonally up into coastal mountains .\nthe female will lay a clutch of approximately four eggs, which are incubated for around 32 days. the hatching of the chicks is timed to coincide with the hatching of young seabirds, in order to secure a constant food supply for the caracaras offspring. the nest is defended by both adults, who will chase intruders away. the chicks fledge after approximately three months, who then form large juvenile groups .\nafter fledging, the juveniles form large groups. this increases their chances of surviving their first few winters, the times when juvenile mortality is high, and offers them better defense against aggressive adults .\nthey have been known to steal mainly red objects. it is thought because the birds mistake them for meat .\n/ / urltoken (adsbygoogle = window. adsbygoogle | | [ ]). push ({ }) ;\nprivacy & cookies: this site uses cookies. by continuing to use this website, you agree to their use. to find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: cookie policy\nchaquinan tours is a tour operator located in quito. we are specialized ...\nchaquinan tours is a tour operator located in quito. we are specialized in creating unique customized private tours in ecuador and galapagos. at chaquinan we want to show you the real ecuador, and give you the opportunity to experience the local culture and to support local communities. we guarantee an unforgettable and unique travel experience in ecuador !\nwe were in quito for a wedding and wanted to go to the otovalo market and the cotopaxi volcano. our friends recommended chaquinan tours. we contacted them and eva was very helpful. she came to meet us at our hotel and explained us everything about the different day tours. instead of going to cotopaxi we decided to go to the..." ]

{ "text": [ "the carunculated caracara ( phalcoboenus carunculatus ) is a species of bird of prey in the family falconidae .", "it is found in páramo in the andes of ecuador and colombia .", "it is generally uncommon to fairly common . " ], "topic": [ 12, 20, 0 ] }

[ "the carunculated caracara (phalcoboenus carunculatus) is a species of bird of prey in the family falconidae. it is found in páramo in the andes of ecuador and colombia. it is generally uncommon to fairly common." ]

[ "of trinidad and tobago (plecoptera, perlidae). aquat. insects 16: 171–175 .\nfrom venezuela and surinam (plecoptera: perlidae). aquat. insects 11: 247–255 .\nplecoptera species file (version 5. 0 / 5. 0) home search taxa key help wiki\ndorvillé and froehlich (plecoptera, perlidae), with notes on its development and biology. in: domínguez e. (eds) trends in research in ephemeroptera and plecoptera. springer, boston, ma\ncircular neighbour - joining tree for unique haplotypes of plecoptera analyzed in this study. a total of 44 haplotypes represent 213 coi sequences and 7 morphospecies of plecoptera. figure symbols and annotations follow those in fig. 1 .\nnelson, c. riley. 1996. plecoptera. stoneflies. version 01 january 1996 (under construction) .\nclaassen p. w. 1931. plecoptera nymphs of north america. thomas say foundation, springfield, ill. 199 pp .\nzwick p. 1980. plecoptera (steinfliegen). handbuch der zoologie 2: 1 115. walter de gruyter, berlin .\nkimmins (plecoptera, perlidae). proc. r. ent. soc. lond. (a) 23: 105–110 .\nhynes, h. b. n. 1976. biology of plecoptera. ann. rev. ent. 21: 135–153 .\nhynes h. b. n. 1976. biology of plecoptera. ann. rev. ent. 26: 135 - 153 .\nof costa rica and panama (insecta: plecoptera: perlidae). proc. biol. soc. wash. 111: 551–603 .\nharper p. p. 1973b. emergence, reproduction and growth of setipalpian plecoptera in southern ontario. oikos 24: 94 - 107 .\nhoke g. 1924. the anatomy of the head and mouth parts of plecoptera. j. morph. 38: 347 - 373 .\nschoenemund e. 1924. plecoptera, steinfliegen. in schulze p. die biologie der tiere deutschlands. berlin 32: 1 - 34 .\ngen. et sp. nov. - die erste steinfliege (insecta: plecoptera) aus dem europäischen jura, ” paläontol. z .\n( plecoptera: perlidae) from the nearctic region with description of a new species from arizona. southwest. natur. 29: 489–492 .\nshepard w. d. & stewart k. w. 1983. comparative study of the nymphal gills in north american stonefly genera (plecoptera) genera and a new, proposed paradigm of plecoptera gill evolution. misc. pubn ent. soc. am. 13: 55: 57 pp .\nharper p. e. 1979a. observations on the early instars of stoneflies (plecoptera). gewäss. abwäss. 64: 18 - 28 .\nward j. v. 1984. diversity patterns exhibited by the plecoptera of a colorado mountain stream. annls limnol. 20: 123 - 128 .\nfroehlich, c. g. 1984b. brazilian plecoptera 4. nymphs of perlid genera from southeastern brazil. ann. limnol. 20: 43–48 .\nn. d. sinitshenkova, “new late mesozoic stoneflies from shara - teeg, mongolia (insecta: perlida = plecoptera), ” paleontol. j .\nnorth american stoneflies (plecoptera): systematics, distribution, and\nby b. p. stark, s. w. szczytko et al .\nbaumann r. w. 1979. nearctic stonefly genera as indicators of ecological parameters (plecoptera: insecta). gt basin nat. 39: 241 244 .\nsheldon a. l. 1972. comparative ecology of arcynopteryx and diura (plecoptera) in a california stream. arch. hydrobiol. 69: 521 546 .\nthe plecoptera species file website includes valid names, their synonyms, bibliographic data, specimen data, images, sounds, and distributions for stoneflies of the world .\nfroehlich, c. g. and l. g. oliveira. 1997. ephemeroptera and plecoptera nymphs from riffles in low - order streams in southeastern brazil, pp. 180–185. in: p. landolt and m. sartori (eds .). ephemeroptera and plecoptera: biology - ecology - systematics, fribourg .\nallan j. d. 1982. feeding habits and prey consumption of three setiplapian stoneflies (plecoptera) in a mountain stream. ecology 63: 26 - 34 .\nnelson, c. h. 1984. numerical cladistic analysis of phylogenetic relationships in plecoptera. ann. entomol. soc. amer. 77: 466 - 473 .\nzwick, p. 1973. insecta: plecoptera. phylogenetisches system und katalog. das tierreich 94. walter de gruyter and co. , berlin. 465 pp .\nthe order plecoptera belongs to the infraclass neoptera because stoneflies' wings fold over their backs at rest. wings develop in external wingpads, a characteristic that places plecoptera in the division exopterygota. north american stoneflies are generally divided into two groups, euholognatha and systellognatha, based on major differences in mouthpart morphology and, hence, feeding biology .\nclaassen p. w. 1940. a catalogue of the plecoptera of the world. mem. cornell univ. agric. exp. stn 232: 1 - 235 .\nfrison t. h. 1935. the stoneflies, or plecoptera, of illinois. bull. ill. nat. hist. surv. 20: 281 - 471 .\nlehmkuhl d. m. 1971. stoneflies (plecoptera: nemouridae) from temporary lentic habitats in oregon. am. midl. nat. 85: 514 - 515 .\nmasteller e. c. 1983. emergence phenology of plecoptera from sixmile creek, erie county, pennsylvania, usa. aquat. ins. 5: 1 - 8 .\nbeer - stiller, a. and p. zwick. 1995. biometric studies of some stoneflies and a mayfly (plecoptera and ephemeroptera). hydrobiologia 299: 169–178 .\ndahlberg b. & müller k. 1981. faunistical and behavioural studies on stoneflies (plecoptera) in a coastal stream and its estuary. fauna norrlandica 6: 18 pp .\nwolf b. & zwick p. 1989. plurimodal emergence and plurivoltinism of central european populations of nemurella pictetii (plecoptera: nemouridae). oecologia 79: 431 - 438 .\ndewalt r. e. , maehr m. d. , neu - becker u. , stueber g. (2013) plecoptera species file online. version 5. 0\nbenfield e. f. 1974. autohemorrhage in two stoneflies (plecoptera) and its effectiveness as a defense mechanism. ann. ent. soc. am. 67: 739 .\nfrison t. h. 1929. fall and winter stoneflies, or plecoptera, of illinois. bull. ill. nat. hist. surv. 18: 345 - 409 .\nnelson c. r. & baumann r. w. 1987. gynandromorphism in the winter stonefly genus capnia (plecoptera: capniidae). ent. news 98: 224 229 .\nhynes h. b. n. 1988. biogeography and origins of the north american stoneflies (plecoptera). mem. ent. soc. can. 144: 31 - 37 .\nnelson c. h. & garth r. e. 1984. oxygen consumption of several species of plecoptera. j. tenn. acad. sci. 59: 27 - 28 .\nstewart k. w. & stark b. p. 1988. nymphs of north american stonefly genera (plecoptera). entomological society of america. thomas say foundation 12: 460 pp .\nnelson, a past recipient of the “rolling stonefly award” from the north american plecoptera society, says if we pay attention to these indicator species, we will be better stewards of our environment .\nharper p. p 1989. zoogeographical relationships of aquatic insects (ephemeroptera, plecoptera, and trichoptera) from the eastern james bay drainage. can. fld nat. 103: 535 - 546 .\nmaketon m. & stewart k. w. 1984. drumming behavior in four north american perlodidae (plecoptera) species. ann. ent. soc. am. 77: 621 - 626 .\nziegler d. d. & stewart k. w. 1977. drumming behavior of eleven nearctic stonefly (plecoptera) species. ann. ent. soc. am. 70: 495 505 .\nn. d. sinitshenkova, “new stoneflies from the upper mesozoic of yakutia (insecta: perlida = plecoptera), ” paleontol. zh. , no. 3, 35–43 (1992) .\nfroehlich, c. g. 1969. studies on brazilian plecoptera 1. some gripopterygidae from the biological station of paranapiacaba, state of sao paulo. beitr. neotrop. fauna 6: 17–39 .\nkerst c. d. & anderson n. h. 1975. the plecoptera community of a small stream in oregon, u. s. a. freshwat. biol. 5: 189 - 203 .\nknight a. w. nebeker a. v. & gaufin a. r. 1965a. description of the eggs of common plecoptera of western united states. ent. news 76: 105 - 111 .\nknight a. w. nebeker a. v. & gaufin a. r. 1965b. further descriptions of the eggs of plecoptera of western united states. ent. news 76: 233 - 239 .\nszczytko s. w. & stewart k. w. 1979. drumming behavior of four western nearctic isoperla (plecoptera) species. ann. ent. soc. am. 72: 781 - 786 .\nthe name plecoptera, derived from the greek\npleco\nmeaning folded and\nptera\nmeaning wing, refers to the pleated hind wings which fold under the front wings when the insect is at rest .\nneedham, j. g. and e. broughton. 1927. central american stoneflies, with descriptions of new species (plecoptera) j. n. y. ent. soc. 35: 109–121 .\nharper p. p. & harper f. 1983. biogéographie et associations des plécoptères d' hiver du québec méridional (plecoptera: capniidae et taeniopterygidae). can. ent. 115: 1465 - 1476 .\nharper p. p. & pilon j. - g. 1970. annual patterns of emergence of some quebec stoneflies (insecta: plecoptera). can. j. zool. 48: 681 - 694 .\nneedham j. g. & claassen p. w. 1925. a monograph of the plecoptera or stoneflies of america north of mexico. entomological society of north america. thomas say foundation 2: 397 pp .\nselgeby j. h. 1974. immature insects (plecoptera, trichoptera and ephemeroptera) collected in deep water in western lake superior. j. fish. res. bd can. 31: 109 - 11 .\nstewart k. w. & maketon m. 1991. structures used by nearctic stoneflies (plecoptera) for drumming, and their relationship to behavioral pattern diversity. aquat. ins. 13: 33 - 53 .\nthe plecoptera of north carolina: a biologist’s handbook with standard taxonomic effort levels. version 3. 3 beaty s. r. 2011. north carolina dept of environment & natural resources. 30 + 6 pp .\nn. d. sinitshenkova, “new upper mesozoic stoneflies from central transbaikalia (insecta: perlida = plecoptera), ” paleontol. zh. , no. 2, 64–69 (1998) [ paleontol. j .\nfeminella j. w. & stewart k. w. 1986. diet and predation by three leaf - associated stoneflies (plecoptera) in an arkansas mountain stream. freshwat. biol. 16: 521 - 538 .\nstark b. p & lentz d. l. 1992. dominoperla antigua (plecoptera: perlidae), the first stonefly from dominican amber. j. kans. ent. soc. 65: 93 - 96 .\nhynes, h. b. n. 1941. the taxonomy and biology of nymphs of british plecoptera with notes on the adults and eggs. trans. r. ent. soc. lond. 91: 459–557 .\nsteffan a. w. 1965. plecopterocoluthus downesi gen. et sp. nov. (diptera: chironomidae) a species whose larvae live phoretically on larvae of plecoptera. can. ent. 97: 1323 - 1344 .\na guide to the stoneflies (plecoptera) of florida pescador m. l. , rasmussen a. k. , richard b. a. 2000. dept envir. prot. , tallahassee. 94 + 70 pp .\nbukantis r. t. & peckarski b. l. 1985. observations on the emergence and habits of agnetina capitata and acroneuria carolinensis (plecoptera: perlidae). am. midl. nat. 114: 200 - 204 .\nharper p. p. 1979b. 26. plecoptera. in danks h. v. (ed .). canada and its insect fauna. mem. ent. soc. can. 1 08: 311 - 313 .\nhynes h. b. n. 1941. the ecology and taxonomy of nymphs of the british plecoptera with notes on the adults and eggs. trans. r. ent. soc. lond. 81: 459 - 557 .\njop k. m. & stewart k. w. 1987. annual stonefly (plecoptera) production in a second order oklahoma ozark stream. j. n. am. benth. soc. 6: 26 - 34 .\nstewart k. w. baumann r. w. & stark b. p. 1974. the distribution and past dispersal of southwestern united states plecoptera. trans. am. ent. soc. 99: 507 - 546 .\nmodlin r. f. & jayne r. d. 1981. the effect of temperature on the oxygen consumption of three species of isoperla (plecoptera: perlododae). j. freshw. ecol. 1: 299 - 306 .\nbrittain j. e. & mutch r. a. 1984. the effect of water temperature on the egg incubation period of mesocapnia oenone (plecoptera) from the canadian rocky mountains. can. ent. 116: 549 - 554 .\nnelson c. h. 1982. notes on the life histories of strophopteryx limitata frison) and oemopteryx contorta (needham and claassen) (plecoptera: taenipoterygidae). j. tenn. acad. sci. 57: 9 - 15 .\nbottorff r. l & knight a. w. 1987. ectosymbiosis between nanocladius downesi (diptera: chironomidae) and acroneuria abnormis (plecoptera: perlidae) in a michigan stream, usa. ent. gen. 12: 97 - 1113 .\nknight a. w. & gaufin a. r. 1963. the effect of water flow, temperature, and oxygen concentration on the plecoptera nymph, acroneuria pacifica banks. proc. utah acad. sci. 40: 175 - 184 .\nsnellen r. k. & stewart k. w. 1979a. the life cycle of perlesta placida (plecoptera: perlidae) in an intermittent stream in northern texas. ann. ent. soc. am. 72: 659 - 666 .\ndosdall l. n. & mason p. g. 1981. a chironomid (nanocladius (plecopterocoluthus) branchicolus: diptera) phoretic on a stonefly (acroneuria lycorias: plecoptera) in saskatchewan. can. ent. 113: 141 - 147 .\nsnellen r. k. & stewart k. w. 1979b. the life cycle and drumming behavior of zealeuctra claasseni (frison) and zealeuctra hitei ricker and ross (plecoptera: leuctridae). aquat. ins. 1: 65 - 89 .\ncommon names of stoneflies (plecoptera) from the united states and canada stark b. p. , stewart k. w. , szczytko s. w. , baumann r. w. 1998. ohio biological survey notes 1: 1 - 18 .\ny. - s. liu, d. ren, n. d. sinitshenkova, and c. - k. shih, “a new middle jurassic stonefly from daohugou, inner mongolia, china (insecta: plecoptera), ” ann. zool .\nzhou x, jacobus lm, dewalt re, adamowicz sj, hebert pdn: the ephemeroptera, plecoptera, and trichoptera fauna of churchill (manitoba, canada): insights into biodiversity patterns from dna barcoding. journal of the north american benthological society. 2010 ,\nharper, p. p. and k. w. stewart. 1984. plecoptera, pp. 182–230. in: r. w. merritt and k. w. cummins. aquatic insects of north america. kendall / hunt, dubuque. 722p .\n] in a series of publicly accessible projects' ephemeroptera of churchill',' plecoptera of churchill', and' trichoptera of churchill 2002 / 2004 / 2005 / 2006 / 2007'. coi sequences are also published in genbank under accession numbers gu113533 - gu115809 .\nstewart k. w. szczytko s. w. & stark b. p. 1982a. drumming behavior of four species of north american pteronarcyidae (plecoptera): dialects in colorado and alaska pteronarcella badia. ann. soc. ent. am. 75: 530 - 533 .\nto see information contained in the database, use the links across the top of the page. click on search to find a specific taxon or other kinds of information. clicking on taxa will make the order plecoptera your current taxon unless you have previously moved to a different taxon in this session .\nthe plecoptera (stoneflies), all of which are aquatic as nymphs, are considered to be the most primitive order of living neoptera. plecopterans number about 1718 species in 239 genera belonging to 15 families. nymphs feed on fresh or decayed vegetable matter, but may be carnivorous in later instars .\nfroehlich, c. g. 1981. plecoptera, pp. 86–88. in: s. h. hurlbert, g. rodriguez and n. d. santos (eds .). aquatic biota of tropical south america. part i, arthropoda. san diego state university, san diego .\nharper p. p. & stewart k. w. 1984. 13. plecoptera. in merritt r. w. & cummins k. w. an introduction to the aquatic insects of north america. 2nd edn. kendall / hunt publ. co. , dubuque, iowa. pp 182 - 230 .\nstark, b. p. ; szczytko, s. w. ; and baumann, r. w. (1986 )\nnorth american stoneflies (plecoptera): systematics, distribution, and taxonomic references ,\ngreat basin naturalist: vol. 46: no. 3, article 1. available at: urltoken\ny. - s. liu, d. ren, n. d. sinitshenkova, and c. - k. shih, “the oldest known record of taeniopterygidae (insecta: plecoptera) in the middle jurassic of daohugou, inner mongolia, china, ” zootaxa. , no. 1521, 1–8 (2007) .\nthe present investigation begins the assembly of a barcode library at churchill by examining 3 of the 15 insect orders which occur there: ephemeroptera (mayflies), plecoptera (stoneflies), and trichoptera (caddisflies) (\nepts\n). although the earliest studies on these groups began at churchill more than 60 years ago [\nnelson c. h. mayfield s. m. & garth r. e. 1990. the effect of temperature and body weight on the oxygen consumption rate of the nymphs of pteronarcys scotti ricker and acroneuria abnormis (newman) (insecta: plecoptera). j. tenn. acad. sci. 65: 25 8 .\narmed with beating sheets, sweep nets and other insect traps, nelson has collected hundreds of species of plecoptera (stonefly) in locations worldwide. over five summers, he took a student team to mongolia, where they traveled the backwater and backcountry collecting aquatic stonefly nymphs and winged adults as part of the mongolian aquatic insect survey .\n, represented in red and pink bars in outer circles, respectively). in 74% , 78% , and 86% of the trichoptera, ephemeroptera, and plecoptera species, respectively, the minimum distance to the nearest neighbour was more than ten - fold greater than the maximum intraspecific divergence, including species with relatively high intraspecific divergence .\nkauwe jsk, shiozawa dk, evans rp: phylogeographic and nested clade analysis of the stonefly pteronarcys californica (plecoptera: pteronarcyidae) in the western usa. journal of the north american benthological society. 2004, 23: 824 - 838. 10. 1899 / 0887 - 3593 (2004) 023 < 0824: pancao > 2. 0. co; 2 .\nthis study has generated a dna barcode reference library for three insect orders - - ephemeroptera, plecoptera, and trichoptera at one site in the canadian subarctic. while we are working towards establishing a comprehensive barcode library for all species in these orders, this library will be immediately useful for biodiversity, ecological, and monitoring studies involving both sexes of adults and all immature stages .\nradford d. s. & hartland - rowe r. 1971. the life cycles of some stream insects (ephemeroptera, plecoptera) in alberta. can. ent. 103: 609 - 617. ross h. h. & ricker w. e. 1971. the classification, evolution and dispersal of the winter stonefly genus allocapnia. univ. illinois. biol. monogr. 45\ncapniidae is one of the largest families of plecoptera with approximately 300 species divided between the nearctic, palearctic, and oriental regions. the nymphs are small, but long and slender. they are easily confused with those of leuctridae, but generally have a groove in the side of the abdomen which extends from segment one to segment nine. in leuctrids this\nfold\nis not nearly as apparent .\nboth zwick (1973) and c. h. nelson (1984) list nemouridae and notonemouridae as sisters. this is an interesting arrangement because the nemourids are uniquely northern hemisphere in distribution and the notonemourids are uniquely southern hemisphere in distribution. this is the only pattern of this sort at the family level (and below !) in plecoptera. nemouridae + notonemouridae is then placed as sister to capniidae + leuctridae .\nan illustrated dichotomous key to larvae of all genera of plecoptera in the west palaearctic region (i. e. , europe, asia minor and the palaearctic part of northern africa) is presented. brief comments on included species are added for each genus, plus diagnostic details of selected bioindicator species. two appendices provide a key to larvae of the german species of genus nemoura and taxonomic notes on selected species and operational taxonomic units in genus leuctra, respectively .\nthe plecoptera (stoneflies) are a small order of exopterygote insects of about 2000 species worldwide. the order has a long, but rather fragmented, fossil record extending back to the early permian. these permian fossils can be rather easily contained in the living suborders, arctoperlaria and antarctoperlaria. the modern families are clearly identifiable among specimens from the baltic amber, which is of miocene age (38 - 54 million years ago) as well as a few other compression fossils .\nfinally, it should be stressed that because stoneflies depend upon cool, well - oxygenated water for their nymphal development, they are very susceptible to human abuse of water courses. any effluent that reduces the oxygen content of the water quickly extirpates them. even quite minor pollution sources such as farm drainage can elimate stoneflies from nearby streams. also clearing the land or impoundment or water courses, both of which raise the summer temperature of the water, can eliminate stoneflies from the habitat. plecoptera, then, as a whole serve as indicators of healthy streams and rivers .\nthis study reports progress in assembling a dna barcode reference library for ephemeroptera, plecoptera, and trichoptera (\nepts\n) from a canadian subarctic site, which is the focus of a comprehensive biodiversity inventory using dna barcoding. these three groups of aquatic insects exhibit a moderate level of species diversity, making them ideal for testing the feasibility of dna barcoding for routine biotic surveys. we explore the correlation between the morphological species delineations, dna barcode - based haplotype clusters delimited by a sequence threshold (2 %), and a threshold - free approach to biodiversity quantification - - phylogenetic diversity .\n). the failure to generate sequences for 9% of trichoptera and 6% of plecoptera specimens was not correlated to taxonomic identity, as the failures involved individuals belonging to morphospecies with sequence records in the dataset. thus, no additional optimization of analytical protocols was undertaken for these two groups. the success rate in generating coi sequences in mayflies rose from 89. 4% to 99. 8% upon employing the newly designed reverse mini primer (meptr1 - t1, see materials and methods). for example, its use reversed the consistent failure of pcr amplification in one mayfly species ,\nthe use of comparative larval morphology and drumming behavior in stonefly systematics is discussed. a tentative assignment of plesiobehavioric and apobehavioric states to drumming in plecoptera is made, based upon the described behavior of 46 north american species, representing 8 families and 25 genera. experiments are described which show that pairs of perlinella drymo effectively transmit and receive signals at minimum distances of 8 m through a continuous wooden rod, 5 - 9 mm in diameter. communication was achieved for shorter distances of 10 - 200 cm by male and female p. drymo drumming in manilla paper boxes resting on foam rubber pads. pairs of p. drymo were unable to communicate at distances of 25 cm on a 4. 2 kg rock, nor were pteronarcella badia (hagen) at a distance of 25 cm, when male and female were on separate, dried aspen limbs .\nwe studied the nymphal biology (life cycle, secondary production and feeding) of some plecoptera species in a calcareous spring stream with almost constant temperature through the year (7–8 °c) at prosiek valley (chočské vrchy mts. , west carpathians, slovakia). we found complicate life cycle consisting of two cohorts for leuctra prima with growth rate positively correlated to photoperiod length. isoperla sudetica showed an univoltine life cycle. the annual secondary production of the stonefly community was reaching 4304 mg dw m −2. it was mainly related to the abundance of three dominant species – i. sudetica, l. prima and protonemura intricata – and to the permanence of their nymphs in the water through the whole year. we suppose that the stable thermal regime is a factor which could allow high production and biomass values, irrespective of seasons. nymphs of i. sudetica passed from gatherer - collector to predator and nymphs of l. armata passed from gatherer - collector to shredder during their development .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life. the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree. this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups, which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right .\nyou can click on the root to travel down the tree of life all the way to the root of all life, and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the tree of life all the way to individual species .\nfor more information on tol tree formatting, please see interpreting the tree or classification. to learn more about phylogenetic trees, please visit our phylogenetic biology pages .\nthe nymphs of stoneflies dwell in aquatic habitats, although there are some species in the southern hemisphere which spend much time on damp land. in general the preferred habitat is rocky streams with a noticeable current, but there are species that live in sandy places. cold lakes and ponds are also suitable habitats in the north and at high altitudes. we know far less about lakes as habitats than we do about streams and rivers. in running water the usual nymphal habitats are rocky, stony or gravel substrata, and there are more species in cooler, swifter water. many studies have shown that the various species are each to be found in particular situations. for instance, large perlidae and perlodidae are usually found on and under large stones. chloroperlidae tend to occur in gravel while pteronarcyidae, and nemouridae are most frequently encountered in leaf packs .\nstoneflies are easily recognized by a few simple characters. they have three segmented tarsi but their hind legs are not modified for jumping to the extent of orthoptera such as crickets and grasshoppers. they have long filiform antennae at least half length of the body. the cerci are generally long as well, especially in the aquatic nymphs. the wings are almost always present but are sometimes very short. they are folded horizontally back over the body. these characters help distinguish them from dermaptera and embioptera which they superfically resemble and to which they are probably closely related .\nthe immatures are variously called larvae, or nymphs or naiads, but are most frequently referred to as nymphs. all nymphs are aquatic, and resemble the adults in many respects. they also have three - segmented tarsi. the nymphs always have long cerci and never a third central tail or median caudal filament. gills, if they have them, can occur on various parts of the thorax and abdomen and are composed only of filaments, not plates .\nthe pteronarcyidae form a monophyletic group which is most closely related to the peltoperlidae + styloperlidae clade (uchida & isobe 1989). these three families plus the perloidea (perlidae + perlodidae + chloroperlidae) have paraglossae and glossae of approximately equal length, and have been called the systellognatha (sensu uchida & isobe 1989) .\npteronarcyids, styloperlids, and peltoperlids (pteronarcyoidea, sensu uchida & isobe 1989), however, are more bland in coloration than the predatory systellognaths (perloidea sensu uchida & isobe 1989) as nymphs. the pteronarcyoidea are herbivorous throughout their aquatic lives. in contrast, the three perloidean families are all carnivores, at least as mature nymphs. the predatory behavior is a synapomorphy for the perloidea and a symplesiomorphy for the pteronarcyoidea .\nthe relationship of peltoperlids with other stonefly families has been in question since their initial recognition. zwick (1973) placed the family as the sister group to subulipalpia (perlidae, perlodidae, and chloroperlidae) with synapomorphies of: 1, body stout, head prognathous, cockroach - like nymphal body form, and 2, male cercal segments fused. additional apomorphic features which suggest that the family is monophyletic include: 1, nymphal coxae with flap - like lobe (claassen 1931); 2, nymphal thoracic sterna enlarged into prominent plates, and 3, molar area of nymphal mandibles with pectinate surface (stark & stewart 1981). stark and stewart (1981) proposed that the family is more closely related to pteronarcyidae than the carnivorous subulipalpia based on: 1, nymphal lacinia tridentate; hemispherical, dorsally flattened eggs; and 3, nymphal tergum 10 with apical spine - like process .\nthe chloroperlids, along with the perlids and perlodids, form a monophyletic trichotomy which has defied splitting despite numerous attempts to determine which family is the nearest sister to which other family. zwick (1973) listed the chloroperlids as sister to the perlids and cited the synapomorphies for this scheme as having the sternal coxal rotator muscles reduced and having having attachment of muscle i ism 22 shifted from the tip of the furcal arm to near the base (his fig. 16b). c. h. nelson (1984) found no resolution to the trichotomy using characters derived from zwick (1973) and additional characters he explored using numerical cladistic analysis .\nallan j. d. flecker a. s. & mcclintock n. l. . 1987. prey size selection by carnivorous stoneflies. limnol. oceanogr. 32: 864 - 72 .\nbrinck p. 1949. studies on swedish stoneflies. opusc. ent. suppl. 11: 1 - 126 .\nclaire e. w. & phillips r. w. 1968. the stonefly acroneuria pacifica as a potential predator on salmonid embryos. trans. am. fish. soc. 97: 50 - 52 .\ncolby c. 1972. salt and water balance in stonefly naiads, pteronarcys californica newport. comp. biochem. physiol. 4: 851 - 860 .\nfeltmate b. w. & williams d. d. 1989. influence of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) on density and feeding behaviour of a perlid stonefly. can. j. fish. aquat. sci. 46: 1575 - 1580 .\nfeltmate b. w. & williams d. d. 1991. path and spatial learning in a stonefly nymph. oikos 60: 64 - 68 .\nflannagan j. f. & cobb d. g. 1991a. emergence of stoneflies from the roseau river, manitoba. am. midl. nat. 125: 47 - 54 .\nharper p. p. 1973a. life histories of nemouridae and leuctridae in southern ontario. hydrobiologia 41: 309 - 356 .\nharper p. p. & hynes h. b. n. 1970. diapause in the nymphs of canadian winter stoneflies. ecology 51: 925 - 927 .\njewett s. g. 1963. a stonefly aquatic in the adult stage. science n. y. 139: 484 - 485 .\nkapoor n. n. 1974. some studies on the respiration of stonefly nymph, paragnetina media (walker). hydrobiologia 44: 37 - 41 .\nkapoor n. n. 1979. osmotic regulation and salinity tolerance of the stonefly nymph paragnetina media. j. ins. physiol. 25: 17 - 20 .\nknight a. w. & gaufin a. r. 1964. relative importance of varying oxygen concentration, temperature, and water flow on the mechanical activity and survival of the plecopteran nymph, pteronarcys californica newport. proc. utah acad. sci. 41: 14 - 28 .\nmaketon m. & stewart k. w. 1988. patterns and evolution of drumming behavior in the stonefly families perlidae and peltoperlidae. aquat. ins. 10: 77 - 98 .\nmoore k. a. & williams d. d. 1990. novel strategies in the complex defense repertoire of a stonefly (pteronarcys dorsata) nymph. oikos 57: 49 - 56 .\nmullen g. a. 1979. aquatic mites parasitic on stoneflies in north america. in rodriguez j. g. (ed .). recent advances in acarology. 5th int. congr. acarology, east lancing, mich. 1978. 2: 481 - 484 .\nnebeker a. v. 1971. effect of water temperature on nymphal feeding rate, emergence, and adult longevity of the stonefly pteronarcys dorsata. j. kans. ent. soc. 44: 21 - 26 .\nnebeker a. v. & gaufin a. r. 1967. factors affecting wing length and emergence in the winter stonefly capnia nana. ent. news 78: 85 - 92 .\nnewcomer e. j. 1918. some stoneflies injurious to vegetation. j. agric. res. 1: 37 - 42 .\npeckarsky b. l. 1984. predator - prey interactions among aquatic insects. in resh v. h. & rosenberg d. m. (eds). the ecology of aquatic insects. praeger, new york. pp 196 - 254 .\npeckarsky b. l. 1991. mechanisms of intra - and interspecific interference between larval stoneflies. oecologia 85: 521 - 529 .\nperry w. b. benfield e. f. perry s. a. & webster j. r. 1987. energetics, growth and production of a leaf - shredding stonefly in an applachian mountain stream. j. n. am. benth. soc. 6: 12 - 25 .\nstanford j. a. & ward j. v. 1988. the hyporheic habitat of river ecosystems. nature, lond. 335: 64 - 6 .\ntozer w. 1979. underwater behavioural thermoregulation in the adult stonefly, zapada cinctipes. nature, lond. 281: 566 - 567 .\nuchida, s. and y. isobe. 1989. styloperlidae, stat. nov. and microperlinae, subfam. nov. with a revised system of the family group systellognatha. spixiana 12: 145 - 182 .\nwu c. f. 1923. morphology, anatomy and ethology of nemoura. bull. lloyd libr. ent. ser. 3: 46 pp .\ni thank noel hynes for graciously granting access to the manuscript from which the introduction and references were distilled .\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life. the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches, that is, subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types, have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project. all rights reserved .\nhtml public :\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 / / en\nthe university of chicago library english - greek dictionary a vocabulary of the attic language by s. c. woodhouse, m. a. late scholar of christ church, oxford london george routledge & sons, limited broadway house, ludgate hill, e. c. 1910\n). uppercase and, or, and not serve as boolean operators. the keyword field searches for strings. entering\nwill retrieve burn, furniture, and so forth. to anchor a match at the beginning of an entry a caret must precede the word (e. g. ,\nfinds only urn). to find a word anywhere in an entry surround the word with the @ sign (e. g. ,\nfinds cinerary urn as well as urn). the page field is an exact match search .\n) the english - greek lexicon here presented contains features which, i trust, will render it acceptable both to teachers and to learners. the vocabulary has been compiled from attic authors of the best period. so little composition is attempted nowadays outside the range of attic that i have refrained from introducing words and phrases that belong to other dialects. moreover, the scope of the work within the limits i set myself has attained a magnitude that would render any large increase of vocabulary a burden rather than a help to the student. the writers from whom i have selected my material are, as far as prose is concerned, thucydides, plato, xenophon, demosthenes, and the orators. for verse i depend upon the authority of aeschylus, sophocles, and euripides, excluding, however, in each case, the lyrical passages. comedy is covered by aristophanes .\noccasionally words have been incorporated from homer, herodotus, and aristotle. i have had recourse to these writers, however, only when i could find no equivalent in the best attic for the word i wished to translate, and in all such cases i have indicated the source from which the word is derived .\ni have included in the vocabulary a few late greek renderings of latin words such as the names of the roman magistracies, but have signified in each case that the word lies outside the sphere of classical attic .\ni have not drawn upon xenophon to any large extent, because his style is unfortunately vitiated by the admission of many un - attic elements, and is therefore not a safe guide for budding composers .\nin introducing phrases and sentences from the greek i have thought it best to give chapter and verse for the quotations. not only is the context so often essential for defining shades of meaning, but the constant reference to the best models is the surest way to success in composition .\nit has not been my intention to supply any but the bare outlines of grammatical information. my chief aim has been to suggest ideas and to help in their analysis. i have marked quantities where no indication is given by position or accent, but not in the case of words used only in prose .\nmistakes in orthography and accentuation are, i fear, inevitable in a work this size; but the proofs have been carefully revised, and i can only hope that the number of errors is not large .\nthe abbreviations should cause no difficulty. p. before a word signifies that it has prose authority. v. before a word shows that it is found in verse. a word with both p. and v. before it may as a rule be used in any species of composition. should, however, the name of an author be placed in brackets after the words, this means that its use is limited to that particular writer .\nif a word occurs in aristophanes, i have indicated its presence in that author by the letters ar. before it, but in the case of words occurring frequently in both prose and verse, i have not thought it necessary to signify that they are found in aristophanes as well. a word used often both by prose and verse writers may safely be employed in comedy. it sometimes happens that a word of prose associations is found in verse, and that one commonly confined to poetry is used in prose. in such a case i have put in brackets after the word a reference to the passage in which it occurs. thus on page 158 may be found the following: -\nconfess. v. trans. p. & v. [ greek omitted ] (soph. phil. 980; eur. i. a. 1142 & frag .) .\nthis means that the word [ greek omitted ] appears both in prose and verse, but its use in the latter is restricted to three passages .\ni have added a supplement of proper names, including some of the greek equivalents for names famous in roman history .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\n]; of the two suborders one (~ 330 spp. in 6 families) is restricted to the southern hemisphere .\nnymphs of most spp. develop in cool, well - oxygenated water and do not tolerate pollution; therefore, their presence is an indicator of good water quality, and their absence in areas where they previously occurred may indicate pollution\na field guide to insects richard e. white, donald j. borror, roger tory peterson. 1998. houghton mifflin co .\nhow to know the insects roger g. bland, h. e. jaques. 1978. wcb / mcgraw - hill .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\ndistribution: common in and around fast - moving streams in temperate and boreal climates .\nstoneflies are generally regarded as the earliest group of neoptera. they probably represent an evolutionary\ndead end\nthat diverged well over 300 million years ago. immature stoneflies are aquatic nymphs (naiads). they usually live beneath stones in fast - moving, well - aerated water. oxygen diffuses through the exoskeleton or into tracheal gills located on the thorax, behind the head, or around the anus. most species feed on algae and other submerged vegetation, but two families (perlidae and chloroperlidae) are predators of mayfly nymphs (ephemeroptera) and other small aquatic insects. adult stoneflies are generally found on the banks of streams and rivers from which they have emerged. they are not active fliers and usually remain near the ground where they feed on algae or lichens. in many species, the adults are short - lived and do not have functional mouthparts. stoneflies are most abundant in cool, temperate climates .\nstoneflies require clean, well - oxygenated water to survive. they are extremely sensitive to water pollution and are used by ecologists as indicators of water purity. stoneflies are also an important source of food for game fish (e. g. , trout and bass) in cold mountain streams .\nin some species, a male attracts a female by drumming his abdomen against the substrate .\nstonefly eggs are coated with a sticky slime that adheres to rocks and keeps the eggs from washing away in fast moving water .\nadults of some australian stoneflies consume rotten wood as part of their diet. the wood apparently contains a nutrient that is essential in egg production .\na secondarily wingless species (family capniidae) passes its entire life cycle in the depths of lake tahoe, u. s. a .\ntree in part from ross and ricker, 1971 and c. r. nelson (unpublished notes )\nthe adults emerge during the coldest parts of the winter and are regularly seen walking on snow. in general, capniids are small stoneflies, most about 7 mm in length, although different species might range from 4 mm to more than 25 mm .\nthe nymphs inhabit the hyporheic zone, that is to say the zone of flow beneath the rocks and gravel on the bottom of streams and rivers. the nymphs come close to the substrate surface immediately prior to emergence. as such the nymphs are not always encountered in standard benthic samples, despite their numeric (and presumably ecological) importance .\ncapniids have many narrowly endemic species, perhaps due to their narrow tolerances for cold environments which trap them in streams on mountain tops or perhaps due to the frequency of winglessness in the group. in fact these two reasons for endemism are probably interelated. because of such rampant endemism the capniids are very useful in tracking the geological and evolutionary history of an area using such ideas as expressed by vicariance biogeographers .\nzwick (1973) lists the synapomorphies of capniidae as: 1, cubital crossveins reduced, one or none left; 2, inner lobes of paraprocts fused to form a partially open tube, ventrally closed by outer lobes of paraprocts (this structure is called the fusion plate) .\nlittle formal work has been done regarding the phylogeny of the genera in capniidae. the tree i produce above reflects the phylogeny given for some genera in ross and ricker (1971) and my own unpublished studies. i have not looked closely at the taxa marked incertae sedis but hope to do so soon. note that the genus capnia is clearly paraphyletic. adjustment of the taxonomy, either the naming of monophyletic clades of capnia as new genera or sinking of many genera to yield a monophyletic capnia needs to occur. i have done initial work placing some of the groups of capnia into a phylogenetic system, i present this as an alternative view with groups labeled .\nross and ricker (1971) proposed that allocapnia is the sister clade to the capnia vidua group from the palearctic. unfortunately their recognition of allocapnia as a genus rendered capnia paraphyletic. they justified this recognition by saying ,\ndespite its phylogenetic position as a branch of capnia, we believe that allocapnia should be designated as a separate genus because of the many distinctive features that have evolved. this designation of allocapnia as a separate genus without treating other branches of capnia in a like manner is an example of paraphyletic classification, strongly criticized by some (hennig 1966). there are, however, many well - known examples of it in classification; for example, the recognition of mammalia, aves, and reptilia as separate classes. there is no doubt that paraphyletic classification is a convenience that will continue to have frequent use .\ni do not doubt, much, the monophyly of allocapnia. with this assumption of monophyly comes the need for the treatment of\ncapnia\nsuch that named monophyletic groups can be erected from the rubble and paraphyletic groups eliminated .\nross, h. h. & w. e. ricker. 1971. the classification, evolution, and dispersal of the winter stonefly genus allocapnia. illinois biological monographs 45: 1 - 166 .\nnelson, c. riley. 1996. capniidae. winter stoneflies. version 01 january 1996 (under construction) .\nto fishermen, a stonefly is “bait, ” the kind that brings in the trophy fish. but to entomologist riley nelson, the stonefly is an important environmental indicator. if you see stoneflies in a river or stream, he says, the water is good .\n“of all the insects that live in water, stoneflies are the kind that require the cleanest water, ” says nelson, a brigham young university professor of biology. “most people would be surprised to find out how many beautiful insects are in a stream, but a good stream is one that has bugs in it. ”\nthe insect survey is part of an effort by the mongolian government, working with the philadelphia - based academy of natural sciences, to monitor the environment and to train mongolian scientists. in remote areas of the country, scientists are using stoneflies to assess water pollution levels without the expense of lab testing .\n“because of this intolerance to pollution, stoneflies are regularly used by governments that want to know about the quality of their water and how to regulate that quality, to maintain it to be good for human use, ” says nelson .\nas mongolia faces industrialization and increased mining activity, the government there turned to nelson and his students to identify aquatic species that might be used to monitor environmental change. “they are very concerned about the environment and a very high proportion of their lands are set aside as biological and nature preserves, ” nelson says .\nin late 2012, nelson and former byu graduate student sarah judson published the first complete catalog of mongolian stoneflies in the journal zooataxa. the paper documents 51 species of stonefly, including five previously unknown to mongolia and two new to science. the illustrated catalog lists habitat preferences of each species, making it possible to measure water quality without a laboratory .\n“about 51 species of stoneflies live in mongolian streams and lakes. any one stream may have maybe 20 species, so by seeing which of those are there we can know something very important about the water quality, ” he says .\n“as a stream becomes more polluted and we use it for what we deem to be worthy uses, we need to be careful to take care of the little things that rule the earth. i believe that it should be part of our stewardship to take care of them as well. ”\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nstoneflies usually spend 10 months to 2 years living and growing as larvae in the water. when ready the larvae emerge from the water and transform into terrestrial adults .\nmost kinds of stoneflies have 2 long cerci (tails) and 2 tarsal claws (nails) at the end of each leg .\nstoneflies can be found in most running waters and are commonly found in boulder, cobble, water - soaked wood, and leaf packs. most species are predators or shredders (eat decaying plant material) .\nstoneflies are usually associated with clean, cool flowing streams. most stonefly taxa are sensitive to water pollution. generally the presence of stoneflies is a reliable indicator of excellent water quality, but because of their specific habitat requirements, their absence does not necessarily mean the waterbody is polluted. stonefly larvae are part of the widely used ept index (ephemeroptera - plectoptera - trichoptera) to measure water quality condition. it is the number of different taxa of mayflies, stoneflies, and caddisflies .\nin low oxygen conditions, larvae will do\npush - ups\nto move water across their gills .\none species, when the aquatic larva is pursued by a predator, will reflex bleed. they squeeze out drops of their blood; scientists think that this produces a bad smell or taste or is done to confuse the attacker .\nyou may be trying to access this site from a secured browser on the server. please enable scripts and reload this page .\nlong thin antenna project in front of the head; wing pads usually present on the thorax but may only be visible in older larvae; three pairs of segmented legs attach to the thorax; two claws are located at the end of the segmented legs; gills occur on the thorax region, usually on the legs or bottom of the thorax, or there may be no visible gills (usually there are none or very few gills on the abdomen); gills are either single or branched filaments; two long thin tails project from the rear of the abdomen. all stoneflies have low - very low (l) tolerance to many insults; however, several families are tolerant of slightly acidic conditions." ]

{ "text": [ "the plecoptera are an order of insects , commonly known as stoneflies .", "some 3,500 species are described worldwide , with new species still being discovered .", "stoneflies are found worldwide , except antarctica .", "stoneflies are believed to be one of the most primitive groups of neoptera , with close relatives identified from the carboniferous and lower permian geological periods , while true stoneflies are known from fossils only a bit younger .", "the modern diversity , however , apparently is of mesozoic origin .", "plecoptera are found in both the southern and northern hemispheres , and the populations are quite distinct , although the evolutionary evidence suggests species may have crossed the equator on a number of occasions before once again becoming geographically isolated .", "all species of plecoptera are intolerant of water pollution , and their presence in a stream or still water is usually an indicator of good or excellent water quality . " ], "topic": [ 26, 5, 20, 15, 6, 17, 13 ] }

[ "the plecoptera are an order of insects, commonly known as stoneflies. some 3,500 species are described worldwide, with new species still being discovered. stoneflies are found worldwide, except antarctica. stoneflies are believed to be one of the most primitive groups of neoptera, with close relatives identified from the carboniferous and lower permian geological periods, while true stoneflies are known from fossils only a bit younger. the modern diversity, however, apparently is of mesozoic origin. plecoptera are found in both the southern and northern hemispheres, and the populations are quite distinct, although the evolutionary evidence suggests species may have crossed the equator on a number of occasions before once again becoming geographically isolated. all species of plecoptera are intolerant of water pollution, and their presence in a stream or still water is usually an indicator of good or excellent water quality." ]

[ "typhlops koniagui villiers 1956 leptotyphlops koniagui — guibe, roux - esteve & villiers 1967 rhinoleptus koniagui — orejas - miranda, roux - estève & guibé 1970 rhinoleptus koniagui — mcdiarmid, campbell & touré 1999: 46 rhinoleptus koniagui — trape & mané 2006 rhinoleptus koniagui — boundy 2014 rhinoleptus koniagui — wallach et al. 2014: 650\ntype species: typhlops koniagui villiers 1956 is the type species of the genus rhinoleptus orejas - miranda, roux - estève, and guibé, 1970 .\ncontent: eight genera, epictia, siagonodon, rena, tricheilostoma, mitophis, tetracheilostoma, guinea, rhinoleptus, with 25, 4, 11, 9, 4, 3, 4, and 2 species, respectively .\nadalsteinsson et al. (2009) reassigned this species from leptotyphlops to rhinoleptus, a genus otherwise known only from the west african r. koniagui. boundy (2013) disputes this assignment and refers the species instead to myriopholis .\norejas - miranda, roux - esteve & guibé 1970. un nouveau genre de leptotyphlopides (ophidia) rhinoleptus koniagui (villiers). comun. zool. mus. hist. nat. montevideo, 10 (127): 1 - 4\nnotes: until recently, only two genera, leptotyphlops and rhinoleptus, were recognized in the leptotyphlopidae. recent phylogenetic analyses of the group reveal much greater taxonomic partitioning resulting in new subfamilies and genera and the reassignment of many species to different genera .\netymology (genus): the generic name is masculine and derived from the greek noun rhinos (nose) and greek adjective leptos (thin), in allusion to the unusual rostral scale of rhinoleptus koniagui, with its narrow and pointed anterior tip .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmcdiarmid, roy w. , jonathan a. campbell, and t' shaka a. touré\nsnake species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, vol. 1\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nnote: tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well. we are working on it .\nadalsteinsson, s. a. ; branch, w. r. ; trapé, s. ; vitt, l. j. & hedges, s. b. 2009. molecular phylogeny, classification, and biogeography of snakes of the family leptotyphlopidae (reptilia, squamata). zootaxa 2244: 1 - 50 - get paper here\nbarnett, linda k. & emms, craig 2005. common reptiles of the gambia. rare repro, hailsham, east sussex, 24 pp .\nböhme, wolfgang, mark - oliver rödel, christian brede & philipp wagner 2011. the reptiles (testudines, squamata, crocodylia) of the forested southeast of the republic guinea (guinée forestière), with a country - wide checklist. bonn zoological bulletin 60 (1): 35 - 61 - get paper here\nboundy, j. 2014. comments on some african taxa of leptotyphlopid snakes. occ. pap. mus. nat. sci. louisiana state univ. 84: 1 - 8\nbroadley, donald g. 1999. a new species of worm snake from ethiopia (serpentes: leptotyphlopidae). arnoldia zimbabwe 10 (14): 141 - 144\nguibé, j. , r. roux - estève & a. villiers 1967. typhlops koniagui villiers = leptotyphlops koniagui (serpentes). bull. mus. nation. hist. nat. , paris (sér. 2) 39 (3): 452 - 453 .\nmcdiarmid, r. w. ; campbell, j. a. & touré, t. a. 1999. snake species of the world. vol. 1. herpetologists’ league, 511 pp .\ntrape, j. - f. & mané, y. 2004. les serpents des environs de bandafassi (sénégal oriental). bull. soc. herp. france 109: 5 - 34 - get paper here\ntrape, j. - f. & mané, y. 2006. guide des serpents d’afrique occidentale. savane et désert. [ senegal, gambia, mauritania, mali, burkina faso, niger ]. ird editions, paris, 226 pp. - get paper here\ntrape, jean - françois & cellou baldé 2014. a checklist of the snake fauna of guinea, with taxonomic changes in the genera philothamnus and dipsadoboa (colubridae) and a comparison with the snake fauna of some other west african countries. zootaxa 3900 (3): 301–338\nvilliers, a. 1956. liste des types deposes au museum national d' histoire naturelle par l' institut français d' afrique noire. bulletin du museum national d' histoire naturelle, paris, 2nd ser. 28 (6): 495 - 496\nvilliers, a. 1956. le parc national du niokolo - koba 1: v. reptiles. mém. inst. franç. afr. noire, dakar, 1956 (48): 143 - 162\nwallach, van; kenneth l. williams, jeff boundy 2014. snakes of the world: a catalogue of living and extinct species. taylor and francis, crc press, 1237 pp .\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz (database content) and jakob hallermann, zoological museum hamburg (new species and updates) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: listed as least concern, on the basis that this snake is moderately widespread, occurs in several protected areas, is locally abundant and is not thought to be subject to major ongoing threats .\nthis snake is known from the far south of senegal, gambia and mali, southwards through guinea - bissau and into guinea, where it is apparently confined to the dry savanna of the sudanese climatic zone (trape and mané 2006). it is widespread within this area. recorded up to 450 m asl .\nthis species can be locally abundant and is often encountered during fieldwork or after heavy rain (trape and mané 2006; m. jallow pers. comm. 2012). it is the most common thread snake within its range (j. - f. trape pers. comm. 2012) .\nthis is a nocturnal, fossorial species of dry savanna and gallery forests, which feeds on small invertebrates (trape and mané 2006). it is highly tolerant of habitat modification, and remains abundant in crop fields and other disturbed areas (j, - f. trape pers. comm. 2012) .\nno specific threats to this common and adaptable snake are known. it is used locally as fishing bait, but this is not considered a global threat to this abundant snake .\nthis snake is found in protected areas in abuko nature reserve, niumi national park and river gambia national park, all in the gambia. in addition to protecting this snake' s habitat, collection is prohibited within these areas (m. jallow pers. comm. 2012) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\njustification: listed as data deficient on the basis that this species is known from only two specimens from two widely - separated localities, the most recent collected in 1972, and there is no information on its true distribution, population status, ecological requirements, or its exposure or sensitivity to any threats .\nthis species is known only from the type locality of dagah bur in the northern ogaden region of ethiopia, where it was collected at around 1, 100 m asl (largen and spawls 2010), and from a recently - identified specimen from tsavo national park in kenya, likely to have been collected around kilaguni lodge (boundy 2013) .\nthis species is known only from two specimens, the most recent collected in 1972 (broadley and wallach 2007, boundy 2013) .\nthis is a burrowing species, but little additional information is available concerning the habitat and ecology of this species. the type locality is a grassland area (broadley and wallach 2007). kilaguni lodge, where the tsavo specimen is thought likely to have been collected, is an area of acacia - commiphora deciduous bushland (r. drewes pers. comm. in boundy 2013). it is presumed to be oviparous (largen and spawls 2010) .\nthis species has been recorded in tsavo national park in kenya (boundy 2013). additional information is needed on the distribution, abundance, ecology and threats to this poorly - known species .\ngrow larger. the cranium and upper jaws are immobile and no teeth are in the upper jaw. the lower jaw consists of a much elongated quadrate bone, a tiny compound bone, and a relatively larger dentary bone .\nthe body is cylindrical with a blunt head and a short tail. the scales are highly polished. the pheremones they produce protect them from attack by termites .\nthey occur in a wide variety of habitats from arid areas to rainforest, and are known to occur near ant and termite nests .\ntheir diets consist mostly of termite or ant larvae, pupae, and adults. most species suck out the contents of insect bodies and discard the exoskeleton .\nafrica, southwestern asia, on socotra island, from the southwestern united states south through mexico, central america and south america as far as uruguay and argentina. in the caribbean they are found on the bahamas (san salvador island), the dominican republic, haiti, hispaniola and the lesser antilles .\nmcdiarmid rw, campbell ja, touré t. 1999. snake species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, vol. 1. herpetologists' league. 511 pp. isbn 1 - 893777 - 00 - 6 (series). isbn 1 - 893777 - 01 - 4 (volume) .\nhedges sb. 2008. at the lower size limit in snakes: two new species of threadsnakes (squamata, leptotyphlopidae, leptotyphlops) from the lesser antilles. zootaxa 1841: 1 - 30. pdf at zootaxa. accessed 28 july 2008 .\notherwise referred to as slender blind snakes, threadsnakes, or leptotyphlopids. it follows the\n^ mcdiarmid rw, campbell ja, touré t. 1999. snake species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, vol. 1. herpetologists' league. 511 pp. isbn 1 - 893777 - 00 - 6 (series). isbn 1 - 893777 - 01 - 4 (volume) .\nthis infraorder comprises three families, containing about 400 species of generally very small and mainly burrowing snakes commonly known as worm, thread, or blind snakes. in conformity with their burrowing habit, they have stout skulls and often greatly reduced eyes, which might only be able to discriminate between light and shade. the mouth has a ventral position. the premaxilla is edentulous and any teeth on the maxilla or dentary are pleurodont. these diminutive snakes prey on small insects, such as ants, termites, and their larva. they show some of the most specialized dentitions among snakes (\ncm long, has a unique dentition and mode of feeding. the lower jaw is subterminal and extremely short, measuring only 35–40% of the total length of the skull and a single row of four to five teeth is present on each dentary (\n). the cranium and upper jaw are immobile. the maxillae are edentulous and play no part in engulfing prey. because of the alignment of the elongated quadrate bone, food is transported using a mandibular raking mechanism involving bilateral synchronous movements of the dentate lower jaw in the anteroposterior axis (\nmovements of the pterygoids in typhlopids serve to protract and retract the toothed maxillae. prey transport is thus brought about exclusively through rotational movements of the highly mobile maxillae. the interramal connection of the lower jaw in typhlopids is quite rigid .\n. among the specialized features are the absence of teeth on the lower jaw and the reduced size and rigidity of the lower jaw. indeed ,\nis the only genus of snake without teeth on the dentary. four or five teeth are present on each maxilla. the maxillae are unusual in that they lie horizontally against the roof of the mouth with their transversely oriented tooth rows directed posteriorly. as the pterygoids are long, slender, and widely separated from the quadrate, the upper and lower jaws are functionally decoupled. this enables a maxillary raking mechanism, in which asynchronous ratcheting movements of the highly mobile upper jaws are used to drag prey through the oral cavity (\nsp .). also, all turbellarians have epidermal sensory receptors distributed on the surface or concentrated in specific areas which mainly function as chemoreceptors. these include the auricles of tricladida, the sensory pits of stenostomidae, or the ciliate grooves of catenulidae .\nof the order rhabdocoela). these statocysts differ in the number and disposition of the parietal cells and in the number of statoliths. generally, catenulida have one statolith and three parietal cells, while acoela have one statolith and two parietal cells. in proseriata, one statolith, six parietal cells, and one lithocyte per statocyst is observed. interestingly, hofstenidae (acoela) and luridae (rhabdocoela) have two or more statoliths and four parietal cells (\nagreed that the ancestral state is represented by the presence of a statocyst. however, karling proposed the presence of several statoliths as the plesiomorphic state, while ax favored the presence of only a single statolith .\ncontradicted this view by suggesting that statocysts were not present in ancestral species of the platyhelminthes. however, the two statoliths (and four parietal cells) of the nemertodermatida, the two parietal cells in acoela, and the nearly triangular shape of the statocysts in proseriata are autapomorphic characters for these taxa (\nthe majority of the light - sensitive structures in turbellaria are pigment cup ocelli situated proximal to the basal membrane or the musculature (polycladida). the number and size of the pigment cups vary widely along the entire group (\nmm. cranially, these snakes have two common carotid arteries, edentulous premaxillaries, longitudinally oriented maxillaries lacking teeth, and optic foramina that perforate the frontals. the mandible has a coronoid bone, and each dentary has four or five teeth. they lack cranial infrared receptors in pits or surface indentations. no limb vestiges are evident externally, although pelvic remnants occur in the trunk musculature. intracostal arteries arise from the dorsal aorta at nearly every trunk segment. they lack a left lung, a tracheal lung, and a left oviduct .\nmya when africa and south america were still connected as gondwana. available evidence suggests that leptotyphlopids occupied west gondwana with typhlopids occupying east gondwana. the first divergence within the lepotyphlopidae, producing ancestors of the two subfamilies, occurred during late cretaceous, about 92\nmya) of epictinae ancestors occurred across the relatively narrow atlantic to south america. consequently, epictinae diversified in the new world and leptotyphlopinae and a few epictinae diversified in africa. the presence of leptotyphlopids on hispaniola, the bahamas, and the lesser antilles indicates that these subterranean snakes can and do cross water, likely on floating barges of vegetation .\n. recent phylogenetic analyses of the group reveal much greater taxonomic partitioning resulting in new subfamilies and genera and the reassignment of many species to different genera .\ncontent: four genera, epacrophis, myriopholis, leptotyphlops, and namibiana, with 3, 24, 22, and 5 species, respectively .\ndistribution: africa (excluding most of the sahara), arabia, and southwest asia .\ncharacteristics: leptotyphlopids have relatively long thin tails, and relatively more subcaudal scales than species in the epictinae. relative tail length is 4. 1–18. 9% total length versus 2. 1–11. 5% in the epictinae, tail shape is 3. 2–11. 7 versus 1. 3–6. 1, and subcaudals number 12–58 versus 6–30 in the epictinae\nthese snakes are generally found on the surface only after rains. depending upon species, they live underground, in leaf litter, in termite nests, with roots of vegetation, or inside of rotting logs. they are associated with a variety of habitats, including lowland rainforest, savannas, and coastal evergreen brushlands. all lay eggs and clutch size is small (1–7 eggs). they feed primarily on termites, but occasionally eat other small insects or their larvae. peter’s worm snake ,\n, wiggles in typical worm snake fashion when exposed but then feigns death when handled .\ndistribution: north, south, and central america, as well as a number of new world islands within the subtropics and tropics .\ncharacteristics: leptotyphlopids with short, thick tails, and the fewest subcaudal scales: relative tail length is 2. 1–11. 5% total length versus 4. 1–18. 9% in the leptotyphlopinae; tail shape is 1. 3–6. 1 versus 3. 2–11. 7; and subcaudals number 8–30 versus 12–58 in the leptotyphlopinae. scale rows at midbody vary from 14–16 and supralabials vary from 2–4 depending upon species. most have red or yellow coloration and / or stripes .\nbiology: these thread snakes occur in a wide variety of habitats, from lowland rainforest to xeric deserts. they are fossorial but often appear on the surface at night, especially when humidity is high. the texas thread snake rena dulcis can often be found under surface objects in early spring in clusters of as many as 18 individuals, nearly all of which are males. this species has been observed in barn owl nests, most likely brought there by the owls to feed their young. some of the snakes apparently escape in the owl nest, where they survive feeding on insects and their larvae (particularly fleas) in the owl nest. some species, such as tricheilostomata macrolepis in the amazon rainforest, have been observed on rainy nights nearly 2 meters above ground, wrapped around small tree trunks with the head and neck extending perpendicular to the trunk and moving back and forth. they may climb trees to locate termite nests by detecting airborne chemical cues associated with the release of termite alates .\nsnakes are in the class reptilia and the order squamata, in the clade toxicofera, infraorder serpentes (snakes). more than 2900 extant species of snakes exist within three major clades: scolecophidia, alethinophidia, and caenophidia .\nscolecophidians are fossorial, blind snakes with three families in the group: anomalepdidae (15 species [ sp. ]), typhlopidae (210 + sp .), and\n( 90 + sp .). scolecophidians are oviparous and retain pelvic remnants. the anomalepdidae (early blind snakes) live in the forested regions of central and south americas. the\n( thread snakes) inhabit the semi - desert to forested regions of the tropics and subtropics of africa, the americas, and southwest asia. thread snakes lack the left lung, the tracheal lung, and the left oviduct. the typhlopidae (blind snakes) exist in areas ranging from the semi - desert to the rain forest regions throughout the tropics. the left lung is vestigial, and the left oviduct is absent .\nin squamate evolution, the earliest divergence is the geckos, followed by the divergence of the skinks, night lizards, plated lizards, and girdled lizards. the next groups to branch off are the teiids, lacertids, and amphisbaenids, and the remaining group, comprising snakes, iguanids, agamids, chameleons, monitors, helodermatids, and anguids, is known collectively as the\n, named for the commonality of the presence of venom glands. snakes diverge in the middle of the squamates, and if snakes are removed, lizards are not a monophyletic group. snakes are a group of lizards, and a pine snake is a better model for a bearded dragon than a blue - tongued skink .\nrecognition that diets of amphibians and reptiles might evolve just as morphological or physiological traits is just gaining acceptance. it has long been known, for example, that within some clades, all species share a diet preference unlike that of species in closely related clades. for example, horned lizards (\n, and anomalepidae eat eggs, larvae, and pupae of ants and termites. indeed, insectivory in these snakes (the scolecophidia) is one piece of evidence suggesting that they are the most primitive snake clade. snakes in the genus\nfeeds on earthworms. a recent comparison of diets in major snake clades has identified major shifts in snake diets historically as well. these and many other examples suggest that similarity in diets within particular clades reflects dietary shifts early in the evolutionary history of the clade, which, among other things, has changed the way we think about species assemblages and communities (discussed in more detail in\nspecialization on ants provides a particularly instructive example of the evolution of diets and exemplifies the complexity of trade - offs between foraging and predator escape strategies. ant specialization has evolved independently in a number of families of lizards and frogs. within the phrynosomatinae, species in the genus\n). likewise, in dendrobatoid frogs, ants comprise most of the prey eaten by many species. other species feed on relatively fewer ants. most interesting is the observation that ant specialization in these small tropical frogs appears to be related to a behavioral defense complex involving toxic or bad - tasting skin secretions and aposematic coloration (\n). among other things, bright coloration of numerous species warns predators that the frogs have bad - tasting or toxic skin, resulting from the ingestion of ant chemicals as well as ingestion of chemicals from other tiny leaf litter arthropods. brightly colored species move frequently while foraging and thus are conspicuous, whereas cryptic (non - ant specialists and nontoxic) species do not move much while foraging. specialization on ants and the associated predator escape mechanisms have evolved repeatedly within these frogs, and in two instances (dendrobatinae and one clade in the colostethinae), entire clades of frogs with these coevolved traits have been generated (bottom two shaded boxes in\n. a similar radiation of frogs with the same set of traits (ant specialization associated with aposematic coloration and skin toxins) has evolved independently in the frog family mantellidae in madagascar. in addition to acquiring alkaloids from ants, some mantellids also acquire nicotine from ants that get nicotine from plants. thus a nicotine food chain exists from plant to ant to frog! the preceding examples, from both frogs and lizards that eat ants, which are in general small and low - energy prey, exemplify the complexity of the evolution of diets in ectothermic vertebrates. based on energy gain alone (i. e. , optimal foraging), ant specialization should be a poor strategy and selectively disadvantageous. however, because it can have added benefits in terms of sequestering chemicals for defense, energetic disadvantages are compensated for by advantages in offsetting predation .\n. differences in feeding behavior and type of prey vary somewhat for the polyp versus medusa form. field information for feeding behavior and prey consumption is minimal for the polyp and medusa stage of\nroos, 1979; smith et al. , 2002; folino - rorem and stoeckel, 2006\n; folino - rorem, personal observations). in addition, prey types consumed by\npolyps can more readily consume larger chironomids (folino - rorem, personal observations) .\nconsumes zooplankton but also obtains nutrients from the green algal symbionts (zoochlorellae) within the gastrodermal cells. both\n, smaller individuals of generally larger prey (e. g. , chironomids, other insect larvae, and oligochaetes) are consumed in addition to typically small prey such as rotifers, nematodes, and protozoa (\n). the nematocysts seem especially sticky on the club end of the polyp and respond quickly to the presence of prey if feeding has not recently occurred .\n; folino - rorem, personal observations). smaller medusae pulse and contract the bell to actually draw smaller prey into the subumbrellar area for prey to contact the manubrium / mouth (folino - rorem, personal observations) .\nobtain nutrients from the eggs of its acipenseriform host. the free - living polyp stage uses tentacles to capture rotifers, turbellarians, and oligochaetes worms (tubifex) (\ncopyright © 2018 elsevier b. v. or its licensors or contributors. sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b. v .\nsporotrichosis is a chronic fungal infection principally affecting the skin, lymphatics, and subcutaneous tissues. pulmonary and disseminated forms, with involvement of the lungs, osteoarticular and musculoskeletal tissues, viscera, mucous membranes, and central nervous system (cns), are uncommon. sporotrichosis is caused by a single species, sporothrix schenckii, which is widely distributed as a soil saprophyte. it is dimorphic, existing as a mold in nature and a yeast in infected tissue .\n. most cases are sporadic, but epidemics can occur in hyperendemic areas. a large outbreak that occurred in rio de janeiro state, brazil, was attributed to spread from infected cats\n. the disease affects individuals whose occupation brings them into contact with soil, plants, or plant materials, such as straw, wood, or reeds .\nthe agent is rarely seen in histopathologic material from primary infections. when present, it is often pleomorphic, appearing as small, round, oval or cigar - shaped budding yeast cells, 2–3 µm wide by 3–8 µm long. in some instances, a central fungal cell is surrounded by radiating eosinophilic material (asteroid body) .\nthe route of entry is via minor traumatic subcutaneous inoculation. the incubation period varies from 1–4 weeks and, rarely, up to 6 months. about 75% of infections affect an upper extremity. there is evidence to suggest that some patients have self - limited infections\nprimary pulmonary infection is rare. it can be asymptomatic but, in individuals with a low level of immunity, it can progress to disseminated disease .\n. it originates by hematogenous spread, usually from the lung. sites affected include skin, joints, lungs, bone, mucous membranes, and the cns .\nclassic cutaneous lymphatic sporotrichosis is distinct, but the variability of other forms can make diagnosis difficult. direct examination of pus or skin is seldom helpful and sporothrix schenckii is usually absent, or rare, in tissue sections. culture is of the greatest value – s. schenckii is readily isolated from clinical material on a variety of culture media .\nsporotrichosis must be distinguished from other mycoses and from infective skin lesions, such as tularemia, leishmaniasis, anthrax, tuberculosis, and pyogenic infection. lymphatic spread similar to that of sporotrichosis can occur in mycobacterium marinum and some south american forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis .\nthe usual treatment for cutaneous infection is orally administered potassium iodide (ki) in saturated solution, which usually produces a cure within 3 months. an adult can be given 1 ml of ki three times daily, with drops in incremental increases to a maximum of 4–6 ml 3 times daily after 1 month. to increase palatability, the drug may be administered with milk. treatment should be continued for 3–4 weeks after clinical cure. alternatives include itraconazole 100–200 mg daily or terbinafine 250 mg daily .\nof cancer and capricorn, with over 2 billion people living in countries where malaria is transmitted. for years it has been estimated that there may be 300–500 million new infections and 1–3 million deaths annually caused by malaria and that the majority of cases and more than 90% of the deaths occur in sub - saharan africa, where in many places malaria is the leading cause of death among children less than 5 years of age. analyses suggest that the medical impact of malaria may actually have been significantly underestimated [\n]. it has been estimated that malaria reduces annual gross domestic product (gdp) in affected countries in sub - saharan africa by greater than 1. 3% [\nsp. mosquito vector to insecticides, including the pyrethroids used in insecticide - impregnated bednets, and the inability of the most affected countries to mobilize and sustain the resources required for malaria control, as evidenced by the resurgence of malaria in areas formerly free of the disease, highlight the urgency for developing an effective malaria vaccine. a vaccine would dramatically improve the chances of optimally controlling and eventually eradicating malaria .\n). the entomopathogenic and insecticidal action (“sotto” disease) of the bacterium was first noted by ishiwata in japan in 1901. in 1915, another strain was found in thuringia, germany, by berliner, who named it\nwas registered in the united states in 1961. thorough overviews on the history, biology, early and current use, and (eco) toxicology of this most important microbial insect control agent are available (\nrepresent the largest component of the inhabited world. the tropical and subtropical regions are situated along the equator, extending 30º latitude north and south between the\nof cancer and capricorn. most of south america, central america and the caribbean islands, africa, india, southeast asia, new guinea, and parts of australia and the pacific islands are situated in the\n. high daytime environmental temperatures characterize tropical climates, with abundant direct sunlight exposure, days and nights of equal length, and absence of four seasons, along with wide variations in temperature and humidity due to the presence of mountain ranges, jungles, and deserts. about three - fourths of the total world population—or 5. 25 billion of the current estimate of 7 billion people—live in the\nand consume a meager 6% of the worldwide food production. most tropical countries are underdeveloped producing only 15% of the world' s net revenue. health indicators such as life expectancy at birth, infantile mortality, and daily caloric intake, access to clean drinking water, literacy, and health expenditures are significantly lower in tropical countries than in industrial nations (\n). these factors explain in part the neuroepidemiological pattern of tropical neurology resulting from problems of illiteracy, malnutrition, deficient sanitation, overcrowding, pollution with neurotoxins and other environmental pollutants, high human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) seroprevalence, as well as frequent water - borne and arthropod - transmitted infections of viral, bacterial and parasitic origin. the principal determinants of neurological diseases in underdeveloped countries are lack of education and poor socioeconomic conditions (\nmixed results, and assessment is confounded by migration, lifestyle, biologic influences, and social factors. however, ms is more prevalent in latitudes far from the equator (high risk) and less prevalent in the\n( low risk). people who move from low - risk to high - risk areas before age 15 acquire higher risk. those who make the same move after adolescence retain a lower risk. early sunlight exposure, correlated to serum vitamin d, may influence risk .\nseason of birth: lower risk for births occurring after summer, and higher risk for births occurring after winter. suggestion: maternal vitamin d during the third trimester of pregnancy may influence ms risk—lower risk when maternal vitamin d is high (summer), and higher when vitamin d is low (winter) .\nsunlight: sun exposure and vitamin d levels at a young age may influence ms risk .\ngi infection with cutaneous involvement rare (0. 3 %); usually a complication of amebic colitis\nactinomyces israelii (gram + bacterium), which is an endogenous source (i. e. , mouth flora )\nsplendore–hoeppli phenomenon = eosinophilic border due to immunoglobulins (ab); also seen with staph. aureus, proteus, pseudomonas, and e. coli (due to ab and debris; is not specific )\naedes aegypti mosquito, which bites during the day. there is no direct person - to - person transmission. monkeys act as a reservoir host in south - east asia and west africa\naseptic meningitis or encephalitis. infections range from mild ’flu - like illness to frank encephalitis, coma and death, leaving mild to severe neurological deficits in survivors\navoid bites of mosquitoes. a vaccine against tick - borne encephalitis is available for those walking or camping in forests in areas at risk\nsudden onset of fever, malaise, headache and myalgia followed by pharyngitis, vomiting, diarrhoea, rash and haemorrhages, including from the mouth. fatal in over 50 %\nebola and marburg haemorrhagic fevers in sub - saharan africa. marburg virus has been of concern since first reports in 1967 in persons working with monkeys in germany and yugoslavia\nlassa fever, the most infamous arenavirus, is named after the nigerian town where infection was first recorded in 1969. cases since reported from liberia, sierra leone and uganda\nworldwide. new world hantaviruses with distinct rodent hosts. a pan - american zoonosis, with an expanding clinical spectrum. seen also in europe\nvarious mosquitoes of the genus culex. infects pigs and wild birds as well as humans\nfever, headache or aseptic meningitis. severe cases rapid onset with headache, high fever and meningeal signs. may be neurological sequelae. approximately 50% of severe cases are fatal\nacute encephalomyelitis, which is almost invariably fatal. initial signs include sense of apprehension, headache, fever, malaise and sensory changes around bite site. excitability, hallucinations and aerophobia are common, followed in some cases by fear of water (hydrophobia) due to spasms of swallowing muscles, progressing to delirium, convulsions and death\navoid contact with both wild and domestic animals, including dogs and cats. vaccination\ninfluenza - like illness, with a second phase of fever in 10% of cases. encephalitis develops during the second phase and may result in paralysis or death\nacute illness characterized initially by fever, chills, headache, muscular pain, anorexia, nausea and / or vomiting, with bradycardia. about 15% progress to second phase, with fever resurgence, jaundice, abdominal pain, vomiting and haemorrhages. 50% die after 10–14 days" ]

{ "text": [ "rhinoleptus is a monotypic genus created for the blind snake species , r. koniagui , found in west africa .", "it is among the smallest snakes in the world .", "no subspecies are currently recognized . " ], "topic": [ 26, 16, 5 ] }

[ "rhinoleptus is a monotypic genus created for the blind snake species, r. koniagui, found in west africa. it is among the smallest snakes in the world. no subspecies are currently recognized." ]

[ "the following term was not found in genome: cirrhilabrus walshi [ orgn ] .\nrandall, j. e. and r. l. pyle, 2001. three new species of labrid fishes of the genus cirrhilabrus from islands of the tropical pacific. aqua j. ichthyol. aquat. biol. 4 (3): 89 - 98. (ref. 41654 )\nlatin, cirrus = curl fringe + greek, labros = furious (ref. 45335 )\nmarine; reef - associated; depth range 37 - 46 m (ref. 41654). tropical\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 6. 3 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 41654 )\ndorsal spines (total): 11; dorsal soft rays (total): 9; anal spines: 3; anal soft rays: 9; vertebrae: 25. median predorsal scales 5; horizontal rows of scales on cheek 1; sixth dorsal spine longest; interspinous membranes of dorsal fin of males higher than spine tips; caudal fin rounded; pelvic fin of male very long (ref. 41654) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01660 (0. 00720 - 0. 03825), b = 2. 95 (2. 75 - 3. 15), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 3 ±0. 4 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (14 of 100) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ngland, switzerland, 5 july 2018 (iucn) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change, with 7% of th ...\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years, but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives... .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices, as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse ...\njustification: even though this species occurs in a relatively small area, there are no known major threats and it is not known to be collected for the aquarium trade. it is listed as least concern .\nthis species is found over coral rubble from depths of five to 46 m (allen et al. 2003) .\nthere are no known species specific conservation measures in place. this species distribution overlaps several marine protected areas within its range .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nnatural environment: inhabits shallow coastal slopes and usually found at depths between 65 – 200 feet (20– 60 m) where it feeds on zooplankton .\nthe material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of bob goemans .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c42d7 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 3234f3f4 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 32421aa1 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 32a8b4ee - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nfroese r. & pauly d. (eds). (2018). fishbase (version feb 2018). in: roskov y. , abucay l. , orrell t. , nicolson d. , bailly n. , kirk p. m. , bourgoin t. , dewalt r. e. , decock w. , de wever a. , nieukerken e. van, zarucchi j. , penev l. , eds. (2018). species 2000 & itis catalogue of life, 30th june 2018. digital resource at urltoken species 2000: naturalis, leiden, the netherlands. issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 7ba1f6d1 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more..." ]

{ "text": [ "cirrhilabrus walshi is a species of wrasse native to the american samoa .", "this species can reach a standard length of 6.3 cm ( 2.5 in ) .", "it inhabits coral reefs and it can be found at depths from 37 to 46 m ( 121 to 151 ft ) . " ], "topic": [ 3, 0, 18 ] }

[ "cirrhilabrus walshi is a species of wrasse native to the american samoa. this species can reach a standard length of 6.3 cm (2.5 in). it inhabits coral reefs and it can be found at depths from 37 to 46 m (121 to 151 ft)." ]

[ "html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmabille p. 1879c. lepidoptera madagascariensia; species novae. - bulletin de la société philomathique (7) 3: 132–144 .\nhampson g. f. 1910c. zoological collections from northern rhodesia and adjacent territories: lepidoptera phalaenae. - proceedings of the zoological society of london 1910 (2): 388–510, pls. 36–41 .\npopular: trivia, history, america, television, tv, usa, geography, cities, ... more\nhampson g. f. 1913b. descriptions of new pyralidae of the subfamily pyraustinae. - annals and magazine of natural history (8) 12 (67): 1–38; (69): 299–319." ]

{ "text": [ "notarcha digitalis is a moth in the crambidae family .", "it was described by j. c. shaffer and munroe in 2007 .", "it is found on the seychelles , where it has been recorded from aldabra . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20 ] }

[ "notarcha digitalis is a moth in the crambidae family. it was described by j. c. shaffer and munroe in 2007. it is found on the seychelles, where it has been recorded from aldabra." ]

[ "dichomeris cocta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 17\ntrichotaphe cocta meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 179; tl: khasis\nvad betyder dichomeris? här finner du 2 definitioner av dichomeris. du kan även lägga till betydelsen av dichomeris själv\ndichomeris är ett släkte av fjärilar som beskrevs av hübner 1818. dichomeris ingår i familjen stävmalar .\ndichomeris acmodeta; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 12\ndichomeris agorastis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 13\ndichomeris albula; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 13\ndichomeris apicispina; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 14\ndichomeris apludella; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 14\ndichomeris bifurca; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 15\ndichomeris bomiensis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 16\ndichomeris bucinaria; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 16\ndichomeris consertella; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 18\ndichomeris cuprea; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 18\ndichomeris cuspis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 18\ndichomeris diffurca; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 20\ndichomeris fareasta; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 20\ndichomeris fuscahopa; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 21\ndichomeris fuscanella; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 21\ndichomeris gansuensis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 21\ndichomeris hodgesi; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 22\ndichomeris jiangxiensis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 23\ndichomeris lativalvata; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 23\ndichomeris lespedezae; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 23\ndichomeris lutilinea; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 25\ndichomeris manticopodina; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 25\ndichomeris menglana; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 26\ndichomeris millotella viette, 1956; nat. malgache 8 (2): 212\ndichomeris minutia; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 26\ndichomeris mitteri; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 27\ndichomeris molybdoterma meyrick, 1933; exotic microlep. 4 (12): 353\ndichomeris ningshanensis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 27\ndichomeris nivalis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 27\ndichomeris paulianella viette, 1956; nat. malgache 8 (2): 213\ndichomeris polygona; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 29\ndichomeris polypunctata; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 29\ndichomeris qingchengshanensis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 30\ndichomeris quadratipalpa; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 30\ndichomeris quadrifurca; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 30\ndichomeris sexafurca; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 31\ndichomeris shenae; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 31\ndichomeris spicans; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 32\ndichomeris spuracuminata; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 32\ndichomeris stasimopa meyrick, 1937; exotic microlep. 5 (3): 94\ndichomeris strictella; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 32\ndichomeris synergastis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 32\ndichomeris tersa; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 33\ndichomeris varifurca; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 34\ndichomeris violacula; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 34\ndichomeris wuyiensis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 34\ndichomeris yuebana; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 34\ndichomeris yunnanensis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 35\ndichomeris zymotella viette, 1956; nat. malgache 8 (2): 215\ndichomeris fuliginella (costa, 1836), described as rhinosia fuliginella from italy .\ndichomeris junisonensis matsumura, 1931; 6000 illust. insects japan. - empire: 1082\ndichomeris acritopa meyrick, 1935; mat. microlep. fauna chin. prov. : 72\ndichomeris dolichaula meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 67\ndichomeris loxonoma meyrick, 1937; exotic microlep. 5 (4 - 5): 123\ndichomeris nyingchiensis li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 254\ndichomeris fuscahopa li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 242\ndichomeris fuscusitis li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 243\ndichomeris gansuensis li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 247\ndichomeris hodgesi li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 232\ndichomeris jiangxiensis li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 244\ndichomeris junisonis [ sic ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 23\ndichomeris yunnanensis li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 254\ndichomeris cuspis park, 1994; insecta koreana 11: 19; tl: gangweon prov. , korea\ndichomeris derasella; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 19; [ fe ]\ndichomeris fareasta park, 1994; insecta koreana 11: 15; tl: gangweon prov. , korea\ndichomeris lamprostoma; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 23; [ fe ]\ndichomeris mitteri park, 1994; insecta koreana 11: 17; tl: gangweon prov. , korea\ndichomeris praevacua; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50 :\ndichomeris strictella park, 1994; insecta koreana 11: 11; tl: gangweon prov. , korea\ndichomeris acritopa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 12\ndichomeris adelocentra; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 13\ndichomeris albiscripta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 13\ndichomeris allantopa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 13\ndichomeris amphichlora; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 13\ndichomeris ampliata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 14\ndichomeris anisospila; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 14\ndichomeris antiloxa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 14\ndichomeris antisticta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 14\ndichomeris asodes; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 15\ndichomeris barymochla; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 15\ndichomeris brachygrapha; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 16\ndichomeris brachyptila; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 16\ndichomeris caerulescens; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 16\ndichomeris cellaria; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 16\ndichomeris centracma; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 17\ndichomeris ceponoma; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 17\ndichomeris charonaea; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 17\ndichomeris chartaria; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 17\ndichomeris chinganella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 17\ndichomeris chlanidota; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 17\ndichomeris cinnabarina; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 17\ndichomeris citharista; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 17\ndichomeris clarescens; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 17\ndichomeris contentella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 18\ndichomeris corniculata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 18\ndichomeris crepitatrix; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 18\ndichomeris deceptella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 19\ndichomeris deltoxyla; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 19\ndichomeris diacrita; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 19\ndichomeris dicausta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 19\ndichomeris doxarcha; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 20\ndichomeris eridantis; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 20\ndichomeris eucomopa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 20\ndichomeris excoriata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 20\ndichomeris ferrata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 20\ndichomeris ferruginosa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 20\ndichomeris frenigera; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 21\ndichomeris fungifera; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 21\ndichomeris geochrota; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 21\ndichomeris horoglypta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 22\ndichomeris ignorata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 22\ndichomeris illicita; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 22\ndichomeris illucescens; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 22\ndichomeris imbricata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 22\ndichomeris immerita; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 22\ndichomeris indiserta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 22\ndichomeris intensa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 22\ndichomeris isoclera; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 23\ndichomeris leptosaris; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 23\ndichomeris leucothicta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 24\ndichomeris levigata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 24\ndichomeris lissota; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 24\ndichomeris litoxyla; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 24\ndichomeris lupata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 25\ndichomeris macroxyla; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 25\ndichomeris malachias; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 25\ndichomeris malacodes; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 25\ndichomeris melanortha; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 26\ndichomeris melitura; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 26\ndichomeris mesoglena; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 26\ndichomeris metatoxa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 26\ndichomeris metuens; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 26\ndichomeris microdoxa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 26\ndichomeris microsphena meyrick, 1921; zool. meded. leyden 6: 166; tl: java, buitenzorg\ndichomeris oceanis; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 27\ndichomeris olivescens; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 28\ndichomeris ostracodes; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 28\ndichomeris pelitis; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 28\ndichomeris petalodes; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 28\ndichomeris planata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 29\ndichomeris polyaema; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 29\ndichomeris praealbescens; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 29\ndichomeris procrossa; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 29\ndichomeris pseudometra; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 30\ndichomeris ptychosema; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 30\ndichomeris sciodora; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 31\ndichomeris semnias; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 31\ndichomeris siranta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 31\ndichomeris summata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 32\ndichomeris synclepta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 32\ndichomeris tephroxesta; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 33\ndichomeris testudinata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 33\ndichomeris tetraschema; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 33\ndichomeris thyrsicola; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 33\ndichomeris toxolyca; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 33\ndichomeris traumatias; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 33\ndichomeris uranopis; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 33\ndichomeris viridella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 34\ndichomeris indigna; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 54 (note )\ndichomeris ceratomoxantha; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 63 (note )\ndichomeris adelocentra meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 305; tl: java, butenzorg\ndichomeris albula park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 22; tl: taipei co. , taiwan\ndichomeris baccata meyrick, 1923; exotic microlep. 2 (20): 621; tl: brazil, teffé\n= dichomeris bisignella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 16\ndichomeris brachygrapha meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 305; tl: assam, khasis\ndichomeris bucinaria park, 1996; tinea 14 (4): 230; tl: pintung co. , taiwan\ndichomeris chalcophaea meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 434; tl: queensland, brisbane\ndichomeris fida meyrick, 1923; exotic microlep. 2 (20): 620; tl: brazil, para\ndichomeris fusca park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 49; tl: taichung co. , taiwan\ndichomeris fuscalis park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 16; tl: taipei co. , taiwan\ndichomeris harmonias meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (16): 504; tl: china, shanghai\ndichomeris horiodes meyrick, 1923; exotic microlep. 2 (20): 620; tl: brazil, parintins\ndichomeris horoglypta meyrick, 1932; exotic microlep. 4 (7): 202; tl: hasimoto, japan\ndichomeris ingloria meyrick, 1923; exotic microlep. 2 (20): 621; tl: peru, lima\ndichomeris leptosaris meyrick, 1932; exotic microlep. 4 (7): 202; tl: hokkaido, japan\ndichomeris leucothicta meyrick, 1919; exotic microlep. 2 (8): 235; tl: bombay, dharwar\ndichomeris lucrifuga meyrick, 1923; exotic microlep. 2 (20): 620; tl: brazil, para\ndichomeris lutivittata meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 434; tl: queensland, brisbane\ndichomeris mesoctenis meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 434; tl: queensland, brisbane\ndichomeris mesoglena meyrick, 1923; exotic microlep. 2 (20): 619; tl: coorg, pollibetta\ndichomeris metuens meyrick, 1932; exotic microlep. 4 (7): 201; tl: seneng, java\ndichomeris ochthophora meyrick, 1936; exotic microlep. 5 (2): 46; tl: taihoku, formosa\ndichomeris orientis park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 36; tl: kaohsiung co. , taiwan\ndichomeris praevacua meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (16): 504; tl: china, shanghai\ndichomeris quercicola meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 433; tl: punjab, kangra\ndichomeris saturata meyrick, 1923; exotic microlep. 2 (20): 621; tl: brazil, obidos\ndichomeris sciodora meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (16): 504; tl: assam, khasis\ndichomeris symmetrica park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 20; tl: taitung co. , taiwan\ndichomeris syndias [ sic, recte syndyas ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 32\ndichomeris thermodryas meyrick, 1923; exotic microlep. 2 (20): 621; tl: peru, iquitos\ndichomeris trilobella park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 42; tl: pingtung co. , taiwan\ndichomeris anisospila meyrick, 1934; dt. ent. z. iris 48: 34; tl: guangdong, china\ndichomeris argentaria meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 304; tl: barberton\ndichomeris cotifera meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 303; tl: barberton\ndichomeris cuprea li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 237; tl: shaanxi\ndichomeris exsecta meyrick, 1927; exot. microlep. 3 (12): 354; tl: rhodesia, mazoe\ndichomeris ignorata meyrick, 1921; zool. meded. leyden 6: 165; tl: java, preangor, 5000ft\ndichomeris melanortha meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 510; tl: bombay, poona\ndichomeris monorbella viette, 1988; bull. soc. ent. fr. 93 (3 - 4): 104\ndichomeris squalens meyrick, 1914; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1914: 282; tl: british guiana\nresupina omelko, 1999; keys ins. russian far east 5 (2): 107; ts: dichomeris okadai moriuti\ndichomeris tactica meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (5): 152; tl: ecuador, huigra, 4500ft\ndichomeris acrolychna meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 112; tl: brazil, para\ndichomeris allantopa meyrick, 1934; exotic microlep. 4 (16 - 17): 512; tl: nilambur, madras\ndichomeris alogista meyrick, 1935; mat. microlep. fauna chin. prov. : 72; tl: hunan, china\ndichomeris brachymetra meyrick, 1923; exotic microlep. 2 (20): 620; tl: peru, chosica, 2800m\ndichomeris brachyptila meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (19): 584; tl: upper burma, myitkyina\ndichomeris ceponoma meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (5): 151; tl: coorg, dibidi, 3500ft\ndichomeris davisi park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 35; tl: taiwan, taipei co. , sirin\ndichomeris ellipsias meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 114; tl: peru, iquitos\ndichomeris lushanae park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 22; tl: taiwan, taipei co. , sozan\ndichomeris moriutii; li, zhen, kendrick & sterling, 2010, shilap revta lepid. 38 (149): 73\ndichomeris physocoma meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (9): 286; tl: sierra leone, mabang\ndichomeris procyphodes meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 115; tl: brazil, parintins\ndichomeris rhodophaea meyrick, 1920; in alluaud & jeannel, voyage afr. orientale, ins. lép. 2: 73\ndichomeris simaoensis; li, zhen, kendrick & sterling, 2010, shilap revta lepid. 38 (149): 74\ndichomeris stratigera meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 111; tl: brazil, parintins\ndichomeris subdentata meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 113; tl: brazil, santarem\ndichomeris testudinata meyrick, , 1934; dt. ent. z. iris 48: 34; tl: guangdong, china\ndichomeris thalamopa meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 112; tl: brail, téffe\ndichomeris xanthodeta meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 305; tl: three sisters\ndichomeris zonata; li, zhen, kendrick & sterling, 2010, shilap revta lepid. 38 (149): 74\ndichomeris liui li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 234; tl: jiangxi, china\ndichomeris qinlingensis li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 235; tl: shaanxi, china\ndichomeris aequata meyrick, 1914; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1914: 282; tl: british guiana, bartica\ndichomeris agathopa meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 85; tl: rhodesia, umtali\ndichomeris anisacuminata li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 231; tl: china, jiangxi\ndichomeris antizyga meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 303; tl: barberton, pretoria\ndichomeris aphanopa meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 83; tl: rhodesia, umtali\ndichomeris apicispina li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 241; tl: jiangxi, china\ndichomeris asteropis meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 83; tl: rhodesia, umvuma\ndichomeris attenta meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 84; tl: rhodesia, umvuma\ndichomeris bifurca li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 251; tl: jiangxi, china\ndichomeris bodenheimeri; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 16; [ afromoths ]\ndichomeris bomiensis li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 238; tl: china, xizang\ndichomeris cachrydias meyrick, 1914; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1914: 283; tl: british guiana, mallali\ndichomeris decusella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 19; [ afromoths ]\ndichomeris diffurca li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 253; tl: fujian, china\ndichomeris eustacta meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 84; tl: rhodesia, umtali\ndichomeris excepta meyrick, 1914; exot. microlep. 1 (9): 279; tl: nyassaland, mt. mlanje\ndichomeris hylurga meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 83; tl: rhodesia, salisbury\ndichomeris impigra meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 305; tl: barberton, haenertsburg\ndichomeris indiserta meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (9): 285; tl: malay states, kuala lumpur\ndichomeris lativalvata li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 248; tl: jiangxi, china\ndichomeris manticopodina li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 239; tl: shaanxi, china\ndichomeris menglana li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 257; tl: yunnan, china\ndichomeris ningshanensis li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 245; tl: shaanxi, china\ndichomeris nivalis li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 249; tl: jiangxi, china\ndichomeris opsonoma meyrick, 1914; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1914: 281; tl: british guiana, bartica\ndichomeris pladarota meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 84; tl: rhodesia, umtali\ndichomeris polygona li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 243; tl: sichuan, china\ndichomeris qingchengshanensis li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 245; tl: sichuan, china\ndichomeris quadratipalpa li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 238; tl: shaanxi, china\ndichomeris quadrifurca li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 252; tl: fujian, china\ndichomeris sexafurca li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 249; tl: jiangxi, china\ndichomeris shenae li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 246; tl: jiangxi, china\ndichomeris spicans li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 247; tl: jiangxi, china\ndichomeris spuracuminata li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 230; tl: shaanxi, china\ndichomeris stromatias meyrick, 1918; ann. transv. mus. 6 (2): 23; tl: zululand, nkwaleni\ndichomeris tersa li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 241; tl: shaanxi, china\ndichomeris varifurca li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 250; tl: jiangxi, china\ndichomeris violacula li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 237; tl: gansu, china\ndichomeris wuyiensis li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 255; tl: jiangxi, china\ndichomeris xestobyrsa meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 82; tl: rhodesia, salisbury\ndichomeris yuebana li & zheng, 1996; shilap revta lepid. 24 (95): 236; tl: shaanxi, china\ndichomeris obscura li & zheng, 1997; entomologia sin. 4 (3): 223; tl: fengxian, shaanxi, 1600m\ndichomeris angustiptera li & zheng, 1997; entomologia sin. 4 (3): 228; tl: fengxian, shaanxi, 1600m\ndichomeris acrogypsa turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 168; tl: queensland, rosewood\ndichomeris aculata; ponomarenko & ueda, 2004, trans. lepid. soc. japan 55 (3): 147 (note )\ndichomeris ampliata meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 175; tl: khasis\ndichomeris cirrhostola turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 169; tl: queensland, adavale\ndichomeris deltaspis; ponomarenko & ueda, 2004, trans. lepid. soc. japan 55 (3): 155 (note )\ndichomeris excoriata meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 174; tl: khasis\ndichomeris ferrata meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 174; tl: khasis\ndichomeris ferrogra li & wang, 1997; entomologia sin. 4 (3): 225; tl: mengla, yunnan, 630m\ndichomeris ferruginosa meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 173; tl: khasis\ndichomeris heteracma meyrick, 1923; exotic microlep. 2 (20): 622; tl: brazil, teffé; peru, iquitos\ndichomeris instans meyrick, 1923; exotic microlep. 2 (20): 619; tl: peru, iquitos; brazil, teffé\ndichomeris lividula park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 57; tl: taiwan, hualien co. , pianau - col\ndichomeris oleata meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 305; tl: barberton, three sisters\ndichomeris ostracodes meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (19): 583; tl: upper burma, lashio, 3000ft\ndichomeris petalodes meyrick, 1934; exotic microlep. 4 (16 - 17): 512; tl: nilambur, madras, india\ndichomeris pleuroleuca turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 169; tl: queensland, eidsvold\ndichomeris ptychosema meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 175; tl: khasis\ndichomeris rectifascia li & zheng, 1997; entomologia sin. 4 (3): 220; tl: kangxian, gansu, 800m\ndichomeris simaoensis li & wang, 1997; entomologia sin. 4 (3): 221; tl: simao, yunnan, 325m\ndichomeris summata meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 172; tl: khasis\ndichomeris varronia busck, 1913; ins. inscit. menstr. 1 (7): 89; tl: kitty, british guiana\ndichomeris ventosa meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 304; tl: barberton, three sisters\ndichomeris zonata li & wang, 1997; entomologia sin. 4 (3): 222; tl: simao, yunnan, 325m\ndichomeris tostella; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 72 (note); [ nhm card ]\ndichomeris amphicoma meyrick, 1912; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1911 (4): 695; tl: brazil, santos\ndichomeris antisticha meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (9): 285; tl: costa rica, vulkan irazu, 4000ft\ndichomeris fluitans meyrick, 1920; ann. s. afr. mus. 17 (4): 284; tl: natal, howick\ndichomeris litoxyla meyrick, 1937; exotic microlep. 5 (4 - 5): 123; tl: yakovlevka, primorkii krai, russia\ndichomeris nessica walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 95; tl: panama, la chorrera\ndichomeris taiwana park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 48; tl: taiwan, nantou co. , sunmoon lake, 760m\ndichomeris zomias meyrick, 1914; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1914: 283; tl: british guiana, bartica and mallali\ndichomeris hirculella busck, 1909; proc. ent. soc. wash. 11 (2): 89; tl: east river, connecticut\ndichomeris clarescens meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 174; tl: maskeliya, ceylon\ndichomeris dysorata turner, 1919; proc. r. soc. qd 31 (10): 170; tl: new south wales, syndey\ndichomeris elegans park, 2001; insecta koreana 18 (4): 308; tl: taiwan, pingtung co. , kenting park, 50m\ndichomeris jugata walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 97; tl: mexico, tabasco, teapa\ndichomeris mengdana li & zheng, 1997; entomologia sin. 4 (3): 227; tl: mengda, xunhua, qinghai, 2240m\ndichomeris miltophragma meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 115; tl: brazil, para, obidos, parintins\ndichomeris ptilocompa meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 113; tl: brazil, teffé; peru, jurimaguas\ndichomeris substratella walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 93; tl: mexico, tabasco, teapa\ndichomeris vadonella viette, 1955; ann. soc. ent. fr. 123: 108; tl: ne. madagascar, maroantsetra, ambodivoangy\ndichomeris xerodes walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 100; tl: mexico, tabasco, teapa\n= dichomeris setosella; sattler, 1973, bull. br. mus. nat. hist. (ent .) 28 (4): 221\ndichomeris glenni clarke, 1947; proc. ent. soc. wash. 49 (7): 187; tl: putnam co. , illinois\ndichomeris aomoriensis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 14; ponomarenko, 1998, far east. ent. 67: 12\ndichomeris ardesiella walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 96; tl: mexico, vera cruz, cordova\ndichomeris arotrosema walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 95; tl: mexico, vera cruz, atoyac\ndichomeris asodes meyrick, 1939; trans. r. ent. soc. lond. 89 (4): 54; tl: telawa, java\ndichomeris erixantha; meyrick, 1921, ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 83; [ nhm card ]; [ afromoths ]\ndichomeris eucomopa meyrick, 1939; trans. r. ent. soc. lond. 89 (4): 54; tl: telawa, java\ndichomeris loxospila; [ nhm card ]; li, zhen, kendrick & sterling, 2010, shilap revta lepid. 38 (149): 77\ndichomeris lypetica walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 91; tl: mexico, guerrero, amula, 6000ft\ndichomeris crepitatrix meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 173; tl: n. coorg, 3500ft\ndichomeris dignella walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 91; tl: mexico, guerrero, amula, 6000ft\ndichomeris excavata busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 18; tl: porto bello, panama\ndichomeris hexasticta walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 94; tl: mexico, guerrero, amula, 6000ft\ndichomeris imbricata meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 175; tl: n. coorg, 3500ft\ndichomeris lutea park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 59; tl: taiwan, nantou co. , meifeng, 30km s tayuling, 2200m\ndichomeris lutilinea ponomarenko & park, 1996; korean j. appl. ent. 35 (2): 118; tl: chuncheon, kangweon prov .\ndichomeris metrodes meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 172; tl: hambantota, ceylon; bombay\ndichomeris olivescens meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 175; tl: kandy and maskeliya, ceylon\ndichomeris thalpodes meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 111; tl: brazil, para; peru, r. napo\ndichomeris tristicta busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 17; tl: trinidad river, panama\ndichomeris melanophylla; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 114 (note); [ nhm card ]; [ aucl ]\ndichomeris angulata; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 14; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 14\ndichomeris bulawskii ponomarenko & park, 1996; korean j. appl. ent. 35 (2): 114; tl: 27km sw slavjanka, primorskii krai\ndichomeris fusca; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 60; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 49\ndichomeris linealis; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 83; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 24\ndichomeris lividula; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 83; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 24\ndichomeris lushanae; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 86; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 25\ndichomeris lutea; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 86; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 25\ndichomeris ochreata; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 102; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 27\ndichomeris taiwana; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 135; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 32\ndichomeris trilobella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 141; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 33\ndichomeris illusio hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 101, pl. 2, f. 38; tl: hastings, florida\ndichomeris imitata hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 104, pl. 3, f. 5; tl: devers, texas\ndichomeris angulata park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 43; tl: taiwan, nantou co. , leinhauchi forest station, 15km sw puli, 750m\ndichomeris aprica; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 15; li & sattler, 2012, zootaxa 3373: 57\ndichomeris enoptrias; park & hodges, 1995, insecta koreana 12: (1 - 101); ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 20\ndichomeris hoplocrates; park & hodges, 1995, insecta koreana 12: (1 - 101); ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 22\ndichomeris issikii; park & hodges, 1995, insecta koreana 12: (1 - 101); ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 23\ndichomeris ochreata park & hodges, 1995; insecta koreana 12: 32; tl: taiwan, nantou co. , mei - feng, 30km s tayuling, 2200m\ndichomeris pyrrhoschista; park & hodges, 1995, insecta koreana 12: (1 - 101); ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 30\ndichomeris sciritis; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 31; li & sattler, 2012, zootaxa 3373: 57\ndichomeris synergastis ponomarenko & park, 1996; korean j. appl. ent. 35 (2): 116; tl: yong - in, kyunggi prov .\ndichomeris viridescens; park & hodges, 1995, insecta koreana 12: (1 - 101); ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 34\ndichomeris offula hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 117, pl. 3, f. 21; tl: ithaca, new york\ndichomeris crepida hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 118, pl. 3, f. 22; tl: mcclellanville, south carolina\ndichomeris santarosensis hodges, 1985; proc. ent. soc. wash. 87 (2): 456; tl: santa rosa national park, guanacaste, costa rica\ndichomeris nenia hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 40, pl. 4, f. 2; tl: bandera co. , texas\ndichomeris hypochloa walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 102, pl. 3, f. 23; tl: mexico, sonora\ndichomeris caia hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 62, pl. 4, f. 7; tl: putnam co. , illinois\ndichomeris laetitia hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 88, pl. 2, f. 22; tl: putnam co. , illinois\ndichomeris aleatrix hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 91, pl. 2, f. 27; tl: putnam co. , illinois\ndichomeris furia hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 93, pl. 2, f. 30; tl: putnam co. , illinois\ndichomeris baxa hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 105, pl. 3, f. 10; tl: presidio of monterey, california\ndichomeris cinnamicostella; walsingham, 1911, biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 103; [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris costalis busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 18; tl: tabogilla i. and porto bello, panama\ndichomeris habrochitona walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 102, pl. 3, f. 26; tl: panama, tabernilla\ndichomeris quercicola; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 30; ponomarenko, 1998, far east. ent. 67: 13\ndichomeris carycina; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 43 (note); [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris caryophragma; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 43 (note); [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris diacnista; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 43 (note); [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris lypetica; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 54 (note); [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris tactica; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 60 (note); [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris latescens; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 63 (note); [ nhm card ]; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris siren hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 64, pl. 4, f. 9; tl: henson creek, oxon hill, maryland\ndichomeris vindex hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 83, pl. 2, f. 9 - 10; tl: putnam co. , illinois\ndichomeris gleba hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 87, pl. 2, f. 18 - 20; tl: putnam co. , illinois\ndichomeris legnotoa hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 101, pl. 4, f. 10; tl: largo, pinellas co. , florida\ndichomeris mimesis hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 101, pl. 2, f. 39; tl: salmon, anderson co. , texas\ndichomeris simulata hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 104, pl. 3, f. 4; tl: canadian, hemphill co. , texas\ndichomeris percnopolis walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 93, pl. 3, f. 11; tl: guatemala, zapote, 2000ft\ndichomeris renascens walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 96, pl. 3, f. 14; tl: mexico, tabasco, teapa\ndichomeris xuthostola walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 101, pl. 3, f. 18; tl: mexico, tabasco, teapa\ndichomeris sylphe hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 58, pl. 1, f. 22; tl: archbold biological staion, lake placid, florida\ndichomeris ardelia hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 62, pl. 4, f. 8; tl: archbold biological station, lake placid, florida\ndichomeris kimballi hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 71, pl. 1, f. 30; tl: archbold biological staion, lake placid, florida\ndichomeris aglaia hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 85, pl. 2, f. 15; tl: lake placid, florida, archbold biological station\ndichomeris anisacuminata; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 14; li, zhen, kendrick & sterling, 2010, shilap revta lepid. 38 (149): 74\ndichomeris argigastra walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 99, pl. 3, f. 16; tl: mexico, vera cruz, atoyac\ndichomeris autometra; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 15; park & hodges, 1995, insecta koreana 12: (1 - 101 )\ndichomeris crambaleas; [ nhm card ]; park & hodges, 1995, insecta koreana 12: (1 - 101); ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 18\ndichomeris melanota walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 94, pl. 3, f. 13; tl: mexico, vera cruz, cordova\ndichomeris okadai; [ nhm card ]; park & hodges, 1995, insecta koreana 12: (1 - 101); ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 28\ndichomeris prensans meyrick, 1922; trans. ent. soc. lond. 1922: 111; tl: brazil, para, parintins, manaos; peru, iquitos; british guiana, bartica\ndichomeris sciastes walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 90, pl. 3, f. 10; tl: mexico, vera cruz, atoyac\ndichomeris gausapa hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: pl. 1, f. 8; tl: madera canyon, 4880', santa rita mts, arizona\n= dichomeris acuminata; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 13; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 34\ndichomeris solatrix hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 48, pl. 1, f. 15; tl: peña blanca canyon, santa cruz co. arizona\n= dichomeris punctidiscella; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 56; [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 36\ndichomeris copa hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 92, pl. 2, f. 28; tl: snyder heights 1100', ithaca, new york\ndichomeris achne hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 87, pl. 2, f. 34; tl: parker is. , highlands co. , florida\ndichomeris euprepes hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 110, pl. 4, f. 11; tl: big black mnts, letcher co. , kentucky\ndichomeris carinella walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 99, pl. 3, f. 20; tl: mexico, guerrero, amula, 6000ft\ndichomeris fuscusitis; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 21; zhao, park, bae & li, 2017, zootaxa 4273 (2): (216 - 234 )\ndichomeris intensa meyrick, 1913; j. bombay nat. hist. soc. 22 (1): 173; tl: maskeliya and puttalam, ceylon; cuddapah, 4000ft, n. coorg\ndichomeris leucostena walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 94, pl. 3, f. 12; tl: mexico, guerrero, amula, 6000ft\ndichomeris blanchardorum hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 43, pl. 1, f. 10 - 11; tl: laguna atascosa, cameron co. , texas\ndichomeris gnoma hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 106, pl. 3, f. 11; tl: shingle creek road, keremeos, british columbia, canada\ndichomeris mercatrix hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 110, pl. 3, f. 15; tl: mclean bogs reserve, tompkins co. , new york\ndichomeris bulawskii; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 16; ponomarenko & ueda, 2004, trans. lepid. soc. japan 55 (3): 151 (note )\ndichomeris diva hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 57, pl. 1, f. 21; tl: 1 mi s patagonia, santa cruz co. , arizona\ndichomeris fistuca hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 68, pl. 1, f. 25; tl: wedge plantation, mccellanville, charleston co. , south carolina\ndichomeris atomogypsa; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 72 (note); [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 15\ndichomeris alphito hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 88, pl. 2, f. 21; tl: madera canyon, 4880', santa rita mts, arizona\ndichomeris pelta hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 99, pl. 2, f. 36; tl: wedge plantation, mcclellanville, charleston co. , south carolina\ndichomeris acrochlora; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 112 (note); [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 12\ndichomeris sybilla hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 121, pl. 3, f. 24; tl: madera canyon, 4880', santa rita mts, arizona\ndichomeris evitata walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 99, pl. 3, f. 15; tl: panama, volcan de chiriqui, 2000 - 3000ft\ndichomeris harmonias; [ nhm card ]; park, 1991, ann. hist. - nat. mus. hung. 83: 121; ponomarenko, 1997, far east. ent. 50: 21\ndichomeris xanthoa hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 102, pl. 3, f. 2; tl: ft. niobrara national wildlife refuge, cherry co. , nebraska\ndichomeris bolize hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 100, pl. 2, f. 37; tl: hackberry lake, valentine national wildlife refuge, cherry co. , nebraska\ndichomeris isa hodges, 1986; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 103, pl. 3, f. 3; tl: tenkiller lake, 3 mi w blackgum, sequoyah co. , oklahoma\ndichomeris badiolineariella ponomarenko & ueda, 2004; trans. lepid. soc. japan 55 (3): 154, f. 4, 17 - 18; tl: thailand, loei, phu rua, ~ 800m" ]

{ "text": [ "dichomeris cocta is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "it was described by meyrick in 1913 .", "it is found in india ( assam ) .", "the wingspan is 17 – 18 mm .", "the forewings are ochreous-fuscous , the costal edge suffused with yellow-ochreous .", "the stigmata is dark fuscous , the discal approximated , the plical obliquely before the first discal .", "there are some dark fuscous dots around the posterior part of the costa and termen .", "the hindwings are grey . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 23, 1, 1 ] }

[ "dichomeris cocta is a moth in the gelechiidae family. it was described by meyrick in 1913. it is found in india (assam). the wingspan is 17 – 18 mm. the forewings are ochreous-fuscous, the costal edge suffused with yellow-ochreous. the stigmata is dark fuscous, the discal approximated, the plical obliquely before the first discal. there are some dark fuscous dots around the posterior part of the costa and termen. the hindwings are grey." ]

[ "gelechia maculatusella chambers, 1875; cincinnati q. j. sci. 2 (3): 245\ngelechia maculatusella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 897; [ nacl ], # 1947 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia ochrocorys meyrick, 1936; exotic microlep. 5 (2): 43\ngelechia rescissella zeller, 1852; k. vetenskakad. handl. 1852: 110\ngelechia allomima meyrick, 1938; inst. parcs nat. congo belge 14: 12\ngelechia wacoella chambers, 1874; can. ent. 6 (12): 237\ngelechia sirotina omelko, 1986; proc. zool. inst. leningr. 145: 107\ngelechia albomaculata omelko, 1986; proc. zool. inst. leningr. 145: 93\ngelechia capiteochrella chambers, 1875; cincinnati q. j. sci. 2 (3): 252\ngelechia discostrigella chambers, 1875; cincinnati q. j. sci. 2 (3): 248\ngelechia flexurella clemens, 1860; proc. acad. nat. sci. philad. 12: 163\ngelechia mimella clemens, 1860; proc. acad. nat. sci. philad. 12: 163\ngelechia packardella chambers, 1877; bull. u. s. geol. surv. 3: 143\ngelechia palpialbella chambers, 1875; cincinnati q. j. sci. 2 (3): 253\ngelechia ribesella chambers, 1875; cincinnati q. j. sci. 2 (4): 290\ngelechia amorphella chambers, 1877; bull. u. s. geol. surv. 3: 124\ngelechia badiomaculella chambers, 1872; can. ent. 4 (10): 192; tl: kentucky\ngelechia (mesogelechia) teleiodella omelko, 1986; proc. zool. inst. leningr. 145: 105\ngelechia unistrigella chambers, 1873; can. ent. 5 (9): 176; tl: kentucky\ngelechia anthracopa meyrick, 1922; exotic microlep. 2 (16): 501; tl: china, shanghai\ngelechia grisseochrella; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia griseella; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia dujardini huemer, 1991; nota lepid. 14: 127; tl: yugoslavia, krk i. , punat\ngelechia mediterranea huemer, 1991; nota lepid. 14: 125; tl: hellas, lakonia, 7km sw monemvasia\ngelechia chionomima meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 488; tl: natal, weenen\ngelechia epiphloea meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 292; tl: barberton\ngelechia overhaldensis strand, 1920; archiv naturg. 85 a (4): 63; tl: overhalden, norway\ngelechia resecta meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 288; tl: pretoria\ngelechia anarsiella chambers, 1877; bull. u. s. geol. surv. 3: 126; tl: edgerton\ngelechia arotrias meyrick, 1908; proc. zool. soc. lond. 1908: 725; tl: natal, weenen\ngelechia grisseochrella chambers, 1875; cincinnati q. j. sci. 2 (3): 247; tl: california\ngelechia horiaula meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (5): 133; tl: nw. india, abbottabad\ngelechia thoracestrigella chambers, 1875; cincinnati q. j. sci. 2 (3): 245; tl: california\ngelechia discoanulella chambers, 1875; cincinnati q. j. sci. 2 (3): 254; tl: texas\ngelechia amorphella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 891\ngelechia rhombelliformis staudinger, 1871; berl. ent. z. 14 (3 / 4): 303; tl: sarepta\ngelechia abjunctella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 629; tl: cape\ngelechia albatella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 636; tl: ceylon\ngelechia angustella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 637; tl: ceylon\ngelechia anomorcta meyrick, 1926; exot. microlep. 3 (9): 277; tl: e. siberia, khaborowsk\ngelechia desiliens meyrick, 1923; exot. microlep. 3 (1 - 2): 23; tl: california, venice\ngelechia fecunda meyrick, 1918; ann. transv. mus. 6 (2): 17; tl: natal, umkomaas\ngelechia griseaella; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. , incertae sedis )\ngelechia liberata meyrick, 1910; ann. s. afr. mus. 5: 414; tl: cape colony, capetown\ngelechia marmoratella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 646; tl: sydney\ngelechia pallidegrisseella [ = pallidagriseella ] chambers, 1875; can. ent. 7 (3): 53 (emend. )\ngelechia suspensa meyrick, 1923; exot. microlep. 3 (1 - 2): 19; tl: brazil, teffé\ngelechia tetraleuca meyrick, 1918; ann. transv. mus. 6 (2): 18; tl: zululand, eshowe\ngelechia anagramma meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 72; tl: cape colony, middelburg\nclandestina omelko, 1986; proc. zool. inst. leningr. 145: 96 (preocc. gelechia clandestina meyrick, 1923 )\ngelechia junctipunctella caradja, 1920; dt. ent. z. iris 34 (1 / 2): 100; tl: biskra\ngelechia omphalopis meyrick, 1926; ann. s. afr. mus. 23: 330; tl: sw. africa, otjiwarongo\ngelechia veneranda walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 62; tl: mexico, sonora\ngelechia dyariella busck, 1903; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 877; tl: colorado\ngelechia gammanella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 638; tl: sarawak, borneo\ngelechia lactiflora meyrick, 1921; ann. transv. mus. 8 (2): 71; tl: portuguese east africa, magude\ngelechia cuneatella douglas, 1852; trans. ent. soc. lond. (n. s .) 1: 242; tl: london\ngelechia anthochra lower, 1896; trans. proc. r. soc. s. austr. 20: 168; tl: rockhampton, queensland\ngelechia platydoxa meyrick, 1923; exot. microlep. 3 (1 - 2): 20; tl: french guiana, r. maroni\ngelechia versutella zeller, 1873; verh. zool. - bot. ges. wien 23 (abh .): 253; tl: texas\ngelechia adapterella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 890; [ nhm card ]\ngelechia dromicella busck, 1910; proc. ent. soc. wash. 11 (4): 177; tl: placer co. , california\ngelechia panella busck, 1903; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 889; tl: arizona; california\ngelechia caudatae clarke, 1934; can. ent. 66: 175, pl. 9, f. 3 - 4; tl: washington, pullman\ngelechia cuneifera walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 64; tl: mexico, guerrero, amula, 6000ft\ngelechia mandella busck, 1904; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 27 (1375): 759; tl: kaslo, british columbia\ngelechia monella busck, 1904; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 27 (1375): 759; tl: kaslo, british columbia\ngelechia picrogramma meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 489; tl: brazil, teffé; british guiana, bartica, mallali\ngelechia traducella busck, 1914; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 47 (2043): 12; tl: la chorrera, panama\ngelechia albomaculata; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, park & bae, 2006, j. asia - pacif. ent. 9 (2): 110\ngelechia invenustella berg, 1876; bull. soc. imp. nat. moscou 49 (4): 240; tl: cerro de caballada, rio negro\ngelechia teleiodella; [ nhm card ]; ponomarenko, park & bae, 2006, j. asia - pacif. ent. 9 (2): 110\ngelechia flavipalpella walsingham, 1881; trans. ent. soc. 1881 (2): 262, pl. 12, f. 31; tl: spring vale\ngelechia intermedia braun, 1923; proc. calif. acad. sci. (4) 12 (10): 120; tl: angeles bay, lower california\ngelechia benitella barnes & busck, 1920; contr. nat. hist. lepid. n. am. 4 (3): 229; tl: san benito, texas\ngelechia impurgata walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 67, pl. 2, f. 23; tl: mexico, sonora\ngelechia sonorensis walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 69, pl. 2, f. 26; tl: mexico, sonora\ngelechia sestertiella herrich - schäffer, 1854; syst. bearb. schmett. europ. 5 (65): 186, (58) (ii) pl. 66, f. 487\ngelechia hetaeria walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 68, pl. 2, f. 24; tl: mexico, vera cruz, orizaba\ngelechia petraea walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 63, pl. 2, f. 20; tl: guatemala, las mercedes, 3000ft\ngelechia adapterella walker, 1864; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 29: 590; tl: st. martin' s falls, albany river, hudson' s bay\ngelechia discoanulella; hodges, 1986, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 1: 126 (unrecognized); lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia versutella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 878; [ nacl ], # 1966; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\ngelechia albisparsella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 877; [ nacl ], # 1929; [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 13\ngelechia anarsiella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 874; [ nacl ], # 1930; [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14\ngelechia bianulella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 873; [ nacl ], # 1933; [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14\ngelechia lynceella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 879; [ nacl ], # 1946; [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14\ngelechia ribesella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 860; [ nacl ], # 1960; [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14\ngelechia rileyella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 887; [ nacl ], # 1961; [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\ngelechia badiomaculella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 892; [ nacl ], # 1931 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14\ngelechia bistrigella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 892; [ nacl ], # 1934 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14\ngelechia capiteochrella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 893; [ nacl ], # 1936 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14\ngelechia flexurella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 895; [ nacl ], # 1942 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14\ngelechia ocherfuscella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 899; [ nacl ], # 1954 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14\ngelechia wacoella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 902; [ nacl ], # 1967 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\ngelechia palpialbella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 899; [ nacl ], # 1957 (ident. uncert .); lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia discostrigella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 894; [ nacl ], # 1939 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (incertae sedis )\ngelechia - species dictionary - global: ispot nature - your place to share nature. ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature. once you' ve registered, you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\ngelechia mimella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 898; [ nacl ], # 1949 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia obscurella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 898; [ nacl ], # 1952 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia packardella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 866; [ nacl ], # 1955 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia pallidagriseella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 899; [ nacl ], # 1956 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 14 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia thoracestrigella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 901; [ nacl ], # 1963 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15 (ident. uncert. )\ngelechia unistrigella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 901; [ nacl ], # 1965 (ident. uncert .); [ nhm card ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15 (ident. uncert. )\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nneu, ceu, caucasus, transcaucasia, china (gansu, qinghai, jilin), korea. see [ maps ]\nlarva on prunus spp. , p. spinosa, p. domestica [ me3 ], 108\nmorocco, austria, bosnia, seu, asia minor. see [ maps ]\nlarva on juniperus sabina, j. oxycedrus, j. phoenicea [ me3 ], 109\ntinea sororculella hübner, [ 1817 ]; samml. eur. schmett. [ 8 ]: pl. 66, f. 440\nlarva on salix spp. , s. caprea, s. cinerea, s. aurita, s. viminalis, s. purpurea [ me3 ], 111\nneu, ceu, russia, china (xinjiang, jilin), japan. see [ maps ]\nlarva on salix ssp. , s. alba, s. caprea [ me3 ], 113\nlarva on salix spp. , populus spp. , p. tremula, p. alba, p. nigra, populus canescens [ me3 ], 117\nlarva on populus nigra, populus pyramidalis, p. balsamifera, p. laurifolia [ me3 ], 118\nlarva on populus nigra, populus pyramidalis, p. balsamifera [ me3 ], 119\ns. finland, austria, poland, schweden, .... see [ maps ]\nlarva on acer campestre, a. platanoides huemer, 1991, nota lepid. 14: 124\nalpes maritimes, croatia, macedonia, greece, italy, turkey. see [ maps ]\natlanticella (amsel, 1955) (nothris); bull. inst. sci. nat. belg. 31 (83): 59\nlarva on platanus occidentalis busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 878\natrofusca omelko, 1986; proc. zool. inst. leningr. 145: 103\ndepressaria bistrigella chambers, 1872; can. ent. 4 (5): 92\nclopica meyrick, 1931; an. mus. nac. hist. nat. buenos aires 36: 384\nconditor omelko, 1986; proc. zool. inst. leningr. 145: 91\ncuspidatella turati, 1934; atti soc. ital. sci. nat. 73: 197\ndelapsa meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 60\ndelodectis meyrick, 1938; dt. ent. z. iris 52: 3\ndichomeris dolbyi walsingham, 1911; biol. centr. - amer. lep. heterocera 4: 98, pl. 3, f. 22; tl: panama, la chorrera\nepistolica meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 59\ntelphusa exposita meyrick, 1926; sarawak mus. j. 3: 152; tl: mt murud, 6500 - 7200ft\nfarinosa teich, 1899; arb. naturfr. ges. riga 42: 75\nphthorimaea frequens meyrick, 1921; exotic microlep. 2 (14): 426; tl: queensland, brisbane\nfuscooculata omelko, 1986; proc. zool. inst. leningr. 145: 93\ngoniospila meyrick, 1931; an. mus. nac. hist. nat. buenos aires 36: 385\nparasia griseaella chambers, 1872; can. ent. 4 (5): 88; tl: ontario [? ]\nhaifella amsel, 1935; mitt. zool. mus. berl. 20 (2): 300\nteleia hyoscyamella rebel, 1912; dt. ent. z. iris 26 (1): 89; tl: heluan\ninconspicua omelko, 1986; proc. zool. inst. leningr. 145: 99\ntelphusa inferialis meyrick, 1918; exotic microlep. 2 (5): 133; tl: bengal, chapra\nlongipalpella teich, 1899; arb. naturfr. ges. riga 42: 75\ntelphusa machinata meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 488; tl: assam, khasis\npsoricoptera melanoptila lower, 1897; proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 22 (2): 272; tl: broken hill, new south wales\nnothris mundata meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 495; tl: new mexico, mescalero, 7000ft\nnotabilis omelko, 1986; proc. zool. inst. leningr. 145: 99\nophiaula meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 60\ntelphusa paraula meyrick, 1916; exot. microlep. 1 (18): 568; tl: ceylon, maskeliya and madulsima; s. india, nilgiris\nparoxynta meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 59\npistaciae filipjev, 1934; trav. inst. zool. acad. sci. urrs 2: 17\npraestantella lucas, 1956; bull. soc. sci. nat. maroc 35: 256\nrepetitrix meyrick, 1931; exotic microlep. 4 (2 - 4): 60\ndepressaria rileyella chambers, 1872; can. ent. 4 (6): 106; tl: kentucky\nsachalinensis matsumura, 1931; 6000 illust. insects japan. - empire: 1083\nsattleri piskunov, 1982; dokl. akad. nauk. armyan. ssr 74 (3): 138\ntelphusa sematica meyrick, 1913; ann. transv. mus. 3 (4): 286; tl: barberton\nstenacma meyrick, 1935; exotic microlep. 4 (18 - 19): 585\nnothris thymiata meyrick, 1929; exot. microlep. 3 (16): 497; tl: arizona, nogales\nchelaria trachydyta meyrick, 1920; exotic microlep. 2 (10): 304; tl: bombay, dharwar\ntribalanota meyrick, 1935; mat. microlep. fauna chin. prov. : 67\nnothris griseella chambers, 1874; can. ent. 6 (12): 245; tl: texas\n[ afromoths ] de prins, j. & de prins, w. , 2013\n[ spl ] varis, v. (ed), ahola, m. , albrecht, a. , jalava, j. , kaila, l. , kerppola, s. , kullberg, j. , 1995\nsangmi lee, richard brown & sibyl bucheli. gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nexpedition of the california academy of sciences to the gulf of california in 1921. the tineid moths\nlepidoptera britannica, sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter... adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\ndie schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz. 2. abteilung, kleinschmetterlinge. 2. die motten und federmotten\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa, zugleich als text, revision und supplement zu j. hübner' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge, die schaben und federmotten, (1847 -) 1853 - 1855 )\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland. fascicle 7. 1. gelechioidea, gelechiidae (part), dichomeridinae\nnotice sur la chassa des lépidoptéres durant l' été 1904 dans le district d' ourjoum, gouv. de viatka [ in russian ]\nreview .\na list of north american lepidoptera and key to the literature of this order of insects\n. by harrison c. dyar, ph. d. , ...\nzerny, 1935 die lepidopterenfauna des grossen atlas in marokko und seiner randgebiete mém. soc. sci. nat. maroc. 42: 1 - 163, pl. 1 - 2\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nyou have already flagged this document. thank you, for helping us keep this platform clean. the editors will have a look at it as soon as possible." ]

{ "text": [ "gelechia maculatusella is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from california .", "the forewings are ashen white sprinkled with numerous small dark brown dots , a row of which extends along the entire costal margin which is also tinged with roseate .", "the wing beneath the fold to the dorsal margin is also somewhat tinged with roseate , with a few small brown spots .", "in some lights a large part of the wing appears strongly tinged with roseate . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 1, 1, 1 ] }

[ "gelechia maculatusella is a moth of the gelechiidae family. it is found in north america, where it has been recorded from california. the forewings are ashen white sprinkled with numerous small dark brown dots, a row of which extends along the entire costal margin which is also tinged with roseate. the wing beneath the fold to the dorsal margin is also somewhat tinged with roseate, with a few small brown spots. in some lights a large part of the wing appears strongly tinged with roseate." ]

[ "palefin sawbelly, hoplostethus latus. source: australian national fish collection, csiro. license: cc by attribution - noncommercial\nimage: a giant sawbelly from the fish collection - add comment add tags a giant sawbelly from the fish collection description a giant sawbelly from the australian museum fish collection (ams i. 27085 - 001). more\nthe palefin sawbelly, hoplostethus latus, is a medium - sized deep - sea fish species belonging to the slimehead family (trachichthyidae). it is found in the eastern indian ocean (great australian bight)... .\nroughy or giant sawbelly (hoplostethus gigas), first recorded in 1914 after a fisheries survey in the bight by fisheries scientist, dr harald dannevig .\nthis is good news about a species that hasn' t been seen in a long time\nsaid dr peter last. more\ngreek, hoplon = weapon + greek, stetho, stethion = brest; literal = to prick a little breast (ref. 45335 )\nmarine; bathypelagic; depth range 146 - 586 m (ref. 58018). deep - water\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 53. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 9563 )\nrecorded from the continental slope (ref. 9563) and shelf (ref. 75154) .\nmay, j. l. and j. g. h. maxwell, 1986. trawl fish from temperate waters of australia. csiro division of fisheries research, tasmania. 492 p. (ref. 9563 )\n): 11. 6 - 16. 5, mean 12. 4 (based on 22 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01660 (0. 00707 - 0. 03894), b = 3. 05 (2. 85 - 3. 25), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 7 ±0. 6 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): very low, minimum population doubling time more than 14 years (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): high to very high vulnerability (69 of 100) .\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nyearsley, g. k. , last, p. r. & morris, g. b. 1997 ,\ncodes for australian aquatic biota (caab): an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases\n, pp. 15 pp. + appendices\nmcculloch, a. r. 1914 ,\nreport on some fishes obtained by the f. i. s. endeavour on the coasts of queensland, new south wales, victoria, tasmania, south and south - western australia. part 2\n, biological results of the fishing experiments carried on by the f. i. s. endeavour 1909 - 1914, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 77 - 165 figs 1 - 15 pls 13 - 34\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 113054f3 - 41cd - 4a78 - b61f - 759edbb20306\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 6c264a93 - 77a0 - 4012 - 9e64 - 49a2d308bde3\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 344467\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhoplostethus melanopus (m. c. w. weber, 1913) - smallscale slimehead\nroberts, c. d. & gomon, m. f. (2012). a review of giant roughies of the genus hoplostethus (beryciformes, trachichthyidae), with descriptions of two new australasian species. memoirs of museum victoria 69: 341–54 .\ngomon, m. f. (2008). a new species of the roughy genus hoplostethus (trachichthyidae) off north - western australia. memoirs of museum victoria 65, 189 - 94 .\nmoore, j. a. and k. a. dodd. (2010). a new species of the roughy genus hoplostethus (teleostei: trachichthyidae) from the philippines. bulletin of the peabody museum of natural history 51 (1) 137 - 44 .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 9 / 1 / 2016. the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "the palefin sawbelly , hoplostethus latus , is a medium-sized deep-sea fish species belonging to the slimehead family .", "it is native to australia 's southern waters and the eastern indian ocean where it lives at depths between 146 and 586 metres ( 479 and 1,923 ft ) on the continental slope and continental shelf .", "it can reach sizes of up to 53.0 centimetres ( 20.9 in ) tl . " ], "topic": [ 2, 18, 0 ] }

[ "the palefin sawbelly, hoplostethus latus, is a medium-sized deep-sea fish species belonging to the slimehead family. it is native to australia's southern waters and the eastern indian ocean where it lives at depths between 146 and 586 metres (479 and 1,923 ft) on the continental slope and continental shelf. it can reach sizes of up to 53.0 centimetres (20.9 in) tl." ]

[ "have a fact about manus island mosaic - tailed rat? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for manus island mosaic - tailed rat? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nglenn, c. r. 2006 .\nearth' s endangered creatures - manus island mosaic - tailed rat facts\n( online). accessed\nfacts summary: the manus island mosaic - tailed rat (melomys matambuai) is a species of concern belonging in the species group\nmammals\nand found in the following area (s): papua new guinea. this species is also known by the following name (s): manus melomys .\nbramble cay mosaic - tailed rat (melomys rubicola) † - the bramble cay melomys was considered the only mammal endemic to the great barrier reef. it became extinct in 2016, the first documented extinction of a mammal species due to man - made climate change .\nthis species is endemic to the island of manus, papua new guinea (flannery 1995) .\nzooarchaeology of pamwak site, manus island, p. n. g. unpublished ph. d. dissertation\nvicinity of a small stream near western end of kawaliap village, el. 200 m (2°6′40″s, 147°3′40″e), manus island, admiralty islands, manus province, papua new guinea .\nthomas, o. 1914. on mammals from manus island admiralty group [ sic ], and ruk island, bismarck archipelago. annals and magazine of natural history, series 8 13: 434–439 .\nresults of the archbold expeditions. no. 108. the definition of apomys, a native rat of the philippine islands\ndetentus (latin for detained), in reference to the isolation of this melanesian rattus lineage on manus island and to the recent use of the island to detain people seeking political and / or economic asylum in australia .\na new species of melomys from manus island, papua new guinea, with notes on the systematics of the m. rufescens complex (muridae: rodentia )\nhere we describe a new species of rattus from manus island in the admiralty group, bismarck archipelago, papua new guinea, based on 3 specimens, 2 obtained in 2002 and 1 in 2012. we also refer subfossil specimens of rattus from an early to mid - holocene archaeological site on manus island to the new species, thereby confirming the new species as a long - term resident of the island .\nthe admiralties are one of a series of island groups that are located north and northeast of new guinea and which are collectively known as the northern melanesian islands. with the exception of the land - bridge island of yapen, all of these islands are oceanic in origin .\non the rodents and marsupials collected by rev. g. brown in duke - of - york island, new britain, and new ireland\nin 2012, the vegetation around kawaliap village, in the immediate vicinity of the collection locality, was a mosaic of metroxylon (sago) palms (arecaceae), mixed tapioca (manihot esculenta, euphorbiaceae) and vegetable gardens, and secondary regrowth scrub (fig. 1e) .\ncurrently known as a living animal from 2 localities on manus and from subfossil remains from the pamwak archaeological site (fig. 3) .\nthere are no protected areas on the island. further studies are needed into the distribution, abundance, natural history, and threats to this species .\nreport on a zoological collection made by the officers of h. m. s. ‘flying fish’ at christmas island, indian ocean. i. mammalia\nmuch of the island has been, and continues to be, cleared for plantations and human settlement. only the areas at higher elevation are still intact .\nelsewhere, the introduction of r. rattus has been implicated in the extinction of insular native rats. r. macleari (thomas, 1887) and r. nativitatis (thomas, 1889), 2 endemics of christmas island, became extinct around 1903 (flannery 1990) —the proximate cause may have been a trypanosome carried by r. rattus which reached the island at around this time (wyatt et al. 2008). on manus, r. rattus does not yet appear to be widely invasive into rural regions and / or natural habitats. whether the manus population carries a pathogenic trypanosome is unknown .\nin august 2002, ann williams, working on a biotic survey of manus for conservation international, obtained 2 specimens of a large rattus —a nearly complete skeleton and an isolated mandible—from hunters at the village of tulu no. 1 along the northwestern coast. a full decade later, in august 2012, weijola obtained a complete adult female specimen of the same large, distinctive species while conducting fieldwork on monitor lizards in the central hill forests of manus island .\nin october 2014, aplin spent 2 weeks on manus island as a participant in a wildlife conservation society (wcs) survey (aplin et al. 2015). two sites were surveyed—the upper slopes of mt. sabomu (2°11′36″s, 146°50′00″e; the 2nd highest peak on manus island) at elevations ranging from 300 to 570 m, and yeri river (2°0′06″s, 146°48′50″e) at elevations of 22–84 m. these sites were selected because they presented a mosaic of disturbed to relatively intact forest habitats but at contrasting elevations. the yeri river locality is close to the paratype locality of tulu no. 1 and presented comparable habitat. both sites were sampled using a combination of trapping, camera trapping, spotlighting, and active searching for tracks and signs. survey effort at mt. sabomu was 178 snap - trap nights and 44 camera - trap nights; and at yeri river, 204 snaps - trap nights and 64 camera - trap nights .\nthe local language name provided to weijola at kawaliap village for this rat was wadah (pronunciation “warah”). ann williams (in litt .) informed us that inhabitants of tulu no. 1 identified the remains of the 2 paratypes as examples of musuru; the same name is listed by flannery (1995b; as musirou) as an indigenous name for m. matambuai. williams also recorded the local names sopol and pitiy as possibly referring to rats. manus island supports more than 15 indigenous languages (lynch et al. 2002) and some diversity in local names is to be expected .\nby the mid - 1990s, 80% of forest on manus was still largely intact, whereas many of the smaller adjacent islands had been converted into coconut plantations (rannells 1995). today, most of the lowlands on manus are a mosaic of plantations and / or subsistence gardens and secondary forest, and logging is carried out in many areas. intact lowland forest is confined to small patches such as those along the yeri river, visited by aplin in 2014. away from the coast, steeper terrain generally supports more or less intact forest which is visited by people in search of game (chiefly the cuscus and wild pigs) and other forest products .\nrobert m. timm, valter weijola, ken p. aplin, stephen c. donnellan, tim f. flannery, vicki thomson, ronald h. pine; a new species of rattus (rodentia: muridae) from manus island, papua new guinea, journal of mammalogy, volume 97, issue 3, 9 june 2016, pages 861–878, urltoken\nrattus detentus is recorded with certainty from only 2 modern localities and 1 prehistoric rock shelter site on manus. although these records span a narrow elevational range from near sea level to 200 m, other components of the forest biota of manus show little evidence of elevational zonation (see various chapters in whitmore 2015). thus, it is likely that r. detentus occupies or has occupied the full elevational range on manus, as suggested also by the tentative attribution to this species of a burrow complex near the summit of mt. sabomu, reported herein. how much of its potential range on manus is occupied and whether it occurs on some of the other admiralty islands, especially los negros, is unknown .\nthe mammal faunas of the other islands of the admiralty group remain largely unstudied, and most islands are probably too small to support any native rodents. however, further survey effort is needed to determine whether any of these smaller islands support populations of either of the 2 admiralty island endemic rodents or any other species of rodents. the st. matthias group also remains poorly surveyed for mammals. however, a recent visit by aplin as part of a wcs team failed to locate any native rodent species on mussau island, the largest island of the group (aplin et al. 2015) .\na regional example of insular decline or possible extinction involves r. sanila, thus far known only from pleistocene to late holocene rock shelter deposits on new ireland. white et al. (1991, 2000) postulated that this species was replaced ecologically by r. praetor, a new guinean species that reached the island within the last few millennia, probably with human assistance. whether or not this view is correct, there are grounds for concern that inadvertent introduction to manus island of r. praetor, if this has not already occurred, might contribute to the decline of r. detentus .\nhere we 1) describe the new species of rattus from manus island, based on the available modern and archaeological specimens; 2) assess the distinctiveness of this species in comparison with other rattus in the region, using molecular genetic and morphological data; 3) relate our new observations to current views regarding the biogeography of australo–papuan rattus and of the admiralty group; and 4) discuss the conservation status of the new species .\nmanus and new ireland stand out in lacking larger murines of the genera hydromys and uromys. the only clearly indigenous terrestrial mammals on these islands are the closely related species pair m. matambuai and m. rufescens (flannery et al. 1994) and a large endemic rattus. this paucity is surprising considering their size and may reflect their relative isolation (manus) or the timing of subaerial emergence [ new ireland became emergent during the pleistocene (see davies 2012 and references therein) ] .\na) adult female rattus detentus (pngmag 274363—holotype) from manus island. b) nuts from canarium indicum (burseraceae) with gnawing marks most likely made by r. detentus. c) adult female r. detentus (pngmag 274363—holotype), dorsal view. d) adult female r. detentus (pngmag 274363—holotype), ventral view. e) collection site of the r. detentus holotype, a traditional subsistence garden and grove of metroxylon near kawaliap village. f) elevated view of the forest where r. detentus is found .\nthe holotype was caught in a snare set by local hunters targeting bandicoots (echymipera cf. kalubu) and rats. both are consumed. unbaited snares were set along visible paths made by small mammals through undergrowth and often exiting near small streams. other evidence of rat activity in this habitat included conspicuous incisor gnawing marks on fallen nuts of canarium indicum (burseraceae) —a semidomesticated melanesian tree species that is widely cultivated and commonly consumed by rodents (fig. 1b) .\nlist of all endangered animals. list of all endangered plants. list of all endangered species (animals & plants). by species group (mammal, birds, etc)... united states endangered species list. browse by country, island, us state... search for an endangered species profile .\nku 163723: skull and almost complete postcranial skeleton of a young adult of unknown sex. the animal had been killed by local villagers, its carcass buried and the skeleton retrieved and given to ann williams on 3 august 2002. all teeth are fully erupted but little worn, and the basicranial synchondroses are not fused (fig. 2). the skull is missing both jugals and the hamuli of both pterygoids; mandibular rami are separated. ku 163724: mandible only of an adult of unknown sex, dug up from the same hole as ku 163723 and at the same time (andrew l. mack, field number 1573). both specimens were obtained from the villagers at the village of tulu no. 1, elevation 34 m, manus island, admiralty islands, manus province, papua new guinea (01°57′37″s, 146°50′28″e). associating the correct mandible with the cranium was possible because the 2 individuals are of different ages and sizes .\nmap of the bismarck archipelago, admiralty islands (in black), and eastern new guinea, showing the records of rattus detentus on manus and of the apparently extinct r. sanila on new ireland. all known localities of r. detentus are plotted. the closed star represents the type locality, the open star represents the locality of the 2 paratypes, and “x” represents the pamwak archaeological site. the closed circle represents the late pleistocene–late holocene balof 2 archaeological site on new ireland, the only known locality for r. sanila. manus and los negros are separated by a very narrow channel (indicated by a gap) .\nthe rats of gag island, described as r. nikenii, are even smaller (maximum recorded mass 175g, maximum recorded pes length 36. 5mm), and have a tail that approaches head + body length (maryanto et al. 2010). based on our examination of the published images, the cranium closely resembles that of r. steini .\nsignificant endemism is seen in bats (aplin et al. 2015; armstrong et al. 2015) and birds (mayr and diamond 2001; dutson 2011) in the northern melanesian islands. many species of bats are shared between manus and the st. matthias group but 1 or more species are likely to be endemic to the admiralties (aplin et al. 2015) .\ncats were introduced to manus sometime in the 19th or 20th centuries and the occurrence of feral populations is reported from several areas by local residents. however, the wcs survey in 2014 failed to detect any sign of feral cats at its 2 survey sites (aplin et al. 2015) and this suggests that either feral cats are not ubiquitous or that population densities are sometimes very low .\nrattus leucopus is a smaller rat (maximum mass 315 g— flannery 1995a) with a narrower hindfoot and longer tail (tail length averaging 84. 7–89. 9% of head + body length in the 3 new guinean subspecies). the mammary formula is 0 + 1 + 2 in all subspecies. the cranium has a more slender rostrum (fig. 6) with narrower nasals (anterior width 3. 9–6. 3mm across all subspecies), a narrower interorbital region (5. 5–8. 2mm), less robust zygomatic plate, and a parallel - sided mesopterygoid fossa (for cranium of r. leucopus see taylor et al. 1982, figure 19 and flannery 1995a, plate 36) .\nsome of the nonflying species may have made the 1st part of their journey to the admiralties via the sepik river, which currently debouches on the north coast of new guinea some 300 km to the southwest of manus. however, in the middle pleistocene, the sepik basin was a shallow marine environment (chappell 2005), and the river mouth must have been more distant from manus. nevertheless, it may have still been influential. while at sea between new guinea and the admiralties in the late 1980s, flannery observed rafts of vegetation, some with trees still in growth position, far from land. some rafts were large enough to provide temporary habitat for small rodents, lizards, frogs, and terrestrial snails. at various times through the pliocene and pleistocene, similar rafts may have been carried as far north as the admiralties. for a more detailed account, see flannery (2011) .\na) central portion of the tail of rattus detentus (pngmag 274363—holotype), showing the large, subrectangular, weakly overlapping scales, with 3 stout bristles emerging from rear of each scale, central bristle longest. b) right hindfoot of r. detentus (pngmag 274363—holotype), showing the broad, heavy pes and broad, flat, and smooth plantar pads lacking any trace of striae. claws on both manus and pes robust and ivory - colored .\nlocal residents who were shown photographs of the holotype of r. detentus by weijola claimed that the species is widespread on manus and also occurs on adjacent los negros. the species does appear to possess some tolerance of habitat disturbance and human predation, as the 2 modern capture records both came from regrowth forest and gardens, and derive from the efforts of hunters. however, aplin’s recent failure to locate the species at 2 sites on manus, with both sites sampled across a gradient of disturbance, suggests that r. detentus is not universally common. if it is present at the mt. sabomu and yeri river sites, then it appears to survive only at low population densities. thus, it would likely be erroneous to treat the species as secure across its range, and we urge further survey work to locate surviving populations, so as to enable study of their population dynamics, and to identify major threats to their continued existence .\narchaeological samples from manus island have been cited as evidence of a formerly more diverse rodent fauna. williams (1997, 1999) reported examples of r. mordax (thomas, 1904a), cf. r. mordax, r. praetor, r. rattus, and rattus sp. , but not r. exulans, in a large assemblage of latest pleistocene fossils and remains of more recent age, from the pamwak archaeological site (see fredericksen et al. 1993 for site details). white et al. (2000) mentioned williams’s (1997, 1999) determinations in their review of the historical and present distribution of the semicommensal r. praetor. however, flannery (1995b: 38) had earlier reexamined the pamwak rodents and found only m. matambuai and a “large species of rattus, probably representing an undescribed species, (that) persists into the most recent levels. ” flannery’s assessment was confirmed by aplin who restudied the pamwak rodent assemblage as part of the present study .\nrattus mordax is a smaller rat (maximum recorded mass 255 g— flannery 1995b) with tail length averaging 83. 5% of head + body length in r. m. mordax and 82. 1% in r. m. fergussoniensis (taylor et al. 1982). its dorsal fur is less spiny than that of r. detentus and is “yellowish ivory with the medium gray underfur showing beneath” (taylor et al. 1982: 228). the cranium of r. mordax (fig. 6) has straight - sided incisive foramina; a short and narrower rostrum with anterior nasal width of 3. 8–6. 0mm (across both subspecies); a wide, parallel - sided mesopterygoid fossa with a square rather than rounded anterior margin; larger and more inflated auditory bulla; a narrower interorbital region (5. 2–7. 1mm); strongly flared temporal ridges; and m2–3s with a larger cusp t3 (fig. 7) .\nconcatenation of the 3 nuclear loci and the mitochondrial cr resulted in an alignment of 4, 166bp in length for 73 specimens comprising 24 species / subspecies. the topology of both the bayesian and maximum likelihood trees concurred in showing the following well - supported species groups (fig. 9): clade e: r. niobe (thomas, 1906) + r. mordax; clade f: other new guinean rattus; clade g: r. leucopus; clade h: r. fuscipes (waterhouse, 1839); and clade i: other australian rattus. r. detentus is placed outside of each of these well - supported clades and thus appears to be a phylogenetically isolated lineage in its own right. however, its placement on the tree as the immediate sister to all endemic new guinean rattus does not have robust support (fig. 9). the genetic evidence thus provides strong independent support for our conclusion that the admiralties rat represents a very distinct species within the australo–papuan rattus radiation .\na large, short - tailed (approximately 58% of head + body length) species of rattus with mammary formula: 1 pectoral + 1 postaxillary + 2 inguinal. pelage exceptionally coarse and spiny, with prominent black guard hairs. the animal’s size exceeds that attained by all other melanesian rattus except r. jobiensis, and possibly some eastern melanesian populations of r. praetor coenorum thomas, 1922. tail at 58% of body length is proportionally shorter than in all other new guinean rattus species, including the 5 species that approach r. detentus in size [ i. e. , r. jobiensis (averaging 92. 0% of head + body length), r. leucopus (gray, 1867) (averaging 84. 7–89. 9% of head + body length in the 3 new guinean subspecies), r. mordax (averaging 83. 5% of head + body length in r. m. mordax and 82. 1% in r. m. fergussoniensis laurie, 1952), r. praetor (averaging 78. 1% of head + body length in r. p. praetor and 89. 4% in r. p. coenorum), and r. steini rümmler, 1935 (averaging 86. 0–101. 5% of head + body length in the 4 recognized subspecies) ] .\nrattus praetor is a smaller rat (maximum recorded mass 240 g— flannery 1995a, 1995b) with a longer tail (averaging 78. 1% of head + body length in r. p. praetor and 89. 4% in r. p. coenorum (taylor et al. 1982). its dorsal fur is less spiny than that of r. detentus and it has yellowish or gray rather than white ventral fur. the cranium of r. praetor (fig. 6) typically has incisive foramina that are more broadly rounded at the rear; a wider, parallel - sided mesopterygoid fossa with a square rather than rounded anterior margin; larger and more inflated auditory bulla; a narrower interorbital region (5. 4–7. 3mm across both subspecies); m1s with less distinct labial cusps t3 and t6; and m2s with a larger cusp t3 (fig. 7). r. praetor resembles r. detentus in the degree of anterior widening of the rostrum (fig. 6) .\nthe extent to which deliberate human introductions have shaped the insular distributions remains imperfectly known. new ireland has the longest archaeological record in the region and many of the key sites contain vertebrate faunal remains (flannery and white 1991; leavesley and chappell 2004). in addition to pigs, dogs, and 2 semicommensal rats (r. exulans and r. praetor), all of which were introduced within the past 4, 000 years, marsupials were also carried to new ireland. the phalangerid phalanger orientalis breviceps was introduced to the island in the early holocene, and the macropodid thylogale browni in the mid - holocene (flannery and white 1991). new britain still lacks an equivalent archaeological faunal record and the status of its nonendemic marsupials and rodents is unresolved (aplin and opiang 2011). the same uncertainly applies also to manus—the pamwak site documents the presence of the bandicoot and cuscus by the early holocene but it does not rule out their introduction at an earlier date. in spite of these uncertainties, the discovery of r. detentus, along with the summary of endemic insular forms, provided here, demonstrates that nonanthropogenic overwater dispersal in the northern melanesian islands has been less difficult and more extensive than might be and has been imagined .\nestimates of 8–10 million years before present (ybp) for initial subaerial emergence of manus (allison 1996) should probably be revised down to the early pliocene (approximately 4–5 million ybp) in light of new dating of regional tectonic events (see davies 2012 and references therein). irrespective of the initial emergence time, deep water basins surrounded the admiralties throughout the pliocene to recent, hence they remained isolated from other land masses through the sea - level fluctuations associated with quaternary glacial cycles (voris 2000). thus, by whatever means, the fauna of the admiralties must have arrived through overwater dispersal .\nrattus steini is a smaller rat (maximum recorded mass 220 g— flannery 1995a) with shorter hindfoot (maximum recorded pes length of 38 mm— taylor et al. 1982) and a longer tail (averaging 86. 0–101. 5% of head + body length in the 4 recognized subspecies— taylor et al. 1982). its dorsal fur is less spiny than that of r. detentus and it has yellowish or gray rather than white ventral fur. its mammary formula is 0 + 1 + 2 = 6 (r. s. steini and r. s. baliemensis taylor, calaby, and van deusen, 1982) or 1 + 1 + 2 = 8 (r. s. foersteri rümmler, 1935 and r. s. hageni troughton, 1937). the cranium of r. steini (see taylor et al. 1982, figure 23 and flannery 1995a, plate 34) has less robust zygomatic plate, a wider, parallel - sided mesopterygoid fossa with a square rather than rounded anterior margin, and a narrower interorbital region (4. 9–7. 2mm across all subspecies) .\ncraniodental measurements were taken with dial calipers; the majority of mensural points follow taylor et al. (1982) to facilitate comparison with their tables of measurements. percentages given of head + body length, as compared to total length, in species other than the new rattus from manus are calculated from figures given in tables by taylor et al. (1982). descriptive terminology for the skull and teeth follows that used in many publications on murine rodents by musser (e. g. , musser 1982; musser and lunde 2009). upper and lower molars are designated by “m” and “m, ” and upper and lower incisors are designated by “i” and “i, ” respectively. length of hind foot does not include claw .\ntwo introduced rodents, r. exulans and r. rattus, are present on manus (taylor et al. 1982; aplin et al. 2015). r. exulans may have arrived in prehistoric times, although there is no apparent evidence for this from the pamwak site. r. rattus most likely arrived in colonial times or later. r. exulans is clearly widespread and occurs across a variety of habitats, including the remote and relatively undisturbed forest near the summit of mt. sabomu (aplin et al. 2015). however, while it may be common in certain habitats, including villages, gardens, and patches of kunai grassland, it appears not to be universally abundant in forest. given the rarity of introduced rats in the forests, interspecific competition seems unlikely as a sufficient explanation for the apparent rarity of r. detentus there .\nrattus jobiensis has a relatively longer tail (averaging 92. 0% of head + body length) and longer, narrower hindfoot (pes length 44. 0–51. 0 versus 43. 2mm) than r. detentus. its mammary formula is 0 + 1 + 2 = 6 (yapen and owi islands) or 1 + 1 + 2 = 8 (biak island). the ventral fur is various hues of yellow to buff but never white. the cranium of r. jobiensis (fig. 6) is elongate and narrow, the nasals are narrower anteriorly than in r. detentus (4. 8–6. 0 versus 6. 6–6. 9mm), the auditory bulla is more inflated, the interorbital region is narrower (6. 2–7. 3 versus 8. 1–8. 2mm), the mesopterygoid fossa is narrower and parallel - sided (fig. 6), and cusp t3 is larger on m2–3s (fig. 7) .\nthe rodent genus rattus fischer, 1803, currently comprises 67 recognized species (musser and carleton 2005; maryanto et al. 2010), of which 3 appear to have become extinct in historical times. the genus shows its greatest disparity on mainland asia and almost certainly arose there (pagès et al. 2011; fabre et al. 2013). however, the highest species diversity is present in insular southeast asia, melanesia, and in australia, each of which supports rich local radiations (musser and heaney 1985; musser and holden 1991; rowe et al. 2011). melanesia, which comprises the island of new guinea and its satellites, has 17 native species currently recorded (flannery 1995a, 1995b; musser and carleton 2005; maryanto et al. 2010), though a recent genetic survey points to additional cryptic diversity, especially among the small montane species (robins et al. 2014). most melanesian islands also support populations of 2 or more introduced species of rattus that have spread as commensals of humans in prehistoric to colonial times (flannery 1995b; matisoo - smith and robins 2004; aplin et al. 2011) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: listed as endangered as it has an estimated extent of occurrence of 2, 354 km², and the habitat is being fragmented by expanding plantations and human settlement. if the species is found to tolerate habitat disturbance, it may warrant downlisting .\nit seems to be a largely arboreal species, and has been recorded in forested areas including a cacao plantation (flannery 1995) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nleatherback sea turtles have been around since pre - historic times. and unfortunately, if the species is allowed to vanish, scientists believe it will foreshadow the extinction of a host of other marine species. it is estimated that there are less than 5, 000 nesting female leatherback sea turtles in the pacific ocean today, down from 91, 000 in 1980 .\nare you inspired by endangered animals? check out our games and coloring pages! more to come soon .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nspecimens from the following institutions (acronyms in parentheses) are used for comparisons: australian museum (ams), sydney, new south wales; australian biological tissue collection (abtc), south australian museum (sam), adelaide, south australia; national museum & art gallery, port moresby, papua new guinea (pngmag); american museum of natural history (amnh), new york; bernice p. bishop museum (bpbm), honolulu, hawaii; field museum (fmnh), chicago, illinois; natural history museum of los angeles county (lacm), los angeles, california; united states national museum of natural history (usnm), smithsonian institution, washington, d. c. ; university of kansas natural history museum (ku), lawrence, kansas; and university of wisconsin zoological museum (uwzm), madison, wisconsin. specimens used in craniodental comparisons are listed in\nthe archaeological specimens were compared with the modern specimens, for consistency of dental and bony structures. whenever possible, measurements of molar lengths and widths and incisor widths and depths were taken. bivariate plots were examined to identify possible outliers that might indicate the presence in the sample of more than 1 species .\ndna was extracted from tissue samples, using a puregene dna isolation kit (gentra systems, minneapolis, minnesota), following the manufacturer’s protocol for 5–10mg of fresh or frozen tissue. the mitochondrial control region (cr) and 3 nuclear genes— atp5a1, dhfr, and fgb were amplified with the following sets of primers: mt15996l (5′ - ctccaccatcagcacccaaagc - 3′) and mt16502h (5′ - tttgatggccctgaagtaagaacca - 3′) for the cr (houlden et al. 1999); atp5a1 _ f (5′ - ttatcccccga atctctgtg - 3′) and atp5a1 _ r (5′ - tgcaaacaaacg ggttgtaa - 3′) for atp5a1; fgb _ f (5′ - ggggagaacagaa ccatgaccatccac - 3′) and fgb _ r (5′ - accccagtagta tctgccattcggatt - 3′) for fgb; and dhfr _ f (5′ - gtccc aaaatatgggcattg - 3′) and dhfr _ r (5′ - tgcccag gtttttattctgg - 3′) for dhfr (rowe et al. 2011). pcrs were set up in 25 µl volumes containing a final concentration of 1 unit immolase dna polymerase (bioline), 2 × pcr buffer (immolase, bioline), 7. 5mm mgso 4, 1mm each dntp, 0. 24 µm forward and reverse primers, and 2–3 µl of template dna. pcrs were performed on an eppendorf pcr machine (thermo fisher scientific australia pty ltd, scoresby, victoria, australia), according to the following protocol: 95°c for 10min, 35 cycles at 94°c for 45s, 60°c for 45s, 72°c for 1min, and a final extension of 6min at 72°c (the annealing temperature of each primer set was optimized independently—57°c for mt15996l / mt16502h and fgb _ f / fgb _ r, 60°c for lm1268 / lm1269, and 50°c for atp5a1 _ f / atp5a1 _ r and dhfr _ f / dhfr _ r). we included negative controls in all experiments, to monitor contamination. pcr products were separated by electrophoresis on a 1. 5% agarose gel. successful pcr products (20 µl) were purified using multiscreen pcr cleanup plates (emd millipore corporation, billerica, massachusetts). the purified pcrs were sent to the australian genome research facility for cycle sequencing in both directions, using big dye terminator v3. 1 reagents and subsequent capillary sequencing .\nand outgroups, using geneious version 5. 5. 6 (biomatters limited, auckland, new zealand). genbank accession numbers for all sequences used are presented in\nwe conducted phylogenetic analyses on the concatenated, mitochondrial, and nuclear alignments, using bayesian (mrbayes) and maximum likelihood (phyml) algorithms after use of partitionfinder version 1. 0. 1 (lanfear et al. 2012) to determine the best partitioning strategy and models of nucleotide substitution (hky for fgb, and hky + g for the cr, and dhfr and atp5a1). mrbayes v. 3. 2 (ronquist et al. 2012) was run using 4 chains for 2. 5 million generations, with trees and parameters recorded every 250 generations, and with unlinked parameters for each partition and branch lengths allowed to vary proportionally across partitions. phyml (guindon et al. 2009) was used to compute the best maximum likelihood tree using both the nearest neighbor interchange (nni) algorithm to improve the starting tree and subtree pruning and regrafting (spr) topological moves to efficiently sample tree space with 3 random starting trees. one hundred bootstrap pseudoreplications were performed on the best tree. raxml (stamatakis 2014) was used to compute the best maximum likelihood tree for the extended mtdna cr dataset, using a gtr + gamma model of nucleotide substitution with a rapid bootstrap analysis .\ndorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the crania and lateral views of dentaries of adult rattus detentus: a) pngmag 274363—holotype; b) ku 163723—a paratype. scale bar represents 10mm .\nrattus praetor: williams 1999: 244; not mus praetor thomas, 1888 .\nrattus mordax: williams 1999: 244; not mus mordax thomas, 1904a .\nadult female obtained by valter weijola on 24 august 2012. voucher specimen fixed in formalin, preserved in spirit, and registered as pngmag 274363 (and ams m45608) in the national museum & art gallery, port moresby, papua new guinea (figs. 1a, 1c, and 1d). tissue sample preserved in ethanol and registered as abtc 125036 in the australian biological tissue collection, south australian museum, adelaide. extracted skull is in excellent condition, all teeth fully erupted and moderately worn, cranium with advanced fusion of basicranial synchondroses (fig. 2) .\na life science identifier (lsid) number was obtained for the new species (r. detentus): urn: lsid: zoobank. org: pub: e855e9c8 - f224 - 4b3f - a5e9 - 47d154daf06f .\nrattus detentus may be distinguished cranially from all other species of rattus by the following combination of characters: rostrum elongate and anteriorly broadened; incisive foramina short, terminating anterior to the molar rows; interorbital region broad; auditory bullae relatively small, weakly inflated; mesopterygoid fossa with narrow, u - shaped anterior margin, then widening posteriorly; pterygoid fossa narrow. distinguished dentally by combination of relatively small, simple molars (i. e. , lacking accessory ridges or posterior cingula on upper molars and accessory cuspids on lower molars) and broad, heavy incisors .\nanterior portion of rattus detentus (pngmag 274363—holotype), showing the coarse dorsal hair; white venter; ear appearing nearly naked; white rhinarium and forefoot; robust, ivory - colored claws; and details of the vibrissae .\ncrania and dentaries of 4 species of rattus from melanesia. crania (dorsal and ventral) from left to right = r. detentus (pngmag 274363—holotype), r. praetor (usnm 277303), r. mordax (ams m4292), and r. jobiensis (amnh 222435). lateral views of crania: upper row, left to right, r. detentus and r. praetor; lower row, left to right, r. mordax and r. jobiensis. dentaries: upper row, left to right, r. detentus and r. praetor; lower row, left to right, r. mordax and r. jobiensis .\ntop: upper right molar toothrows, from left to right, of rattus detentus (ku 163723—a paratype), r. detentus (pngmag 274363—holotype), r. praetor (usnm 277303), r. mordax (ams m4292), r. jobiensis (amnh 222435); upper left toothrows (image reversed), from left to right, of r. sanila (ams f82021—holotype), r. sanila (ams f89058). arrows point to posterior cingula present only on upper molars of r. jobiensis and r. sanila. bottom, left to right: lower right toothrows of r. detentus (ku 163723—a paratype), r. detentus (pngmag 274363—holotype), r. praetor (usnm 277303), r. mordax (ams m4292), r. jobiensis (amnh 222435). anterior is at the top. images not to scale but made to be of similar size for ease of comparison .\n. the lower incisor d / b ratio in the archaeological sample ranges 1. 44–2. 0 (\nexternal, cranial, and tooth measurements (in mm) of 2 of the modern specimens of rattus detentus (holotype pngmag 274363 and paratype ku 163723) and selected related species (means in mm) .\na because ku 163723 had the remaining soft tissues removed from it by its being buried in the ground for a period, the elements of the skull posterior to the frontals and the palatines became dissociated before and during the final cleaning. some measurements for ku 163723 may deviate slightly from the original because some separated bones have been glued back in place but we are confident that such deviation is extremely minimal, as adjacent cranial bones fit together properly .\nthe holotype carried 2 fetuses in the uterus, each approximately 1cm long (crown–rump length) .\nrattus sanila has larger molars (length of m1 = 4. 3–4. 8mm; n = 3; width of m1 = 2. 6–2. 7mm; n = 3) than r. detentus and a more complex molar morphology that features an anterior cingular ridge on m1s, prominent posterior cingula on m1–2s, larger cusp t3 on m2–3s and more prominent posterior longitudinal ridges on cusps t1 and t4 of m1s and cusp t4 of m2s (fig. 7). the upper and lower incisors of r. sanila are less robust than those of r. detentus. no further comparisons with r. sanila are possible because it is known only from dentaries, partial maxillae, and isolated teeth .\nbivariate plots of posterior rostral width against condylobasal length (fig. 8a) show that the condition in r. detentus is consistent with observed intra - and interspecific allometry among other new guinean rattus. however, an equivalent plot for anterior rostral width (fig. 8b) shows that r. praetor and r. detentus alone have an unusual degree of anterior rostral inflation. the unusual deepening of the lower incisors in r. detentus, compared with the conditions in other large melanesian rattus, including r. sanila, is also evident from a bivariate plot (fig. 8c). the upper incisors are similarly distinguished by their proportional depth in r. detentus .\nbivariate plots of selected cranial and dental dimensions in rattus detentus and a range of other melanesian rattus species. a) plot of posterior rostral width against condylobasal length. b) plot of anterior rostral width against condylobasal length. c) plot of lower incisor width against lower incisor depth .\ncollapsed maximum likelihood tree from a concatenated analysis of australo–papuan rattus and selected outgroups, based on the mitochondrial control region and 3 nuclear genes— atp5a1, dhfr, and fgb. nodal support is indicated by maximum likelihood bootstrap proportions above branches and bayesian posterior probabilities values below branches. nodes discussed in the text are labeled a–k .\ntree, whereas in the nuclear gene tree nodes b, c, e, h, i, j, and k are all absent. as might be expected from the large difference in pi sites, the mitochondrial\ndata clearly supply much of the topology of the combined dataset tree. nevertheless ,\ndespite widely scattered positions, the northern melanesian islands share striking similarities in their terrestrial vertebrate faunas. endemic marsupial taxa include 2 species of spilocuscus — s. wilsoni on biak / supiori and s. kraemeri in the admiralties, and possibly 1 petaurus (p. biacensis, see flannery 1995b) on biak / supiori. endemic subspecies (phalanger orientalis breviceps and echymipera kalubu philipi) have been described from new britain and biak / supiori, respectively, but their taxonomic status requires confirmation .\nthree of the most likely threats to the survival of r. detentus are habitat conversion and disturbance, feral cats (felis catus), and the spread of introduced rodents .\n). the materials consist of data provided by the authors that are published to benefit the reader. the posted materials are not copyedited. the contents of all supporting data are the sole responsibility of the authors. questions or messages regarding errors should be addressed to the authors .\n. —list of specimens analyzed for the morphological comparisons. specimens are arranged by species, then locality information (generally as given in information currently associated with specimens). archaeological material listed by site. museum catalog numbers follow the institutional acronyms given in “materials and methods. ”\n. —taxon, catalog number, collection depository, locality where collected, and genbank accession numbers for sequences used in phylogenetic analyses .\nas the outgroup. nodal support is indicated by maximum likelihood bootstrap above branches and bayesian posterior probabilities values below branches. nodes are labeled a–k as per\nas the outgroup. nodal support is indicated by maximum likelihood (ml) bootstrap above branches and bayesian posterior probabilities values below branches. nodes are labeled a–k as per\n. the stars represent branches not present in the ml tree (i. e. , these branches collapse to a polytomy). data are from\nversion of record, first published online april 12, 2016, with fixed content and layout in compliance with art. 8. 1. 3. 2 iczn .\n( a. keast and s. e. miller, eds .) .\nfield methods for rodent studies in asia and the pacific. aciar monograph no. 100\nrapid biological assessments of the nakanai mountains and the upper strickland basin: surveying the biodiversity of papua new guinea’s sublime karst environments. rap bulletin of biological assessment 60\n( s. j. richards and b. g. gamui, eds .) .\noutlines of the natural history of great britain and ireland: containing a systematic arrangement and concise description of all the animals, vegetables, and fossiles which have hitherto been discovered in these kingdoms, vol. i. comprehending the animal kingdom\ndas nationalmuseum der naturgeschichte zu paris. von ersten ursprunge bis zu seinem jetzigen glanze. friedrich esslinger\nlist of the mammals, reptiles, and batrachians sent by mr. everett from the philippine islands\nsystema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. editio decima, reformata\n( d. e. wilson and d. m. reeder, eds .) .\nunited states exploring expedition during the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, under the command of charles wilkes, u. s. n. vol. 8. mammalia and ornithology\nenumerazione dei mammiferi raccolti da o. beccari, l. m. d’albertis ed a. a. bruijn nella nuova guinea propriamente detta\nresults of the archbold expeditions. no. 61. a new species of rattus from the snow mountains of netherlands new guinea\nresults of the archbold expeditions. no. 65. the rodents of australia and new guinea\nresults of the archbold expeditions. no. 3. twelve apparently new forms of muridae (other than rattus) from the indo - australian region\nresults of the archbold expeditions. no 98. systematics of native australian rattus (rodentia, muridae )\non some mammals from british new guinea presented to the national museum by mr. c. a. w. monckton, with descriptions of other species from the same region\non a collection of mammals made by mr. j. t. tunney in arnhem land, northern territory of south australia\nthe godman exploration fund: list of mammals from north queensland collected by mr. t. v. sherrin\non mammals from inkerman, north queensland, presented to the national museum by sir william ingram, bt. , and the hon. john forrest\nthe zoology of the voyage of h. m. s. beagle, under the command of captain fitzroy, r. n. , during the years 1832–1836. fascicle 10\n( j. - c. galipaud and i. lilleyeds, eds .) .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford. it furthers the university' s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription .\nmelomys is a genus of rodent in the family muridae. it contains the following species:" ]

{ "text": [ "the manus island mosaic-tailed rat or manus melomys ( melomys matambuai ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .", "it is endemic to the island of manus in papua new guinea where it occurs in forest habitats and is largely arboreal .", "the international union for conservation of nature has assessed its conservation status as being \" endangered \" because the natural forest on the island is progressively being cleared and the total area of occurrence of this species is less than 1,800 km ² ( 690 sq mi ) . " ], "topic": [ 29, 24, 17 ] }

[ "the manus island mosaic-tailed rat or manus melomys (melomys matambuai) is a species of rodent in the family muridae. it is endemic to the island of manus in papua new guinea where it occurs in forest habitats and is largely arboreal. the international union for conservation of nature has assessed its conservation status as being \" endangered \" because the natural forest on the island is progressively being cleared and the total area of occurrence of this species is less than 1,800 km ² (690 sq mi)." ]

[ "have a fact about cotana pallidipascia? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for cotana pallidipascia? write it here to share it with the entire community .\npallidipascia rothschild, 1917 pallidifascia (sic sensu auct .) postpallida (rothschild, 1917 )\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage, code on github. page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nlunulata (bethune - baker, 1904) borealis rothschild, 1932 ab. unicolor rothschild, 1932 [ infraspecific ] montium rothschild, 1932 occidentalis rothschild, 1917 satisbona rothschild, 1917\nrubrescens walker, 1865 ssp. kapaura rothschild, 1917 [ male ] ssp. oetakwensis rothschild, 1917 [ male ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb: the taxon name search is for single names only. for example, to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren, 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nsign in to disable all ads. thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word. leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nthis webpage was generated by the domain owner using sedo domain parking. disclaimer: sedo maintains no relationship with third party advertisers. reference to any specific service or trade mark is not controlled by sedo nor does it constitute or imply its association, endorsement or recommendation." ]

{ "text": [ "cotana pallidipascia is a moth in the eupterotidae family .", "it was described by rothschild in 1917 .", "it is found in new guinea .", "the wingspan is about 43 mm .", "the forewings are pale chocolate-brown with a whitish dot in the basal one-fourth below the cell and there is an indistinct shadowy black median line , as well as a postmedian double line which is greyish white inside and dark brown outside .", "the hindwings are paler chocolate-brown with an indistinct postmedian line . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1 ] }

[ "cotana pallidipascia is a moth in the eupterotidae family. it was described by rothschild in 1917. it is found in new guinea. the wingspan is about 43 mm. the forewings are pale chocolate-brown with a whitish dot in the basal one-fourth below the cell and there is an indistinct shadowy black median line, as well as a postmedian double line which is greyish white inside and dark brown outside. the hindwings are paler chocolate-brown with an indistinct postmedian line." ]

[ "acraga walker, 1855; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 4: 780 (key), 807; ts: acraga ciliata walker\nacraga ciliata walker, 1855; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 4: 807; tl: jamaica\ntype - species: acraga ciliata walker, 1855. list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. : 807. [ bhl ]\nacraga ciliata is a moth of the dalceridae family. it is found in jamaica. it is found in a wide range of habitats, ranging from dry to wet and from sea level to 1, 300 meters .\nacraga was included within the family dalceridae by epstein et al. , in kristensen (1999) .\nacraga ochracea walker, 1855; list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 5: 1107\ngenus: acraga walker, 1855. list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. (4): 780 [ key ], 807. [ bhl ]\nacraga was established in the liparidae, now lymantriidae; it was placed in the limacodidae by kirby, 1892, synonymic cat. lepid. heterocera 1: 542 and then transferred to the dalceridae by dyar, 1898, jl n. y. ent. soc. 6: 232 .\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage, code on github. page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet. you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\ntype specimens: type (s) jamaica: ? locality, (? depository). .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3. 2 / / en\naeruga; pagenstecher, 1909, geogr. verbreitung schmett. : 439 (missp. )\ncosta rica - ecuador, brazil (rio de janeiro). see [ maps ]\ndalcera ochracea; godman & salvin, 1887, biol. centr. - amer. , lep. heterocera 1: 213\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\nbiologia centrali - americana; or contributions to the knowledge of the fauna of mexico and central america. zoology. lepidoptera. heterocera\nwalker, 1855 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec. lepid. insects colln br. mus. 1: 1 - 278 (1854), 2: 279 - 581 (1854), 3: 583 - 775 (1855), 4: 777 - 976 (1855), 5: 977 - 1258 (1855), 6: 1259 - 1508 (1855), 7: 1509 - 1808 (1856 )\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\ntree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project. all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nedit your maps. learn and tell what a subject is about by adding or removing correlations between topics .\nknowledge gamification. play and test knowledge discovery between two topics - (alpha version) .\nengage your friends to explore how world knowledge is interconnected. start a map and share it with # chainletterknowledge hastag: get your friends to take the call and extend your discovery, and see where your kick - start will lead !\nengage your friends to extend your story: follow where your kick - start leads .\nenter the forbidden forest: take the challenge to find a fastest path through world knowledge .\nmiller, s. e. 1994. systematics of the neotropical moth family dalceridae (lepidoptera). bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology 153 (4): 1 - 495 .\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution, please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life. the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches, that is, subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types, have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you!" ]

{ "text": [ "acraga ciliata is a moth of the dalceridae family .", "it is found in jamaica .", "it is found in a wide range of habitats , ranging from dry to wet and from sea level to 1,300 meters .", "the length of the forewings is 9.5-12 mm for males and 14 mm for females .", "the forewings are pale luteous , darker the along veins , especially at the end of the cell and along the outer and inner margins .", "the hindwings are also pale luteous , but slightly lighter than the forewings .", "adults are on wing year-round . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 18, 9, 1, 1, 8 ] }

[ "acraga ciliata is a moth of the dalceridae family. it is found in jamaica. it is found in a wide range of habitats, ranging from dry to wet and from sea level to 1,300 meters. the length of the forewings is 9.5-12 mm for males and 14 mm for females. the forewings are pale luteous, darker the along veins, especially at the end of the cell and along the outer and inner margins. the hindwings are also pale luteous, but slightly lighter than the forewings. adults are on wing year-round." ]

[ "breeding interval female northwestern deer mice breed two to three times per breeding season .\nthere is no available information on mating systems in northwestern deer mice. mating systems in\nlittle research has been conducted on the lifespan of northwestern deer mice. related species (\nbreeding interval: female northwestern deer mice breed two to three times per breeding season .\nnorthwestern deer mice influence seabird populations in coastal areas by preying on their eggs and nestlings. marbled murrelet (\nmay also transmit these pathogens and negatively affect human health. northwestern deer mice may also enter homes and become a nuisance .\ndeer mice are polygynous, meaning that male deer mice each mate with more than one female .\nis less than 100 mm). body size in northwestern deer mice is significantly correlated with elevation, with body size peaking at intermediate elevations .\nparental investment in northwestern deer mice has not been well - studied. like all mammals, females invest substantially in young through gestation and lactation .\nduchin called waterbury’s theory “reasonable. ” public - health officials will be reaching out to wildlife experts for more information about the deer - mouse habitat, he said .\nin his blog, waterbury theorizes weather and environment may have created a situation in which food for deer mice is abundant, predators are fewer and the mouse population is booming .\nin michigan, there are three distinct types of deer mouse. one of these is found only on isle royale. another, the woodland deer mouse, is found in forests of the northern lower peninsula and the upper peninsula. the third, the prairie deer mouse, is found in open areas (preferably farm fields, early stages of grasslands, or along lake shores) of the lower peninsula and the southwestern upper peninsula. woodland and prairie deer mice differ quite noticeably. woodland deer mice have longer tails, ears, skulls, and hind feet than prairie deer mice. it is interesting that despite having overlapping ranges these types of deer mice do not interbreed. one possible explanation for this is the difference in their habitats, making it unlikely for them to meet .\nfemales deer mice can have many litters in a year. in the wild, reproduction may not occur during winter or other unfavorable seasons. females are able to become pregnant again shortly after giving birth. the pregnancy of a female deer mouse that is not nursing young lasts from 22. 4 to 25. 5 days and the pregnancy of a female deer mouse that is nursing young lasts 24. 1 to 30. 6 days. deer mice may have litters containing from one to eleven young with typical litters containing four, five, or six babies. litter size increases each time a female deer mouse gives birth until the fifth or sixth litter and decreases afterwards .\nwiebe, d. , c. adkins, e. putnins, l. hakkinen, h. larjava. 2001. naturally occurring periodontal bone loss in the wild deer mouse, genus peromyscus .\nin the same region. on small islands, northwestern deer mice are found along the edges of cedar - spruce forest and on beaches where logs, rocks, and debris provide sufficient cover .\nthe deer mouse is subjected to heavy predation; in most locations only 5% of deer mice survive past their first year. nevertheless, its numbers are astronomically high. a female will produce a litter of 1 to 11 offspring 2 to 4 times a year .\nthe deer mouse will feed mainly on seeds, berries, nuts and cones of conifers; also insects and eggs when available; often on household food when it manages to invade a home or cottage .\nduchin said it’s not clear how waterbury contracted hantavirus. her husband’s theory is that deer mice had invaded her car and when she ran the heat or air conditioning with windows rolled up, she breathed particulates of mouse excrement .\ndeer mice are the most common carriers of hantavirus. (cdc / cdc )\nbotten, j. , r. ricci, b. hyelle. 2001. establishment of a deer mouse (peromyscus maniculatus rufinus) breeding colony from wild - caught founders: comparison of reproductive performance of wild - caught and laboratory - reared pairs .\nwidespread throughout northwestern ontario in a broad range of environments from woodlands to open grasslands; also in semi - rural areas, farmyards, fields and human habitations .\nterritoriality in northwestern deer mice is dependent on population density. in a heavily populated area males will have relatively small territories, while in a low density area they maintain larger territories. females typically maintain smaller territories that overlap with the territories of several males .\ndeer mice provide food for a number of carnivores, some of which are economically valuable fur - bearing mammals. also, deer mice eat some insects that are considered pests .\nan adult male, a few adult females, and several young make up the basic social unit of the deer mouse. in the winter, groups of ten individuals or more of mixed sexes and ages may huddle together in nests to conserve heat. also during winter, deer mice may enter a sluggish state called torpor to reduce body temperature and conserve energy .\nwhere hantavirus - carrying deer mice might be found and how to clean up after them .\nbreeding season deer mice breed year round, but most breeding occurs during the warmer months .\nthe deer mouse, prevalent in much of north america, is the most common carrier of hantavirus. the “deceptively cute animal, ” as the cdc puts it, lives in woodlands and deserts and is not found in urban areas, said knust, an epidemiologist and veterinarian .\nbotten, j. , r. ricci, b. hyelle. 2001. establishment of a deer mouse (peromyscus maniculatus rufinus) breeding colony from wild - caught founders: comparison of reproductive performance of wild - caught and laboratory - reared pairs. comparative medicine, 51 / 4: 314 - 318 .\nduchin knows a bit about hantavirus. as an epidemiologist for the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc), duchin went to new mexico in 1993 to try to figure out what was killing members of the navajo nation. the cdc concluded it was a new form of hantavirus transmitted by deer - mouse droppings .\ndeer mice are a staple in the diet of a wide variety of animals. night - hunting predators, including\n. juveniles are a grayish color, while adults are tri - colored. they are brown dorsally and light grey ventrally with tails that are brown dorsally and white ventrally. northwestern deer mice have long tails (more than 100 mm) and large, naked ears. the tail is slender with short hair and is distinctly bi - colored .\ndeer mice eat seeds of valued forest trees, sometimes preventing the trees from growing back. in addition, deer mice can be destructive by raiding stored grains and other food supplies, gathering litter, and gnawing. finally, deer mice are hosts for strain of hantavirus called sin nombre virus (also called four corners or muerto canyon virus). this virus, which can be transferred to humans from deer mice, causes an often deadly disease known as hantavirus pulmonary syndrome .\ndeer mice can reproduce when they are 35 days old, but they usually breed for the first time at 49 days .\ndeer mice are omnivorous. they eat a wide variety of plant and animal matter depending on what is available, including insects and other invertebrates, seeds, fruits, flowers, nuts, and other plant products. deer mice sometimes eat their own feces, a practice called coprophagy. in cooler climates, deer mice hide food in secret stockpiles during the autumn months .\ndeer mice have small bodies. they weigh between 10 and 24 grams and they are typically 119 to 222 mm long, no longer than house mice. tail length varies in different populations and ranges from 45 mm to 105 mm. deer mice that live in woodlands are typically larger and have larger tails and feet than deer mice that live in prairies. deer mice have round and slender bodies. the head has a pointed nose with large, black, beady eyes. the ears are large and have little fur covering them. the whiskers are long and prominent. deer mice have shorter forelimbs than hind limbs .\nnorthwestern deer mice are adapted to many habitats, but appear to thrive in upland and new - growth forests. they also commonly inhabit old - growth forests and floodplains, although those are less favorable because they lack the spatial and temporal complexity that promotes survivorship. they are found in rainy areas with mild climates and semi - open canopies. they are found at higher elevations than\nhow often does reproduction occur? deer mice breed every three to four weeks during the warmer months and less frequently during the winter .\n) are preyed on by these mice. in one study area, 34% of rhinoceros auklet eggs had been preyed on by northwestern deer mice. predation occurs mostly during the early post - laying period when adults are foraging and occurs minimally in later incubation and hatchling periods. if food sources for the rhinoceros auklets become limited their foraging time increases, which puts their eggs at an even greater risk for predation .\nhealth officials didn’t finish investigating the second case, believed to have been caused by a mouse infestation in the issaquah man’s house, until march 10, duchin said. meanwhile, his communicable - diseases staff has been busy dealing with a mumps outbreak, tuberculosis investigations and most recently, measles .\ndeer mice are found throughout washington and much of north america. they prefer to live in woodland areas, but are found in the desert, too .\ndeer mice are important for spreading seeds of many types of plants and the spores of fungi. they are also an important food source for various predators .\nthey primarily live in rural areas, according to the doh. barns, sheds and cabins are a common place to find deer mice, according to the cdc .\nin captivity, deer mice can live as long as eight years. however, in the wild, life expectancy is much shorter, usually less than a year .\nonly five cases of hantavirus have been diagnosed in king county in the past 20 years, according to state records. fewer than three cases a year, on average, are reported in the state, most of them east of the cascades. the disease is most often contracted by breathing mouse droppings stirred up by cleaning or some other activity .\ndeer mice live in many different habitats throughout their range. they can be found in alpine habitats, northern boreal forest, desert, grassland, brushland, agricultural fields, southern montane woodland, and dry upper tropical habitats. also, deer mice are found on boreal, temperate, and tropical islands. however, their most common habitats are prairies, bushy areas, and woodlands .\ndeer mice are most active at night. they spend most of their time on the ground but they are also adept climbers. activity centers around a nest and food stockpile. deer mice that live in prairies construct nests just below ground level in their own burrows or those abandoned by other animals. forest dwelling deer mice construct nests near the ground in stumps, logs, brush piles, tree cavities, reconstructed bird nests, tree bark, or even cottages or outbuildings. nests are made of rounded masses of plant matter (as much as 100 mm in diameter) .\ndeer mice have large eyes and ears as well as keen noses and long whiskers for perceiving their environment. they communicate by grooming one another, posturing with their bodies, producing scent, and making a variety of squeaky noises. sometimes when disturbed they drum their front paws rapidly up and down against a hard surface. this may serve as a warning signal to other deer mice .\ndeer mice are abundant, often among the most abundant mice of certain areas. densities can reach 11 mice per acre. many factors including availablity of food, water, and nest sites are thought to affect how many deer mice can live in an area. however, only the availability of food has been studied in enough detail to show it has an effect on population density .\nnorthwestern deer mice are nocturnal and have a more loosely structured social hierarchy than some of their sister taxa. a rapid growth rate, larger litter sizes, and simple nests contribute to their social structure difference. males exhibit severe aggression when confronted by other males. males show aggression towards other males in their territory, submission when in a new territory, and are more prone to initiate grooming when encountering new females. females show no defensive behavior around their nest unless they are pregnant. in some instances females will share their nest with their younger, reproducing female offspring .\ndeer mice excrete hantavirus in urine, saliva and droppings, according to the washington department of health (doh). people most commonly contract the virus when those materials are stirred up and the virus becomes airborne .\ndeer mice are common in north america. they are distributed from the northern tree line in alaska and canada southward to central mexico. they are absent from the southeastern united states and some coastal areas of mexico within this range .\ndeer mice are grayish to reddish brown with white underparts. the fur is short, soft, and dense. the finely - haired tail is dark on top and light on the bottom, with a sharp division between the two colors. this differs from white - footed mice, where the separation of the two colors on the tail is less distinct. there are other characteristics that help distinguish deer mice from the similar white - footed mice. deer mice generally have hind feet that are 22 mm or less, while white - footed mice usually have hind feet 22 mm or more. also, deer mice are more richly colored with a brownish or tawny coat, whereas white - footed mice tend to be more pinkish - buff or grayish, with scattered dark hairs. these characteristics vary depending on location, however, and in some areas the two species are extremely hard to tell apart based on outward appearance .\nfemales raising young are more aggressive in territory defense than males, and their territories overlap less, suggesting that they have more at stake in territory defense than males. intruding deer mice will kill young that are unattended by a female .\nnorthwestern deer mice are mainly granivorous ground foragers. in an intake preference study done on foods from southeastern alaska seeds from trees, shrubs and fruits were compared as well as fruits for palatability. it was found that salmonberry, stink currants, devil' s club seeds, and sitka spruce seeds were preferred. when diet composition in different ecological habitats was compared, stomach contents did not vary significantly. all diets were composed mostly of fruits and seeds of understory plants, followed by tree seeds and leaf material, with small amounts of arthropods and traces of fungi. tree seeds become a more important part of their diets during winter and early spring because these mice do not cache food or store seasonal fat. in some areas they eat the eggs of nesting birds, including marbled murrelets (\nlike all female eutherian mammals, deer mice provide nourishment to their young before birth through the placenta. after the young are born, mother deer mice produce milk for their offspring. while nursing, the mother carries her young clinging to her nipples or one at a time in her mouth. once weaned, the young usually leave the nest and become independent of their mother, although sometimes the mother will tolerate their presence for longer periods. often when the mother has a second litter, she forces the first litter out of the nest .\nduring the breeding season, northwestern deer mice females with mates have short breeding intervals and exhibit postpartum estrus. breeding intervals are increased among females that do not have established mates. in wild populations, many adults only live long enough to reproduce during one breeding season. adult males enter breeding condition prior to adult females and all females average 2 to 3 litters per breeding season. females give birth to 2 to 5 young after a gestation period of 23 to 25 days. gestation periods are shorting when females are nursing a previous litter. litter size is positively correlated with relative litter mass: larger litter sizes result in smaller body sizes of young in that litter. young are weaned and independent at 3 to 4 weeks old and may be able to breed as early as 5 to 6 weeks old. males have a lifetime reproductive success that is twice that of females .\nhome ranges of deer mice range from 242 square meters to 3000 square meters. home ranges of males are larger than females and show more overlap. males use their home ranges for both access to feeding and nesting and also to reproductive females. females use their home ranges for feeding, nesting, and rearing young .\ndeer mice are very helpless at birth but develop quickly. at birth, each baby has a mass of about 1. 5 g. the young are born hairless with wrinkled, pink skin, closed eyes, and folded over ears. juvenile hair begins to develop on the second day after birth. on the third day, the ears unfold with the ear canal opening on the tenth day. eyes open on the fifteenth day, and the young are weaned between day 25 and 35 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nperomyscus keeni includes populations that formerly were recognized as p. oreas, p. sitkensis, and some of those assigned to p. maniculatus (see musser and carleton (in wilson and reeder 2005) ). hogan et al. (1993) analyzed chromosomes, allozymes, and mtdna of pacific northwest peromyscus and concluded that p. oreas, p. sitkensis, p. maniculatus algidus, p. m. hylaeus, p. m. keeni, p. m. macrorhinus, and p. m. prevostensis should be recognized as members of the newly constituted species peromyscus keeni; further, they suspected that p. m. carli, p. m. doylei, and p. m. triangularis also are members of p. keeni .\njustification: listed as least concern because it is widespread, appears to be abundant, there are no major threats and its populations are not in decline .\nthis species is widespread on coastal islands and the western mainland of the pacific northwest from washington to southern alaska .\nthis species is not of conservation concern and its range includes several protected areas .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017). the iucn red list of threatened species 2016: e. t135164a115204632 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nis found in western british columbia, western washington, and southeastern alaska, including the haida gwaii (queen charlotte) islands, the alexander archipelago, and other coastal islands .\nare variable, and include monogamous, roving, or polygynous mating behaviors. at high female densities, males become more territorial and defend a small number of females or maintain a monogamous relationship with one female. in areas with low female densities, females become solitary and males develop a less territorial, roving strategy where they mate with multiple females. females generally maintain small, solitary home areas in all mating systems .\n( nichol, et al. , 1993; ribble, 2003; linzey and hammerson, 2008; nichol, et al. , 1993; ribble, 2003 )\n( kenagy and barnes, 1988; linzey and hammerson, 2008; morrison, et al. , 1976; ribble, 2003 )\n) have expected lifespans in the wild of 342. 2 days for males and 280. 9 days for breeding females. some individuals survive to reproduce for a second breeding season .\n( botten, et al. , 2001; ungvari, et al. , 2008; ribble, 2003 )\nrodents rely heavily on their sense of olfaction to interact within their social hierarchies. dominance can be conveyed to other members of the community solely by odor. a recent topic of interest for research is rodent ultrasound. ultrasonic vocalizations have been observed in research mice as well as in wild populations of\nspecies to communicate with offspring, maintain territory boundaries, and to communicate with as well as attract mates. it is unlikely that ultrasonic vocalizations are used as a alarm calls as this behavior is only known from diurnal animals .\n( blight, et al. , 1999; bradley and marxluff, 2003; drever, et al. , 2000; hanley and barnard, 1999b; reese, et al. , 1997 )\n( blight, et al. , 1999; bradley and marxluff, 2003; drever, et al. , 2000 )\nspecies may drive seed defense evolution through their secondary dispersal effects, causing the method of seed dispersal which plants rely on to change in the presence of ground scavengers .\ncan be a host to several invertebrate parasites such as lice, ticks, bots and fleas. the flea species that are known to use\nhas been an important model for showing an x - linked locus in hybrid dysgenesis when crossing different species. they have also been used for researching reproductive isolation in mammals .\nhave a much longer lifespan than typical lab mice, making them useful for many forms of research. the longevity of\nhas been analyzed as baseline research for comparative aging research. their physiological characteristics may help us understand and treat age - related diseases such as cancer .\n( nichol, et al. , 1993; stafford, et al. , 1999 )\nis listed as “least concern” by the iucn because of their widespread, stable populations and adaptability to various habitats .\nexhibited this disease at rates between 7 and 13. 5% , with a significantly increased rate in populations on isolated islands. this condition occurs rarely in any other mammalian species, which may make\nkimberly dullen (author), university of alaska fairbanks, hayley lanier (editor, instructor), university of alaska fairbanks .\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the new world. this includes greenland, the canadian arctic islands, and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching. in birds, naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nhaving markings, coloration, shapes, or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. convergent in birds .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\noffspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc .) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\nrainforests, both temperate and tropical, are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground. epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant. precipitation is typically not limiting, but may be somewhat seasonal .\nreferring to something living or located adjacent to a waterbody (usually, but not always, a river or stream) .\nthat region of the earth between 23. 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north (between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle) and between 23. 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south (between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle) .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\nben - david, m. , r. flynn, d. schell. 1996 .\nbradley, j. , j. marxluff. 2003. rodents as nest predators: influences on predatory behavior and consequences to nesting birds .\ndrever, m. , l. blight, k. hobson, d. bertram. 2000. predation on seabird eggs by keen' s mice (peromyscus keeni): using stable isotopes to decipher the diet of a terrestrial omnivore on a remote offshore island .\neisenberg, j. 1962. studies on the behavior of peromyscus maniculatus gambelli and peromyscus californicus parasiticus .\nhaas, g. , j. kucera, a. runck, s. macdonald, j. cook. 2005. mammal fleas (siphonaptera: ceratophyllidae) new for alaska and the southeastern mainland collected during seven years of a field survey of small mammals .\nhanley, t. , j. barnard. 1999. food resources and diet composition in riparian and upland habitats for sitka mice, peromyscus keeni sitkensis .\nhanley, t. , j. barnard. 1999. spatial variation in population dynamics of sitka mice in floodplain forests .\nkalcounis - rueppell, m. , j. metheny, m. vonhof. 2006. production of ultrasonic vocalizations by peromyscus mice in the wild .\nkenagy, g. , b. barnes. 1988. seasonal reproductive patterns in four coexisting rodent species from the cascade mountains, washington .\nlinzey, a. , g. hammerson. 2008 .\nperomyscus keeni\n( on - line). 2008 iucn red list of threatened species. accessed march 24, 2009 at urltoken .\nlomolin, m. , d. perault. 2007. body size variation of mammals in a fragmented, temperate rainforest .\nmorrison, p. , r. dieterich, d. preston. 1976. breeding and reproduction of fifteen wild rodents maintained as laboratory colonies .\nmusser, g. , m. carleton. 2005. species peromyscus keeni. pp. 1069 - 1070 in d wilson, d reeder, eds .\n, vol. 2, 3rd edition. baltimore: johns hopkins university press .\nnichol, s. , c. spiropoulou, s. morzunov, p. rollin, t. ksiazek, h. feldmann, a. sanchez, j. childs, s. zaki, c. peters. 1993. genetic identification of a hantavirus associated with an outbreak of acute respiratory illness .\nreese, e. , j. barnard, t. hanley. 1997. food preference and ad libitum intake of wild - captured sitka mice, peromyscus keeni sitkensis .\nsiepielski, a. , c. benkman. 2008. a seed predator drives the evolution of a seed dispersal mutualism .\nsmith, w. , j. nichols. 2004. demography of two endemic forest - floor mammals of southeastern alaska temperate rain forest .\nstafford, k. , r. massung, l. magnarelli, j. ijdo, j. anderson. 1999. infection with agents of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, lyme disease, and babesiosis in wild white - footed mice (peromyscus leucopus) in connecticut .\nungvari, z. , b. krasnikov, a. csiszar, n. labinskyy, p. mukhopadhyay, p. pacher, a. cooper, n. podlutskaya, s. austad, a. podlutsky. 2008. testing hypothesis of aging in long - lived mice of the genus peromyscus: association between longevity and mitochondrial stress resistance, ros detoxification pathways, and dna repair efficiency .\nvan zant, j. , m. wooten. 2007. old mice, young islands and competing biogeographical hypothesis .\nvrana, p. 2007. genomic imprinting as a mechanism of reproductive isolation in mammals .\nto cite this page: dullen, k. 2009 .\nperomyscus keeni\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 09, 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\ntwo cases of the rare hantavirus have been confirmed in king county, including one fatality, raising questions about when health officials should notify the public about such a low - risk, but dangerous threat .\nmaureen waterbury came close to dying after she contracted a rare disease, hantavirus, in november. waterbury, a registered nurse who lives in the union hill area outside redmond, spent 10 days in intensive care and six on a ventilator, before recovering .\nan issaquah man, 34, was not so fortunate. he died feb. 24 of hantavirus, according to king county health officials. but they did not notify the public of his death or of waterbury’s case .\nthe answer to the first is that notice is coming, dr. jeff duchin, health officer for public health – seattle & king county, said monday .\nbut there’s also some concern about unduly alarming the public about two cases of a rare disease that mostly appears in rural areas. “we do have to strike a balance because it’s a very rare disease, ” duchin said .\n“in general, we’d strive to be more timely and get (public notice) up more quickly. but we have to prioritize, ” duchin said .\nduchin wrote “one of the classic epidemiological papers” about the disease, said dr. barbara knust, with the cdc’s viral special pathogens branch .\n“i do think two cases separated by a few months is unusual for us, ” duchin said. “only time will tell” if the two cases are a coincidence or a cluster. the two cases in king county deserve public attention, he said, but, “it’s not like it’s an emergency. ”\nhantavirus pulmonary syndrome (hps) is the severe respiratory disease in humans caused by infection with hantavirus. anyone who comes into contact with rodents that carry hantavirus is at risk, according to the cdc .\nrodent infestation in and around the home remains the primary risk for hantavirus exposure. there are no reported cases of hantavirus in the u. s. in which the disease was transmitted from one person to another, according to the cdc .\nthe mean age of the 659 confirmed cases in the u. s. since 1993 is 38 years old, according to the cdc. the infected have been relatively young, knust said, because the disease is frequently found in people “doing active things like cleaning out cabins or going camping where they come in contact with rodents. ”\nmark waterbury doesn’t doubt that duchin and his staff have been busy. he’s both frustrated and relieved that they now aim to notify the public of the local hantavirus cases .\n“i’m pleased that it finally seems to be happening. but i’m confused as to why something like (his blog) is necessary, ” he said .\n“my whole thing is people should know about it so they can be more careful, ” maureen waterbury said .\nno personal attacks or insults, no hate speech, no profanity. please keep the conversation civil and help us moderate this thread by reporting any abuse. see our commenting faq .\nthe opinions expressed in reader comments are those of the author only, and do not reflect the opinions of the seattle times .\nbut, it can be deadly, too. the tiny rodent is known to carry hantavirus, a rare, often fatal disease .\ntypically, that happens during a rodent infestation, or when droppings are cleaned or disturbed in closed spaces, according to the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) .\nkeen' s deermouse is the most common deermouse in the pacific northwest. it inhabits rainy, mild climate zones at higher elevations than the closely - related north american deermouse (\n), and prefers areas where the forest canopy is somewhat open. observers report that it is very good at climbing and jumping. it is often a pest in rural areas, especially in winter, because it readily moves into buildings .\nmerriam, c. h. 1897. descrptions of five new rodents from the roast region of alaska. proceedings of the biological society of washington, 11: 221 - 223 .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\noverall colouration, varying from pale buff to deep reddish - brown upperparts; sides and underparts whitish; tail blackish on top and whitish below; nose and inside of ears, pink .\nkeen' s deermouse is the most common deermouse in the pacific northwest. it inhabits rainy, mild climate zones at higher elevations than the closely - related deermouse (peromyscus maniculatus), and prefers areas where the forest canopy is somewhat open. observers report that it is very good at climbing and jumping. it is often a pest in rural areas, especially in winter, because it readily moves into buildings .\nlinks: mammal species of the world\nmusser, g. , m. carleton. 2005. species peromyscus keeni. pp. 1069 - 1070 in d wilson, d reeder, eds. mammal species of the world, vol. 2, 3rd edition. baltimore: johns hopkins university press .\ndiffers from p. maniculatus in being significantly larger, with tail length typically greater than 100 mm; chromosome fn (85 - 92) exceeds that of sympatric populations of low - fn (74 - 78) p. m. austerus (hogan et al. 1993) .\nlomolin, m. , d. perault. 2007. body size variation of mammals in a fragmented, temperate rainforest. conservation biology, 21 / 4: 1059 - 1069 .\nsmith, w. , j. nichols. 2004. demography of two endemic forest - floor mammals of southeastern alaska temperate rain forest. journal of mammology, 85 / 3: 540 - 551 .\nvan zant, j. , m. wooten. 2007. old mice, young islands and competing biogeographical hypothesis. molecular ecology, 16 / 23: 5070 - 5083 .\ncomments :\nsitkensis\ninhabits the edge of dense sitka spruce - western cedar forests of outer coastal islands; found at forest edge and on beaches in cover of logs, stumps and rock crevices (banfield 1974) .\nnon - migrant: yes. at least some populations of this species do not make significant seasonal migrations. juvenile dispersal is not considered a migration .\nlocally migrant: no. no populations of this species make local extended movements (generally less than 200 km) at particular times of the year (e. g. , to breeding or wintering grounds, to hibernation sites) .\nlocally migrant: no. no populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km .\nblight, l. , j. ryder, d. bertram. 1999. predation on rhinoceros auklet eggs by a native population of peromyscus. the condor, 101: 871 - 876 .\nbradley, j. , j. marxluff. 2003. rodents as nest predators: influences on predatory behavior and consequences to nesting birds. auk, 120 / 4: 1180 - 1187 .\ndrever, m. , l. blight, k. hobson, d. bertram. 2000. predation on seabird eggs by keen' s mice (peromyscus keeni): using stable isotopes to decipher the diet of a terrestrial omnivore on a remote offshore island. canadian journal of zoology, 78 / 11: 2010 - 2018 .\nhanley, t. , j. barnard. 1999. food resources and diet composition in riparian and upland habitats for sitka mice, peromyscus keeni sitkensis. canadian field naturalist, 113: 401 - 407 .\nreese, e. , j. barnard, t. hanley. 1997. food preference and ad libitum intake of wild - captured sitka mice, peromyscus keeni sitkensis. canadian field naturalist, 111: 223 - 226 .\nhaas, g. , j. kucera, a. runck, s. macdonald, j. cook. 2005. mammal fleas (siphonaptera: ceratophyllidae) new for alaska and the southeastern mainland collected during seven years of a field survey of small mammals. journal of entomology, 102: 65 - 76 .\nsiepielski, a. , c. benkman. 2008. a seed predator drives the evolution of a seed dispersal mutualism. proceedings of the royal society, biological sciences, 275: 1917 - 1925. accessed november 05, 2008 at urltoken .\nben - david, m. , r. flynn, d. schell. 1996. seasonal diets of mink and martens. fairbanks: university of alaska fairbanks .\nnote: for many non - migratory species, occurrences are roughly equivalent to populations .\ndistribution of\nsitkensis\non smaller outer islands indicates it is probably less competitive than maniculatus, which occupies larger islands (banfield 1974) .\nsitkensis\nprobably originally reached many islands on natural rafts .\nrodents rely heavily on their sense of olfaction to interact within their social hierarchies. dominance can be conveyed to other members of the community solely by odor. a recent topic of interest for research is rodent ultrasound. ultrasonic vocalizations have been observed in research mice as well as in wild populations of p. californicus and p. boylii. based on literature on other mammal and bird ultrasound, it is likely that this method of communication is used by all peromyscus species to communicate with offspring, maintain territory boundaries, and to communicate with as well as attract mates. it is unlikely that ultrasonic vocalizations are used as a alarm calls as this behavior is only known from diurnal animals .\nkalcounis - rueppell, m. , j. metheny, m. vonhof. 2006. production of ultrasonic vocalizations by peromyscus mice in the wild. frontiers in zoology, 3 / 3: 1 - 12. accessed november 14, 2008 at urltoken .\nungvari, z. , b. krasnikov, a. csiszar, n. labinskyy, p. mukhopadhyay, p. pacher, a. cooper, n. podlutskaya, s. austad, a. podlutsky. 2008. testing hypothesis of aging in long - lived mice of the genus peromyscus: association between longevity and mitochondrial stress resistance, ros detoxification pathways, and dna repair efficiency. age, 30: 121 - 133. accessed november 11, 2008 at urltoken .\nrange age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 5 to 6 weeks .\nrange age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 5 to 6 weeks .\nkenagy, g. , b. barnes. 1988. seasonal reproductive patterns in four coexisting rodent species from the cascade mountains, washington. journal of mammalolgy, 69 / 2: 274 - 292 .\nmorrison, p. , r. dieterich, d. preston. 1976. breeding and reproduction of fifteen wild rodents maintained as laboratory colonies. laboratory animal science, 26 / 2: 237 - 243 .\nnichol, s. , c. spiropoulou, s. morzunov, p. rollin, t. ksiazek, h. feldmann, a. sanchez, j. childs, s. zaki, c. peters. 1993. genetic identification of a hantavirus associated with an outbreak of acute respiratory illness. science, 262 / 5135: 914 - 917 .\nribble, d. 2003. monogamy. cambridge: united kingdom: university press .\nmultiple litters of about 3 - 5 young probably are produced each year. gestation lasts about 23 days (nonlactating) or 25 days (lactating) (kirkland and layne 1989). probably capable of breeding at about 5 - 6 weeks. in southern british columbia ,\noreas\nwas reported as breeding from march through july; 21 litters averaged 6. 1 young (see kirkland and layne 1989) .\namori, g. (small nonvolant mammal red list authority) & chanson, j. (global mammal assessment team )\nlisted as least concern because it is widespread, appears to be abundant, there are no major threats and its populations are not in decline .\nreasons: widespread on coastal islands and western mainland of the pacific northwest from washington to southern alaska; precise distribution is not clearly known; taxonomy of peromyscus has been unstable in this region .\nstafford, k. , r. massung, l. magnarelli, j. ijdo, j. anderson. 1999. infection with agents of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, lyme disease, and babesiosis in wild white - footed mice (peromyscus leucopus) in connecticut. journal of clinical microbiology, 37: 2887 - 2892 .\nvrana, p. 2007. genomic imprinting as a mechanism of reproductive isolation in mammals. journal of mammology, 88 / 1: 5 - 23 .\nbeolens et al, bo (2009). the eponym dictionary of mammals p. 220. jhu press. p. 574 .\nmusser, g. g. and m. d. carleton. 2005. superfamily muroidea. pp. 894–1531 in mammal species of the world a taxonomic and geographic reference. d. e. wilson and d. m. reeder eds. johns hopkins university press, baltimore .\nperomyscus keeni, wilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world (don e. wilson & deeann m. reeder (editors). 2005. mammal species of the world. a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd ed. )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nbaker, r. h. 1983. michigan mammals. wayne state univerisity, detroit, michigan .\nking, j. a. 1968. biology of peromyscus (rodentia). first edition. the american society of mammalogists, stillwater, oklahoma .\nkirkland, g. l. and layne, j. n. 1989. advances in the study of peromyscus (rodentia). texas tech university press, lubbock, texas .\nlter (sevilleta long - term ecological research project). 1998. university of new mexico. urltoken\nrowe, j. e. , st. jeor, s. c. , riolo, j. , otteson, e. w. , monroe, m. c. , henderson, w. w. , ksiazek, t. g. , rollin, p. e. , and nichol, s. t. 1995. coexistence of several novel hantaviruses in rodents indigenous to north america. virology 213 (1): 122 - 130 .\nbunker, a. 2001 .\nperomyscus maniculatus\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 09, 2018 at urltoken\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative. it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education, university of michigan museum of zoology, and the detroit public schools. this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151. copyright © 2002 - 2018, the regents of the university of michigan. all rights reserved." ]

{ "text": [ "the northwestern deer mouse or keen 's mouse ( peromyscus keeni ) is a species of rodents in the family cricetidae .", "it is found in british columbia in canada and in alaska and washington in the united states .", "it was named after the rev. john henry keen in 1894 . " ], "topic": [ 29, 20, 25 ] }

[ "the northwestern deer mouse or keen's mouse (peromyscus keeni) is a species of rodents in the family cricetidae. it is found in british columbia in canada and in alaska and washington in the united states. it was named after the rev. john henry keen in 1894." ]

[ "adaina montivola meyrick, 1937; dt. ent. z. iris 51: 170\nadaina tutt, 1905; ent. rec. j. var. 17: 37; ts: alucita microdactyla hübner\nif you are generating a pdf of a journal article or book chapter, please feel free to enter the title and author information. the information you enter here will be stored in the downloaded file to assist you in managing your downloaded pdfs locally .\nthank you for your request. please wait for an email containing a link to download the pdf .\nsign up to receive the latest bhl news, content highlights, and promotions .\nbhl relies on donations to provide free pdf downloads and other services. help keep bhl free and open !\nthere was an issue with the request. please try again and if the problem persists, please send us feedback .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook\neu, palearctic, asia minor, iran, japan, solomon islands, indonesia. see [ maps ]\n[ maps ] warning! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information, and the process does not always produce acceptable result; see about maps for more info .\ntutt, 1905 types of the genera of the agdistid, alucitid and orneodid plume moths ent. rec. j. var. 17: 34 - 37\nif you have corrections, comments or information to add into these pages, just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources, and may include many inaccuracies. expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhodges, r. w. et al. , eds. 1983. check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico. e. w. classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation, london. 284 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\ndistribution data for u. s. states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\npoole, r. w. , and p. gentili (eds .). 1996. nomina insecta nearctica: a checklist of the insects of north america. volume 3 (diptera, lepidoptera, siphonaptera). entomological information services, rockville, md .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of november 2016. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2017 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2017. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness, completeness, or accuracy of any specific data. natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server, including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility, fitness for a particular purpose, and non - infringement. natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server. in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special, indirect, incidental, consequential damages, or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server, under any theory of liability used. natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice; however, natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein. since the data in the central databases are continually being updated, it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt. the data provided is for planning, assessment, and informational purposes. site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies. if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site, the appropriate state natural heritage program (s) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area (see visit local programs) .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\n( a question mark next to a word above means that we couldn' t find it, but clicking the word might provide spelling suggestions. )\nnot helpful? you might try using the wildcards * and? to find the word you' re looking for. for example, use\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy." ]

{ "text": [ "adaina cinerascens is a moth of the family pterophoridae .", "it is found in north america ( including california , nevada , utah , oregon , alberta and british columbia ) the wingspan is about 19 mm .", "the head is slightly ochreous and the antennae are pubescent , pale ochreous .", "the thorax is whitish , especially in front , where two indistinct dark lines run forward to the head .", "the abdomen is pale ochreous and the legs are whitish , the fore and middle pairs tinged with brown on the inner side .", "the forewings are very pale ochreous , dusted thickly with brownish , forming a large spot before the base of the fissure .", "there is a subcostal spot before the middle and two small costal spots on the outer half of the first lobe .", "the fringes below the apex of first lobe and on the apex of the second lobe are dark brown .", "they are pale subochreous within the fissure , with a brownish spot on the hind margin .", "the hindwings and fringes are pale cinereous ( ash-grey ) and the underside is pale brownish .", "the larvae have been recorded feeding on balsamorhiza sagittata .", "they are found on the underside of the leaves of their host plant . " ], "topic": [ 2, 9, 23, 23, 23, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 8, 11 ] }

[ "adaina cinerascens is a moth of the family pterophoridae. it is found in north america (including california, nevada, utah, oregon, alberta and british columbia) the wingspan is about 19 mm. the head is slightly ochreous and the antennae are pubescent, pale ochreous. the thorax is whitish, especially in front, where two indistinct dark lines run forward to the head. the abdomen is pale ochreous and the legs are whitish, the fore and middle pairs tinged with brown on the inner side. the forewings are very pale ochreous, dusted thickly with brownish, forming a large spot before the base of the fissure. there is a subcostal spot before the middle and two small costal spots on the outer half of the first lobe. the fringes below the apex of first lobe and on the apex of the second lobe are dark brown. they are pale subochreous within the fissure, with a brownish spot on the hind margin. the hindwings and fringes are pale cinereous (ash-grey) and the underside is pale brownish. the larvae have been recorded feeding on balsamorhiza sagittata. they are found on the underside of the leaves of their host plant." ]

[ "acorn duck, american wood duck, carolina duck, carolina wood duck, squealer, summer duck, woodie .\ntheir american relative the mandarin duck is a close relative of the north american wood duck .\na mandarin duck on a snowy bank the morning tempest sees even mandarin ducks go separate ways .\nmale mandarin duck is bigger and more colorful than the female mandarin duck. they looked like two different birds but they are a pair nonetheless\nthere are various mutations of the mandarin duck found in captivity, and they are widely regarded as the world' s most beautiful duck. mandarin duck is medium - sized duck and native of china and japan .\nthe mandarin duck is the only specie of duck that cannot interbreed due to a different number of chromosomes .\nsorry. link to mandarin x wood - duck failed. try again. urltoken\n. they are a popular motif on wedding gifts. a mandarin duck and a\nmain predators of mandarin duck are raccoons, minks, otters, eagles and snakes .\nmillburn, naomi .\nmandarin duck diet\naccessed july 09, 2018. urltoken\n鴛鴦 is actually the name of a bird; more specifically, the mandarin duck .\npeople do not hunt mandarin duck for its meat because it does not have pleasant taste .\nthe mandarin duck' s basic diet consists of water plants, rice and other grains .\nmandarin duck is active during the day, mostly in the early morning and late afternoon hours .\nmillburn, naomi .\nmandarin duck diet .\nanimals - urltoken, http: / / animals. urltoken / mandarin - duck - diet - 5946. html. accessed 09 july 2018 .\nmillburn, naomi. (n. d .). mandarin duck diet. animals - urltoken. retrieved from http: / / animals. urltoken / mandarin - duck - diet - 5946. html\nthe female mandarin duck is grayer and has a smaller crest and eye ring as compared to the male .\nthe mandarin duck (aix galericulata), or just mandarin, is a medium - sized, east asian perching duck, closely related to the north american wood duck. it is 41–49 cm long with a 65–75 cm wingspan. its most recognizable feature is its brilliant coloring .\nmandarin duck. tommy' s fun fact: in traditional chinese culture, mandarin ducks represent a life - time couple, unlike many other species of ducks. h… | pinteres…\nthe mandarin, widely regarded as the world' s most beautiful duck, is a native of china and japan .\na japanese folktale describes this everlasting bond between mandarin ducks. this folktale begins with a feudal lord capturing a mandarin duck for its beautiful plumage. the duck, separated from its mate, is utterly miserable and slowly starts to die of loneliness .\nhave you tried peking roasted duck? have you heard about three ways of eating peking roasted duck? the first one is crispy duck wrap, the second one is duck stir fry and the third one is duck soup. all three dishes are from one peking roasted duck. does it sound similar to how we eat thanksgiving turkey? we have roasted turkey with\nfrom: peter scott, 1959, the waterfowl of the world, volume three, mandarin duck, page 108 - 109 .\nthe male wood duck’s distinctive plumage makes it difficult to confuse with any other duck species (2) (3). however, the female and juvenile are quite similar in appearance to the female and juvenile mandarin duck (aix galericulata), which is sometimes present as a feral species within the wood duck’s range. the female wood duck is generally darker and less grey than the female mandarin duck, and has a more distinct eye patch (2) (3) (5). although the male mandarin duck is colourful and ornate like the male wood duck, it differs mainly in its white and orange rather than dark black and green head (3) (4) .\nclick here for more information on how mandarin ducks are used in feng shui for relationship healing, and click here for a list of mandarin duck figurines that can be used to enhance your love life .\nthe wood duck of north america is the mandarin duck’s cousin. it, too, is a woodland dweller that nests in tree holes; it is also a popular captive bird in europe. though similar in size and shape to the mandarin drake, the male has plumage embellished with glossy greens and browns and bold, white stripes. the female, like the mandarin duck, is mostly gray - brown .\nmandarin duck figurines or paintings and scrolls of mandarin ducks are an all - time favorite wedding gift. gifts representing these famous love ducks are the surest way to express your best wishes to the happy couple .\ndo you want to make your own roasted duck? here is a cookbook with a peking duck recipe and many chinese recipe stories .\nmandarin duck is a close relative of north american wood duck. this beautiful bird can be found in eastern asia, china, russia, europe and certain parts of north america. mandarin duck can survive in various habitats. it usually inhabits areas near lakes, ponds and rivers, but it can be also found in broadleaf and coniferous forests and near the urban areas. number of mandarin ducks in the wild decreased due to habitat loss as a result of deforestation. pouching is another factor which affects number of mandarin ducks in the wild. even though its population is greatly reduced, mandarin duck is not on the list of endangered species .\nyes scott, i' ve heard something about a gene mismatch preventing mandarin duck hybridization but unsure of that. got any links to info ?\nwith rich colors, ornate patterns and fanciful “whiskers” and “sails, ” the male mandarin duck is one of the most beautiful of all waterfowl .\nworrying population decline the current reality and fate of the mandarin duck is not nearly as heartwarming as the end of that timeless fable, however .\nthis strong love and fidelity has credited mandarin ducks with relationship healing properties, especially in eastern cultures like china and japan. in feng shui, having mandarin duck figurines in your home is bound to enhance your love life .\nmandarin duck is an omnivore (eats both plant - and animal - based food) and its diet depends on the season. during the autumn and winter, mandarin duck eats acorn and various seeds. insects, worms, snails, small fish and frogs are on the menu during the spring .\nalthough the servants find true love in one another through their virtuous deed, they put their lives at risk by helping out the beautiful mandarin duck .\nmale mandarin ducks are known for being much more colorful than their female counterparts .\nwedding ducks (hangul: 원앙세트; lit. mandarin duck set) are a pair of duck carvings (traditionally mandarin ducks) that are used in korean wedding ceremonies, and often given as marriage gifts. mandarin ducks are chosen because it is believed that, unlike other types of ducks, they mate for life, and that if one of the pair dies, the other will mourn. for koreans, mandarin ducks represent peace, fidelity, and plentiful offspring .\nin fact, the two species are the only two members of the genus ‘aix’ — the mandarin being ‘aix galericulata’ and the wood duck being ‘aix sponsa’ .\nrelated chinese and japanese proverbs and traditions the chinese language use the proverb translated as “two mandarin ducks playing in water” as a metaphor for a loving couple. the mandarin duck symbol is also used in chinese weddings since they symbolize wedded bliss .\nmandarin duck (female) the female is similar to female wood duck, with a white eye - ring and stripe running back from the eye. it has a small white flank stripe, and a pale tip to its bill .\nthe only mutation, thus far, is the white mandarin. white mandarin males are white. they have the same markings as the mandarin, and wherever there is a dark colour on the mandarin, the white mandarin haves a light chestnut / tan colour. the beak is a bright red. females are all white. some may have a chestnut / tan stripe in a few of the flight feathers .\nfor those who do not yet have a sweet heart, getting two mandarin duck figurines or a picture may speed up the process of finding your soul mate .\nthe following habitats are found across the mandarin duck distribution range. find out more about these environments, what it takes to live there and what else inhabits them .\nmandarin duck (male) it is a perching duck species found in east asia and is native to japan. adult male has a red bill, large white crescent above the eye. there are two orange\nsails\nat the back .\nthis is audubon' s painting of\nbemaculated duck\nor\nbrewer' s duck .\nit has been accepted as a mallard x gadwall hybrid .\ntemperament is variable, and depends on the amount of handling the duck receives .\nthe art contests to create these stamps also help raise awareness about duck conservation .\nthe mandarin has a chromosome that prevents it from breeding with any other duck. there are a few pictures out there on the net stating its a cross breed of carolina / mandarin but its fake and some are of a carolina mixed with other ducks .\ncarl, the white mandarin duck is not a hybrid breed it' s interesting coloration comes from a gene mutation that occurs naturally and can be fostered by selective breeding .\nthere are four (4) mutations of the mandarin duck coloration: besides the normal color, there is white. blonde, apricot, and black the white mandarin duck is primarily white with buff markings. although only 3 of these exist in the u. s. , the normal, white, and the blonde. the apricot and the black mandarin are commonly raised in european countries, and currently cannot be imported .\ntrue believers will not want to buy mandarin duck figurines carved from wood, as this will not help energize the element of earth (which is needed in this case) .\nmandarin duck spends a lot of time in the water. it has webbed feet which facilitate paddling through the water. oily substance covers the feathers and prevents soaking of the skin .\nthough it seldom strays far from rivers and lakes, the mandarin duck is just as much a woodland bird as a waterfowl, adapted for flying, perching and nesting among trees .\nasian mandarin ducks are migratory. they spend cold winters in the eastern china and southern japan .\nmated pairs will breed readily if provided with a quiet aviary and a suitable nesting box (unlike most ducks, mandarin and wood ducks are tree - cavity nesters). even when kept in groups, males rarely pursue females other than their mate, a habit that led to the mandarin duck’s use as a fidelity symbol in china and elsewhere. unlike mallards and other ducks, mandarin and wood duck drakes generally possess a calm demeanor, even in the mating season .\nmandarin duck is a medium sized bird. it can reach 8 to 10 inches in length and weigh between 1. 5 and 2. 5 pounds. females are larger than males .\n• the mandarin duck is one of 13 species of perching ducks and perching geese in the cairinini tribe. different species are scattered across the globe, but all share adaptations to live in wooded habitats. the largest is the spur - winged goose of africa; others include the muscovy duck of central and south america, the african pygmy goose and maned wood duck of australia .\něi jīng kǎo yā. ” here are four culture videos about peking / beijing roasted duck for you to see the process of preparing the peking roasted duck, the story behind the peking roasted duck and how it is served in the two top restaurants in taipei and in beijing .\nmandarin ducks are symbol of fidelity and great love in china and korea because of their mating habits .\nthe duck will be handed down from mother to daughter through the generations. the wedding duck symbolizes three things: 1. peace, 2. many children, and 3. no separations .\nthe tale of the mandarin ducks an ancient japanese folktale that contrasts greed and cruelty against kindness and love, the tale of the mandarin ducks is a timeless legend about a powerful lord who separates a pair of loving mandarin ducks because he wants to have the male drake’s brilliant plumage to show off in his manor .\nthe mandarin duck can be found in a number of locations including: asia, china, europe, russia, united kingdom, wales. find out more about these places and what else lives there .\nthe mandarin duck breeds in eastern siberia, china, and japan and winters in southern china and japan. there is a small free - flying population in britain stemming from the release captive bred ducks .\nthis folktale has been popularized in english by katherine paterson' s book the tale of the mandarin ducks .\nthis dusky call duck was in union springs, cayuga co. , ny, 27 december 2005 .\nthis dusky call duck was in union springs, cayuga co. , ny, 19 february 2006 .\nducks traditionally symbolized happiness and reproduction. duck were often used for decorations in female spaces or handicrafts .\nthe mandarin is a member of the genus, which has only one other member, the closely related north american wood duck. though the drakes are very different, the plumage of the females is very similar .\ndespite the closeness of the relationship with the wood duck, no hybrids have ever been recorded. this is because the mandarin has a chromosome aberrance that makes it impossible for it to produce hybrids with other ducks .\nmandarin ducks in britain are the descendants of captive - bred ducks which escaped or were deliberately released. mandarins are one of the few duck species which are not hunted for food - apparently they taste really bad !\ndue to the overwhelming love and loyalty displayed in this folktale, throughout the ages many people have associated mandarin ducks with unwavering love and fidelity, and have used symbols of mandarin ducks as relationship - healing solutions and cures .\nthis beautiful little asian duck is fairly easy to keep in captivity. a cavity nester like its relative the\nthe wood duck’s scientific name translates as ‘waterbird in bridal dress’, referring to the male’s showy breeding plumage .\nthe wood duck is classified as least concern (lc) on the iucn red list (1) .\nsuitably - sized hollow - logs also make attractive nest boxes and are readily accepted by both wood and mandarin ducks .\nmandarin ducks can cover some serious ground. when migrating, they travel up to 500 miles in just one day !\nbut little differences gradually come to light: squat toilets? check .\nthe lion king\nin mandarin (with no english subtitles)? check. eel over rice and peking duck pizza for lunch? check and check .\noutside the breeding season, when pairs have finished tending their nests, mandarin ducks are social birds that gather in flocks (sometimes more than 60). the duck is most active in mornings and evenings, but feeding continues intermittently throughout the day and night. the mandarin duck is perfectly at home on the water or land, both swimming and walking with ease. the agility of the mandarin duck extends to its power of flight. with strong, rapid wing - beats, it can rise steeply into the air from the water surface or land. this, and its ability to twist and turn tightly in flight, lets the duck negotiate its way at speed through the confined spaces of its woodland home. a sitting pretty” perching ducks take their name from their ability to “sit” on slender branches .\nbecause mandarin ducks never acquire a new partner even after a mate dies, it symbolized fidelity of couples, affection, or a happy marriage bond. newly married couple use pillows and a comforter with embroidered mandarin ducks because of this belief .\nwith its bright colours and distinctive patterning, the wood duck is one of the most stunning of all waterfowl .\nthe wood duck is one of only a few ducks with strong claws that allow it to perch in trees .\nmating season takes place in the spring. mandarin ducks are monogamous animal (one couple mate throughout their entire life) .\nsimilarly in japan in the past, pairs of mandarin ducks were often presented as wedding gifts to japanese newly - weds .\n, wild geese were used because they are very loyal to each other even after one mate dies (similar to the mandarin duck). wild geese are sometimes painted with reeds, symbolizing peace; flying wild geese meant the best luck .\nthis pair of mandarin ducks was seen in the marina at myers point, tompkins co. , ny, 16 january 2003 .\nto wish good luck to the newlyweds, it was tradition to gift them with living pair of mandarin ducks in ancient china .\nmandarin ducks are the ultimate symbol of love and marriage in south east asia, especially in china, japan and south korea .\na well - known chinese saying goes like this: “two mandarin ducks playing in water”, in other words “a loving couple” .\none of the world’s most attractive duck species is also one of the oldest. for hundreds of years mandarin ducks have been found in the forests of asia and, in the west, they have been kept and bred for more than 200 years .\nconsidered by most as the most ornamental of the world' s ducks, the mandarin duck is a very popular aviary bird and commonly seen in many collections. they are closely related to the north american wood duck (aix sponsa) and both species are the only members of the genus aix. despite the close relationship, there have been no proven reports of hybridization .\nthe female is also distinctive with her grey head, pink bill and heavily spotted breast and flanks but you have to check that she’s not a female wood duck, another species which sometimes escapes from captivity. the key thing to look at is the shape of the white marking around each eye. in mandarin duck this extends backwards from the eye in a long, narrow tapering line, like the outline of white spectacle frames, but in wood duck it is shorter, broader and blunter .\nthis brewer' s duck look - alike was in union springs, cayuga co. , ny, 13 february 2006 .\nother species of duck have been filmed fledging from nests set high above the ground, but to record the amazing dive of the young mandarin was a first. the crew remained in hides throughout the shoot in siberia, as the birds were extremely nervous .\npars of ducks are often seen swimming close together. it is told the mandarin ducks stay faithful to their mate throughout their lifetime .\n@ tangho the\nduck duck\npart of my answer was supposed to be a joke, if anything. i can see how it would confuse people though. thankyou for pointing that out! i' ve taken it out of my answer .\ntheir love for each other is so profound that if one of them dies or disappears, the duck left behind will be devastated. without his / her mate the remaining duck will have no will power to live anymore and death is soon inevitable .\nthe duck is carried to the new home of the bridal pair and is displayed where they can easily see it. if the couple quarrels, one will point to the duck, which reminds them of the peaceful wedding, and will stop fighting .\nfeed mandarin ducks incorrectly and they will not raise any babies. most people who own mandarin ducks rarely produce any ducklings, blaming it on past in - breeding. this is nonsense. the birds fail to breed because they have fatty deposits around their testicles or ovaries caused by poor diet. if mandarin ducks can find budgie seed or parrot seed, they gorge themselves on it and become quite unhealthy .\nonly two species of ducks have been domesticated: the mallard (anas platyrhynchos) and the muscovy duck (cairina moschata) .\nthe drake mandarin' s stunning plumage has long made it an artist' s favourite, and it is widely depicted in oriental art .\nthe status of the mandarin duck in its asian homeland is unclear — few studies have been undertaken there. because of forest clearance and other habitat disturbances in asia, conservationists suspect its numbers are declining. however, the wild population in britain is slowly on the rise .\nwhen it is time for the wedding, the duck must be wrapped with different colors of cloths (except the neck of the duck) and it is carried to the ceremony. the duck is placed on the table as soon as the daughter arrives. when the ceremony is over, the bride and groom bow to the groom' s mother and father two and a half times. then the groom' s mother throws the duck to the apron of the bride. if the girl catches the duck, she, according to the tradition, will have a boy as the first child. if she missed, the first child will be a girl .\nin winter, the wood duck may use more open forested wetlands (2) (3) (5) (6) .\nforest' hotbed' for mandarins the forest of dean has been recognised as one of the best places in the uk to see mandarin ducks .\nthe most common in central new york are mallard x american black duck hybrids. (it turns out that most females of the mallard close relatives find a green head really sexy, and they will hook up with mallard males whenever they are available. such propensities create some conservation concern when domestic mallards are introduced into the range of some other species, such as american black duck or mottled duck. )\nwas called the ‘mother duck king’ because he was a duck breeder and on one occasion trained his ducks to march in step towards an enemy division. it is a word you have to be careful with in china as it is also a slang term for a homosexual .\nducks are certainly not the easiest of birds to establish in one’s collection. however, some species are, in my opinion, so flamboyantly - colored and interesting that the effort involved in their care is easily over - looked. consider, for example, east asia’s mandarin duck (\nin eclipse (summer) plumage the drake moults and looks almost identical to the duck, only his bright red beak indicating his sex .\nin chinese culture, the mandarin duck is a symbol of lovers, much like the lovebird in english culture. the term 鸳鸯 is often used to describe pairs of things that make a good match. as for your drink, this most likely refers to the tea and coffee, which, despite tasting very different (much like the colour difference between the male and female duck), are actually perfect for each other .\nthe beautiful colors of male mandarin ducks have made them a desired animal all over the world, but in fact their native homeland is dwindling today .\nlet' s look at the use of mandarin ducks as a classical feng shui cure for love, and then see if there are other, more appropriate (for you) images with good feng shui energy of love. what type of mandarin ducks do i use as a feng shui love cure? you can use either an image, such as a photo or a painting, or choose small statues of mandarin ducks as a feng shui love cure .\nthe drake mandarin' s display is highly ritualised, and includes raising the crest and the orange sails, and ritualised drinking and preening behind the sail .\nthe mandarin lives in the forests of china and japan. they prefer wooded ponds and fast flowing rocky streams to swim, wade, and feed in .\nthe mandarin is held in high esteem by the japanese and the chinese. in these countries, they serve as a symbol of happiness and marital fidelity .\nthey will pair straight off with their own breed. its extremely rare that mandarin and carolina ducks cross breed (but it' s not unheard of )\nyou can find small mandarin ducks statues in different materials - - from faceted lead crystals to figurines made from rose quartz, brass or jade. because rose quartz holds healing love energy, a pair of mandarin ducks made from rose quartz crystal may bring additional energy to your feng shui love cure. where do i place my mandarin ducks? the traditional placement of the mandarin ducks is in the love & marriage area of your home bagua. if you use the classical feng shui school, then place your ducks in the southwest area of your home. if the btb feng shui school is your choice, the focus on the upper right corner, or area of your home. another good feng shui placement is in your personal lucky direction for love, which is based on your date of birth. how do i display the mandarin ducks? always display your mandarin ducks as a couple, never have just one duck as it will not work as a happy love symbol. have them face the same direction and be sure the energy around them is clean, well lit, attractive and fresh. what if i don' t like the mandarin ducks? no worries, you can easily find another feng shui cure. full points to you for your honesty! the truth is i have rarely seen a client ignite with longing for love and devotion at the mentioning of mandarin ducks .\nfergal. i would like to know where you got your information. carolina wood - duck (aix sponsa) and mandarin duck (aix galericulata) although different species, are of the same genus. very closely related, so can breed. here' s an example of a hybrid. urltoken: aix _ galericulata _ qtl3. jpg kevin. call ducks are of the genus anas, as are teal, wigeon, shoveler etc. they are what are popularly known as' dabbling ducks'. although these (anas) are of a different genus to carolina wood - duck and mandarin duck both (aix), they are all in the same family (anatidae, which also includes geese and swans) so they can hybridize. here' s an example of a mallard x wood - duck. urltoken it' s probably unlikely that your birds will hybridize with each other as long they have one of their kind as a mate. if they did you would end up with some very interesting and probably beautiful birds .\nthe mandarin duck finds food both in and out of the water. it forages among debris on the bank, dabbles at the water’s edge or while swimming and occasionally up - ends to reach deeper, submerged food. vegetation makes up the bulk of its diet, but the duck will also snap up small creatures (mostly insects); at certain times of the year, animal food predominates. in early autumn, land snails are an important food source. flocks studied in russia eat a variety of seeds (including those from aquatic plants), acorns, insects (such as beetles) and small fish. in britain, the summer diet consists of waterside and aquatic insects; acorns, beechmast and chestnuts provide sustenance the rest of the year. feeling peckish though known as a surface - feeding duck, the mandarin duck feeds in a variety of ways in and out of the water .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - wood duck (aix sponsa )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - wood duck (aix sponsa )\ntitle =\narkive species - wood duck (aix sponsa )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthis is probably the most common answer to most beginning birder’s duck problems. domestic duck breeds are not illustrated in most field guides, and the older guides did not mention this problem at all. when people go out looking for wild birds they seem to forget that domestic breeds exist. first rule of thumb: if your weird duck is found at a park, walking around on the grass or coming near people, it is probably a domestic duck. but, these domestic monsters do get mixed up in flocks of wild birds, too, so how do you spot them? second rule of thumb: if your duck has large patches of white where you didn’t expect it, think domestic duck. people seem to love to breed white or partially white domestic animals, presumably because such mutations don’t do well in the wild and consequently are rare. such mutations do turn up in the wild, though, and we’ll discuss them later, but for now, if you see big patches of white, think domestic duck .\nin the world of feng shui, mandarin ducks are used for relationship healing purposes. they are recognized as symbols of a strong and long - lasting relationship .\nimages of mandarin ducks are very common on wedding cards. they are also used on greeting cards of all kinds to express love, faithfulness and best wishes .\nunusually among waterfowl, the wood duck commonly perches in trees (2) (3), being one of only a few duck species with strong claws for perching and for gripping bark (4). its broad tail and short, broad wings make the wood duck highly manoeuvrable as it flies through the forest canopy (3) (4), while its large eyes and good vision help it to avoid colliding with branches (3) .\nthe common radical, 鳥, means\nbird\n.\n鴛\nrefers to the male duck, and\n鴦\nrefers to the female .\nthe wood duck is partially migratory, with northern populations moving to southern parts of the range for the winter, reaching as far south as mexico (2) (3) (5) (6). other wood duck populations are resident year - round (2) (3) (6) .\nthe mandarin is one of the few introduced species in britain that has not created any environmental problems, mainly because it uses a habitat not favoured by our native wildfowl .\nmandarin ducks (aix galericulata) are perching creatures that are originally from eastern asia, specifically japan, china and korea. these family anatidae ducks also have a prominent united kingdom presence - - a result of the accidental fleeing of specimens that were brought up in captive environments. mandarin ducks are often referred to simply as\nmandarins .\nunlike most ducks, the wood duck nests in tree holes, and on leaving the nest the young may have to leap to the ground from great heights .\nthe mandarin ducks are the most popular, well known and widely used traditional feng shui cure for love. note the word traditional, or classical feng shui, which means that a cure is based on culturally specific images, symbols, and overall historical use. does that mean that you should use the mandarin ducks as a feng shui cure if you are looking to attract a love partner? it depends on you. the best answer is this :\nchoose the mandarin ducks as a feng shui cure to attract love only if you genuinely, completely and absolutely feel the energy of love and devotion when you look at them .\ndo the mandarin ducks speak to you of love ?\na goose is a symbol of marital fidelity like the mandarin duck as it mates for life and often flies in pairs. an old tradition for marriage gifts reinforces this, the bridegroom' s family was given a gander and the bride' s family a goose. wild geese are symbolic of separation as they migrate south in winter .\nthe base of the nest box should measure 9 inches by 12 inches, and its height can range from 24 - 28 inches. rough - cut as opposed to finished wood should be used in the box’s construction, as both mandarin and wood duck adults and young use their unique, sharp claws to enter and exit the nest cavity .\nthis mallard x american black duck hybrid (in the rear) was with american black ducks at point lookout, nassau co. , ny, 3 march 2001 .\nperhaps the greatest future threat to the wood duck comes from habitat loss and degradation, due to the drainage of swamps and other human activities which alter or destroy forested wetlands (2) (3) (6). a considerable proportion of the wood duck population is now reported to breed in artificial nest boxes (2) .\nthey are small birds, weighing only 500g which is just about the size of a homing pigeon. mandarin ducks also have sharp claws on their webbed feet which means they can perch and nest high up in trees in their native state. captive mandarin ducks are usually fenced and their wings pinioned (the tip of the wing removed) to prevent them from flying .\nthe clues for finding a hybrid are not so clear cut. the easiest way to spot them is when they have characters intermediate between the parental species. look for a duck that looks familiar, but just doesn’t look quite right. a black duck x mallard male will often have the mostly dull plumage of the black duck and some green on the head. it may or may not have the curled feathers over the tail, and the speculum can be blue like a mallard or more purple like the black duck. small green patches on the head can be a good sign of some mallard parentage. in general, watch for symmetrical abnormalities, patches of color or lack of color .\nducks are popular, widespread birds, and with more than 130 duck species around the world, they' re familiar to every birder. unfortunately, nearly 25 percent of duck species are considered vulnerable, threatened or endangered because of a wide range of threats. every birder, however, can try these easy, convenient ways to protect ducks .\nthis is because according to recent research reported by the uk’s wildfowl and wetlands trust (wwt), numbers of mandarin ducks in their native far east have declined from their former great numbers due to habitat destruction (mainly logging) and over - hunting to the present - day small wild populations of mandarin ducks which are under government protection in china, japan, and russia .\nlet’s deal with the muscovy duck first, as it’s pretty easy to tell. the most obvious character of a muscovy is the red facial skin. if your duck has a red face, it’s probably a muscovy duck. this red skin can be quite bumpy, exaggerated, and frankly, gross, with a knob on top of the bill and lumps all over. if you see that, it’s a slam dunk muscovy duck. the wild type plumage of muscovy is all black, glossy greenish on the back, and with large white wing patches. but, because of our fondness for white, domestic muscovies can be pure white, all black, or any degree of pied black - and - white .\nmethods to more accurately assess wood duck populations have also been recommended, so that the effects of habitat changes and conservation efforts on this species can be properly evaluated (3) .\nalthough the females of the species possess rather lackluster coloration, the males are rather memorable in this department. not only do male mandarin ducks boast crimson beaks, their plumage is a blend of purple, red and orange. the female plumage, on the other hand, is predominantly brownish - gray. female mandarin ducks also have grayish bills. mandarin ducks usually grow to between 8. 3 and 9. 7 inches in length. the females tend to outweigh the males, as they usually weigh around 2. 4 pounds - - a full pound over the male average. these ducks typically reach reproductive maturity once they' re around a year old. mandarin ducks generally inhabit marshes, rugged creeks and lakes, particularly those that are in the midst of forest and mountain settings .\ndue to their pair habits these birds are a chinese symbol for partnership and the metaphor for two people in love in japanese culture is for them to be like mandarin ducks playing in the water .\nincluding a feral, free - flying population of 7, 000 birds in the uk, estimates put the total world - wide population of wild mandarin ducks today at around 80, 000 birds .\nthe mandarin duck’s natural haunts lie in broad - leaved, temperate forests of northeast asia. it typically lives along forest streams or pools lined with thick bankside vegetation (trees, shrubs or reeds). open ground and broad expanses of water are usually avoided, but small flocks do enter rice fields to feed after breeding. birds from the north of the range migrate south each year to spend the winter in the milder climate south of china’s yangtze river: as many as 300 - 400 pairs live in the wild in britain. escapees from collections have established a number of breeding areas; colonies exist in most counties of southeast england, as well as sites in norfolk, cheshire, gloucestershire and tayside. ideal home the mandarin duck favors woodland near water .\nthe female mandarin looks very different with feathers that are a mixture of pale colors and speckles of greys, browns, and whites. her coloring serves as important camoflage against predators during the mating season .\nnaturally red is the color of passion and love. that being said other colors can also be used. a pair of mandarin ducks no matter the color is naturally better than no ducks at all .\nweird things happen in nature. albinism and other color abnormalities are rather common. odd, often irregular white patches can be a sign of partial albinism. it can be hard to tell sometimes if a duck is a mutant or has domestic duck genes. it is always good to look at the shape and size of any suspect duck and see if it looks like the other, more normally plumaged ducks around it. third rule of thumb: if it looks the same as the others ducks around it in every way except color (even behavior), then it probably is a mutant. note also that mallards and muscovy ducks normally do not dive, so if your patched white duck is spending lots of time under water, it' s a mutant .\nthe favorable mandarin ducks are those carved in stone. if you seek only the best, you need to go hunting for ducks carved from a red colored stone such as jasper, cornelian or red coral .\nderstruction of habitat has had a severe impact on the oriental populations of mandarins. in 1911, the tung ling forest, a mandarin stronghold, was opened up for settlement and thereafter forests were cleared. by 1928 few sufficient breeding areas remained. the current asian population may be under 20, 000 birds. one factor that has helped the mandarin to survive is their bad taste. these ducks are not hunted for food .\nthanks would it be alright if i had a pair of mandarin, pair of carolina and a pair of call ducks in the same pen for the breeding season. also when usally do these breeds start laying ?\nthe name of each attraction is translated into chinese, and narration is in mandarin. props like the\nwanted\nposters decorating the queue for the\npirates\nride are presented in both chinese and english .\nduring courtship, the male wood duck swims in front of the female with its wings and tail elevated, and may also perform ritualised preening and shaking movements (4). the timing of the breeding season varies across the wood duck’s range, with southern populations starting to breed as early as january or february, while northern populations usually breed from march or april (2) (3) .\nfor' 鳳凰' (phoenix),' 鳳' is male' 鳳凰' and' 凰' is female' 鳳凰'.' 鳳' and' 凰' are both' 鳳凰'; for' 鴛鴦' (mandarin duck),' 鴛' is male' 鴛鴦' and' 鴦' is female' 鴛鴦'.' 鴛' and' 鴦' are both' 鴛鴦'\nmandarin ducks are known as one of the most beautiful and the most colorful birds. their plumage is combination of white, black, grey, creamy, orange and green colors. beak is red with white tip .\n‘mandarins’) of the imperial court. it symbolizes loyalty as the ducks mate for life and it is said that when one dies its mate will pine away and also die. often the mandarin drake is shown with a\nin traditional chinese culture, mandarin ducks represent a life - time couple, unlike many other species of ducks. hence they are frequently featured in chinese art and are regarded as a symbol of conjugal affection and fidelity .\nyour first choice is naturally your bedroom. placing mandarin ducks in your living room also works well. of course you would never consider placing these love birds in your bath room or utility room. love deserves respect .\nmealtimes for mandarin ducks generally occur either around daybreak or twilight. they generally scour for food either by walking over terra firma or by exploring the top of the water using their beaks. mandarin ducks also occasionally submerge their heads in h20 while on the quest for food. when they' re not looking for food in the middle of the day, they generally can be found resting up in trees, or perhaps even on the land .\nthe federal duck stamp program is one of the most successful and efficient habitat conservation efforts in the world. of every dollar spent on the stamps, $. 98 goes directly toward conservation, including purchasing and\nthe mandarin duck came to europe a great deal later than the carolina. it reached england, however, in the first half of the eighteenth century as sir matthew barker kept some at richmond from which edwards made his picture in 1745. nothing, however, was said about the species for many years to come, but no doubt specimens arrived early in the nineteenth century, as shaw stated they would not breed in captivity .\ncarboneras, c. & kirwan, g. m. (2018). mandarin duck (aix galericulata). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018) .\ntree house… old trees typically provide the preferred nesting cavities. the favorite nest site is a hole several feet above the ground. home - making… no nesting material is taken into the hole. the female uses her body to mold a depression in debris already there and lines it with feathers. egg factory laying at a rate of one per day, the female produces 9 - 12 eggs. once the last is laid, the female begins a four - week stint of incubation. flying the nest shortly after hatching, ducklings scramble to the light and launch themselves from the nest entrance under the watchful eye of mother. • the first captive si mandarin ducks were brought to britain as early as 1747. in 1971, the species was formally accepted on the list of britain’s wild birds. • a mandarin duck that escaped from london’s st. james’s park in 1930 turned up months later in hungary, 900 miles away. • in ancient china, the mandarin duck was a symbol of faithfulness, and newlyweds were presented with a pair of live ducks as a good luck token .\ntheir breeding grounds and appearance mandarin ducks breed in densely wooded areas near shallow lakes, marshes or ponds. they roost high in trees and nest in tree hollows found near bodies of water in eastern siberia in russia, china, and japan. during the winter, they migrate to southern china and japan. the male mandarin (also known as a ‘drake’ as all male ducks are called) like the one pictured here has very colorful markings .\nor a happy marriage? be honest with yourself when you choose feng shui cures for your home, because you are the one to benefit (or not) from your honesty and intelligent feng shui work. because feng shui is considered to have originated in china, most of the classical feng shui cures - - including the use of mandarin ducks - - have their roots in chinese folklore. if you grew up in china or japan, where the mandarin ducks are widespread - - you most probably have heard stories about the love and devotion of mandarin ducks. they mate for life and are considered loyal and devoted to their chosen partner. because in symbolic feng shui level one works with images and symbols to represent the desired energy, the mandarin ducks have become the perfect feng shui cure for love. that is, in chinese culture. does that mean you have to use it? if you like it, certainly go for it; if you do not feel the love attraction when you look at the mandarin ducks, rest assured there are hundreds of images out there that can speak to you of love and devotion .\ni have a mandarin and a carolina breeding pair together in the same pin. i was just wondering if left together for the breeding season will the cross breed if left together or will they pair off. thanks in advance .\nthe calls of the male wood duck include a thin, high, rising and falling whistle, and a ‘burp’ call made during courtship. the female produces a variety of calls, including a loud ‘ oo - eek, oo - eek ’ when disturbed or taking flight (2) (3) (4) (5). the wood duck’s wings make a whistling sound in flight (2) (3)." ]

{ "text": [ "the mandarin duck ( aix galericulata ) is a perching duck species found in east asia .", "it is medium-sized , at 41 – 49 cm ( 16 – 19 in ) long with a 65 – 75 cm ( 26 – 30 in ) wingspan .", "it is closely related to the north american wood duck , the only other member of the genus aix .", "aix is an ancient greek word used by aristotle to refer to an unknown diving bird , and galericulata is the latin for a wig , derived from galerum , a cap or bonnet . " ], "topic": [ 19, 0, 26, 25 ] }

[ "the mandarin duck (aix galericulata) is a perching duck species found in east asia. it is medium-sized, at 41 – 49 cm (16 – 19 in) long with a 65 – 75 cm (26 – 30 in) wingspan. it is closely related to the north american wood duck, the only other member of the genus aix. aix is an ancient greek word used by aristotle to refer to an unknown diving bird, and galericulata is the latin for a wig, derived from galerum, a cap or bonnet." ]

[ "wiki - commons: special: filepath / the _ merry _ monarch _ 1. jpg\nadd comment + no one has written a comment about klefry merry monarch. be the first\nwe will be on the big island during the merry monarch festival and are interested in going to it .\nwiki - commons: special: filepath / the _ merry _ monarch _ 1. jpg? width = 300\ninvestigate the reign of king charles 2nd; the merry monarch. investigate the great plague of london. examine the great fire of london .\nthe merry monarch is really for true hula enthusiasts. (not to offend if you are, but the luau comment had me thinking maybe not )\nthere has been much debate about how merry england’s merry monarch really was. jordan and walsh suggest that charles’s compulsive pleasure - seeking masked arrested development and that his behaviour contained fluctuating degrees of actual merriment. happily, their own buoyant account provokes a simpler response .\nthe merry monarch (gb) b. h, 1842 { 5 - a } dp = 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 (0) di = inf cd = inf\nmerry monarch (aus) b. h, 1843 { 3 - a } dp = 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 (0) di = inf cd = inf\nto order tickets for the merrie monarch festival hula competition please complete and mail in the ticket request form .\ncharles ii was the monarch of england, scotland and ireland during much of the latter half of the 17th century, marking the restoration era .\nfrom his first crop came future hall of fame member hanover and stakes winners hindoo rose and jim gore. he later sired preakness winner buddhist, latonia derby winner hindoocraft, alabama winner sallie mcclelland, hopeful winner merry monarch and dungarvan, winner of 51 races, among others .\nthe merry monarch (gb) b c 1842 (slane - the margravine, by little john). sire line eclipse. family 5 - a. bred by william gratwicke he won the derby stakes in 1845. he sired princess (bbr f 1849) the dam of the nasau stakes winner bertha (ch f 1859 stockwell) .\n‘the merry monarch' as he was later known, charles ii is famous for his decadent lifestyle and his many mistresses. interestingly he converted to roman catholicism on his deathbed, and although the catholic part of his reign lasted no more than a few moments, but he also firmly supported the succession of his catholic brother james .\nthe merrie monarch festival is a non - profit organization that honors the legacy of king david kalākaua, who inspired the perpetuation of our traditions, native language and arts .\nthe merry monarch is a name some people have given to the profligate charles, but at the end of his reign the man’s face tells another tale. the deeply indented lines of sadness, the wide, ugly mouth, the fixed expression of melancholy, speak for themselves. certainly charles knew how to be popular. but he had set up many useless men in power and he lived to regret it .\nthe audience fell in love with the rapidly changing definitions and developments. in 1979 the little gym no longer fit and the merrie monarch moved to the edith kanako' ole stadium. dance groups kept returning. the festival grew and grew. the next year television cameras arrived. the year after, and ever since, the merrie monarch has been receiving uninterrupted live coverage on state - wide television .\nyou can' t get merrie monarch tickets now unless someone is scalping them, which is very bad karma and something the festival really doesn' t want to occur .\nby this point, charles was cynical and self - indulgent, less skilled in governing than in surviving adversity. like his father, he believed he possessed the divine right to rule, but unlike charles i, he didn’t make it his priority. the royal court was notorious for its wine, women and song, and charles became known as the “merry monarch” for his indulgence in hedonistic pleasures .\nduring those early years of the merrie monarch festival, only women participated, and an audience of a hundred people, although pleasant in itself, still didn' t boost a suffering town. with the introduction of the kane (men' s) division in 1976, the merrie monarch took a new turn toward adventure, challenge and ever deeper pride in its infinite rich past .\nafter the death of elizabeth i of england, the last monarch from the house of tudor, the house of stuart took over the thrones of the kingdom of england and the kingdom of ireland, providing the head of all three states between 1603 and 1714, under a personal union .\ncontemporary or not, one thing remains. the merrie monarch festival has been and will always be carried by the gods and goddesses of old: laka, hopoe, hi' iaka, pele, and hina .\n05. 02 constitutional versus absolute monarchies: assessment monoarchy times the most memorable of peter the great’s accomplishments was the foundation of the city of st petersburg. but this is definitley not his most important accomplishment. under peter’s ruling, russia became the russian empire, and one of the most powerful states in europe with a modern, efficient military. why was peter called\npeter the great\n? charles was popularly known as the merry monarch. the impact of russian royalty and how their accomplishments changed peoples lives. russian royalty commonly referred to as the\nmerry monarch\n, charles ii was known for his lively and exuberant nature, which prevailed in his court as well. he was a patron of arts and science and founded the royal observatory. the period of rule of charles ii, is known as the restoration period. which means, he returned it to its former conditions. where as, peter the great added constant power and growth to russia. they both founded incredibly important foundations throughout their rulings. cited sources: urltoken urltoken\nthe first merrie monarch was celebrated in hilo in april 1964. the program consisted of barbershop quartets, street dancing, fire works and coronation pageants. the revenue it brought, however, couldn' t save hilo. the festival was doomed again .\nalso, the merrie monarch is far more than a competition. still today it remains the heartbeat of the hawaiian people. dancing the hula demands dedication and surrender to the cosmic forces of creation. it' s devotional. dancers know that wrong motivation can anger the gods. they know that they are messengers of a language older than time. and so, each halau starts the merrie monarch with purification rituals, a pilgrimage to a sacred pond, or to the home of pele, in kilauea crater .\ndriven into exile on the continent after the execution of his father at the end of the english civil war, charles ii is a romantic figure, famed for his lively, hedonistic court and his womanising. once he lost the battle of worcester to oliver cromwell, he was on the run and was forced to hide several times as he made his way to the south coast and safety. he was eventually restored to the throne after nine years in exile, during which time england had been a commonwealth. known as the' merry monarch', charles' reign was still marred by events such as the great plague and the great fire of london, religious strife and doubt over the succession .\non this day in 1936, edward viii became first monarch to abdicate the throne after he insisted on marrying a twice - divorced american socialite. he had ruled for less than a year; the next day, his younger brother was proclaimed king george vi .\nlot 37 from copper lodge stud is an imperial monarch colt out of a half - sister to last season’s grand national winner many clouds, the stud also offer lot 228, a mahler colt from the family of grade 1 winners native upmanship, oscar rock and gilgamboa .\nthis yearʻs kamehameha high school merrie monarch student video production walks us through the significant events in queen kaʻahumanuʻs life. the story takes us to a period in hawaiian history where major social and political changes occurred. during this time two historical events transpired that defined queen kaʻahumanuʻs life .\nand so, in 1971, the first competitive merrie monarch competition took place in a tiny gymnasium, the hilo civic auditorium. nine halaus participated. these nine hula halaus made history and for any of them to return, gives them an immediate place of honor and respect .\nthe merry monarch (1842), was bred by william gratwicke, whose stud farm was at ham manor, angmering, in sussex, from his home - bred mare, the margravine, by little john, a sister to frederick, who had won the 1829 epsom derby for gratwicke. he was stabled at the duke of richmond' s goodwood stables, gratwicke and richmond long - time neighbors, and trained by the aging john forth, who had trained and ridden frederick. but gratwicke, believing his horses were being slighted, eventually, upon the urging of admiral rous, moved his racing stable to newmarket. his filly governess would win the one thousand guineas and the oaks in 1858 .\nthere is also a champion hurdle winner in the pedigree in lot 226, mill race stables’ daughter of jeremy. she is out of wigwambrave (lord americo), a half - sister to the 15 - time winner (10 at grade 1 level) and champion hurdle star, brave inca. it is also the family of the tullow tank, merry gale and racing demon .\nthe last years of charles' reign were marked by the outbreak of the english civil war, which saw britain being torn apart as the king’s cavalier supporters took on the might of oliver cromwell and his parliamentarian new model army. the war ended with charles being publicly executed for high treason, the monarchy being overthrown, and a commonwealth established. it was the only time since 1066 that the united kingdom had no monarch .\nsixty years after queen ka' ahumanu, king kamehameha' s wife, had forbidden the dance in the name of christian values, kalakaua gave hula back its glorious crown. he became known as the merrie monarch. under his reign, hawaiian traditions revived and took on a new life. ancient sports were once again celebrated and the hula was reborn .\nwhen james ii' s daughter mary and her husband william of orange accepted the joint crown they were read the declaration of rights, which designated the succession was to go to their children, then those of her sister anne. it declared that no catholic could become sovereign and that no monarch could keep a standing army during peacetime except with the consent of parliament .\nanne was the last monarch of the house of stuart. as both anne and her sister mary had failed to produce a child who could live into adulthood, there was a succession crisis, in which the roman catholic james francis edward, son of james ii, attempted to claim the crown. the upshot of this jacobite rebellion led to the passing of the act of settlement, uniting english and scottish parliament and further cementing the rule that only protestants could hold the throne .\ntradition has not been lost and dances forward in time. the mele has passed from mother to daughter, father to son, teacher to student, and now will continue its living legace of the past. the merrie monarch festival, celebrating its 34th year, draws an increasingly diverse and enthusiastic crowd from all continents and countries. hilo can breathe with relief. this year some of the greatest halaus will return. what started as a small gymnasium show, has grown into a spectacle of daring aventure, agaility, suppleness, and the masterful beauty of what mele, body, training and devotion can do. the meles of the merrie monarch give us a change to feel the ultimate expression of life, when lived in balance with creation. the festival this year will take place from march 30 through april 5 .\nthe second surviving son of king charles i and henrietta maria of france, james was the last roman catholic monarch over scotland, england and ireland. due to his religious disposition some of his subjects distrusted his policies, leading a group of protestant dissidents led by his son - in - law william of orange to depose him after only three years in what is known as the ‘glorious revolution’ .\nmost people have an image of an england after 1660 reacting against the austerities of puritan rule, presided over by a ‘merry monarch’ (albeit one leaning towards the debauched) determined never to go on his travels again but who at the same time was going to enjoy himself after his years in exile. the view of charles ii as a fun - loving, likeable person – the kind you would like to have round for dinner parties – has proved remarkably resilient, fostered in particular by popular historical biographies that have often succeeded in capturing the public’s imagination. one described charles as ‘one of england’s wittiest, most intelligent, subtle and likeable kings, whose main weakness, though perhaps a charming one, was his interest in the fair sex’. for antonia fraser, arguably britain’s best popular historian, he was ‘witty and kind, grateful, generous, tolerant, and essentially lovable’, and was thus at his death ‘rightly mourned by his people’ .\nthe proclamation of james’ kingship broke precedent because it was issued not by elizabeth, but by an appointed council of accession. however, although james was a successful monarch in scotland, the same was not true in england. he was unable to deal with a hostile parliament, while his mismanagement of the kingdom' s funds and extreme protestant background led to many enemies; it was james who was the target of guy fawkes and the gunpowder plot to blow up parliament in 1605 .\nhula is the language of the heart. therefore the heartbeat of the hawaiian people .\n— kalākaua rex\nthe epsom derby is the race to win, coveted and feted around the world; it is the route to instant stardom for the winning horse and the strongest support in the stallion barns thereafter .\nalthough most people were pleased to have charles back, they did not want to go back to the days before 1647 when their monarch had tried to establish absolute power. charles realised this and allowed parliament to decide who should be punished for rebelling against his father and, more importantly, how the country' s finances should be organised. in return for a million pounds a year as personal income, charles gave up to parliament all claims to taxation .\nin the race charlottown was towards the rear of the field in the early stages before breasley began to make progress along the rails. in the straight he moved through a gap on the inside to challenge for the lead inside the final furlong. he won the race by a neck from pretendre, with the two colts finishing five lengths clear of the rest of the field. he became the first lewes - trained horse to win the derby since waxy in 1793 .\nany conversation about the greatest racehorses of the 19th century has to begin with the mighty hindoo .\nthe king’s bed reminded me of the ladybird history books of my childhood, biography in bite - size chunks, centred on suitably memorable happenings or themes, the events of the past pithily retold and pared down to externals. but while the ladybird books were at pains to offer their young readers a wide - ranging (albeit short) overview of their subjects, jordan and walsh maintain a single focus: charles’s sex life. their premise is straightforward. sex for charles was an obsession and a distraction. it shaped court culture and aspects of the life of the nation; it certainly affected his performance as monarch (no pun intended) and the politics of his reign .\ngerald ford became the 38th president of the united states following richard nixon' s resignation, in the aftermath of the watergate scandal .\nms. abercrombie’s dedication to her horses has been justly rewarded. pin oak’s laugh and be merry earned the eclipse award as champion turf female and future stallion sky classic garnered the eclipse award as champion turf horse. other champions were peaks and valleys, who earned canada’s sovereign award as horse of the year and champion 3 - year - old colt, and hasten to add collected the sovereign as champion grass horse. over the years, ms. abercrombie and pin oak stud have been honored by its peers with several prominent awards – in 1995 as the national thoroughbred breeder of the year by the thoroughbred owners and breeders association (toba); in 2005 she received the hardboot award presented by the kentucky thoroughbred association / kentucky thoroughbred owners and breeders (kta / ktob), and in 2012 she was again honored, this time with the william t. young humanitarian award, also presented by kta / ktob .\nwas held on 30 may with 11 horses lining up for the start. the race favorite was the\nthe race remains the pinnacle of any racehorse’s career and is britain’s richest horse race, and the most prestigious of the five classics. it is sometimes referred to as the “blue riband” of the turf .\ninvestigate the decline of manufacturing in the uk and the rise of secondary employment in middle income countries .\ninvestigate women' s suffrage. examine the suffragists and suffragettes. evaluate the role of the pankhursts .\nthe lack of a testing gallop meant that almost all of the runners were still in contention turning into the straight and the race devolved into a sprint over the last quarter mile. spaniel produced the best acceleration to take the lead in the closing stages and win quite easily\nat the craven meeting, assassin received a forfeiture from the colt ascot. at the newmarket spring meeting, assassin received another forfeiture from the\ndiscover the uk through the eyes and words of some the world' s greatest novelists, ...\ninvestigate the english civil war. examine the role of cavaliers and roundheads. evaluate the battle of naseby .\nto attract more tourists, helen hale, chairperson of hawaii county, agreed to give her support to an inspiration of kumu hula (hula master) george na' ope and gene wilhelm. the year was 1963. a\nmerrie monarch festival\n, they felt, would draw a fresh crowd to their town. after all, tourists heading for oahu adored the smiling aloha girls when their cruise ships reached the honolulu ports .\nwhen a girl says' a - lo - ha' you say back aloha ,\nthe visitors were taught, and they loved that sentence all the way. hilo wanted to elaborate on this hawaiian welcome .\n, young eclipse lost the ladies' purse to the colt petrarch who won three heats in the race after young eclipse won the first heat .\nroyal palace revived the fortunes of the joel family in the race some 46 years after humorist, having already won the 2, 000 guineas .\nout of egremont' s unnamed canopus mare. in addition to the two derby winners, the canopus mare also produced fanchon, the dam of the\n). according to one version of the story, the deal was done over the dinner table. lowther had the colt trained by joe rogers .\nthe first four runnings of the derby took place over a mile before the race was extended to a mile and a half in 1784 and the distance has remained the same ever since .\ninvestigate the great stink - the consequences of industrialisation to public health. evaluate key people of the industrial age .\nat the next newmarket meeting on 13 may, sir thomas started the 6 / 4 favourite for the jockey club plate over the round course. he finished third of the six runners behind the duke of bedford' s cardock .\ncharlottown was named british horse of the year by the racecourse association in 1966, gaining 176 of the 240 votes .\n( england, the dutch united provinces, sweden) of 1668. by the terms of the so - called secret\nhula is the language of the heart, and therefore the heartbeat of the hawaiian people .\ndavid kalakaua, king of hawaii, 1874 to 1891 .\nact 3: the corridor of the elephants in king anso' s palace .\nsuch was the carnival scene in that momentous month of may in the year 1660 when england recalled her exiled king, charles the second, to reign again after the death of oliver cromwell and the failure of the commonwealth he had established .\nand left him deeply embittered. the scottish army was routed by the english under\nthe relentless pursuit of assembling a top - notch broodmare band continues daily and has resulted in numerous quality runners since its inception. to date, over 100 stakes winners have been produced or campaigned by pin oak, including multiple champion - siring broken vow, a homebred g2 stakes winner who anchors the stallion roster. other grade 1 stakes winners besides the afore mentioned sky classic, peaks and valleys and laugh and be merry include missed the storm, confessional, see how she runs and changeintheweather. additional top performers from the pin oak program include such graded stakes - winning $ 500, 000 - plus earners as current pin oak stallion alternation, bedanken, brownie points (dam of 2018 multiple graded stakes - winning homebred synchrony), cryptograph, euphony, gold metal dancer, and overheard, plus $ 500, 000 - plus earner alternate (dam of alternation) .\nfootnote: as far as the open door team can ascertain the images shown on this page are in the public domain .\ninvestigate how the earth' s population is predicted to change in the future. assess the implications of these predicted changes .\nthe february national hunt sale catalogue is available on the tattersalls ireland website or by contacting the tattersalls ireland office at fairyhouse .\n( 1660–85), who was restored to the throne after years of exile during the puritan commonwealth. the years of his reign are known in english history as the\nfrom thirteen opponents. after this win spaniel appeared in the betting lists for the epsom derby, but was not considered one of the leading contenders. on may 17, two days before the derby he started at odds of 1 / 4 in the shirley stakes on the first day of the\na fascinating collection of tours celebrating the rich history and heritage of the ...\nact 2: the hall of the statues, in king anso' s palace .\nthis was an age of plot and counter - plot. some of the whigs formed a conspiracy called the rye - house plot to shoot the king and his brother james and put the king’s illegitimate son, the duke of monmouth, on the throne. the plot was discovered and monmouth fled to holland; we shall hear more of him in the story of the next reign .\n, who became one of the most influential stallions of the 20th century. cameronian was the third of seven derby winners trained by\nto the colt tyrant and was considered\nthe best horse of his year .\nat the end of the 1817 racing season in an attempt to improve his behavior, but he died shortly after the procedure .\nthe starting point of the race was moved twice during the 19th century. the first move, suggested by lord george bentinck, was in 1848, and the second was in 1872. it was discovered in 1991 that the exact length of the race was one mile, four furlongs and 10 yards .\nfor the august meeting where he\nbroke down\nwhile running for the king' s purse against the horses recovery and monk .\nreference point was voted 1987 british horse of the year by the racecourse association, attracting twelve of the twenty votes. [ 16 ]\nthe tower of london with its white tower and the famous ravens which charles wanted protected .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\nknow about the size and growth of the earth' s population, past and present .\nthe minstrel raced in the colours of the latest major owner in the sport robert sangster – and sangster went close the following year when american rider willie shoemaker was just denied victory on hawaiian sound by greville starkey and shirley heights .\nthe 2011 renewal gave the public genuine hope of a royal winner as the queen’s carlton house had won the previous month’s dante stakes and was a warm order for the classic. however the race announced the arrival of an exciting young riding talent as mickael barzalona rode pour moi for the outstanding french trainer andre fabre who had never won the derby. the cool 19 year old jockey settled the horse in last place and still had many lengths to make up at the furlong pole but was delivered with real confidence and stormed past his rivals, with his jockey standing up and celebrating in the saddle as the partnership passed the post just a head in front of subsequent irish derby winner treasure beach .\ncameronian prevailed by three quarters of a length. sandwich, who had been badly drawn and been hampered during the race finished strongly to take third. the win for the favourite was extremely popular with the public, though not with the bookmakers, several of whom\nwelshed\n( failed to pay out winning bets) on the race. at the victory celebration, dewar, who described himself as\nthe most delighted man in the world\n, decorated the\nraced on the unique contours of epsom downs, the investec derby stakes is of course a group 1 contest and forms the second leg of the colt’s triple crown, although the mile and a half contest is also open to fillies .\nthe irish challenge was particularly strong in 2008 when the top class juvenile new approach atoned for two narrow guineas misses with a late burst of speed against the running rails to land the derby. the colt was a late confirmation for the race but under trainer jim bolger’s expert care he would land the irish champion stakes and then memorably the champion stakes by a scintillating 8 lengths .\nin 1930 blenheim ushered in a glorious era for the derby. the mighty hyperion won the race in 1933 and was followed by windsor lad, bahram and mahmoud in an era when the crowds flocked to epsom downs in vast swathes to have their fortunes told in the centre of the track or to listen to the exclamations of prince monolulu as he shouted “i gotta horse! ” the decade ended with blue peter adding the epsom derby to his 2, 000 guineas success however the onset of war prevented him from an attempt at the triple crown in the st leger .\nworcester, where charles' army was defeated by cromwell, to see his headquarters, the civil war centre, the battlefield and the cathedral .\non his final start he recorded his most important victory since the derby by beating the three - year - old dastur in the champion stakes .\nempery and lester piggott triumphed in 1976 and then the flashy chestnut with unfashionable white socks called the minstrel, confounded the critics and delivered piggott’s eighth win in the race and dr o’brien’s fifth .\nthe 20 th century closed with oath winning a fourth derby for sir henry cecil and a first for the leading jockey of the time kieren fallon. oath was subsequently injured but tasted epsom success at the expense of the outstanding dubai millennium .\nexamine how jobs can be classified and know the past and current employment structure of the uk .\nwrite a diary account at the time of either the great plague or great fire of london .\ninvestigate reasons for the abolition of slavery. evaluate key figures working for the abolition of slavery .\nthat 1980 renewal had delivered a tight finish but the exact opposite demonstrated the sheer brilliance of the extraordinary 1981 derby here shergar. ridden by 19 year old walter swinburn, the colt took the lead early in the home straight and pulled further and further clear of his rivals, eventually easing down and still winning by a record 10 lengths. he was equally impressive in the irish derby before beating the older horses in the king george .\nthe dutch war was humiliating for england. the enemy sailed up the river medway and burned chatham dockyard and the ships in it. parliament furiously laid the blame at clarendon’s door and charles, who was always ready to let someone else take the blame, light - heartedly agreed to his banishment .\nthe first of these was probably the result of a match race against aurelius which took place at the houghton meeting in late october or early november .\nthe derby originated at a celebration following the first running of the oaks stakes in 1779. a new race was planned, and it was decided that it should be named after either the host of the party, the 12th earl of derby, or one of his guests, sir charles bunbury .\na year later there was another big name from the post - war years, as young pat eddery rode grundy to success in 1975. the colt would later win the ultimate battle with bustino in the king george vi & queen elizabeth diamond stakes that was simply labelled “the race of the century” .\nhe broke quickly and was then steadied to track the leaders in the early stages before moving into the lead as the field entered the straight. orpen emerged as his main challenger, moving alongside cameronian two furlongs out but after a\nterrific struggle\ndespite world war ii, some outstanding horses won the derby including dante, the last northern trained winner of the race, in 1945. nimbus was another to pull off the guineas / derby double but was then injured and missed the st leger .\nbut with the king' s death, hula, that indigenous expression of a whole culture, in dance and story telling, became once again a rare event. some might even have wondered if the chants, the movements, the tradition, were lost all together. the missionaries, it seemed, had finally won. the overtly sensual movements, the scarcely clad men and women had been a disgrace to the education the church so desperately taught .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 9 / 19 / 2016. the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 7 / 2016. the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 9 / 2016. the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 10 / 29 / 2016. the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 10 / 27 / 2016. the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nthe duke of york reportedly won several thousand pounds by betting on prince leopold to win the derby .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 10 / 12 / 2016. the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\ncharles ii entering london after the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, undated hand - coloured print .\ntulyar was a famous winner in 1952 and the following year the legendary jockey sir gordon richards finally won the derby at the 28 th attempt, having announced 1953 would be his final season riding. he famously beat the queen’s runner aureole in coronation year !\nat the end of the 1966 season, towser gosden was forced to retire for health reasons and the training of charlottown was taken over by gordon smyth .\nbut 1965 saw the arrival at epsom of one of the all - time greats in the shape of sea bird ii, who won the race on the bridle from a future irish derby winner in meadowcourt and went on to win one of the greatest arc de triomphe fields ever assembled with a staggering performance .\nbut there were plenty of other troubles. england was soon at war with holland, and at the same time london was riddled with the great plague that decimated its inhabitants and drove charles to the country. in the following year the great fire ravaged the city. this time the king stayed at home and distinguished himself as a superintendent of fire fighting operations, which cheered up the disconsolate londoners a great deal .\nten days later, crickmore handed hindoo another defeat in the brighton beach purse. hindoo conceded weight both times, but it was clear the weight of the campaign was more of a factor than the weight on hindoo’s back. the dwyers finally gave their great champion a break and put him away for the year .\nas the titus oates case inflamed passions all over the land charles weakly sailed with the stream and permitted his name to be used to sanction trials and executions from which both his judgment and conscience revolted. religious persecution fever spread to the commons, who passed an exclusion bill to exclude the duke of york from the throne at charles’s death. the bill was rejected by the lords and fiercely attacked by the king – but it had a fascinating affect on england’s future politics. those who opposed the duke of york were called whigs and those who supported his claim to the succession were called tories. it was from these beginnings that the powerful political parties of the next two centuries developed .\nfrom riddlesworth, who appeared to be disadvantaged by the exaggerated waiting tactics employed by his jockey, george edwards. the winner' s name and odds caused the\nsir thomas' s final appearance came on 10 may when he ran in a 50 guinea sweepstakes\nfrom the end of the rowley mile to the end of the beacon corse\n. he finished fourth of the five runners behind mr dawson' s horse coriander .\n. he ran poorly, finishing sixth of the eight runners behind taneb. charlottown never ran again and was retired to stud at the end of the season .\non 17 october at the second october meeting, prince leopold was fourth in the second class of the october oatlands stakes where the winner was his sire' s five - year - old full - brother wanderer .\nexamine the economic and political history of china and assess how it has influenced the current geography of china .\nthe unconditional nature of the settlement that took shape between 1660 and 1662 owed little to charles’s intervention and must have exceeded his expectations. he was bound by the\nup to a few years ago, the auana division, on the other hand, showed more of the stereotypes of the modern life. the women were dressed in flowing, shimmering gowns, or even in almost nun - like dark - blue dresses collared up to the neck. the men often wore aloha shirt and slacks. it was as if the auana dance, to please the tourist, had to be sweet and charming, at all times. the songs were courteous and gentlemanly, more melodious than their kahiko counter part .\na year later came another exceptional winner as the oh so smooth sea the stars lead an irish invasion to epsom downs. in the derby aidan o’brien tested the 2, 000 guineas winner with his unbeaten colt fame and glory and the highly - touted rip van winkle but the result was still the same as sea the stars continued on his inexorable progress that would see him also land the eclipse stakes, juddmonte international stakes, irish champion stakes and arc de triomphe in an outstanding career .\ndeclared to win\nwith his other runner, an outsider named blunder, riddlesworth was the subject of extremely heavy wagering and started at odds of 4 / 6, making him one of the shortest priced favourites in the history of the race up to that time. spaniel, despite being the smallest horse in the race ,\nlooked very impressive in the paddock before the race and when cantering to the start he moved exceptionally well\nas though... he trod on air\n,\nthe prime warden (gb) b c 1834 (cadland - zarina, by morisco). sire line beningbrough. family 17. in england he got the yorkshire oaks winner the argosy (b f 1841) along with the dam of the manchester and chester cups winner ben webster (b c 1857 barnton), she also the dam of the manchester and goodwood cups winner isoline (ch f 1860 ethelbert), the latter the grandam of the great isonomy (b c 1875 sterling). he was sent to france in 1847 where he sired the prix de diane winner geologie (b f 1856) as well as the dam of the grand prix de paris winner glaneur (b c 1866 buckthorn) and the very good racehorse light (b c 1856) .\ntwo day later sir thomas was one of five runners for the claret stakes over the beacon course. he finished second to the duke of bedford' s grey diomed, the odds on favourite, with aurelius finishing last .\nst paddy heralded the arrival of the 1960s and gave piggott his third win in the race. two years later larkspur gave dr vincent o’brien the first of his six wins in the derby, albeit in sad circumstances. there was a pile - up that year which saw seven horses fall or brought down, including the favourite hethersett .\nin 2005 the power of syndicate ownership came to the fore at epsom when the michael bell trained motivator romped to an impressive success giving johnny murtagh a third derby winner .\nspaniel did not run again for more than four months before starting favourite for the trial stakes at newmarket on 3 october. he led for much of the way but was overtaken in the closing stages and finished second to the filly\non his first start as a five - year - old, spaniel broke down injured in the first heat of the canterbury stakes on 31 august. he did not recover from the injury, and died later in the year .\nof 1660 and 1663, which had been prompted by the threat to british shipping of the rise of the dutch carrying trade, were valuable extensions of cromwellian policies, and the capture of new york in 1664 was one of his few gains from the dutch. but although marriage to princess\ncharlottown had a successful first season, being unbeaten in three starts. he won the solario stakes at sandown by eight lengths, the blackwood stakes and the horris hill stakes at newbury. in the free handicap, an end of year ranking of the best two - year - olds he was rated five pounds below the top weight young emperor .\nto streamline the events different categories had to be defined. as it is today the kane (men) and the wahine (women) now must dance once in kahiko, the style of the ancients, rooted in tradition, in a culture of survival and the laws of the gods and kapus (taboos). and once they must dance auana, that what ever changes and adapts to its times .\n, sir thomas started the 5 / 6 favourite in a field of 11 runners for the derby with lord grosvenor' s colt aurelius the second favourite at 5 / 2 .\nthree days later he ran in a subscription race over the round course which he won by beating the favourite cardock .\nyoung eclipse was third in a 60 - guinea purse race, losing to the filly dido and the colt flamer .\nyoung eclipse was third in a £50 race at the first spring meeting in newmarket to the colts mercury and signor .\nlegend has it that a coin toss decided the outcome and hence the derby takes place at epsom downs, while the bunbury cup is run on newmarket’s july course every july .\nthe crowning of king charles ii, frontispiece from history of the royal society of london by thomas sprat, 1667 .\nhowever, from the start of the 20 th century derby day was set in stone as the first wednesday in june, apart from: 1915 to 1918, (during the first world war) when it was on a tuesday; during the second world war, from 1942 until 1945 the race was run on a saturday as it was in the post war years of 1947 to 1950 and again in 1953 .\nthe result is a book of enjoyable self - indulgence of the sort usually termed ‘history without the boring bits’. as history it’s a virtual non - starter, as shameless in its shallowness as any of the sleepy - eyed strumpets who occupied, however fleetingly, the bed of the title; as a story, it’s a snappy paean to bad behaviour .\ntomboy (gb) b c 1829 (jerry - mare, by ardrossan). sire line matchem. family 8. a winner of twelve races including the doncaster cup in 1834 he sired the st leger winner nutwith (b c 1840), the manchester cup winner trueboy (br c 1840), the woodcote stakes winner gipsy queen (b f 1840), the champagne stakes winner lancashire witch (ch f 1842), the unnamed mare (br f 1838) who was the dam of the gimcrack, great yorkshire, and park hill stakes winner ellerdale (br f 1844 lanercost), the latter the dam of the derby winner ellington (br c 1853 the flying dutchman) and the oaks winner summerside (br f 1859 west australian), and priscilla tomboy (br f 1839) the dam of the st leger winner saucebox (b c 1852 st. lawrence) .\nthe provost (gb) br c 1836 (the saddler - rebecca, by lottery). sire line pot8os. family 4 - b. he sired the manchester cup winner paquetta (bl f 1848), the german - bred cambridgeshire winner scherz (b c 1851), hybla (b f 1846) the dam of the oaks winner mincemeat (b f 1851 sweetmeat) and the derby winner kettledrum (ch c 1858 rataplan), and maid of hart (br f 1846) the dam of the prix de diane winner etoile du nord (b f 1855 the baron) and the manchester cup winner monseignor (ch c 1867 orphelin) .\nlouis xvi was the last king of france (1774–92) in the line of bourbon monarchs preceding the french revolution of 1789. he was executed for treason by guillotine in 1793 .\nhindoo returned to saratoga that summer and quickly made amends for his defeats at the spa the previous year with four scintillating victories, including the 1 3 / 4 - mile travers, a race in which he was excluded from the auction pools. he added a win in the sequel stakes and victories over crickmore in the united states hotel stakes and kenner stakes .\nthe cure (gb) b c 1841 (physician - morsel, by mulatto). sire line king fergus. family 6 - a. owned by g salvin he won the champagne stakes in 1843. he sired the ebor handicap winner el hakim (b c 1854), the grand national steeple chase winner jealousy (b f 1854), the ebor handicap and manchester cup winner underhand (b c 1854), the ascot gold vase winner sedbury (b c 1855), the manchester cup winner little agnes (b f 1856), the july stakes winner dictator (b c 1858), the dam of the middle park stakes winner surinam (br c 1870 macaroni) and the dam of the two thousand guineas winner the wizard (b c 1857 west australian) .\nto comment that the heavy gamblers had been bitten by the\nlittle dog\nwho had\nrun like mad\n.\nthe ballydoyle maestro broke new ground in 2014 when australia beat kingston hill to make him the only trainer to win the derby in three successive years. once again, galileo proved the winning sire, while oak winner ouija board was his dam .\nby sept. 1, 1881, hindoo had won 18 consecutive races and was the undisputed best horse in the land .\ncameronian (1928–1955) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire. he won the 2000 guineas stakes and the derby in 1931 but finished unplaced in the st. leger in his attempt to win the english triple crown. he returned as a four - year - old to win the champion stakes in 1932 .\nfrom the coast of kent to the capital, bells pealed, flowers were strewn on the muddied road, girls wore their gayest dresses, music played, and fountains ran with wine .\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation, google, and apple. you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nquest for fame landed the 1990 renewal, beating blue stag on a rainy afternoon and then in 1991 generous began a glorious summer with a 5 length success over marju. he would dominate the summer months, beating suave dancer the french derby winner in the irish equivalent before turning the king george into a procession. suave dancer would get his revenge in the arc however .\nat the bottom of the article, feel free to list any sources that support your changes, so that we can fully understand their context. (internet urls are the best. )" ]

{ "text": [ "the merry monarch ( 1842 – after 1859 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire .", "in a career that lasted from july 1844 to may 1846 he ran four times and won only one race .", "that race , however , was the 1845 epsom derby , in which he recorded an unexpected victory .", "after one race in 1846 he was retired to stud where he made no impression as a sire . " ], "topic": [ 22, 14, 14, 7 ] }

[ "the merry monarch (1842 – after 1859) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire. in a career that lasted from july 1844 to may 1846 he ran four times and won only one race. that race, however, was the 1845 epsom derby, in which he recorded an unexpected victory. after one race in 1846 he was retired to stud where he made no impression as a sire." ]

[ "the scientific name of merulina coral is merulina species. a commonly occurring variety of merulina coral is merulina ampliata .\nit is probable that merulina was named after the coral genus merulina, which has three species of coral .\nmerulina coral belongs to the kingdom animalia, phylum cnidaria, class anthozoa, family merulinidae and genus merulina .\nmerulina coral is also commonly called as ruffled coral, lettuce coral, merulina cup coral, ridge coral and cabbage coral .\nsee talk: merulina ampliata for individual experiences with this species, merulina ampliata. feel free to add your own personal experiences .\nmerulina ampliata. great barrier reef, australia. showing a common colony structure .\nmerulina scheeri. red sea. surface detail of a plate. charlie veron .\nmerulina coral originates in the indian ocean, pacific ocean and the red sea .\nthe merulina species is nocturnal in habit and therefore, spreads itself at night .\nadd calcium, strontium and trace elements as dietary supplements for the merulina species .\nmerulina ampliata. philippines. common colour of plate - like colony. charlie veron .\nmerulina ampliata. indonesia. variation in the structure of contorted upgrowths. charlie veron .\nmerulina scheeri. red sea. a well developed colony. mary stafford - smith .\nmerulina scheeri. red sea. a colony composed of flat plates. charlie veron .\nthe merulina is a gorgeous ruffled coral with bright contrasting colors and a peaceful demeanor .\nmerulina ampliata on the iucn red list of threatened species website: technical fact sheet .\nthe merulina species is a hard coral of small polyp stony (sps) type .\nmerulina coral is flat and is shaped like a fan, plate or irregular lobes .\nmerulina ampliata. red sea. colonies composed of mixed plates and branches. charlie veron .\nmerulina scheeri. red sea. a colony composed primarily of irregular upgrowths. charlie veron .\nthe merulina species has sweeper tentacles that measure around six to eight inches when spread fully .\ngive ample space to merulina coral so that it can expand itself fully without any obstruction. keep the other corals away from the merulina species as it may sting them upon contact .\nmerulina ampliata. papua new guinea. colonies composed of mixed plates and branches. charlie veron .\nmerulina ampliata. great barrier reef, australia. an encrusting colony. mary stafford - smith .\nthe covering over the skeleton of merulina coral is quite transparent and the skeletal framework is visible .\nthe merulina species is very difficult to maintain as the coral cannot stand variations in its environment .\nmetal halide lighting or actinic lighting in blue shade are recommended for your marine aquarium hosting merulina coral .\nthe color of the merulina species may vary according to the intensity of light it is exposed to .\nmerulina ampliata. great barrier reef, australia. common colour of plate - like colony. ed lovell .\nmerulina ampliata. great barrier reef, australia. variation in the structure of contorted upgrowths. charlie veron .\nthe merulina species is carnivorous in feeding habit and filter feeds at least twice per week, when open .\nkeep the other corals away from merulina coral because it may sting them if they happen to touch it .\nmerulina ampliata. great barrier reef, australia. detail of a plate edge and contorted upgrowth. charlie veron .\ngenus is known for are ruffled coral, lettuce coral, ridge coral, merulina coral, and cabbage coral .\nmerulina ampliata on corals of the world online on the australian institute of marine science website: technical fact sheet .\nmerulina on reef corals of the indo - malayan seas, the marine species identification portal: technical fact sheet .\nwater flow in the aquarium: merulina coral needs intermittent, strong water movement in the marine aquarium hosting it .\nmerulina is a godlike creature, or possibly actually a god, in the history and lore of city of heroes .\nthe merulina species is found on lagoons or on the shady regions of reefs in the marine water body it abodes .\nthe surface of the merulina species has valleys originating at the center and lasting all the way up to the edge .\nthis coral is one that makes green goniopora look easy. the merulina coral is definitely on the advanced aquarist only list .\nhowever, it is further revealed that immense power, of the type merulina wielded, is never lost - only transferred. when\nmerulina coral derives its nutrition mainly through photosynthesis, which is performed by zooxanthellae, a photosynthetic alga living symbiotically within the coral .\nmerulina ampliata. houtman abrolhos islands, south - western australia. colonies sometimes consist of tiers or whorls of laminae. ed lovell .\nthe merulina species occurs in brown, tan, gold, neon green, blue, grey, green, purple and pink colors .\n, the power of merulina was what truly created and empowered the massive beast (although calystix did not know the true source of its power) .\nmerulina are not aggressive corals, nor do they posses strong defenses. because of this, they must be placed away from any aggressive or defensive coral. the\nall of the merulina growth forms can be altered by the environment they are found in. they can grow over 3 feet (100 cm), but it is unknown how long they live .\n' s story arc that merulina' s silence is due to her death. intrigued by an object crash landing on the mainland, she decided to investigate. she was overcome by a mysterious shadowy figure, and died .\n( of merulina speciosa dana, 1846) horn h. (1861). description of new corals in the museum of the academy. proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia. 1860: 435. [ details ]\ngenus was described by ehrenberg in 1834. some of the common names this genus are known for are ruffle coral, lettuce coral, ridge coral, merulina coral, and cabbage coral. they have not been successfully propagated in captivity .\nis a beautiful and attractively colored coral which enhances the visual appeal of your marine aquarium considerably. its difficult maintenance, however, requires the introduction of merulina coral into a mature reef and the coral should be handled by an experienced aquarist only .\nonly an expert aquarist should attempt to keep this coral, it is not recommended for beginners. although difficult to care for the merulina species are some of the most beautiful corals, coming in blue, red, purple, green and pink. the\n( of merulina amplita (ellis & solander, 1786) ) shirai, s. (1977). ecological encyclopedia of the marine animals of the ryukyu islands in colour. shinsei - tosho, okinawa, okinawa. 636: pp. [ details ]\nbest, m. b. & b. w. hoeksema, 1991. new observations on scleractinian corals from indonesia: 3. species belonging to the merulinidae with new records of merulina and boninastrea. zoologische mededelingen, leiden 65: 333 - 342 .\nare you into rare corals but also like preserving life in the ocean? the merulina coral, also known as lettuce, cabbage, ridge, or ruffled coral, may just be your ticket to preservation! some species of merulina coral fall within the marine protected areas. growing these corals in captivity to study is the only way we can help them stay on our planet and not get lost in the reef. if you have a knack for sps and want to do your part for science you will love this coral .\nbest, m. b. ; suharsono. (1991). new observations on scleractinian corals from indonesia: 3. species belonging to the merulinidae with new records of merulina and boninastrea. zoologische mededelingen, leiden. 65: 333 - 342. [ details ]\n( of merulina amplita (ellis & solander, 1786) ) shirai, s. (1980). ecological encyclopedia of the marine animals of the ryukyu islands in colour. revised 3rd edition. okinawa kyoiku shuppan, okinawa. 636: pp. [ details ]\nif you are at the level that these corals require, your experience may just help us understand it a little bit more. this hobby relies on the experiments and practices developed by scientists and hobbyists alike. having a successfully thriving merulina coral is a true challenge and could earn you mad reef cred. do your best. optimize your system to its maximum potential. once you have long term stability and clear skies ahead your tank may just be ready to try this tricky ruffly coral. for first hand experience with the merulina coral check out the sps forum !\nin the wild, merulina corals have developed several feeding strategies. through a symbiotic relationship with a marine algae, known as zooxanthellae, they receive the majority of their nutrients. they also capture planktonic organisms and microscopic food particles from the water column and can absorb dissolved organic matter .\nwe do have a small understanding with the coral. the merulina coral has a fluffy, frilly, ruffled look and is often named after its particular shape. they can also be more cabbage or lettuce shaped. the coral is not soft at all. in fact, the merulina coral is an sps. the coral starts as a small encrustation and develops into the insane shapes that hobbyists and biologists alike drool over. some can even form columns and resemble a dr. seuss style forest. for having a limited geographical range they are quite varied between species. they also come in a variety of pink, blue, red, purple, browns, and greens or a combination .\nfor tanks with metal halides, you would position sps corals in the mid levels. with other lighting, position sps corals at the upper to mid levels depending on the watts used. sps corals will show whether they are happy or not by the coloring. make sure that no other corals or even algae can come in contact with your merulina .\n( of merulina regalis dana, 1846) veron, j. e. n. , pichon, m. (1980). scleractinia of eastern australia – part iii. family agariciidae, siderastreidae, fungiidae, oculinidae, merulinidae, mussidae, pectinidae, caryophyllidae, dendrophylliidae. australian institute of marine science monograph series. 4: 1 - 459. [ details ]\n( of merulina crispa dana, 1846) veron, j. e. n. , pichon, m. (1980). scleractinia of eastern australia – part iii. family agariciidae, siderastreidae, fungiidae, oculinidae, merulinidae, mussidae, pectinidae, caryophyllidae, dendrophylliidae. australian institute of marine science monograph series. 4: 1 - 459. [ details ]\n( of merulina speciosa dana, 1846) veron, j. e. n. , pichon, m. (1980). scleractinia of eastern australia – part iii. family agariciidae, siderastreidae, fungiidae, oculinidae, merulinidae, mussidae, pectinidae, caryophyllidae, dendrophylliidae. australian institute of marine science monograph series. 4: 1 - 459. [ details ]\n( of merulina vaughani van der horst, 1921) veron, j. e. n. , pichon, m. (1980). scleractinia of eastern australia – part iii. family agariciidae, siderastreidae, fungiidae, oculinidae, merulinidae, mussidae, pectinidae, caryophyllidae, dendrophylliidae. australian institute of marine science monograph series. 4: 1 - 459. [ details ]\n( of merulina ramosa milne edwards & haime, 1851) veron, j. e. n. , pichon, m. (1980). scleractinia of eastern australia – part iii. family agariciidae, siderastreidae, fungiidae, oculinidae, merulinidae, mussidae, pectinidae, caryophyllidae, dendrophylliidae. australian institute of marine science monograph series. 4: 1 - 459. [ details ]\ngenus has a variety of growth forms. most form colonies that have a ruffled plate or fanlike growth formation. but merulina' s can also develop tall columns looking like a forest from the top, or short less developed columns that create a ruffled plate formation. the ruffled coral in the picture above has the' frills', but is a bit knobbier than other varieties .\nin firm control of their watery domain, the coralax were suddenly thrust into confusion when the god merulina fell silent. as the shapers cast about with no god to guide them, the threats from the surface began. with no god to direct them, the coralax began building watchtowers just off the earth’s coastlines in order to maintain a vigilant watch over this growing threat from the surface .\nmerulina instructed these shapers, who were psychically connected to the thoughts and feelings of their god, to construct a beautiful city over its body now deeply embedded in the ocean floor. the brilliant multicolor spires and sweeping arches of the city now radiate a luminous aura from the otherwise blackened depths. this city of coral with a god at its heart is the enchanted capital of the coralax empire .\n( of merulina amplita (ellis & solander, 1786) ) ellis, j. ; solander, d. (1786). the natural history of many curious and uncommon zoophytes, collected from various parts of the globe. systematically arranged and described by the late daniel solander. 4. (benjamin white & son: london): 1 - 206, pls 1 - 63. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of merulina regalis dana, 1846) dana, j. d. (1846 - 1849). zoophytes. united states exploring expedition during the years 1838 - 1842. lea and blanchard, philadelphia. 7: 1 - 740, 61 pls. (1846: 1 - 120, 709 - 720; 1848: 121 - 708, 721 - 740; 1849: atlas pls. 1 - 61). [ details ]\n( of merulina crispa dana, 1846) dana, j. d. (1846 - 1849). zoophytes. united states exploring expedition during the years 1838 - 1842. lea and blanchard, philadelphia. 7: 1 - 740, 61 pls. (1846: 1 - 120, 709 - 720; 1848: 121 - 708, 721 - 740; 1849: atlas pls. 1 - 61). [ details ]\n( of merulina speciosa dana, 1846) dana, j. d. (1846 - 1849). zoophytes. united states exploring expedition during the years 1838 - 1842. lea and blanchard, philadelphia. 7: 1 - 740, 61 pls. (1846: 1 - 120, 709 - 720; 1848: 121 - 708, 721 - 740; 1849: atlas pls. 1 - 61). [ details ]\n( of merulina vaughani van der horst, 1921) van der horst, c. j. (1921). the madreporaria of the siboga expedition: 2. madreporaria fungida. siboga - expeditie: uitkomsten op zoölogisch, botanisch, oceanographisch en geologisch gebied verzameld in nederlandsch oost - indië 1899 - 1900 aan boord h. m. siboga onder commando van luitenant ter zee 1e kl. g. f. tydeman, xvib. e. j. brill: leiden. 53 - 98, plates i - vi pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\npristine tank conditions are typically needed to keep all sps corals. keep the nitrate levels low, and maintaining calcium and alkalinity levels. what this particular group of corals needs is unknown. typically you can do water changes of 20% to 30% a month, 15% every 2 weeks, or 5% a week for sps corals. however, the merulina genus doesn' t adjust well to changing conditions so the 5% , less water changed more often, may be best. the 5% a week also seems to really make a big difference in other sps corals health .\nthe merulina coral is found in a very limited range. the coral lives in some of the most stable water on the planet. they are located in lagoons just on the inside of the reefs. it seems as though the water that makes it too the lagoons is similar to the pristine water at the end of a high end sump that gets sucked up by the return pump; extremely clean, stable, and fairly nutritious. this coral is only for the most advanced reefers. they have a very high mortality rate and are very particular about any changes in water chemistry and temperature. feeding them is also a challenge. it is still somewhat of a mystery what their diet actually is .\ncolonies are laminar or subarborescent, with these different growth - forms characteristically occurring together in large colonies. however, colonies may be composed only of plates or, in shallow water, primarily of branches. valleys are short, straight, and spread in a fan before dividing. they radiate from the colony centre on flat surfaces, but are highly contorted on branches. flat surfaces often have concentric growth lines. tentacles are usually extended only at night .\ncolour: a variety of pale colours, usually blue (which may photograph pink) or pale brown .\ntaxonomic note: taxonomic note: this species is divisible into several smaller semi - distinct taxonomic units. source reference: veron (2000). taxonomic references: chevalier (1975), veron and pichon (1980). additional identification guides: randall and myers (1983), veron (1986), nishihira and veron (1995) .\n© 2011 - 2012 australian institute of marine science and crr cc by - nc 3. 0\ncolonies are thick plates up to 300 millimetres across, which usually slope downwards, parallel to steeply sloping substrates. small upgrowths sometimes occur but are seldom the dominant growth - form. corallites are mostly monocentric or form short radiating valleys towards the colony margins. walls are low, broad and evenly rounded .\ntaxonomic note: source reference: veron (2000). taxonomic reference: head (1983). additional identification guide: sheppard and sheppard (1991) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nthis species is found in the red sea, southwestern indian ocean, northern indian ocean, central indo - pacific, north and west and south australia, south - east asia, japan and east china sea, eastern australia, oceanic west pacific, central pacific .\nthere is no species specific population information available for this species. however, there is evidence that overall coral reef habitat has declined, and this is used as a proxy for population decline for this species. this species is more resilient to some of the threats faced by corals and therefore population decline is estimated using the percentage of destroyed reefs only (wilkinson 2004). we assume that most, if not all, mature individuals will be removed from a destroyed reef and that on average, the number of individuals on reefs are equal across its range and proportional to the percentage of destroyed reefs. reef losses throughout the species' range have been estimated over three generations, two in the past and one projected into the future .\nthe age of first maturity of most reef building corals is typically three to eight years (wallace 1999) and therefore we assume that average age of mature individuals is greater than eight years. furthermore, based on average sizes and growth rates, we assume that average generation length is 10 years, unless otherwise stated. total longevity is not known, but likely to be more than ten years. therefore any population decline rates for the red list assessment are measured over at least 30 years .\nthis species is found in all reef environments. it is commonly found from 12 - 15 m, rarely from 9 - 11 m, in the south china sea and gulf of siam (titlyanov and titlyanova 2002). this species is found to 50 m .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthis species is found in the east african coast, southwestern indian ocean, northern indian ocean, central indo - pacific, north and west and east australia, south - east asia, japan and east china sea, oceanic west pacific. also found in american samoa (fenner pers. comm .) .\nthis species is found in a wide variety of reef environments. this species is found to 40 m .\nellis, j. ; solander, d. (1786). the natural history of many curious and uncommon zoophytes, collected from various parts of the globe. systematically arranged and described by the late daniel solander. 4. (benjamin white & son: london): 1 - 206, pls 1 - 63. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of madrepora ampliata ellis & solander, 1786) ellis, j. ; solander, d. (1786). the natural history of many curious and uncommon zoophytes, collected from various parts of the globe. systematically arranged and described by the late daniel solander. 4. (benjamin white & son: london): 1 - 206, pls 1 - 63. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of agaricia ampliata (ellis & solander, 1786) ) ellis, j. ; solander, d. (1786). the natural history of many curious and uncommon zoophytes, collected from various parts of the globe. systematically arranged and described by the late daniel solander. 4. (benjamin white & son: london): 1 - 206, pls 1 - 63. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndescription this has small colonies which commonly exceed 1 metre across and 0. 5 metres tall; they are a mixture of foliaceous plates ...\nhoeksema, b. w. ; cairns, s. (2018). world list of scleractinia .\nveron, j. e. n. (1986). corals of australia and the indo - pacific. angus & robertson publishers, london. [ details ]\ncairns, s. d. ; hoeksema, b. w. & van der land, j. (2007). as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nveron, j. e. n. , pichon, m. (1980). scleractinia of eastern australia – part iii. family agariciidae, siderastreidae, fungiidae, oculinidae, merulinidae, mussidae, pectinidae, caryophyllidae, dendrophylliidae. australian institute of marine science monograph series. 4: 1 - 459. [ details ]\nveron jen. (2000). corals of the world. vol. 1–3. australian institute of marine science and crr, queensland, australia. [ details ]\nbudd, a. f. , fukami, h. , smith, n. d. & knowlton, n. 2012. taxonomic classification of the reef coral family mussidae (cnidaria: anthozoa: scleractinia. zoological journal of the linnean society 166: 465–529. [ details ]\nhuang d, benzoni f, fukami h, knowlton n, smith nd, budd af (2014) taxonomic classification of the reef coral families merulinidae, montastraeidae, and diploastraeidae (cnidaria: anthozoa: scleractinia). zoological journal of the linnean society 171: 277–355. [ details ]\n( of agaricia ampliata (ellis & solander, 1786) ) veron, j. e. n. , pichon, m. (1980). scleractinia of eastern australia – part iii. family agariciidae, siderastreidae, fungiidae, oculinidae, merulinidae, mussidae, pectinidae, caryophyllidae, dendrophylliidae. australian institute of marine science monograph series. 4: 1 - 459. [ details ]\n( of agaricia ampliata (ellis & solander, 1786) ) fischer von waldheim g. (1807). museum demidoff, ou, catalogue systématique et raisonné des curiosités de la nature et de l’art: données à l’université impériale de moscou par son excellence monsieur paul de demidoff. vol. 3. moscow: imprimerie de université impériale de moscou. 300 pp. , 6 pls. [ details ]\n( of madrepora ampliata ellis & solander, 1786) veron, j. e. n. , pichon, m. (1980). scleractinia of eastern australia – part iii. family agariciidae, siderastreidae, fungiidae, oculinidae, merulinidae, mussidae, pectinidae, caryophyllidae, dendrophylliidae. australian institute of marine science monograph series. 4: 1 - 459. [ details ]\n( of madrepora ampliata ellis & solander, 1786) budd, a. f. , fukami, h. , smith, n. d. & knowlton, n. 2012. taxonomic classification of the reef coral family mussidae (cnidaria: anthozoa: scleractinia. zoological journal of the linnean society 166: 465–529. [ details ]\nduring the night when the lights are off you may witness a sweeper tentacle that comes off the edge of the colony. they reach about three inches and can sting other corals. space is a must. if the coral gets in a war with something more powerful it will not survive due to its already fragile existence. extreme care is required when placing these corals in any aquarium .\nbeing lagoon dwellers, they require a strong light. they will benefit from a natural color temperature between 6000k - 6700k due to the shallow water. the lagoons receive regular wave motion, but not turbulent. moderate surges are best. again, they have a somewhat mysterious diet, so experimenting with them and observing their reactions is the only way to find their preference. keeping every parameter stable is important. an aquarium controller is a must with these corals unless you have time to constantly monitor and manipulate parameters .\nfragging these corals is very rare. most instances of fragging result in a bleached skeleton. observing the way they spread in nature more closely may be give us the answer to propagating these. they also grow extremely slow. the slow growth doubled over with fragility make for a very unsuccessful time .\nmini reef aquarium guide. reef aquarium setup for large reef tanks, nano reef tanks, pico reef or micro reef aquariums with reef tank lighting, filtration, choosing coral reef animals, and problem solving !\nsetting up a saltwater aquarium. guide to marine supplies, putting the aquarium together, cycling the aquarium water and adding fish !\nsps corals for beginners starts right here with the montipora coral. coral facts from the types of coral through live coral care !\nenter your freshwater aquarium enter parameters for your freshwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nenter your saltwater aquarium enter parameters for your saltwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nfish finder search our database for compatible pets! enter characteristics of what you are looking for and find them instantly .\ndr. jungle' s pets and animal speak - newsletter featured pet of the week and more ...\ni' d love to give your clam a new house. i have 110g reef tank set up 25 hrs. he' d love it !\ni would like to purchase a quantity of aiptasia for my berghia nudibranch. if you have some available, please respond. bobtc100 @ urltoken\nis commonly called the ruffled coral, as well as names derived from its scientific name, starting with' amp',' amplicata',' ampliata', and' amphiata'. most of the\ncorals are\nfrilly\nand their common names are often descriptive of that. some of the common names that the\nare commonly green, pink, brown, and cream. some colonies can possess several of these colors. these corals also have sweeper tentacles which come out at night. they are located on the coral' s edges or margins and can reach 3\n( 8 cm) .\ngenus comes from lagoon type environments, thus indicating that this should be an easy sps to care for. on the contrary, it is very difficult to keep and doesn' t adjust well to changing conditions .\nhas not been successful in captivity, due to this coral' s low survival rate. to compound the problem, they grow slowly. typically wild caught specimens are available, although great care and research should be done before attempting this coral. eventually propagators will be able to figure out their specific needs for long term care and this coral may become easier to keep .\nare found around australia on the great barrier reef, coral sea, lord howe island, and to the houtman abrolhos island .\n, as a species, are found in the red sea, indian ocean, and the west pacific ocean from the east china sea all the way to the west, north, and east coasts of australia, then east toward the line islands .\nare found at depths down to 131 feet (40 m). they are found mostly in lagoons, but can also be found in most habitats around the reef .\nhas similar growth patterns. although their valleys are straight and short, they spread like a fan and then separate. their columns are much more defined and closer together, reaching up to 4\n( 10 cm). the ruffled coral can form flat, plate - like formations as well .\nthe ruffled coral can be purple, pink, pale green, or brown with pale margins and contrasting polyps that are white, pink, brown, and rust. more colors may develop as this coral is aquacultured. the colors of the\ngenus can be bright or pale pink, brown, green, cream, violet, lavender, and blue. some colonies can posses several of these colors .\nis very difficult to keep in captivity. they need to be far away from any other corals. they also need very strong lighting and specific water flow to keep the surface clear of debris and algae. the water flow requirement has not been quite figured out yet, but moderate flow has been suggested .\nin captivity, they do well in well - feed reef tanks, accepting very fine particulate foods. like other sps, they feed from the water column and use their zooxanthellae. they can be fed microplankton and brine shrimp twice a week .\n385 to 425 ppm. if a small poly stony (sps) coral does not have enough calcium, it will not grow .\n0, zero. phosphates are the worst of all and all corals hate them .\n1350 - 1500. magnesium makes calcium available, so if your calcium is low, check your magnesium levels before adding any more calcium .\nstrontium (10 for most sps corals), and trace elements are also suggested .\na well - feed live rock / reef environment is what is needed for your ruffled coral. a mature tank is recommended. keep the substrate off the corals and provide a refugium to produce natural foods. most sps corals do well with some fish for organic matter production .\nthese sps corals will be easily out competed by any other coral for space. the tissue of the\ngenus is easily irritated. do not house sand sifting gobies since getting any substrate on the coral' s surface will generally result in necrosis, and eventually may succumb to rtn. keep crabs or anything else that likes to sit on corals off of of these corals .\nthe small polyp stony (sps) corals are male and female and can reproduce both sexually and asexually. in the wild they reproduce sexually by releasing eggs and sperm at the same time, resulting in a fertilized egg which then forms into a free - swimming planula larva. eventually the planula larvae settles onto the substrate, becoming plankters. this then forms a tiny polyp which begins to excrete calcium carbonate and develops into a coral. planula larvae are extremely vulnerable to predation, and very few survive. sps corals reproduce asexually as well. in the wild sps corals spread from breakage due to storms and fragmentation .\nwill succumb to bleaching, necrosis, rtn, and they are very hard to keep alive in captivity .\ngenus is easy to find online. online they can run about $ 49. 00 usd or more depending on size and / or colors. they have not yet been propagated in captivity .\ncopyright © [ animal - world ] 1998 - 2015. all rights reserved .\non this website, they are grouped by external features for convenience of display .\ntanah merah, jul 09 photo shared by loh kok sheng on his blog .\nbleaching. terumbu bemban, jun 10 photo shared by james koh on his blog .\nfrom danwei huang, karenne p. p. tun, l. m chou and peter a. todd. 30 dec 2009 .\ndanwei huang, karenne p. p. tun, l. m chou and peter a. todd. 30 dec 2009. an inventory of zooxanthellate sclerectinian corals in singapore including 33 new records (pdf). raffles bulletin of zoology supplement no. 22: 69 - 80 .\nveron, jen. 2000. corals of the world australian institute of marine science, australia. 3 volumes .\nchou, l. m. , 1998. a guide to the coral reef life of singapore. singapore science centre. 128 pages .\nerhardt, harry and daniel knop. 2005. corals: indo - pacific field guide ikan - unterwasserachiv, frankfurt. 305 pp .\nborneman, eric h. 2001. aquarium corals: selection, husbandry and natural history t. f. h publications. 464 pp\nthis page was last modified on 1 november 2013, at 04: 23 .\ncontent is available under gnu free documentation license 1. 2 unless otherwise noted .\nformation by polystomodaeal intramural budding, series spreading fanwise by repeated lateral branching and terminal forking .\nveron, j. e. n. , 1986. corals of australia and the indo - pacific. angus & robertson .\nveron, j. e. n. , 2000. corals of the world. volumes 1 - 3. ? australian institute of marine science, townsville, qld .\nthis page that you have visted here is a stub of the rtaw reefpedia. that means that this page has been generated, but it is yet to contain the relevant information required. so it requires some work on content within it before it is completed .\ninformation about the body shape, skeletal characteristics, how it appears, colouring etc .\nany species that look similar to this one, that may be mixed up .\nsomething about what size the it grows to in the wild, plus in captivity .\nnotes about what they do, how they inteact with others, different species etc .\nhow it reproduces, how suitable it is to breeding or captive propagation, techniques on how to etc .\nsome additional notes on it that don' t fit in the above sections .\nlink to online magazine articles dealing with this species, genus, or family .\nthis page was last modified on 2 march 2007, at 08: 03 .\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\naaron teo, 1 james r. guest, 2 mei lin neo, 3, 4 kareen vicentuan, 3 and peter a. todd 1\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. for attribution, the original author (s), title, publication source (peerj) and either doi or url of the article must be cited .\nmost notably, other than for acropora digitifera (paxton et al. , 2015), there is a conspicuous absence of data regarding the number of sperm released by scleractinian corals during spawning. hence, the main aim of the present study was to quantify the amount of sperm within a coral gamete bundle through in situ sampling of various coral species during a synchronous spawning event using a novel yet simple technique of collecting small samples of intact coral gamete bundles in midwater .\npulau satumu (raffles lighthouse) is a small rocky island measuring only 1. 3 ha. due to the relatively strong currents and distance (∼14 km) from singapore’s main island, the reefs around pulau satumu are less affected by chronic sedimentation compared to other local reefs. multi - species coral spawning events occur during the week following the march or april full moon (guest et al. , 2005) .\ncoral gamete bundles were collected during the spawning events that occurred on the nights of 19 th and 20 th april 2014 between 20. 00–22. 00 h from the fringing reefs to the west of pulau satumu. opportunistic sampling within a 50 × 5 m 2 belt transect was conducted by identifying colonies that were ready to spawn (by observing gamete bundles “setting” just below the polyp mouth) and waiting for the release of the gametes .\nthree bottles of samples were collected per colony and placed in their colony - specific ziplock bags for transportation back to the boat. the intact gamete bundles and seawater contained within each bottle were transferred into labeled falcon tubes prefilled with sufficient formaldehyde to produce 50 ml of solution at 3. 7% concentration. the falcon tubes were then agitated by hand to break apart the gamete bundles and fix the eggs and sperm released .\nafter the eggs were filtered out using an 80 μm sieve, three 10 μl aliquots were extracted per (agitated) falcon tube with a micropipette. each aliquot was stained with 10 μl of trypan blue and left to stand for 15 min before the contents of the aliquot was injected into a neubauer haemocytometer for counting. sperm were visually distinguished from other matter in the solution by the distinctive shape of the sperm heads. all sperm within the 25 large squares (0. 1 mm 3 total volume) in the center grid were counted. the filtered eggs for each falcon tube were photographed and then counted using imagej (imagej 1. 48 v; national institutes of health, bethesda, md, usa) .\n) were sampled successfully. the mean number of sperm packaged within one egg - sperm bundle ranged from 2. 04 × 10\n). the mean (± se) number of eggs per egg - sperm bundle varied from 26. 67 (se ± 3. 27) to 85. 33 (se ± 17. 79) .\nmean (± se) number of eggs and sperm per bundle for the seven colonies sampled in april 2014 .\nthree samples (bottles) of egg - sperm bundles were collected per colony. two colonies were sampled for echinophyllia aspera (labelled 1 and 2); for all other species only one colony was sampled .\neach point represents the mean values for three egg - sperm bundles collected in one bottle (six egg - sperm bundles per bottle for echinophyllia aspera). three bottles were collected per colony. two colonies were sampled for e. aspera (labelled 1 and 2); for all other species only one colony was sampled .\nmany thanks to patrick cabaitan and danwei huang for help with coral identification as well as lutfi afiq rosli and hai xin loke for help with collecting the gamete bundles .\nthe national parks board, singapore, funded the research vessel used during the spawning event. the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript .\naaron teo conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools, wrote the paper, prepared figures and / or tables, reviewed drafts of the paper .\npeter a. todd conceived and designed the experiments, wrote the paper, prepared figures and / or tables, reviewed drafts of the paper .\nbabcock rc, heyward aj. larval development of certain gamete - spawning scleractinian corals .\nbabcock rc, mundy cn, whitehead d. sperm diffusion models and in situ confirmation of long - distance fertilization in the free - spawning asteroid\nbaird ah, guest jr, willis bl. systematic and biogeographical patterns in the reproductive biology of scleractinian corals .\ncarpenter ke, abrar m, aeby g, aronson rb, banks s, bruckner a, chiriboga a, cortés j, delbeek jc, devantier l, edgar gj, edwards aj, fenner d, guzmán hm, hoeksema bw, hodgson g, johan o, licuanan wy, livingstone sr, lovell er, moore ja, obura do, ochavillo d, polidoro ba, precht wf, quibilan mc, reboton c, richards zt, rogers ad, sanciangco j, sheppard a, sheppard c, smith j, stuart s, turak e, veron jen, wallace c, weil e, wood e. one - third of reef - building corals face elevated extinction risk from climate change and local impacts .\ngiese ac, kanatani h. maturation and spawning. in: giese ac, pearse js, pearse vb, editors .\ngilmour j. experimental investigation into the effects of suspended sediment on fertilisation, larval survival and settlement in a scleractinian coral .\ngoffredo s, telò t, scanabissi f. ultrastructural observations of the spermatogenesis of the hermaphroditic solitary coral\nguest jr, baird ah, goh bpl, chou lm. reproductive seasonality in an equatorial assemblage of scleractinian corals .\nguest jr, heyward a, omori m, iwao k, morse a, boch c. rearing coral larvae for reef rehabilitation. in: edwards aj, editor .\nst lucia: the coral reef targeted research & capacity building for management program; 2010. [ march 1st, 2016 ]. pp. 73–98 .\nhagedorn m, carter vl, steyn ra, krupp d, leong jc, lang rp, tiersch tr. preliminary studies of sperm cryopreservation in the mushroom coral ,\nhall vr, hughes tp. reproductive strategies of modular organisms: comparative studies of reef - building corals .\nharrison pl. sexual characteristics of scleractinian corals: systematic and evolutionary implications. in: gabrie c, salvat b, editors. proceedings of the fifth international coral reef congress; 27 may–1 june 1985; tahiti: symposia and seminars (b); 1985. pp. 337–342 .\nharrison pl, wallace cc. reproduction, dispersal and recruitment of scleractinian corals. in: dubinsky z, editor .\nhumphrey c, weber m, lott c, cooper t, fabricius k. effects of suspended sediments, dissolved inorganic nutrients and salinity on fertilisation and embryo development in the coral\njones r, ricardo gf, negri ap. effects of sediments on the reproductive cycle of corals .\nlevitan dr. 6 sperm limitation, gamete competition and sexual selection in external fertilizers. in: birkhead tr, møller ap, editors .\nmanfred lj, veghel v. reproductive characteristics of the polymorphic caribbean reef building coral\nmetaxas a, scheibling re, young cm. estimating fertilization success in marine benthic invertebrates: a case study with the tropical sea star\nmoláček j, denny m, bush jwm. the fine art of surfacing: its efficacy in broadcast spawning .\nmorita m, suwa r, iguchi a, nakamura m, shimada k, sakai k, suzuki a. ocean acidification reduces sperm flagellar motility in broadcast spawning reef invertebrates .\nnegri ap, heyward aj. inhibition of coral fertilisation and larval metamorphosis by tributyltin and copper .\nnozawa y, lin c - h. effects of colony size and polyp position on polyp fecundity in the scleractinian coral genus\noliver j, babcock r. aspects of the fertilization ecology of broadcast spawning corals: sperm dilution effects and in situ measurements of fertilization .\npaxton cw, baria mvb, weis vm, harii s. effect of elevated temperature on fecundity and reproductive timing in the coral\nplaisance l, caley mj, brainard re, knowlton n. the diversity of coral reefs: what are we missing ?\nreichelt - brushett aj, harrison pl. the effect of copper, zinc and cadmium on fertilization success of gametes from scleractinian reef corals .\nreichelt - brushett aj, harrison pl. the effect of selected trace metals on the fertilization success of several scleractinian coral species .\nricardo gf, jones rj, clode pl, humanes a, negri ap. suspended sediments limit coral sperm availability .\nsakai k. effect of colony size, polyp size, and budding mode on egg production in a colonial coral .\nvermeij mja, sampayo e, bröker k, bak rpm. the reproductive biology of closely related coral species: gametogenesis in\nvictor s, richmond rh. effect of copper on fertilization success in the reef coral\nwray ga. evolution of larvae and developmental modes. in: mcedward lr, editor .\njoin 3reef now to remove this notice and enjoy 3reef content with less ads. 3reef membership is free .\njust saw one today and i can honestly say they' re beautiful looking corals. did a bit of reading and quite honestly i' m confused. wouldn'' t they technicallyrics be classified as an lps and not a sps? i keep reading they are and then i hear about how they\nllconversation throw their sweepers all out. another thing is that they pretty much look like a brain. is their a specific reason as to why they' re sps? they don' t really seem to have small polyps like montis or acros .\ncant answer your question, but sps is solely a hobiest term. it might explain the confusion .\nalways thought it was scientific term for short. now i' m really confused about this dam coral lol. gotta admit they' re beautiful pieces .\nhydnophora and turbinaria are both also classified as sps when they really do not resemble the rest of the sps group. physically they do not have the same characteristics and behaviorally they seem completely different than other sps .\nturbinaria requires high flow and lighting to do it' s best so it' s more like an sps. hydnophora has the potential to kill any other coral near it, does not require the most intense lighting or flow so i treat that one more like an lps. the horn version of the hydnophora likes to go higher in the tank, you get better coloration. i have kept the plating version does fine in the sand bed .\nreef aquariums made easy with 3reef aquarium forums - one of the oldest and friendliest aquarium forums online. 3reef came online in 1996 as' three steps to a reef aquarium.' this title was created as an attempt to overcome the common fears associated with keeping a reef aquarium, especially at that time. 3reef still retains its roots and remains a friendly forum for new people interested in aquariums and veteran hobbyist alike .\nall trademarks used are properties of their respective owners. all rights reserved. all forum posts are the property of the posters. all else © 1996 - 2014, urltoken llc .\nput your suggestion in the fields below. empty fields will keep the existing data .\nnear naval, biliran, a little offshore, no in habitants, small and dreamstile: small beach with rocks and palm trees on top .\nslope of sand, many rocks with corals in the shallow. from 12 m on sand slope going over into muddy sand .\ngood fishes: flashers and others. nudibranches, sea urchins and shells. average to good. very good during nightdives .\n© 1996 - 2018 guido t. poppe & philippe poppe - conchology, inc .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nif order under $ 350 shipping charge will be calculated base on the actual shipping weight. all livestock orders are shipped via next day air. if other shipping method is chosen we will modify the shipping method. live rock and sand are ship using 2nd day service. drygoods, aquarium supplies, and reptile supplies are ship using ground service unless specified. all livestock orders must be shipped overnight via ups or fedex priority overnight to reduce transit time. orders generally ship within 1 - 2 business shipping days. all livestock are shipped wednesday and will be deliver thursday morning. you will receive a confirmation email with your tracking number when your order has shipped .\nsaturday delivery must be made by special request by email or phone. saturday delivery is an extra $ 26 charge .\nin the interest of meeting your schedule, if 70% of your order is in stock, it will be shipped. any missing items or substitutions will be marked on your order and your total will be adjusted accordingly. if you would prefer to be contacted if we are missing items, please let us know when placing your order in the comment field. however, this may delay your order. due to the nature of our products, we cannot backorder live animals .\nif your shipping address is different from your credit card billing address, please make sure your card issuer has listed this shipping address as an\nauthorized\naddress. we verify all addresses with visa, mastercard, discover and american express .\nups generally requires a signature for delivery. you or someone authorized by you, must be present to sign for a shipment if you choose to have it delivered to your home or office .\norders not held for pick up at the fedex / ups facility when temperatures are greater than 90 degrees or lower than 40 degrees .\norders placed during extreme weather will not be cover under our alive arrive guarenteed." ]

{ "text": [ "merulina is a genus of stony corals in the merulinidae family .", "members of this genus are native to the indo-pacific region and their ranges extend from the red sea through the indian ocean as far as japan and the south central pacific ocean .", "merulina ampliata is the type species . " ], "topic": [ 26, 13, 26 ] }

[ "merulina is a genus of stony corals in the merulinidae family. members of this genus are native to the indo-pacific region and their ranges extend from the red sea through the indian ocean as far as japan and the south central pacific ocean. merulina ampliata is the type species." ]

[ "don herbison - evans, (donherbisonevans @ urltoken) and peter r. samson, s. j. johnson, p. r. wilson, and stella crossley\nthis caterpillar is hairy and greenish grey, with orange around each spiracle, and an orange head and tail .\nthe caterpillars are unusual for lycaenids in that they appear to have no association with ants. the caterpillars grow to a length of about 3 cms .\nthe pupa is brown and hairy, and attached by the tail and a central girdle, and has a length of about 2 cms .\nthe adult butterflies are dimorphic. the males are dark brown on top, with a diagonal white bar and white spots near the\n, as well as other white, brown and black markings. the butterflies have a wingspan up to 5 cms .\nthe eggs are barrel - shaped and purple. they are have a diameter of about 0. 7 mm. they are laid in small groups under leaves of a foodplant. when the caterpillar hatches, its first act is to eat the eggshell .\n, csiro publishing, melbourne, 2000, volume 2, pp. 855 - 856 .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\ntoxopeus, l. j. 1944 ,\nresults of the archbold expedition to new guinea, lepidoptera riodinidae (erycinidae )\n, treubia, vol. hors série, pp. 156 - 193\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 0388d545 - 8586 - 41bc - b396 - c6f56ac1f6eb\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 4feb2625 - 0f47 - 431e - a52a - 79508a45e21d\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 582ae698 - 9eec - 489e - b2e2 - 94a5309ff101\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 7fade357 - fc15 - 4908 - ba11 - 5535964d3521\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 86ec8d63 - 94ca - 4c02 - 9771 - 07b78e3f4ab2\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: a7d218af - 50d8 - 44f7 - 89e4 - 0946ef456ccf\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: b090c27f - 2756 - 4ec7 - bd57 - 3378c1d07bee\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 61c2dd85 - f78c - 4e95 - 8798 - c0196b30b058\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 349885\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nfor full functionality of this site it is necessary to enable javascript. here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nthe scientific data on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution 3. 0 unported license .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe genus is endemic to new guinea and surrounding islands. the species are sexually dimorphic, and vane - wright (1974) has suggested that the females are mimics of tellervo (danainae) .\nparsons m. 1999. the butterflies of papua new guinea: their systematics and biology. academic press, san diego .\nvane - wright ri. 1974. further oservations on the occurrence and mimicry of mycalesis drusillodes (lepidoptera: nymphalidae, satyrinae). j. ent. (b) 42: 213 - 216 .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v. z. brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution, please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life. the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches, that is, subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types, have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project. all rights reserved .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy." ]

{ "text": [ "praetaxilia segecia , commonly known as the harlequin metalmark or australian metalmark , is the only butterfly of the metalmark family , riodinidae , found in australia , where it is restricted to northern queensland .", "it is also found in new guinea and on nearby smaller islands such as aru . " ], "topic": [ 27, 20 ] }

[ "praetaxilia segecia, commonly known as the harlequin metalmark or australian metalmark, is the only butterfly of the metalmark family, riodinidae, found in australia, where it is restricted to northern queensland. it is also found in new guinea and on nearby smaller islands such as aru." ]

[ "pacheco (2003) distinguished thomasomys eleusis from t. cinereus and t. ischyrus, as a valid species. in addition, t. eleusis was found allied to t. incanus in the same clade .\nthomasomys gracilis formerly included as a subspecies or junior synonym to t. cinnameus and t. hudsoni. pacheco (2003) and voss (2003) indicate that these are unambiguously diagnosable taxa that should be recognized as distinct species .\nlittle is known of the behavior of this species, but it is probably similar to other members of the genus. it co - occurs with thomasomys apeco (gardner and romo, 1993). this is terrestrial and was trapped in montane forest (v. pacheco pers. comm .) .\npacheco, v. 2015. genus thomasomys coues, 1884. in: patton, j. l. , pardiñas, u. f. j. and d’elía, g. (eds), mammals of south america volume 2: rodents, pp. 617 - 682. the university of chicago press, chicago and london .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\non the sigmodontinae radiation (rodentia, cricetidae): an appraisal of the phylogenetic position of rhagomys. - pubmed - ncbi\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\non the sigmodontinae radiation (rodentia, cricetidae): an appraisal of the phylogenetic position of rhagomys .\nd' elía g 1, luna l, gonzález em, patterson bd .\nsección evolución, facultad de ciencias, universidad de la república, iguá 4225, montevideo 11400, uruguay. guillermo @ urltoken\nresearch support, u. s. gov' t, non - p. h. s .\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (book, 2005) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference author: don e wilson; deeann m reeder publisher: baltimore: johns hopkins university press, ©2005. isbn / issn: 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc: 57557352\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world' s living and historically extinct mammalian species. contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nmammalogists for helping to forge the nomenclatural mesh that holds our science together. * journal of mammalogy * to refer to this work as a checklist undervalues it and does not give sufficient credit to the authors and editors for their meticulous efforts in its production. a valuable reference work and a vital tool, particularly for researchers. * journal of natural history * by far the most convenient source for finding the correct scientific name of any mammal and should be on the reference shelf of libraries striving to have useful science sections. * science books and films * the editors and authors are to be congratulated for undertaking such an outstanding and authoritative work, and it should serve as a standard reference for mammalian species taxonomy for many years to come. * journal of mammalian evolution * the third edition adds to its reputation as an outstanding and authorative work. * national museum of natural history weekly update & forecast * impressive and elegant work. - - g. r. seamons * reference reviews * a must - have text for any professional mammalogist, and a useful and authoritative reference for scientists and students in other disciplines. * southeastern naturalist * a magnificent work important to anyone seriously interested in mammals. this work is essential for academic or special libraries supporting zoology or conservation and for large public libraries. * american reference books annual * as were many of our colleagues, we were waiting for this revised edition since 2003... we can say that the wait was worth it. - - sergio solari and robert j. baker * journal of mammalogy *\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today. the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and, for the first time, common names. each concise entry covers type locality, distribution, synonyms, and major reference sources. the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level. this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher' s website .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\namori, g. (small nonvolant mammal red list authority) & schipper, j. (global mammal assessment team )\njustification: this species is listed as endangered because its extent of occurrence is only 3, 600 km², it is known from a single location, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat, although most of the range is within a national park it is not effectively protected and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its forest habitat due to the cultivation of illicit crops .\nthis species occurs in the extreme northeast of colombia in sierra nevada santa de marta (musser and carleton, 2005). it is found between 2, 200 to 3, 600 m (v. pacheco pers. comm .) .\nlittle is known about this species. it was collected only in small numbers although potential habitat has not been adequately surveyed (m. gómez - laverde and v. pacheco pers. comm .) .\nit occurs in high montane forest and paramo (m. gómez - laverde and v. pacheco pers. comm .) .\ndeforestation for illicit crops (e. g. coca) is an important threat (m. gómez - laverde pers. comm .) .\nit occurs in sierra nevada de santa marta national park although this is not effectively protected (m. gómez - laverde pers. comm .). further surveys are required on ecology and population status .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\njustification: this species is assessed as vulnerable because its extent of occurrence (eoo) is around 18, 600 km², it occurs in fewer than 10 locations, and the extent of its habitat is decreasing because of deforestation, fragmentation, and agriculture, specifically cattle ranching .\nthis species is endemic to peru. it is limited to northern peru (amazonas, san martin, and la libertad departments), east of the marañón river in the cordillera oriental, at elevations between 3, 050 and 3, 660 m (pacheco 2015) .\nthis species is locally common to frequent (v. pacheco pers. comm) .\nthis species inhabits dense humid forest, puna grassland, subalpine rain páramo or montane rainforest (osgood 1914, thomas 1926, leo and romo 1992). specimens have been found in bare or shrub rocky places, shrubby places bordering streams, or at the border of continuous humid montane forests (leo and romo 1992). this species is terrestrial and nocturnal. it occurs in cloud forest and close to paramo (v. pacheco pers. comm .) .\nthis species is threatened by deforestation, fragmentation, and agriculture, specifically cattle ranching .\nthis species occurs in abiseo national park (v. pacheco pers. comm) .\njustification: this species is listed as vulnerable because it is known from only a single location, and although it occurs in a protected area the surrounding region is rapidly being converted to human use .\nthis species is known only from elfin forest at the type locality at 3, 350 m vilcabamba, south peru (musser and carleton, 2005) .\nthis rodent occurs in montane forest and is terrestrial (v. pacheco pers. comm .) .\nthis species occurs in the otishi national park (v. pacheco pers. comm .) .\ncarrasco, j. , loaiza, c. , barriga, c. , lee, t. , quintana, h. , gomez - laverde, m. & rivas, b .\njustification: although this species has a relatively narrow distribution this species is listed as least concern as it is tolerant to some degree of habitat modification and occurs within three national parks .\nthis species' distribution is constrained to the cordillera oriental of the andes in central colombia, in the departments of boyacá and cundinamarca. it has an elevation range from 2, 550 to 3, 500 m (pacheco 2015) .\nit is a relatively common species (m. gómez - laverde pers. comm .) .\nthis species is terrestrial and its preferred habitat is páramo (gómez - laverde et al. 1997); a pregnant female was found in local wet season (july), and its diet is composed mainly of young leaves and other green part of plants (lopez - arévalo et al. 1993). it does not occur in unnatural grassy areas created for pasture (m. gómez - laverde pers. comm .) .\nthe biggest threat to this species is habitat conversion into unnatural pasture outside protected areas (rivas and gómez - laverde 2008) .\nit occurs in several protected areas (m. gómez - laverde pers. comm .) .\njustification: this species is listed as vulnerable because it has a very restricted range, being known from only a singe location (type locality). further research is necessary to verify the current range after which the species should be reassessed .\nthis species is known only from the type locality and vicinity, in upper montane forest, north central peru; it has an altitudinal range of 3250 to 3380 m (musser and carleton, 2005) .\nthis species is apparently rare (v. pacheco pers. comm .) .\nno major threats currently exist (v. pacheco pers. comm .) .\nit occurs in the rio biseo national park (v. pacheco pers. comm .) .\njustification: this species is listed as near threatened because its remaining extent of occurrence is nearly 20, 000 km² within which its area of occupancy is inferred to be nearly 2, 000 km² as it occupies a narrow band of high elevation habitats currently be deforested for lumber and agriculture. there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat and number of locations. almost qualifies as threatened under criterion b. although it occurs in several protected areas, these are only a portion of the former range. more information is needed on the range and threats to this species .\nthis species occurs in the andes of southeast peru, about 2, 750 to 4, 300 m (musser and carleton, 2005) .\nthis species is locally frequent (v. pacheco pers. comm .) .\nthis rodent has been trapped along streams with dense scrubby undergrowth broken by montane meadows (eisenberg and redford, 1999). it is possibly arboreal (v. pacheco pers. comm .) .\nthis species occurs in otishi and manu national parks (v. pacheco pers. comm .) .\njustification: this species is listed as least concern because it is common, adaptable, and does not appear to be in decline .\nthis species occurs along montane forests in the andes of ecuador and northern peru, at elevations between approximately 1, 150 and 3, 350 m (pacheco 2015) .\nobserved habitats include pristine and secondary upper montane forests, queñua andean forests (polylepis weberbaueri), and montane bamboo forests (v. pacheco pers. comm. , l. luna pers. comm .). specimens had been captured in tall shrub mixed with short and slender trees, among small trees (about 5 m high), densely covered by mosses and lichens, and the ground by short grasses browsed by cattle, in forest with trees reaching heights of 10 to 25 m high, and with numerous species of shrubs, epiphytes, tree ferns, and vines (v. pacheco, pers. obs .), and near a stream (l. luna pers. comm .). pacheco (pers. obs .) observed that these rodents are excellent and agile climbers .\nthis species does not occur in any protected area (v. pacheco pers. comm .). further surveys are needed on ecology, habitat requirements and conservation." ]

{ "text": [ "thomasomys is a genus of rodent in the family cricetidae , named after british zoologist oldfield thomas .", "nuclear dna sequence analysis has indicated that it is a sister taxon to rhagomys .", "it contains the following species : anderson 's oldfield mouse ( thomasomys andersoni ) apeco oldfield mouse ( thomasomys apeco ) golden oldfield mouse ( thomasomys aureus ) beady-eyed mouse ( thomasomys baeops ) silky oldfield mouse ( thomasomys bombycinus ) white-tipped oldfield mouse ( thomasomys caudivarius ) ashy-bellied oldfield mouse ( thomasomys cinereiventer ) ash-colored oldfield mouse ( thomasomys cinereus ) cinnamon-colored oldfield mouse ( thomasomys cinnameus ) daphne 's oldfield mouse ( thomasomys daphne ) peruvian oldfield mouse ( thomasomys eleusis ) wandering oldfield mouse ( thomasomys erro ) slender oldfield mouse ( thomasomys gracilis ) hudson 's oldfield mouse ( thomasomys hudsoni ) woodland oldfield mouse ( thomasomys hylophilus ) inca oldfield mouse ( thomasomys incanus ) strong-tailed oldfield mouse ( thomasomys ischyrus ) kalinowski 's oldfield mouse ( thomasomys kalinowskii ) ladew 's oldfield mouse ( thomasomys ladewi ) soft-furred oldfield mouse ( thomasomys laniger ) large-eared oldfield mouse ( thomasomys macrotis ) unicolored oldfield mouse ( thomasomys monochromos ) snow-footed oldfield mouse ( thomasomys niveipes ) distinguished oldfield mouse ( thomasomys notatus ) ashaninka oldfield mouse ( thomasomys onkiro ) montane oldfield mouse ( thomasomys oreas ) paramo oldfield mouse ( thomasomys paramorum ) popayán oldfield mouse ( thomasomys popayanus ) cajamarca oldfield mouse ( thomasomys praetor ) thomas 's oldfield mouse ( thomasomys pyrrhonotus ) rhoads 's oldfield mouse ( thomasomys rhoadsi ) rosalinda 's oldfield mouse ( thomasomys rosalinda ) forest oldfield mouse ( thomasomys silvestris ) taczanowski 's oldfield mouse ( thomasomys taczanowskii ) ucucha oldfield mouse ( thomasomys ucucha ) dressy oldfield mouse ( thomasomys vestitus ) pichincha oldfield mouse ( thomasomys vulcani )" ], "topic": [ 26, 6, 17 ] }

[ "thomasomys is a genus of rodent in the family cricetidae, named after british zoologist oldfield thomas. nuclear dna sequence analysis has indicated that it is a sister taxon to rhagomys. it contains the following species: anderson's oldfield mouse (thomasomys andersoni) apeco oldfield mouse (thomasomys apeco) golden oldfield mouse (thomasomys aureus) beady-eyed mouse (thomasomys baeops) silky oldfield mouse (thomasomys bombycinus) white-tipped oldfield mouse (thomasomys caudivarius) ashy-bellied oldfield mouse (thomasomys cinereiventer) ash-colored oldfield mouse (thomasomys cinereus) cinnamon-colored oldfield mouse (thomasomys cinnameus) daphne's oldfield mouse (thomasomys daphne) peruvian oldfield mouse (thomasomys eleusis) wandering oldfield mouse (thomasomys erro) slender oldfield mouse (thomasomys gracilis) hudson's oldfield mouse (thomasomys hudsoni) woodland oldfield mouse (thomasomys hylophilus) inca oldfield mouse (thomasomys incanus) strong-tailed oldfield mouse (thomasomys ischyrus) kalinowski's oldfield mouse (thomasomys kalinowskii) ladew's oldfield mouse (thomasomys ladewi) soft-furred oldfield mouse (thomasomys laniger) large-eared oldfield mouse (thomasomys macrotis) unicolored oldfield mouse (thomasomys monochromos) snow-footed oldfield mouse (thomasomys niveipes) distinguished oldfield mouse (thomasomys notatus) ashaninka oldfield mouse (thomasomys onkiro) montane oldfield mouse (thomasomys oreas) paramo oldfield mouse (thomasomys paramorum) popayán oldfield mouse (thomasomys popayanus) cajamarca oldfield mouse (thomasomys praetor) thomas's oldfield mouse (thomasomys pyrrhonotus) rhoads's oldfield mouse (thomasomys rhoadsi) rosalinda's oldfield mouse (thomasomys rosalinda) forest oldfield mouse (thomasomys silvestris) taczanowski's oldfield mouse (thomasomys taczanowskii) ucucha oldfield mouse (thomasomys ucucha) dressy oldfield mouse (thomasomys vestitus) pichincha oldfield mouse (thomasomys vulcani )" ]

[ "how can i put and write and define norelona pyrenaica in a sentence and how is the word norelona pyrenaica used in a sentence and examples? 用norelona pyrenaica造句, 用norelona pyrenaica造句, 用norelona pyrenaica造句, norelona pyrenaica meaning, definition, pronunciation, synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha. net .\nbiological abstracts nuclear science abstracts selected water resources abstracts index medicus chemical abstracts vols. for 1962 - prepared in the mollusk division, museum of zoology at the university of michigan\nin copyright. digitized with the permission of the institute of malacology and field museum of natural history .\nthere are no reviews yet. be the first one to write a review .\nto receive our reports (print and / or electronic) and quarterly e - newsletter .\ncookies are not enabled. you must enable cookies before you can log in .\nthe main focus of the eunis species component is to provide relevant information about the european species protected by directives, conventions and agreements. the species assessed in the european red lists prepared by the iucn for the european commission are also included .\nthe distribution map is currently disabled. a new map solution will soon become available. in the meantime, please consult other species distribution map providers listed in the other resources panel below .\ntemplate updated on 09 may 2018 14: 41 from version 18. 4. 26\nthe european environment agency (eea) is an agency of the european union. legal notice\nwe use cookies to record some preference settings and to analyse how visitors use our web site. cookies do not contain any personal information about you. if you wish, see how to delete / disable cookies in your web browser. see also our privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nshell gallery view « shell encyclopedia, conchology, inc. » conchological megadatabase on mollusks\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology, inc. in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only, as we handle very few foreign shells in general. as time goes, the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information: family, species, author, date, and full locality .\n© 1996 - 2018 guido t. poppe & philippe poppe - conchology, inc. (1. 578 seconds. )\ndraparnaud, j. - p. - r. [ 1805 ]. histoire naturelle des mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la france. ouvrage posthume. avec xiii planches. - pp. [ 1 - 9 ], j - viij [ = 1 - 8 ], 1 - 134, [ pl. 1 - 13 ]. paris, montpellier. (plassan, renaud) .\nshell quite flat, yellowish - brown transparent, no spiral colour bands (unlike chilostoma species), aperture very oblique, with reddish white lip inside, umbilicus narrow and deep, slightly covered by apertural lip .\nhumid habitats at old stone walls, rocks, gardens, also in caves .\nrelatively frequent at some places, for example near prats de mollo (france). vulnerable in spain, threatened by human pressure in its few habitats (verdú & galante 2006). protected by law in france, eggs and animals must not be collected .\nreferences: germain 1930: 230, kerney et al. 1893: 299, falkner 1990: 200 (\nsobrarbe, huesca\n), bank et al. 2001: 55, schileyko 2004: 1740, puente et al. in verdú & galante 2006: 354, guillén & corbella 2007 (probably not in huesca), welter - schultes 2012: 492 (range map) .\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3. 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme. contract no. ri - 223806. activity area: capacities. period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture: gannet (morus bassanus (linnaeus, 1758) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbank, r. (2017). classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world. last update: july 16th, 2017. [ details ]\nusing cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation. by continuing to browse, you accept the use of cookies; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further. more info cookies on urltoken\nutilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito. continuando a navigare accetti l' utilizzo dei cookies, se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente. altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken\nthe systematic positions of the genera pseudochloritis c. boettge... : ingenta connect\nthe systematic positions of the genera pseudochloritis c. boettger 1909 and joossia pfeffer 1929: (gastropoda: pulmonata: helicoidea: helicidae )\ningenta. article copyright remains with the publisher, society or author (s) as specified within the article .\nwebsite makes use of cookies so as to keep track of data that you have filled in .\nshell quite flat, yellowish - brown transparent, umbilicus narrow and deep, slightly covered by apertural lip, no spiral colour bands (unlike chilostoma species) .\nrelatively frequent at some places, for example near prats de mollo (france) .\nreferences: kerney et al. 1893: 299, falkner 1990: 200 (\nsobrarbe, huesca\n), bank et al. 2001: 55, schileyko 2004: 1740, guillén & corbella 2007 (probably not in huesca) .\npresent results confirm the iberian origin of the land snail e. quimperian a and strongly support the emerging phylogeographic hypothesis of multiple refugia in iberia during the last glaciations. the scenario of a spatial expansion of e. quimperiana from an iberian refuge located in asturias to northern areas provides the most probable explanation for the present distribution of this land snail. by harboring distinct haplotypes, the basque country populations appear to be of great importance in terms of potential adaptation, long term persistence and hence, the conservation of e. quimperiana .\ngeographically structured populations are the result of historical and / or contemporary demography. some of them may experience either little or no genetic contact for long periods of time, due to physical, ecological or geographical barriers (e. g. [\n]). more recent and rapid events, such as extinction, introduction or fragmentation, often linked to human activities, may also produce spatially partitioned populations (e. g. [\n] for a review). however, the number, location and habitat composition of these' refugia in refugia' still remain poorly known. scenarios other than the northern expansion from southern refugia have also been proposed. on one hand, cold - tolerant species, such as mustela erminea [\n], could have naturally expanded their repartition range during the quaternary glaciations. on the other hand, the presence of additional putative refugia has been advanced to explain the distribution of poor cold - hardy species [\n], no temperate forest refugia for animal species have actually been precisely localized in this part of europe. therefore, contemporary demographic factors are more likely to explain well - separated populations of poor cold - hardy species in western europe, such as human introductions (e. g. [\nspecies with a highly disjunct distribution limited to brittany in france (its name comes form the city of quimper) and northern spain (fig .\n]). it is a so - called lusitanian species, i. e. a species that typically has a disjunct distribution in iberia and southwest ireland, with either no or highly disjunct populations in the regions between both areas (i. e. england and france) [\ntherefore provides an excellent opportunity to shed more light on european historical biogeography. this species lives in temperate and humid deciduous forests, where it feeds on mycelia found on rotten, dead stumps (principally oak). occasionally, it is coprophagous and necrophagous [\n]. the present study is based on phylogeographical analyses that are highly successful in discriminating past and present demographic factors that were likely to have influenced the distribution of populations. the aims are to (i) describe the phylogeographical structure of\nthroughout its entire range, and (ii) identify the refugia and the subsequent recolonization routes .\n. in (i) brittany (france), numbered from 1 to 11, (ii) spain, named from sp1 to sp8, and (iii) the basque country (france and spain), called α and β. the samples cover the entire\nthe length of 16s rdna sequences ranged from 479 to 481 bp, with a total of 19 substitutions, including two indels at positions 123 and 420, while the length of the coi sequences was 683 bp, with a total of 47 substitutions. eleven haplotypes were identified among the 54 snails analyzed for the 16s gene: eight from spain, three from brittany, and one from the basque country. brittany had only one haplotype (haplotype 1) in common with spain; this haplotype was the most frequent one, since 30 individuals shared it. twenty - three haplotypes were obtained for the coi gene among the 81 individuals analyzed: eleven from spain, six from brittany (including one in common with spain) and seven from the basque country. the most frequent haplotype (haplotype a), shared by more the half of the specimens, was also the only one common to both brittany and spain .\nthe networks based on the 16s rdna and coi sequences exhibited convergent results. the 16s network showed two haplogroups (hg1 and hg11; fig\n). hg1 comprised 10 haplotypes (46 individuals) that were scattered throughout spain and brittany. the most frequent haplotype in this group (h1; 30 individuals) is distributed throughout all of brittany (except at bzh3 pont calleck) and occurs in the spanish provinces of lugo, asturias and western cantabria (sites sp2, sp3, sp4 and sp5; fig\n). all of the other hg1 haplotypes are represented by either a single or few specimens. haplotypes 2 and 3 are specific to brittany and were only found at bzh2 (montagnes noires) and bzh3 (pont calleck). in spain, a total of seven private haplotypes were found in five out of six populations: haplotypes 4 and 5 were typical of sp6 (reme), haplotype 6 was specific to sp5 (gio), haplotype 7 was only found at sp4 (pravia), haplotype 8 was present in sp2 (cobreces), and haplotypes 9 and 10 were typical for the cantabria province (site sp1, ramales de la victoria) .\n. haplotypes originating from brittany are represented in grey, those from spain in black and those from the basque country in white. h1 to h11: names of the haplotypes; hg1 and hg11: names of the haplogroups. haplotype h1 is present in spain in the asturias province, while the province origin of the other haplotypes are specified on the figure (i. e. asturias, cantabria and lugo) .\n. proportion of each haplotype in the different geographic zones is specified as the total number of individuals carrying these haplotypes .\nthe second haplogroup, hg11, comprised only one haplotype (h11), which only occurred in basque snails from bqα (sare) and bqβ (toloza betulu) .\n). hga comprised 16 haplotypes (71 individuals), the most frequent of which was ha (44 individuals). the distribution of ha is comparable to that of h1, since it is found in both brittany (except for the eastern sites, bzh1 and bzh11) and spain (sites sp3, sp4 and sp5). all of the other hga haplotypes are represented by either a single or few specimens (fig\n). the hb, hc, hj, hl and ho haplotypes are specific to brittany. most of the 10 haplotypes specific to spain are private. as for haplogroup hg11, hgw exclusively comprised all of the basque snails and included seven private haplotypes (hq, hr, hs, ht, hu, hv and hw) .\n. haplotypes originating from brittany are represented in grey, those from spain in black and those from the basque country in white. ha to hw: names of the haplotypes; hga and hgw: names of the haplogroups. haplotype ha is present in spain in the asturias province, while the province origin of the other haplotypes are specified on the figure (i. e. asturias, cantabria and lugo) .\ngenetic polymorphism for different subsets of e. quimperiana populations according to their geographic origin .\nn haplotypes: number of haplotypes; n ind: number of individuals; h: haplotype diversity; π: nucleotide diversity; sd: standard deviation .\n). both tests yielded results that were consistent with a population expansion of both the hg1 and hga haplogroups, mainly driven by the significant expansion of the brittany populations. the unimodal distribution of pairwise differences among the brittany populations (fig\nanalyses are using fu' s fs and ramos - onsins & rozas' r 2 statistics, for the whole sample (all) and four subsets of e. quimperiana populations (no sign: non - significant; *: p - value < 0. 05; * * *: p - value < 0. 01) .\n. the observed frequency is given as a dotted line. the expected distribution under a growth - decline model determined using the dnasp v3. 5 program [\nthe molecular - clock likelihood ratio - tests (lrt) showed no significant variation of the substitution rate among the branches of both the coi and 16s phylogenies. for 16s, 2δlogl = 24. 5, df = 54, p = 0. 99; for coi, 2δlogl = 29. 5, df = 82, p = 0. 99 with all codon positions, and 2δlogl = 66. 33, d. f. = 82, p = 0. 90, with the third - codon position only. applying divergence rates ranging from 4 to 6. 86% per myr for the third codon of coi, the most recent common ancestor of all of the\npopulations (and 95% hpd) would have lived between 1 (0. 64–1. 45) to 0. 6 (0. 37–0. 84) myr ago (table\n). the tmrca, based on the coi - 3rd base divergence rate, was estimated as being between 0. 43 and 0. 25 myr for the brittany - spain lineage and between 0. 31 and 0. 18 myr for the basque lineage. convergent time estimates were obtained for the brittany - spain clade with a 2. 2% rate of evolution for coi (all bases; 0. 29 myr) and 2% for 16s (0. 20 myr). for the basque clade, while a divergence rate of 2. 2% for coi (all bases) leads to the same time value estimate (0. 18 myr), a four times lower divergence rate for 16s (around 0. 5% / myr) yielded an equivalent time estimate. in spite of homogeneous substitution rates among the branches in the 16s phylogeny, the molecular clock does not seem to tick regularly .\ntime to the most recent common ancestor (tmrca; in million years, myr) for all e. quimperiana sequences and for the two phylogenetic lineages defined .\nresults of bayesian analyses are based on 16s rrna and co1 (considering the three bases or the third - codon position only) variation .\n]. this is strongly supported by the observation that most of the mtdna diversity is found in spain, and by the fact that spanish haplotypes have a central position in both of the star - like sequence networks. our genetic comparison of populations from the two disjunct distribution areas of\nreveals that the genetic differentiation does not mirror the large geographical discontinuity of the species range .\nactually, the genetic divergences isolate the basque populations from a homogeneous genetic group comprising the spanish and brittany populations. both the 16s rdna and coi genes show specific basque haplotypes, forming separate clades in the two haplotype networks. the low level of genetic diversity, especially for the 16s gene, the occurrence of private haplotypes, and the peripheral location suggest that the basque populations may form a parapatric race [\n], although no morphological peculiarities could be detected. such peripheral populations frequently mark a threshold of environmental variation, beyond which the species cannot expand [\n]. indeed, the occurrence of' refugia within an iberian refugium' is now largely supported by data from a range of organisms. among the seven putative terrestrial refugia identified in this area, those located along the picos de europa (north of spain, [\n], and help to refine the pyrenees refugium theory by suggesting the basque country as a refuge zone during the pleistocene glaciations. moreover, the presence of the closely related species\n]), suggests the occurrence of another separate refuge in this part of the pyrenees, which is probably influenced by mediterranean climates. contemporary anthropogenic effects may also influence the population structure of\n. the scaled bar under the trees represents a 0. 1% sequence divergence. genetically sustained refugia during the glaciations are localized in picos de europa in spain (r\n]. in the first case, it is expected to have haplotypes in common with the source and introduced zones, as illustrated by 16s rdna - h1 and coi - ha. all of the other haplotypes found in brittany are specific to this area, suggesting that they probably appeared in brittany after an introduction. however, such post - introduction genetic diversification is more typical for species with high colonization capabilities, which is not the case for\n]. moreover, related life history features, inconsistent with human activities or production, render multiple introductions improbable. all of these points make the first assumption rather unlikely .\n]. an ancient expansion of populations from iberia through france during the pleistocene interglacial periods may be plausible, since during these periods, the environmental conditions in western europe (e. g. high precipitation and cool temperatures) were particularly favorable to\n]. under this hypothesis, a subset of southern haplotypes (from the picos de europa refugium) would have expanded northward, while others (from the pyrenees refugium) remained in the south. glaciations would have subsequently eradicated most of the\npopulations, except in the iberian refugia and in a northern refuge zone. indeed, small microenvironmentally favorable zones might have been created by oak trees in western europe [\n]. within close proximity to the trees, poor cold - hardy flora and fauna were also able to survive the extremes of the lgm. it is also possible that the pleistocene refuge in northwestern france may involve caves, as suspected in belgium for other poor cold - hardy animals and deciduous trees [\nunfortunately, our results cannot distinguish between the second and the third scenario. the latter implies a colonization of brittany after the last glaciations. as illustrated by oak (\nfrom southern refugia to northern areas. since this snail is strongly associated with oak forests, its dispersal may follow the tree expansion pattern. human deforestation in intermediate areas between the basque country and brittany, around 1000 - 500 years ago, may have created induced open habitats that are hostile for\nthere is no fossil record of e. quimperiana due to the extreme fragility of its thin shell. although the occurrence of a northern refugium should not be discarded a priori, an exhaustive sampling of the southern distribution range (based on a new imperative inventory, since many recorded sites appear to be presently disturbed by human activities) where pleistocene refugia are obvious, appears necessary in order to clarify the colonization history of brittany by e. quimperiana .\n] for a review) were thoroughly searched, but no snails were found. the principal threat to this species is probably deforestation in those areas .\nfoot tissue was dissected from each individual and placed in a 10% chelex solution, with 15 μl of proteinase k (10 mg / ml). samples were incubated overnight at 55°c, and then briefly vortexed, before being boiled for 2 × 15 min. after a centrifugation at 10, 000 g for 5 s, the dna in the supernatant was used in the subsequent amplifications .\noxydase - 1 (coi) on 81 individuals. the 16s rdna and coi gene fragments correspond, respectively, to a 480 base pair sequence using the primers 984 (5' - cgcctgtttaacaaaaacat - 3') and 16s2 (5' - ctggcttacgccggtctg - 3') [\n]. pcrs were carried out in 25 μl volumes containing 0. 5 μl (10 μm) of each forward and reverse primers, 12. 5 μl of the diamond dna polymerase – 500 (bioline\n), 10. 25 μl of up water and 1. 25 μl of dna template. the pcr conditions for the 16s rdna gene were an initial denaturation step of 94°c (3 min), followed by 35 cycles of 94°c (30 s), 49°c (30 s), 72°c (40 s) and a final extension phase at 72°c for 4 min. those for the coi gene were an initial denaturation step of 94°c (5 min), followed 35 cycles of 94°c (45 s), 52°c (45 s), 72°c (1 min) and a final extension phase at 72°c for 7 min. the pcr products were sequenced in both directions on an automated sequencer using the pcr primers (pe applied biosystems 310 genetic analyser, umr 6553; plate - forme de séquençage génotypage ouest - genopole\n]. the sequences have been submitted to genbank (accession n° fj491809 - fj491943). sequence polymorphism analyses (haplotype diversity h and nucleotide diversity π) were carried out with d\nphylogenetic relationships among haplotypes were estimated using maximum likelihood (ml) and markov - chain monte - carlo (mcmc) bayesian - based inference (bi) methods. ml and bi analyses were performed using paup * version 4. 0b10 [\n] was used to evaluate the fit of the data to 24 different models of nucleotide substitutions. the resulting best fit model was the\n] for the 16s rdna region, with an unequal rate for base frequencies and equal rates for transitions and transversion. for the coi gene, the best fit model was the\nfor the ml and bi analyses respectively. for the ml analysis, the robustness of inferences was assessed by bootstrap resampling using 1, 000 repetitions. for the bayesian analysis, the posterior probabilities of trees and parameters were approximated with markov - chain monte - carlo and metropolis coupling. we ran two independent mcmc analyses with four chains and a temperature set to 0. 2. each chain was run for 2, 000, 000 cycles with trees sampled every 100 generations. posterior probabilities were obtained from the 50% majority rule consensus of trees sampled after discarding the trees saved before chains reached apparent stationarity (i. e. a' burn - in period\nof 50, 000 generations for 16s rdna) .\n= 0), and we simplified the median networks that contained all of the possible equally shortest trees by running the mp (maximum parsimony) calculation option .\n], which represents the probability of observing a similar or a higher number of haplotypes in a random neutral population given the observed value of theta. in populations that have experienced recent expansion, large negative values of\nstatistics, representing the difference between the number of singleton mutations and the average number of pairwise differences. recent population expansions are expected to be associated with low values of this parameter .\n] respectively, and their significance was assessed using 1, 000 coalescent simulated resamplings. in order to evaluate the possible historical events of population growth or decline, mismatch distribution analyses were also performed [\n]. mismatch distributions were computed for each haplogroup and compared to the expected distributions obtained under a model of sudden expansion .\nsequences were evolving at a homogeneous rate along all of the branches in the phylogenies. this test compares the log - likelihood of the ml trees under alternative molecular clock assumptions (i. e. a relaxed vs. an enforced molecular clock). the statistic\npopulations, along with the tmcras of the brittany - spain (hg1 and hga) and the basque lineages (see results). an hky model of nucleotide substitution was employed with a sequence divergence rate based on several different published rates for molluscs. while the divergence rates for 16s rdna are estimated at around 2% per myr for animals [\n], the estimates for gastropods vary between 0. 5 – 0. 6% [\n]. these rates range from 0. 03 to 6. 84% per myr, depending on the codon position considered. the number of mutations recorded for the coi first - and second - positions (7 of 456 nucleotides) and coi third - positions (39 of 227 nucleotides) may reflect a variation in rates of substitution among these types of sites, in favor of a higher rate for coi third - positions. given that the clades of the bi tree, based on the two first codon positions of coi, appeared to not be statistically supported (result not shown), we applied coi third - positions rates only when estimating divergence times (4 to 6. 86% per myr). these time estimates were then used to infer the 16s rdna mutation rates by testing several substitution rates (0. 5% , 2% and 10% per myr) .\nwe thank m. a. coutellec and ana puente for their help with the sample collection, olivier lemoine and anonymous referees for their comments on the results .\nav and lm conceived and designed the research; av, ab and lm conducted the samplings; av performed the dna extractions, ag and av analyzed the data, and av and ag wrote the paper .\ncomes hp, kadereit jw: the effect of quaternary climatic changes on plant distribution and evolution. trends plant sci. 1998, 3: 432 - 438 .\nsokal rr, thomson ba: spatial genetic structure of human populations in japan. hum biol. 1998, 70: 1 - 22 .\n, vary with landscape connectivity. mol ecol. 1999, 8: 1481 - 1495 .\nhirao as, kudo g: landscape genetics of alpine - snowbed plants: comparisons along geographic and snowmelt gradients. heredity. 2004, 93: 290 - 298 .\nfunk wc, greene ae, corn ps, allendorf fw: high dispersal in a frog species suggests that it is vulnerable to habitat fragmentation. biol lett. 2005, 1: 13 - 16 .\nthomas ja, morris mg: patterns, mechanisms and rates of decline among uk invertebrates. philos trans r soc lond b. 1994, 344: 47 - 54 .\navise jc, walker d, johns gc: speciation durations and pleistocene effects on vertebrate phylogeography. proc r soc lond b. 1998, 265 (1407): 1707 - 1712 .\ntaberlet p, fumagalli l, wust - saucy a, cosson j: comparative phylogeography and postglacial colonisation routes in europe. mol ecol. 1998, 7: 453 - 464 .\nhewitt gm: post - glacial re - colonisation of european biota. biol j linn soc. 1999, 68: 87 - 112 .\nhewitt gm: the genetic legacy of the quaternary ice ages. nature. 2000, 405: 907 - 913 .\nhewitt gm: genetic consequences of climatic oscillations in the quaternary. philos trans r soc lond b. 2004, 359: 183 - 195 .\nhewitt gm: some genetic consequences of ice ages, and their role in divergence and speciation. biol j linn soc. 1996, 58: 247 - 276 .\n) in the western palearctic region. mol ecol. 2003, 12: 685 - 697 .\ngomez a, lunt dh: refugia within refugia: patterns of phylogeographic concordance in the iberian peninsula. phylogeography of southern european refugia. edited by: weiss s, ferrand n. 2007, 155 - 188. [ netherlands ]\n) provide evidence of natural overland colonisation of ireland. proc r soc lond b. 2007, 274: 1387 - 1393 .\nstewart jr, lister am: cryptic northern refugia and the origins of the modern biota. trends ecol evol. 2001, 16: 608 - 613 .\nacross its entire biogeographical range. mol phylogenet evol. 2006, 39 (2): 335 - 346 .\nrenssen h, vandenberghe j: investigation of the relationship between permafrost distribution in nw europe and extensive winter sea - ice cover in the north atlantic ocean during the cold phases of the last glaciation. quat sci rev. 2003, 22: 209 - 223 .\n, revealed by microsatellites. mol ecol. 2002, 11: 1717 - 1729 .\nwest rg: plant life of the quaternary cold stages. 2000, cambridge university press\n, with emphasis on the west european population. mol ecol. 2005, 14: 2373 - 2388 .\npreece rc, coxon p, robinson je: new biostratigraphic evidence of the post - glacial colonisation of ireland and for mesolithic forest disturbance. j biogeogr. 1986, 13: 487 - 509 .\n( pulmonata, elonidae fam. nov). malacologia. 1979, 18: 139 - 145 .\npuente ai, altonaga k: revision de las especies ibericas de la familia xanthonychidae (gastropoda pulmonata: helicoidea). butll inst cat hist nat. 1995, 63: 85 - 101 .\ncaziot e: la faune terrestre lusitanienne. ann soc linn lyon. 1915, 62: 43 - 65 .\nvincent p: the biogeography of the british isles. routledge, london. 1990\n( de férussac) (gastéropode pulmoné stylommathophore) en bretagne occidentale. haliotis. 1986, 15: 17 - 30 .\ncheddadi r, de beaulieu jl, jouzel j, andrieu - ponel v, laurent j - m, reille m, raynaud d, bar - hen a: similarity of vegetation dynamics during interglacial periods. proc natl acad sci usa. 2005, 102: 13939 - 13943 .\nharpending hc: signature of ancient population growth in a low - resolution mitochondrial dna mismatch distribution. hum biol. 1994, 66: 591 - 600 .\n) in germany and implications for conservation management. conserv genet. 2007, 8: 555 - 563 .\n) revealed by mitochondrial dna phylogeny. biochem genet. 1994, 32: 423 - 436 .\n( heather) populations in europe. mol ecol. 2002, 11: 69 - 78 .\ngarcía - parís m, alcobendas m, buckley d, wake db: dispersal of viviparity across contact zones in iberian populations of fire salamanders (salamandra) inferred from discordance of genetic and morphological traits. evolution. 2003, 57: 129 - 143 .\n, pinaceae) in relation to its migration history. plant syst evol. 1995, 196: 19 - 30 .\npuente ai, altonaga k, prieto ce, rallo a: delimitation of biogeographical areas in the iberian peninsula on the basis of helicoidea species (pulmonata: stylommatophora). glob ecol biogeogr lett. 1998, 7: 97 - 113 .\nfourcade j: trois cent ans d' histoire au pays basque (urrugne, socoa, béhobie, hendayes, biriatou). 1901 editions, france. 1967\nyoung a, boyle t, brown t: the population genetic consequences of habitat fragmentation for plants. trends ecol evol. 1996, 11: 413 - 418 .\npinho c, harris dj, ferrand n: contrasting patterns of population subdivision and historical demography in three western mediterranean lizard species inferred from mitochondrial dna variation. mol ecol. 2007, 16: 1191 - 1205 .\nwillis kj: the full - glacial forests of central and southeastern europe. quat res. 2000, 53: 203 - 213 .\nkutzbach jf, guetter pj: the influence of changing orbital parameters and surface boundary conditions on climate simulations for the past 18, 000 years. j atmosph sci. 1986, 43: 1726 - 1759 .\nbelles x: fauna cavernicola i intersticial de la peninsula ibèrica i les illes balears. monografie scientifiques, 4. 1987, consell superior d' investigacions cientifiques & editorial moll, mallorca\nferris c, oliver rp, davy aj, hewitt gm: using chloroplast dna to trace postglacial migration routes of oaks into britain. mol ecol. 1995, 4: 731 - 738 .\ndemesure b, mush j: l' évolution de la forêt française après la dernière glaciation: l' apport de la palynologie, l' archéologie et de la biologie moléculaire. les dossiers de l' environnement de l' inra. 2001, 21: 23 - 28 .\nthomaz d, guiller a, clarke b: extreme divergence of mitochondrial dna within species of pulmonate land snails. proc r soc lond b. 1996, 263: 363 - 368 .\noxidase subunit i from diverse metazoan invertebrates. mol mar biol biotechnol. 1994, 3: 294 - 299 .\n( gastropoda, pulmonata, helicidae). mol phyl evol. 2004, 30: 64 - 73 .\nthompson jd, higgins dg, gibson tj: clustal w: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. nucleic acids res. 1994, 22: 4673 - 4680 .\nhall ta: bioedit: a user friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for windows 95 / 98 / nt. nucleic acids symp ser. 1999, 41: 95 - 98 .\nrozas j, sánchez - delbarrio jc, messeguer x, rozas r: dnasp, dna polymorphism analyses by the coalescent and other methods. bioinformatics. 2003, 19: 2496 - 2497 .\nschneider s, roessli d, excofier l: arlequin, version 2. 0: a software for population genetic data analysis. 2000, genetics and biometry laboratory, university of geneva, geneva\nswofford dl: paup * 4. 0b. 2002, sinauer associates, sunderland, ma\nhuelsenbeck jp, ronquist f: mrbayes: bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. bioinformatics. 2000, 17 (8): 754 - 755 .\nakaike h: information theory and an extension of the maximum likelihood principle. second international symposium on information theory. edited by: petrov bn, csaki f. 1973, 267 - 281. [ akademiai kiado, budapest ]\nnylander jaa, ronquist f, huelsenbeck jp, nieves - aldrey jl: bayesian phylogenetic analysis of combined data. syst biol. 2004, 53: 47 - 67 .\nfelsenstein j: evolutionary trees from dna sequences: a maximum likelihood approach. j mol evol. 1981, 17: 368 - 376 .\nhasegawa m, iida y, yano t, takaiwa f, iwabuchi m: phylogenetic relationships among eukaryotic kingdoms inferred from ribosomal rna sequences. j mol evol. 1985, 22: 32 - 38 .\nguindon s, gascuel o: a simple, fast, and accurate algorithm to estimate large phylogenies by maximum likelihood. syst biol. 2003, 52: 696 - 704 .\nposada d, crandall ka: modeltest: testing the model of dna substitution. bioinformatics. 1998, 14: 817 - 818 .\nbandelt h - j, forster p, röhl a: median - joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies. mol biol evol. 1999, 16: 37 - 48 .\nfu yx: statistical tests of neutrality of mutations against population growth, hitchhiking and background selection. genetics. 1997, 147: 915 - 925 .\nramos - onsins se, rozas j: statistical properties of new neutrality tests against population growth. mol biol evol. 2002, 19: 2092 - 2100 .\nslatkin m, hudson rr: pairwise comparisons of mitochondrial dna sequences in stable and exponentially growing populations. genetics. 1991, 129: 555 - 562 .\nrogers ar, harpending h: population - growth makes waves in the distribution of pairwise genetic - differences. mol biol evol. 1992, 9: 552 - 569 .\ndrummond aj, rambaut a: beast, version 1. 3. 2005, university of oxford, oxford, uk\n( gastropoda: littorinidae) using mitochondrial dna sequence data. the nautilus suppl. 1994, 2: 91 - 97 .\nchiba s: accelerated evolution of land snails mandarina in the oceanic bonin islands: evidence from mitochondrial dna sequences. evolution. 1999, 53: 460 - 471 .\nmarko pb: fossil calibration of molecular clocks and the divergence times of geminate species pairs separated by the isthmus of panama. mol biol evol. 2002, 19 (11): 2005 - 2021 .\nthis article is published under license to biomed central ltd. this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license (\n), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited .\nby using this website, you agree to our terms and conditions, privacy statement and cookies policy. manage the cookies we use in the preference centre." ]

{ "text": [ "norelona pyrenaica is a species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family elonidae .", "norelona pyrenaica is the type species of the genus norelona . " ], "topic": [ 2, 26 ] }

[ "norelona pyrenaica is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family elonidae. norelona pyrenaica is the type species of the genus norelona." ]

[ "recently pseudagrion inopinatum was found at two new localities (mpumulanga, komati river and kwazulu - natal, mkomazi) in good populations. old records list badplaas\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - balinsky' s sprite (pseudagrion inopinatum )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - balinsky' s sprite (pseudagrion inopinatum )\ntitle =\narkive species - balinsky' s sprite (pseudagrion inopinatum )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\npseudagrion is likely to be split into two genera at some point. until this taxonomic split occurs, the candidates for these two groups are highlighted by\ngroup a\nand\ngroup b\n. p. inopinatum is an a - group species .\nbalinsky, b. i. (1971). a new species of pseudagrion sélys (odonata) from eastern transvaal. journal entomological society southern africa, 34, 11 - 15. [ pdf file ]\npinhey, e. c. g. (1978). a new species of pseudagrion selys, its separation and comparisons (odonata: coenagrionidae). arnoldia, 8, 1 - 10. [ pdf file ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: this species was formerly known only from two localities, where populations were small and decreasing. however, it has recently been found at other a number of additional localities (mpumulanga and kwazulu - natal provinces) with sizeable populations and with no immediate threats present (see reference list for references). the global population however is still thought to be declining, and has a known extent of occurrence of less than 15, 000 km², the species has therefore been downlisted from en to nt on the basis of this new information. it is a cape endemic and should be monitored in the future .\ncurrent population size is unknown (it is known from only a few specimens), but the population may be declining. it appears to have a very localised distribution, with subpopulations probably awaiting discovery (samways 2006) .\nthis species habitat preference includes meandering open rivers and streams, with abundant marginal vegetation .\nit is not clear why this species is so rare. it may be that alien trout species have played a role in this. it has not been rediscovered at the\ndrakensberg\nlocality since its collection there in 1948 and only one specimen (a female) was found at the type locality in 2002. it is possible that livestock farming, damming of streams, invasive alien trees, and trout together may impact on this species, potentially aggravating its susceptibility to drought and flood (samways 2006) .\nno precise information available but research into population numbers and range, biology and ecology, habitat status, threats, conservation measures, and trends / monitoring of this species would be valuable. continued searches for the species are essential .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nuniversity of stellenbosch private bag xi matieland 7602 south africa tel: + 27 21 808 9111 samways @ urltoken http: / / www. urltoken /\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - balinsky' s sprite\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - balinsky' s sprite\ntitle =\narkive photo - balinsky' s sprite\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\ninformation on balinsky' s sprite is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nclassified as endangered (en) on the iucn red list (1) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe iucn red list of threatened species™ map viewer will open in its own new tab / window. this may be further explored or the tab / window closed .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\noops. a firewall is blocking access to prezi content. check out this article to learn more or contact your system administrator .\nstand out and be remembered with prezi, the secret weapon of great presenters .\nneither you, nor the coeditors you shared it with will be able to recover it again .\nreset share links resets both viewing and editing links (coeditors shown below are not affected) .\nfor the identification of this species, please refer to: tarboton, w. & tarboton, m. 2015. a guide to the dragonflies (odonata) of south africa. cape town: random house struik .\nrivers in open landscapes. often faster sections, usually with emergent vegetation and often rocks. from 900 to 1300 m above sea level .\nmap citation: clausnitzer, v. , k. - d. b. dijkstra, r. koch, j. - p. boudot, w. r. t. darwall, j. kipping, b. samraoui, m. j. samways, j. p. simaika & f. suhling, 2012. focus on african freshwaters: hotspots of dragonfly diversity and conservation concern. frontiers in ecology and the environment 10: 129 - 134 .\ncitation: dijkstra, k. - d. b (editor). african dragonflies and damselflies online. urltoken [ 2018 - 07 - 10 ] .\nafrican dragonflies and damselflies online is a collaboration between consent (stellenbosch) and adu (cape town) funded by the jrs biodiversity foundation. addo brings all available knowledge together of africa' s 770 known species of odonata. read more ...\nby combining conservation ecology and entomology, our department at stellenbosch university brings together a considerable body of teaching and research expertise in the rapidly growing important field of conservation in agricultural and development landscapes. read more ...\nthe adu aims to contribute to the understanding of biodiversity and its conservation. we achieve this through programmes that involve citizen scientists, long - term monitoring, research and innovative statistical modelling. read more ...\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "pseudagrion inopinatum , the badplaas sprite or balinsky 's sprite is a species of damselfly in the family coenagrionidae .", "it is endemic to south africa .", "its natural habitats include open rivers with abundant marginal vegetation . " ], "topic": [ 25, 0, 24 ] }

[ "pseudagrion inopinatum, the badplaas sprite or balinsky's sprite is a species of damselfly in the family coenagrionidae. it is endemic to south africa. its natural habitats include open rivers with abundant marginal vegetation." ]

[ "tags: minstrella, various, minstrella regular. ttf, minstrellaregular. ttf, minstrla. ttf, windows font\nevans also won stakes with several second - generation descendants of minstrella. the group includes\nadd comment + no one has written a comment about shadowsquad minstrella. be the first\n2. normal 1. minstrella 3. weatherly systems, inc. minstrella regular 4. minstrella regular 5. w. s. i. int' l v1. 1 for gsp: 6 / 20 / 95 6. minstrella 7. digital font data provided under commercial license to global software publishing ltd (gsp) by w. s. i .\n1986 – minstrella, trained by charlie nelson, lands three group 1s in her juvenile career .\ngray mare (but officially registered as roan), minstrella physically resembled her small, muscular sire .\nminstrella produced 16 named foals, of which 14 started and 11 won. her important foals are as follow :\n, virginia - bred minstrella was buried at spring hill farm, owned by evans’ estate, near casanova, va .\nin the tattersalls cheveley park stakes (eng - i), minstrella was badly bothered by the favorite, forest flower, as the latter bulled her way out of a box with two furlongs to go and went on to finish first with minstrella second. minstrella' s jockey john reid lodged an objection with the newmarket stewards, who allowed the results to stand, but the disciplinary committee of the jockey club overruled the stewards and elevated minstrella to the win. the 1986 cheveley park stakes is still remembered as one of the most controversial european races of the late 20 th century .\nlast time out wiganthorpe had finished a close fourth to minstrella in europe' s richest two - year - old race, the heinz 57 phoenix stakes .\nminstrella' s 1986 earnings of £ 223, 813 (us $ 355, 820) set a new european record for single - season earnings by a juvenile .\nminstrella was returned to the united states in the middle of 1987. in her sole u. s. race, she finished 10th in the queen elizabeth ii challenge cup stakes (gr. iiit) at\n( by ballymoss). the next dam in minstrella' s tail - female line is stakes winner courbette (by native dancer), a half sister to stakes winner mlle. lorette (by lovely night) and a daughter of the great\nfoaled in virginia, minstrella was bred and owned by edward p. evans. she was trained by charlie nelson while in england and by philip johnson for her sole u. s. start. she was humanely destroyed due to the infirmities of old age in early 2012 and was buried at\nminstrella (usa) gr. f, 1984 { 17 - b } dp = 5 - 8 - 11 - 2 - 0 (26) di = 2. 47 cd = 0. 62 - 11 starts, 4 wins, 2 places, 0 shows career earnings: $ 358, 429\nratings of 121 pounds as 2 - year - old, highest among irish - based juvenile fillies. she was 6 pounds below the top european juvenile filly, english - based forest flower, and was fifth among european juvenile fillies. minstrella was rated at 120 pounds at 3, 12 pounds below european champion 3 - year - old filly\nthe granddam, quiet dance, is by quiet american (giving inbreeding to fappiano) out of a three - quarters sister to champion irish two - year - old filly minstrella. given that candy ride was a brilliant g1 winner at 10 furlongs and has sired two g1 winners at that distance, gun runner’s chances of seeing out the derby trip look good .\nstakes winners that are descended from the fourth generation of gun runner’s female family include irish champion two year old filly minstrella, dam of multiple stakes turf veteran pleasant strike; grade 1 heroine misty galore who foaled the sire silver ghost; louisiana derby winner pants on fire; multiple grade one victor gabriel charles; and jim dandy winner a little warm, who also placed in the louisiana derby .\n, minstrella was ireland’s champion 2 - year - old filly of 1986 and an english group i winner that year. she captured both of ireland’s group i stakes for 2 - year - olds, the heinz 57 phoenix stakes for colts and fillies, and the moyglare stud stakes for fillies. in england, she won the group i tattersalls cheveley park stakes by way of a disqualification and captured that year’s chesham stakes .\nthe next round came in ireland in the heinz 57 (gr1) at phoenix park and it was minstrella' s turn land the spoils in an epic duel that was one of the highlights of the flat racing season. next stop for forest flower was the mill reef stakes (gr2) at newbury and another victory there set up another clash with her old rival back at newmarket in the cheveley park stakes (gr1) .\nhaving missed all of the recognised trials she ended up missing the english guineas as well. plans were changed and she was re routed to take on minstrella and ten others in the irish one thousand guineas (gr1) on the curragh. the favourite on the day was michael stoute' s talented filly milligram, who had finished second at newmarket and went on to win the queen elizabeth ii stakes (gr1) at the end of the year .\n“sfa passionata, another straight polish mare, should be third to foal. on paper the foal has an incredible pedigree, with world champions on both sides; fawor in the dam lines and bj thee mustafa on saudee' s side. last, but by no means least, will be minstrella, an egyptian / crabbet mare by alsood. she produced a truly exceptional homozygous colt for us last year so we are really looking forward to this years foal .\nit has accommodated many great trainers over the years including peter nelson, who trained snow knight to win the 1974 derby from kingsdown, and his son charlie, trainer of champion two - year - old minstrella. more recently mick channon and subsequently jamie osborne have also enjoyed considerable success from here. mr. bjorn nielsen purchased the kingsdown estate in 2009 and has overseen a complete renovation of the house and the stables. please find below a brief timeline of some of kingsdown’s most memorable moments :\nthis turned out to be as controversial as it was decisive in deciding which horse would be crowned champion two year old filly of the year. forest flower won the race in good style by two lengths from minstrella, but had to survive a lengthy steward' s enquiry after the race due to an incident in which she bumped her main opponent at the two furlong marker. although the incident had in no way affected the result of the race, the ambiguity of the existing rules made it possible for a horse to be disqualified for interference of any nature .\ndam attributes: third dam minstrella, a prized filly campaigned by deceased major u. s. owner edward p. evans, was a group i winner of the phoenix stakes and the moyglare stakes in 1986, and established a new prize - money record for a two - year - old ¡v colts included ¡v in europe that same season; from the same family that produces a majority of winners at a mile or under, and traces back to a strong legacy of u. s. champion race - mare gallorette; speed - laden, strong on dirt .\nstanding at just 14 hands and 2 inches she had a job to see over the racecourse rails on her first start at newbury in 1986. ridden by steve cauthen she skipped clear of a useful field to win decisively and in so doing booked a trip to ascot for the queen mary stakes (gr3). at the royal meeting pat eddery took over in the saddle and never had a moment of worry as the little filly won in exciting fashion yet again. the cherry hinton stakes (gr3) came next and it was the first time that forest flower met the highly talented filly minstrella. in the race forest flower was made to work for the first time as she was pushed right to the line by her tall grey rival; the press at the time likened the two protagonists to david and goliath, such were the physical differences between the two fillies .\nthe runner - up, pants on fire (truenicks a), shouldn’t have too much trouble with added distance either. he’s a son of son of jump start – who was a real coup for the pennsylvania program – and is sire of graded winners rail trip, sir whimsey, jump on in, bold start, and assessment from his first four crops. pants on fire is out of a mare by florida derby (gr. i) winner cape town, who is an interesting foil for a. p. indy (truenicks, sro) line stallions (as here), as he is by seeking the gold (very good with seattle slew and a. p. indy) out of a mare by seattle slew, so giving a double of that horse. the dam is a half sister to key hunter, a stakes winner who also took third in the cca oaks (gr. i), and is also dam of aqueduct handicap (gr. iii) winner [ liquorcabinet ], and to sprint stakes winner hatfield. the second dam, key flight (by sir ivor’s handicap champion bates motel) out of key to flight, a key to the mint half sister to champion irish two - year - old minstrella. this is a family developed by the late edward p. evans, and which has also produced colonial minstrel, a little warm, mini sermon, [ pleasantstrike ], misty gallore, and saint liam .\njockey: chris ray hummel trainer: mary a. lichlyter owner: mary a. lichlyter breeder: edward p. evans\n* current year statistics include all north american races and dubai world cup day. career statistics include results from all countries .\n* current year includes north american and dubai world cup day statistics; all previous years include results from all countries .\nequibase company is the official supplier of racing information and statistics to america' s best racing, breeders' cup, daily racing form, ntra, the jockey club, tra, tvg and xpressbet .\nproprietary to and © 2018 equibase company llc. all rights reserved. the terms of use for this web site prohibit the use of any robot, spider, scraper or any other automated means to access the contents of this site. the terms of use also expressly prohibit the republication or dissemination of the contents of this screen without the prior written consent of equibase company llc .\ndescendant of gallorette was a champion and major broodmare for edward p. evans .\n, a homebred champion and major producer for the late edward p. evans, was euthanized early this year at age 28. by\n. she was retired with a record of 4 - 2 - 0 from 11 starts and earnings of $ 317, 280 .\n, all of which raced as homebreds for evans. colonial minstrel and minidar were graded winners .\n, who won the 2010 jim dandy stakes (gr. ii) at saratoga, and other graded winner\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\neleven days after the announcement of ned evans' $ 50m gift to the yale school of management, ned passed away from leukemia. below are three articles which will help us remember him .\nnew york — edward p. evans, one of thoroughbred racing' s leading owners and breeders, has died after a brief illness. he was 68. evans died friday night at mount sinai hospital in manhattan, his personal secretary catherine moraetis said saturday. she said the cause of death was acute myeloid leukemia .\nedward p. evans, businessman and top va. horse breeder, dies at 68\nned evans' 64, who pledged a $ 50 million gift to the yale school of management over the winter recess, died of acute myeloid leukemia dec. 31 — less than two weeks after making the largest gift in the school' s 35 - year history .\nyale sought a donor to name the school' s new campus since at least september, when som dean sharon oster said yale was asking about $ 100 million for naming rights. in honor of evans' dec. 20 gift, the new som building will be named edward p. evans hall .\nevans, who was 68, was a private investor and former ceo of the publishing house macmillan. the gift was part of evans' plans for his estate, university president richard levin said in a sunday interview .\n[ evans ] was very ill and in decline when he decided to make the contribution ,\nlevin said .\nhe was making a gift while he still had time to do so .\nevans' gift and a $ 10 million donation from wilbur l. ross' 59 announced in early november make it possible for the university to continue construction without borrowing funds, university president richard levin said in a dec. 20 e - mail. in september, oster told the news that som might need to borrow as much as $ 65 million to finance the new campus .\nevans had myelodysplastic syndrome (mds), a form of bone marrow failure disease, said catherine moraetis, evans' personal secretary. individuals diagnosed with mds are at significant risk for acute myeloid leukemia. moraetis said evans' mds was\nvery aggressive\nand advanced to acute myeloid leukemia, but declined to say when evans was diagnosed with either disease .\nmoraetis described evans as a\nvery private man\nand said he was stoic throughout his illness. even before his diagnosis, evans started to plan his estate, she said, adding that he never married and had no children .\ntoward the end of his career, evans was widely known as a successful owner and breeder of thoroughbred racing horses, but moraetis described him as a\nquintessential businessman .\nin deciding how to direct his gift to yale, she said, som was a\nnatural fit\nfor evans' donation .\nit was something that he had been working on and the diagnosis if anything just accelerated his decision - making ,\nmoraetis said .\nalthough evans is not an alumnus of som, yale vice president for development inge reichenbach said in a dec. 20 e - mail that alumni donors often give to areas of the university beyond their student affiliations. at the time, reichenbach said evans' donation had prompted other potential donors to consider giving to som. in an interview with the news sunday, reichenbach said the university would have hoped to\nthank [ evans ] with a celebration\nand allow him to see his name on the finished building. despite this, moraetis said the timing was right for evans' donation, adding that he received several letters expressing gratitude from members of the yale community before he died .\nthe 4. 25 - acre campus, which was designed by the architectural firm foster + partners, will be located on whitney avenue. it is planned to open in the fall of 2013 .\njockey: don brumfield trainer: philip g. johnson owner: evans edward p breeder: edward p. evans\nowner: e. p. evans breeder: edward p. evans state bred: va winnings: 11 starts: 4 - 2 - 0, $ 358, 429 won: chesham s. (eng), heinz 57 phoenix s. - g1 (ire), moyglare stud s. - g1 (ire), tattersalls cheveley park s. - g1 (eng). at 2 sent to great britain champion 2yo filly in ireland (close )\ndisclaimer: we are checking periodically that all the fonts which can be downloaded from urltoken are either shareware, freeware or come under an open source license. all the fonts on this website are their authors' property, if no designer or license is mentioned that' s because we don' t have information, that doesn' t mean it' s free. if you find any fonts on our website that are not come under aforementioned types, please report copyright violation immediately .\nfile name: minstrellaregular. ttf file size: 51 kb total views: 601 total downloads: 58\nthe fonts presented on this website are their authors' property, and are either freeware, shareware, demo versions or public domain. the licence mentioned above the download button is just an indication. please look at the readme - files in the archives or check the indicated author' s website for details, and contact him if in doubt. if no author / licence is indicated that' s because we don' t have information, that doesn' t mean it' s free .\nas far as her proclivities for speed and early maturity went but was more her sire' s daughter in talent. the irish champion 2 - year - old filly of 1986, she was a group i winner in england and ireland at 2 but failed to train on. she did very well as a broodmare .\nminidar (1990, by alydar) won the 1994 chicago breeders' cup handicap (usa - iii). she is the dam of 2010 jim dandy stakes (usa - ii) winner a little warm (by stormin fever) and the second dam of grade ii winner mini sermon .\ncolonial minstrel (1994, by pleasant colony) won the 1998 humana distaff handicap (usa - iii) and was grade i - placed. she is the dam of multiple stakes winner storm minstrel (by storm cat), who in turn is the dam of grade ii winner blofeld (by quality road). colonial minstrel is also the dam of listed stakes winner grand minstrel (by grand slam) .\nunrestrained (1998, by unbridled) was a listed stakes winner at 3 and 4 .\ncolonella (1999, by pleasant colony) is the dam of 2007 arlington classic stakes (usa - iiit) winner pleasant strike (by smart strike) .\n), dam of multiple grade iii winner lull (by war front). misty dancer' s other foals include fog dance (by\n), dam of 2012 del mar futurity (usa - ia) winner rolling fog (by posse), and quiet flight (by quiet american), dam of grade ii winner fly so high (by malibu moon) .\nwinx' s staying power as one of the world' s top rac ...\nelate is returning in the grade 2, $ 750, 000 delawa ...\ni drew myself with my friend only once, a fanart piece, & i really did not like drawing myself lol. this is very beautiful & i like how some of the edges fading off, very very nice !\nbeautiful handling of the clover. it' s nice to this wonderful plant get some attention .\nthe red outfit really pops out from the paper and jade leaved background. despite the area around you looking unfinished, i feel it accentuates the subject that' s you .\nwow wow wow. i this portrait! the flowers are kind of blowing my mind right now, there are so many of them, but you hold the same level of detail in all of them .\ngreat piece of work! ! thanks for sharing... featured in inspirations at urltoken\nyou are beautiful and so talented. amazing work, it goes to my favorties .\ndear ekukanova your wonderful artwork is featured... in traditional art action - portraits... [ link ] traditional art art portraits... [ link ]... you are most welcome! !! ... regards\ngorgeous work! i' m in awe over the details i really liked how you shaded the outlining foliage and colored the rest, it really draws the eye into the figure .\nbeautiful! love how the dress and clover start to fade into lines and background color. man, i wish i had this kind of control over gouache. we' re using it in my color class. i' m starting to get more comfortable with it, but it can be slow going at times .\nmake nikon corporation model nikon d70 shutter speed 10 / 300 second aperture f / 6. 3 focal length 44 mm date taken mar 13, 2012, 2: 17: 21 pm software adobe photoshop cs3 windows\n© 2018 urltoken by ancestry. all rights reserved. terms and conditions · privacy statement · site map · contact\njavascript required: we' re sorry, but urltoken doesn' t work properly without javascript enabled. you will need to enable javascript by changing your browser settings. learn how to enable it .\ncookies required: we' re sorry, but urltoken doesn' t work properly without cookies enabled. you will need to enable cookies by changing your browser settings .\nthere is often a trade - off between maturity and stamina, and a really stretching miler type might win a kentucky derby without being a true 10 - furlong horse. photo: urltoken\nthere’s no doubt that, from a breeding standpoint, the story of the road to the kentucky derby is that of the first crop of 3 - year - olds sired by uncle mo. quite remarkably, uncle mo has no less than eight first - crop sons who have won or placed in events that might fairly be described as classic preps .\nwhile it goes without saying that uncle mo is imparting considerable class to his offspring, to what degree he will be an influence for the kind of aptitude necessary to take a 10 - furlong classic is less certain .\nuncle mo himself was absolutely brilliant in winning all three starts at two, including the breeders’ cup juvenile at 8½ furlongs. illness blighted his second season, but his talent was undiminished, as witnessed by a nose defeat off an extended layoff in the seven - furlong g1 king’s bishop stakes and a tremendously impressive victory over older horses at a mile in the g2 kelso handicap, an effort that earned a towering 118 beyer .\nuncle mo’s sire, indian charlie, brought an undefeated record to the kentucky derby but tired late to finish third to his stable - companion, real quiet, who he’d comprehensively defeated in the nine - furlong g1 santa anita derby. that marked the end of indian charlie’s racing career, but he went on to be a very successful stallion, although he was primarily an influence for ability at distances around a mile .\nuncle mo’s dam, playa maya, was stakes - placed at 8½ furlongs on the turf, and is by arch, who would generally be regarded as a stamina source. overall though, we’d say that uncle mo’s ability at around a mile diminishes the likelihood that he was a true middle - distance horse .\nthat, of course, would not rule him out as a sire of horses that could run further if bred to mares with stamina. this leaves a question mark with regards to the likely derby favorite, uncle mo’s undefeated champion 2 - year - old nyquist, who completed his classic preparation with a dominating victory in the g1 florida derby .\nit certainly doesn’t appear that stamina is the long suit of nyquist’s family. his dam, seeking gabrielle, is a six - furlong winner by the sprinter / miler forestry, who also sired a sprint stakes winner out of a sister to the dam of seeking gabrielle. the second dam, seeking regina, won the g2 adirondack stakes at two, and she is dam of seeking the sky (three - quarters sister to the dam of nyquist), a graded stakes - winning sprinter, who herself produced g1 - winning sprinter / miler sahara sky to stamina influence pleasant tap .\nof course “is nyquist a 10 - furlong horse? ” and “can nyquist win a kentucky derby? ” are two different questions .\nfor 3 - year - olds at this time of year there is often a trade - off between maturity – frequently the province of the faster horse – and stamina, and a really stretching miler type might well win a kentucky derby without being a true 10 - furlong horse. and, while we’re pretty sure that nyquist, who ran a 101 beyer in the seven - furlong g2 san vicente stakes on his reappearance, but a 94 when winning the florida derby at nine furlongs, is not a 10 - furlong horse, he may have enough in hand over his contemporaries at this point to prevail in the run for the roses .\nuncle mo’s son outwork is also a g1 winner, narrowly prevailing over the maiden trojan nation (by street cry) in the g1 wood memorial. this was outwork’s third win in four starts, his sole defeat being behind his stable - companion destin in the g2 tampa bay derby .\noutwork is out of nonna mia, a three - quarters sister to a one - time derby favorite, cairo prince – who missed the race through injury, and is a daughter of the kentucky derby second and belmont stakes winner empire maker (an example of uncle mo’s affinity for fappiano in particular and tartan / genter strains in general) .\nthe second dam (by holy bull, another tartan / genter - influenced pedigree), was a sprint stakes winner, and nonna mia, who was g1 - placed at two, proved to be a rare sprinting daughter of her sire. although it’s to outwork’s credit that he gutted out the victory after battling through near - suicidal early fractions over a muddy track, his final furlong of 14. 02, which was preceded by a quarter in 26: 59, does little to convince that outwork will benefit from additional distance .\na third son of uncle mo likely to be in the line - up is mo tom, who won the g3 lecomte stakes and finished well for third in the g3 risen star and fourth in the g2 louisiana derby, both times having rough trips. mo tom’s dam is by champion sprinter rubiano (by fappiano) and has produced mile stakes winner bella castani (by big brown) and beautician, a dehere daughter who was a sprint stakes winner who also took second in the breeders’ cup juvenile fillies .\nthe second dam is by uncle mo’s male - line ancestor, caro, but is half sister to a graded stakes - winning sprinter. his strong closing efforts notwithstanding, his pedigree leads to wonder if mo tom might be more of a closing miler type .\nthe biggest obstacle to uncle mo’s hopes of siring a first - crop derby winner may come from his veteran stud companion, giant’s causeway (storm cat), who is long - established as one of the more reliable sources of stamina among the u. s. stallion ranks .\nhe has a pair of very well qualified hopefuls in destin and brody’s cause .\ndestin will come into the race off victories in the g3 sam f. davis stakes and the g2 tampa bay derby, in which he broke the track record. he’s a brother to creative cause, a 2 - year - old g1 winner who was beaten just a nose by subsequent kentucky derby victor i’ll have another and who, after finishing off the board in the derby, rebounded to take third behind i’ll have another in the preakness .\ndestin’s dam, dream of summer, was a top - class mare who was a graded winner from 6½ to 8½ furlongs, including the g1 apple blossom handicap, and was second in the g1 santa margarita invitational at nine furlongs. so destin has a good shot to get the trip .\nbrody’s cause took the g1 breeders’ futurity and finished third in the breeders’ cup juvenile at two. he failed to fire in the tampa bay derby first out this year, but impressed with a last - to - first victory in the g1 blue grass stakes. the dam, sweet breanna, is by sahm, a nine - furlong turf winner by mr. prospector out of salsabil (a three - time classic winner who conquered colts in the irish derby). sweet breana was a stakes winner at 8½ furlongs, and is half - sister to stakes winner jah, who was successful at up to 11 furlongs .\nthe granddam, sweet roberta, won the g2 selima stakes and finished second in the breeders’ cup juvenile fillies. she’s by epsom derby winner roberto and goes back to a three - quarters sister to secretariat .\ngiant’s causeway’s previous best shot at derby would probably have with eskendereya, who romped in the g2 fountain of youth stakes and wood memorial stakes but suffered a career - ending injury before the classic .\nhe was exported to japan for the 2016 breeding season after a disappointing start to his stud career, but in his second crop has mor spirit, who has captured the g1 los alamitos futurity and g3 robert b. lewis stakes and goes on to churchill downs off seconds in the g2 san felipe stakes and santa anita derby .\nmor spirit’s dam, ima dixie girl (dixie union), was a pure sprinter, winning from 4½ - 6 furlongs, including a pair of 2 - year - old stakes. she’s out of prolific regional stakes winner im out first, a daughter of speed influence allen’s prospect. im out first is half - sister to nine - furlong stakes winner zenith, the dam of great hunter, successful in the breeders’ futurity and robert b. lewis, and to the dam of last year’s champion three - year - old filly, stellar wind .\na product of a mating of extremes, mor spirit seems to be more his father’s son in aptitude and should be grinding it out to the end in the derby .\nfor much of the run - up to the classic, the a. p. indy line looked to have formidable representation through sons of tapit and bernardini, but offspring of both suffered some reversals in their final classic trials .\ntapit, who won the wood memorial, wasn’t entirely healthy at the time of that victory and never rebounded on the track, although, of course, he’s gone on to sire superstardom. his offspring are often best at around 8½ - 9 furlongs but he has no trouble getting horses who can stay further out of mares with stamina in the background, and has had a belmont stakes winner and a second (tonalist and frosted) in the last two years .\ntapit’s son mohaymen was derby favorite for much of the spring after extending his graded stakes winning streak to four in the g2 holy bull stakes and fountain of youth stakes but then finished a dull fourth in the florida derby .\na half - brother to breeders’ cup juvenile scorer new year’s day, mohaymen is out of the talented justwhistledixie, a multiple graded stakes - winning dixie union mare who won at nine furlongs. he has a good chance of getting the trip but is going to need a major rebound to be a derby factor .\ntapit’s g2 rebel stakes scorer cupid will skip the derby and undergo surgery for an entrapped epiglottis after a disappointing effort in the g1 arkansas derby, but tapit does have a strong backup team in lani and creator .\njapanese - trained lani, who comes into the race off a win in the g2 uae derby, is unusual in that his pedigree suggests that he might want every bit of the 10 furlongs to be at his best. he’s half - brother to horses who won black type in japan at 11 and 12½ furlongs, and his dam (by sunday silence) defeated top - class colts over 10 furlongs in the autumn emperor’s cup .\nthe granddam, a three - quarters sister to irish st. leger winner dark lomond, is by sadler’s wells and out of arkadina, who placed in the english and irish oaks .\ncreator, like lani, won his prep in last - to - first fashion, coming from 15 lengths off the pace to take the arkansas derby. his dam, the peruvian - bred morena (by chimes of freedom’s staying brother, privately held), was a champion in her native country, where she was a g1 winner at 1½ miles, and she was also g1 - placed at 10 furlongs in the u. s .\nthere is also a tapit grandson worth a mention in my man sam, who has yet to win a black - type race but finished like the proverbial train to takes second in the blue grass. he’s from the first crop of trappe shot, who was g1 - placed at nine furlongs at three but who did his best work as a sprinter the following year .\nthe dam, by arch, was stakes placed at 8 ½ furlongs and is half - sister to hudson steele, a g2 winner at nine furlongs. given his running style, he could just be a longshot to watch .\nat one point, bernardini appeared to have trio of prominent prospects for the first saturday in may, but last year’s g1 champagne stakes scorer greenpointcrusader was a disappointing seventh in the louisiana derby after a good second to mohaymen on his 2016 debut, and zulu, runner - up to mohaymen in the fountain of youth, is also on the sidelines following a 12th - place effort in the blue grass .\nthat leaves shagaf, who was undefeated in three starts, including in the g3 gotham stakes, before floundering in the slop in the wood. shagaf, is out of the stakes - winning unbridled’s song mare muhaawara, a half - sister to a. p. indy’s son eldaafer, whose 13 victories included the g3 breeders’ cup marathon .\nmuhaawara and eldaafer are out of the tabasco cat mare habibti. a dual g1 winner at two, habibti didn’t win at three but did demonstrate that she had trained on with seconds in the g1 santa anita oaks and g1 las virgenes stakes and a third in the kentucky oaks. this is also the family of kentucky oaks winner gal in a ruckus and g1 scorer smart strike. whether shagaf is fast enough is open to question, but he looks sure to get the trip .\na. p. indy’s veteran horse of the year son, mineshaft, will have a solid representative in suddenbreakingnews, a late - running closer who came from the clouds for a 2¾ - length triumph in the g3 southwest stakes and again finished well for second in the arkansas derby. mineshaft relished 10 furlongs, and has generally been a stamina influence .\nthe dam of suddenbreakingnews, uchitel, is a daughter of preakness and belmont winner afleet alex. she is out of graded - winning and g1 - placed party cited, a daughter of the long - winded alleged. uchitel is half - sister to nine - furlong graded scorer ready set, and to composure, who won the g1 santa anita oaks and is dam of nine - furlong graded winner penwith, who is by a son of a. p. indy, like suddenbreakingnews. so no stamina fears here .\nlike a. p. indy, the fappiano branch of mr. prospector has become major influence for classic types in the u. s. this is primarily through the kentucky derby winner unbridled, who of course appeared as great - grandsire of last year’s triple crown laureate american pharoah .\nthis year there is a well - credentialed candidate from a different branch, one that comes down via fappiano’s tough son, cryptoclearance – a winner of four g1 events, who also finished second in the belmont, third in the preakness and fourth in the derby – to candy ride .\ncandy ride’s son gun runner will go into the derby as a winner of four of five starts, the most recent of which was a 4½ - length tally in the louisiana derby .\ngun runner’s dam, quiet giant, is a daughter of giant’s causeway and was a g2 winner who was successful at nine furlongs. quiet giant is half - sister to champion older horse and breeders’ cup classic winner saint liam, three - quarters to nine - furlong graded winner congressionalhonor, and to the dam of of g1 mother goose stakes scorer buster’s ready .\ncandy ride’s son, twirling candy, will have a runner from his first crop of 3 - year - olds in danzing candy, who won three straight, including the g2 san felipe stakes, before fading to fourth after setting a suicidal pace in the slop in the santa anita derby. twirling candy was beaten a nose in a 10 - furlong g1, and danzing candy’s dam is out of a half - sister to top - class 12 - furlong turf horse better talk now, from a stout european family .\non paper, danzing candy could stretch out, but he’ll need to adopt a more relaxed approach, and it’s worth recalling that his broodmare sire, songandaprayer, won the fountain of youth stakes (then g1) at 8½ furlongs but imploded in the kentucky derby after setting the fastest early fractions on record .\nanother branch of mr. prospector emerging as a classic one is that of smart strike through his two - time horse of the year curlin. already sire of belmont stakes (gr. i) victor, palace malice, in his first crop, curlin has a live classic hopeful this year in exaggerator .\na graded stakes winner sprinting at two, it appeared that exaggerator might have stamina limitations until he charged up from way off the pace to take the santa anita derby by 6¼ lengths. a look at the fractions reveals – contrary to the visual impression – that, rather than accelerating, exaggerator merely slowed down less than his rivals, which leaves us to wonder whether he really relished the added distance or just benefitted from a shrewd ride on a wet surface, which he’s already shown he likes .\nwhile curlin is definitely a stamina influence, the distaff side of exaggerator’s pedigree sends mixed messages. there are plentiful influences for distance - running ability, but the dam broke a track record over 5½ furlongs, and the granddam was a stakes - placed sprinter who never won beyond five furlongs .\nit’s very possible that the best 3 - year - old in the country is last year’s champion two - year - old filly, songbird, who has been unextended while going seven - for - seven, but who won’t be going to the derby (and has been sidelined from the kentucky oaks after her preparation was interrupted by a low - grade fever). she is by medaglia d’oro, by el prado, from the north american branch of sadler’s wells .\nmedaglia d’oro doesn’t have a derby - bound colt, but the sire line could be represented by oscar nominated and cherry wine. oscar nominated, who was claimed for $ 75, 000 when breaking his maiden, earned his way to the classic with a win in the g3 spiral stakes on the all - weather at turfway park, a race captured by animal kingdom prior to making a winning dirt debut in the derby .\noscar nominated is by el prado’s leading sire son kitten’s joy, primarily a sire of turf horses. the dam is a stakes - winning daughter of theatrical, like kitten’s joy generally an influence for turf and distance .\ncherry wine, who finished well for third in the blue grass, is from the first crop of el prado’s son, paddy o’prado, who claimed third in the derby before going on to take the g1 secretariat stakes on the grass. the dam, bred on a similar cross to breeders’ cup dirt mile victor liam’s map, won at 8½ furlongs, and cherry wine should have no difficulty with the derby trip .\nwhitmore, tom’s ready and majesto are others that could make the line - up .\nthird in the arkansas derby, whitmore is by strong stamina influence pleasantly perfect. his dam has an unusual pedigree as she is by scat daddy out of a mare by tale of the cat, a close relative to scat daddy’s sire, johannesburg .\nwhitmore has loomed a threat only to flatten late in his preps, and looks like a closing miler .\ntom’s ready closed late for second in the louisiana derby. the sire, more than ready, was a sprinter / miler and isn’t a strong influence for stamina, and tom’s ready is a brother to a stakes - winning sprinter .\nmajesto, winner of a maiden on his previous start, finished a staying - on second in the florida derby. a son of two - time breeders’ cup classic hero tiznow, one of north america’s more reliable influences for classic distance performance on dirt, majesto is half - brother to the arkansas derby scorer overanalyze and shouldn’t be found wanting on the score of distance .\nhave nyquist, pharoah and co. transformed the u. s. classics into' extended sprints' ?\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nlove this vampire lord, need to use it for something in the future .\nclassification essay is a medical based paralympic classification for blind sport. competitors in this classification have partial sight, with visual acuity from to\nskyrim costume how to' s. and of course, if you want to make it more for your character, you can always change the metal plating design .\nthat moment when you get a dog in skyrim and all he ever does is bark and knock everything off in your house .\n11 fun and easy preschool activity ideas with a\nspace\ntheme. i' ve always wanted to do a space theme .\nfoto: i' ve been lately commisioned by author bradley beaulieu to make maps for his novel\n12 kings of sharakhai\nfrom his serie\nthe song of the shattered sands\n. here is the map of the desert of shangazi and the map of the city of sharakhai. you can also take a look at brad' s website urltoken where he posted some\nbehind the scene\narticles about these maps and our collaboration. © bradley beaulieu 2016 - all rights reserved\newart - park - scabbard - belt - and - zip - pouch - 6r. jpg (1000×594 )\n- what is the music of life? - silence my brother. # darkbrotherhood\nauf einem # roadtrip siehst und erlebst du die interessantesten dinge meist während der # fahrt. mit ein paar einfachen # tipps bist du stets gewappnet für die besten # schnappschüsse während deiner nächsten roadtrips. # fotografietipps reihe 7\n4 simple ways to get a blurry background in your photos | cozy clicks photography phoenix family and child photographer in ahwatukee, scottsdale and phoenix areas .\nhtml\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nforest flower became a favourite of racegoers due her diminutive stature; but what she lacked in size she more than made up for in courage and ability .\nthe connections of the second horse appealed against the decision of the local stewards, portman square hosted an enquiry involving lawyers and video replays run in slow motion over and over again. the deciding question was had tony ives, forest flower' s jockey made sufficient moves to try and prevent his mount from bumping her rival. by the end of the enquiry the appeal panel had taken the opinion that although probably the moral winner forest flower' s jockey had been guilty of a riding offence that by strict definition of the rules required the horse to be disqualified and placed last .\nthankfully for the future of racing the case was a catalyst in the abolishment of the rule that saw many worthy winners deprived of their prize through interference that had no bearing on the result of the race. it was widely expected that the pony sized forest flower would not be nearly as good a three year old as she had been at two; and in a late spring she was slow to come to hand .\nhowever, it was “flower power”❠that emerged victorious in ireland, with a typically gutsy performance and a sharp reminder to any who had doubted that she would train on, that this was no ordinary filly. sadly she only ran one more race and ravaged by a serious virus forest flower never regained her true form and was retired in 1987 .\nthis site uses cookies. by continuing using this site you are agreeing to our use of cookies .\nracing career: with a 2 - 1 - 1 - record from 9 starts in the u. s. , suzy smart scored exclusively from 1200m to 1300m on dirt, including the donna freyer stakes, a 1300m restricted stakes contest on the main track at philadelphia park (now parx). a pair of extra bullets regarding her racing perormance in particular: (a) regressed drastically since turning three years of age, and (b) never showed up in ¡§two - turn races¡¨, or distances of a mile or further .\nprogeny¡¦s racing performance: both previous foals are still maidens; london master is her 3rd foal .\nlondon master is sired by commands, a four - time (4) winner that later produced quite a number of accomplished performers in his stud career, led by sheikh mohammed¡¦s appearance, a four - time (4) group i winning mare in australia at six years of age that has amassed career earnings of over hk $ 12, 000, 000. in hong kong, many a commands, likewise inherited with prolific speed, does perform better at sprints, the best of which being the retired royal delight, previously a group iii winner in the territory .\nin distance, as a 4sx5d northern dancer with an exceptional dosage (dp / di) of 30 / 3. 62, london master, from a maternal family that celebrates a host of good performers at a mile or under, should accordingly be a genuine sprinter .\nin course preference, with commands¡¦ strong turf affinity ¡v and also of his descendants, london master is himself a maternal grandson of smart strike, the two - time champion sire in north america having fathered top dirt champions like preakness stakes (us - gi) winner lookin at lucky, japan cup dirt (jpn - gi) hero fleetstreet dancer, and u. s. eclipse horse of the year curlin, a red - hot stallion now in his own right, before succumbing to laminitis early this year. furthermore, london master indeed comes from a strong all - weather legacy underneath that respectively goes back to 1981 kentucky derby / preakness hero pleasant colony and mighty u. s. race - mare gallorette; on top of the solid form many a commands has established on dirt at sha tin, london master should be a very versatile talent .\nin general outlook, commands has established himself as one of the more successful progenies, with especially many a bay son of his proven in the territory, london master, with precocity coming from underneath, should be a fast - approaching winner in class 4 ¡v and even class 3 .\nintro to new horses\nis produced by a private company and is not official jockey club information. every effort is made to ensure the information is as accurate as possible, but the club assumes no responsibility for it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nguy harwood and khaled abdulla' s highly - successful season continued at york yesterday when primary gave the sussex trainer his second victory in the past three years in the tote - ebor handicap. however, the loudest cheers of another action - packed afternoon were reserved for willie carson after the dynamic scot had driven wiganthorpe to a short head victory from mansooj in the scottish equitable gimcrack stakes .\nthe narrowness of the winning margin surprised most of the onlookers and the wide grin on carson' s face showed his relief at the outcome. so, too, did the welcoming hollers from mick easterby demonstrate that the yorkshire trainer had realized his life' s ambition in capturing this historic trophy on his local track." ]

{ "text": [ "minstrella ( 22 march 1984 – 2012 ) was an american-bred , british-trained thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare .", "she was one of the best two-year-old fillies of her generation in europe in 1986 when she won four of her seven races .", "she recorded her first win in the chesham stakes before going on to record group one victories in the phoenix stakes , moyglare stud stakes and cheveley park stakes .", "the last of these wins came after the controversial disqualification of forest flower .", "minstrella failed to win in four attempts as a three-year-old and was retired from racing .", "she had considerable success as a broodmare in the united states .", "minstrella died in 2012 at the age of twenty-eight . " ], "topic": [ 22, 14, 14, 14, 14, 7, 14 ] }

[ "minstrella (22 march 1984 – 2012) was an american-bred, british-trained thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare. she was one of the best two-year-old fillies of her generation in europe in 1986 when she won four of her seven races. she recorded her first win in the chesham stakes before going on to record group one victories in the phoenix stakes, moyglare stud stakes and cheveley park stakes. the last of these wins came after the controversial disqualification of forest flower. minstrella failed to win in four attempts as a three-year-old and was retired from racing. she had considerable success as a broodmare in the united states. minstrella died in 2012 at the age of twenty-eight." ]

[ "paratorna is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\nseven species of tortricinae are reported for the first time from korea; choristoneura evanidana (kennel), daemilus fulvus (filipjev), paratorna seriepuncta filipjev, acleris nigriradix (filipjev), a. nigrilineana kawabe, a. cristana (denis and schiffermuller) and a. logiana (clerk .). the genus of daemilus yasuda is new to the korean fauna .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\njavascript is disabled on your browser. please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\nas a result of expeditions to province jilin, china between 1999 and 2004, 36 species of tortricinae, including 26 species of the tribe archipini, six of cochylini, and four of tortricini, were recorded. of them, 14 species were reported for the first time from province jilin in china. in this paper, available information for these species, including the host plants, synonymies, and distributional ranges, is provided .\ncopyright © 2014 national science museum of korea (nsmk) and korea national arboretum (kna). production and hosting by elsevier b. v .\ncopyright © 2018 elsevier b. v. or its licensors or contributors. sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b. v .\nbyun, b. k. u; park, k. t. k\ntan, e - choo. ; chong, s - ann. ; lim, l. c. c. ; chan, a. o. m. ; teo, y - ying. ; tan, c - hoon. ; mahendran, r .\n. objective an elevated homocysteine level has been reported for patients with schizophrenia and depression. we investigated the frequency of the common c667 t variant of the enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase in controls and patients of chi ...\n. an investigation on the genus althenia petit and zannichellia l. (zannichelliaceae) in the balearic islands is presented. for each of the species we provide a description based on examined specimens, as well as data on its ecology and distribution ...\nthe virus of canine distemper in cell culture. i. adaptation of canine distemper virus to growth and serial passage in ferret kidney cell cultures and in bs - c - 1 cell cultures\n. the c. s. l. strain of virulent cdv, isolated from fk cell cultures prepared from an infected ferret, was adapted to grow in normal fk cell cultures. adaptation was achieved after 3 rapid serial passages in fk cell cultures, interpolation of an adul ...\n. the plasma extravasation inducing activities of several chemical mediators (allergic agents: histamine, leukotriene c4 (ltc4) and platelet activating factor (paf); neurogenic agents: substance p, capsaicin and carbachol) have been investigated and ...\n. [ english summ. ] [ long dash ] an attempt has been made to dissociate the process of iodination of scleroprotein fibers in the outer cuticular layer of the tunic from the process of biosynthesis of thyroid hormones in the subjacent layer in detunicat ...\n. vestnik khirurgii imeni i. i. grekova 106 (3): 66 - 69\neffect of salt intake on serotonin and 5 hydroxyindoleacetic acid excretion in man. journal of hypertension 9 (suppl 6): s490 - s491, 1991\nserotonin content of foods: effect on urinary excretion of 5 - hydroxyindoleacetic acid. american journal of clinical nutrition 42 (4): 639 - 643, 1985\ncatecholamine and serotonin content of foods: effect on urinary excretion of homovanillic and 5 - hydroxyindoleacetic acid. journal of the american dietetic association 87 (8): 1031 - 1035, 1987\nurinary excretion of 5 - hydroxyindoleacetic acid in psychotic and normal subjects; excretion after parenteral administration of serotonin. a. m. a. archives of neurology and psychiatry 80 (1): 78 - 85, 1958\nurinary excretion of the serotonin metabolite, 5 - hydroxyindoleacetic acid, in various clinical conditions. new england journal of medicine 255 (6): 270 - 272, 1956\ndiurnal urinary excretion of serotonin and 5 - hydroxyindoleacetic acid in chronic liver diseases. polski tygodnik lekarski 35 (3): 77 - 79, 1980\nthe urinary excretion of 5 - hydroxyindoleacetic acid after the oral administration of serotonin in various disease states. gastroenterology 38: 937 - 941, 1960\nurinary excretion of 5 - hydroxyindoleacetic acid, serotonin and 6 - sulphatoxymelatonin in normoserotonemic and hyperserotonemic autistic individuals. neuropsychobiology 61 (1): 27 - 32, 2010\nurinary excretion of 5 - hydroxyindoleacetic acid and serum tryptophan and serotonin levels in patients with depression. psychiatria polska 18 (1): 9 - 16, 1984\nthe urinary excretion of 5 - hydroxyindoleacetic acid after the administration of serotonin precursor in patients with hepatic cirrhosis. gastroenterology 36 (1): 7 - 11, 1959\nif you know the species, please, click on the picture and write the species name in comments section. also, you can go to the gallery page with all photos of tortricini sp. (large size)." ]

{ "text": [ "paratorna seriepuncta is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "it is found in korea , china and eastern asia .", "the wingspan is 16 mm for both males and females . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9 ] }

[ "paratorna seriepuncta is a species of moth of the tortricidae family. it is found in korea, china and eastern asia. the wingspan is 16 mm for both males and females." ]

[ "a medium - sized polymorphic gadfly petrel that is very similar to kermadec petrel both in appearance and in the range of plumages it occurs in. herald petrel is slightly smaller, with a lighter build and a longer tail, and differs in having dark primary shafts (these are pale in kermadec petrel). intermediate morph herald petrel is similar to phoenix petrel, but differs in usually having pale lores\nherald petrel (department of environment and heritage protection (dehp), 2012c) [ database ] .\n( garnett & crowley 2000) provides a guide to threat abatement and management strategies for the herald petrel .\nherald petrel. intermediate morph adult in flight (first new zealand record). herald islets, kermadec islands, march 2016. image © steve wood by steve wood\nherald petrel: medium petrel, three color morphs: light, intermediate, and dark. dark morph is dark gray overall, silver - gray to white base on underwing\nthere are separate populations of herald petrel, one occurring in the south pacific, the other occurring in the south atlantic .\nintermediate forms exist between light and dark morphs. gray legs, feet. split into herald petrel and trindade petrel (not in north america) by the american ornithologist union in 2015 .\nthe generation time for the herald petrel has been estimated at about 10 years, but with low reliability (garnett & crowley 2000) .\ndepartment of the environment and energy (doee). 2017. pterodroma heraldica herald petrel in species profile and threats database. doee, canberra .\nking, b. r. (1984). the herald petrel pterodroma arminjoniana heraldica breeding on raine island, qld. emu. 84: 246 - 247 .\nmcbride, a. & d. hobcroft (1984). a herald petrel off sydney, new south wales. australian birds. 19: 53 - 55 .\nwhen the time comes for the herald petrel to breed, both sexes will work together to excavate or clean out a burrow. once this is done, the female lays only one egg in a sparse, un - lined burrow and both the male and female share incubation duties. after 49 - 54 days, the eggs hatch and a new herald petrel is born. herald petrels have only one brood a year .\nmiskelly, c. m. 2016 [ updated 2017 ]. herald petrel. in miskelly, c. m. (ed .) new zealand birds online. urltoken\nother synonyms catalan: petrell de l' illa trindade czech: buřňák trinidadský danish: trinidadepetrel german: trinidadsturmvogel english: herald petrel, trindade or herald petrel, trindade / herald petrel spanish: petrel de la trindade spanish (chile): fardela heráldica spanish (spain): petrel de la trindade / del herald spanish (mexico): petrel heráldico spanish (uruguay): petrel de trindade estonian: kiritiib - tormilind finnish: mauritiuksenviistäjä french: pétrel de trindade, pétrel de trindade ou p. du herald, pétrel de trindade ou p. hérault hungarian: trinidadi viharmadár, trinidadi viharmadár / [ pterodroma heraldica icelandic: kvikudrúði italian: petrello di tonga japanese: munafushiroharamizunagidori / herarudoshiroharamizunagidori, obibanemizunagidori japanese: ムナフシロハラミズナギドリ, ムナフシロハラミズナギドリ / ヘラルドシロハラミズナギドリ latin: aestrelata arminjoniana, pterodroma [ arminjoniana or heraldica ], pterodroma arminjoniana, pterodroma arminjoniana arminjoniana, pterodroma arminjoniana / heraldica lithuanian: trinidadinis audrašauklis dutch: arminjons stormvogel, arminjons stormvogel / salvins stormvogel norwegian: trindadepetrell polish: petrel oceaniczny portuguese: crazina - da - trindade portuguese (brazil): grazina - de - trindade russian: тринидадский тайфунник slovak: tajfúnnik admirálsky swedish: trindadepetrell, trindadepetrell / heraldpetrell chinese: 信使圆尾鹱 chinese (traditional): 千里達圓尾鸌〔赫拉德圓尾鸌〕\nthe herald petrel was added to the new zealand list in 2016, after a bird was photographed off the herald islets (kermadec islands) in march of that year. coincidentally, both the bird and the islets were named after the same ship, hms herald, which undertook surveys in the south - west pacific during 1852 - 61. the herald petrel was described from two specimens collected on chesterfield reef, west of new caledonia, probably in 1859. this was about 5 years after the vessel (under captain henry mangles denham) was at the kermadec islands. as ‘herald’ is a proper noun, the bird’s name should always be capitilised .\nthe herald petrel is a medium to large tropical petrel which belongs to a group of seabirds known as ‘gadfly’ petrels. all of these petrels have short sturdy bills suitable for picking soft prey from the surface of the water and complex wing and face marking which are probably important for interspecific recognition. herald petrels are polymorphic, with three main colour phases, dark, intermediate and pale. most australasian records of the herald petrel have been of the pale phase. this species is similar to the kermadec and providence petrels, with dark underwings with a contrasting white patch at the base of the primaries extending as a pale wedge along greater coverts towards the body. the herald petrel can be distinguished from other species of petrel by white patches on the leading edge of the underwing near the body. the sexes are alike, with no seasonal variation .\nizzard, j. & w. d. watson (1980). a sight record of the herald petrel off northern new south wales. australian birds. 15: 5 - 6 .\nthe herald petrel probably feeds on cephalopods (squid), but its diet is otherwise unknown (garnett & crowley 2000; marchant & higgins 1990). herald petrels usually fly within 20 m of the sea surface, and take food from on or near the surface (marchant & higgins 1990) .\nin may 2007, a herald petrel tagged on raine island in 1984 was observed off the coast of mauritius in the indian ocean. this greatly increases the known life span and range of the species .\nking, b. r. & d. s. reimer (1991). breeding and behaviour of the herald petrel pterodroma arminjoniana on raine island, queensland. emu. 91: 122 - 125 .\nthis petrel is named for the hms herald, the ship that carried the naturalist who first collected the species. the taxonomy of this species is very much in flux. the atlantic and indian ocean population is arminjoniana, also known as the trinidade petrel. the pacific population is heraldica, the true herald petrel. in the pacific it has been recently recognized that dark and pale morphs in fact behave as different species, so the dark birds have been separated as the henderson petrel (pterodroma atrata). the taxonomy used here is provisional, it is quite likely that trinidade and herald petrels deserve to be separated as different species. note that due to the separation of the dark henderson petrel, pacific populations of herald are now thought to only occur as a pale morph. this is in contrast to the atlantic trinidade which occurs as pale and dark morphs. trinidade petrels breed off brazil, pacific heralds do not breed near the americas .\nbrooke, m de l. & g. rowe (1996). behavioural and molecular evidence for specific status of light and dark morphs of the herald petrel pterodroma heraldica. ibis. 138: 420 - 432 .\nthe herald petrel is medium - sized gadfly petrel, with variable plumage morphs ranging from almost entirely dark (grey - brown) to birds with grey - brown upperparts and white underparts, with a dark head. it is more lightly built and relatively longer - tailed than the otherwise similar (and even more variable) kermadec petrel – although note that herald petrels are never as pale as the ‘white - headed’ pale morph of the kermadec petrel. herald petrels of all morphs have dark primary shafts, and so the upper wing appears concolorous (cf. kermadec petrel). all morphs of herald petrel have a pale flash at the base of the primaries of the underwing, similar to kermadec petrel (although the herald petrel usually has more pale feathering extending on to the inner underwing). pale morph and intermediate morph birds are the forms most often recorded at breeding sites in the south - west pacific (and are therefore most likely to reach new zealand). they have pale bellies and a more - or - less hooded appearance, with brownish plumage on the head and sides of the neck, often joined as a collar, but leaving a pale throat. pale morph birds have largely white bases to undertail coverts and an indistinct collar, while intermediate morph birds are strongly hooded and typically have dark undertail coverts. most birds have white on the lores or forehead, unlike the otherwise similar phoenix petrel. there is no significant plumage variation with age or sex. the bill is black, the eye dark, and the legs and feet pink, with black outer toes and webs .\nthe herald petrel has a small breeding range, estimated globally at less than 50, 000 square kilometers. native to australia and nearby island nations, this bird prefers rocky areas as well as shrubland and marine ecosystems. the global population of this has not been determined exactly, but does not show signs of decline in range or size that would necessitate inclusion on the iucn red list. for this reason, the current evaluation status of the herald petrel is least concern .\nthe population estimates of the herald petrel include less than 10 breeding pairs in australia (blaber 1996), or fewer than 50 mature individuals (garnett & crowley 2000). king (1996) and king and reimer (1991) stated that the population was very small, and never recorded more than 12 individuals during counts of herald petrels on raine island .\nherald petrel: these birds prefer water below the equator but were recorded as far north as north carolina where it is a rare but regular visitor in late spring to late summer. breeds on raine island and other small cays in the coral sea. mostly\nconservation status: the herald petrel is endangered in queensland (nature conservation act 1992) and critically endangered nationally (environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999). it is ranked as low under the department of environment and heritage protection back on track species prioritisation framework .\nwhen you look at the herald petrel, you will find that its body measures roughly 36 - 41 cm in length with a wingspan of 97 - 102 cm. generally speaking, the whole bird is gray with some green showing on the nape and upper tail. the body has no patterning whatsoever. the herald petrel also has a hooked, seabird - shaped bill and a pointed tail. the wings are also quite pointed in shape while the legs are pink in color. birdwatchers should note that there are three different color morphs of the herald petrel: light, intermediate and dark. the light morph has a white chest and belly, while its upper parts are a dark gray. the dark morph has a dark grey body overall with a silver - grey or white base on its under - wing flight feathers. the intermediate morph is mixture of the light and dark morph .\nthe sole new zealand record was an intermediate morph bird seen and photographed off the meyer islets (herald islets, kermadec islands) on 29 mar 2016 .\nthere is no information available specifically regarding survey techniques for the herald petrel. herald petrels have been recorded opportunistically from boats when birds were flying over the sea (izzard & watson 1980; mcbride & hobcroft 1994). they have also been recorded during boat trips specifically undertaken to survey sea birds in the great barrier reef (stokes & corben 1985), and recorded at nests during visits by researchers who have landed on raine island (king 1984; king & reimer 1991) .\nsimilar species: the herald petrel is difficult to identify due to its variable plumage, plus the similarity of some morphs to several other petrel species. it is very similar to the dark and intermediate morphs of the (also variable) kermadec petrel. paler birds are very similar to phoenix petrels, which differ in having wholly dark foreheads, a more strongly hooded appearance, and darker underwings without a prominent flash at the base of the primaries. kermadec petrels have pale primary shafts visible on the outer upperwing. chatham island taiko is slightly larger, has a darker and more prominent ‘hood’, whiter undertail coverts, and silvery underwing that often reflects light. tahiti petrel is more heavily built with more massive bill (accentuated by a small head and long neck), darker brown plumage, and lacks the pale patch on throat. it also has longer, straighter wings, and flies with a more languid, leisurely style. dark morph birds are indistinguishable from the henderson petrel of the eastern tropical pacific .\nthe herald petrel, pterodroma heraldica, has recently been separated from p. arminjoniana, of the indian ocean (brooke & rowe 1996; garnett & crowley 2000; warham 1996), which has been termed the round island petrel (garnett & crowley 2000). they were formerly considered to be a single species, with an extensive subtropical breeding range across the width of the pacific, indian and atlantic oceans (blakers et al. 1984; del hoyo et al. 1992; marchant & higgins 1990) .\nthe herald petrel (pterodroma arminjoniana) is a medium - sized bird belonging to the procellariidae family. it is a sea bird and spends much of its life on or above the ocean, only really visiting nesting grounds during breeding season. it is generally found below the equator but you may find these birds as far north as north carolina on occasion. one of their more notable breeding grounds is that of raine island and other small cays in the coral sea where it can forage comfortably in the surrounding ocean. when looking for breeding grounds, the herald petrel favors warm islands with soils that are well suited for nesting burrows. it feeds on squid and crustaceans which it skims from just below the surface of the water with its bill only to be ingested later whilst the bird is in flight .\nherald petrels exhibit typical gadfly petrel behaviour at sea, flying in high - banked arcs and glides, with wings angled forward and swept back at the carpal joint (cf. the more straight - winged tahiti petrel). they visit breeding islands by day, nesting in a crevice or a surface scrape under trees or low vegetation, from near sea level to 1000 m. the single white egg is incubated by both parents, who also share care of the chick. the breeding season is variable with location; adults present at most colonies year - round (absent from raine island nov - jan) .\nfor the purpose of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 (epbc act), the species listed as\npterodroma arminjoniana - herald petrel\non the epbc act list of marine species is taken to refer to the species complex\npterodroma arminjoniana s. lat. (herald petrel (includes p. arminjoniana and p. heraldica) )\nurltoken. marchant and higgins' (1998) treatment of procellariidae was used when p. arminjoniana was included to the epbc act list of marine species. this treatment included two subspecies: p. a. arminjoniana and p. a. heraldica (marchant & higgins 1998). more recently, these subspecies have been elevated to species (p. arminjoniana and p. heraldica) (christidis & boles 2008), however, the epbc act list of marine species is yet to be updated to reflect this change .\nglobally, the herald petrel is known to occur on, and in waters around, easter island, cook islands, french polynesia, new caledonia, pitcairn and tonga. its global breeding extent of occurrence is estimated to be less than 50 000 km², but greater than 20 000 km² (birdlife international 2004b). the global population size has not been quantified, but the population is believed to be greater than 10 000 mature individuals (birdlife international 2004b) .\nthe distribution and habitat of the herald petrel is not well understood. their breeding distribution extends from eastern australia to easter island in the eastern pacific ocean. the only known australian breeding location is raine island in the outer great barrier reef. these petrels nest on scrapes under the vegetation on the highest part of the island. birds are present for most of the year and only absent between november to january. this contrasts to other pacific breeding colonies where birds are present throughout the year .\nthere is little information available about threats to the herald petrel. the small population of herald petrels is vulnerable to catastrophe, such as the accidental introduction of predators (garnett & crowley 2000). the small population size means the species is at high risk of extinction. other threats may result from human activity. guano was harvested from raine island early in the 1900s, although the seabird colony is thought to have recovered without any ill - effects (king 1996). disturbance to nesting birds, egg collection, persecution by fisherman, and accidental entanglement in fishing tackle, especially nets, are additional threats. the predation of eggs and chicks by introduced mammals (e. g. foxes canis vulpes, cats felis catus, rats rattus) may also be a threat to the species. furthermore, gulls (larus) often take the eggs and small chicks of nesting seabirds. other potential threats to the herald petrel are erosion of nesting habitat, due to wind and wave action, storms washing away nests, structural and floristic changes to vegetation, and competition for food from other marine species and commercial fisheries. pollution (nutrient enrichment, toxic spills, e. g. oil, chemicals), and disease (blakers et al. 1984; brothers et al. 1996; burbidge et al. 1996; copley 1996; del hoyo et al. 1992; garnett & crowley 2000; king 1996; marchant & higgins 1990; norman et al. 1996) may also pose a risk to the population. it is not clear whether any of these additional seabird threats are applicable to the herald petrel. the small colonies on raine island, and possibly on other cays in the coral sea, may be at risk from genetic inbreeding .\nin north american waters, thirty - five species of shearwaters in six genera have been identified. included among these are the thin - winged pterodrama species of the deep waters such as the black - capped petrel, and the stocky, gull - like northern fulmar .\nherald petrels are pelagic seabirds of the tropical south pacific ocean, that come ashore only to breed. breeding sites include raine island (queensland), chesterfield reefs (new caledonia), ‘ata, hunga tonga and hunga ha’apai (tonga), ta’u (american samoa), ua pou and tahuata (marquesas), gambier, henderson and ducie islands (pitcairn islands). at sea, herald petrels mainly range south of the equator, from northern queensland to the vicinity of easter island, but may range north to 39°n in the central pacific .\nthe herald petrel is a marine, pelagic species of tropical and subtropical waters (del hoyo et al. 1992; marchant & higgins 1990). published sightings of the herald petrel off eastern australia occur from the edge of the continental shelf, 30 - 36 km offshore, and over water of 250 - 270 m depth (izzard & watson 1980; marchant & higgins 1990; mcbride & hobcroft 1984). the species nests on tropical and subtropical islands, atolls, cays and rocky islets (del hoyo et al. 1992; marchant & higgins 1990). in the australasian region, breeding is only known from raine island, queensland, where the birds nest on the ground on a low sand ridge, under a mat of dense shrubs (achyranthes aspera, abutilon indicum, amaranthus leptostachys, sesbania cannabina), creepers (tribulus cistoides) and grass (lepturus repens) (garnett & crowley 2000; king 1984, 1996; king & reimer 1991). whilst roosting on raine island, adult petrels are absent by day, but return in the mid to late afternoon to roost on the ground under vegetation (marchant & higgins 1990) .\ngeographical variation: previously considered a subspecies of the trindade petrel (pt. arminjoniana) of the tropical atlantic ocean and indian ocean. dark morph birds are considered indistinguishable from henderson petrels (pt. atrata), which until 1996 was included in pt. heraldica. both species breed sympatrically on henderson island in the eastern tropical pacific .\nthe breeding biology of the herald petrel is poorly known. on raine island, they probably breed in simple pairs, as two adults have been found with chicks, but adults have also been seen in trios (marchant & higgins 1990). four clutches, comprising two nests with single eggs, and adult birds with single chicks, were described by king (1984) and king and reimer (1991) from raine island. thus, the clutch size is one. herald petrels have a period of residence and breeding on raine island from february to at least september, followed by a post - breeding period of dispersal and feeding at sea by both adults and juveniles (del hoyo et al. 1992; king 1984; king & reimer 1991; marchant & higgins 1990). there are no records of petrels at raine island from october to january. the breeding period is considered to be from july to september (king 1996; king & reimer 1991). on raine island, nests have been recorded in july and august, and chicks in july (king 1984; king & reimer 1991) .\nthis dull - colored family is plumaged in dark browns, black, white, and gray. some species such as the sooty shearwater are all dark with silvery wing linings, while others such as the great shearwater are dark above and light below. the black - capped petrel and related species have gray and white plumage with bold black markings on the head, back, and wings .\nthe herald petrel is described as a dispersive or migratory species, but the pattern of movement is poorly known (del hoyo et al. 1992; marchant & higgins 1990). the australian population is absent from the breeding colonies on raine island at least from november to january (del hoyo et al. 1992; king 1984; marchant & higgins 1990). in other parts of the pacific, a continuous presence of herald petrels at breeding colonies is reported (marchant & higgins 1990). in the central pacific, it is recorded as far north as 39°n with most observations from october to january (gould 1983). during the same period, it has been recorded off nowra and sydney, nsw, and burleigh heads, queensland, and in the tasman sea. this suggests that some birds follow the east australia current south from the coral sea during summer (king 1984; marchant & higgins 1990). the species has also been seen off ballina, nsw (izzard & watson 1980) and in the coral sea away from raine island in may (marchant & higgins 1990; stokes & corben 1985). the latter record suggests that there are unrecorded breeding islands in the coral sea (king 1984), though post - juvenile dispersal is wide .\nthe herald petrel occurs in the pacific ocean (blakers et al. 1984; brooke & rowe 1996; del hoyo et al. 1992; marchant & higgins 1990). its breeding range extends from raine island, northeast australia, in the west, as far east as easter island, and between approximately 8° and 27°s (brooke & rowe 1996; del hoyo et al. 1992; garnett & crowley 2000; king 1984, 1996; king & reimer 1991; marchant & higgins 1990). it forages in waters surrounding these islands mostly south of the equator. in australia, it has only been recorded breeding in small numbers on raine island, but it possibly breeds on other small cays in the coral sea (garnett & crowley 2000; king 1984, 1996; king & reimer 1991; marchant & higgins 1990). raine island is an outer cay of the northern great barrier reef (king 1996). the herald petrel was first recorded at raine island in febrary 1959, when it was suspected to be breeding (marchant & higgins 1990). however, breeding was not confirmed until july 1982 (king 1984). it is seen occasionally at sea off the east coast of australia. for example, it has been recorded in the following locations: the coral sea, northern queensland, may 1981; beachcast at burleigh heads, southern queensland, january 1971; 30 km east of ballina, northern nsw, may 1979; 36 km east of sydney, central nsw, october 1982; and as far south as 300 km south - east of nowra, november 1962 (izzard & watson 1980; king 1984, 1996; marchant & higgins 1990; mcbride & hobcroft 1984) .\nherald petrels occur in dark and light morphs, which are thought to possibly represent separate species based on behavioural and molecular evidence (brooke & rowe 1996). on henderson island, one of the pitcairn islands of the central pacific, brooke and rowe (1996) found evidence of reproductive isolation between the light and dark morphs, which courted and bred assortatively, bred in different parts of the island (dark birds nearer the coast) and at slightly different times (dark birds mostly in the austral winter and light birds more evenly throughout the year). they also uttered different calls. results obtained from dna analyses of the two morphs were also consistent with reproductive isolation (brooke & rowe 1996). based on this evidence, the dark morph was raised to a new species, p. atrata, whilst the light - phased birds remained as p. heraldica .\na bird banded on raine island in 1984 was recovered on round island, mauritius in 2006 .\nlittle known, but includes squid (86% of 29 samples), insects (59 %), fish (24 %) and crustaceans (10 %) taken from or near the sea surface. tunicates also recorded as prey. recorded feeding among juan fernandez petrels and wedge - tailed shearwaters .\nbrooke, m. de l. 2004. albatrosses and petrels across the world. oxford university press, oxford .\nking, w. b. 1967. seabirds of the tropical pacific ocean. preliminary smithsonian identification manual. washington dc, smithsonian institution .\nmarchant, s. ; higgins, p. j. (eds), 1990. handbook of australian, new zealand and antarctic birds. vol. 1, ratites to ducks. oxford university press, melbourne .\nmiskelly, c. m. ; crossland, a. c. ; sagar, p. m. ; saville, i. ; tennyson, a. j. d. ; bell, e. a. 2017. vagrant and extra - limital records accepted by the birds new zealand records appraisal committee 2015 - 2016. notornis 64: 57 - 67 .\nmurphy, r. c. ; pennoyer, j. m. 1952. larger petrels of the genus pterodroma. american museum novitates 1580: 1 - 43 .\nonley, d. ; scofield, p. 2007. albatrosses, petrels and shearwaters of the world. princeton university press, princeton and oxford .\nwe would like more photos of this bird. if you have some you would like to share\nthis species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size is very large, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: pterodroma heraldica. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfor information to assist regulatory considerations, refer to policy statements and guidelines, the conservation advice, the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .\nrecovery plan required, this species had a recovery plan in force at the time the legislation provided for the minister to decide whether or not to have a recovery plan (19 / 2 / 2007). the recovery plan (deh 2005) that was made for this species on 12 / 04 / 2005 ceased to be in effect from 1 / 10 / 2015 .\ndepartment of the environment, water, heritage and the arts (2009) .\n. department of the environment, water, heritage and the arts. available from :\ndepartment of the environment, water, heritage and the arts (dewha) (2008) .\nsurvey guidelines for australia' s threatened birds. epbc act survey guidelines 6. 2\n( department of the environment, water, heritage and the arts (dewha), 2010) [ admin guideline ] .\n( great barrier reef marine park authority (gbrmpa), 2011) [ admin guideline ] .\nthe action plan for australian birds 2010 (garnett, s. , j. szabo & g. dutson, 2011) .\nquantifying extinction risk and forecasting the number of impending australian bird and mammal extinctions. pacific conservation biology. (geyle h. m. , j. c. z. woinarski, g. b. baker, c. r. dickman, g. dutson, d. o. fisher, h. ford, m. holdsworth, m. e. jones, a. kutt, s. legge, i. leiper, r. loyn, b. p. murphy, p. menkhorst, a. e. reside, e. g. ritchie, f. e. roberts, r. tingley & s. t. garnett, 2018) .\nlisted as least concern (global status: iucn red list of threatened species: 2017. 1 list )\nthe distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset. this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge. some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices. see map caveat for more information .\nsurface nesting gadfly petrels, sometimes placed in the subgenus hallstroma, are a taxonomically unstable group within the genus pterodroma (imber 2004). in 2015, there are two accepted species from this group in australia, p. heraldica and p. neglecta (afd 2015). garnett and crowley (2000) suggested that a single record from north keeling island may have been p. arminjoniana, however, breeding on the island has never been confirmed (deh 2003 cited in birdlife australia 2014). more recently, only p. heraldica and p. neglecta are suggested as occurring in australia (afd 2015; birdlife australia 2014; garnett et al. 2011) .\nalmost all of the records in the australasian region have been of the pale morph, except for one dark morph recorded in the coral sea and one intermediate morph off ballina, northern nsw (izzard & watson 1980; marchant & higgins 1990) .\nbirdlife international (2004b). pterodroma heraldica. iucn 2006. 2006 iucn red list of threatened species. available from: urltoken. [ accessed: 26 - jul - 2007 ] .\nblakers, m. , s. j. j. f. davies & p. n. reilly (1984). the atlas of australian birds. melbourne, victoria: melbourne university press .\nbrothers, n. , d. pemberton, r. gales & i. skira (1996). the status of seabirds in tasmania. in: ross, g. j. b. , k. weaver & j. c. greig, eds. the status of australia' s seabirds: proceedings of the national seabird workshop, canberra, 1 - 2 november 1993. page (s) 181 - 183. biodiversity group, env. aust. , canberra .\nburbidge, a. a. , r. e. johnstone & p. j. fuller (1996). the status of seabirds in western australia. in: ross, g. j. b. , k. weaver & j. c. greig, eds. the status of australia' s seabirds: proceedings of the national seabird workshop, canberra, 1 - 2 november 1993. page (s) 57 - 71. canberra: biodiversity group, environment australia .\ncopley, p. b. (1996). the status of seabirds in south australia. in: ross, g. j. b. , k. weaver & j. c. grieg, eds. the status of australia' s seabirds: proceedings of the national seabird workshop, canberra, 1 - 2 november 1993. page (s) 139 - - 180. biodiversity group, environment australia, canberra .\ndel hoyo, j. , a. elliot & j. sargatal (1992). ostrich to ducks. in: handbook of the birds of the world. 1. spain: lynx edicions .\ndepartment of the environment and heritage (deh) (2005f). non - current national recovery plan for ten species of seabirds 2005 - 2010. available from: urltoken. in effect under the epbc act from 12 - apr - 2005. ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 01 - oct - 2015 .\ngarnett, s. t. & g. m. crowley (2000). the action plan for australian birds 2000. canberra, act: environment australia and birds australia. available from: urltoken .\ngould, p. j. (1983). seabirds between alaska and hawaii. condor. 85: 286 - 291 .\nking, b. r. (1996). the status of seabirds in queensland. in: ross, g. j. b. , k. weaver & j. c. greig, eds. the status of australia' s seabirds. page (s) 211 - 233. biodiversity group, environment australia, canberra .\nmarchant, s. & p. j. higgins, eds. (1990). handbook of australian, new zealand and antarctic birds. volume one - ratites to ducks. melbourne, victoria: oxford university press .\nnorman, f. i. , p. dann & p. w. menkhorst (1996). the status of seabirds in victoria. in: ross, g. j. b. , k. weaver & j. c. grieg, eds. the status of australia' s seabirds: proceedings of the national seabird workshop, canberra, 1 - 2 november 1993. page (s) 185 - 200. canberra: biodiversity group, environment australia .\nstokes, t. & c. corben (1985). a survey of pelagic birds in the western coral sea and great barrier reef. corella. 9: 25 - 29 .\nwarham, j. (1996). the behaviour, population biology and physiology of the petrels. london: academic press .\naustralian biological resources study, ed. (2013). australian faunal directory. australian biological resources study. available from: urltoken .\nchristidis, l. & w. e. boles (2008). systematics and taxonomy of australian birds. collingwood, victoria: csiro publishing .\ncommonwealth of australia (2002c). inclusion of species in the list of threatened species under section 178 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 (01 / 07 / 2002). f2005b02677. canberra: federal register of legislative instruments. available from: urltoken. in effect under the epbc act from 02 - jul - 2002 .\ndepartment of the environment and heritage (deh) (2006sw). pterodroma heraldica in species profile and threats (sprat) database. unpublished species profile. canberra, act: deh. available from: urltoken .\ndepartment of the environment, water, heritage and the arts (dewha) (2008zzp). non - current threat abatement plan for predation by feral cats. department of the environment, water, heritage and the arts. available from: urltoken. in effect under the epbc act from 01 - oct - 2008. ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 23 - jul - 2015 .\ngarnett, s. , j. szabo & g. dutson (2011). the action plan for australian birds 2010. csiro publishing. available from: urltoken .\ngeyle h. m. , j. c. z. woinarski, g. b. baker, c. r. dickman, g. dutson, d. o. fisher, h. ford, m. holdsworth, m. e. jones, a. kutt, s. legge, i. leiper, r. loyn, b. p. murphy, p. menkhorst, a. e. reside, e. g. ritchie, f. e. roberts, r. tingley & s. t. garnett (2018). quantifying extinction risk and forecasting the number of impending australian bird and mammal extinctions. pacific conservation biology. urltoken\nepbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .\nthis database is designed to provide statutory, biological and ecological information on species and ecological communities, migratory species, marine species, and species and species products subject to international trade and commercial use protected under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 (the epbc act). it has been compiled from a range of sources including listing advice, recovery plans, published literature and individual experts. while reasonable efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the information, no guarantee is given, nor responsibility taken, by the commonwealth for its accuracy, currency or completeness. the commonwealth does not accept any responsibility for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the information contained in this database. the information contained in this database does not necessarily represent the views of the commonwealth. this database is not intended to be a complete source of information on the matters it deals with. individuals and organisations should consider all the available information, including that available from other sources, in deciding whether there is a need to make a referral or apply for a permit or exemption under the epbc act .\ncitation: department of the environment (2018). pterodroma heraldica in species profile and threats database, department of the environment, canberra. available from: urltoken. accessed tue, 10 jul 2018 22: 06: 33 + 1000 .\nclose the former department of environment and heritage protection is merging to form the new department of environment and science. this site will be updated while the new department of environment and science website is being established .\nthe at - sea distribution of these petrels in not known, with scattered records throughout many regions of the south pacific and some in the north pacific .\nsocial organisation is not completely understood. outside of the breeding season pairs or individuals are seen at sea, but sometimes up to 15 birds have been seen in mixed feeding flocks. very little is known about their diet or feeding methods, although they have been seen in association with the wedge - tailed shearwater ardenna pacificus .\non raine island they are usually seen in pairs or in threes. courtship flights consisting of high speed synchronized dives and loops are performed over the breeding site. its most common call is a rapidly repeated single notes' ti - ti - ti - ti - ti' lasting from four - six seconds .\nthe first evidence of breeding since the 1980s, was recently recorded on raine island by queensland parks and wildlife staff .\nthe tiny population is vulnerable to catastrophes. silver gull may be a threat to eggs and chicks on raine island, and nesting turtles probably destroy some nests .\ndepartment of the environment and heritage. 2005. ten seabird species issues paper. department of sustainability, environment, water, population and communities .\ngarnett st, szabo jk and duntson g 2011. the action plan for australian birds 2010. csiro publishing, collingwood, victoria .\nthere are many ways to contribute—we need species information, photographs, audio, video, translations, maps, distribution data, and bird sightings. there' s a role for everyone !\n), in neotropical birds online (t. s. schulenberg, editor). cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca, ny, usa. retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\npterodroma heraldica: breeds in the tropical pacific ocean (raine i. , tonga and french polynesia to easter i .). pelagic range incompletely known, but occurs regularly to the central pacific ocean\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 332, 247 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nspends its life at sea coming to nesting grounds only to breed. prefers warm islands with soils suitable for nesting burrows .\na group of petrels are collectively known as a\ngallon\nand a\ntank\nof petrels .\nthere are four families of seabirds in the procellariiformes (pronounced pro - sel - lehr - eye - ih - for - meez), an order that includes the dainty storm - petrels, the huge albatrosses, and the shearwaters .\nthe shearwaters are in the procellariidae (pronounced pro - sel - lar - eye - ih - dee), a family composed of eighty - five species in fourteen genera that roam all oceans of the world .\nshearwaters are known for the prominent tube - like structures on their beaks that, as with all procellariiformes, help remove excess sea water. species such as the sooty and short - tailed shearwaters are also known for their open water, low altitude gliding and tilting mode of flight on straight wings, the tips of which often slice or “shear” through the water’s surface .\nshearwaters are seabirds that are medium to large in size with elongated round bodies, medium length tails, long, pointed wings, and webbed feet adapted to their marine environment. their bills are medium length, narrow, have a small hook on the tip, and are topped with tubular nasal structures .\nshearwaters are encountered in deep, marine waters off of both coasts with the deepest waters beyond the continental shelf favored by the petrels of the pterodrama genus. they only occur on fresh water if blown inland by hurricanes, and on land are only likely to be encountered on northern cliffs and islets that are their breeding grounds .\nsome species undertake very long migrations from breeding areas in the southern hemisphere to the waters of the northern hemisphere .\nshearwaters nest in colonies, and often occur in flocks when foraging. fish, squid, crustaceans, and other food items are sometimes picked from the surface, but mostly obtained by diving into the water .\npopulations of several species of shearwaters have been declining with subsequent listing as near - threatened or threatened; these declines likely linked to long - line fishing and global warming. shearwaters are also easily threatened by disturbances at their breeding grounds .\nshearwaters produce an oily substance in their stomachs that is fed to young and which can be vomited as a defense mechanism. young birds high in fat and oil content are harvested by the maori people in new zealand where they are called, “muttonbirds” .\n© 2002 - 2013 urltoken all rights reserved. mitch waite group. no part of this web site may be reproduced without written permission from mitch waite group. privacy policy\nthe ventral part of the bird, or the area between the flanks on each side and the crissum and breast. flight muscles are located between the belly and the breast .\nlocated on the wing, and collectively called remiges (singular, remex). the long stiff feathers are subdivided into two major groups based on the location and are called primaries and secondaries .\nthe pelagic is a type of bird whose habitat is on the open ocean rather than in a coastal region or on inland bodies of water (lakes, rivers). an example of a pelagic bird is the blacklegged kittiwake." ]

{ "text": [ "the herald petrel ( pterodroma heraldica ) is a species of seabird and a member of the gadfly petrels .", "the bird is 35 – 39 cm ( 14 – 15 in ) in size , with an 88 – 102 cm ( 35 – 40 in ) wingspan .", "the petrel has various color morphs : dark and light , as well as intermediates between the two .", "found primarily in the south pacific , it has been seen in hawaii .", "it nests on oceanic islands and atolls , on cliff ledges , ridges or rocky slopes .", "on some islands , nesting birds are threatened by feral cats and rats .", "due to ongoing habitat loss and small breeding range , this species is evaluated as vulnerable on the iucn red list of threatened species .", "in may 2007 , a herald petrel tagged on raine island in 1984 was observed off the coast of mauritius in the indian ocean .", "this greatly increases the known life span and range of the species .", "also it was recently identified as this species , from what was previously an unidentified pterodroma species , to be breeding on round island , 22 kilometers north of mauritius , in the indian ocean . " ], "topic": [ 22, 0, 19, 20, 28, 17, 17, 10, 17, 5 ] }

[ "the herald petrel (pterodroma heraldica) is a species of seabird and a member of the gadfly petrels. the bird is 35 – 39 cm (14 – 15 in) in size, with an 88 – 102 cm (35 – 40 in) wingspan. the petrel has various color morphs: dark and light, as well as intermediates between the two. found primarily in the south pacific, it has been seen in hawaii. it nests on oceanic islands and atolls, on cliff ledges, ridges or rocky slopes. on some islands, nesting birds are threatened by feral cats and rats. due to ongoing habitat loss and small breeding range, this species is evaluated as vulnerable on the iucn red list of threatened species. in may 2007, a herald petrel tagged on raine island in 1984 was observed off the coast of mauritius in the indian ocean. this greatly increases the known life span and range of the species. also it was recently identified as this species, from what was previously an unidentified pterodroma species, to be breeding on round island, 22 kilometers north of mauritius, in the indian ocean." ]

[ "no information could be found on the extent of the variable pocket gopher' s home range .\nhumans benefit from the variable pocket gopher because this species increases soil porosity, thereby decreasing water runoff .\nno specific information was found on communication in variable pocket gophers. because they are fossorial, the pocket gopher family has enhanced olfactory and tactile senses. their vision and hearing are reduced because of the reduced size of their ears and eyes .\nthe main adaptation of the variable pocket gopher to avoid predation is its fossorial lifestyle. hawks were the only predators mentioned for this species, although snakes are also likely to prey on them .\nwas specifically mentioned. however, members of the pocket gopher family generally live for only a year in the wild .\neven though they are burrowing mammals, there was no mention of the variable pocket gopher being an agricultural nuisance because they live in a region that is not heavily farmed. however, other members of the genus orthogeomys are considered agricultural pests .\npocket gophers build elaborate tunnel systems underground. their tunnel systems have sleeping chambers, food storage chambers and even bathrooms! pocket gophers are solitary animals and eat roots and tubers .\nhafner, m. 1991. evolutionary genetics and zoogeography of middle american pocket gophers, genus orthogeomys .\nspradling, t. a. , demastes, j. w. , hafner, d. j. , milbach, p. l. , cervantes, f. a. and hafner, ms. 2016. systematic revision of the pocket gopher genus orthogeomys. journal of mammalogy .\npocket gophers are named for their fur - lined cheek pouches. their cheek pouches are used to carry food and can be turned inside out !\nthere are 39 species in this family. pocket gophers are found in north and central america. they have stout bodies; short tails; big heads; small ears and eyes; and short, but powerful legs with strong digging claws .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nmorphological and molecular analyses by spradling et al. (2016) resulted in resurrection of the genus heterogeomys, to which the species heterodus is now assigned (as heterogeomys heterodus). three subspecies are currently recognized: h. h. dolichocephalus, h. h. cartagoensis, and h. h. heterodus (hafner 2016) .\njustification: although its extent of occurrence is probably less than 5, 000 km 2, this species is listed as least concern in view of its tolerance of habitat modification, presumed stable population, and because it does not appear to be under threat and is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nthis species occurs in the central highlands of costa rica (alajuela, san jose, and cartago provinces). its elevational range is from approximately 1, 000 m to 2, 500 m (spradling et al. 2016) .\nit is found in agricultural areas, roadsides, and clearings (reid 1997). it may be active by day or night but is most active in the morning. this is the only species in the genus for which the burrow structure is known, through radio tracking studies and tunnel excavations. each burrow contains a central nest with adjacent food storage areas and excrement chambers. straight tunnels radiate from the nest area like spokes of a wheel and lead to foraging areas. several foraging areas are in active use at the same time; each area is honeycombed with shallow feeding tunnels and marked by the characteristic above - ground mounds. individuals are solitary, each with a non - overlapping home range of about 240 m 2 (sisk and vaughan 1984, in reid 1997). a lactating female was noted in march (reid 1997) .\nthere are no major threats to this species. members of this genus, however, are often considered agricultural pests and farmers' attempts to eradicate them include trapping and poisoning. additionally, agricultural herbicides and pesticides may adversely affect the species .\nit is not clear whether or not this species occurs within protected areas, although such occurrence is not considered essential to secure it because of its ability to thrive in agricultural lands .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthis species occurs in central costa rica in the cordillera central and cordillera talamanca (reid 1997). it has an altitudinal range of 1, 500 to 2, 400 m (reid, 1997) .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nkirjotaskurotta\nto\northogeomys heterodus (peters, 1865 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nis found in central and southern costa rica in the cordillera central and cordillera de talamanca mountains .\ntends to be found in clearings and agricultural areas. its burrow consists of a central nest, food storage areas, excrement areas, and several paths to different foraging areas .\nweighs between 402 and 670 g. the fur is thick and relatively long and is gray - brown on top and pale gray on the underside .\nhas several adaptations for fossorial living: such as long claws, reduced ears and eyes, and a flattened skull .\nalthough taltuzas are usually solitary, females will move into an adjacent male burrow to breed .\nfemales are reproductively active after about 70 days. females will breed from one to four times a year depending on environmental factors such as temperature, moisture, and vegetation quality. gestation period is approximately 17 to 21 days. the young are born with eyes, ears, and mouth pouches closed. the eyes, ears, and pouches open after approximately 25 days. the young are then weaned at about 40 days .\nthe female will care for the young for approximately 40 days before weaning them. the male plays no apparent role in the upbringing of the young .\nis a solitary species, only sharing burrows during breeding season for a short period. males tend to compete among themselves for burrows .\nis most active in the morning hours but is also somewhat active day or night .\nspends almost its entire life underground, unless it is foraging for food, or building a new burrow .\nfeeds on grasses, seeds, and forbs above ground, but most of its diet comes from below ground in the form of grass roots and tubers .\nplays an important role in its ecosystem. these gophers aerate the soil by burrowing and disperse seeds when foraging .\nis listed on the iucn red list due to habitat destruction and fragmentation. it is not listed on cites or on the us esa .\nbenjamin klopf (author), university of wisconsin - stevens point, chris yahnke (editor), university of wisconsin - stevens point .\nliving in the southern part of the new world. in other words, central and south america .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. convergent in birds .\nreferring to a burrowing life - style or behavior, specialized for digging or burrowing .\noffspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc .) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes) .\nthis terrestrial biome includes summits of high mountains, either without vegetation or covered by low, tundra - like vegetation .\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23. 5 degrees north to 23. 5 degrees south .\na terrestrial biome. savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy. extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america, and in australia .\na grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees, a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest. see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .\na terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes (> 23. 5° n or s latitude). vegetation is made up mostly of grasses, the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available. fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\ninternational union for conservation of nature and natural resources .\n2002 iucn red list of threatened species\n( on - line). accessed 10 / 30 / 02 at urltoken .\nto cite this page: klopf, b. 2004 .\northogeomys heterodus\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 10, 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish, wildlife, and plants in idaho .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhome | wild files | n. h. animals | animals a - z | watch online\nleast concern near threatened vulnerable endangered critically endangered extinct in wild extinct status and range is taken from icun redlist. if no status is listed, there is not enough data to establish status .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "the variable pocket gopher ( orthogeomys heterodus ) is a species of rodent in the family geomyidae .", "it is endemic to costa rica , usually being found in grasslands and tropical forests at higher altitudes , up to 8,000 feet .", "it is threatened by habitat loss , but are sometimes kept as pets in the united states and elsewhere .", "the gopher typically has soft and dense fur colored blackish on the posterior and pale on the anterior .", "its dentition features a longitudinal groove on outer face of each upper incisor .", "large specimens range in length from 12 to 19 inches in length and weigh 16 to 35 ounces . " ], "topic": [ 29, 24, 17, 1, 21, 0 ] }

[ "the variable pocket gopher (orthogeomys heterodus) is a species of rodent in the family geomyidae. it is endemic to costa rica, usually being found in grasslands and tropical forests at higher altitudes, up to 8,000 feet. it is threatened by habitat loss, but are sometimes kept as pets in the united states and elsewhere. the gopher typically has soft and dense fur colored blackish on the posterior and pale on the anterior. its dentition features a longitudinal groove on outer face of each upper incisor. large specimens range in length from 12 to 19 inches in length and weigh 16 to 35 ounces." ]

[ "html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, f. e. s. , assistant entomologist, cawthron institute nelson .\n[ read before the nelson institute, 14th september, 1921; received by editor, 16th september, 1921; issued separately, 12th february, 1923. ]\nnear a. cuneata philp. , but distinguished by the dark coloration and the prominent ochreous cilia of the hindwings. tongariro, 5, 000 ft. , in january. mr. j. g. myers discovered this interesting species. he found several resting during the day on rocks, and many others dead inside the mountain - hut. the types are in the collection of the dominion museum, to which they were presented by mr. myers, and a single paratype is in the collections of mr. myers, the cawthron institute, and the describer .\nto dorsum, broadly margined with a pink area posteriorly which is traversed by several indistinct fuscous lines following the contour of the band; a serrated clear green subterminal line; termen marked with an almost continuous blackish line: cilia greyish - green barred with black. hindwings white, tinged with pink round termen and dorsum; numerous irregular fuscous transverse lines, those on the basal half reaching only middle of wing; a dark discal dot before middle; an interrupted blackish line round termen, preceded by a greenish shade: cilia whitish - grey obscurely barred with fuscous. hindwings beneath with a prominent blackish spot at ⅓ and a median chain of blackish spots sharply angulated at middle .\nnear to the bilineolata - paralodes group. the pink suffusion seems to be a good distinguishing character .\na single ♂ taken at rowallan, waiau, in december. holotype in coll. a. philpott .\nsomewhat resembling t. trapezitis meyr. , but at once distinguished by the shape of the first and second lines .\nmount peel, nelson, in december. the unique specimen was given to me many years ago by the late augustus hamilton, and i deferred describing the species in the hope of obtaining further material .\nnearest to p. aeolodes meyr. , but without the subterminal white line; the evenly rounded termen of the second segment of the forewing is also a good distinguishing character .\nthe unique example was taken at nelson in november, and is now in the collection of the cawthron institute .\nsomewhat resembling p. falcatalis walk. , but smaller and more brightly coloured. the forewings are narrower and the termen of the first segment is less concave. in the hindwing the prominent median tooth of scales present in falcatalis is absent in ferruginea .\na single example, secured on the mount arthur tableland at an elevation of about 4, 500 ft. the specimen was taken late in february, on the bank of a small stream in an open place in the forest. holotype (♂) in coll. cawthron institute .\nthe acquirement of abundant material from the mount arthur tableland has shown me that the above correction is necessary. the female of emphanes is very variable, and the handsome theatralis is but one of the extreme forms .\n♂ 27 mm. head, palpi, and thorax purplish - brown tinged with grey, antennae ochreous - brown, ciliations 1. abdomen ochreous. legs ochreous, anterior tarsi brown. forewings moderate, fold extending to near middle of costa, costa oblique to middle, moderately arched, apex rectangular, termen subsinuate, rounded beneath, hardly oblique; purplish - brown, with ochreous suffusion; median band slightly darker, very obscure, broadly dilated on lower portion, anterior margin indented beneath costa; some whitish scales on costal edge at ½; a triangular area on costa before apex darker; terminal area ochreous: cilia bright ochreous. hindwings whitish - grey obscurely mottled with darker: cilia whitish, tinged with ochreous round apex and termen .\n♀ 28 mm. head, palpi, and thorax pale purplish - brown tinged with pink. abdomen pale ochreous. legs ochreous. forewings extremely strongly arched basally, slightly sinuate before apex, apex round - pointed, termen sinuate, not oblique, rounded beneath; ochreous, crossed with\nnumerous fine waved brownish lines; costa obscurely margined with silvery metallic scales; median fascia faintly indicated, running obliquely from costa before middle to before tornus, anterior margin indented beneath costa; a triangular purplish - brown blotch, thickly strewn with silvery metallic scales, on costa before apex: cilia ochreous, brownish at apex. hindwings whitish, ochreous on apical ⅓: cilia whitish - ochreous, brownish round apex .\na very fine species. the male is very similar to some forms of t. excessana (walk .), but is easily separated by the different costal contour of the forewing. the female is remarkable for the unusually strong basal arching of the forewing .\nmr. g. v. hudson has examples of both sexes taken at routeburn, wakatipu, in february, 1911. i secured a very fine ♀ on the dun mountain in january, at an elevation of 2, 500 ft. holotype (♀) in coll. a. philpott; allotype (♂) in coll. g. v. hudson .\neucosma plebeiana (zell .), is. , vol. 10, p. 721; meyr. , proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. , vol. 36, p. 248, 1911 .\nthis species has to be added to the new zealand list, it having been taken in fair numbers at nelson during the past summer and autumn. nearly all the specimens were secured at light, the first example appearing early in december and the species not being over till about the end of may. from mr. d. miller, government entomologist, i learn that the moth has been reared from a larva found feeding on the leaves of eucalyptus. meyrick states that the larva feeds on althaea and lavatera, and was probably introduced into australia with these plants. he adds that the species occurs now in suitable localities throughout a large part of the globe. dr. a. jefferis turner, of adelaide, who kindly determined the species for me, says that it is abundant in australia, and has also occurred in norfolk island. as zeller' s description is not easy of reference to new zealand students, i submit a brief diagnosis .\n♂♀ 15–18 mm. head and thorax dull ochreous. forewing rather elongate, costa evenly but not strongly arched, apex obtuse, termen sinuate, oblique; grey densely irrorated with fuscous; basal patch more strongly infuscate, extending on costa to ⅓ and on dorsum to ½, upper ⅔ of margin oblique; numerous short outwardly - oblique dark strigulae along costa, longer and transverse near apex; a triangular dark - fuscous spot on tornus; in ♀ the upper half of the wing is sometimes suffused with pale ochreous: cilia grey with four or five rows of dark points. hindwings fuscous - grey, in ♂ with an erect tuft of dense hair on and beneath cu 1 at base: cilia grey with a thick dark basal line .\n♂♀ 12–15 mm. head, palpi and thorax dark brown. antennae dark brown annulated with yellowish. abdomen dark brown, anal tuft yellowish. legs greyish - ochreous. forewings, costa slightly arched, apex broadly rounded, termen oblique; dark brown; markings clear yellow; a fascia almost touching base, narrow at costa, thence strongly dilated; a slightly curved, irregular - edged fascia from ¼ costa to ½ dorsum; a\nsimilar fascia from ½ costa to ¾ dorsum; a narrower fascia from ⅘ costa, inwardly oblique and nearly or quite joining preceding fascia above tornus; a broad regular fascia along termen: cilia dark brown. hindwings and cilia dark brown .\nbelongs to the chrysogramma - compsogramma group, but differs from the former in having five yellow fasciae instead of four, and from the latter in the arrangement of the third and fourth fasciae, which do not form a definite loop as in that species .\notago, in forest; common from november to february. on the hunter mountains a form occurs in which the fasciae are frequently tinged with orange - reddish. holotype (♂), allotype (♀), and a series of cotypes in coll. a. philpott .\nnear t. spartodeta meyr. , but differing in the rosy scale tufts and the sharper angulation of the second line .\nmr. g. v. hudson is the discoverer of this pretty species, he having taken a specimen, in rather poor condition, at takaka, nelson. at his desire i am describing the species from a second example, taken by myself on the dun mountain, nelson, at 2, 000 ft. , in january. i have adopted mr. hudson' s manuscript specific name. holotype (♂) in coll. cawthron institute .\n♂♀ 13–15 mm. head, palpi, and thorax yellowish - white, darker in female. antennae ochreous, infuscated on apical half. abdomen ochreous - grey. legs whitish - ochreous. forewings elongate, narrow, costa almost straight, apex acute, termen extremely oblique; yellow; a thick reddish - brown outwardly - oblique bar from dorsum at ⅓, not quite reaching costa; a similar suffused bar from costa at ⅔ to dorsum; in some examples the area surrounding bars is much irrorated with reddish - brown: cilia pale fuscous tinted with ochreous round apex. hindwings fuscous - grey: cilia slightly paler .\nnot closely related to any other species of the genus, though having some similarity in general appearance to s. caminora meyr .\ndun mountain, nelson, in december and january. the species occurs in the forest from the base of the mountain to 3, 000 ft. , but it is not common. holotype (♀), allotype (♂), and two paratypes in coll. cawthron institute .\n♂♀ 11–13 mm. head and thorax dark fuscous with violet and purplish metallic reflections. palpi yellow, terminal segment infuscated. antennae black with grey pubescence. abdomen fuscous - black densely irrorated with shining golden scales, segmental divisions grey, anal tuft fuscous mixed with greyish - white. legs dark fuscous, tibiae and tarsi annulated with yellowish - white. forewings moderate, costa slightly arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, little oblique; dark fuscous mixed with black; a broad band of scattered white scales from costa at ⅕ to dorsum at ⅓; an irregular white spot on costa at ⅔; three irregular violet - purple spots, first and second beneath costa before and beyond white costal spot, third below second, sometimes coalescing with it; a broad subterminal band of scattered white scales, frequently occupying the whole of the space beyond metallic spots: cilia fuscous. hindwings dark fuscous: cilia pale fuscous with dark basal line .\ndiffers from h. iophanes meyr. in the presence of the white bands and the arrangement of the metallic areas .\ndun mountain, nelson, in january, fairly common at 3, 000 ft. , flying close to the ground beneath leptospermum and other scrubs. holotype (♂), allotype (♀), and a series of paratypes in coll. cawthron institute .\n♂♀ 34 mm. head, palpi, and thorax dull brown. antennae brown, in ♂ moderately dentate - ciliate. abdomen ochreous. legs whitish - ochreous. forewings rather short, costa subsinuate, apex rounded, termen oblique; pale - brownish mixed with white; a suffused dark - brown central stripe from base to ¾, sometimes almost obsolete, enclosing the following whitish spots: a circular one near base, two or three more or less oval ones arranged transversely at ¼, an irregularly triangular one at ½, and sometimes a small linear one immediately beyond this; a whitish shade from before apex to dorsum at ½, enclosing a series of irregular dark - brown spots; a terminal series of white - ringed dark - brown spots, sometimes almost obsolete: cilia ochreous mixed with brown. hindwings pale - brownish slightly tinged with ochreous: cilia greyish - ochreous mixed with brown .\n♀ 38 mm. forewings dull dark brown; the central stripe is absent or obscured and the white transverse shade is not noticeable. the triple spot at ¼ is present, but the lower one of the group is the largest. an interrupted waved white line runs from beyond apex to ½ dorsum, and there is a series of obscure white marks following this, also a terminal chain of white lunules. the hindwings are pale fuscous .\nmuch smaller than p. jocosa meyr. , its nearest ally, and less ochreous. the antennal pectinations of the male are slightly longer in proportion .\ninvercargill, in october. holotype (♂), allotype (♀), and one male paratype in coll. a. philpott. one male paratype in coll. g. v. hudson .\nonly four or five specimens of this species have so far been recorded, all of which have proved to be males. mr. f. s. oliver has now secured the female, and that sex is so different from the other that i here give a detailed description of it .\nmr. oliver took a single example at glenorchy, wakatipu, in december, at an elevation of about 5, 000 ft. he has since obtained further examples from the same locality .\n♀ 6–5 mm. head ochreous, with a dense spreading frontal tuft of long coarse hair. antennae ochreous, with broad blackish bands at base, at ½, and before apex. thorax ochreous. abdomen fuscous - grey. legs ochreous, tarsi annulated with blackish. forewings rather broad, apex broadly pointed; ochreous irrorated with dark fuscous; three or four incomplete black strigae on apical ¼: cilia ochreous, with a black bar marking apex of wing. hindwings and cilia grey - fuscous .\none of the smaller species, but not closely associated with s. zonodoxa meyr. or s. rosicoma meyr. the bi - coloured antennae and the spreading head - tufts recall s. eodora meyr. , but the markings are entirely different .\nthree specimens taken by dr. r. j. tillyard at te wairoa waterfall, near lake tarawera, in november. holotype (♀) and a paratype in coll. cawthron institute .\nit may be worth while recording the discovery of the cocoon and pupal skin of this species, there being so little known about the early stages of the members of the genus. on the 9th november, 1921, a supply of a species of liverwort found growing freely at a spot where several species of sabatinca had been taken was secured, and some breeding - cages fitted up, in the hope of ascertaining whether the plant had any connection with the life - history of the genus. on the 30th december a female s. incongruella emerged in one of these cages, and a careful search resulted in the finding of the cocoon and cast pupal skin. no other emergences took place, but it seems likely that the liverwort is the food - plant of the species, as it is improbable that the moth should have been in the pupal stage at the date when the breeding - cage was prepared .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors (here). text is available under the cc by - sa 3. 0 license; additional terms may apply. images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\nhelp us improve papers past: do our short survey and let us know how we' re doing .\npapers past now contains more than just newspapers. use these links to navigate to other kinds of materials .\nthese links will always show you how deep you are in the collection. click them to get a broader view of the items you' re currently viewing .\nenter names, places, or other keywords that you' re curious about here. we' ll look for them in the fulltext of millions of articles .\nbrowsed to an interesting page? click here to search within the item you' re currently viewing, or start a new search .\nuse these buttons to limit your searches to particular dates, titles, and more .\nswitch between images of the original document and text transcriptions and outlines you can cut and paste .\nif you' d rather just browse through documents, click here to find titles and issues from particular dates and geographic regions .\nthe\nhelp\nlink will show you different tips for each page on the site, so click here often as you explore the site." ]

{ "text": [ "tauroscopa notabilis is a moth in the crambidae family .", "it was described by philpott in 1923 .", "it is found in new zealand .", "the wingspan is about 20 mm .", "the forewings are blackish-fuscous sprinkled with ochreous and white scales .", "the hindwings are pale fuscous . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 1, 1 ] }

[ "tauroscopa notabilis is a moth in the crambidae family. it was described by philpott in 1923. it is found in new zealand. the wingspan is about 20 mm. the forewings are blackish-fuscous sprinkled with ochreous and white scales. the hindwings are pale fuscous." ]

[ "en - caribbean roughshark, fr - centrine antillaise, sp - tiburón ojinoto .\njennifer hammock marked\ncaribbean roughshark\nas trusted on the\noxynotus caribbaeus\npage .\nworldwide web resources for caribbean biodiversity. contains a list of databases with information about caribbean biodiversity .\n5. leandro, l. “oxynotus caribbaeus (caribbean roughshark). ” iucn. iucn red list of threatened species, 2004. web. 21 july 2016 .\nthe angular roughshark (oxynotus centrina) is a rough shark of the family oxynotidae. [ 1 ]\nalthough this species is caught throughout the caribbean, we have no data on fisheries .\nhurst, richard .\nfactsheet: angular roughshark .\nfactsheet: angular roughshark. n. p. , n. d. web. 30 november 2013. < urltoken > archived december 5, 2013, at the wayback machine. .\nwater resistant 30m means it’s suitable for daily use, splash / rain resistant. shark’s logo and model number of caribbean roughshark are engraved, model number can be used to register your belonged shark on website, to prove it an authentic product .\npromoting regional co - operation for the protection and development of the marine environment of the wider caribbean region .\nthe conservation status of north american, central american, and caribbean chondrichthyans. iucn species survival commission shark specialist group\nfigure 24. catch rate index of the dusky shark in the western atlantic, gulf of mexico, and caribbean (cramer 1996a) .\nthe caribbean reef shark inhabits the southeastern coast of florida, the caribbean sea, and the western atlantic south to brazil. this is a bottom - dwelling species that inhabits shallow coastal waters, usually around coral reefs (castro 1983). it is a poorly known species .\nbiologist carl linnaeus described the angular roughshark, o. centrina, in 1758. this name was later finalized and accepted by the scientific community as the official name for the species in 1976. [ 2 ]\ncaribbean roughshark adaptations this shark has an unusual dentition, with spear - shaped upper teeth, and blade - like teeth in the lower jaw. literally nothing is known about the behavior of the caribbean roughshark. based on the biology of its close this species most likely has an ovoviviparous breeding system. that means that it gives birth to live pups that develop after hatching from eggs inside the mother. works cited rogers, mike .\ncaribbean roughshark .\nshark sider. n. p. , n. d. web. 22 apr. 2015. characteristics diet it is thought that the rough shark feeds on bottom invertebrates and fishes, but for now its diet remains unobserved. since its diet is unobserved what it eats has been determined by its jaw shape. physical the jaw shape and fin design. behavioral habitat it' s found on the upper continental slopes of the highlighted areas. the caribbean shark is a chubby looking fish with a short, blunt snout, two high dorsal fins bearing sharp spines, a compressed body, and atypically large dermal denticles that make the skin feel very rough. the shark is small at only 1. 7 feet, and has light grey skin patterned with dark bands and blotches spread all over the body, but are separated from prominent lighter areas over the pectoral and pelvic fins .\n). almost nothing is known about the natural history of the caribbean roughshark other than that it inhabits the upper continental slope from the gulf of mexico to venezuela. this shark has sloping sides and a concave belly that give it the appearance of an animal that was forced through a triangular play - doh mold. its sandpapery skin is pale gray to white with dark brown patches, which actually make it quite striking .\nscientific synonyms and common names oxynotus caribbaeus cervigon, 1961 oxynotus caribbaeus cervigon, 1961, noved. cient. contrib. ocas. mus. hist. nat. la salle (ser. zool .), (27): 10 p. , figs 1 - 4. synonymy: none. fao names: caribbean roughshark [ english ] centrine antillaise [ french ] tiburón ojinoto [ spanish ] oxyn oxyn 1 [ fao code ]\nthis page is one of a series of web pages developed by the car / rcu on various environmental issues in the caribbean. these pages are a good starting point for research into many of the pressing concerns of the nations and territories of the wider caribbean region. they contain definitions, descriptions, discussions, links to relevant on - line documents and web sites .\necosystem diversity not only occurs between different ecosystems but also among similar types of ecosystems. wetlands in the caribbean, for example are very different from wetlands in northern europe. even within the wider caribbean region there are differences, where estuaries on a small, mountainous island might differ greatly from an estuary on the caribbean coast of central america. it is sometimes hard to classify marine ecosystems, and no universally accepted classification system exists. the population, food web, and community dynamics of marine ecosystems are not well understood, although ecosystem diversity in the sea is high .\nthe prickly dogfish is less showy, but just as oddly shaped. the scales are raised and conical like studs making it truly deserving of its name. like the caribbean roughshark, it is small, only reaching a little over two feet from snout to tail. it has a mouth reminiscent of the cookie cutter shark and feeds on the eggs of other chondrichthyans (cartilaginous fish). prickly dogfish can be found in shallower water than roughsharks, but are also seen at great depths .\na little - known bottom shark of the upper continental slope off venezuela and possibly elsewhere in the caribbean, at depths of 402 to 457 m (bottom temperatures 9. 4 to 11. 1°c) .\na little - known bottom shark of the upper continental slope off venezuela and possibly elsewhere in the caribbean, at depths of 402 to 457 m (bottom temperatures 9. 4 to 11. 1°c) .\nthe squaloids include not only the smallest of sharks but also some of the very largest. discovered in 1985 from a depth of 950 feet (290 metres) off the caribbean coast of colombia, the dwarf lanternshark (\n. these chubby, smallish — most are less than three feet (one metre) long — deep - water sharks feature oversized, prickly scales, a small mouth fringed with finger - like lip papillae, floppy, sail - like dorsal fins with deeply embedded spines, a triangular cross - section, and pronounced dermal ridges along the abdomen that resemble longitudinal' love handles'. the oxynotids are so cute, they seem more like whimsical plush toys than real sharks. but real they undeniably are; a free - swimming caribbean roughshark (\nmarine biodiversity data for the wider caribbean region has been collected from several sources and was published in 1996 in the unep and world conservation monitoring centre publication, wcmc biodiversity series no4, the diversity of the seas: a regional approach. some of the data is presented here .\na number of alien species have been introduced to the wider caribbean region as a result of aquaculture projects, with negative impact to the native caribbean biota. although mariculture operations are usually viewed as having positive social and economic impacts, there is always the chance of accidental introduction of diseases and pathogens and the potential escape of the maricultured species into the wild. in most cases, there have been no experimental studies to verify the exact impacts caused by the introduced alien species. however, it has been documented that invasions can lead to fundamental changes in natural communities .\nin general, seagrass diversity is fairly low, with two species endemic to the region. the diversity of seagrasses and corals is lower in the caribbean region than it is in the indo - pacific, although the caribbean has the highest number of regionally endemic genera in the world. this is due to the geographic isolation of the caribbean sea from other major coral areas. the region has a high diversity of molluscs and crustaceans, but a low diversity of seabirds, as is the case in many tropical regions. all species of marine turtle, except for the flatback natator depressus breed in the region. the critically endangered kemp’s ridley l epidochelys kempii is confined to the region as a nesting species. amongst sirenians, the west indian manatee trichecus manatus is almost confined to the region, although its range extends into the northern part of the southwest atlantic region .\nthe wider caribbean region contains diverse and productive coastal and marine habitats. the region represents the greatest concentration of biodiversity in the atlantic ocean basin. because the nations in this region depend heavily on the health and the beauty of the natural world to generate income, the conservation of the region’s biological diversity is not only linked to social, cultural, and political conditions, but also to the economic realities of the region. coral reefs, seagrass meadows and mangroves are among the best known marine and coastal ecosystems in the wider caribbean region and large contributors to the biodiversity of the region .\nkyne pm, carlson jk, ebert da, fordham sv, bizzarro jj, graham rt, kulka dw, tewes ee, harrison lr, dulvy nk. vancouver, canada: 2012. the conservation status of north american, central american, and caribbean chondrichthyans. iucn species survival commission shark specialist group; p. 148 .\nthe caribbean is one of the most heavily traversed seas worldwide, and pollution from transboundary and extra - regional activities is significant. these activities include the transport of oil through the region as well as shipping, which generate pollution in the form of bilge water and garbage dumped in the ocean. however, there is also a considerable amount of pollution that originates from within the region. contaminants include sewage, solid waste leachate from landfills, industrial and agricultural run - off, and petroleum products. the article titled land based sources of marine pollution in our environmental issues in the caribbean section discusses pollution and its effects on the marine and coastal environments of the region in more detail .\nseveral international treaties and conventions are in place for the prevention of pollution. pollution from ship - based sources is regulated by the international convention for the prevention of pollution from ships of 1973, which was superseded by the 1978 protocol (marpol 73 / 78). marpol annex iv regulates the discharge of sewage from ships, while annex v includes requirements for ships to control and prevent dumping of garbage. ports must provide facilities to receive such wastes. the wider caribbean region was designated as a\nspecial area\nunder the provisions of annex v of marpol 73 / 78. this means that ships of any size are prohibited from discharging any waste material except food waste, which may be discharged 12 nautical miles (3 nautical miles in the wider caribbean region) from land. however, in order for the special area designation to become effective, waste reception facilities will have to be established in the ports of the region. in practice, the establishment of waste reception facilities creates a problem, especially for smaller nations. the marpol treaty annex v provides a legal framework to deal with polluters. unfortunately, many caribbean countries are not signatories to the marpol treaty .\nthe caribbean sea is bordered by 36 nations, including continental countries, island nations, and dependent territories. some of these nations have large populations and industries while others are sparsely populated. at present, the responsibility for the region’s marine resources is divided between these 36 nations. there is a need for regional cooperation in resource management, considering that many of the resources and the stresses that are impacting them are transboundary in nature. increasingly, ecosystems in the wider caribbean region are under heavy stress from human activities, and a number of unique ecosystems and habitats have been destroyed, and species exterminated. in the last 150 years, eight species of vertebrates have become extinct in jamaica alone. more than 100 plant species, which are indigenous to trinidad and tobago may be threatened by extinction .\nin a random pattern, except for the lips and the tips of the fins. this shark is dark brown with a striking and distinctive pattern of black markings on its ventral surface, a continuous or broken, fine black line along the middle of its back (but without a white band like in the similar caribbean lanternshark), a black band on the end of its caudal fin, and a dark blotch on its lower caudal fin lobe .\nin north america and the caribbean, the nurse shark has often been pursued for its hide. its hide is said to be more valuable than that of any other shark (springer 1950a). the fins have no value and the value of the meat is questionable (springer 1979). in north america, where it is not utilized for its hide, it is often considered a nuisance and killed by fishermen (castro pers. obs .) .\nhabitat: coral covered and muddy bottoms, deepwater location: southwest pacific, west atlantic, east atlantic, mediterrean, caribbean, and west pacific size: description: their is very little known about roughsharks due to limited studies. they are identified by their triangular fin and large eyes. diet: worms, crustaceans, mollusks, and small fish feeding habits: slow swimmers offspring: 7 - 23 pups per litter lifespan: unknown status: not evaluated threatened by: bycatch\nthe most effective mechanism for conserving biological diversity is to prevent the destruction or degradation of habitat. habitat loss and modification is the principal factor in the decline of global biodiversity. on a regional level, 76% of all the species, which are in danger of extinction are threatened by habitat loss or habitat modification. the primary causes of habitat loss in the wider caribbean region are human development for settlement, tourism, and agriculture, as well as forest clearance and pollution .\nthe convention on biological diversity serves as a key coordinating, catalyzing, and monitoring mechanism for international biodiversity. the convention on biological diversity was concluded at the 1992 un conference on environment and development (unced) in rio de janeiro. it requires states to adopt and carry out conservation policies to maintain biological diversity. for the wider caribbean region, it was decided that the implementation of the spaw protocol of the cartagena convention would meet the majority of the obligations of the convention on biological diversity .\necosystem diversity is the highest level on the hierarchy of biological diversity. the composition, structure, and function of ecosystems are the three main ways in which ecosystem diversity is measured. differing physical conditions favor different communities of species. the concept of ecosystem encompasses both the species composition of the communities and the physical structures that the communities exist in. the interactions within and between species, the ecology of the community, is also a part of ecosystem diversity, and one of the ways in which ecosystems differ from one another. the pathways of energy flow and proportions of organisms performing particular functions also distinguish one ecosystem from another. for example, coral reefs have high primary production by efficiently cycling the available nutrients, while deep sea hydrothermal vent communities rely on chemosynthesis instead of photosynthesis for primary production. ecosystem diversity is harder to measure than species or genetic diversity because the boundaries of communities and ecosystems are often hard to define. measuring ecosystem diversity necessitates the use of a consistent set of criteria to define communities and ecosystems. ecosystem diversity not only occurs between different ecosystems but also among similar types of ecosystems. wetlands in the caribbean, for example are very different from wetlands in northern europe. even within the wider caribbean region there are differences, where estuaries on a small, mountainous island might differ greatly from an estuary on the caribbean coast of central america. it is sometimes hard to classify marine ecosystems, and no universally accepted classification system exists. the population, food web, and community dynamics of marine ecosystems are not well understood, although ecosystem diversity in the sea is high .\nprotected areas and reserves provide a way to protect critical habitats and ecosystems, and can allow for the maintenance of representative samples of natural habitats and biological diversity. the specially protected areas and wildlife (spaw) protocol of the cartagena convention provides for a network of protected areas to conserve and restore regional ecosystems, including specific components such as coral reefs, mangroves and seagrass beds. in almost every caribbean nation a number of ecologically important areas have been designated by national legislation as marine and coastal parks and protected areas. most marine protected areas in the caribbean are not exclusively marine, but constitute an extension of coastal protected areas. in addition to establishing new marine protected areas, efforts and resources should focus on the management of those already established. the nature and effectiveness of protected area systems vary greatly from one country to another. in many cases the parks lack adequate control mechanisms, and are inadequately protected from mounting pressure on their space and resources. the size of protected areas varies, too. small reserves can often protect a large number of species, although large reserves are required to support viable populations of species that have large home ranges .\nworldwide, human activities, directly and indirectly, are now the primary causes for changes in biodiversity. approximately 50% of the human population lives in the coastal zone, and pressures exerted on the marine environment are increasing. some of the main threats to biodiversity in the wider caribbean region are habitat destruction due to coastal development and to the expansion in population and in tourism, pollution, overexploitation of living resources, including fisheries, sedimentation, and predation by introduced species. as a result, coral reefs, seagrasses and mangroves, among other coastal ecosystems, are under intense pressure, threatening biological diversity in the region .\nthe wider caribbean region contains a rich variety of complex ecosystems with a great abundance of plant and animal species, some of them endemic to the region. along the coast of belize is the second longest barrier reef in the world, and the longest one in the northern hemisphere. the number of endemic species is high when compared to the total number of species. for example, in jamaica, the ratio of endemic to total species is 27: 256 for breeding birds, 20: 24 for lizards, 15: 19 for frogs and toads, 82: 579 for ferns, and 784: 3000 for flowering plants .\nis a little - known bottom dwelling inhabitant of the upper continental slopes off the bahamas, venezuela, and possibly elsewhere in the caribbean sea. it has been recorded from depths of 1, 300 to 2, 000 feet (400 to 600 metres), but may occur shallower or deeper. the largest known specimen is an adult male 19 inches (49 centimetres) long; the females of this species are believed to grow larger than the males (as is the common pattern in squaloids). hidden away like pirates' treasure, this deep sea species has avoided the attention of commercial fisheries and was only recently observed and filmed alive .\nthe wider caribbean region includes a large number of countries of diverse social and economic status. because of this, there are as wide a variety of fishing activities taking place (including industrial, artisanal and recreational) as there are approaches to management. overexploitation, at its simplest, means that fish and other commercially valuable species are removed faster than they can reproduce. main fisheries within the area are for small and large pelagic finfish, reef fishes, coastal demersal finfish, crustaceans and molluscs. fisheries in the wider caribbean region are affected by fishing pressure. according to fao’s 1994 assessment, just over 35% of stocks in the region were regarded as overexploited. this number includes stocks that were considered fully fished, overfished, depleted or recovering. the assessment does not include mollusc stocks, which may be significant considering the importance of conch for the fisheries of the region. just under 60% of demersal stocks were overexploited and just under 70% of pelagic stocks. crustacean stocks were not generally considered overexploited. however, these figures are only overall estimates, and the state of local stocks varies greatly. generally, overexploiting the inshore reef fishery resources has led many countries to direct exploitation of offshore pelagic resources. these stocks tend to be highly migratory, and their management will in most cases require regional and international cooperation .\netmopterus virens is a small (to ~ 26 cm total length) bathydemersal shark endemic to the western central atlantic in the gulf of mexico and caribbean sea. a relatively common species of the upper continental slope at depths of 196 to 915 m. little known of its biology. irregularly taken as discarded bycatch in deepwater demersal fisheries, however, this is not known to be a considerable catch. similar to other lanternsharks for which no significant threats are apparent, this species is currently considered to be of least concern, although like many deepwater chondrichthyan species, more information on biology, ecology and fisheries are required. all deepwater fisheries in its range need to be carefully monitored and managed particularly as global deepwater fisheries continue to expand with the potential to negatively affect this species .\nalien species are organisms that have been transported by human activity into regions where they have not historically been found. sometimes the introduction of an alien species is intentional, as is the case in activities such as agriculture and mariculture. introductions may also be accidental, for example when organisms are carried from one port to another on ships. new organisms have arrived on many islands of the caribbean either as stowaways onboard ships or in ship hulls. it is also common for organisms to travel in the ballast water carried in ship’s tanks to provide stability. introduced species are responsible for many recorded species extinctions, especially on islands. in an isolated environment, an introduced species, having left behind its native predators, can rapidly outcompete the native species, which did not co - evolve with the newcomer .\naccording to fao’s 1994 estimation, by - catches and discards worldwide total an estimated 18 to 40 million tonnes. this represented just over 25% of the annual estimated total catch. shrimp fishing, an important fishery in the wider caribbean region, produces the largest volume of discards, an estimated 9 million tonnes annually worldwide. fao estimated that the wider caribbean region has the highest percentage of discard of any of the major fishing areas, with nearly half of the catch believed to be discarded. most of this is the by - catch of shrimp trawling, particularly in the northern gulf of mexico. by - catches include marine mammals, sea turtles, seabirds, as well as finfishes and invertebrates. dolphins are caught in pelagic drift nets, sea turtles in shrimp trawls, and diving seabirds in long - lines. solutions to by - catches and discards include improving the selectivity of fishing gear and fishing methods. however, much of the research in by - catch elimination has been carried out in north america and europe, and is not readily transferable to multi - species tropical fisheries. tropical shrimp trawls still produce the highest rates of by - catch. turtle excluder devices (teds) are now required by all countries exporting shrimp to the u. s. however, even with teds in place, the number of invertebrates and other by - catch is still high, and trawling has a serious impact on benthic habitats. improved utilization of by - catch as a food source is a possibility, but the mortality of potentially threatened species and the capture of immature specimens remains a serious problem .\nalien species are organisms that have been transported by human activity into regions where they have not historically been found. sometimes the introduction of an alien species is intentional, as is the case in activities such as agriculture and mariculture. introductions may also be accidental, for example when organisms are carried from one port to another on ships. new organisms have arrived on many islands of the caribbean either as stowaways onboard ships or in ship hulls. it is also common for organisms to move around in the ballast water carried in ship’s tanks to provide stability. introduced species are responsible for many recorded species extinctions, especially on islands. in an isolated environment, an introduced species, having left behind its native predators, can rapidly outcompete the native species, which did not co - evolve with the newcomer .\nspecies, which mature slowly and produce few young are particularly vulnerable to overexploitation. sea turtles, sharks, whales, manatees and sea birds fall into this category. sea turtles, for example, may, in some cases, take up to 50 years to reach sexual maturity. high mortality from natural causes combined with human exploitation and loss of nesting beaches has put six out of seven species of sea turtle in danger of extinction. many of the slow maturing species are also highly migratory, passing through the territorial waters and coastal areas of many countries. international cooperation is required to conserve the populations of such species. most marine fishes and invertebrates making up the main fisheries species in the wider caribbean region reproduce early and in sufficient numbers to make sustainable use possible. however, even many of these species are now overexploited .\nthe scale, intensity, duration, and timing of the physical alteration to the environment all determine its impact. clearance of mangrove forests is a problem throughout the wider caribbean region. mangroves are cut down to for housing and tourism - related development, for the construction of roads and for the development of industry and mariculture. clearing mangrove forests makes the coast more vulnerable to erosion, and destroys the habitat of many species. the nursery grounds of the juveniles of many commercially important fisheries species, such as lobster, will also be destroyed when mangroves are cut down. these species will, as adults, migrate to live on nearby coral reefs. since mangroves buffer the nearshore marine environments from many land - based impacts, such as nutrients, pollution and sediments, the loss of these functions may result in a deteriorating quality of other nearby ecosystems .\nseveral regional initiatives to reduce environmental impacts on coastal ecosystems are either in place or under development. these include the programme of action for sustainable development of small island development states, which adopted recommendations for implementing national, regional, and global mechanisms for the sustainable management and protection of coastal and marine resources and biological diversity. the caribbean environmental network (cen) project, focusing on environmentally sustainable tourism, and the land based sources of marine pollution protocol, a part of the cartagena convention, are two examples of such mechanisms. on an international scale, the ramsar convention (convention on wetlands of international importance) provides for strengthened protection of wetlands, including shallow coastal and marine areas. the ramsar convention requires the acceding nation to designate at least one significant wetland site that is sustainably managed. this provides international recognition for the importance of the site and access to various forms of scientific and technical cooperation .\nwe extracted chondrichthyan landings reported to fao by 146 countries and territories from a total of 128 countries (as some chondrichthyan fishing nations are overseas territories, unincorporated territories, or british crown dependencies) from fishstat (fao, 2011). we categorized landings into 153 groupings, comprised of 128 species - specific categories (e. g. , angular roughshark, piked dogfish, porbeagle, patagonian skate, plownose chimaera, s mall - eyed ray, etc) and 25 broader nei (nei = not elsewhere included) groupings (e. g. , such as various sharks nei, threshers sharks nei, ratfishes nei, raja rays nei). for each country, all chondrichthyan landings in metric tonnes (t) were averaged over the decade 2000–2009. landings reported as ‘ < 0. 5’ were assigned a value of 0. 5 t. missing data reported as ‘. ’ were assigned a zero. total annual chondrichthyan landings are underestimated as data are not reported for 1, 522 out of a total count of 13, 990 entries in the dataset. therefore, 11% of chondrichthyan landings reported to the fao over the 10 - year period are ‘data unavailable, unobtainable’. we mapped fao chondrichthyan landings as the national percent share of the average total landings from 2000 to 2009 .\nof concern in the wider caribbean region are construction - related activities, such as alteration to the coastline, beach mining and renourishment, dredging, and filling. all of these activities have considerable environmental impact. shoreline structures, including piers, jetties and breakwaters, alter the patterns of sediment transport, preventing the renourishment of beaches downstream of this river of sand. a disruption in sediment transport can lead to the erosion of beaches and marshes. beach sand mining, a common practice in the region, causes sedimentation, which has a negative impact on coral reefs and other marine ecosystems. similarly, dredging not only physically alters marine ecosystems, but also causes the re - suspension of large amounts of sediment. suspended sediments decrease water clarity and thus affect photosynthesis, stress corals and other suspension - feeders by making them expend energy in ridding themselves of sediment, and, in the most severe cases, smother the organisms themselves. biodiversity of corals, other invertebrates, fish, and algae is reduced as a result .\nspecies diversity is the middle level in the hierarchy of biological diversity. species diversity is often equated with biological diversity, although this is not the case. species diversity refers to the variety of species in a certain region, and varies greatly among taxonomic groups and among geographic areas. in general, there is a greater number of small species than large ones, although the diversity of larger organisms is better known than that of smaller ones. for example, there are many more species of insects than species of sharks. also, in the marine environment, the diversity of plants is lower than the diversity of animals. marine species diversity is much higher in tropical regions than in temperate or arctic regions, with such exceptions as kelps and starfishes, which are most diverse in the cold waters of the pacific northwest u. s. and canada. within the tropics, the indo - pacific region has much higher species diversity than the caribbean, because the indo - pacific, as an older ocean, has had more time for speciation to take place .\nlocal species richness is greatest in tropical coastal seas, particularly along the atlantic and western pacific shelves (figure 7a). the greatest uncertainty, where the number of dd species is highest, is centered on four areas: (1) caribbean sea and western central atlantic ocean, (2) eastern central atlantic ocean, (3) southwest indian ocean, and (4) the china seas (figure 7b). the megadiverse china seas face the triple jeopardy of high threat in shallow waters (figure 7cd), high species richness (figure 7a), and a large number of threatened endemic species (figure 8), combined with high risk due to high uncertainty in status (large number of dd species, figure 7b). whereas the distribution of threat in coastal and continental shelf chondrichthyans is similar to the overall threat pattern across tropical and mid - latitudes, the spatial pattern of threat varies considerably for pelagic and deepwater species. threatened neritic and epipelagic oceanic sharks are distributed throughout the world’s oceans, but there are also at least seven threat hotspots in coastal waters: (1) gulf of california, (2) southeast us continental shelf, (3) patagonian shelf, (4) west africa and the western mediterranean sea, (5) southeast south africa, (6) australia, and (7) the china seas (figure 7d). hotspots of deepwater threatened chondrichthyans occur in three areas where fisheries penetrate deepest: (1) southwest atlantic ocean (southeast coast of south america), (2) eastern atlantic ocean, spanning from norway to namibia and into the mediterranean sea, and (3) southeast australia (figure 7e) .\nspecies diversity is the middle level in the hierarchy of biological diversity. species diversity is often equated with biological diversity, although this is not the case. species diversity refers to the variety of species in a certain region, and varies greatly among taxonomic groups and among geographic areas. in general, there is a greater number of small species than large ones, although the diversity of larger organisms is better known than that of smaller ones. for example, there are many more species of insects than species of sharks. also, in the marine environment, the diversity of plants is lower than the diversity of animals. marine species diversity is much higher in tropical regions than in temperate or arctic regions, with such exceptions as kelps and starfishes, which are most diverse in the cold waters of the pacific northwest u. s. and canada. within the tropics, the indo - pacific region has much higher species diversity than the caribbean, because the indo - pacific, as an older ocean, has had more time for speciation to take place. species richness, or the number of species within a certain area, is one of the most straightforward ways to measure biological diversity. counting the exact number of species occurring in an area is a difficult task, however, because a majority of the species are likely to be very small and difficult to identify and count in the field. the uniqueness of an area may be assessed by the number of endemic species found there. a species is endemic to a particular area if it only occurs in that area and not elsewhere. the degree of endemism is an indication of an area’s importance in a wider context. sites rich in endemic species can be seen as areas of active speciation or refuges for relict species. from the point of biodiversity conservation, it is important to identify areas with a high number of endemic species .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: oxynotus caribbaeus is a rare, small, deepwater benthic shark recorded from the gulf of mexico and venezuela on the upper continental slope at depths of 402 to 457 m. attains a maximum size of at least 49 cm total length (tl) but virtually nothing known about its biology. this species is not known to be of interest to fisheries at present. insufficient information available to assess the species beyond data deficient .\na rare, small, deepwater benthic shark found on the upper continental slope at depths of 402 to 457 m. virtually nothing known about its biology. attains a maximum size of at least 49 cm total length (tl). immature specimens of both males and females examined at 20 to 21 cm tl (compagno, in prep. a) .\nthis species is not known to be of interest to fisheries at present (compagno, in prep. a). compagno (in prep. a) writes :\noxynotids are of limited interest to fisheries, as these sharks are a relatively uncommon bycatch of bottom and pelagic trawl fisheries and to the writer' s knowledge are not sufficiently abundant and concentrated to be targeted to any extent\n. utilization compagno (in prep. a) writes :\nwhere utilized (eastern north atlantic) [ oxynotids ] are mostly processed for fish meal and oil, but also are prepared smoked and dried - salted for human consumption\n.\nleandro, l. (ssg south america regional workshop, june 2003). 2004 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\ngreek, oxys = sharp + greek, noton = back (ref. 45335 )\nmarine; bathydemersal; depth range 402 - 457 m. deep - water; 27°n - 10°n, 96°w - 58°w (ref. 54692 )\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 49. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 247); common length: 39. 0 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 5217 )\nfound on the upper continental slopes. bottom temperatures range from 9. 4 to 11. 1°c. probably feeds on bottom invertebrates and fishes. ovoviviparous (ref. 205) .\ncompagno, l. j. v. , 1984. fao species catalogue. vol. 4. sharks of the world. an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. part 1 - hexanchiformes to lamniformes. fao fish. synop. 125 (4 / 1): 1 - 249. rome, fao. (ref. 247 )\n): 9. 2 - 12. 3, mean 10. 6 (based on 8 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5625 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00389 (0. 00180 - 0. 00842), b = 3. 12 (2. 94 - 3. 30), in cm total length, based on all lwr estimates for this body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 4. 0 ±0. 62 se; based on food items .\nresilience (ref. 69278): low, minimum population doubling time 4. 5 - 14 years (fec assumed to be < 100) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): moderate vulnerability (42 of 100) .\nin less than 12 rows, colour pattern of dark bands on a light background .\nsmall and circular. supraorbital ridges not greatly expanded and not forming a knob in front of spiracles. apices of\nlocality: 60 miles north of la blanquilla island, venezuela, at 457 m depth .\ncervigón m. , f. , 1961. una nueva especie de oxynotus de las costas de venezuela (a new species of oxynotus from the coast of venezuela .). noved. cient. contrib. ocas. mus. hist. nat. la salle (ser. zool .), (27): 10 p .\ncompagno, l. j. v. and r. vergara r. , triakidae. 1978. in fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes. western central atlantic. fishing area 31, edited by w. fischer. fao, rome, vol. 5: pag. var .\ncadenat, j. and j. blache, 1981. requins de mediterranee et d' atlantique. faune trop. orstom, 21: 330 p .\noxynotus caribbaeus is a rare, small, deepwater benthic shark recorded from the gulf of mexico and venezuela on the upper continental slope at depths of 402 to 457 m. attains a maximum size of at least 49 cm total length (tl) but virtually nothing known about its biology. this species is not known to be of interest to fisheries at present. insufficient information available to assess the species beyond data deficient .\ndana campbell selected\niucn red list assessment\nto show in overview on\noxynotus caribbaeus cervigón, 1961\n.\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nläikkäpurjehai\nto\noxynotus caribbaeus cervigón, 1961\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nwhat do you like our site and what can we improve on? color, pictures, navigation, loading speed, etc .\nship to afghanistan albania algeria andorra angola anguilla antigua argentina armenia aruba australia austria azerbaijan bahamas bahrain bangladesh barbados belarus belgium belize benin bermuda bhutan bolivia bosnia and herzegovina botswana brazil brunei darussalam bulgaria burkina faso burundi caicos islands cambodia cameroon canada cape verde caroline island cayman islands central african republic chad chile china colombia congo costa rica croatia cuba cyprus czech republic denmark djibouti dominica dominican republic east timor ecuador egypt el salvador equatorial guinea eritrea estonia ethiopia faroe islands fiji finland france french guiana french polynesia gabon gambia gaza and khan yunis georgia germany ghana gibraltar greece greenland grenada guadeloupe guam guatemala guinea guinea bissau guyana haiti honduras hong kong hungary iceland india indonesia iran iraq ireland israel italy ivory coast jamaica japan jordan kazakhstan kenya kiribati korea north korea south kuwait kyrgyzstan lao pdr latvia lebanon lesotho liberia libyan arab jamahiriya liechtenstein lithuania luxembourg macau macedonia madagascar malawi malaysia maldives mali malta mariana islands marshall islands martinique mauritania mauritius mexico micronesia moldova monaco mongolia montenegro montserrat morocco mozambique myanmar namibia nauru islands nepal netherlands netherlands antilles new caledonia new zealand new zealand islands territories nicaragua niger republic nigeria norfolk islands norway oman sultanate pakistan palau panama papua new guinea paraguay peru philippines poland portugal puerto rico qatar romania russia rwanda réunion samoa san marino sao tomé and principe saudi arabia senegal serbia seychelles sierra leone singapore slovak republic slovenia solomon islands south africa spain sri lanka st. christopher and nevis st. lucia st. vincent sudan suriname swaziland sweden switzerland syria syrian arab republic taiwan tajikistan tanzania thailand tobago togo tonga tortola trinidad tunisia turkey turkmenistan turks tuvalu uganda ukraine united arab emirates united kingdom united states uruguay uzbekistan vanuatu venezuela vietnam virgin islands western samoa yemen zambia zimbabwe\ncool watches for men, with rotatable second dial in the center, which is a new trial in shark’s design. vintage numeric indexes in brown add to the casual style .\n45mm is perfect for men and ladies. matted black case with fluted crown at 9 o’clock .\nform - fitting and comfortable genuine leather bracelet is used. it could be an elegant choice, with strap in brown .\nsign up here to receive shark watch news, event invitations, special offers, and new product notifications via email .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\noops. a firewall is blocking access to prezi content. check out this article to learn more or contact your system administrator .\nneither you, nor the coeditors you shared it with will be able to recover it again .\nreset share links resets both viewing and editing links (coeditors shown below are not affected) .\noxynotus caribbaeus cervigon, 1961, noved. cient. contrib. ocas. mus. hist. nat. la salle (ser. zool .), (27): 10 p. , figs 1 - 4. holotype: museo del laboratorio de biologia pesquera del ministerio de agricultura y cria, caiguire, venezuela, 494 mm male, probably adult. type locality: 60 miles north of la blanquilla island, venezuela, at 457 m depth .\nfieldmarks: short, blunt snout, high, sail - like dorsal fins with spines, no anal fin, first dorsal spine inclined forward, high, thick, triangular body with large, coarse denticles, small, circular spiracles, lanceolate upper teeth, lower bladelike teeth in less than 12 rows, colour pattern of dark bands on a light background .\nspiracle small and circular. supraorbital ridges not greatly expanded and not forming a knob in front of spiracles. apices of dorsal fins narrowly triangular, posterior margins strongly concave; first dorsal spine inclined forward. colour grey or brownish, with dark blotches and small spots on head, body, tail, and fins, separated by prominent light areas over pectoral and pelvic fins .\nmaximum total length 49 cm (adult male), immatures (male and female) 20 to 21 cm .\nfao species catalogue vol. 4. sharks of the world. an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date part 1 - hexanchiformes to lamniformes. compagno, l. j. v. 1984fao fisheries synopsis. , (125) vol. 4, part 1 .\ncopyright © 2018 langenscheidt digital gmbh & co. kg, all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n— probably the world' s best known (if not most beloved) shark — showing the dorsal fin spines, transverse mouth, and lack of an anal fin characteristic of the group. note that in the spiny dogfish and other members of the family squalidae, there is no subterminal lobe (flap on the upper caudal lobe separated from the rest of the caudal fin by a notch) and the lower teeth are only slightly larger than the uppers .\n: in size they range from the puny to the downright gigantic, they inhabit a wide range of depths, from sundappled shallows to the chill blackness of the abyss, and their taxonomy is a veritable morass of contention and tentative revision. many dogfishes are harvested commercially for food or pharmaceuticals. beyond the basic parameters presented above, few generalizations can be made about this large and remarkably diverse group .\n( several diminutive squaloid species vie for this title, which is won by mere fractions of an inch). males of this species mature at a length of about 6 inches (16 centimetres), females at about 7. 5 inches (19 centimetres) — one of that size was found to contain three 2. 5 - inch (6 - centimetre) embryos, each still bearing external gill filaments .\ncan be seen near life - sized (depending upon your monitor set - up) by clicking on the small image. males of this species mature at a length of about 6 inches (16 centimetres), females at about 7. 5 inches (19 centimetres). this recently - discovered species — just barely — dethrones the previous title holder, the spined pygmy shark (" ]

{ "text": [ "the caribbean roughshark ( oxynotus caribbaeus ) is a rough shark of the family oxynotidae , found on the upper continental slopes of the caribbean sea , at depths between 400 and 450 m ( 1,310 and 1,480 ft ) .", "it reaches a length around 50 cm ( 20 in ) .", "o. caribbaeus is thought to be a slow-moving predator of small benthic organisms .", "not much is known about the lifecycle of this species , but it is being observed in its natural environment lately .", "this species is an uncommon bycatch of bottom trawls , though insufficient information is available for the iucn to assess its conservation status . " ], "topic": [ 18, 0, 13, 16, 17 ] }

[ "the caribbean roughshark (oxynotus caribbaeus) is a rough shark of the family oxynotidae, found on the upper continental slopes of the caribbean sea, at depths between 400 and 450 m (1,310 and 1,480 ft). it reaches a length around 50 cm (20 in). o. caribbaeus is thought to be a slow-moving predator of small benthic organisms. not much is known about the lifecycle of this species, but it is being observed in its natural environment lately. this species is an uncommon bycatch of bottom trawls, though insufficient information is available for the iucn to assess its conservation status." ]

[ "photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 / / en\nurltoken\nthis herbaceous perennial plant is ½–1½' long; it has ascending to sprawling stems that branch occasionally. the stems are purplish green to dark reddish purple, sharply 4 - angled, stiff, and glabrous to softly hairy. at intervals along these stems, there are pairs of opposite leaves; they are more or less sessile. the leaves are ¾–1½\nlong and about one - third to two - thirds as much across; they are lanceolate, ovate, or ovate - cordate in shape, while their margins are sparingly toothed and slightly ciliate. the tips of the leaves are acute, while their bases are rounded to slightly cordate. the upper and lower leaf surfaces are yellowish green, medium green, or dark green; they are glandular - punctate and often softly hairy along the major veins. leaf venation is pinnate. the foliage of this plant has a strong mint aroma, especially when it is crushed. small cymes or dome - shaped panicles of flowers occur from the axils of the middle to upper leaves, and they also terminate the upper stems. the branches and pedicels of these inflorescences are similar to the stems in their characteristics, except they are more slender .\nthe preference is partial sun to medium shade, mesic to dry conditions, and shallow rocky soil that is somewhat acidic. excessive moisture on the leaves can cause a rust - fungus to develop. this plant can also adapt to ordinary garden soil if taller and more aggressive ground vegetation is kept away from it .\n). illinois lies along the northern range - limit of this plant. habitats include upland rocky woodlands, thinly wooded bluffs, upper wooded slopes, and semi - shaded areas of sandstone cliffs. american dittany is found in association with upland oak - hickory woodlands, especially where sandstone is close to the soil surface. it is usually found in high quality natural areas where ground vegetation is relatively sparse .\nvery little information is currently available about the floral - faunal relationships of this plant. the flowers are probably cross - pollinated by various flies (blanchan, 1900) and also bees. according to rudolph et al. (2006), it is a moderately important nectar plant of migrating monarch butterflies during the autumn. the caterpillars of a monophagous or oligophagous moth ,\n, mine the leaves (braun, 1948). this plant is also recorded as one of the hosts of a polyphagous leaf beetle ,\n( clark et al. , 2004). because of the strong mint fragrance of the foliage, mammalian herbivores (deer, groundhogs, etc .) usually avoid its consumption .\n) can adapt to shade gardens and its pinkish flowers provide a welcome alternative to the more common autumn - blooming goldenrods and asters. the common name of this plant may refer to its resemblance to a mediterranean species, dittany of crete (\n), except its flowers have only 2 fertile stamens rather than 4 fertile stamens, its leaves are usually larger in size, and its leaf tips are more acute than those of the latter species. american dittany can be distinguished from other similar species in the mint family by means of a combination of the following characteristics: 1) the presence of only 2 fertile stamens, rather than 4 fertile stamens, on its flowers, 2) the strongly exserted stamens and style of its flowers, 3) the conspicuous punctate glands on its leaves and the calyces of its flowers, 4) the lack of conspicuous lips on its flowers, 3) the similarity of the 5 teeth on its calyces, 4) the relatively broad shape of its leaves that taper into acute tips, 5) the sessile nature of its leaves, and 6) the strong mint fragrance of its foliage. in addition to american dittany ,\nhas several other common names in circulation; they include stone mint, common dittany, sweet horsemint, frost mint, frost flowers, and fairy skirts. during early frosts of the autumn, this plant sometimes forms white' frost flowers' near its stem bases; they develop from the bursting and freezing of exposed sap .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone. are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence, all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright © world library foundation. all rights reserved. ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation, a 501c (4) member' s support non - profit organization, and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it." ]

{ "text": [ "stephensia cunilae is a moth of the elachistidae family .", "it is found in the united states , where it has been recorded from ohio , kentucky and indiana .", "the wingspan is 6.5-7 mm .", "the extreme base of the forewings is dark reddish-bronze , while the rest of the wing is dark brown with a bronzy luster .", "the markings are pale golden .", "the hindwings are dark grayish brown .", "adults are on wing in late june and july and again in september in two generations per year .", "the larvae feed on cunila origanoides .", "they mine the leaves of their host plant .", "the mine starts as a narrow gallery , extending towards the tip of the leaf .", "it later expands into a blotch occupying the outer half of the leaf .", "all frass is deposited within the mine .", "the larvae have whitish body with a slight green tinge .", "the head is black .", "pupation takes place outside of the mine in a fold of a leaf beneath a fine , closely woven sheet of silk .", "adults of the second generation overwinter . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 8, 8, 11, 11, 1, 11, 23, 23, 11, 8 ] }

[ "stephensia cunilae is a moth of the elachistidae family. it is found in the united states, where it has been recorded from ohio, kentucky and indiana. the wingspan is 6.5-7 mm. the extreme base of the forewings is dark reddish-bronze, while the rest of the wing is dark brown with a bronzy luster. the markings are pale golden. the hindwings are dark grayish brown. adults are on wing in late june and july and again in september in two generations per year. the larvae feed on cunila origanoides. they mine the leaves of their host plant. the mine starts as a narrow gallery, extending towards the tip of the leaf. it later expands into a blotch occupying the outer half of the leaf. all frass is deposited within the mine. the larvae have whitish body with a slight green tinge. the head is black. pupation takes place outside of the mine in a fold of a leaf beneath a fine, closely woven sheet of silk. adults of the second generation overwinter." ]

[ "acanthonus armatus, a deep - sea teleost fish with a minute brain and large ears .\nacanthonus armatus, a deep - sea teleost fish with a minute brain and large ears. - pubmed - ncbi\nit looks like the slippery dick finally has a challenger for the title of fish with the most ridiculous common name. introducing the bony - eared assfish (acanthonus armatus) .\nin 1887, german ichthyologist albert günther bestowed the species with its scientific name, acanthonus armatus, which may offer a clue to how its common name of bony - eared assfish came about .\nformally named acanthonus armatus, the species is known to inhabit pacific ocean waters, but this is the first one caught off the coast of north america, said gavin hanke, the museum' s curator of vertebrate zoology .\na bony - eared assfish, acanthonus armatus, from the coral sea off southern queensland, depth ~ 2350 metres. source: john pogonoski / australian national fish collection, csiro. license: cc by attribution - noncommercial - sharealike\nnone are in the genus acanthonus, though, and hanke says he’s has “no idea why” they, too, got labeled assfish .\nacanthonus armatus günther 1878, ann. mag. nat. hist. (ser. 5) 2 (nos 7 / 8 / 9) (art. 2 / 22 / 28): 23. type locality: north of new guinea, challenger station 218, depth 1075 fathoms .\na blackish cusk eel with a large head and tapering body, small eyes, a prominent forward - projecting divided spine on the snout, a very long slender spine on the operculum, and well - developed spines on the lower angle of preoperculum. video of acanthonus armatus filmed in the western indian ocean, depth 2590 m .\n( of acanthonus spinifer garman, 1899) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\narmatus, which means\narmed\nin latin, was likely chosen because the fish sports spines off the tip of the nose and the gills. this also perhaps accounts for the “bony - eared” bit, according to hanke .\nacanthonus armatus, a deep - water benthopelagic fish, has, per unit body weight, the smallest brain and largest semicircular canals of any known teleost and possibly any vertebrate. pertinent areas of the brainstem and the cerebellum are large; this observation suggests that the fish’s lateral line and vestibular senses are particularly acute. the huge cranial cavity also contains heavy saccular otoliths, which may indicate that the fish is sensitive to low - frequency sound. brain size and specialization are consistent with an apparent pattern of low energy requirement, hovering and slow movement over the deep - sea floor, and consumption of small benthic prey in a dark environment .\nacanthonus armatus, a deep - water benthopelagic fish, has, per unit body weight, the smallest brain and largest semicircular canals of any known teleost and possibly any vertebrate. pertinent areas of the brainstem and the cerebellum are large; this observation suggests that the fish' s lateral line and vestibular senses are particularly acute. the huge cranial cavity also contains heavy saccular otoliths, which may indicate that the fish is sensitive to low - frequency sound. brain size and specialization are consistent with an apparent pattern of low energy requirement, hovering and slow movement over the deep - sea floor, and consumption of small benthic prey in a dark environment .\nassfish goes on display at the royal b. c. museum in victoria | cbc news\nthe royal b. c. museum in victoria has put on display a fish with a large head, small brain and unflattering name: a bony - eared assfish .\n' it is an ugly fish. that' s why i like it,' curator says\ndon' t expect the assfish to win any fish beauty contests. (royal b. c. museum handout )\nthe deep - sea creature, about 30 centimetres long, was caught by scientists 10 years ago in queen charlotte sound, off the north end of vancouver island .\nthe specimen is featured in\nfinding fishes ,\nthe first exhibition in the museum' s new pocket gallery, which is free. the alcove will showcase rarely seen items from the museum' s collections in three - month rotating displays .\nas might be expected from its common name, the bony - eared assfish, which is a member of the cusk - eel family, will never win an ichthyological beauty contest .\nit is an ugly fish. that' s why i like it ,\nhanke said .\nit' s got a big bulbous head and a tapering body and flabby skin. it almost looks like a glorified tadpole. it felt very gelatinous and soft when we picked it up .\nit has a very large mouth, and off the back of the gills there are some very large spines that point backwards ,\nhe said .\nwhen we first found the fish there were six or seven of us on the deck of the boat looking at it, and nobody could even guess which family it belonged to, because we had just never seen one before .\nweeks later a fisheries and oceans canada expert in nanaimo, b. c. , managed to identify the critter .\nhanke is including the fish in a series of papers he is publishing on the newly discovered extended range of some ocean creatures .\nand although the species is known for its tiny brain, hanke says he hasn' t\nopened this one up\nto investigate. because of its status as b. c.' s only bony - eared assfish, he wants to keep it intact, barring any interest from a researcher seeking to study the specimen .\nthere are some funny names out there for species, but that one takes the cake .\nto encourage thoughtful and respectful conversations, first and last names will appear with each submission to cbc / radio - canada' s online communities (except in children and youth - oriented communities). pseudonyms will no longer be permitted .\nby submitting a comment, you accept that cbc has the right to reproduce and publish that comment in whole or in part, in any manner cbc chooses. please note that cbc does not endorse the opinions expressed in comments. comments on this story are moderated according to our submission guidelines. comments are welcome while open. we reserve the right to close comments at any time .\naudience relations, cbc p. o. box 500 station a toronto, on canada, m5w 1e6\nit is a priority for cbc to create a website that is accessible to all canadians including people with visual, hearing, motor and cognitive challenges .\nclosed captioning and described video is available for many cbc - tv shows offered on cbc watch .\nmarine; bathypelagic; depth range 1171 - 4415 m (ref. 75877). deep - water; 36°n - 23°s, 81°w - 154°e\nin deep waters off tropical and subtropical areas of all oceans. especially abundant in the tropical western atlantic (ref. 3686). reported from carlsberg ridge (6°22' n 60°12' e) and new guinea (ref. 33390). known from gulf of mexico, caribbean sea, southern india, philippines, gulf of panama and tropical west africa (ref. 44076) .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 37. 5 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 34024 )\nhead large and body tapering. snout with prominent, bifid spine. opercular spine long and slender extending well beyond rear margin of head. well developed spines at lower angle of preopercle. eye small. anterior gill arch with 16 - 22 developed rakers. precaudal vertebrae 9 - 10 .\nbenthopelagic at bathyal and abyssal depths (ref. 56809). common species (ref. 34024). oviparous, with oval pelagic eggs floating in a gelatinous mass (ref. 205). noted as having the smallest relative brain size among teleosts, and remarkably large semicircular canals (ref. 7463) .\nnielsen, j. g. , 1990. ophidiidae. p. 564 - 573. in j. c. quero, j. c. hureau, c. karrer, a. post and l. saldanha (eds .) check - list of the fishes of the eastern tropical atlantic (clofeta). jnict, lisbon; sei, paris; and unesco, paris. vol. 2. (ref. 3686 )\n): 1. 8 - 4. 1, mean 2. 7 (based on 1440 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 1. 0000 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00102 (0. 00046 - 0. 00225), b = 3. 06 (2. 88 - 3. 24), in cm total length, based on all lwr estimates for this body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 6 ±0. 6 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): medium, minimum population doubling time 1. 4 - 4. 4 years (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): moderate vulnerability (42 of 100) .\nthe royal b. c. museum recently put this bony - eared assfish, discovered in queen charlotte sound in 2006, on display .\nthe type of eel - like fish, which recently went on display in canada, is a fascinating denizen of the deep sea .\nwith a name like assfish, you' re probably used to being the butt of jokes, not a top news item .\nit' s actually a type of cusk - eel, an eel - like fish that resembles a\nglorified tadpole, with a bulbous head and a tapering tail, ” gavin hanke, curator of vertebrate zoology at the royal bc museum in victoria, british columbia, says via email .\nthe museum’s specimen was caught ten years ago in queen charlotte sound (map), off the coast of central british columbia .\nput on display at the museum in january, the odd - looking fish has been a delight to kids “who now have a valid excuse to say' assfish,' ” hanke quips. (see national geographic' s amazing pictures of eels. )\nlike many other deep - sea creatures, assfish bodies are “soft and flabby, and their skeleton is light and reduced, ” says hanke. a lack of food and high pressure at depth may make generating muscle and bone difficult .\nit’s also chilly down there in the sunless depths—about 37 to 39 degrees fahrenheit (3 to 4 degrees celsius), so it’s likely assfish have slow metabolism that prevents them from being too active. (see more bizarre creatures of the deep sea. )\nit\ncan move fast in short bursts ,\nhe adds, but the video\nshows it to be a lazy swimmer, only fluttering its fins to make any headway .\ngiven that they' re cold - loving creatures, assfish may also live in more northern oceans, though they haven' t yet been discovered there, hanke says .\nthe assfish is actually a type of tadpole - shaped fish called a\ncusk - eel .\nadam summers, associate director at the friday harbor labs at the university of washington, notes that assfish live\npretty nearly everywhere it gets deep enough. that is a lot of oceanic territory to span .\neven so, finding an assfish in queen charlotte sound is unusual—it' s the only recorded specimen found there so far .\nakanthos is greek for “prickly, ” and onus could either mean “hake, a relative of cod, ” hanke says, “or a donkey. ” (read about carl linnaeus, the scientist who gave many species their names. )\nsummers concurs, saying onus could easily read “as a homonym of the greek word for ass. ”\nso perhaps the unknown scientists who “made up the common name just played with the donkey side of the etymology, and it stuck, ” hanke says .\non the subject of weird animal names, hanke suggests checking out the common name for halichoeres bivittatus: slippery dick .\nit' s amazing that this hasn' t caught on in social media—assfish is tame by comparison .\nkids will love the fact that three other fish species have a nom de donkey: the galathea assfish, the abyssal assfish, and the robust assfish .\nweird animal question of the week answers your questions every saturday. if you have a question about the weird and wild animal world, tweet me, leave me a note or photo in the comments below, or find me on facebook .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nproc r soc lond b biol sci. 1987 mar 23; 230 (1259): 257 - 65 .\nresearch support, u. s. gov' t, non - p. h. s .\nresearch support, u. s. gov' t, p. h. s .\nmeet the bony - eared assfish (yes, really .) | deep ocean | earth touch news\ndespite being just 30 centimetres long, the tiny specimen made a big splash at victoria' s royal b. c. museum, where it landed after being hauled up by scientists nearly ten years ago .\nassfish are members of the cusk - eel family, a group of eel - like bony fish found only at extreme depths. they' re known to inhabit the pacific, but before this sighting, one had never been seen in north america .\nwhen we first found the fish there were six or seven of us on the deck of the boat looking at it, and nobody could even guess which family it belonged to, because we had just never seen one before ,\ncurator of vertebrate zoology gavin hanke told cbc .\nit' s a looker, no doubt, but like the mighty blobfish, assfishes (i don' t think i will ever tire of saying that) don' t always appear this unalluring. undergoing to the immense change in pressure from seafloor to surface causes the fish' s cells to expand, turning sleek skin into a gooey, gelatinous mess .\nin relation to body size, cusk - eels like the assfish have the smallest brains of any teleost fish, and quite possibly any vertebrate – but this one won' t be opened up any time soon. because it' s unique to the area, the team plans to keep the specimen intact and on display .\nbelow the surface, both food and light are scarce commodities. saving energy is key to survival, so the fish spend their days hovering just above the seafloor, waiting patiently for prey to pass by. it' s because of this slow lifestyle that the fish are able to operate on very little brain power .\nimpressive as it may be, this assfish isn' t the deepest - diving cusk - eel. back in 2014, scientists managed to film one a whopping 8, 143 metres (26, 722 feet) into the mariana trench. (for a bit of perspective, mount everest is 29, 029 feet tall. )\nsarah keartes is earth touch' s resident' queen of debunkery'. when she' s not writing about marine life, she can usually be found scouring the pacific northwest for salamanders. find her on twitter @ sarahkeartes view more from this contributor\nour planet is a busy, crazy place. and amidst all the noise, voices get lost and some stories are never heard. that’s especially true of our planet’s countless wild species: big and small, threatened and persecuted, complex and fascinating .\nfor our growing team of writers and contributors, those are the stories that matter most: we dedicate our time to them all day and every day. in a world bursting with news, nature is our niche – and we love it that way .\nyou, our viewers, are passionate about these stories we tell. take your passion further by supporting and driving more of the nature news you know and love .\nthis stunning unidentified sea cucumber was caught dancing through the blackness of space... er, the deep sea, by nooaa' s okeanos explorer while ...\nour journalists take the time to dispel rumors that are so common with sensational topics and volatile emotions in the sphere of conservation .\noff southern queensland, (23 37 to 23 45 s, depth 1768 - 2355 m. elsewhere the species occurs worldwide in tropical and subtropical seas, inhabiting bathyal and abyssal depths at 1500 - 4400 m .\ngill rakers (developed) 16 - 22 developed rakers; precaudal vertebrae 9 - 10. head large, body tapering; eye small; snout with prominent, bifid spine; opercular spine long, slender extending well beyond rear margin of head; spines at lower angle of preopercle well - developed .\nthe bony - eared assfish has heavy sacular otoliths and very large semicircular canals, along with relevant large areas of the brainstem and cerebellum. this suggests that the lateral line and vestibular senses are particularly acute, and the heavy otoliths may indicate that the species is sensitive to low - frequency sound .\ncohen, d. m. & nielsen, j. g. 1978. guide to the identification of genera of the fish order ophidiiformes with a tentative classification of the order .\n, a deep - sea teleost fish with a minute brain and large ears .\ngünther, a. 1878. preliminary notices of deep - sea fishes collected during the voyage of h. m. s. challenger .\ngünther, a. 1887. report on the deep - sea fishes collected by h. m. s challenger during the years 1873–1876 .\nreport on the scientific results of the voyage of h. m. s. challenger 1873–1876, zoology\nhaedrich, r. l. & merrett, n. r. 1988. summary atlas of deep - living demersal fishes in the north atlantic basin .\n. the iucn red list of threatened species 2015: e. t190201a60796787. urltoken downloaded on 05 july 2017 .\nmincarone, m. m. , nielsen, j. g. & costa, p. a. s. 2008. deep - sea ophidiiform fishes collected on the brazilian continental slope, between 11° and 23°s .\nnielsen, j. g. 1997. deepwater ophidiiform fishes from off new caledonia with six new species. no. 4. in: séret, b. (ed .) résultats des campagnes musorstom 17 .\nyeh, h. - m. , lee, m. - y. & shao, k. - t. 2005. fifteen taiwanese new records of ophidiid fishes (pisces: ophidiidae) collected from the deep waters by the rv ocean researcher i .\nbenthopelagic at bathyal and abyssal depths (ref. 56809). common species (ref. 34024). oviparous, with oval pelagic eggs floating in a gelatinous mass (ref. 205). noted as having the smallest relative brain size among teleosts, and remarkably large semicircular canals (ref. 7463) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\ndepartment of biology, virginia commonwealth university, richmond, virginia 23284, u. s. a .\ndepartment of biological science, california state university, fullerton, california 92634, u. s. a .\neducational resources, milton s. hershey medical center, pennsylvania state university, hershey, pennsylvania, 17033, u. s. a .\nthis text was harvested from a scanned image of the original document using optical character recognition (ocr) software. as such, it may contain errors. please contact the royal society if you find an error you would like to see corrected. mathematical notations produced through infty ocr .\nenter your proceedings of the royal society of london b: biological sciences username .\nyou may be able to gain access using your login credentials for your institution. contact your library if you do not have a username and password .\npay per article - you may access this article or this issue (from the computer you are currently using) for 30 days .\nregain access - you can regain access to a recent pay per article or pay per issue purchase if your access period has not yet expired .\nthank you for your interest in spreading the word on proceedings of the royal society of london b: biological sciences .\nnote: we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. we do not capture any email address .\nmessage body (your name) thought you would like to see the proceedings of the royal society of london b: biological sciences web site .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information, no. 1, vol 1 - 3\nmoore, jon a. , karsten e. hartel, james e. craddock, and john k. galbraith\nnielsen, j. g. / carpenter, kent e. , and volker h. niem, eds .\nfao species identification guide for fishery purposes: the living marine resources of the western central pacific, vol. 3: batoid fishes, chimaeras and bony fishes, part 1 (elopidae to linophrynidae )\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\nmoore, j. a. , m. vecchione, b. b. collette, and r. gibbons. (2002) the fauna of bear seamount (new england seamount chain), and the presence of\nnatural invader\nspecies. paper cm 2002 / m: 25, ices annual science conference and ices centenary, 1 - 5 october 2002, copenhagen [ details ]\nmceachran, j. d. (2009). fishes (vertebrata: pisces) of the gulf of mexico, pp. 1223–1316 in: felder, d. l. and d. k. camp (eds .), gulf of mexico–origins, waters, and biota. biodiversity. texas a & m; press, college station, texas. [ details ]\nintegrated taxonomic information system (itis). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission (ioc) of unesco. the ocean biogeographic information system (obis), available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhydrothermal vents are able to support extremophile bacteria on earth and may also support life in other parts of the cosmos. | pinterest | earth and geology\ni report on multiple correlates of reduction in metabolic rate during evolutionary adaptation to caves in the fish family amblyopsidae. the family includes six species with one surface - dweller, chologaster cornuta, a facultative cave dweller, chologaster agassizi, and four obligate cave - dwellers that, on the basis of eye degeneration, have been isolated in caves for increasing times: typhlichthys subterraneus < amblyopsis spelaea < amblyopsis rosae < speoplatyrhinus poulsoni. of those traits i examined, the strongest correlates of reduction in whole fishes metabolic rate were reduction in ventilation frequency and volume > brain metabolic rate > gill surface area. relative amplitude declined and the estimated ventilation minute - volume decreased 5. 9 fold from a value of 1. 12 to 0. 19 ml. log brain rate of oxygen consumption was directly related to log body mass, b = + 0. 75, and decreased from 1. 5 to 0. 06 μl per mg dry mass per hour among species. no single gill trait accounted for the reduction in total lamellar surface area from 228 to 103 mm 2 g - 1. there was no reduction in muscle metabolic rate or histological indices of thyroid activity. log muscle rate of oxygen consumption was inversely related to log body mass, b = - 0. 60, but did not differ among species. the mean total thyroid follicle volume among species, from 0. 010 to 0. 020 mm 3 g - 1 of adult fishes, showed no relation to interspecific differences in whole fish metabolic rate. in the general discussion i show that no trait that could contribute to a lowered metabolic rate is in the same rank order as metabolic rate, though collectively the reductions were in the same order as metabolic rates. i explain that this is as expected with convergent evolution of complex traits. finally i discuss the literature about central nervous system control of metabolic rate .\n, a new genus and species of subterranean fishes from alabama. copeia 1974: 486–493 .\neigenmann, c. h. 1909. cave vertebrates of america, a study in degenerative evolution. carnegie inst. wash. publ. (104): 1–241 .\nekberg, d. r. 1958. respiration in tissues of goldfishes adapted to high and low temperatures. biol. bull. 114: 308–316 .\ngray, i. e. 1954. comparative study of the gill area of marine fishes. biol. bull. 107: 219–225 .\nmcfarland, w. n. 1959. a study of the effects of anesthetics on the behavior and physiology of fishes. bull. inst. mar. sci. 4: 23–55\nmarshall, n. b. 1960. swimbladder structure of deep - sea fishes in relation to their systematics and biology. discov. rep. 31: 1–122 .\n, a fish with an exceptionally large brain. j. exp. biol. 199: 603–607 .\n, poisson aveugle et cavernicole de l’irak. ann. soc. roy. zool. belg. 90: 117–125 .\npoulson, t. l. 1961. cave adaptation in amblyopsid fishes. ph. d. dissertation, u. michigan microfilms 61–2787. 185 pp .\npoulson, t. l. 1963. cave adaptation in amblyopsid fishes. amer. midl. nat. 70: 257–290 .\npoulson, t. l. 1964. animals in aquatic environments: animals in caves. pp. 749–771 .\n: d. b. dill (ed .) handbook of physiology: environment, amer. physiol. soc. , washington, d. c .\npoulson, t. l. 1971. biology of cave and deep - sea organisms: a comparison. bull. nat. speleol. soc. 33: 51–61 .\npoulson, t. l. 1985. evolutionary reduction by neutral mutations: plausibility arguments and data from amblyopsid fishes and linyphiid spiders. bull. nat. speleol. soc. 47: 109–117 .\nprosser, c. l. 1967. mechanisms of temperature acclimation in fishes. pp. 375–409\n: a. s. troshin (ed .) cell and environmental temperature, pergamon press, london .\nrosen, d. e. 1962. comments on the relationships of the north american cave fishes of the family amblyopsidae. amer. mus. novitates no. 2109: 1–35 .\nvernberg, i. f. 1954. the respiratory metabolism of tissues of marine teleosts in relation to activity and body size. biol. bull. 106: 360–370 .\nvernberg, i. f. & i. e. gray. 1953. a comparative study of the respiratory metabolism of excised brain tissue of marine teleosts. biol. bull. 104: 445–449 .\nwoods, l. p & r. f. inger. 1957. the cave, spring, and swamp fishes of the family amblyopsidae of central and eastern united states. amer. midl. nat. 58: 232–256 .\npoulson t. l. (2001) morphological and physiological correlates of evolutionary reduction of metabolic rate among amblyopsid cave fishes. in: romero a. (eds) the biology of hypogean fishes. developments in environmental biology of fishes, vol 21. springer, dordrecht\ni report on multiple correlates of reduction in metabolic rate during evolutionary adaptation to caves in the fish family amblyopsidae. the family includes six species with one surface - dweller, chologaster cornuta, a facultative cave dweller, chologaster agassizi, and four obligate cave - dwellers that, on the basis of eye degeneration, have been isolated in caves for increasing times: typhlichthys subterraneus amblyopsis spelaea amblyopsis rosae speoplatyrhinus poulsoni. of those traits i examined, the strongest correlates of reduction in whole fishes metabolic rate were reduction in ventilation frequency and volume > brain metabolic rate > gill surface area. relative amplitude declined and the estimated ventilation minute - volume decreased 5. 9 fold from a value of 1. 12 to 0. 19 ml. log brain rate of oxygen consumption was directly related to log body mass, b = + 0. 75, and decreased from 1. 5 to 0. 06 μ per mg dry mass per hour among species. no single gill trait accounted for the reduction in total lamellar surface area from 228 to 103 mm 2 g −1. there was no reduction in muscle metabolic rate or histological indices of thyroid activity. log muscle rate of oxygen consumption was inversely related to log body mass, b = −0. 60, but did not differ among species. the mean total thyroid follicle volume among species, from 0. 010 to 0. 020 mm 3 g −1 of adult fishes, showed no relation to interspecific differences in whole fish metabolic rate. in the general discussion i show that no trait that could contribute to a lowered metabolic rate is in the same rank order as metabolic rate, though collectively the reductions were in the same order as metabolic rates. i explain that this is as expected with convergent evolution of complex traits. finally i discuss the literature about central nervous system control of metabolic rate .\n, a new genus andspecies of subterranean fishes from alabama. copeia 1974: 486–493 .\neigenmann, c. h. 1909. cave vertebrates of america, a study indegenerative evolution. carnegie inst. wash. publ. (104): 1–241 .\nekberg, d. r. 1958. respirationin tissues of goldfishes adapted to high and low temperatures. biol. bull. 114: 308–316 .\ngray, i. e. 1954. comparative study of the gill area of marine fishes. biol. bull. 107: 219–225 .\nmcfarland, w. n. 1959. a study of the effects of anesthetics on the behavior and physiology of fishes. bull. inst. mar. sci. 4: 23–55\nmarshall, n. b. 1960. swimbladder structure of deep - sea fishes in relation to their systematics and biology. discov. rep. 31: 1–122 .\n, poisson aveugle et cavernicole de i' lrak. ann. soc. roy. zool. belg. 90: 117–125 .\npoulson, t. l. 1961. cave adaptationin amblyopsid fishes. ph. d. dissertation, u. michigan microfilms 61–2787. 185 pp .\npoulson, t. l. 1963. caveadaptation in amblyopsid fishes. amer. midl. nat. 70: 257–290 .\npoulson, t. l. 1964. animals inaquatic environments: animals in caves. pp. 749–771 .\nd. b. dill (ed .) handbook of physiology: environment, amer. physiol. soc. , washington, d. c .\npoulson, t. l. 1971. biology of cave and deep - seaorganisms: a comparison. bull. nat. speleol. soc. 33: 51–61 .\npoulson, t. l. 1985. evolutionaryreduction by neutral mutations: plausibility arguments and data from amblyopsid fishes and linyphiid spiders. bull. nat. speleol. soc. 47: 109–117 .\nprosser, c. l. 1967. mechanisms of temperature acclimation in fishes. pp. 375–409\na. s. troshin (ed .) cell and environmental temperature, pergamon press, london .\nrosen, d. e. 1962. comments on the relationships of the north american cave fishes of the family amblyopsidae. amer. mus. novitates no. 2109: 1–35 .\nvernberg, i. f. 1954. the respiratory metabolism of tissues ofmarine teleosts in relation to activity and body size. biol. bull. 106: 360–370 .\nwoods, l. p. & r. f. inger. 1957. the cave, spring, and swamp fishes of the family amblyopsidae of central and eastern united states. amer. midl. nat. 58: 232–256 .\npoulson, t. l. environmental biology of fishes (2001) 62: 239. urltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "acanthonus armatus ( bony-eared assfish ) is a bathypelagic species of cusk-eel found in tropical and sub-tropical oceans at depths of from 1,171 to 4,415 metres ( 3,842 to 14,485 ft ) .", "it has been found as far north as queen charlotte sound off british columbia 's coast .", "this species grows to a length of 37.5 centimetres ( 14.8 in ) sl .", "it is the only known member of its genus acanthonus .", "it holds the record for the smallest brain-to-body weight ratio of all vertebrates .", "like many other creatures that dwell in the depths of the sea , the bodies of assfish are soft and flabby , and their skeletons are light and reduced .", "this is likely to have resulted from a lack of food and the high pressures which accompany living at such a depth , making it difficult to generate muscle and bone . " ], "topic": [ 18, 20, 0, 26, 0, 18, 19 ] }

[ "acanthonus armatus (bony-eared assfish) is a bathypelagic species of cusk-eel found in tropical and sub-tropical oceans at depths of from 1,171 to 4,415 metres (3,842 to 14,485 ft). it has been found as far north as queen charlotte sound off british columbia's coast. this species grows to a length of 37.5 centimetres (14.8 in) sl. it is the only known member of its genus acanthonus. it holds the record for the smallest brain-to-body weight ratio of all vertebrates. like many other creatures that dwell in the depths of the sea, the bodies of assfish are soft and flabby, and their skeletons are light and reduced. this is likely to have resulted from a lack of food and the high pressures which accompany living at such a depth, making it difficult to generate muscle and bone." ]

[ "least seedsnipe (thinocorus rumicivorus) is a species of bird in the thinocoridae family .\nenglish: chilean seedsnipe, patagonian seedsnipe, pygmy seedsnipe; french: thinocore de patagonie; german: zwerghöhenläufer; spanish: agachona chica .\nleast seedsnipe (thinocorus rumicivorus) female, brooding chicks in tierra del fuego (left) .\nthe least seedsnipe is nomadic and largely restricted to the foothills of the west slope of the andes. it appears to follow the seeding events along coastal\nsuch intricate patterns also are present on the upperparts of the two smaller thinocorus seedsnipes: least seedsnipe and gray - breasted seedsnipe t. orbignyianus. this is least seedsnipe (right, another exquisite adam riley shot). least seedsnipe lives in a variety of sparse, open habitats, from sparse fog vegetation in the coastal desert of peru, to highland semi - desert puna in bolivia, to very high elevation [ 3700 - 4600m; 12, 000 to 15, 000 ft. ] altiplano from southern peru to northern argentina. least seedsnipe is quite a small species, recalling a snipe or a pectoral sandpiper, which winters in the same habitat. least sandpiper weighs only 50 grams, while a large rufous - bellied can weigh up to 400 gr (fjeldså 1996) .\nnuptial vocalizations of male least seedsnipe: structure and evolutionary significance. the condor - vol. 98, no. 2 (may, 1996), pp. 418 - 422\nwhite - bellied seedsnipe on a windy day in patagonian steppe. may 2010 ...\n…is the least, pygmy, or patagonian seedsnipe (thinocorus rumicivorus). it covers its eggs with sand when it leaves the nest. the largest (about 30 cm, or 12 in .) is gay’s seedsnipe (attagis gayi), which nests high in the andes .\nare seedsnipe really waders? when you see them on the ground foraging around in the desert they look much more like sandgrouse to my way of thinking. however, when they fly they look much more wader like, the least seedsnipe with its wingbars reminded me of a ringed plover .\nseedsnipes do not drink. seeds are not an important food item, except perhaps for least seedsnipes .\nthe gray - breasted seedsnipe is found along much of western south america. photo by participant daphne gemmill .\ncalling from low growing steppe vegetation approximately 50 - 60ft away, id certainty 95% (later in the day heard exact same call then saw a least seedsnipe perched atop a bush from where the call had come) .\n– at least 50 were just resting on the afternoon that we went to parque la isla in the rio aconcagua .\nfamily thinocoridae (seedsnipe) .\nanimal diversity web. urltoken (accessed on june 1, 2004) .\nleast seedsnipes are found in temperate grasslands, pastures and alpine grasslands, from sea level up to an altitude of 3. 700 m .\nwhere it can be common. does not overlap with gray - breasted seedsnipe. it also occurs in ec, bo, and ch .\nlike gray - breasted seedsnipe, browses on tips or buds of young grass, succulents, and small herbs, which are swallowed whole .\nenglish: gay' s seedsnipe; french: attagis de gay; german: rotbauch - höhenläufer; spanish: agachona grande, agachona ventrirrufa .\nenglish: d' orbigny' s seedsnipe; french: thinocore d' orbigny; german: graubrust - höhenläufer; spanish: agachona mediana .\n– at least 90 were present in the bahia inutil colony; it' s nice to know that more and more are coming to that location .\nthis article is part of project thinocoridae, a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each seedsnipe, including made - up species .\nthe vocalizations of seedsnipe are well known to peasants in the peruvian and bolivian highlands, who have given local seedsnipe onomatopoeic local names. the birds are not shy but their cryptic coloration makes them hard to spot. when flushed, their erratic, zig - zagging flight recalls snipes (fjeldså 1996) .\n– sometimes it' s hard to get this bird on this trip, but we saw at least six close to the renaca rock in vina de mar .\nnot globally threatened (least concern). status of species poorly known because of its harsh and inaccessible habitat. generally fairly common within its narrow altitudinal ...\nboth of these large seedsnipe have absolutely beautifully - patterned feathering, recalling gorgeous artwork feather by feather. this camouflage pattern helps them avoid predation in these open country habitats .\nnot globally threatened (least concern). generally common throughout extensive range, even in parts of patagonia that are strongly degraded by sheep - grazing. much of habitat ...\nthe gray - breasted seedsnipe is fairly common resident of patagonian and high andean steppe. it is found from the high elevations of the northern peruvian andes, south to the tip of tierra del fuego. it prefers puna grassland and is most often found in areas of low and matted cushion - plants or herbs and additionally in short grass bordering bogs. it uses its sharp stubby bill to cut and pull off the buds and leaf tips of succulent plants and herbs. the gray - breasted seedsnipe is very similar to its congener the least seedsnipe and identification is often difficult, but note lack of a pronounced dark border to the grey of the throat and chest and the courser scalloping on the back compared to its congener .\ngrey - breasted seedsnipe (thinocorus orbignyianus) female looking for succulent leaves in the dry salty banks of the rio putana, north of the atacama desert, chile (below) .\n– i' m counting this species as heard - only, even though we saw a nest, plus the tail of a young bird. we heard at least one adult calling a couple of times .\nfjeldså, j. & kirwan, g. m. (2018). least seedsnipe (thinocorus rumicivorus). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nthe least seedsnipe breeds in august - february. they nest on the ground, in a crude scrape lined with moss and plant debris. the nest is often placed near a stone or dwarf scrub. there the female lays 4 eggs which are incubated for about 26 days. the chicks leave the nest shortly after hatching and are able to feed for themselves, following the parents until fledging, which takes place around 50 days after hatching .\nthere is evidence that chicks in some seedsnipe species become sexually mature, able to reproduce, extremely quickly. they mature so quickly, in fact, that they are able to breed the same season they hatched. this is an advantage because in some parts of the seedsnipe range, changing weather patterns means there is particularly abundant food once every four to ten years. quick maturation enables even the newest chicks to take advantage of this .\nseedsnipes inhabit a variety of harsh environments, including grasslands, grass steppes, semi - arid deserts and alpine habitats. one species, the rufous - bellied seedsnipe ranges as far up as to the snowline (5500 m) .\nwe will spend time looking for other special birds such as least seedsnipe or tawny - throated dotterelwhich stop in the fields while migrating. in the grassy patches we have found grassland yellow finches, rofous - collared sparrow, long - tailed meadowlark, patagonian mockingbird, just to mention a few species. other birds found are lesser rhea, elegant - crested tinamou, southern martins, burrowing owl, peregrine falcon, variable hawk, chimango cara - cara, shiny cowbirds .\nin pairs or family groups, in winter in larger flocks. territorial males countersing from tops of bushes or fence posts. display flight much like that of gray - breasted seedsnipe. when flushed, flies with snipe - like zigzag flight .\nwhite - bellied seedsnipe (left in a beautiful shot by adam riley) is one of two large species in genus attagis. it is a bird of windswept ridges in southern argentina and chile, moving to the patagonia steppe in winter .\nthe coastal area and lagoon margins are particularly important for large congregations of migratory species. these include non - breeding summer visitors from the canadian arctic: white - rumped sandpiper, sanderling and hudsonian godwit occur regularly in higher numbers than in other parts of the falklands; whimbrel, ruddy turnstone, least seedsnipe, baird’s sandpiper and several other rare visitors have been recorded, often associated with the resident two - banded plover, rufous - chested (plover) dotterel and both species of oystercatcher .\n. the least seedsnipe is sexually dimorphic. the adult male has gray breasts and sides of neck with a distinctive median black stripe. the back is mottled with brown and dusky. the belly is white. the female is mottled with brown and dusly alo with a white belly. the juvenile looks like a female. it walks on the ground and can be easily overlooked if a bird remains still. it performs nuptial flights and it is rather vocal during the breeding season. i is smaller than the similar\ngeographic range: rufous - bellied seedsnipes are found in the andes of chile, argentina, bolivia, peru, and ecuador. they generally occupy high altitudes, of at least 3, 300 feet (1, 000 meters) in some areas and much higher in other areas .\nbaker, a. j. , s. l. pereira, and t. a. paton. 2007. phylogenetic relationships and divergence times of charadriiformes genera: multigene evidence for the cretaceous origin of at least 14 clades of shorebirds. biol. lett. 3: 205–209 .\nseedsnipes are territorial during the breeding season, with pairs defending areas from other pairs. the female typically lays three or four eggs at a time. the seedsnipe nest is usually a depression in the ground lined with bits of plant material. when neither parent is at the nest, the eggs are covered with soil or nest lining to help hide them and keep them warm. eggs hatch after about twenty - six days in the least seedsnipe, the only species for which there is information. the chicks are able to leave the nest soon after hatching and quickly become able to feed themselves. however, both parents continue to help protect the young, often pretending to be injured to draw away potential predators and other intruders. seed - snipes become sexually mature quickly, and are able to reproduce the same season they hatch .\nthe grey - breasted seedsnipe (thinocorus orbignyianus) is a species of bird in the thinocoridae family. it is found in argentina, bolivia, chile, and peru. its natural habitats are temperate grassland, subtropical or tropical high - altitude grassland, and swamps ...\n... has two subspecies of the grey - breasted seedsnipe: t. o. ingae, (tschudi, 1843): northern peru to northern chile & northwestern argentina t. o. orbigyianus, (geoffroy saint - hilaire & lesson, 1831): north - central chile & west - central argentina to tierra del fuego\nperuvian coast. rufous - bellied seedsnipes (attagis gayi) occur at very high elevations in the andes of ecuador and from central peru to tierra del fuego —in the north they are found only above 13, 000 ft (4, 000 m), but in the south they are found down to 3, 300 ft (1, 000 m). white - bellied seedsnipes (attagis malouinus) only inhabit a small area on the southern end of south america, where they nest below rufous - bellied seedsnipes in the andes and descend to the adjacent patagonian steppe in winter. least seedsnipes (t. rumicivorus) are widely distributed in southern argentina and chile; in winter some migrate as far north as the plains of northeastern argentina and atacama, chile. populations of least seedsnipes also inhabit the andean altiplano of northwestern argentina, bolivia, and adjacent chile (perhaps also in southeasternmost peru), and the coastal deserts of northernmost chile and most of peru. gray - breasted seedsnipes (t. orbignyianus) are found in the andes from northern peru to tierra del fuego and on adjacent mesetas of patagonia. they generally occur above least seedsnipes in the southern end of the continent but descend in winter, when they have reportedly been seen as far from the andes as córdoba .\n6–7 in (16–17 cm), t. r. bolivianus 8 in (19–20 cm); 1. 8–2. 1 oz (50–60 g). much like gray - breasted seedsnipe. upperparts with cryptic pattern of whitish, buff, and dusky; light borders narrowest in juvenile. throat and belly white, demarcated with blackish (more broadly so than in gray - breasted seedsnipe) towards face and breast, which are gray in male and streaked dusky and buff in female. male with blackish borders of throat and breast connected by blackish line down center of breast. tail prominently white - tipped and distinctly wedge - shaped. in flight shows a faint white wingbar above and a broad white wingbar below, contrasting with the dark wing linings. juveniles much like females, but white throat not distinctly demarcated and breast diffusely spotted rather than streaked .\nfjeldså, j. & kirwan, g. m. (2018). rufous - bellied seedsnipe (attagis gayi). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nthis group of islands is the most important breeding site for southern giant petrels in the world. counts were made in early 2005. there is no complete list of birds, but it is probable that at least 20 species breed, possibly including burrowing petrels and storm - petrels. two small colonies of imperial shags were seen on the northwestern and south - western of the cays in december 2001. tussacbird adults were seen on stinker island in december 2001 and cobb’s wren is likely to be present .\n243 [ dutch birding 35: 243 - 249, 2013 ] white - bellied seedsnipe south america is home to a large number of much - desired bird species that are odd, extremely rare, secretive or found in extremely remote places – species that get the pulses running and are high on the wish list of visiting birders. among these are the four species of the wader family of seed - snipes thinocoridae, if only because they bear no resemblance at all to other waders... .\nas noted at the top of the page, the australian endemic plains - wanderer pedionomus torquatus may be be closest relative to seedsnipes. it has been theorized that plains - wanderer and seedsnipes\ncould be relicts of an ancient group of grassland charadriiforms which might have dispersed across the antarctic continent before it was covered with ice in the upper miocene period, 10 - 15 million years ago\n( fjeldså 1996). seeing a seedsnipe is thus like looking at a bird from the very distant past .\nt. r. cuneicauda: coastal desert of peru and extreme northern chile, and, at least formerly, southwestern ecuador; t. r. bolivianus: altiplano of northwestern argentina, bolivia, and northern chile; t. r. rumicivorus: lowlands to 3, 900 ft (1, 200 m) in patagonia and southern chile where partly migratory, wintering north as far as the plains of northeastern argentina and uruguay, the mountains of córdoba (to above 6, 600 ft [ 2, 000m ]) and atacama, chile .\nat least 40 species have been recorded, of which 34 are known to breed. thin - billed prions breed on channel rock and hecate rock but the population has not been assessed. striated caracaras breed on stick - in - the - mud, rookery island and hecate rock, and ruddy - headed geese are present but their populations are too small to qualify. local subspecies recorded are black - crowned night - heron, upland goose, kelp goose, dark - faced ground - tyrant, falkland thrush, falkland grass wren and long - tailed meadowlark .\nat least 34 species have been recorded breeding on kidney island since 1960. the most numerous is the sooty shearwater, which was apparently confined to the western headland and steep north - western slopes in the 1930s, but now burrows around the coast and well inland. kidney island has one of only three known falkland breeding colonies of white - chinned petrels. it is also the only definite breeding site for great shearwater outside the tristan da cunha and gough island group in the south atlantic. grey - backed storm - petrels breed, but are very difficult to count .\nduring breeding, seedsnipes appear to be territorial and are often found in pairs. the nest is a simple depression on the ground, loosely lined with lichens, mosses, or other plant material. the four, or sometimes three, snipe - like eggs are covered with nest lining or soil whenever the nest is left unattended. when surprised while incubating, seedsnipes feign injury in the manner of other shorebirds. the incubation period of least seedsnipes is about 26 days. no precise data exist for the other species. soon after hatching the young are led away from the nest by both parents and are able to find food on their own. they are brooded by the female when they are small, and the male participates in guarding the chicks. after about seven weeks the young are able to fly. there is some indication, at least for the small thinocorus species, that they become sexually mature so rapidly that they can breed in the same season they were hatched. this would enable them to take advantage of climatically favorable years, especially in the peruvian desert where the el niño phenomenon provides abundant food sources once every four to ten years .\nthe other large species is rufous - bellied seedsnipe of the bleak alpine habitat in the high andes (below, a nice photo by carole rose). it looks like she had a sunny day. i was reading my own notes on seeing this species in april 1992, at 3840m [ 12, 600 ft. elevation ], up a dirt road above papallacta pass, ecuador, where the\narea was in heavy clouds, making visibility very poor, and dreadfully cold, but after a bit of wandering around on the squishy tundra we found a pair .\nthe new island group is considered to be one of the finest wildlife areas in the falklands, with at least 46 species breeding or probably breeding, and very large populations of colonial nesting seabirds. it is probably the world’s most important breeding ground for the thin - billed prion. the colony of black - browed albatross on north island was devastated by fire from a lightning strike in january 1988. it has since recovered to a population of about 17, 700 pairs in 2000. new island has a breeding population of falkland skuas numbering several hundred. there are a few pairs of macaroni penguins but they do not qualify the site as they are probably not breeding. birds of prey include peregrine falcon, southern caracara, variable hawk, turkey vulture and short - eared owl .\nday 3: peninsula valdes this morning we enter the peninsula valdes nature reserve, a narrow strip of land, extending into the atlantic ocean, sandwiched between the san jose and nuevo gulfs. get your binoculars ready to search for some of the 180 species of sea and land birds that inhabit this barren windswept land. some of these birds are endemic species, not large or strikingly colorful but found in no other country or region: these are carbonated sierra finch, patagonian yellow finch, rusty - backed monjita and band - tailed earthcreeper. we continue to reach the east coast of peninsula valdes, precisely to caleta valdes, where we spend the morning watching the elephant seal pups, we must keep an eye on the ocean as we may spot orcas. we will take a whale watching boat trip early in the afternoon. this area is an extense grassland the land mammals we may encounter are the graceful guanacos, the maras, and in the way of birds the possibilities are patagonian mockingbird, long - tailed meadowlark, with luck a tawny - throated dotterel or a least seedsnipe, burrowing owl, common miner, scale - throated earthcreeper, the patagonian yellow - finch and the very common rufous - collared sparrow. we spend the morning watching the elephant seal pups. we will look for shorebirds and sea birds such as american oystercatcher, rock and imperial cormorants, south american, royal and cayenne terns, crested ducks are found on the rocky shores. we return to the hotel in time to enjoy the sunset with such an open big sky .\nseedsnipes have traditionally been considered charadriiform birds, and biochemical evidence supports this relationship and places seedsnipes in the scolopacid assembly. their closest relative is the plains - wanderer (pedionomus torquatus), an australian species that at one time was placed near the hemipodes (gruiformes), and is included there in this work. however, plains - wanderers have a skeleton with a broad, twonotched sternum and a broad pelvis that is remarkably similar to that of a thinocorus seedsnipe. biochemical evidence also supports the relationship between plains - wanderers and seedsnipes. seedsnipes probably had a long independent evolution and possess several derived characters such as a superficially passerine - like skull. seedsnipes differ from most other shorebirds in having a crop, gizzard, and long intestinal caeca that evidently are adaptations to their vegetarian diet .\nthe total number of species recorded on bird island in november 1998 was 27, of which 25 bred or were probably breeding. macaroni penguin, ruddyheaded goose, canary - winged / black - throated finch and falkland steamer duck are present but their status is uncertain or populations are too small to qualify. the congregation of seabirds on this island exceeds 10, 000 breeding pairs, making the site classifiable under the a4iii criterion. bird island is one of the most important breeding sites for the striated caracara and it is considered that the population here is at least as dense as on any offshore island around the falklands, possibly due to the very large population of thin - billed prions, an important prey species. deep tussac cover over most of bird island makes it comparable to beauchêne island for the density of burrowing petrels .\nseedsnipes are comprised of four species of plump ground - dwelling' shorebirds' in the andes and patagonia, south america. apparently their nearest relatives are the thick - knees, the jaçanas, and the plains - wanderer of australia (baker et al. 2007) but seedsnipes diverged from these oddities about 32 million years ago (prum et al. 2015, claramunt & cracraft 2015). seedsnipes differ from most charadriiformes in having a crop, a gizzard, a long intestinal caeca (pouch), and they lack a hind toe. the intestinal differences arise from a vegetarian diet (fjeldså 1996). overall seedsnipe are shaped a bit like overgrown sandgrouse but are not related. sandgrouse, along with pigeons and madagascan mesites, are in a group now called the columbaves (prum et al. 2015) .\nthis species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size is very large, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\njustification: this species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size is very large, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nseedsnipes are found in cold and windswept habitats rarely visited by humans. rufous - bellied seedsnipes frequent rocky slopes, scree, short grass, bogs, and cushion plant communities near the snowline. white - bellied seedsnipes breed on stony slopes and bleak, windswept, alpine moorland, especially in places with crowberry heaths (empetrum) and azorella cushions. in winter white - bellied seedsnipes descend to stony, dry riverbeds and wide shores of partly dried - up lakes. on the peruvian coast least seedsnipes are often seen flying through desert devoid of vegetation on their way between small patches of low vegetation formed by the sea fog. on the altiplano and on the patagonian steppe, they occur in sandy areas with scattered bunch grass and low herbaceous vegetation. gray - breasted seedsnipes are typical of puna grassland and prefer areas with scattered stones and cushion plants as well as short grass bordering bogs .\nin this chapter i consider two aspects of shorebird reproduction that are intimately related as components of life - history strategies: clutch size and parental behavior. that shorebirds with few exceptions do not feed their young, and that young are precocial, nidifugous, and relatively self - reliant, has led to the assumption that adults have little difficulty caring for their young. that is, it is generally assumed that parental care imposes few constraints on time and energy budgets of adult shorebirds (kendeigh, 1952; parmelee and payne, 1973; graul, 1973; emlen and oring, 1977; welty, 1982, p. 293). this assumption has no empirical base, and data i collected from lapwings (charadriidae, vanellinae) indicate that parental care in fact imposes considerable demands on adults in at least some species. this justifies a reexamination of the parental care of shorebirds and of the assumption that clutch sizes are not limited by the ability of adults to care for young. this is further prompted by the lack of a satisfactory explanation of the limitation of clutch size in shorebirds .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8. 2g: 8. 2\nshorebirds and diving birds included traditionally in the charadriiformes are an ancient clade and member of the unresolved basal polytomy .\nthe buttonquails (turnicidae) belong in the charadriiformes, not the gruiformes (hackett et al. 2008 )\n) is most closely related to the sheathbills (chionidae) (ref) .\nare of uncertain taxonomic status. may represent clinal variation or introgression between this form and the black oystercatchers (\nis attributable to the reprint of boddaert' s table des planches and is an iss. reconfirmed by primary source verification, fide normand david, cf h & m 4: 206 .\nne india to s china, se asia, malay pen. and n sumatra\nand english name to inland dotterel; relative of wrybill and red - kneed dotterel; resequence following lapwings, their sister group (baker et al. 2007; fjeldså comm )\nwrybill is related to inland dotterel and red - kneed dotterel; resequence accordingly (baker et al. 2007). see also barth (2013), dos remedios et al. (2015 )\nplovers are members of the traditional plover family charadriidae (baker et al. 2012, cf baker et al. 2007 )\nkentish plover is specifically distinct from snowy plover, and more closely related to the white - fronted plover (küpper et al. 2009, nacc 2010 - a - 1 )\nis treated as a subspecies of kentish plover following rheindt et al. 2011 ;\n) from the glareolidae to its own family tentatively named\npluvianidae\n. it is a separate lineage that is the outgroup to plovers and their allies (baker et al. 2007, hackett et al. 2008 )\nsee sangster et al. 2011, rasmussen & anderton 2012 re proposed split of hudsonian whimbrel\nchange english name to far eastern curlew to reduce confusion with the eastern race of eurasian curlew, and to align ioc with h & m, bli, hbw, clements .\n, after red knot (gibson & baker 2012, banks, 2012) .\nstet western willet as subspecies for now (7. 3); oswald et al. 2016. nacc 2017 - a - 10 decline .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes, voice, habitat, food and feeding, breeding, movements, status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up. please select a player to play flash videos .\njosep del hoyo, daniêl jimenez, yoël jimenez, mark sutton, keith blomerley, lucio' luc' fazio .\njacob. wijpkema, nature expeditions peru, auf, rich bayldon, lars petersson, samantha klein, josef widmer, hans - georg folz, tomas grim, paul van giersbergen, dubi shapiro, lior kislev, dusan m. brinkhuizen, silvia vitale, joe tobias, jorgeschlemmer .\ncalls from a very young chick in hand; both the male and female adult birds were nearby. in tall grassy patagonian steppe .\ncalls from a female bird near two very young chicks; while giving these calls the bird was performing various distraction displays, while a male bird was perched nearby but didn' t make any noise .\nid certainty 100% . (archiv. tape 531 side a track 39 seq. a )\npresumed courtship display song, distance ~ 50 - 100ft but hard to say because the call seems to get quieter the closer i get .\nalarm calls in flight from a pair flushing off the ground in dry lower - elevation lomas habitat. wind and walking (at the start) mask some of the sound .\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nthere are many ways to contribute—we need species information, photographs, audio, video, translations, maps, distribution data, and bird sightings. there' s a role for everyone !\n), in neotropical birds online (t. s. schulenberg, editor). cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca, ny, usa. retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others. more information! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey' s business dictionary (german - english). thanks on that account! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome! questions and answers\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 337, 841 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: thinocorus rumicivorus. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\nthis is a directory page. britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\nhorse, (equus caballus), a hoofed, herbivorous mammal of the family equidae. it comprises a single species, …\nwe use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. if you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it .\nthis entry needs a photograph or drawing for illustration. please try to find a suitable image on wikimedia commons or upload one there yourself !\nany of four species of herbivorous wading birds in the family thinocoridae, endemic to south america .\nthis page was last edited on 25 may 2017, at 18: 56 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nde pietri, v. l. , a. b. camens, t. h. worthy. 2015. a new species of “plains - wanderer” (aves: pedionomidae) from the oligocene of south australia reveals lineage longevity on the continent. ibis 157: 68 - 74. | trevor worthy - urltoken\nde pietri, v. l. , a. b. camens, t. h. worthy. 2015. a new species of “plains - wanderer” (aves: pedionomidae) from the oligocene of south australia reveals lineage longevity on the continent. ibis 157: 68 - 74 .\nsorry, preview is currently unavailable. you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we' ll email you a reset link .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nsacc. 2005 and updates. a classification of the bird species of south america. available at: urltoken .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nproposed race pallidus (from lowlands of sw ecuador and extreme nw peru) is apparently inseparable from cuneicauda. populations in extreme s of range formerly awarded separate race, patagonicus, but not normally accepted nowadays. three subspecies currently recognized .\n( peale, 1848) – lowlands of sw ecuador in w guayas (possibly extinct), and from nw peru s to nw chile (tarapacá) .\neschscholtz, 1829 – patagonian steppe s to n tierra del fuego; migrates to c chile and plains of ne argentina and uruguay .\nflushed birds give a low “juk” on take - off, which may be doubled. territorial males give a long ...\nmainly semi - desert with rather scattered grass, low herbs or succulent plants. race\nmainly buds and leaf tips of succulent herbs and some seeds; may take more seeds than other species (see family text). will sometimes feed ...\neggs recorded aug–feb in patagonia, probably with several successive broods. breeds in solitary pairs. nest a scrape in sandy soil, ...\nmost patagonian birds migrate in winter, possibly vacating s part of range and reaching as far n as ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\ntaxonomic source (s) del hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. and fishpool, l. d. c. 2014. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. lynx edicions birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk. del hoyo, j. ; collar, n. j. ; christie, d. a. ; elliott, a. ; fishpool, l. d. c. 2014. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. barcelona, spain and cambridge uk: lynx edicions and birdlife international. sacc. 2006. a classification of the bird species of south america. available at: urltoken. sacc. 2006. a classification of the bird species of south america. available at: urltoken .\ntrend justification: although wetlands international consider the current population trend to be unknown, it is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats (del hoyo et al. 1996) .\nfatbirder - linking birders worldwide... wildlife travellers see our sister site: wand\nthinocoridae or seedsnipes are a small family of small gregarious waders which have adapted to a herbivorous diet. the family is divided into two genera, attagis and thinocorus, each containing two species. the family has a south american distribution, in the andean and patagonian regions. their relationships with other families within the order charadriiformes are uncertain, it has been suggested that the plains wanderer of australia, the jacanas and the painted snipes are their closest relatives. the plains wanderer in particular has a similar feeding ecology, although differs markedly in breeding biology. the family' s common name is misleading, as they do not resemble true snipe, having short bills on small heads, and seeds do not form a major part of their diet .\nthey resemble grouse, quail and sandgrouse, only with long wings. the seedsnipes in the genus thinocorus are smaller, ranging in size from a sparrow to a snipe, whereas the genus attagis are larger, the size of a ptarmigan. they have short legs (but long toes) and tails. the colour of their plumage is generally cryptic. there is some sexual dimorphism in the plumage of the thinocorus species, the males have grey faces, necks and breasts .\n... has three subspecies: t. r. cuneicauda, (peale, 1848): southwest ecuador & coastal peru t. r. bolivianus, (lowe, 1921): southern peru, western bolivia, northern chile & northwestern argentina t. r. rumicivorus, (eschscholtz, 1829): patagonia to tierra del fuego\n... has three sub - species a. g. latreillii lesson, 1831 - n ecuador. a. g. simonsi chubb, 1918 - c peru (lima) through n chile and w bolivia to nw argentina (jujuy). a. g. gayi i. geoffroy saint - hilaire & lesson, 1831 - andes of chile and argentina, from antofagasta and salta s to tierra del fuego .\na blog dedicated to the thousands of bird species that fly, swim or walk on our planet .\nthis species is found breeding along the pacific coast of south america, from ecuador to central chile, and in southern chile and argentina down to tierra del fuego. some birds migrate north or eastwards, wintering in bolivia, northern argentina and possibly also uruguay and southern brazil .\nthese birds are 16 - 19 cm long and weigh 50 - 60 g .\nthis species has a large breeding range and is described as common. the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats\ngeographically isolated race latreilli distinctive, perhaps deserving further study. specimens from catamarca, in nw argentina, apparently intermediate between simonsi and nominate # r. three subspecies currently recognized .\nc. chubb, 1918 – c peru (lima, huánuco) through n chile (tarapacá) and w bolivia to nw argentina (jujuy) .\n– andes of chile and argentina, from antofagasta and salta s to tierra del fuego .\n27–30 cm; 283–403 g. cryptically coloured, intricately mottled rufous - brown, dorsal feathers with concentric dusky lines giving scalloped effect, underparts pale ...\nconsidered to be most vocal in flight, when may call continuously, but also sometimes when running ...\nrocky slopes, scree, and other bleak alpine terrain in andeas. often stays close to snow - line, but ...\negg - laying in sept–oct in chile and in dec in nw argentina; young found in oct and early nov in ecuador. monogamous and solitary... .\napparently moves only on a very local scale. rarely flushes, but when does so may fly far and ...\nthis article is part of project aves, a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each bird, including made - up species .\nthis article is part of project charadriiformes, a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each charadriiform, including made - up species .\ncan' t find a community you love? create your own and start something epic .\nroad to santa eulalia, via lima, lima dept. , peru. male .\n: gr. thinos = sand, a beach, corys = lark like .\n: l. rumex, rumicis = sorrel, vorus = eating. a bird that lives in sandy areas that resembles a lark and eats red - brown seeds. .\nschulenberg, t. s. , d. f. stotz, and l. rico. 2006. distribution maps of the birds of peru, version 1. 0. environment, culture & conservation (ecco), the field museum .\nmaterial published in urltoken belongs to the author (s) and is protected by copyright laws. contributor (s )\ncontribute to the knowledge and undertanding of bird distribution in peru. report your rare and unusual sightings :\ncorbidi is a peruvian non - profit organization, whose goal is to develop foundations that support biodiversity conservation .\nsize 6–12 in (16–30 cm); 0. 1–0. 8 lb (50–400 g )\nhabitat desert, semi - desert, steppe grassland, and alpine cushion plant communities. from sea level to 18, 000 ft (5, 500 m )\nseedsnipes spend most of their time walking slowly and quietly on the ground while feeding. like sandgrouse, seedsnipes have the habit of turning their cryptically colored backs toward the observer, which makes them extremely difficult to detect. they will often allow close approach before they walk away or take off while emitting loud calls. the small species fly with a snipe - like, zigzag pattern. during the breeding season seedsnipes are found in pairs or groups of 5–6 birds, but in winter they usually occur in flocks, sometimes as large as 80 or more birds .\nseedsnipes are entirely vegetarian. they bite off buds and tips of leaves with a downward jerk of the head and swallow them whole. seedsnipes usually bend down to feed, but occasionally they will reach up to take a bud from an herb. succulents form an important part of the diet, and apparently\nseedsnipes are found in habitats so inhospitable to man that they have had little significance to humans. their loud calls have given rise to onomatopoetic local names, but the common or even abundant thinocorus species are not sought after as game .\nattagis gayi i. geoffroy saint - hilaire and lesson, 1831, santiago, chile. three subspecies recognized .\n10–11 in (27–30 cm); 10. 6–14. 1 oz (300–400 g). upperparts, wing lining, and breast with cryptic pattern of blackish, buff, and whitish. dorsal feathers mostly black in a. g. latreilli and densely vermiculated in the southern forms. belly is rufous (in a. g. latreilli) or pinkish cinnamon; it is palest in a. g. gayi. vent densely barred in a. g. latreilli and plain or faintly barred in the southern forms. in flight, it shows no wingbar. juvenile like adult but with more finely vermiculated upperparts .\na. g. gayi: the andes from tierra del fuego to northern chile and argentina, above 3, 300 ft (1, 000 m) in the south, above 6, 600 ft (2, 000 m) further north; a. g. simonsi: above 13, 000 ft (4, 000 m) in the andes from northern argentina and chile through bolivia to central peru; a. g. latreilli: above 14, 000 ft (4, 300 m) in the andes of ecuador .\nrocky slopes with scattered cushion plants near the snowline, scree with scattered low herbs, alpine bogs .\nin pairs or small groups, rarely larger flocks. emits loud cackling vocalizations in flight .\nmonogamous. nest is a crude scrape with little or no lining. four eggs, covered with earth when not incubated .\nhabitat rarely visited by humans. range includes several national parks and reserves. numbers locally decimated by hunting in the vicinity of mines .\nfrench: attagis de magellan; german: weissbauch - höhenläufer; spanish: agachona patagona .\n10–11 in (26. 5–29 cm). head speckled and upperparts and breast cryptically patterned with blackish, rufous, and buff. rump densely barred blackish and pale buff. chin, belly, and narrow tip of tail white. in flight shows conspicuous white band on underwing .\nbreeds at 2, 100–6, 600 ft (650–2, 000 m) in southernmost chile and argentina. descends to adjacent lowlands in winter. apparently straggles to islas malvinas .\nscree and moorland, especially with crowberries (empetrum) and azorella cushions. in winter on stony, dry riverbeds and wide shores of partly dry lakes .\nin pairs or family groups, in winter in large flocks. emits loud calls in flight .\nthinocorus orbignyianus i. geoffroy saint - hilaire and lesson, 1831, santiago, chile. two subspecies recognized (t. o. orbignyianus and t. o. ingae) that differ only in size .\n9 in (23 cm), t. o. ingae averaging smallest: 3. 9–4. 9 oz (110–140 g). female slightly smaller than male. upperparts with cryptic pattern of whitish, buff, and dusky; light borders narrowest in juveniles. throat and belly white, demarcated with blackish towards face and breast, which are gray in male, streaked dusky and buff in female and juvenile. tail prominently white tipped, rounded to slightly wedge shaped. in flight it shows a faint white wingbar above and a broad white wingbar below that contrast with the dark wing linings .\nt. o. orbignyianus: tierra del fuego north along the andes to central argentina / chile; t. o. ingae: andes from northern argentina / chile to northern peru .\ndry puna with scattered bunchgrass, cushion plants, low herbs, and short grass bordering highland bogs .\nin pairs or family groups. territorial males countersing from hummocks or rocks, or they perform elaborate display flight at twilight or night in which they fly in wide circles and descend with stiff, lowered wings and raised tail. when flushed, flies with snipe - like zigzag flight .\nbrowses quietly, bites off buds and leaf tips of young grass, herbs, and succulents .\npossibly lays several broods in a season. nest is a simple scrape loosely lined with plant debris. four eggs. length of incubation period unknown. both parents guard the young." ]

{ "text": [ "the least seedsnipe ( thinocorus rumicivorus ) is a xerophilic species of bird in the thinocoridae family .", "it breeds in argentina , bolivia , chile , and peru .", "they are common across south america and have been recorded in ecuador , the falkland islands , uruguay , brazil , and as far away as antarctica .", "the range of the least seedsnipe is estimated to be about 1,300,000 km ² .", "its natural habitats are temperate grassland , subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland , and pastureland , but it can be found in habitats ranging from sandy beaches to the open steppe , and even some open deserts in northern chile . " ], "topic": [ 2, 22, 8, 17, 24 ] }

[ "the least seedsnipe (thinocorus rumicivorus) is a xerophilic species of bird in the thinocoridae family. it breeds in argentina, bolivia, chile, and peru. they are common across south america and have been recorded in ecuador, the falkland islands, uruguay, brazil, and as far away as antarctica. the range of the least seedsnipe is estimated to be about 1,300,000 km ². its natural habitats are temperate grassland, subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, and pastureland, but it can be found in habitats ranging from sandy beaches to the open steppe, and even some open deserts in northern chile." ]

[ "view the full background check report for shahad o nedawi from charlotte, nc .\nclick here to submit links to web - pages detailing the al - nedawi family .\nal - nedawi k, meehan b, micallef j, lhotak v, may l, et al. (2008 )\ndr. al - nedawi has contributed to research on thrombosis and haemostasis, cancer progression, angiogenesis, metastasis and biomarkers. dr. al - nedawi’s main interest is the mechanisms of intercellular interactions through exosomes / microvesicles. identification of new biomarkers for different types of cancer is one of the major interests of dr al - nedawi, with especial focus on prostate and kidney cancer. dr. al - nedawi has received several awards and recognition for his scientific accomplishments. he is the winner of the 2010 michael g. degroote academic fellowship award at mcmaster university .\ngodolphin will still have a chance to lift their fourth st leger after classic cliche (1995), nedawi (1998) and mutafaweq (1999) through mamool .\nfruit of love' s exciting neck victory over nedawi in sunday' s £300, 000 dubai turf classic came after the minimum of preparation it was revealed yesterday .\nshahad osama nedawi is listed at 7303 connan ln charlotte, nc and has no political party affiliation. she is a white female registered to vote in mecklenburg county, north carolina .\nhopes were high that his sons would also leave their mark, but there have been more disappointments than successes in that department, although nedawi has made an excellent start in brazil .\ndr. al - nedawi has contributed to research on thrombosis haemostasis, cancer progression, angiogenesis, metastasis and biomarkers. dr. al - nedawi’s main interest is the mechanisms of intercellular interactions through short peptides and exosomes / microvesicles. dr. al - nedawi reported the mechanism by which cancer cells can shed oncogenic proteins via microvesicles to the neighboring non - cancer cells providing them with an ectopic transformed phenotype. furthermore he reported the transfer of oncogenic proteins from cancer cells to tumour endothelial cells leading to an autocrine secretion of vegf and autophosphorylation of vegfr2. detection of oncogenic proteins in the cargo of microvesicles circulating in the cancer patient’s peripheral blood, dr. al - nedawi and his colleagues have a patent on using microvesicle / exosomes to look for prognostic and predictive biomarkers for different types of cancers. in addition, dr al - nedawi is inventor in other three patents two of them filed recently through the mcmaster industry liaison office (milo). dr. al - nedawi has been published in high ranked medical journals like “blood, atvb, ncb, pnas”, and contributed to many international scientific conferences .\ngodolphin have had five winners at the st leger; classic cliche (1995), nedawi (1998), mutafaweq (1999), rule of law (2004) and mastery (2009) .\nkathleen gabriel, alistair ingram, richard austin, anil kapoor, damu tang, fadwa majeed, talha qureshi, and khalid al - nedawi. regulation of the tumor suppressor pten through exosomes: a diagnostic potential for prostate cancer. in press .\nal - nedawi k. , szemraj j. and cierniewski cs. 2005. mast cell - derived exosomes activate endothelial cells to secrete plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1. arteriosclerosis thrombosis and vascular biology. 25 (8): 1744 - 1749 .\n( *) al - nedawi k. , szemraj j. and cierniewski cs. 2005. mast cell - derived exosomes activate endothelial cells to secrete plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1. arteriosclerosis thrombosis and vascular biology. 25 (8): 1744 - 1749 .\nal - nedawi k. , meehan b. , micaleff j. , lahotak w. , guha ab. , rak j. 2008. intercellular transfer of the oncogenic egfrviii via tumour cell derived microvesicles. nature cell biology. 10 (5): 619 - 624 .\n( *) kathleen gabriel, alistair ingram, richard austin, anil kapoor, damu tang, talha qureshi and al - nedawi k. 2013. regulation of the tumor suppressor pten through exosomes: a diagnostic potential for prostate cancer. plos one. 8, 7: e70047 .\n( *) al - nedawi k. , meehan b. , micaleff j. , lahotak w. , guha ab. , rak j. 2008. intercellular transfer of the oncogenic egfrviii via tumour cell derived microvesicles. nature cell biology. 10 (5): 619 - 624 .\nnedawi (gb) ch. h, 1995 { 13 - c } dp = 13 - 1 - 22 - 10 - 6 (52) di = 0. 93 cd = 0. 10 - 7 starts, 3 wins, 2 places, 1 shows career earnings: £428, 656\nmr nedawi (brz) b. c, 2004 { 2 - c } dp = 9 - 4 - 15 - 5 - 1 (34) di = 1. 52 cd = 0. 44 - 41 starts, 17 wins, 10 places, 2 shows career earnings: $ 537, 718\nal - nedawi k. , meehan b. , kerbel r. , anthony c. allison, rak j. 2009. endothelial expression of autocrine vegf upon the uptake of tumour - derived microvesicles containing oncogenic egfr. proc natl acad sci u s a. 106 (10): 3794 - 9 .\n( *) al - nedawi k. , meehan b. , kerbel r. , anthony c. allison, rak j. 2009. endothelial expression of autocrine vegf upon the uptake of tumour - derived microvesicles containing oncogenic egfr. proc natl acad sci u s a. 106 (10): 3794 - 9 .\nthey were a firm barometer of what was to come, as his next 18 crops produced the classic winners spectrum, successful in the irish 2000 guineas, and millenary and nedawi, both winners of the st leger, as well as other group 1 winners such as croco rouge, fiji, rainbow dancer, raintrap and urgent request .\nal - nedawi k. , czyz m. , bednarek m. , szemraj j. , swiatkowska m. , cierniewska - cieslak a. , wyczolkowska j. , cierniewski cs. 2004. thymosin β4 induces the synthesis of plasminogen activator inhibitor - 1 in cultured endothelial cells and increases its extracellular expression. blood. 103 (4): 1319 - 1324 .\na 7 - year - old mare who hadn’t won a race in three years, haras phillipson’s generosidade sprung the 71 - 1 upset by several lengths in sunday’s grade 2 san luis rey stakes at santa anita park. the daughter of nedawi posted a final time of 2: 28. 80 over her male counterparts over the 1 1 / 2 mile firm turf course [ … ]\n( *) al - nedawi k. , czyz m. , bednarek m. , szemraj j. , swiatkowska m. , cierniewska - cieslak a. , wyczolkowska j. , cierniewski cs. 2004. thymosin β 4 induces the synthesis of plasminogen activator inhibitor - 1 in cultured endothelial cells and increases its extracellular expression. blood. 103 (4): 1319 - 1324 .\ndr. al - nedawi received his phd in medical biology and biotechnology from medical university of lodz, poland. he received a post - doctoral fellowship supported by european union hosted in polish academy of science; he secured the position of scientific adjunct and head of transgenic animal facility at the center for medical research at the polish academy of science. he joined mcmaster university for one year as a post - doctoral fellow, then mcgill university as a post - doctoral fellow and later as medical scientist and faculty lecturer in the department of pediatric haematology & oncology and the montreal children hospital research institute. dr. al - nedawi has received several awards and recognition for his scientific accomplishments. he is the winner of the 2010 michael g. degroote academic fellowship award at mcmaster university .\nencke simply outfinished europe' s top - ranked three - year - old, handing godolphin its sixth winner in the world' s oldest classic. saeed bin suroor had trained all of the others to carry the royal blue silks to leger glory - - classic cliche (1995), nedawi (1998), mutafaweq (1999), rule of law (2004) and mastery (2009) .\nowner: caballeriza hole in one breeder: haras old friends ltda winnings: 41 starts: 17 - 10 - 2, $ 537, 718 gp dardo rocha gr. i' 2011 (sup. a aristocity, expressive halo, carisma gulch, calidoscopio, etc .); gp josé pedro ramirez gr. i (uru); clásico gral. belgrano gr. ii; clásico ayacucho gr. iii; gp piratininga gr. ii' 2010 (brz); gp presidente antonio correa barbosa gr. ii (brz); gp parana gr. i (brz); gp piratininga gr. ii (brz); gp presidente antonio correa barbosa gr. ii; gp c. p. c. c. de sao paulo gr. iii (brz); gp oswaldo aranha gr. iii (brz), etc. (close )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nmontreal children' s hospital research institute, mcgill university, montreal, qc, ca .\ncellular interactions play a crucial role in progression, angiogenesis and invasiveness of tumors, including glioma. the traditionally accepted view is that medium and long - range cellular communications occur primarily through gradients of soluble ligands, recognizable by the cell - associated receptors. recent findings, however, suggest the existence of another mode of intercellular communication, where the' units' of information are microvesicles containing a multitude of biologically active protein and rna species, including oncogenic receptors, such as egfrviii. moreover, microvesicles can be retrieved from the circulating blood of cancer patients, and reveal the presence of oncogenes in their tumors, thereby potentially serving as information - rich prognostic and predictive biomarkers .\nwinx' s staying power as one of the world' s top rac ...\nelate is returning in the grade 2, $ 750, 000 delawa ...\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\n/ / urltoken\nall content is copyright 2014 - 2015 hamilton centre for kidney research and st. joseph' s healthcare\nby signing up to the mailing list you will only receive emails specifically about surname reference on forebears and your information will not be distributed to 3rd parties .\nsurname distribution statistics are generated from a global sample of 1. 6 billion people\n2 hamilton centre for kidney research (hckr), st. joseph’s hospital, hamilton, ontario, canada ,\nconceived and designed the experiments: ka. performed the experiments: kg fm tq ka. analyzed the data: ka ai ak. contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools: dt. wrote the paper: ka kg ai ra .\nthis is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited .\npten is a potent tumor - suppressor protein. aggressive and metastatic prostate cancer (pc) is associated with a reduction or loss of pten expression. pten reduction often occurs without gene mutations, and its downregulation is not fully understood. herein, we show that pten is incorporated in the cargo of exosomes derived from cancer cells. pten is not detected in exosomes derived from normal, noncancerous cells. we found that pten can be transferred to other cells through exosomes. in cells that have a reduction or complete loss of pten expression, the transferred pten is competent to confer tumor - suppression activity to acceptor cells. in pc patients, we show that pten is incorporated in the cargo of exosomes that circulate in their blood. interestingly, normal subjects have no pten expression in their blood exosomes. further, we found that the prostate - specific antigen (psa) is incorporated in pc patients’ and normal subjects’ blood exosomes. these data suggest that exosomal pten can compensate for pten loss in pten deficient cells, and may have diagnostic value for prostate cancer .\nmonoclonal antibodies for pten, akt, flotilin - 1, p27, and cyclin d1 were purchased from cell signaling technology (danvers, ma). all the corresponding hrp - conjugated secondary antibodies were purchased from cell signaling. alexa fluor 488 secondary antibodies were purchased from molecular probes (eugene, or) .\ndu145, pc - 3 (human prostate cancer cells), u87 (human glioblastoma astrocytoma) and the human normal cells [ human aortic endothelial cells (haoec), human aortic smooth muscles cells (haosmc) and human prostate epithelial cells (hpec) ] were purchased from the atcc (manassas, va). du145 cells with pten knockdown (du145kd) and du145 cells transfected with nonspecific sirna were originally generated in one of our laboratories (d. t .) at the hamilton kidney research centre (hkrc), mcmaster university. du145kd cells were generated using pten sirna expressed by a retroviral - based h1 promoter - driven shrna vector, and the control du145 cells were infected with a retrovirus expressing nonspecific sirna, as previously detailed [ 12 ]. cho and cho - egfr cells were obtained previously as a generous gift from dr guha’s laboratory at the hospital for sick children, toronto. all the cell lines used in this study were cultured in microvesicle - depleted fbs (by centrifugation overnight at 100, 000 g). for standard culture, cells were grown in dulbecco’s modified essential medium (dmem) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (fbs) .\nexosomes were collected from the media of different cell lines and from human plasma, as previously described [ 18 ], [ 28 ], [ 29 ]. briefly, conditioned medium was collected from cells at approximately 80% confluence, unless indicated otherwise, and this material was subjected to two consecutive centrifugations at 300 g for 5 minutes and then at 12, 000 g for 20 minutes to eliminate cells and debris. finally, exosomes were obtained after centrifugation for 2 hours at 100, 000 g and then washed twice with a large volume of phosphate buffered saline (pbs). this protocol specifically collects exosomes and excludes large vesicles. the exosome proteins recovered were measured using the bradford assay (bio - rad) .\nthe cells (du145, du145kd, and du145 with control sirna) and the primary cells (haoec, haosmc and hpec), along with their corresponding exosomes, were lysed for 10 minutes on ice in a lysis buffer containing: 10 mm tris (ph 6. 8), 5 mm edta, 50 mm naf, 30 mm sodium pyrophosphate, 2% (wt. / vol) sds, 1 mm phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (pmsf), and 1 mm na 3 vo 4. the lysates were resolved by sds - page and subjected to immunoblotting with rabbit monoclonal antibodies for pten. immunodetection was accomplished using the appropriate hrp - conjugated secondary antibody and chemiluminescence plus kit (ecl kit; amersham pharmacia, buckinghamshire, united kingdom), after which the blots were scanned and protein bands quantitated using the quantity one software (bio - rad, ca) .\nto assess the impact of exosomes that contain pten on du145kd cells, the latter were plated in 100 mm dishes at a density of 2×10 5 cells / ml, grown briefly, and starved for 24 hours (either in dmem supplemented with 0. 5% fbs, or in serum free dmem). the cultures were then stimulated overnight with different concentrations of exosomes derived from du145 cells. after exosome treatment, cell lysates were prepared and analyzed for their signaling effector content using anti - phospho - akt antibodies (cell signaling), according to the supplier’s recommendations. the detection of the expression of p27 and cyclin d1 was performed using the same experimental settings used for the detection of pakt .\nfor in vitro analysis of pten expression, the cells were grown in chamber slides (nalge nunc, ny). the cultures were washed with pbs and fixed in preheated (37°c) 4% (wt. / vol) paraformaldehyde (pfa) in phosphate buffered saline for 5 minutes. next, they were washed three times in pbs, and antiquenching was performed in 50 mm nh 4 cl for 10 minutes at room temperature. subsequently, the cells were washed twice in pbs and incubated with bsa [ 1% (wt. / vol) in pbs ] for 30 minutes. incubation with a primary antibody was performed for 1 h, followed by washing in pbs, and then incubation with a secondary antibody for 30 minutes. after staining, the slides were mounted using dako fluorescent mounting medium and viewed under a confocal microscope to detect the presence of exosomal content (pten) in the recipient cells .\nlysates from du145kd cells, which were treated with exosomes from du145 cells, were subjected to immunoprecipitation using pten antibodies (cell signaling) and protein g sepharose. pten activity was assessed using the water - soluble substrate dic8ptdins (3, 4, 5) p3 (echelon). the released free phosphates were measured with biomol green reagent and normalized against a reaction containing only pip3 substrate [ 12 ] .\ndu145kd cells were treated with exosome preparations derived from du145, followed by extensive washing and the extraction of rna using trizol reagent (invitrogen, ny). rt - pcr analysis was performed using a single - step method (qiagen, ca) where pten was detected using the primer sets: sense 50 - atgacagccatcatcaaagag - 30 and antisense 50 - gtgccactggtctataatccag - 30 [ 12 ]. the reactions were conducted in 50 µl with the initial taq activation at 95°c for 30 minutes, followed by 30 cycles of denaturation at 95°c for 30 seconds, primer annealing at 60°c for 1 minute, and extension at 72°c for 30 seconds. the products were resolved on 1% agarose gel and photographed. gapdh was used as internal control using the primer sets: sense 50 - tgatgacatcaagaaggtggtgaag - 30 and antisense 50 - tccttggaggccatgtgggccat - 30 .\nthe proliferation assay was performed using an assay kit (chemicon) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. briefly, 0. 1×10 4 du145kd cells were plated in a 96 - well plate; after 24 hours, the cells were treated with different concentrations of exosomes derived from du145 cells. other du145kd cells were treated with du145kd - derived exosomes to show the effect of exosomes with downregulated pten. du145 cells were used as a control to show the ability of exosomes to compensate for pten downregulation in du145kd. this procedure was used for u87 and pc - 3 cells .\nthis study is supported by ethical approval from the mcmaster university ethical board (reb # 02 - 2174). the participants were informed about the purpose of the study, and written consent has been obtained from all individuals who participated in the study. samples from 30 pc patients were used in this study. the patients had advanced (t3 / t4) tumour stage. blood samples were collected prior to prostatectomy, and tumor tissues were collected after surgery and snap frozen in liquid nitrogen. clinical records such as gleason score, psa, tumor size, tumor histopathological grade and metastasis were collected. samples were collected according to the mcmaster university ethical standards, and patient consent was obtained before sampling. eight healthy volunteer men aged 50–65 (matching the pc patient samples) were used in this study; all were without any history of cancer and with normal psa levels .\nall experiments were reproduced at least three times with similar results. the quantitative data are presented as the average value of the replicates within the representative experiment ± sem. statistical significance was evaluated using a computerized 2 - tailed student’s t - test. the differences were considered significant at p < 0. 05 .\n. exosomes were collected from the conditioned media of each cell type, and equal protein concentrations from the cells and the exosomes were subjected to sds - page and immunoblotting, then probed with pten antibodies. both du145kd cells (\n) showed a downregulation of pten expression compared to the wild type du145 cells and du145 cells transfected with control sirna. we also assessed the phosphorylation status of pten in the exosomes derived from these cells. phosphorylation of pten keeps it in a closed state protected from degradation; later pten will be available to be activated in the cytoplasm, bind the cell membrane upon dephosphorylation, and then initiate cell signaling\n) show that the pten knockdown cells exhibited a significantly higher proliferation rate than the other two cell types. human primary cells (normal, non - cancerous cells), such as human aortic endothelial cells (haoec), human aortic smooth muscle cells (haosmc), and human prostate epithelial cells (hpec) express pten, but we found that pten is not incorporated into the exosomes of these cells (\n). this may mean that the incorporation of pten in exosomes is an exclusive characteristic of cancer cells, however this finding requires further exploration .\na. du145 pc cells were transfected with the indicated sirna. the cells transfected with pten - specific sirna showed a clear knockdown of pten expression, while cells transfected with control mismatch sirna showed no decrease in pten expression. b. exosomes derived from du145, du145kd, and du145 with control sirna show the same pattern of pten expression as observed with the cell from which they originated. pten incorporated in exosomes is phosphorylated; phosphorylation protects pten from degradation, and it can be activated by dephosphorylation upon transfer to other cells. exosomes are positive for flotilin - 1. c. differences in proliferation of du145, du145 with control sirna and du145kd were assessed, with significantly higher proliferation exhibited by du145kd. d. human primary cells, haec, hasmc and hpec, and their exosomes were profiled for pten expression. all three cells have pten expression, but pten is not expressed in their exosomes. the expression for both cells and their exosomes was normalized with flotilin - 1. e. a scanning electron micrograph showing the shedding of exosomes from du145 cells .\nto investigate the intercellular exchange of pten, exosomes derived from native du145 pc cells were collected using the standard procedure of centrifugation. du145kd cells were incubated with the exosome preparation derived from parental du145 cells. the apparent uptake of microvesicular pten by du145kd cells was observed using immunocytochemistry (background subtraction was performed using the untreated cells as control, and the fluorescence was subtracted from both nontreated and treated cells to show the acquisition of pten in exosome treated cells), and immunoblotting (\ndu145kd cells were incubated with different concentrations of exosomes derived from du145 cells for 24 hours. a. du145kd cells were cultured in slide chambers and treated with du145 - derived exosomes. the cells were washed twice with phosphate buffered saline (pbs), and immunocytochemistry was performed with pten primary antibodies and alexa fluor 488 secondary antibodies. the cells were visualized using confocal microscopy (if - immunofluorescence). du145kd cells acquired pten (green) after incubation with du145 - derived exosomes. b. du145kd were cultured in 100 - mm dishes and treated in the same manner as in (a) with different concentrations of du145 - derived exosomes. the cells were washed with pbs, lysed with ripa lysis buffer, and analyzed for pten expression using immunobloting. du145kd cells acquired pten expression. c. exosomes have an inhibitory effect on the transcription of pten. du145kd were treated with different concentrations of exosomes derived from du145 parental cells. total rna was collected from the treated cells, du145 cells, and du145 with control sirna. rt - pcr was performed using primers specific for pten. gapdh was used as a control. rt - pcr was performed using a one - step rt - pcr kit. the products were resolved on a 1. 1% agarose gel. d. exosomes transfer pten to u87 pten − / − cells. u87 cells were cultured in slide chambers and treated with du145 - derived exosomes. the cells were stained with pten antibodies and alexa fluor 488 secondary antibodies, and then were visualized using a confocal microscope (if - immunofluorescent). u87 cells, which do not express pten as they have mutations in both pten alleles, acquired pten expression (green) .\nto ensure that the increase of pten in du145kd cells post - incubation with du145 - derived exosomes did not result from the stimulation of pten transcription by exosomes, we performed rt - pcr for pten in du145kd cells treated with different concentrations of du145 - derived exosomes. we observed an inhibitory effect on pten transcription (\n). these data confirm that the acquired pten in du145kd and u87 is solely related to the intercellular transfer of pten protein through exosome exchange. in addition, we treated the prostate cancer cell line pc - 3, which is pten null, with exosomes derived from du145 cells, showing the acquisition of pten (\n). we determined pten expression in exosomes from different cancer cell lines i. e. lung carcinoma (a549), breast cancer (mda - mb - 231), colorectal carcinoma (hct116), and pancreas adenocarcinoma (bxpc - 3) (\n, a), to show that pten is shed through exosomes from other cancer cell types. we also treated pc - 3 cells with exosomes derived from hct116 colorectal carcinoma cells, and found that the pc - 3 cells acquired pten expression (\nto assess whether the pten transferred through exosomes is active, we treated du145kd cells with different concentrations of exosomes derived from du145 cells. the treated cells were subjected to immunoprecipitation for pten. the immunoprecipitates were assessed for pten activity using a lipid - phosphatase assay. du145kd cells showed a substantial increase in phosphatase activity upon treatment with exosomes derived from du145 cells (\na. du145kd cells were treated with exosomes derived from du145 cells. pten was immunoprecipitated with pten antibodies, and pten phosphatase activity was assessed using the water - soluble substrate dic8ptdins (3, 4, 5) p3 (echelon). the released free phosphates were measured with biomol green reagent and normalized against a reaction containing only pip3 substrate. the results represent the average of three experiments ± sem, and they are significant at p < 0. 01. b. pten - positive exosomes (from du145) caused a decrease in akt phosphorylation in acceptor cells (du145kd); akt phosphorylation decreased to a level comparable to du145 cells with control sirna, and the parental counterpart du145 cells (last two lanes to the right, respectively). c. du145kd cells were plated in 100 - mm cell culture dishes and treated with different concentrations of du145 - derived exosomes. the cells were lysed and analyzed by immunobloting with p27 and cyclin d1 antibodies. pten induced the expression of p27 and reduced the expression of cyclin d1 (c). the two events led to the cells entering into cell - cycle arrest. the expression was normalized to β - actin .\nto investigate whether the transferred pten is competent to alter cell signaling in acceptor cells, du145kd cells were treated with exosomes derived from du145 cells for 24 hours. the phosphorylation status of phosphatidylinositol 3′ - kinase / serine - threonine kinase (akt), the main substrate for pten, was assessed. in du145kd cells, we found a decrease in the phosphorylation of akt that reached levels comparable to du145 parental cells (pten positive) and du145 cells transfected with control sirna (\nto determine whether the transferred pten affects downstream cell signaling pathways associated with akt, we assessed cyclin - dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitor p27 (kip1) expression. p27 regulates cell proliferation, cell motility, and apoptosis. a reduction in p27 expression is observed in most lethal epithelial cancers and is associated with poor patient outcomes\n. pakt negatively regulates p27 to support antiapoptotic activity in cancer progression. we found that p27 expression is increased in du145kd cells when treated with du145 - derived exosomes (\nare associated with modification of biological function, we assessed the effect of pten - positive exosomes (derived from du145 cells) on the proliferation of three cell lines that lack pten expression. du145kd, pc - 3, and u87 cells were treated with different concentrations of du145 exosomes, and proliferation rates were inhibited in all three cell lines in a dose - dependent manner (\na, b and c). exosomes lacking pten expression, derived from du145kd, showed little effect on the proliferation rates .\nthree cell lines lacking pten expression, du14kd, pc - 3, and u87 (a, b and c, respectively), were treated with different concentrations of du145 exosomes. a proliferation assay was performed using an assay kit. in all three cell lines, proliferation rates were inhibited in a concentration - dependent manner. the proliferation rates of du145kd cells reached a level comparable to du145 cells, showing that exosomes completely compensated for the loss of pten (a). exosomes derived from du145kd, which lack pten, showed no effect on cell proliferation of all three cell lines. the results are shown as the average of three experiments ± sem. the differences from the control (0 exosomes) are significant * p < 0. 05, * * p < 0. 01, and # the differences are not significant .\nto investigate the mechanism of incorporation of pten into exosomal cargo, we tested the role of the oncogenic receptor epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) in this process. we used the chinese hamster ovary (cho) cell line, which are spontaneously immortalized\nand have no egfr expression. cho cells stably transfected to express egfr had similar levels of pten expressed in exosomes as the parental cho cells (\n). in addition, we tested the effect of inhibiting egfr in du145 cells on pten incorporation into the exosomes. we treated the cells with the egfr inhibitor ci - 1033 (5, 10 µm). inhibiting egfr decreased the incorporation of pten into exosomes in a concentration dependent manner (\na. introducing egfr in cho cells showed no effect on the expression of pten in cells and exosomes. b. stimulation of cho - egfr cells with the indicated concentrations of egf (5, 10 and 20 ng / ml) led to an increase in pten incorporation in exosomes. c. du145 cells were treated with two concentrations (5 µm, 10 µm) of ci - 1033, an irreversible inhibitor of egfr. pten incorporation into exosomes was inhibited in a concentration dependent manner; flotilin - 1 was used as a loading control for exosome concentration .\nto study the role of exosomes in the assessment of pten status in pc patients, we collected blood from 30 pc patients prior to prostatectomy, and 8 normal subjects matching the age of the patients (50–65 years). the normal volunteers had no history of cancer or previously documented elevated serum psa. the blood was fractionated, and the plasma was used as a source for exosomes. pten - exosomes were immunoprecipitated using pten antibodies and sepharose protein - g. the incorporation of pten into exosomes from pc patients’ blood was determined by immunoblotting, and different levels of expression were detected among patients. interestingly, we found pten expression in exosomes from all pc patients, and no pten expression in the exosomes from the blood of the normal subjects (\na, b); t - test analysis showed the results were highly significant p < 0. 001. in addition, we could assess the concentration of pten in pc patients’ exosomes by immunoblotting with standard concentrations of recombinant pten, and the concentration of pten was determined as (ng of pten / mg of exosome protein) (\npten is detected in exosomes derived from the plasma of pc patients, but not normal subjects .\na. exosomes were collected from the plasma of 30 pre - prostatectomy pc patients and 8 normal subjects. exosomes were subjected to standard immunoblotting analysis for the status of pten. the figure shows the ability of exosomes to assess the status of pten. as shown in the figure, the healthy subjects had no pten expression in their plasma exosomes. b. optical densities for pten bands (a) were assessed using quantity - 1 software. exosomal - pten expression in pc patients and normal subjects was calculated as the average ± sem, and the differences between the two groups were highly significant (p < 0. 001). c. pten concentration in the exosomes from pc patient blood was assessed by immunoblotting standard concentrations of recombinant pten together with the patient samples. the results are the average of pten expression ± sem and are statistically significant p < 0. 01 .\na, b, c). pten status in the tumors of four pc patients was determined by immunohistochemistry. the figure demonstrates the difficulty of forming a conclusion about pten expression using this technique. pten expression in the blood exosomes of the same patients is assessed in\n, demonstrating a simple and direct way to assess pten concentration in pc patients .\nexosomes provide a noninvasive, quantitative method to assess pten status in pc patients .\nthis figure provides a comparison study of pten assessment using exosomal pten, and immunohistochemistry of pc patient tumors. immunohistochemistry of tumor tissues from four pc patients demonstrates the heterogeneity of pten expression in prostate tumors. a. eosin & hematoxylin staining. b. staining with secondary antibodies. c. staining with pten specific antibodies, arrows indicate pten positive cells. d. assessment of pten expression using plasma exosomes from the same patients. e) a scanning electron microscope micrograph showing the homogenous population of exosomes collected from the patient blood. exosomes were attached to a cover slip using polylysine, and processed for scanning electron microscopy .\n) were used for statistical analysis. the differences in exosomal psa between pc patients and normal subjects were not significant (\n). detection of psa in exosomes from normal subjects and pc patients points to a new fraction of psa, which may be related to the lack of specificity associated with the psa test. we assessed psa status because it is the traditional biomarker used in pc diagnosis. we wanted to determine whether psa is expressed on patients’ blood exosomes, and assess the differences in expression between pc patients and normal subjects. this allowed us to compare the expression pattern of psa and exosomal - pten in pc patients and normal subjects. we performed this comparison to assess the specificity of exosomal - pten compared to psa, the traditional prostate cancer biomarker .\npsa is detected in exosomes derived from the plasma of pc patients and normal subjects .\na. exosomes were collected from the plasma of 30 pre - prostatectomy pc patients and 8 normal subjects. exosomes were subjected to standard immunoblotting analysis for the status of psa. as shown in the figure, all pc patients and healthy subjects were positive for exosomal psa. b. optical densities of psa bands (a) were assessed using quantity - 1 software. exosomal - psa expression was calculated as the average ± sem, and the differences between the two groups were found to be non - significant .\nan important observation made during the present study is that pten is expressed in exosomes derived from cancer cells, and it is not detected in exosomes from normal cells, although the normal cells themselves express pten. thus, the incorporation of pten in exosomes may represent a characteristic of cancer cells not found in normal cells. this finding may suggest an exclusionary mechanism used by cancer cells to downregulate pten. this new mechanism requires further investigation to characterize the molecules responsible for directing pten to exosomes. because this mechanism is detectable in cancer cells and we didn’t detect it in normal cells, we hypothesized that it might be under the control of oncogenes. therefore, we studied the effect of introducing egfr in cho cells. introducing egfr in these cells showed no effect on exosomal - pten (\n). in addition, we are studying molecules associated with pten in exosomes to identify possible chaperone molecules regulated by cancer cells to direct pten to exosomes. recently, it has been reported that ndfip1, an adaptor protein for members of the nedd4 family of e3 ubiquitin ligases, has a role in directing pten to exosomes\nthis study also shows the effect of pten - expressing exosomes derived from cancer cells on modulating the cell proliferation of recipient cells with reduced or null pten expression. the incubation of pten - expressing exosomes with cells that have decreased pten expression (du145kd cells), or cells with no pten expression (u87 cells), leads to the uptake of pten by these cells. upon uptake of pten - enriched exosomes, the acceptor cells acquired significantly higher pten activity, demonstrated by a pten - activity assay. in addition, pten activity is evidenced by the decreased phosphorylation of akt, which is a reflection of the dephosphorylation of pip3 and pip2 by pten [ 37 ], [ 38 ], [ 39 ]. furthermore, it is reported that pten coordinates cell - cycle arrest in g1 by downregulating cyclin d1 via pten protein phosphatase activity, and upregulating p27 via pten lipid phosphatase activity [ 35 ]. we found that p27 is upregulated by exosomal - pten transfer, and that cyclin d1 is downregulated. taken together, these findings imply that pten derived from exosomes is biologically active and can modulate cell growth and proliferation .\nour study suggests that the source of the pten observed in du145kd and u87 cells is related to the transfer of pten from pten - positive cells via exosomes. this is evidenced by the fact that exosomes have an inhibitory effect on the transcription of pten, as demonstrated by rt - pcr (\n. both approaches indicate that the presence of pten is solely related to pten transfer via exosomes .\na, b, c). the challenge of studying pten and any other marker of solid tumors is the need for direct access to the tumor through biopsies. this problem is especially challenging in clinical trials involving potential cancer therapies, as enrolled patients need to be exposed to multiple biopsies\n. at this point, the only way to assess the expression of pten and other molecules in pc patients is by direct access to tumor tissue, through biopsies or after radical prostatectomy. in this study, we propose a new noninvasive tool to profile pc tumors through blood exosomes. the expression of psa in exosomes has been reported in exosomes from the urine of pc patients\n. the expression of psa in exosomes from the blood of pc patients is an indicator that exosomes are derived from the diseased prostate gland. however, at this stage, we cannot rule out the possibility that psa is incorporated into exosomal cargo after psa secretion to the blood stream, as it has been suggested that psa binds other blood proteins in the circulation and only a small fraction of psa is not bound\n. the incorporation of psa in exosomal cargo should be addressed in future studies. in this context, exosomes may provide a new tool to overcome the lack of specificity and prognostic value of psa reported by tosoian & loeb\n, by correlating psa expression to other proteins expressed in exosomes, such as pten (in this study) or other molecules .\nfrom our data, pten appears to be a better indicator than psa in characterizing pc and can discriminate between pc patients and normal subjects, although this finding still needs validation and confirmation. the existence of tumor derived exosomes in the circulation of pc patients may be due to the fact that tumor vasculature is poorly organized and highly permeable [ 44 ]. this may prevent tumor cells from re - uptaking shed exosomal - pten, by eliminating the accumulation of these exosomes within the tumor microenvironment and surrounding tissues .\npten null pc - 3 prostate cancer cells acquire pten through exosomes derived from du145 cells. pc - 3 cells were cultured in slide chambers and treated with du145 - derived exosomes. the cells were washed three times with phosphate buffered saline (pbs), and immunocytochemistry was performed with pten primary antibodies and alexa - fluor 488 secondary antibodies. the cells were visualized using confocal microscopy (if - immunofluorescence). pc - 3 cells acquired pten (green) after incubation with the exosomes .\ndifferent cancer cell types express pten in their exosomes, and transfer pten to other cells through exosomes. exosomes were collected from different cancer cell types, i. e. lung carcinoma (a549), breast cancer (mda - mb - 231), colorectal carcinoma (hct116), and pancreas adenocarcinoma (bxpc - 3). exosomes were profiled for pten expression by immunoblotting, and were positive for pten expression (a). pc - 3 pten - null cells were treated with exosomes derived from hct116 cells, and acquired pten expression as shown by immunocytochemistry (b) .\nwe thank our colleagues at mcmaster university and the hamilton center for kidney research (hckr), for their kind support .\nthis work was awarded by prostate cancer canada and is proudly funded by the movember foundation, grant # d2013 - 2 for k. al. the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript .\njemal a, siegel r, ward e, hao y, xu j, et al. (2009 )\njemal a, siegel r, ward e, murray t, xu j, et al. (2007 )\nuzoh cc, perks cm, bahl a, holly jm, sugiono m, et al. (2009 )\nwhang ye, wu x, suzuki h, reiter re, tran c, et al. (1998 )\nkhan s, kumagai t, vora j, bose n, sehgal i, et al. (2004 )\nsalvesen hb, stefansson i, kretzschmar ei, gruber p, macdonald nd, et al. (2004 )\nmcmenamin me, soung p, perera s, kaplan i, loda m, et al. (1999 )\nsuzuki h, freije d, nusskern dr, okami k, cairns p, et al. (1998 )\nstamey ta, yang n, hay ar, mcneal je, freiha fs, et al. (1987 )\nharvey p, basuita a, endersby d, curtis b, iacovidou a, et al. (2009 )\nputz u, howitt j, doan a, goh cp, low lh, et al. (2012 )\nrahdar m, inoue t, meyer t, zhang j, vazquez f, et al. (2009 )\nlespagnol a, duflaut d, beekman c, blanc l, fiucci g, et al. (2008 )\nwen s, stolarov j, myers mp, su jd, wigler mh, et al. (2001 )\nstambolic v, suzuki a, de la pompa jl, brothers gm, mirtsos c, et al. (1998 )\ncollino f, deregibus mc, bruno s, sterpone l, aghemo g, et al. (2010 )\nmitchell pj, welton j, staffurth j, court j, mason md, et al. (2009 )\ncatalona wj, partin aw, slawin km, brawer mk, flanigan rc, et al. (1998 )\nnagy ja, dvorak hf (2012) heterogeneity of the tumor vasculature: the need for new tumor blood vessel type - specific targets. clinical & experimental metastasis .\nkidney and urology research at st. joseph’s healthcare hamilton developed as a result of clinical and basic science researchers coming together to increase medical understanding and develop cutting - edge solutions such as new drugs, treatments and practices .\nour institution houses the hamilton centre for kidney research, which allows basic science and clinical researchers to translate their findings to improvements in patient care. our kidney researchers are studying the mechanisms involved in kidney failures caused by diabetes and hypertension – the two most common causes of kidney failure in north america .\nthrough st. joseph’s healthcare hamilton (sjhh) and hamilton health sciences, the mcmaster institute of urology provides specialty urological care for hamilton and the surrounding communities. urology researchers at st. joseph’s strive to advance surgical innovations in prostate and kidney surgery .\nkidney researchers collaborate with urologists to establish tumour banks in both of these areas. clinical collaboration between both disciplines has resulted in hamilton developing into the second largest transplant program in the province .\nphone 905. 522. 1155 medical disclaimer accessibility plan terms of use privacy policy login copyright © 2018 st joseph' s healthcare hamilton. all rights reserved. powered by sandbox software solutions\nthe following buttons will take you to details on how to register to vote or update your existing voter registration in the state of north carolina .\nall public records appearing on urltoken are sourced from official government public records that were released under foia and public record laws. no claim is made as to the accuracy of the data or other information presented. all data is provided\nas is\nand should not be relied upon for any legal or official use. urltoken is not a consumer reporting agency as defined by the fair credit reporting act (fcra) and as such you are not permitted to use this site for any fcra governed activities such as but not limited to eligibility to determine employment, housing, credit, loans, insurance or any other activity that would require fcra compliance .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nauthor contributions: lm and bm - designed and conducted the majority of experiments (figures 2 - 11), analysed the data wrote the manuscript; dg, wjl and thl - conducted experiments, analysed data and provided intellectual input, especially the nta analyses, pcr assays and cell culture; ag (passed away, last valid email was entered) - provided cell lines, human samples and glioma xenograft models shown in figure 1, inspired and contributed intellectually to the earlier phase of the project, kan - initiated the early stage of the project, designed and conducted experiments shown in figure 1 and 2, analysed the data, jr - designed the project, supervised the study, analysed the data wrote the manuscript .\nbackground: cargo of extracellular vesicles (evs) may reveal responses to targeted anticancer drugs .\nresults: kinase inhibitors of the oncogenic epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) activate emission of exosome - like evs containing egfr protein and dna .\nconclusion: co - detection of egfr and dna in tumor - related evs reflects the responses to kinase inhibitors .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngodolphin' s website said kazzia will now be prepared for the grade one flower bowl invitational over 10 furlongs on turf at belmont park on 28 september .\nthe filly is also scheduled to run in the grade one breeders' cup filly and mare turf at arlington park on 26 october .\nthe winner of the group three queen' s vase at royal ascot will be ridden by frankie dettori .\nhe has taken the world' s oldest classic twice, on classic cliche and shantou (1996) .\nthank you for visiting nature. com. you are using a browser version with limited support for css. to obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in internet explorer). in the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and javascript .\nthymic carcinoma (tc) is a rare aggressive tumour. median survival with current treatments is only 2 years. sunitinib is a multi - targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor that has shown benefit in various other cancers .\nlaboratory analyses of snap - frozen tumour tissues were performed to detect activation and genetic mutations of receptor tyrosine kinases (rtks) in tc samples. on the basis of molecular analyses showing activation of multiple rtks in their tumour, four patients with metastatic tcs refractory to conventional therapies were treated with sunitinib according to standard protocols .\nrtk analysis in three of the patients showed activation of multiple rtks, including platelet - derived growth factor - β and vascular endothelial growth factor 3. mutations of egfr, c - kit, kras, and braf genes were not found. administration of sunitinib yielded a partial remission (lasting 2 to 18 + months) according to the recist criteria in three patients and stable disease with excellent metabolic response in 18f - fdg - pet in another one. the overall survival with sunitinib treatment ranges from 4 to 40 + months. withdrawal of the drug in one patient prompted rapid tumour progression that could be controlled by re - administration of sunitinib .\nsunitinib is an active treatment for metastatic tc. a panel of molecular analyses may be warranted for optimal patient selection .\nthymic carcinoma (tc) is a rare aggressive tumour of the thymus (eng et al, 2004). it affects men nearly twice as often as women, across a wide age range (travis et al, 2004). patients often initially present with cough and chest pain. further work - up usually reveals a mediastinal mass. histologically, tcs are rather heterogeneous and resemble tumours found in other organs (travis et al, 2004). the prognosis is generally poor, and the majority of patients develop recurrences. lymph nodes, lungs, liver, and bones are common sites for metastases. patients with tc have a median survival of 2 years (eng et al, 2004) .\nthe optimal management of tcs remains an unresolved question, because of their rarity and aggressiveness (kurup and loehrer, 2004). complete surgical resection substantially improves survival rates, but this is not always possible, because of invasion of surrounding structures or metastasis (wright and kessler, 2005). adjuvant radiation with 40–70 gy often follows surgical resection, but a survival advantage for radiotherapy has not been clearly demonstrated (korst et al, 2009). chemotherapy with regimens containing cisplatin have often yielded partial remissions (evans and lynch, 2005), but some patients do not respond at all and most patients do not achieve long - lasting remission. thus, many patients eventually cannot be helped by any currently available treatments, and they succumb to the tumour' s rapid progression." ]

{ "text": [ "nedawi ( foaled 9 april 1995 ) , is a retired british thoroughbred racehorse and active sire .", "in a career that lasted from june 1998 until july 1999 , he ran seven times and won three races .", "he recorded his most important success by winning the classic st. leger stakes as a three-year-old in 1998 , the same year that he won the gordon stakes .", "in the following season he finished second in the dubai turf classic and the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes before being retired to stud . " ], "topic": [ 22, 14, 14, 14 ] }

[ "nedawi (foaled 9 april 1995), is a retired british thoroughbred racehorse and active sire. in a career that lasted from june 1998 until july 1999, he ran seven times and won three races. he recorded his most important success by winning the classic st. leger stakes as a three-year-old in 1998, the same year that he won the gordon stakes. in the following season he finished second in the dubai turf classic and the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes before being retired to stud." ]

[ "gold drop the rat king mine, the mine with the most and friendliest rats .\nfrom c. 1920, an illustration of a black rat (right) next to an alexandrine rat .\nwe think king is pretty cute, too, but he is no longer available for adoption .\naileen king, diabetes research group, guy' s campus, king' s college london, london se1 1ul, uk. e - mail: ku. ca. lck @ gnik. neelia\nvon herrath mg, nepom gt. animal models of human type 1 diabetes .\n“rodents stuck together could not survive long and are probably in agony and distress until they separate or die, ” says kevin rowe, a rat expert and the senior curator of mammals at the museum victoria in australia. “a ‘rat king’ would be a horrible ball of animal suffering; nothing about it evokes a sense of kingship. ”\nsrinivasan k, ramarao p. animal models in type 2 diabetes research: an overview .\nberge o - g (2011). predictive validity of behavioural animal models for chronic pain .\nnoda k, melhorn mi, zandi s, frimmel s, tayyari f, hisatomi t, et al. an animal model of spontaneous metabolic syndrome: nile grass rat .\nkawano k, hirashima t, mori s, natori t. oletf (otsuka long - evans tokushima fatty) rat: a new niddm rat strain .\nellerman ke, richards ca, guberski dl, shek wr, like aa. kilham rat triggers t - cell - dependent autoimmune diabetes in multiple strains of rat .\ntodd ja, wicker ls. genetic protection from the inflammatory disease type 1 diabetes in humans and animal models .\nrat experts, meanwhile, are a bit more skeptical, though they concede that a naturally occurring rat king is at least … possible. “when it is very cold rats may use one another for heat, bringing those long tails into direct contact, wrapping around one another, ” says michael parsons, a scholar - in - residence at hofstra university who developed a remote sensing technique to better understand rat behavior in urban environments. “rat kings might be more common than thought—they just don’t persist very long as the tails would unwind as temperatures rose, or (gasp !) when one rat gnaws off its own, or another rat’s, tail. ”\nrobinson v (2009). less is more: reducing the reliance on animal models for nausea and vomiting research .\ngiacomotto j and ségalat l (2010). high - throughput screening and small animal models, where are we ?\n“an observation of a rat king forming from start to finish in a lab setting would be the ultimate support, ” he says, “but that seems like it would take a good deal of time and luck and precious lab funding. ”\nsong wj, shah r, hussain ma. the use of animal models to study stem cell therapies for diabetes mellitus .\nking m, pearson t, rossini aa, shultz ld, greiner dl. humanized mice for the study of type 1 diabetes and beta cell function .\nszkudelski t. the mechanism of alloxan and streptozotocin action in b cells of the rat pancreas .\nvickers sp, jackson hc and cheetham sc (2011). the utility of animal models to evaluate novel anti - obesity agents .\nthe joker wasn' t the last legacy heath ledger left ,\nsaid marian liu in the seattle times. before accidentally overdosing on prescription medication in 2008, the dark knight star began directing a music video for the rock band modest mouse, and it finally debuted online tuesday. the australian - born actor\nwanted to raise awareness of illegal commercial whaling practices ,\nand his video for the song\nking rat\ncreatively flips the script, with whales steering a boat and spearing humans .\n( watch the video for\nking rat\n)\npeschke e, hofmann k, bahr i, streck s, albrecht e, wedekind d, et al. the insulin - melatonin antagonism: studies in the lew. 1ar1 - iddm rat (an animal model of human type 1 diabetes mellitus )\nledger' s music video for modest mouse\nilluminates the late actor' s passion for animal rights ,\nsaid paul macinnes in the london guardian, as well as\nhis close creative relationship with director terry gilliam .\nthe\nking rat\nvideo is\nfull of gilliam - esque flourishes ,\nand it was actually\ncompleted by gilliam and a collective of directors and artists who call themselves the masses .\nrackham cl, chagastelles pc, nardi nb, hauge - evans ac, jones pm, king aj. co - transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells maintains islet organisation and morphology in mice .\nthis paper is the latest in a series of publications on the use of animal models in pharmacology research. readers might be interested in the previous papers .\njaidane h, sane f, gharbi j, aouni m, romond mb, hober d. coxsackievirus b4 and type 1 diabetes pathogenesis: contribution of animal models .\nzhou c, pridgen b, king n, xu j, breslow jl. hyperglycemic ins2akitaldlr - / - mice show severely elevated lipid levels and increased atherosclerosis: a model of type 1 diabetic macrovascular disease .\nportha b, levacher c, picon l, rosselin g. diabetogenic effect of streptozotocin in the rat during the perinatal period .\nrat kings have been reported since the 1500s, and have been documented across the world. people who think they form naturally theorize that up to a few dozen rats—perhaps the young offspring of the same mother—tie their tails together when confined to small spaces, or when cold temperatures force them together to stay warm. rattus rattus, known as the ship rat or the black rat, is the only type to have been documented in rat kings, though the same phenomenon has been found among other small mammals like squirrels .\n“rat kings may just be a myth that a few people have perpetuated with fake examples, ” says matthew combs, a doctoral student focusing on rats at fordham university, even if the motivations of the modern rat king fabricator are less than clear, and the fabrication itself not necessarily easy. the fabricator, for one, would have to tie the rats’ tails together after they were dead, since doing so while they were alive would be “virtually impossible, ” burns notes .\nin addition to the extensively studied rodent models of type 1 diabetes, several large animal models have been developed. in large animal models, spontaneous diabetes is relatively rare and unpredictable in onset, and thus, induced models of type 1 diabetes are required. the most common method of inducing insulin dependence in large models is either by pancreatectomy or stz .\nearth without humans in\nthe future is wild ,\ndixon, the british geologist, and co - author john adams create an animal kingdom in which humans no longer reign .\nbonner - weir s, trent df, weir gc. partial pancreatectomy in the rat and subsequent defect in glucose - induced insulin release .\nostenson cg, efendic s. islet gene expression and function in type 2 diabetes; studies in the goto - kakizaki rat and humans .\nbansal r, ahmad n, kidwai jr. alloxan - glucose interaction: effect on incorporation of 14c - leucine into pancreatic islets of rat .\njustification: the king rat is assessed as endangered because it is endemic to guadalcanal island (solomon islands) which has an area of 5, 336 km² and the species is absent from large parts of the island. its area of occupancy (aoo) is likely to be less than 500 km², its distribution is severely fragmented, and the extent of its forest habitat is declining .\nthe most commonly used autoimmune models of type 1 diabetes are the non - obese diabetic (nod) mouse and the biobreeding (bb) rat (yang and santamaria, 2006). in addition, another rat model of autoimmune type 1 the lew. 1ar1 / ztm - iddm rat was described in 2001 (lenzen et al. , 2001). however, the nod mouse still dominates the literature as the autoimmune model of choice .\nthe jar’s label reads, simply, “rat king, ” identifying it as a phenomenon that for centuries has been both mythologized, even if the rat king—a group of rats with their tails tied up to each other’s—may not even actually exist. or, at least, occur in nature. all of which hasn’t stopped popular culture from elevating it to myth, popping up in numerous works of fiction, often as a bad omen, a representation of plague, or associated with witchcraft. but experts, for one thing, are skeptical, even as, throughout history, they keep turning up. what most people can agree on is that they are gross, and, if they do occur naturally, would be about as unpleasant for the rats as they might be for human observers .\nmordes jp, bortell r, blankenhorn ep, rossini aa, greiner dl. rat models of type 1 diabetes: genetics, environment, and autoimmunity .\nin type 1 diabetes, the main determinant in choosing an animal model is whether a model of autoimmunity is required. the timing and predictability of onset is also variable in different models of type 1 diabetes .\nbonner - weir s, trent df, honey rn, weir gc. responses of neonatal rat islets to streptozotocin: limited b - cell regeneration and hyperglycemia .\ntype 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and the inability of the beta cell to sufficiently compensate. therefore, animal models of type 2 diabetes tend to include models of insulin resistance and / or models of beta cell failure. many animal models of type 2 diabetes are obese, reflecting the human condition where obesity is closely linked to type 2 diabetes development. some of the most commonly used models for type 2 diabetes are outlined in\nvedtofte l, bodvarsdottir tb, gotfredsen cf, karlsen ae, knudsen lb, heller rs. liraglutide, but not vildagliptin, restores normoglycaemia and insulin content in the animal model of type 2 diabetes, psammomys obesus .\nphillips ms, liu q, hammond ha, dugan v, hey pj, caskey cj, et al. leptin receptor missense mutation in the fatty zucker rat .\n“in medieval times, people were pretty anti - rat, especially if you saw some seething mass. , ” burns says. “people really just don’t like rats. ”\nward is among the academics who focus on the future of evolution. many agree that animal evolution will be shaped by urbanization, genetic engineering and climate change. but some disagree on whether humans themselves will continue as a species .\nbritish geologist dougal dixon, in the book\nthe future is wild ,\ncreates a scenario millions of years from now in which humans become extinct and are replaced by an animal kingdom dominated by a giant land - based squid .\nwallis rh, wang k, marandi l, hsieh e, ning t, chao gy, et al. type 1 diabetes in the bb rat: a polygenic disease .\na variety of animal models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes are described above, each with their own characteristics. there are several different purposes that these models of diabetes could be used for including pharmacological testing, studies of genetics and understanding disease mechanisms. the choice of model will depend on the purpose of the study. for example, in the case of pharmacological testing, the putative mechanism of the drug being tested will be instrumental in choosing an appropriate animal model .\nas type 2 diabetes is closely linked to obesity, most of the current animal models of type 2 diabetes are obese. obesity can be the result of naturally occurring mutations or genetic manipulation. alternatively, obesity can be induced by high fat feeding .\nfex m, wierup n, nitert md, ristow m, mulder h. rat insulin promoter 2 - cre recombinase mice bred onto a pure c57bl / 6j background exhibit unaltered glucose tolerance .\nokada s, saito m, kinoshita y, satoh i, kawaba y, hayashi a, et al. effects of cyclohexenonic long - chain fatty alcohol in type 2 diabetic rat nephropathy .\nlee my, shim ms, kim bh, hong sw, choi r, lee ey, et al. effects of spironolactone and losartan on diabetic nephropathy in a type 2 diabetic rat model .\nehses ja, lacraz g, giroix mh, schmidlin f, coulaud j, kassis n, et al. il - 1 antagonism reduces hyperglycemia and tissue inflammation in the type 2 diabetic gk rat .\nviruses have been implicated in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (van der werf et al. , 2007). therefore, several animal models have used viruses to initiate beta cell destruction. the destruction can be either due to direct infection of the beta cell or initiation of an autoimmune response against the beta cell (jun and yoon, 2003). viruses used to induce diabetes in animal models include coxsackie b virus (yoon et al. , 1986; kang et al. , 1994; jaidane et al. , 2009), encephalomyocarditis virus (craighead and mclane, 1968; baek and yoon, 1991; shimada and maruyama, 2004) and kilham rat virus (guberski et al. , 1991; ellerman et al. , 1996) .\njorns a, rath kj, terbish t, arndt t, meyer zv, wedekind d, et al. diabetes prevention by immunomodulatory fty720 treatment in the lew. 1ar1 - iddm rat despite immune cell activation .\ngone will be the vast grasslands that gave rise to large mammals .\ni bet we' ll never see a large animal species ever again ,\nward says .\ngive it a million years ,\nhe says, and lions, tigers and bears might all be gone .\nguberski dl, thomas va, shek wr, like aa, handler es, rossini aa, et al. induction of type i diabetes by kilham' s rat virus in diabetes - resistant bb / wor rats .\nmovassat j, calderari s, fernandez e, martin ma, escriva f, plachot c, et al. type 2 diabetes – a matter of failing beta - cell neogenesis? clues from the gk rat model .\nlenzen s, tiedge m, elsner m, lortz s, weiss h, jorns a, et al. the lew. 1ar1 / ztm - iddm rat: a new model of spontaneous insulin - dependent diabetes mellitus .\nportha b, giroix mh, serradas p, gangnerau mn, movassat j, rajas f, et al. beta - cell function and viability in the spontaneously diabetic gk rat: information from the gk / par colony .\nnot all type 2 diabetes patients are obese, and thus, it is important that lean animal models of type 2 diabetes are also studied. these include models that have beta cell inadequacy, which is what ultimately leads to overt type 2 diabetes in humans (weir et al. , 2009) .\ngiroix mh, irminger jc, lacraz g, noll c, calderari s, ehses j, et al. hypercholesterolaemia, signs of islet microangiopathy and altered angiogenesis precede onset of type 2 diabetes in the gotoγçôkakizaki (gk) rat .\nportha b, lacraz g, kergoat m, homo - delarche f, giroix mh, bailbe d, et al. the gk rat beta - cell: a prototype for the diseased human beta - cell in type 2 diabetes ?\ndolz m, movassat j, bailbe d, le sh, giroix mh, fradet m, et al. camp - secretion coupling is impaired in diabetic gk / par rat beta - cells. a defect counteracted by glp - 1 .\nhoppener jw, oosterwijk c, van hulst kl, verbeek js, capel pj, de koning ej, et al. molecular physiology of the islet amyloid polypeptide (iapp) / amylin gene in man, rat, and transgenic mice .\nstill, real or not, rat kings might always be with us, the result of humans’ loathing of rats themselves. more rats together, in our eyes, just means more of the things we revile about rats in the first place .\na bunch of adept, grasping tails might, in other words, be able to get themselves tangled. and in the presence of a binding agent, like sebum—a sticky, oily substance that comes from the rats’ skin—or their urine or feces, the knot might become inextricable. which is burns’ theory, at least, for how the rat king on display at the otago museum formed. it was discovered sometime in the 1930s, she says, when it dropped from the rafters onto the clerks at a shipping office. one of the clerks reportedly beat the writhing mass with a pitchfork. not long after that, the dead specimen ended up in the hands of a museum curator .\nalthough rats and mice are the most commonly used models for studies of type 2 diabetes, other rodents have also been identified as useful models. these include the desert gerbil and the newly described nile grass rat, both of which tend to develop obesity in captivity .\njorns a, gunther a, hedrich hj, wedekind d, tiedge m, lenzen s. immune cell infiltration, cytokine expression, and beta - cell apoptosis during the development of type 1 diabetes in the spontaneously diabetic lew. 1ar1 / ztm - iddm rat .\npick a, clark j, kubstrup c, levisetti m, pugh w, bonner - weir s, et al. role of apoptosis in failure of beta - cell mass compensation for insulin resistance and beta - cell defects in the male zucker diabetic fatty rat .\npancreatectomy has been used to induce hyperglycaemia in pigs (morel et al. , 1991; mellert et al. , 1998), dogs (fisher et al. , 2001) and primates (he et al. , 2011). when carried out by a skilled surgeon, this model is a reliable method to induce hyperglycaemia. however, this is very invasive surgery for the animal, increases the chances of hypoglycaemia and also leads to pancreatic exocrine deficiency in the animal (he et al. , 2011). however, pancreatectomy in pigs followed by autotransplantation of the isolated islets (emamaullee et al. , 2009) is a reasonably accurate model of autotransplantation of islets in humans (matsumoto, 2011) .\njorns a, kubat b, tiedge m, wedekind d, hedrich hj, kloppel g, et al. pathology of the pancreas and other organs in the diabetic lew. 1ar1 / ztm - iddm rat, a new model of spontaneous insulin - dependent diabetes mellitus .\nthe main characteristic of type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic beta cells, leading to lack of insulin production. in animal models, this deficiency in insulin production is achieved by a variety of different mechanisms, ranging from chemical ablation of the beta cells to breeding rodents that spontaneously develop autoimmune diabetes. some of the most commonly used models of type 1 diabetes are outlined in\nstrategies to improve the nod model include using specific genetic manipulation of nod mice (yang and santamaria, 2003) or the creation of humanized mouse models with components of the human immune system (king et al. , 2008; niens et al. , 2011). despite the limitations of the nod mouse, it is still used extensively as it does represent many aspects of the human disease and is a model that has helped identify many of the genetic and signalling pathways that can lead to type 1 diabetes .\narndt t, wedekind d, weiss h, tiedge m, lenzen s, hedrich hj, et al. prevention of spontaneous immune - mediated diabetes development in the lew. 1ar1 - iddm rat by selective cd8 + t cell transfer is associated with a cytokine shift in the pancreas - draining lymph nodes .\nas endocrine disorders, type 1 and type 2 diabetes represent quite complex diseases where different bodily systems are involved. thus, animal models should be chosen carefully, depending on what aspect of the disease is being investigated. in this review, specific models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes are discussed. in addition, models of beta cell regeneration are outlined, and the use of knock - out and transgenic models in diabetes research is considered .\nthe otsuka long - evans tokushima fat rat (oletf) was derived from a spontaneously diabetic rat discovered in 1984 in an outbred colony of long evans rats. selective breeding at the tokushima research institute lead to the oletf strain that has mild obesity and late onset hyperglycaemia (after 18 weeks). diabetes is inherited by the males. the pancreatic islets undergo three stages of histological change. at an early stage (6–20 weeks old), cellular infiltration and degeneration is seen. this is followed by a stage of hyperplasia between 20 and 40 weeks. the final stage is characterized by islets becoming fibrotic and become replaced by connective tissue (kawano et al. , 1994). these rats also exhibit renal complications (lee et al. , 2011a) .\nthe nile grass rat (arvicanthis niloticus) has recently been suggested as a model for metabolic syndrome (noda et al. , 2010). most of these animals spontaneously develop obesity, dyslipidaemia and hyperglycaemia by one year of age when kept on a normal chow diet in captivity. they show other signs of diabetes and metabolic syndrome such as reduced beta cell mass, atherosclerosis and liver steatosis .\nin addition, a transgenic virus model has been described in which a defined viral antigen (the nucleoprotein or glycoprotein) of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (lcmv) is expressed under the rat insulin promoter (von herrath et al. , 1997). these mice do not spontaneously develop any signs of beta cell destruction, but if the mice are then injected with lcmv, the immune response cross - reacts with the antigen expressed in the beta cells, leading to beta cell destruction .\nin these mice, a reverse tetracycline - dependent transactivator (rtta) is expressed in beta cells (insulin - rtta; in which rtta expression is driven by 9. 5 kb of the 5′ flanking region of the rat insulin ii gene). in addition, diphtheria toxin a is expressed under an rtta responsive promoter. administration of doxycycline to the mice causes rtta to induce the expression of diphtheria toxin a, causing beta cell apoptosis (nir et al. , 2007). approximately 80% of beta cells were lost, and the mice became overtly diabetic. however, on doxycycline withdrawal, beta cell regeneration was evident with beta cell mass increasing and mice reverting to normoglycaemia .\nalthough obesity in humans is rarely caused by a monogenic mutation, monogenic models of obesity are commonly used in type 2 diabetes research. the most widely used monogenic models of obesity are defective in leptin signalling. leptin induces satiety, and thus, a lack of functional leptin in these animals causes hyperphagia and subsequent obesity. these models include the lep ob / ob mouse, which is deficient in leptin and the lepr db / db mouse and zucker diabetic fatty rat, which are deficient in the leptin receptor. these models are often used to test new therapies for type 2 diabetes (yoshida et al. , 2010; gault et al. , 2011; park et al. , 2011) .\nwhen testing therapies in animal models of diabetes, the most common end - point of measurement is blood glucose concentrations. it should be pointed out that different species tend to have different blood glucose concentrations than humans, and thus, definitions for diabetes in humans should not necessarily be applied to animals. for example, mice tend to have higher blood glucose concentrations than humans, and it has been suggested that a non - fasting blood glucose concentration over 250 mg·dl −1 (13. 8 mm) or preferably a chronic elevation over 300 mg·dl −1 (16. 7 mm) is appropriate to consider a mouse diabetic (leiter, 2009). normal mice fasted for 16 h during the entire dark period when they usually feed and usually have blood glucose of between 50 and 100 mg·dl −1 (2. 8–5. 6 mm), whereas mice with type 2 diabetes will have fasting blood glucose levels of around 150–300 mg·dl −1 (8. 3–16. 7 mm) .\nin this model, the beta cells have been genetically modified to express the diphtheria toxin receptor under the rat insulin promoter. thus, diphtheria toxin can be administered and will selectively ablate the insulin producing cells as mouse cells do not normally express the dt receptor, and thus, other cells are not susceptible to damage (buch et al. , 2005). using this method, > 99% of the beta cells are ablated. there is extensive beta cell regeneration after ablation, and by 10 months, there is between a 10 - and 44 - fold increase in beta cells. however, this corresponds to just 4–17% beta cell mass compared with non - treated control mice (herrera et al. , 1994) .\nanother consideration with knock - out and transgenic mice in diabetes research is that pancreatic promoters such as the rat insulin promoter (rip), ngn3 and pdx - 1 can be expressed at low levels in the hypothalamus (song et al. , 2010). indeed, it has been suggested that rip - cre mice per se have disturbed glucose tolerance (lee et al. , 2006), although another study did not see any metabolic aberration in their rip - cre mice (fex et al. , 2007). it was suggested this was due to genetic differences as their mice had been rigorously backcrossed onto a c57bl / 6 background. nevertheless, this underlines the importance of including control rip - cre mice in experiments .\npancreas injury models are often used in studies investigating the regenerative capacity of beta cells or beta cell progenitors. these models of injury include pancreatectomy and duct ligation and due to technical difficulties are more frequently carried out in rats than in mice. sixty percent pancreatectomy does not lead to an increase in blood glucose concentrations, and there is only a moderate increase in beta cell mass (leahy et al. , 1988). however, a 90% pancreatectomy in the rat leads to moderate hyperglycaemia followed by extensive regeneration of the pancreas (bonner - weir et al. , 1983). by 60 h after pancreatectomy, duct - enriched areas appear. by 4 weeks, the endocrine portion of the pancreas has increased by eightfold and the exocrine portion by sixfold .\nthere is interspecies variation in the beta cell toxicity of alloxan (tyrberg et al. , 2001) and stz (eizirik et al. , 1994; dufrane et al. , 2006), which may be due to differences in expression in glut - 2 (dufrane et al. , 2006). it has been reported that while a dose of 50 mg·kg −1 can produce irreversible diabetes in the rat and cynomolgus monkey, pigs require a higher dose (150 mg·kg −1) and despite this, a partial correction to hyperglycaemia was seen in pigs 4 weeks after stz injection (dufrane et al. , 2006). increasing the dose to 200 mg·kg −1 in pigs leads to renal and hepatic toxicity, suggesting a narrow window of efficacy. it should be noted that other studies have successfully used 150 mg·kg −1 stz in pigs (grussner et al. , 1993; jensen - waern et al. , 2009), thus underlining the difficulties in establishing a stz - induced model of diabetes in larger animals .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ngland, switzerland, 5 july 2018 (iucn) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change, with 7% of th ...\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years, but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives... .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices, as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse ...\nseri, l, flannery, t. , hamilton, s. , singandan, r, allison, a. , james, r. & bonaccorso, f. j .\nthis species is endemic to the island of guadalcanal, solomon islands. it is absent from large parts of the island. it has been recorded at elevations of 20 and 600 m asl .\nthere are few recent records of this species. a specimen was captured in 1987 by tim flannery, found it in a\nrelict outlier of tall rainforest in the poha valley .\nflannery (1995) reports that another two were found at gold ridge in 1989, but an intensive survey of mount makarakomburu in 1990 failed to locate the species. roger james (pers. comm .) has had indications in interviews with the locals that the species may occur elsewhere on the island, but there are no specimens to confirm this anecdotal information .\nthis arboreal species has been recorded from primary tropical moist forest, including relict patches of native forest .\nit is presumably threatened by loss of habitat through deforestation for timber and conversion of land to cultivated use .\nit is not known if the species is present in any protected areas. directed field studies are needed to identify important sites for this species. protection of these areas may be needed .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nconsumers are accusing u. s. pork producers of running a price - fixing cartel\nplease separate multiple addresses with commas. we won' t share addresses with third parties .\nof sea creatures, lies one specimen that stands out from the rest: a large jar that contains eight rats in a yellowish preserving fluid, their jumbled bodies sunk to the bottom to reveal a thick, floating knot of tails tying them together .\n“ship rats, according to some theories, are climbing rats, so their tails have… a grasping reflex, ” says emma burns, the curator of natural science at the otago museum. “in the nest, they form a hold. ”\nand, for her, the research goes on. she and her collaborators plan to take a closer look at the knot in their specimen to figure out what kind of adhesive stuck the tails together and to create a model using x - rays for how the rats might have gotten themselves tangled in the first place .\nlab studies with live rats, meanwhile, could, in theory, be done, but, combs says there wouldn’t be much point .\nwhich means that, for now, the myth, at least, will live on .\nthe phenomenon of attached tails has also been found among small mammals like squirrels .\nthe oak tree that sheltered charles ii once had a place in the night sky .\nearly images of people enjoying and surveying the monument were recently released to the public for the first time .\nget our latest, delivered straight to your inbox by subscribing to our newsletter .\nsubscribe to our newsletter and get our latest, sent right to your inbox .\nfollow us on twitter to get the latest on the world' s hidden wonders .\nlike us on facebook to get the latest on the world' s hidden wonders .\nsign up for our daily newsletter and enter to win a copy of our book, atlas obscura: an explorer’s guide to the world’s hidden wonders .\nno purchase necessary. winner will be selected at random on 08 / 01 / 2018. offer available only in the u. s. (including puerto rico). offer subject to change without notice. see contest rules for full details .\nevery weekday we compile our most wondrous stories and deliver them straight to you .\nlike atlas obscura and get our latest and greatest stories in your facebook feed .\natlas obscura and our trusted partners use technology such as cookies on our website to personalise ads, support social media features, and analyse our traffic. please click below to consent to the use of this technology while browsing our site. to learn more or withdraw consent, please visit our privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 / / en\nurltoken\nartist alexis rockman drew this for the cover of peter ward' s book\nfuture evolution .\ntitled\nneozoic era\nafter the geological time we live in, the piece shows human trash buried by dirt that' s become a habitat for super - rabbits that can run great distances, and for dandelions whose spores bombard earth. click on the image to hear rockman describe his process .\nit' s not that peter ward has a special fondness for rats. it' s just that he sees them as survivors and, in the future world he posits, they might be the ultimate survivor — and evolver .\nsure, humans will still have their pets, but they probably will not thrive on their own and many will be genetically engineered. as for large mammals such as lions and tigers and bears, in ward' s world they will be driven to extinction by the loss of their habitats and global warming .\nno, the real rulers will be rodents — and snakes .\nthe fossil record shows that they have the genetic capability of whipping out new species ,\nsays ward, a biology professor at the university of washington .\noh yeah, cockroaches are also within the category he calls\nchampion speciators .\nwhy dabble in what dixon himself calls\nspeculative biology ?\nfor dixon, it' s a\nnovel approach to the instruction of science .\nto give fictitious examples of factual process and situations, especially in evolution, ecology and the other life sciences, gives people another way to look at those subjects — a way that has not been explored before ,\nhe says .\nthe future is now in ward' s world, described in his book\nfuture evolution ,\nhumans don' t die off, but earth as we know it sure has changed .\nyou' ve got to assume that humans are going to continue and at high population numbers ,\nhe tells msnbc. com .\nif that' s the case, he says, then animals will have to evolve to thrive in two dominant environments — cities, where the masses live, and tracts of cropland cultivated to feed those masses .\ntemperature swings over time in this world will favor species that can adapt relatively quickly, and animals will have to be able to survive in polluted air and water. a perfect world for rodents, snakes, cockroaches and foraging birds like crows .\nward believes rats and snakes belong in the category known as\nsupertaxa ,\ngroups of organisms that create many new species while having a relatively low extinction rate .\nsteve stanley, a geobiologist at johns hopkins university who coined the term, agrees. rats and snakes\nare diversifying rapidly today ,\nhe says ,\nand if rodents continue to diversify, they will further stimulate the diversification of snakes, because many snakes eat rodents .\nthe human touch a parallel track in this future world involves animals domesticated or engineered by humans .\nstanford biologist stephen palumbi, in his book\nthe evolution explosion ,\nargues that humans have accelerated evolution with well - intentioned tinkering — and usually without thinking of the consequences .\nhe calls this tinkering\nbrute force evolution ,\nwriting that\nwe humans have a talent for upping the evolutionary ante and accelerating the evolutionary game, especially among the species that live with us most intimately — our diseases, food and pests .\nanything that works we like to do more and more and more of ,\nhe said in an interview, noting that in the case of vaccines, insecticides and herbicides, that means short - term gains against disease and pests only to see them develop a resistance and come back even stronger .\npalumbi does see a\nmovement towards greater awareness\nof such dangers and suggests that society take them into account much as it does significant environmental changes that come with development .\nthere' s no reason we couldn' t do an' evolutionary impact statement,'\nhe says .\ndo we really need a cat - dog? ward agrees with palumbi' s concerns, saying it' s one thing to mix dog genes to come up with a new breed, but another to mix genes from different animals .\nif you really want to see how fast evolution can be ,\nhe says ,\njust focus on dogs .\nin just the last 200 years of human domestication, dogs\nare now the most widely genetic type of creature on the planet .\nwe' re attacking things with an ax and we don' t yet have the sophistication\nto know the impacts, ward says .\nthere will be an escape of genomes from good stuff to bad stuff... (and) it' s going to effect evolution .\ndixon and adams give whimsical names to the creatures they dream up, aiming not so much to predict the future but to show some possibilities .\nin their vision, humans become extinct in an ice age 5 million years from now .\nshagrats ,\nor giant rodents, and\ngannet whales ,\nlarge aquatic birds, have evolved during this stretch of time .\nthe ice age melts away 100 million years later, marking the beginning of the end of large mammals and giving rise to creatures like the\nocean phantom ,\na jellyfish the size of a truck; the\nswampus ,\na relative of the octopus that emerges from swamps to feed; and the\ntoraton ,\na reptile bigger than dinosaurs .\nin 200 million years, evolution brings bizarre animals like\nflish ,\nbirds that evolved from fish ;\nbumblebeetles ,\nbeetles that fly; and\nmegasquid ,\nmulti - ton, land - based squid creatures .\nsquibbons ,\na hybrid squid - gibbon ape, live in trees, eat plants as well as flish and\nrepresent the pinnacle of intelligent life on earth ,\naccording to dixon and adams' vision .\nbut it won' t be the last species on top .\nundoubtedly ,\nthe authors conclude ,\nthe far future will be even wilder .\nrival worlds dixon says speculating about such a future helps educate people .\nthe public appetite for monsters and aliens and strange things of that sort can be a valuable tool and can deliver an audience that would be willing to be informed and educated ,\nhe says .\nward isn' t convinced and says his interest in the field of future evolution is driven by presenting scenarios that contrast with visions such as dixon' s .\n'\ni get tired of futurists so missing the mark, or so it seems to me ,\nhe says .\nfirst, there is the sense that humans will soon be gone, or second, that we will produce some' blade runner' world that is all pollution and michael jackson mouth masks .\npalumbi, the stanford biologist, says that as long as humans do inhabit the planet it will pay to listen to mother nature .\nchanges to the environment are irreversible ,\nhe said ,\nand thinking them through is important .\nthis wasn' t the first music video ledger had directed, said sophie tedmanson in the times online. he also\ndirected the video for the song\nmorning yearning ,\nby the us singer ben harper, who is also a member of the masses collective .\nledger' s modest mouse video is especially\npowerful\nand\ndark\nthough, but at least his\npassion for the ocean has survived his death .\nif you like your trial issues, you' ll get 46 more for a total of 50 in all for just $ 1. 39 per issue — a savings of 65% off the cover price! plus — receive instant digital access .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nreceived 2011 aug 19; revised 2012 feb 10; accepted 2012 feb 13 .\ncopyright © 2012 the author. british journal of pharmacology © 2012 the british pharmacological society\nholmes am, rudd ja, tattersall fd, aziz q, andrews plr (2009). opportunities for the replacement of animals in the study of nausea and vomiting .\nmcgrath jc, drummond gb, mclachlan em, kilkenny c, wainwright cl (2010). guidelines for reporting experiments involving animals: the arrive guidelines .\nkilkenny c, browne w, cuthill ic, emerson m, altman dg (2010). the arrive guidelines .\nemerson m (2010). refinement, reduction and replacement approaches to in vivo cardiovascular research .\npercie du sert n, holmes am, wallis r, andrews plr (2012). predicting the emetic liability of novel chemical entities: a comparative study .\nthe complete series including future publications, as they occur, can be found at urltoken .\ndiabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that is characterized by a relative or absolute lack of insulin, resulting in hyperglycaemia. chronic hyperglycaemia can lead to a variety of complications such as neuropathy, nephropathy and retinopathy and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. recent figures suggest the worldwide prevalence of diabetes is 9. 2% in women and 9. 8% in men, with approximately 347 million people suffering from the disease worldwide in 2008 (danaei et al. , 2011). there are several different classifications of diabetes, the most common being type 1 and type 2 diabetes .\none disadvantage with chemically inducing diabetes is that the chemicals can be toxic at other organs of the body. it should also be noted that changes in p450 isozymes in the liver, kidney, lung, intestines, testis and brain have been reported after administration of stz or alloxan, and thus, this should be considered when drugs are being tested in these models (lee et al. , 2010) .\n). in addition, stz is a source of free radicals that can also contribute to dna damage and subsequent cell death. stz tends to be administered as a single high dose or as multiple low doses .\nstz can be administered as multiple low doses over 5 days to induce insulitis in mice (like and rossini, 1976; wang and gleichmann, 1998) or rats (lukic et al. , 1998). doses range from 20 to 40 mg·kg −1 per day, depending on the species and strain. a reduction in islet number and volume is apparent with concomitant reduction in insulin secretion capacity (bonnevie - nielsen et al. , 1981). macrophages are the first cells to infiltrate the islets, and the development of diabetes is dependent on cytokine production (lukic et al. , 1998). diabetes develops even in the absence of t and b cells, and therefore, it does not model the human disease as closely as spontaneous models of autoimmunity (reddy et al. , 1995). therapies targeting cytokines (sandberg et al. , 1994) and no (flodstrom et al. , 1999) tend to be successful in reducing diabetes development in this model, indicating their role in the beta cell destruction .\nthe nod mouse was developed at the shionogi research laboratories in osaka, japan in 1974 (hanafusa et al. , 1994). nod mice develop insulitis at around 3–4 weeks of age. in this pre - diabetic stage, the pancreatic islets are infiltrated by predominately cd4 + and cd8 + lymphocytes, although b cells and nk cells are also present (yoon and jun, 2001) .\ndevelopment of diabetes is the nod mouse is negatively associated with microbial exposure; thus, the mice therefore should be kept in specific pathogen - free (spf) conditions to maintain diabetes incidence. due to the gender differences, unpredictability of disease onset and the requirement for spf conditions, these mice are expensive to maintain as a model of type 1 diabetes compared with chemical induction of diabetes .\na more predictable and accelerated onset can be achieved in nod mice by injecting the mice with cyclophosphamide (caquard et al. , 2010). in addition, adoptive transfer can prove useful, where t cells from diabetic nod mice are injected into non - diabetic recipient mice, causing the recipient mouse to develop diabetes (christianson et al. , 1993). also, nod mice can be used in a recurrence of autoimmunity model, where syngeneic islets from young non - diabetic nod mice are transplanted into diabetic nod mice (rydgren et al. , 2007). the graft is rapidly destroyed by autoimmune mechanisms. all three of these models allow the timing of the autoimmune response to be controlled. the nod mouse is often used in intervention studies in attempts to prevent or delay the onset of the autoimmune disease (montane et al. , 2011; tai et al. , 2011; lee et al. , 2011b) .\nbb rats were derived from outbred wistar rats. spontaneous autoimmune diabetes in a canadian colony was first identified in 1974 and lead to the creation of two founder colonies from which all substrains have derived, one inbred (bbdp / wor) and one outbred (bbdp) (mordes et al. , 2004). diabetes resistant bb rats have also been bred to act as controls .\nhowever, the virus - induced model can be complicated as the outcome is dependent on replication levels of the virus as well as timing of the infection. indeed, it has been shown that viruses can both induce autoimmunity as well as prevent it, depending on the conditions (von herrath et al. , 2011). although some cases of human type 1 diabetes have been linked to viruses (van der werf et al. , 2007; richardson et al. , 2009), it is unclear to what extent viruses are involved in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes .\nsome models in higher animals combine a partial pancreatectomy with stz treatment, thus reducing the dose of stz (wise et al. , 1985; he et al. , 2011). in addition, a multiple low - dose stz model has been described in primates (wei et al. , 2011) .\nthe pancreatic islet volume is dramatically increased in these mice (bock et al. , 2003). although there are some abnormalities in insulin release (lavine et al. , 1977), islets maintain insulin secretion, and the lack of complete beta cell failure in this model means diabetes is not particular severe and indeed not completely representative of human type 2 diabetes. it should be noted that on the c57bl / ks background, a much more severe diabetes develops with regression of islets and early mortality (coleman, 1978) .\nthe lepr db / db mouse originated from the jackson laboratory (hummel et al. , 1966) and is due to an autosomal recessive mutation in the leptin receptor (chen et al. , 1996). these animals are hyperphagic, obese, hyperinsulinaemic and hyperglycaemic. obesity is evident from 3–4 weeks of age with hyperinsulinaemia becoming apparent at around 2 weeks of age and hyperglycaemia developing at 4–8 weeks. the most commonly used background used is on the c57blks / j, and they develop ketosis after a few months of age and have a relative short lifespan (srinivasan and ramarao, 2007)." ]

{ "text": [ "the king rat ( uromys rex ) is a species of giant naked-tailed rat , rodents in the family muridae endemic to guadalcanal in the solomon islands .", "it is found in the poha valley on guadalcanal in the solomons .", "it lives in trees .", "it is larger than uromys porculus but smaller than uromys imperator . " ], "topic": [ 29, 20, 13, 25 ] }

[ "the king rat (uromys rex) is a species of giant naked-tailed rat, rodents in the family muridae endemic to guadalcanal in the solomon islands. it is found in the poha valley on guadalcanal in the solomons. it lives in trees. it is larger than uromys porculus but smaller than uromys imperator." ]

[ "key words: age of fanniidae, dispersal, diva, gondwana, vicariance .\npalabras clave: dispersión, diva, edad de fanniidae, gondwana, vicarianza .\nkento furui added the japanese common name\nヒメイエバエ科\nto\nfanniidae\n.\nchecklist of the families scathophagidae, fanniidae and muscidae of finland (insecta, diptera) .\nin fanniidae sc and r1 are widely separated and sc is straight for most of its length .\nnew records of fanniidae (diptera) from central europe with check - list of czechoslovak species .\nthe fanniidae, which used to be a sub - family (fanniinae) of the muscidae share these characters, but may be separated from them by the absence of the identifying characteristics for the family fanniidae .\nnew records of interesting fanniidae and muscidae (diptera) from the czech republic and some other european countries .\na new species of fannia robineau - desvoidy (diptera: fanniidae) from the altai mountains, western siberia, russia .\nfannia conspecta sp. nov. – eine neue fanniiden - art der canicularis - verwandtschaftsgruppe aus deutschland (diptera, fanniidae) .\nfanniidae. in rozkošný et al. 1997, r, vaňhara j (eds) diptera of the pálava biosphere reserve of unesco ii .\na review of the carbonaria - subgroup of fannia robineau - desvoidy (diptera: fanniidae), with descriptions of two new species from china .\nstudies on the species of fanniidae (diptera: muscidae) from japan. iv five new and two newly recorded species of the genus fannia from japan .\nstudies on the species of fanniidae (diptera) from japan v. a new species belonging to the carbonaria subgroup and three newly recorded species from japan .\nthe purpose of this study was to obtain a hypothesis explaining the biogeographical history of the family fanniidae. we were especially interested in clarifying the biogeographical history of the\nsouthern\nspecies of fanniidae, including the patagonian species, as well as those recently described from australia and new zealand, with the aim of testing chillcott' s (1961a) and hennig' s (1965) hypotheses about the biogeographic history of the south american species of the family fanniidae .\nholloway ba (1985) larvae of new zealand fanniidae (diptera: calyptrata). new zealand journal of zoology 11: 239 - 257. [ links ]\nmoores a & j savage (2005) a taxonomic revision of piezura rondani (diptera: fanniidae). zootaxa 1096: 41 - 59. [ links ]\nlyneborg, l. 1970 .\ntaxonomy of european fannia warvae (diptera, fanniidae )\n. stuttg. beitr. naturkd. 215, 28 p .\nnew records of fannia robineau - desvoidy (diptera: fanniidae) collected on pig carrion in portugal with additional data on the distribution of f. conspecta rudzinski, 2003 .\ncouri, m. s. (2004) two new species of fannia robineau - desvoidy (diptera, fanniidae). brazilian journal of biology, 64, 767–770. urltoken\nrozkosny r, g frantisek & ac pont (1997) the european fanniidae (diptera). acta scientiarum naturalium academiae scientiarum bohemicae brno 31: 1 - 80. [ links ]\ncarvalho cjb, ac pont, ms couri & d pamplona (2003) a catalogue of the fanniidae (diptera) of the neotropical region. zootaxa 219: 1 - 32. [ links ]\nrozkošný, r. , gregor, f. & pont, a. c. (1997) the european fanniidae (diptera). acta scientarium naturalium academiae bohemicae brno, 31, 1–80 .\ndomínguez mc (2007) a taxonomic revision of the southern south american species of the genus fannia robineau - desvoidy (diptera: fanniidae). papéis avulsos de zoología 47: 289 - 347. [ links ]\npont ac (1980) family fanniidae. in: crosskey rw (ed) catalog of the diptera of the afrotropical region: 719 - 720. british museum (natural history), london. [ links ]\ndomínguez, m. c. (2007) a taxonomic revision of the southern south american species of the genus fannia robineau - desvoidy (diptera: fanniidae). papéis avulsos de zoología, 47, 289–347. urltoken\nthe purpose of this study was to achieve a hypothesis explaining the biogeographical history of the family fanniidae, especially that of the species from patagonia, the neotropics, australia, and new zealand. we used\ndispersal - vicariance analysis\n( diva), an event - based parsimony method, to analyze the most parsimonious phylogenetic hypothesis for the family, obtained by domínguez & roig - juñent (2008). the analysis resulted in 32800 alternative equally optimal reconstructions that indicate that the ancestor of the fanniidae was widely distributed across different regions of the world, which along with the subsequent separation of two clades that correspond to the laurasic and gondwanan landmasses allow the proposal of an older age than in previous hypothesis (late jurassic or early cretaceous times instead of upper cretaceous) and a pangeic origin for the fanniidae. the northern hemisphere species of fanniidae included in this study highlight the difficulty that arises when analysing with diva a tree with a large amount of paralogy or redundant distributions, as illustrated here with several examples. the southern hemisphere species of fanniidae indicate a clear pattern of vicariance and dispersal consistent with the rupture of gondwana .\ndomínguez mc & fh aballay (2008) a new species of the genus fannia robineau - desvoidy (diptera: fanniidae) collected on pig carrion in mendoza, argentina. annales zoologici 58: 819 - 824. [ links ]\ngrisales, d. , wolff, m. & de carvalho, c. j. b. (2012) neotropical fanniidae (insecta, diptera): new species of fannia from colombia. zootaxa, 3591, 1–46 .\ngrisales, d. g. , wolff, m. & carvalho, c. j. b. (2012b) neotropical fanniidae (insecta, diptera): new species of fannia from colombia. zootaxa, 3591, 1–46 .\nfurthermore, many species of fanniidae are considered important in forensic investigations (smith 1986, oliva 1997), in recent studies in argentina they have been found in decaying pig carcasses (domínguez & aballay 2009, quiroga & domínguez 2010) .\ndomínguez, m. c. & aballay, f. (2008) a new species of the genus fannia robineau - desvoidy (diptera: fanniidae) collected on pig carrion in mendoza, argentina. annales zoologici, 58, 819–824. urltoken\nthe fanniidae are a smaww (285 species in four genera) group of true fwies wargewy confined to de howarctic and temperate neotropicaw ecozones; dere are 11 afrotropicaw species, 29 orientaw, and 14 austrawasian, uh - hah - hah - hah .\nde carvalho, c. j. b. , pont, a. c. , couri, m. s. & pamplona, d. (2003) catalogue of the fanniidae (diptera) of the neotropical region. zootaxa, 219, 1–32 .\nthe aim of this study is to describe fannia puxcu sp. n. , a new species of the genus fannia robineau - desvoidy (diptera: fanniidae) that was collected in the villavicencio provincial reserve in mendoza, argentina, and to present an updated key to the 27 species of fannia robineau - desvoidy (diptera: fanniidae) of southern south america. the male of f. puxcu sp. n. is described, and illustrations provided as well as distributional records and a discussion of its possible phylogenetic affinities .\ncarvalho, c. j. b. , pont, a. c. , couri, m. s. & pamplona, d. (2003) a catalogue of the fanniidae (diptera) of the neotropical region. zootaxa, 219, 1–32 .\ngrisales, d. , wolff, m. & carvalho, c. j. b. (2012c) neotropical fanniidae (insecta: diptera): new species of euryomma stein from colombia. journal of natural history, 46 (13–14), 803–829. urltoken\nrozkosny, r. ; gregor, f. ; pont, a. c. 1997 .\nthe european fanniidae (diptera )\n. acta sci. nat. brno. 80p. keys to aww 82 known european species (mawes, femawes and warvae) .\nel propósito de este estudio fue el de obtener una hipótesis que explique la historia biogeográfica de la familia fanniidae, especialmente la de las especies de las regiones patagónica, neotropical, australiana y neozelandesa. se utilizó el método de\ndispersión y vicarianza\n( diva), el cual es un método de parsimonia basado en eventos para analizar el árbol filogenético más parsimonioso obtenido por domínguez & roig - juñent (2008). el análisis resultó en 32800 reconstrucciones alternativas igualmente óptimas que indican que el ancestro de fanniidae estaba ampliamente distribuido en distintas regiones del mundo, lo cual junto con la subsiguiente separación de dos clados que corresponderían a los territorios de laurasia y gondwana permiten proponer una edad más temprana que la de hipotesis previas (jurásico tardío o cretácico temprano en lugar de cretácico tardío) y un origen pangeico para la familia fannidae. las especies septentrionales de fanniidae incluidas en este análisis destacan las dificultades que surgen cuando un cladograma con gran cantidad de paralogía o distribuciones redundantes se analiza con diva. las especies australes de fanniidae muestran un patrón de vicarianza y dispersión que es congruente con la ruptura de gondwana .\ndomínguez mc & sa roig - juñent (2008) a phylogeny of the family fanniidae schnabl (insecta: diptera: calyptratae) based on morphological characters, with special reference to the austral species of the genus fannia. invertebrate systematics 22: 563 - 587. [ links ]\ndomínguez, m. c. & aballay, f. h. (2008) a new species of the genus fannia robineau - desvoidy (diptera: fanniidae) collected on pig carrion in mendoza, argentina. annales zoologici (wars .), 58, 819–824. urltoken\non the other hand, the representatives of fanniidae distributed in the southern hemisphere show a pattern of vicariance and dispersal concordant with an orderly sequence of fragmentation of gondwana. there are numerous examples of distributional patterns among dipteran taxa that show an evident gondwanic origin (see cranston 2005) .\nbarták m, preisler j, kubík š, šuláková h, sloup v (2016) fanniidae (diptera): new synonym, new records and an updated key to males of european species of fannia. zookeys 593: 91–115. doi: 10. 3897 / zookeys. 593. 7735\nthe biogeographic proposals for the family fanniidae by chillcott (1961a) and hennig (1965) were mostly based on dispersal, with an emphasis on the biogeographical history of the holarctic species and chilcott' s classification of the family. a recent phylogenetic hypothesis for the family fanniidae (domínguez & roig - juñent 2008) incorporates newly described or poorly known species of the family from africa, the neotropics, patagonia, australia and new zealand, showing that, as hennig (1965) suggested, the neotropical species of fanniidae do not form a monophyletic unit. but contrary to henning' s (1965) hypothesis, they are more closely related to species of other austral regions of the world than to the holarctic species of the family. this could indicate a more complex biogeographic history than the one interpreted by chillcott (1961a) and hennig (1965), and where vicariance should be taken into consideration .\ndomínguez, m. c. & roig - juñent, s. a. (2008) a phylogeny the family fanniidae schnabl (insecta: diptera: calyptratae) based on adult morphological characters, with special reference to the austral species of the genus fannia. invertebrate systematics, 22, 563–587. urltoken\nhennig (1965) proposed that the family fanniidae could belong to the upper cretaceous. hennig' s (1965) estimation of this age was based on his proposals for the age of faunal interchange between north and south america and on the sister group relationship between fanniidae and muscidae. hennig (1965), following chillcott (1961a), proposed that the neotropical region may have been colonized by four clades of fanniids from the holarctic region, in two immigration stata: one thought to have taken place in the late cenozoic or between the cenozoic and the cretaceous (edentate strata), and a second in the pliocene or late miocene. therefore, according to hennig (1965) the family must have been present in the upper cretaceous. furthermore, hennig (1965) considered that being fanniidae the sister group of muscidae, both groups must be of the same age, that he estimated to be upper cretaceous .\naballay, f. h. , domínguez, m. c. & fernández campón, f. (2012) adult fanniidae associated to pig carcasses during the winter season in a semiarid environment: examination of their potential as complementary pmi indicators. forensic science international, 219, 284. e1–284. e4. urltoken\nquiroga ni & mc domínguez (2010) a new species of the genus fannia robineau - desvoidy (diptera: fanniidae) belonging to the canicularis species group, collected on pig carrion in the yungas of the province of jujuy, argentina. studies on neotropical fauna and environment 45: 95 - 100. [ links ]\nalthough many species of fanniidae are widely distributed, such as fannia canicularis (the lesser house fly), f. scalaris (the latrine fly), f. pusio and euryomma peregrinum meigen, most species are restricted to large biogeographic regions, such as the holarctic, australia, new zealand, africa and south america .\naballay, f. h. , domínguez, m. c. & fernández, f. (2012) adult fanniidae associated to pig carcasses during the winter season in a semiarid environment: initial examination of their potential as complementary pmi indicators. forensic science international, 219 (1), 284. e1–284. e4. urltoken\ngrisales, d. , domínguez, m. c. & carvalho, c. j. b. (2012a) revision of central american species of euryomma stein (diptera, fanniidae), with description of two new species and updates of distributional records. revista brasileira de entomologia, 56 (4), 451–457. urltoken\nquiroga, n. i. & domínguez, m. c. (2010) a new species of the genus fannia robineau - desvoidy (diptera: fanniidae) belonging to the canicularis species group, collected on pig carrion in the yungas of the province of jujuy, argentina. studies on neotropical fauna and environment, 45, 95–100. urltoken\nin our analysis, most of the species of fanniidae distributed in the nearctic and in the eastern and western palaearctic regions (nodes 116 - 136) are grouped in two clades: in one clade (clade\n1\n) the ancestral distributions are placed in different combinations of the eastern and western palaearctic regions, and in the other clade (clade\n2\n) all ancestral distributions are placed in the western palaearctic region .\ndiva requires a fully dichotomous tree of less than 180 taxa and allows the use of 15 areas to represent the distribution of the taxa. the diva analysis was performed on the phylogenetic hypothesis of the family fanniidae porposed by domínguez & roig - juñent (2008), which was based on morphological characters included 78 species representing the four genera of fanniidae and all the species groups within the genus fannia, except for the admirabilis group proposed by albuquerque et al. (1981) and the setifer subgroup proposed by chillcott (1961a). these terminal taxa were chosen by domínguez & roig - juñent (2008) based on the classifications of the fanniidae by chillcott (1961a), albuquerque et al. (1981), and rozkosn y et al. (1997). domínguez & roig - juñent (2008) also included six undescribed species from new zealand, which correspond to the adults of the larvae of fanniidae described by holloway (1985), and three recently described species from argentina (domínguez 2007). the out - groups used by domínguez & roig - juñent (2008) were not included in the present biogeographical analysis because they are species that belong to very diverse families, and although they were useful to represent morphological aspects of these families, they are not so in a biogeographical context. the distributional ranges of the species included in this analysis (indicated in appendix) were obtained from chillcott (1961a, 1961b), pont (1977, 1980), albuquerque et al. (1981), holloway (1985), pont & carvalho (1994), rozkos ny et al. (1997), carvalho et al. (2003), moore & savage (2006), and domínguez (2007) .\nfor the southern hemisphere we have considered five areas in which the species of fanniidae are present, based on sanmartín & ronquist (2004), excluding madagascar, india, new caledonia, and new guinea because no records of fanniidae are known for these areas. the five southern areas included in this analysis are (d) africa excluding the region north of the saharan belt, because sanmartín & ronquist (2004) consider the sub - saharan a single unit because the division between tropical and temperate regions is often not clear from the distribution of the terminal taxa in many of their study groups; (e) australia and tasmania; (f) new zealand. south america was considered as formed by two areas, with independent biota (crisci et al. 1991, morrone 2001): (g) patagonia, also called southern south america or the andean region, and (h) the neotropical region .\nour analysis shows two apical sister groups with disjoint distributions: a clade with species occurring only in the holarctic region (fig. 1, node 137), and a clade which groups mostly all species of the neotropical, australian, and new zealand region (fig. 2); and vicariance events throughout nodes 139 to 155 (table 1) that support the association between the pattern in this portion of the fanniidae tree and the division of the pangea .\nin order to compare our results with previous hypotheses (chillcott 1961a, hennig 1965), and because of the widespread distribution of the family fanniidae, we used large areas, each corresponding to historically persistent landmass according to palaeogeographic reconstructions (cox 1974). the holarctic was divided into three infraregions partially following sanmartín et al. (2001): (a) including the eastern neartic defined as north america east of the former mid continental seaway, and the western nearctic or north america west of the mid - continental seaway, both treated as a single area (north america, a) because most of the species of fanniidae included in this analysis from this area are distributed in both eastern and western nearctic (chillcott 1961a); (b) the western palaearctic, defined as europe, north africa and asia west of the former turgai sea; and (c) the eastern palaearctic as non tropical asia east of the turgai sea .\nthis paper is based on extensive materials of fanniidae deposited in the collection of the czech university of life sciences, prague (culsp) and partly in the collection of the north bohemian museum, liberec (nbml) and institute of criminalistics, prague (icp). some specimens originate from the canadian national collection of insects and arachnids, ottawa (cnc), natural history museum, london (nhm), national museum, prague (nmp) and moravian museum, brno (mmb) .\nin the last 10–15 years, we collected some 200 000 specimens of fanniidae mostly by means of mass collecting methods (malaise traps, pyramidal traps exposed above pig carcass or heap of decaying wood, protein traps, yellow and white water pan traps, etc .) and stored them in ethyl alcohol. using morphospecies method (based chiefly on examining male genitalia) we selected some 3 000 specimens which were dry mounted and identified to species. this revealed many important findings and the results of our studies are published herewith .\nchillcott (1961a) proposed that the great diversity of species of the palaearctic region indicated that this area contained the centre of origin of the family, and that faunal interchange occurred, from very early times, with the nearctic region across the beringian land bridge, and from the holarctic region to south america. and as mentioned before hennig (1965) also assumed a holarctic origin for the family. our analysis shows the existence of two distinct clades that correspond to the two mayor landmasses that formed the pangea allows the proposal of a new hypothesis of the biogeographic history of the family. the south american, as well as the australian and new zealand species of fanniidae could have originated in the gondwanan landmasses and therefore their distribution could be explained on the basis of the gondwanan fragmentation scheme instead of the north to south migrations waves proposed by chillcott (1961a) and henning (1965). the holarticist view of chillcott (1961a) and hennig (1965) can be in part explained because many species of fanniidae from australia and new zealand, and many neotropical were not known to these authors .\nchillcott (1961a) and hennig (1965), proposed the holarctic region, where the largest number of species of fanniidae occur, as the centre of origin of the family. their hypothesis agrees with the\nholarticist theory\nwhich was accepted as a paradigm during the resurgence of darwinism. darlington (1965) defended this theory to explain the origin of the austral faunas, proposing that the centre of origin of many austral taxa had been in the large holarctic landmasses. he postulated that, through dispersal, the most evolved holarctic groups could have independently invaded the austral regions .\nhistorical biogeography of fanniidae (diptera) congruence between the phylogenetic and distribution patterns of different organisms is thought to provide evidence for vicariance hypotheses, on the other hand, dispersal is considered uncommon and not a general explanation for congruence among patterns (croizat et al. 1974, craw 1982, heads 1999, humphries 2001). nevertheless, recent studies have shown that, in some cases, concerted dispersal occurs (when dispersion takes place repeatedly in the same direction between the same areas), producing congruent distribution patterns (winkworth et al. 2002, sanmartín & ronquist 2004, sanmartín 2007) .\nour analysis shows an ancestor of the fanniidae widely distributed over different regions of the world (fig. 1). the basal nodes of the tree are placed in all the regions considered in the analysis. this could be avoided, by constraining ancestral distributions, not allowing the program to include all areas in the alternative ancestral distributions at each node (using the\nmaxareas\ncommand). however, we have not done so because it would have resulted in different combinations of all areas included. ronquist (1996) warns that this\nprimitive cosmopolitism\nis a pitfall in dispersal vicariance analysis, and that the state at the root node is the least reliable of the entire tree .\nthe fanniidae are a small family of calyptratae distributed worldwide, comprising more than 360 extant species (pape et al. 2011) in 5 genera (euryomma, fannia, piezura, australofannia, zaelandofannia). in europe, 85 species are known (pont 2007, rudzinski 2003, gregor and rozkošný 2005). some representatives are known from their forensic, medical and hygienic importance. several species have a tendency for synanthropy. females are attracted to decaying organic matter, often in great numbers. in addition, males are attracted to the same substrate but much less frequently. in our (unpublished) experiments with pig carcasses, almost 20 000 specimens were collected and females were about 13 times more frequent .\nthe fanniidae is a small family of the calyptratae series of diptera, that is distributed worldwide, but the highest species diversity is found in temperate areas of both hemispheres and contains some 300 described species. the family has been found to be inhabitant of forests, and considered rare in open landscapes and wetlands (rozkosny et al. 1997). the species of fannia belonging to the fannia anthracina stein species - group show distributions related to the notophagous forests endemic to the chilean and argentinean patagonia, however fannia fusconotata (rondani) (endemic to the province of mendoza, argentina) and fannia heydenii (wiedemann) have been found in open arid shrub lands and open woodlands of prosopis (domínguez 2007) .\nthe last checklist of czech and slovak fanniidae (gregor and rozkošný et al. 1997, 2009) contains 66 species: 64 from the czech republic (60 from bohemia and 60 from moravia) and 50 from slovakia. recently, fannia conspecta and fannia latifrontalis were published from the czech republic (grzywacz and prado e castro 2012 and preisler et al. 2013, respectively), which, together with 5 species first recorded herewith raised the number of known czech species to 71. slovak species are less known, two species have been added to last checklist (fannia tuberculata and fannia speciosa: straka 2011) and another is added herewith raising the total number of known slovak species to 53. all species previously published from the czech republic but not present in culsp or nbml but deposited in nmp or mmb were checked to avoid the inclusion of questionable species .\ncranston (2005) in a review of biogeographic patterns in the evolution of diptera points out that in contrast to the striking patterns found in many groups of diptera from the southern hemisphere that show an association with the fragmentation of gondwana, northern hemisphere patterns tend to be more complex and difficult to interpret. according to sanmartín & ronquist (2001) this may be because the large landmasses that form the holarctic region may have been in contact in numerous ways, and in different time periods, creating a reticulate pattern; or because the northern biota derives from stochastic recolonization processes following the disruption caused by the pleistocene glaciations (cranston 2005). another problem, also mentioned by cranston (2005) is that in many groups of diptera northern taxa tend to be distributed widely across the palaearctic and nearctic regions, which is the case in the holarctic species of fanniidae included here .\nin this study, we used\ndispersal - vicariance analysis\n( diva) (ronquist 1996, 1997), an event - based parsimony method, to reconstruct the biogeographical history of the family fanniidae (diptera: calyptratae). event - based methods reconstruct the patterns of ancestral distributions by explicitly incorporating all biogeographical processes into the analysis, rather than just focusing on vicariance (sanmartín 2007). each of these processes (vicariance, dispersal, extinction, and symmetric speciation) is associated with a cost that should be inversely related to its likelihood: the more likely the event, the lower the cost. speciation is assumed to occur by vicariance, separating a wide distribution into two mutually exclusive set of areas and this costs nothing (0); a species occurring in a single area may speciate within the area by allopatric (or possibly sympatric) speciation giving rise to two descendants occurring in the same area: this costs nothing (0); dispersal costs one per unit area added to a distribution; and extinction costs one per unit area deleted from a distribution (ronquist 1997). the optimal reconstruction is found by searching for the reconstruction that minimizes the total cost of the implied events (ronquist 1998, 2002). thus, the minimum - cost reconstruction is the most likely (most parsimonious) explanation for the origin of the pattern being analyzed. because the optimality criterion being used is one of maximum parsimony, these methods are often called\nevent - based parsimony methods\n( sanmartín 2007) .\nhtml public' - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en'' urltoken'\nusername password not a member yet? click here to register. forgotten your password? request a new one here .\ndue to fact this site has functionality making use of your email address, any registration using a temporary email address will be rejected .\nhelp again can any1 give me the full title of kulon. allat. kozlem thx\ncopyright © 2004 - 2018 paul beuk, images in diptera gallery and forum of their respective owners powered by php - fusion copyright © 2002 - 2018 by nick jones. released as free software without warranties under gnu affero gpl v3. simpleasthat\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\n4 genera, with > 110 spp. in our area (all but 10 spp. are in\nin lonchaeidae sc is close to r1, the space between them is often darker, and the wing margin bulges out before the tip of sc .\nmales congregate in characteristic dancing swarms beneath trees; females are more retiring in habit .\namerican insects: a handbook of the insects of america north of mexico ross h. arnett. 2000. crc press .\nmolecular phylogeny of the calyptratae (diptera: cyclorrhapha)... s. n. kutty, t. pape, b. m. wiegmann, r. meier. 2010. systematic entomology 35: 614–635 .\norder diptera linnaeus, 1758. in: zhang z. - q. (ed .) animal biodiversity: an outline of higher - level classification... pape t. , blagoderov v. , mostovski m. b. 2011. zootaxa 3148: 222–229 .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\n3 institute of criminalistics prague, czech republic, p. o. box 62 / kup, cz - 170 89 prague 7\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license (cc by 4. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited .\nadults may be distinguished from representatives of all other families of calyptrates by an asetose meron, the second anal vein strongly bent towards the first anal vein, so that prolongation of it will cross first anal vein at most at the wing margin, the scutellum without setulae on the lower surface, and the sc vein having only one (basal) bend. moreover, females lack crossed interfrontals and proclinate orbitals .\nlarvae are aquatic to terrestrial, often living in semi - aquatic media. larvae and puparium of fanniids are readily identifiable by sharing a dorso - ventrally flattened body, characterized by conspicuous feathery, forked, tufted, or button - like processes distributed over most of the dorsal and lateral surface of segments (and in reduced form also on ventral surface). an interesting character known at least in fannia canicularis is a trichoid sensillum on the posterior spiracular plate, representing a sensory organ otherwise unknown in the calyptratae (grzywacz et al. 2012, domínguez and pont 2014) .\nfor more details about morphology, biology, and zoogeography of the family see chillcott (1961), rozkošný et al. (1997), pont (2000) or domínguez and pont (2014) .\nthe identification of the central european species is possible using the keys in the review of the european species (rozkošný et al. 1997), which also summarises all the available data on the morphology of immature stages and adults, development and biology, medical, hygienic and economic importance, and distribution. more recently pont (2002) has proposed some new synonyms based on a study of zetterstedt´s types. two recently described species, fannia conspecta: rudzinski (2003) and fannia slovaca: gregor and rozkošný (2005), are lacking in the above mentioned keys. so we elaborated an updated key to males of european species of fannia. in order to make our updated key more convenient for users, the couplets from rozkošný et al. (1997) have ben maintained mostly unchanged, including reference to figures in that publication .\ndistributional records are taken mainly from pont (2007) if not stated otherwise .\nfigure preparation: genitalia together with 2–3 pregenital segments were removed and macerated in potassium hydroxide solution (approx. 10 %) in small vials submerged in hot water for 1–2 hours. after neutralizing with 8% acetic acid, the genitalia were dissected in glycerine and their parts (without hypandrium) photographed by means of an olympus e - 41 digital camera mounted on an olympus bx51 compound microscope. images were edited with the computer software quick foto micro 2. 3 provided with deep focus 3. 1. each image resulted usually from combining 7–15 layers. images were improved by means of adobe photoshop .\n) was preperaed by means of zeiss ultra plus sem operating at low accelerating voltage of 5 kv. a chamber secondary electron detector was used for imaging in topographical contrast. before the analysis the sample was sputter - coated with 3 nm of platinum to obtain electrically conductive surface .\nfannia manicata (meigen, 1826), two grooved spines standing side by side on fore coxa .\nabbreviations used: mt = malaise trap, sw = sweeping, et = emergence trap .\nfannia alpina pont, 1970. material examined (2♂): 1♂, slovakia b. , v. tatry mts, tatranská lomnica - 3 km nw, 49°10' n, 20°15' e, 1100 m, 13. viii. 1982, m. barták; 1♂, moravia bor. , beskydy, h. lomná, hruška, 49°30' 29\nn, 18°36' 56\ne, 23. v. - 19. vi. 1999, mt, m. barták (- all culsp). broadly distributed (palaearctic and oriental region) but uncommon species, in europe previously known from austria, the czech republic and finland. it has also been found in japan (nishida 1974) and nepal (nishida 1994). first record from slovak republic and moravia .\n). material examined (4♂): 1♂: bohemia b. , krkonoše, bíner, 609 m, damp meadow ,\n, 21. v. - 16. vi. 2009, mt, j. vaněk; 1♂: same data but 16. vi. - 7. vii. 2009 (- all culsp); 1♂: slovakia, dvorčany, 16. iv. 1957, j. čepelák (\n); 1♂: kazakhstan, almaty reg. , kazstroj, 1240 m ,\n, 7. - 21. v. 2013, mt, o. nakládal (culsp) – first record from kazakhstan. broadly distributed holarctic species (also in taiwan), but everywhere apparently rare. world species of\nis this species wrongly arranged because it has no long posteroventrals at least on apical half of hind femur .\nfannia carbonaria (meigen, 1826), hypopygium: 1 dorsal view 2 ventral view 3 oblique view .\nfannia collini d’assis - fonseca, 1966. material examined: 1♂, bohemia b. , frýdlantská pahorkatina hills, poustecká obora nr. poustka, 50°57' 33. 6\nn, 15°3' 50. 9\ne, 18. vii. - 8. viii. 2012, mt, j. preisler & p. vonička (nbml). the species has been known previously only from great britain. our specimen agrees in nearly all details with original description incl. very distinctive genitalia. slight differences are as follows: 12 pairs of orbital setae (and not „8 - 10“, as stated in the original description) and anterodorsal seta on t3 is very short and fine (and not „strong“). males of fannia collini may be easily identified using key in rozkošný et al. (1997), female remains unknown. first record for the czech republic and in central europe .\nfannia conspecta rudzinski, 2003. material examined (10♂): bohemia c. , praha troja, 184 m, 50°7' 15\nn, 14°23' 53\ne, emergence trap baited with pig carcass, 1 ♂: 2. - 9. v. , 1♂: 15. - 22. v. , 2♂: 22. - 29. v. , 1♂10. - 17. vii. , 1♂: 17. - 24. vii. , 2♂: 4. - 11. ix. - all 2012, m. barták & h. šuláková (culsp); 1♂ bohemia c. , mníšek pod brdy, 8. viii. 2012, 49°52' 10\nn, 14°15' 38\ne, 385 m, ex larva, from a human corpse, h. šuláková; 1♂: moravia, hornomoravský úval, kroměříž, nr. moštěnka brook, 49°19' 50\nn, 17°23' 10\ne, 205 m, protein trap (chicken meat), h. šuláková, 11. i. - 20. iii. 2010 (icp). this species was known previously from the czech republic (bílina – jirásek iii, 50°33' 35\nn, 13°47' 44\ne, 310 m, mt, phragmitetum, 14. v. –23. vii. 1998, m. barták), germany, denmark, portugal, greece and south russia (grzywacz and prado e castro 2012). additional records of this uncommon species from the czech republic were found and first records from moravia .\nfannia cothurnata (loew, 1873). material examined: 1♂, bohemia mer. , vráž nr. písek, 400 m, nr. brook, 49°23' 59\nn, 14°7' 58\ne, 24. v. - 24. vi. 2010, mt, m. barták; 1♂, kazakhstan almaty reg. , kazstroj, 1240 m, 43°17' 26\nn, 77°18' 22\ne, 7. - 21. v. 2013, mt, o. nakládal (- all culsp). broadly distributed in europe and near east. in the czech republic published previously only from moravia (rozkošný and gregor 1988). first records for bohemia and kazakhstan. the specimen from kazakhstan has only one each antero - and posterodorsal seta on mid tibia but otherwise corresponds in all details to typical form .\nfannia limbata (tiensuu, 1938). material examined (13 ♂): 10♂: moravia occ. , jihlava - pávov, 495 m, 49°26' 26\nn, 15°35' 44\ne, wetland nr. pond, 16. iv. - 3. v. 2009, mt, m. barták; 3♂: bohemia b. , děčín - čertova voda, right labe shore, 130 m, 50°48' 47\nn, 14°13' 35\ne, mt baited with decaying meat, 11. - 25. iv. 2009, m. barták (all culsp). rarely collected species known only from scandinavia, germany and the czech republic (previously one record only from kostelní lhota nr. sadská). first record from moravia and only the second from bohemia. all czech records originate from the vicinity of water (both running and standing) under unusually hot early spring conditions .\nfannia lugubrina (zetterstedt, 1838). material examined: 1♂, bohemia b. , krkonoše mts, labská rokle nr. labská bouda, 1300 m, 50°46' 19\nn, 15°32' 43\ne, 31. v. - 15. vi. 2007, mt, j. vaněk (culsp). a holarctic species, in europe distributed in scandinavia and north russia and several temperate european countries: belgium, austria, and poland. first record for the czech republic .\nfannia melania (dufour, 1839). material examined: 2♂: bohemia b. , jizerské hory mts, holubník mt. , bílé bukoví, 900 m, 50°49' 57\nn, 15°10' 51\ne, 16. vi. - 14. vii. 2011, mt, j. preisler & p. vonička (nbml, culsp). broadly distributed but apparently rare eurasian species. first record for the czech republic .\n). material examined (18♂): 2♂: bohemia mer. , vráž nr. písek, 400 m, nr. brook ,\n, 10. v. - 4. vi. 2011; 1♂: same locality, 2. iv. - 10. v. 2011; 1♂: same locality, 30. iv. - 6. vi. 2012; 1♂: moravia, jihlava - pávov, wetland nr. pond, 495 m ,\n, 410 m, 30. iv. - 13. v. 1998, - all m. barták (- all mt, culsp); 10♂: bohemia b. , frýdlantská pahorkatina hills, poustecká obora nr. poustka ,\n, 27. iv. - 16. v. 2012, mt, j. preisler & p. vonička; 1♂: bohemia b. , frýdlantská pahorkatina hills, černousy - v poli nr. dubový rybník ,\n, 16. v. - 12. vi. 2012, mt, j. preisler & p. vonička; 1♂: bohemia b. , jizerské hory mts, šolcův rybník, env. raspenava, 350 m ,\n, mt, 11. - 26. v. 2011, j. preisler & p. vonička (- all nbml). very rare species, known only from england, denmark and the czech republic (sadská, vršíček in nw bohemia, and podyjí np – gregor, rozkošný, barták & kubík 2005) .\nunder couplet 31. however; it has usually 2 anterodorsal and 2 posterodosal setae on mid tibia (occasionally only 1 may be present on either side), which in fact leads the species to section 22. moreover ,\nin keys. however, the latter species has much narrower cercal plate, dark tip of halter and much shorter and broader midbasitarsal crest .\nfannia nidica collin, 1939, hypopygium: 4 surstylus, standardized view (appearing broadest) 5 dorsal view 6 bacilliform scerite 7 ventral view .\n). material examined (6♂): 1♂: bohemia occ. , duchcov, 2 km e, willow shrubs ,\n, 12. vi. - 10. ix. 2015, pyramidal trap with decaying wood, m. barták (- all culsp); 1♂: mile 315 alaska richard. hwy, 8. vi. 1951 w. r. m. mason (\nchillcott, 1961); 1♂: wychwood forest oxon 1. vii. 72, e. a. fonseca, pres. by e. c. m. assis fonseca bmnh 1988 - 212 (nhm). broadly distributed, but uncommon species. known from norway, spain, north africa, g. britain, denmark, greek, switzerland and japan. from the czech republic published from bílina and duchcov environs by\n( figured by d’assis - fonseca, 1968, fig. 37) especially by short “stem” before knob - like tip .\nstated: “mid tibia with 2 ad and 1 - 2 pd setae”. in the original description of\nby the fewer tibial bristles“, but, their number is specified only in case of mid tibia: “two ads, two pds” .\n( beside presence of long posteroventrals on hind femur). to elucidate status of\nand found both species to be identical. the number of tibial setae is summarised in the table\nfannia norvegica ringdahl, 1934, hypopygium: 8 dorsal view 9 ventral view 10 oblique view .\n), simply bent bacilliform sclerites and forked (v - shaped) tip of ventral part of cercal plate (fig .\n, beside small crest on the base of mid basitarsus, basal process of surstyli seems to be larger (fig .\n), apical broadening of cercal plate narrower (more linear than heart - shaped), and ventral process of cercal plate ends in two basally separated (u - shaped) processes (fig .\nfannia pseudonorvegica d´assis - fonseca, 1966, hypopygium: 11 dorsal view 12 ventral view 13 oblique view .\nfannia slovaca gregor & rozkošný, 2005. material examined: 1♂, bohemia occ. , bílina, chloumek, hilltop steppe, 480 m, 50°32' 38\nn, 13°51' 32\ne, 25. vi. - 24. vii. 1998, mt, m. barták (culsp). species recognized only recently, so its distribution is only poorly known, so far found only in slovak republic and finland (kahanpää and haarto 2014). first record for the czech republic .\nfannia verrallii (stein, 1895). material examined (3♂): 1♂: bohemia b. , krkonoše mts, labský důl nr. labe river, 1040 m, 50°45' 48\nn, 15°33' 05\ne, 21. - 28. vi. 2006, mt, j. vaněk; 1♂: bohemia occ. , šumava mts, rokytecká slať peat - bog, 1100 m, 49°0' 59\nn, 13°25' 5\ne, 20. vii. - 24. ix. 1999, mt, m. barták & š. kubík (- all culsp); 1♂: bohemia b. , jizerské hory mts, jizerka, 20. vi. 2008, sw, j. preisler (nbml). a rarely collected holarctic species known in europe only from g. britain, germany, norway, finland, sweden, and the czech republic (pont 2007). from bohemia published by gregor et al. (2003). listed in red list as vulnerable species in the czech republic (gregor, rozkošný and barták 2005). confirmed occurrence of this species in the czech republic and further records from bohemia .\nfannia vespertilionis ringdahl, 1934. 1♂: bohemia c. , tiché údolí, roztocký háj nr. roztoky, 50°8' 47. 5\nn, 14°23' 10. 1\ne, 20. iv. - 20. v. 2009, beer trap, j. preisler (nbml). temperate european species. from the czech republic previously known only from pálava br (gregor and rozkošný 1999). listed in red list as vulnerable species in the czech republic (gregor, rozkošný and barták 2005). first record from bohemia .\n( the male of fannia latifrontalis hennig is not known; all species included in fauna europea are keyed as well as all species described more recently. )\nabdomen club - like, broadest just beyond middle (rozkošný et al. 1997, fig. 4q )\nabdomen normal, broadest in anterior half or at middle (rozkošný et al. 1997, fig. 4r–t )\nlower margin of face distinctly produced, theca of proboscis longer than half length of fore tibia (rozkošný et al. 1997, fig. 3c); abdomen entirely black; ventral parts of tergites 4 and 5 with long crossing setae (rozkošný et al. 1997, fig. 4q) (terminalia: rozkošný et al. 1997, fig. 11d )\nlower margin of face barely produced, theca of proboscis much shorter; abdomen with a yellow pattern in basal half; ventral part of tergites without crossing setae (terminalia: rozkošný et al. 1997, fig. 16e )\nmid coxa with 1–3 strong hook - like setae; hind coxa with 1 or more setae on posterior inner margin (rozkošný et al. 1997, fig. 4o); presutural acrostichal setulae triseriate\nmid coxa with 2–3 hook - iike setae (rozkošný et al. 1997, fig. 4o); mid tibia with a shining black inner projection (rozkošný et al. 1997, fig. 4e) (terminalia: rozkošný et al. 1997, fig. 13e )\n, fig. 4m); fore coxa on lower inner margin with two grooved spines standing side by side (fig .\nhind femur with strong anteroventral setae along almost whole length; hind tibia with a row of unequal posteroventral setae in apical 2 / 3; mid tibia remarkably dilated in apical half (terminalia: rozkošný et al. 1997, fig. 10h )\nhind femur only with 2–3 anteroventral setae before apex; hind tibia without posteroventral setae; mid tibia only slightly dilated in apical half (terminalia: rozkošný et al. 1997, fig. 11e )\nmid and hind femora yellow; hind tibia with a row of long fine anteroventral setae in apical 2 / 3, its ventral and posteroventral surface covered with dense short setae (terminalia: rozkošný et al. 1997, fig. 10g )\nabdomen with a narrow undusted median stripe in posterior view; mid tibia only slightly dilated in apical half; hind tibia long and densely haired on ventral and posteroventral surfaces (terminalia: rozkošný et al. 1997, fig. 8f )\nabdomen with a median row of trapezoid dark spots dilated towards hind margin of tergites; mid tibia remarkably dilated in apical half; hind tibia without long fine hairs (terminalia: rozkošný et al. 1997, fig. 15d )\nhind femur with only 4 strong anteroventral setae before apex; hind tibia with complete rows of long and fine anteroventral and anterodorsal setae; lower calypter brown, with almost black margin and fringe (terminalia: rozkošný et al. 1997, fig. 11a )\npalpi as broad as half width of flagellomere; several rows of setulae behind postocular setulae; fore tibia with a distinct anterodorsal seta (terminalia: rozkošný et al. 1997, fig. 7a )\npalpi much less than half width of flagellomere; only one row of setulae behind postocular row; fore tibia without anterodorsal seta (terminalia: rozkošný et al. 1997, fig. 14c )\nmid coxa with 2 short peg - like setae on outer side (rozkošný et al. 1997, fig. 9d) (finland )\nabdomen with a brown pattern on abdominal tergites 3 and 4 consisting of 2 pairs of round spots and a median vitta (cf. rozkošný et al. 1997, fig. 4u )\nhind tibia with 1 anteroventral and 0 posteroventral seta; hind femur without a preapical ventral swelling, with the anteroventral setae only slightly longer than femoral depth and not curled at tips (terminalia: rozkošný et al. 1997, fig. 10d )\nhind tibia with numerous anteroventral and posteroventral setae; hind femur with a preapical ventral swelling bearing a number of long fine anteroventral setae that are longer than femoral depth and are curled at tips (terminalia: rozkošný et al. 1997, fig. 14h )\nmid basal tarsomere with a crest (small spine - or toothlike process at extreme base ventrally) (rozkošný et al. 1997, fig. 3p–r, 4j, 9e–f); inner posterior margin of hind coxa always bare\nfore basal tarsomere with brush - like hairs ventrally; cercal plate with long setae (rozkošný et al. 1997, fig. 7b )\nmid tibia with 2 anterodorsal and 2–3 posterodorsal setae; hind femur with dense hairlike antero - and posteroventral setae; hind tibia with a normai preapical dorsal seta (terminalia: rozkošný et al. 1997, fig. 9a )\nmid tibia only with 1 antero - and 1 posterodorsal seta; hind femur with 3–6 anteroventral and without posteroventral setae; hind tibia without dorsal preapical seta (terminalia: rozkošný et al. 1997, fig. 12b) (great britain )\nmid tibia with a remarkable tubercle in basal half; body densely grey dusted (terminalia: rozkošný et al. 1997, fig. 10a )\nhind tibia clothed with long and dense ventral hairs and with several fine curled setae at apex (rozkošný et al. 1997, fig. 4k; terminalia: rozkošný et al. 1997, fig. 6f )\nhind tibia with one anteroventral and one anterodorsal seta; postocular setulae uniserial (terminalia: rozkošný et al. 1997, fig. 8c )\nhind femur without distinct anteroventral setae (terminalia: rozkošný et al. 1997, fig. 13d); lower calypter strip - like\nhind femur without posteroventral setae in apical half (terminalia: rozkošný et al. 1997, fig. 10e )\nhind femur with 2–5 anteroventral setae before apex (terminalia: rozkošný et al. 1997, fig. 13c )\nfore tibia with a row of elongate posteroventral hairs; cercal plate broad, deeply constricted before middle (rozkošný et al. 1997, fig. 14a )" ]

{ "text": [ "the fanniidae are a small ( 285 species in four genera ) group of true flies largely confined to the holarctic and temperate neotropical ecozones ; there are 11 afrotropical species , 29 oriental , and 14 australasian .", "adults are medium-sized to small and usually have mainly dark body and leg colours .", "males congregate in characteristic dancing swarms beneath trees ; females are more retiring in habit .", "larvae are characterised by their flattened bodies with striking lateral protuberances , and live as scavengers in various kinds of decaying organic matter .", "the lesser housefly fannia canicularis is a worldwide synanthropic species .", "fanniidae are indicators useful in forensic entomology . " ], "topic": [ 26, 23, 7, 23, 25, 19 ] }

[ "the fanniidae are a small (285 species in four genera) group of true flies largely confined to the holarctic and temperate neotropical ecozones; there are 11 afrotropical species, 29 oriental, and 14 australasian. adults are medium-sized to small and usually have mainly dark body and leg colours. males congregate in characteristic dancing swarms beneath trees; females are more retiring in habit. larvae are characterised by their flattened bodies with striking lateral protuberances, and live as scavengers in various kinds of decaying organic matter. the lesser housefly fannia canicularis is a worldwide synanthropic species. fanniidae are indicators useful in forensic entomology." ]

[ "hednota pleniferellus image by donald hobern - some rights reserved. (view image details )\nhednota pleniferellus is found in eastern australia in queensland, new south wales, victoria and tasmania .\nhednota pleniferellus is a crambid moth. the forewings are white with brown markings, with a number of white markings which form brown and white striped pattern towards the rear of the wing. the far edge of the wing is fringed with paler scales. the hindwings are pale brown, fringed with a paler margin. the moth has relatively large eyes and long antennae. the caterpillar is brownish and known as webworm .\nband 2, abtheilung 2 (5) (1875), plate cxxxvii, fig. 31 ,\nthe adult moth has white forewings, each with a number of forked brown lines radiating from the base. the hindwings are pale brown with hairy fringes. the wingspan is about 2 cms .\nmelbourne university press, 1990, fig. 32. 12, pp. 52, 80, 351 .\nband 2, abtheilung 2 (5) (1875), p. 7\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nthe eggs are laid in grass and hatch into caterpillars which feed on the grass plants. the pupae are about 12 mm long and are pale yellow to start with before turning brown .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nproject noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .\nusually found among grasses... ...... ...... .... superfamily: pyraloidea family: crambidae subfamily: crambinae... ...... ...... ... distribution... .. urltoken\nthis attractive moth in the family crambidae (grass moths) has distinctive white - bluish and brown markings. see the distinctive brush - like mouth appendage (\nsnout\n). forked brown markings can be seen radiating from the base. hairy fringes can be seen on the at the back of the wings .\nthese moths fly low in the grass, and fly away shortly ahead when approached, landing with closed wings on grass stems. thank you leuba ridway, your spotting led me to the id for this moth. urltoken see also: urltoken\ngood id as there are many similar. actually you were the first to id this species for me ages ago: - )\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nwalker, f. 1863 ,\ncrambites & tortricites\n, list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum, vol. 27, pp. 1 - 286\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 08074ebc - acbe - 4957 - b174 - f04e4212bac1\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 420e88d2 - 0c59 - 4b8f - 90f1 - 3b4c5d431e97\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 7b566bbc - 47fe - 460f - bda3 - b8a9e5a722ee\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 717244b2 - b9f7 - 4de9 - 8b44 - 651f8678894d\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 397183\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nthis sighting hasn' t been described yet! be the first to describe this sighting .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more" ]

{ "text": [ "hednota pleniferellus is a species of moth of the crambidae family .", "it is found in australia , in queensland , new south wales , victoria , and tasmania . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20 ] }

[ "hednota pleniferellus is a species of moth of the crambidae family. it is found in australia, in queensland, new south wales, victoria, and tasmania." ]

[ "the mitochondrial genomes of three lineages of asian yellow pond turtle, mauremys mutica .\nthe mitochondrial genomes of three lineages of asian yellow pond turtle, mauremys mutica. - pubmed - ncbi\nobtained in this study should be of benefit to future clinical and conservation work on the endangered yellow pond turtle .\nas its name suggests, the asian yellow pond turtle (mauremys mutica) can be distinguished by its characteristic yellow markings, which consist of a yellow throat, a yellow - green forehead, a yellow plastron with black blotches (2) (4), and a light yellow or ivory - coloured stripe from the eye to the neck (2) (4) (5) .\nan omnivore, the yellow pond turtle uses its beak - like jaws to eat both small animals and aquatic plants. a semi - aquatic species, the yellow pond turtle has webbed toes and never strays far from water. most active at night, it spends a good deal of time basking during the day .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below. < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - asian yellow pond turtle (mauremys mutica )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - asian yellow pond turtle (mauremys mutica )\ntitle =\narkive species - asian yellow pond turtle (mauremys mutica )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nmating in the asian yellow pond turtle is believed to lack the ritualised courtship behaviour of other similar species, with the male simply approaching and attempting to mount the female (4) (5). this may explain the larger relative male size in the asian yellow pond turtle when compared to related species (5) .\nthe asian yellow pond turtle is classified as endangered (en) on the iucn red list (1) and listed on appendix ii of cites (3) .\na semi - aquatic species, the asian yellow pond turtle inhabits slow - moving bodies of water, including ponds, marshes, swamps and streams (4) (5) (6) .\nthe asian yellow pond turtle commands a high market value and has become one of the most commonly traded turtles in asia (12). with market supplies decreasing (1), this turtle has also recently become a focus of aquaculture (12) .\nunusually among species in the geoemydidae family, the female asian yellow pond turtle is not significantly larger than the male, with the adult male carapace length often being equal to, or even greater than, that of the adult female (5). the male asian yellow pond turtle can be distinguished from the female by its more concave plastron and longer, thicker tail (4) (5) .\nthe slightly domed carapace of the asian yellow pond turtle is usually brown to black, although its colouration varies considerably over the species’ geographic range (4) (5). the head and neck of the asian yellow pond turtle are grey to dark olive above (4), while both the limbs and tail are grey to olive above and paler greyish - yellow below (4) (5). the limbs of this species are well developed and have fully webbed toes (5), and the turtle’s snout is conical and slightly projecting (4) .\npopulations of the asian yellow pond turtle in the southern ryukyu archipelago in the east china sea have diverged considerably from other populations of this species, and are now recognised as a distinct subspecies, the ryukyu yellow pond turtle (mauremys mutica kami). this subspecies has a lighter carapace than mauremys mutica mutica, ranging from light grey to yellowish or tan, and the yellow or ivory stripe behind the eye is absent or indistinct (4) (5). adult males of this subspecies have a significantly greater carapace length than females (5) .\nthe asian turtle trade was largely unregulated prior to 2002. however, since then several species of asian turtle have been listed under the convention on international trade in endangered species (cites) (9). the asian yellow pond turtle is listed on cites appendix ii, which requires export permits for international trade (3). unfortunately, enforcement appears limited, and globally threatened species of turtle remain in trade in china (9) .\nthe distribution of the asian yellow pond turtle within the island regions of its range is highly fragmented, and these populations, as well as populations in parts of central japan, are thought to have originated from deliberate introductions from taiwan (5) .\nthe majority of asia’s freshwater turtles are threatened with extinction (7) (8), and the asian yellow pond turtle is no exception (1). this ‘asian turtle crisis’ is mainly attributable to largely uncontrolled trade for food, traditional medicine and pets (7) (9) (10), driven primarily by increased demand in china (7) (11) .\nzhu, x. p. , wei, c. q. , zhao, w. h. , du, h. j. , chen, y. l. and gui, j. f. (2006) effects of incubation temperatures on embryonic development in the asian yellow pond turtle. aquaculture, 259: 243 - 248 .\nturtle farming is widespread in china (13), with many operations illegal and unlicensed (14). turtles are often intensively collected from the wild, and multi - species enclosures can lead to hybridisation (11) (13). intentional production of hybrids between the asian yellow pond turtle and chinese three - striped box turtle or ‘golden coin’ turtle (cuora trifasciata) is known to occur, with hybrids fetching high prices when sold as pure - bred golden coins (13). as newly described and seemingly rare ‘species’, hybrids are allocated high conservation priority, leading to concerns that conservation resources could be wasted on specimens which are not true species (13) (15) .\ntrade within china itself does not fall under cites control (9), and although china has increased levels of protection for freshwater turtles in the last decade, the effectiveness of this protection appears limited (14). data on captive breeding is lacking and it is unknown whether captive farming will be beneficial or harmful to species such as the asian yellow pond turtle (11) .\nshi, h. and parham, j. f. (2000) preliminary observations of a large turtle farm in hainan province, people’s republic of china. turtle and tortoise newsletter, 3: 4 - 6 .\nthe asian yellow pond turtle is widely distributed through tropical and temperate east asia, occurring in northern vietnam, southern and central china, japan, and on the islands of hainan, taiwan and the ryukyu archipelago (1) (2) (4) (5) (6). the subspecies m. m. kami is found only in the ryukyu islands (4) (5) .\nthe international union for conservation of nature considers the yellow pond turtle mauremys mutica to be an endangered species. hematologic analyses are useful tools for monitoring the health, disease processes, and physiologic status of reptiles by clinicians and conservationists. the objectives of this study were to measure plasma biochemical values in healthy captive yellow pond turtles, determine reference values, and evaluate the effects of sex and season on the results. blood samples were taken from the jugular vein of 53 adult captive individuals (18 males and 35 females) in four different months that represented summer, winter, fall, and spring in taiwan. plasma biochemical assays were performed using an automatic analyzer. descriptive statistics and distributions of each data variable were analyzed using sas software .\nthe asian yellow pond turtle is omnivorous, with a diet which includes earthworms, insects, fish, tadpoles, snails and crabs, along with plant matter such as leaves, stems, seeds and fallen fruits (2) (5). this species is believed to remain in or close to water during the day, being most active at night and during rainy weather, when it sometimes ventures onto land (5) .\nhematological and plasma biochemical reference values of the yellow pond turtle were determined in this study. there were no significant sex differences in hematological values; however, there were seasonal differences, and interactions between sex and season were observed. in females, lactate dehydrogenase, uric acid, calcium, cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations were significantly higher than in males. there were seasonal differences but no sex and season interactions in serum biochemical values .\ncheng, y. y. , chen, t. y. , yu, p. h. and chi, c. h. (2010) observations on the female reproductive cycles of captive asian yellow pond turtles (mauremys mutica) with radiography and ultrasonography. zoo biology, 29: 50 - 58 .\nthe asian yellow pond turtle’s breeding behaviour has been well studied in captivity. eggs are usually laid between april and august, and females produce an average of around two clutches annually, each of which contains one to eight eggs (2). the eggs hatch after an average of about 94 days at 30 degrees celsius, and the hatchlings measure up to 3. 3 centimetres in length and weigh between 5 and 8 grams (4) .\nbuhlmann, k. , rhodin, a. & van dijk, p. p. (tortoise & freshwater turtle red list authority )\n. the data reported here were found to be comparable to previously published data for other native turtle species in taiwan (chung et al .\naltherr, s. and freyer, d. (2000) asian turtles are threatened by extinction. turtle and tortoise newsletter, 1: 7 - 11 .\nflexible neck - with eight vertebrae (one more than mammals have), the turtle’s long neck is flexible enough to pull back into the shell when disturbed .\nturtle conservation fund (2002) a global action plan for the conservation of tortoises and freshwater turtles. strategy and funding prospectus 2002 - 2007. conservation international and chelonian research foundation, washington, dc. available at: urltoken\ncheung, s. m. and dudgeon, d. (2006) quantifying the asian turtle crisis: market surveys in southern china, 2000 - 2003. aquatic conservation: marine and freshwater ecosystems, 16: 751 - 770 .\nparham, j. f. and shi, h. (2001) the discovery of mauremys iversoni - like turtles at a turtle farm in hainan province, china: the counterfeit golden coin. asiatic herpetological research, 9: 71 - 76 .\naquaculture the rearing of aquatic animals or cultivation of aquatic plants for food. carapace the top shell of a turtle or tortoise. hybrid the offspring produced by parents of two different species or subspecies. hybridisation cross - breeding between two different species or subspecies. omnivorous feeding on both plants and animals. plastron the lower shell of a turtle or tortoise. subspecies a population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species, but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species .\nis one of the four native species of turtle in taiwan. it is also found in china, japan, and northern and central vietnam. however, populations are decreasing as a result of habitat loss and collection for the chinese herbal medicine and pet markets. the international union for conservation of nature considers\nvan dijk, p. p. (2000) the status of turtles in asia. in: van dijk, p. p. , stuart, b. i. and rhodin, a. g. j. (eds .) asian turtle trade: proceedings of a workshop on conservation and trade of freshwater turtles and tortoises in asia. chelonian research monographs 2, chelonian research foundation, lunenburg .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 frameset / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: considered endangered in viet nam and china; and a corresponding decline has been observed in market supply (b. chan, r. kan, m. lau, pers. comms. . it is considered vu a1c in taiwan (t. chen, pers. comm .) .\nan errata assessment is required to generate a revised pdf without the range map which had been included in error; no range map was available when this assessment was originally published .\n( errata version published in 2016). the iucn red list of threatened species 2000: e. t39613a97371342 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nasia’s turtles are also affected by land use changes, habitat destruction, water pollution and the invasion of foreign species (2) (7). life history characteristics of turtles, including delayed sexual maturity and a long lifespan, also increase their vulnerability to human pressures (10) .\nernst, c. h. , altenburg, r. g. m. and barbour, r. w. (1997) turtles of the world. eti information systems ltd, netherlands. available at: urltoken\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact: arkive @ urltoken\nyasukawa, y. , ota, h. and iverson, j. b. (1996) geographic variation and sexual size dimorphism in mauremys mutica (cantor, 1842) (reptilia: bataguridae), with description of a new subspecies from the southern ryukyus, japan. zoological science, 13: 303 - 317 .\nshi, h. , fan, z. , yin, f. and yuan, z. (2004) new data on the trade and captive breeding of turtles in guangxi province, south china. asian herpetological research, 10: 126 - 128 .\nparham, j. f. , simison, w. b. , kozak, k. h. , feldman, c. r. and shi, h. (2001) new chinese turtles: endangered or invalid? a reassessment of two species using mitochondrial dna, allozyme electrophoresis and known - locality specimens. animal conservation, 4: 357 - 367 .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive' s online content for private, scientific, conservation or educational purposes only. it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild, an elite squadron of science superheroes, needs your help! your mission: protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no. 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 (c) (3) non - profit organisation in the usa\nmauremys mutica are native to taiwan, china and vietnam, with a subspecies found in the ryuku island os japan. little is known about their natural ecology and current population satus. the past year we have travelled to hunan, guangxi, guangdong, fujian, jiangsu and hainan provinces to better understand current distributions and population status. we found that the southern type is extremely rare in the wild. the southern type is only found in hainan, guangxi and vietnam. we have not been able to locate any areas where the vilagers can consistenly collect this species. the northern type has several areas where viable populations can currently be found in the wild. these areas are being prepared to study the natural ecology of this species threought mark - recapture and radio telemetry studies .\nour search has resulted in over 40 known locality samples to be collected, this is the most known locality samples fro this species and these will be used to determine taxonomic status and to assess population structure .\nthe text and images for this case study are uploaded by the grant recipient to raise awareness of the conservation work being done. through its website the fund provides the platform, but is not responsible for text or image content of case studies .\n© mohamed bin zayed species conservation fund 2013, all rights reserved. website by intex digital\ncincinnati zoo & botanical garden 3400 vine st. cincinnati, ohio 45220 (513) 281 - 4700\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\nmitochondrial dna a dna mapp seq anal. 2016 jul; 27 (4): 2466 - 7. doi: 10. 3109 / 19401736. 2015. 1033700. epub 2015 jun 10 .\nzhao j 1, 2, li w 1, zhang d 1, wen p 1, 2, zhu x 1 .\na key laboratory of tropical & subtropical fishery resource application & cultivation of ministry of agriculture, pearl river fisheries research institute, chinese academy of fishery sciences, guangzhou, p. r. china and .\nb college of fisheries and life science, shanghai ocean university, shanghai, p. r. china .\nthe complete mitochondrial genomes of three lineages (n, tw and s) of mauremys mutica are determined in this study. the total lengths of the mitogenomes were 16, 758 bp for n, 16 500bp for tw, and 16 494bp for s. the nucleotide composition was 26. 3 - 27% for t, 26. 2 - 26. 8% for c, and 33. 8 - 33. 9% for a. the genomes encoded 37 genes typically found in other vertebrates. three csbs were identified, and the csb1 were variable. a long tandem repeats of (ttattata) 30 were found in the control region of n mitogenome, but none in tw and s lineage. these sequences would be useful for the phylogenetic and conservation studies of asian endangered turtles .\nthis information can serve as baseline reference data for future health assessment studies of free - ranging and captive m. mutica, and for epidemiologic, conservation, and captive - breeding studies .\nblood analyses are useful, widely used tools that aid in the diagnosis and monitoring of animal health and disease, and in the differentiation of physiologic processes. these techniques have been used with several wildlife species, especially with threatened or endangered populations, and may aid in evaluating ecosystem health (kenichi et al .\n). animals have very complicated and delicate responses to stress that protect against environmental perturbations and which may be disadvantageous to their physiology, psychology, growth, and breeding (bharath et al .\n). the blood of reptiles contains nucleated erythrocytes, nucleated thrombocytes, heterophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes. hematology is used to detect conditions related to these cells, such as anemia, inflammatory diseases, parasitemias, hematopoietic disorders, and hemostatic alterations (terry\n). blood biochemical profiles are often used to assess the physiologic status of reptilian patients. factors that affect the hematologic and plasma biochemical values of reptiles include environmental conditions, age, gender, nutrition, season, use of anesthetics, and the physiologic status of the reptile such as dehydration and estrus (dessauer\nhave not yet been published. the purpose of this study was to establish accurate baseline values of clinical laboratory data for\nwith regard to sex and season. the data presented should be beneficial to the conservative medicine of this endangered species .\nclinically normal adult males (n = 18) and females (n = 35) of m. mutica were maintained together in an outdoor enclosure at the laboratory animal facility, national taiwan univ. (taipei, taiwan). the enclosure measured 15 m 2, contained three basking areas, had sand as bedding material, and two 4. 3 - m 2 ponds. fresh vegetables, fruit, liver, and commercial pellet food were provided at 2% of body weight (bw) every 2 to 3 days. the frequency of feeding depended on the weather and appetite. if the food was finished within 10 min, additional food was given. differences in activity and behaviors like swimming and nesting were recorded, and blood samples were collected in april, august, and november 2010 and in february 2011. bw was measured to the nearest 5 g with an electric scale, and the maximum straight carapace length was measured to the nearest 1 mm with vernier calipers each time blood was collected .\nturtles were sedated with an intramuscular injection of 5 to 10 mg / kg tiletamine - zolazepam (zoletil®, virbac, carros, france), and 1 ml of blood was obtained from the jugular vein using a 29 - gauge × 12. 7 - mm needle. blood was placed in two tubes of 0. 25 and 0. 75 ml containing lithium heparin, respectively: 0. 75 ml of blood was centrifuged at 2, 000× g for 3 min to separate the plasma used for biochemistry analysis, and 0. 25 ml of blood was used to obtain data on the packed cell volume (pcv), hemoglobin (hb) concentration, red blood cell (rbc) and white blood cell (wbc) counts, and wbc differential count .\nplasma biochemical assays were performed using an automatic analyzer (vitros® 350 chemistry system, ortho clinical diagnostics, johnson & johnson, melbourne, australia). the assays included in the clinical chemistry profile were aspartate aminotransferase (ast), blood urea nitrogen (bun), calcium, uric acid, cholesterol, creatinine, creatine kinase (ck), glucose, phosphorous, total protein (tp), triglyceride, lactate dehydrogenase (ldh), sodium, potassium, and chloride. detailed techniques and reference methods applied for each analyte were according to the online datasheet of vitros® instructions (available at\nan air - dried blood smear was stained with liu’s stain (liu’s stain a and b, ask®, taipei, taiwan), and a manual 100 - cell differential count was obtained. wbc and rbc counts were performed using a hemocytometer and natt and herick’s solution (terry et al .\nfor 3 min to determine the pcv. hb was assayed by the cyanmethemoglobin method. the mean cell volume (mcv), mean cell hb (mch), and mean cell hb concentration (mchc) were calculated using the formulae: mcv = (pcv / rbc) × 10; mch = (hb / rbc) × 10; and mchc = (hb / pcv %) × 100 .\noutliers were deleted if the difference between the outlying value and adjacent value exceeded one third of the total range of all values. in addition, values over three - times the standard deviation (sd) were deleted (lumsden et al .\ndescriptive statistics and distributions for each data variable were examined using sas, vers. 8. 2 (sas institute, cary, nc, usa). mean values and the sd were calculated for males and females in each season. a kolmogorov - smirnov test (\n< 0. 05) was used to ascertain whether the data were from a gaussian distribution (lumsden et al .\n< 0. 05) was used on all blood and biochemical variables to test for effects of season, sex, and the interaction of sex and season. if the data were not from a gaussian population, the data were log - transformed before being analyzed. scheffe’s\ngroup comparisons. for results that did not significantly differ between the sexes, reference values were determined from values pooled from male and female turtles in each season (lumsden et al .\naccording to the central weather bureau of taiwan, monthly average temperatures in taipei in april, august, and november 2010 and february 2011 were 20. 7°c, 30. 0°c, 21. 5°c, and 16. 9°c, respectively. monthly average humidity levels were 78% , 72% , 75. 4% , and 78% , respectively .\nall turtles had overwintered from december to late february, spending most of their time in the water. but during very cold periods, they would leave the water and' huddle’ together in a gap and sometimes bury themselves in the sand. at such times, their activity and appetite decreased but had returned to normal by march, at the onset of spring. some minor wounds were discovered during the mating season between late march and september, attributable to copulation and fighting activities; however, no major injuries were found. during the study period, all females were gravid. gravid females reproduce normally between may and early october according to a previously described timeline (dessauer\n). the average bw of all turtles was 790. 6 (range, 1, 160to 575) g. the average carapace length was 17. 7 (range, 20. 3 to 15. 7) cm .\nthere were no significant differences in hematological values between males and females. for both sexes, values of the pcv, hb, and basophil differential count were significantly higher in spring. values of rbcs, and heterophil and lymphocyte differential counts were significantly higher in summer. values of the monocyte differential count were significantly lower in fall. values for wbcs and the monocyte count were significantly higher in winter. values for the lymphocyte count were significantly lower in winter (table\n). there were interactions between sex and season for the monocyte count. hematological reference values for males and females of\na means significantly higher (h) or lower (l) than for the other sex or the other seasons. b two - way anova (p < 0. 05). c nsd, no significant difference. * * p < 0. 01. rbcs, red blood cells; pcv, packed cell volume; hb, hemoglobin; wbcs, white blood cells .\nhb, hemoglobin; pcv, packed cell volume; rbcs red blood cells; wbcs, white blood cells; ast, aspartate aminotransferase; ldh, lactate dehydrogenase; bun, blood urea nitrogen; ck, creatine kinase .\nin females, ldh, uric acid, calcium, cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations were significantly higher than those in males. males had significantly higher ck and ast concentrations. both sexes showed significantly higher concentrations of ast, bun, calcium, cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, and total protein in spring; concentrations of phosphorus, uric acid, creatinine, potassium, and chloride were significantly higher in summer. the concentration of total protein was significantly lower in fall. the concentration of sodium was significantly lower in winter and was significantly higher in winter (table\nmeans significantly higher (h) or lower (l) than for the other sex or the other seasons .\nweather patterns in taiwan can be divided into two seasons: summer and winter. therefore, we chose the months with the highest and lowest average temperatures to investigate seasonal variations in blood parameters. in addition, spring was included in order to determine the effect of reproduction on reference values, and fall refers to the specific time period 2 to 3 months before turtles began overwintering .\nast, glucose, total protein, cholesterol, and triglyceride values peaked in spring, which may have been due to higher copulation activity and egg production during this period (cheng et al .\n). tissue injury and mating stress caused by copulation may have resulted in increased ast and glucose values (terry et al .\n). there were significant differences in calcium, cholesterol, and triglyceride values between the sexes and among seasons. higher values in females than in males, and in mating than in non - mating seasons are consistent with the occurrence of egg production and vitellogenesis (dessauer\n), because higher circulating calcium will support the demand for egg - shell production, and circulating protein, cholesterol, and triglyceride are main materials for follicular development .\nincreased metabolic activity may be reflected in increased enzyme activity in plasma (christopher et al .\n) and vice versa. the significantly higher heterophil count in summer may have been due to increased metabolic activity, fighting, feeding, and copulation behaviors which cause tissue damage and inflammation (terry\n). the significantly lower total protein value in fall and significantly lower glucose value in winter may have been due to lower activity levels and metabolic rate .\ngiven that proteins may serve as an energy source during hibernation, chelonians will produce and store nitrogenous wastes in the bladder. during this time, bun values are elevated, and osmolarity increases to prevent water loss. after hibernation, the bun value of chelonians decreases as water intake increases (dessauer\ndietary sodium is absorbed from the intestines and transported to the kidneys where it is excreted or resorbed depending on a reptile’s need for sodium. reptilian sodium and potassium metabolism involves an active renin - angiotensin system with direct action on osmoregulation (terry\n). the significantly higher sodium level in winter may be explained by greater water loss or lower water intake during the winter because turtles spend less time in the water and more time on land in very cold periods. serum potassium levels can be affected by dietary potassium intake, gastrointestinal potassium loss, and renal secretion (terry\n). in this study, significantly higher potassium levels in summer may have been due to greater food intake in the warmer time period. blood chloride concentrations provide the least clinically useful information about electrolytes (terry\n). thus, significantly higher chloride concentrations during summer may be of little use for the indicating an animal’s condition .\nin the authors’ experience, blood sampling from the jugular vein of m. mutica was relatively difficult, compared to other chelonians of the same size. identification of the jugular vein was complicated by the thick, wrinkled, green skin. therefore, the use of a 29 - guage needle increased the likelihood of successful venipuncture. hemolysis was rarely encountered because the blood - drawing process was performed with care. however, the difficulty of sampling limited the size of m. mutica individuals that could be used for blood sampling and reduced the available sample size .\nthe authors acknowledge the forestry bureau, council of agriculture, executive yuan and national taiwan univ. veterinary hospital for supporting this research .\nphy participated in the design of the study and drafted the manuscript. pyy participated in the design of the study and performed the statistical analysis. ysc participated in the sequence alignment. chc conceived the study and participated in its design and coordination. all authors read and approved the final manuscript .\nreference intervals and physiologic alterations in hematologic and biochemical values of free - ranging desert tortoises in the mojave desert .\n. edited by: gans c, parsons ts. new york: academic; 1970: 1–54 .\nhematology and plasma biochemistry reference range values for free - ranging desert tortoises in arizona .\n. 3rd edition. edited by: carl ab, edward ra. philadelphia, pa: wb saunders; 1999: 336–356 .\n. 2nd edition. edited by: douglus rm. saunders elsevier: st louis, mo; 2006: 453–470 .\n. 3rd edition. edited by: terry wc, christine ke. wiley - blackwell: ames, ia; 2007: 51–89 .\nthis article is published under license to biomed central ltd. this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license (\n), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited .\nby using this website, you agree to our terms and conditions, privacy statement and cookies policy. manage the cookies we use in the preference centre." ]

{ "text": [ "the yellow pond turtle ( mauremys mutica ) , is a medium-sized ( to 19.5 cm ) , semi-aquatic turtle in the family geoemydidae .", "this species has a characteristic broad yellow stripe extending behind the eye and down the neck ; the carapace ranges in color from grayish brown to brown and the plastron is yellow or orange with black blotches along the outer edges .", "it is found in east asia , ranging from central vietnam , north through the coastal provinces of south and central china .", "additional insular populations are found in taiwan , hainan , ryukyu islands , and japan .", "the japanese populations are believed to have been introduced as a result of imports from taiwan .", "this species inhabits ponds , creeks , swamps , marshes and other bodies of shallow , slow-moving water .", "it is omnivorous , feeding on insects , fish , tadpoles , and vegetable matter such as leaves and seeds .", "the yellow pond turtle generally remains in or close to water during the day but may become more active at night and during rainy weather , when it sometimes ventures onto land .", "one subspecies , mauremys mutica kami , is currently recognized in the ryukyu islands .", "research has shown unexpected genetic diversity in m. mutica , raising the possibility that additional subspecies might exist .", "evidence of widespread hybridization further complicates efforts to understand the genetics of this and related species .", "several hybrid asian pond turtles that were described as new species have been found to be hybrids .", "fujian pond turtles ( mauremys iversoni ) are hybrid specimens mainly produced in chinese turtle farms , usually from matings between female yellow pond turtles and golden coin turtles ( cuora trifasciata ) males .", "the supposed mauremys pritchardi turtles are wild and captive-bred hybrids between the present species and the chinese pond turtle ( chinemys reevesi ) .", "the yellow pond turtle is threatened with extinction .", "china is the largest consumer of turtles in the world and this trade has been cited as the greatest threat to asian turtles including m. mutica .", "most of the turtle trade is destined for human consumption but traditional medicine and the pet trade are also driving demand for turtles .", "habit loss and water pollution are additional impacts .", "the iucn considers m. mutica an endangered species and it is listed in cites appendix ii . " ], "topic": [ 21, 23, 20, 20, 17, 13, 8, 28, 5, 17, 17, 21, 21, 21, 17, 17, 15, 17, 17 ] }

[ "the yellow pond turtle (mauremys mutica), is a medium-sized (to 19.5 cm), semi-aquatic turtle in the family geoemydidae. this species has a characteristic broad yellow stripe extending behind the eye and down the neck; the carapace ranges in color from grayish brown to brown and the plastron is yellow or orange with black blotches along the outer edges. it is found in east asia, ranging from central vietnam, north through the coastal provinces of south and central china. additional insular populations are found in taiwan, hainan, ryukyu islands, and japan. the japanese populations are believed to have been introduced as a result of imports from taiwan. this species inhabits ponds, creeks, swamps, marshes and other bodies of shallow, slow-moving water. it is omnivorous, feeding on insects, fish, tadpoles, and vegetable matter such as leaves and seeds. the yellow pond turtle generally remains in or close to water during the day but may become more active at night and during rainy weather, when it sometimes ventures onto land. one subspecies, mauremys mutica kami, is currently recognized in the ryukyu islands. research has shown unexpected genetic diversity in m. mutica, raising the possibility that additional subspecies might exist. evidence of widespread hybridization further complicates efforts to understand the genetics of this and related species. several hybrid asian pond turtles that were described as new species have been found to be hybrids. fujian pond turtles (mauremys iversoni) are hybrid specimens mainly produced in chinese turtle farms, usually from matings between female yellow pond turtles and golden coin turtles (cuora trifasciata) males. the supposed mauremys pritchardi turtles are wild and captive-bred hybrids between the present species and the chinese pond turtle (chinemys reevesi). the yellow pond turtle is threatened with extinction. china is the largest consumer of turtles in the world and this trade has been cited as the greatest threat to asian turtles including m. mutica. most of the turtle trade is destined for human consumption but traditional medicine and the pet trade are also driving demand for turtles. habit loss and water pollution are additional impacts. the iucn considers m. mutica an endangered species and it is listed in cites appendix ii." ]

[ "for example, the puerto rican hutia (isolobodon portoricensis) was probably indigenous to hispaniola and introduced to puerto rico and some of the virgin islands, but it is now extinct. some hutias are not endangered, but others are rare and becoming more so owing to human population expansion and…\nthis species was known from hispaniola (haiti and dominican republic) and offshore islands. it was introduced to puerto rico, saint thomas, saint croix, and mona islands. it was the only known hutia on la gonave island (woods and kilpatrick, 2005) .\ncomments: even though the type locality is puerto rico, the species was apparently introduced there by amerindians and the natural range is restricted to hispaniola. reported as extinct by hall (1981: 868), but this species survived in hispaniola and puerto rico until the last few decades, and may still survive in certain remote areas (woods et al. , 1985). includes levir (reynolds et al. , 1953 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nmcknight, m. (global mammal assessment team) & amori, g. (small nonvolant mammal red list authority )\njustification: listed as extinct because it has not been recorded for more than century .\nmacphee and flemming (1999) consider this species to be extinct. this species likely went extinct after 1500 ad (estimated at 1525 ad on mona island by nieves - rivera and mcfarlane 2001) following european settlement although some reports exist suggesting possible survival to approximately 1800 ad .\nthis species was poorly known, although a wide range of habitats has been reported .\nthe main threat in the past which led to the decline of this population was probably predation by introduced mongooses and rattus rattus. the species was historically hunted by arawak indians, however, this likely did not lead to the decline of the species as it went extinct following european settlement .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthis is a directory page. britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\nanimal, (kingdom animalia), any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms (i. e. , as distinct from…\nhorse, (equus caballus), a hoofed, herbivorous mammal of the family equidae. it comprises a single species, …\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish, wildlife, and plants in idaho .\nbanks, r. c. , r. w. mcdiarmid, and a. l. gardner\nchecklist of vertebrates of the united states, the u. s. territories, and canada\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 2nd ed. , 3rd printing\nwoods, charles a. , and c. william kilpatrick / wilson, don e. , and deeann m. reeder, eds .\nmammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 3rd ed. , vol. 2\nstatus: iucn - critically endangered, probably extinct, but possibly surviving on la tortue isl off the n coast of haiti (woods et al. , 1985 )\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service." ]

{ "text": [ "the puerto rican hutia ( isolobodon portoricensis ) is an extinct species of rodent in the family capromyidae .", "it was found in the dominican republic , haiti , and puerto rico .", "the puerto rican hutia was a vital food source for the amerindians for many years .", "with being hunted by arawak indians , they continued to survive until the arrival of early european explorers .", "christopher columbus and his crew are believed to have eaten the species upon their arrival .", "the species declined following european colonization of the west indies .", "it is unclear whether it survived after facing threats from the early introduction of black rats ( rattus rattus ) by the first european settlers around 1500 , although it may have been finally wiped out by introduced mongooses in the nineteenth or early 20th century .", "although commonly regarded as extinct , some researchers hold out hopes that the species still survives in undisturbed refuges . " ], "topic": [ 29, 20, 15, 17, 17, 17, 17, 17 ] }

[ "the puerto rican hutia (isolobodon portoricensis) is an extinct species of rodent in the family capromyidae. it was found in the dominican republic, haiti, and puerto rico. the puerto rican hutia was a vital food source for the amerindians for many years. with being hunted by arawak indians, they continued to survive until the arrival of early european explorers. christopher columbus and his crew are believed to have eaten the species upon their arrival. the species declined following european colonization of the west indies. it is unclear whether it survived after facing threats from the early introduction of black rats (rattus rattus) by the first european settlers around 1500, although it may have been finally wiped out by introduced mongooses in the nineteenth or early 20th century. although commonly regarded as extinct, some researchers hold out hopes that the species still survives in undisturbed refuges." ]

[ "zool. porcupine castor bean [ drupa rubusidaeus, syn. : d. (ricinella) rubusidaeus, d. (ricinella) purpurata, d. fragum, d. spathulifera, purpura spathulifera, ricinella purpurata, ricinula reeveana ]\nzool. strawberry drupe [ drupa rubusidaeus, syn. : d. (ricinella) rubusidaeus, d. (ricinella) purpurata, d. fragum, d. spathulifera, purpura spathulifera, ricinella purpurata, ricinula reeveana, r. miticula ]\nzool. brilliant drupe [ drupa rubusidaeus, syn. : d. (ricinella) rubusidaeus, d. (ricinella) purpurata, d. fragum, d. spathulifera, purpura spathulifera, ricinella purpurata, ricinula reeveana, r. miticula ]\nzool. rose drupe [ drupa rubusidaeus, syn. : d. (ricinella) rubusidaeus, d. (ricinella) purpurata, d. fragum, d. spathulifera, purpura spathulifera, ricinella purpurata, ricinula reeveana, r. miticula ]\nzool. prickly pacific drupe [ drupa ricinus, syn. : d. (drupa) ricinus, d, rubuscaesius, d. tribulus, murex hystrix, m. ricinus, purpura hystrix, ricinula hystrix, sistrum album ]\nzool. prickly spotted drupe [ drupa ricinus, syn. : d. (drupa) ricinus, d, rubuscaesius, d. tribulus, murex hystrix, m. ricinus, purpura hystrix, ricinula hystrix, sistrum album ]\nzool. spider - like castor bean [ drupa ricinus, syn. : d. (drupa) ricinus, d, rubuscaesius, d. tribulus, murex hystrix, m. ricinus, purpura hystrix, ricinula hystrix, sistrum album ]\n( of drupa spathulifera (blainville, 1832) ) spry, j. f. (1961). the sea shells of dar es salaam: gastropods. tanganyika notes and records 56 [ details ]\nzool. mulberry drupe [ drupa morum, syn. : d. morum morum, d. horrida, d. violacea, canrena neritoidea, nerita nodosa, pentadactylis globosa, ricinella violacea, ricinula globosa, r. horrida ]\npurple (pacific) drupe [ drupa morum, syn. : d. morum morum, d. horrida, d. violacea, canrena neritoidea, nerita nodosa, pentadactylis globosa, ricinella violacea, ricinula globosa, r. horrida ]\nzool. rough castor bean [ drupa morum, syn. : d. morum morum, d. horrida, d. violacea, canrena neritoidea, nerita nodosa, pentadactylis globosa, ricinella violacea, ricinula globosa, r. horrida ]\nclaremont m. , reid d. g. & williams s. t. (2012) speciation and dietary specialization in drupa, a genus of predatory marine snails (gastropoda: muricidae). zoologica scripta 41: 137 - 149. [ details ]\n( of drupa (ricinella) rubusidaea röding, 1798) houart r. , kilburn r. n. & marais a. p. (2010) muricidae. pp. 176 - 270, in: marais a. p. & seccombe a. d. (eds), identification guide to the seashells of south africa. volume 1. groenkloof: centre for molluscan studies. 376 pp. [ details ]\nhouart r. , kilburn r. n. & marais a. p. (2010) muricidae. pp. 176 - 270, in: marais a. p. & seccombe a. d. (eds), identification guide to the seashells of south africa. volume 1. groenkloof: centre for molluscan studies. 376 pp. [ details ]\n( of purpura spathulifera blainville, 1832) blainville h. m. d. de. (1832). disposition méthodique des espèces récentes et fossiles des genres pourpre, ricinule, licorne et concholepas de m. de lamarck, et description des espèces nouvelles ou peu connues, faisant partie de la collection du muséum d' histoire naturelle de paris. nouvelles annales du muséum d' histoire naturelle. 1: 189 - 263, pls 9 - 12. page (s): 212, pl. 9 fig. 8 [ details ]\nclaremont m. , vermeij g. j. , williams s. t. & reid d. g. (2013) global phylogeny and new classification of the rapaninae (gastropoda: muricidae), dominant molluscan predators on tropical rocky seashores. molecular phylogenetics and evolution 66: 91–102. [ published online 28 september 2012; code - compliant paper version published january 2013 ] [ details ]\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43. 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed. my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nshells for sale, shells online « shells for sale, conchology, inc .\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology, inc. in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only, as we handle very few foreign shells in general. as time goes, the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information: family, species, author, date, and full locality .\n© 1996 - 2018 guido t. poppe & philippe poppe - conchology, inc. (0. 365 seconds. )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\noccurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution. it is calculated as the% of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed\nabundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect, where present .\nplease use this form only for a single type of error. if you see multiple errors on the page for this species, please report these in separate forms by clicking on this button again after submitting this form\nthank you for highlighting this error. we appreciate your assistance in maintaining high quality control standards\nbot. (black) carrot [ daucus carota, syn. : d. abyssinicus, d. aegyptiacus, d. azoricus, d. carota ssp. sativus, d. gigidium, d. glaberrimus, d. hispanicus, d. rupestris ]\nbot. black carrot [ daucus carota, syn. : d. abyssinicus, d. aegyptiacus, d. azoricus, d. carota ssp. sativus, d. gigidium, d. glaberrimus, d. hispanicus, d. rupestris ]\nbot. eastern carrot [ daucus carota, syn. : d. abyssinicus, d. aegyptiacus, d. azoricus, d. carota ssp. sativus, d. gigidium, d. glaberrimus, d. hispanicus, d. rupestris ]\nbot. mediterranean carrot [ daucus carota, syn. : d. abyssinicus, d. aegyptiacus, d. azoricus, d. carota ssp. sativus, d. gigidium, d. glaberrimus, d. hispanicus, d. rupestris ]\nbot. purple carrot [ daucus carota, syn. : d. abyssinicus, d. aegyptiacus, d. azoricus, d. carota ssp. sativus, d. gigidium, d. glaberrimus, d. hispanicus, d. rupestris ]\nbot. queen' s lace [ daucus carota, syn. : d. abyssinicus, d. aegyptiacus, d. azoricus, d. carota ssp. sativus, d. gigidium, d. glaberrimus, d. hispanicus, d. rupestris ]\nbot. queen anne' s lace [ daucus carota, syn. : d. abyssinicus, d. aegyptiacus, d. azoricus, d. carota ssp. sativus, d. gigidium, d. glaberrimus, d. hispanicus, d. rupestris ]\nzool. sea lemon [ doris pseudoargus, syn. : d. brittanica, d. flammea, d. flavipes, d. leuckartii, d. schembri, d. tuberculata, archidoris pseudoargus ]\nzool. dusky doris [ onchidoris bilamellata, syn. : o. elfortiana, ancylodoris baicalensis, doris bilamellata, d. coronata, d. echinata, d. fusca, d. lamellosa, d. liturata, d. verrucosa, ]\nzool. barnacle - eating onchidoris [ onchidoris bilamellata, syn. : o. elfortiana, ancylodoris baicalensis, doris bilamellata, d. coronata, d. echinata, d. fusca, d. lamellosa, d. liturata, d. verrucosa, ]\nzool. rough - mantled doris [ onchidoris bilamellata, syn. : o. elfortiana, ancylodoris baicalensis, doris bilamellata, d. coronata, d. echinata, d. fusca, d. lamellosa, d. liturata, d. verrucosa ]\nzool. rough - mantled nudibranch [ onchidoris bilamellata, syn. : o. elfortiana, ancylodoris baicalensis, doris bilamellata, d. coronata, d. echinata, d. fusca, d. lamellosa, d. liturata, d. verrucosa, ]\nzool. rough - mantled nudibranch [ onchidoris bilamellata, syn. : o. elfortiana, ancylodoris baicalensis, doris bilamellata, d. coronata, d. echinata, d. fusca, d. lamellosa, d. liturata, d. verrucosa ]\nzool. wandering mussel [ dreissena polymorpha, syn. : d. aralensis, d. lutetiana, d. magnifica, d. occidentalis, d. paradoxa, mytilus arca, m. fluvis, pinna fluviatilis ]\nzool. zebra mussel [ dreissena polymorpha, syn. : d. aralensis, d. lutetiana, d. magnifica, d. occidentalis, d. paradoxa, mytilus arca, m. fluvis, pinna fluviatilis ]\nzool. frond eolis [ dendronotus frondosus, syn. : d. aurantiacus, d. luteolus, d. purpureus, d. rufus, d. venustus, amphitrite frondosa, campaspe pusilla, doris cervina, tritonia arborescens ]\nentom. alaska spruce beetle [ dendroctonus rufipennis, syn. : d. borealis, d. engelmanni, d. obesus, d. piceaperda, d. similis, hylurgus rufipennis ]\nzool. bushy - backed nudibranch [ dendronotus frondosus, syn. : d. aurantiacus, d. luteolus, d. purpureus, d. rufus, d. venustus, amphitrite frondosa, campaspe pusilla, doris cervina, tritonia arborescens ]\nentom. eastern spruce beetle [ dendroctonus rufipennis, syn. : d. borealis, d. engelmanni, d. obesus, d. piceaperda, d. similis, hylurgus rufipennis ]\nentom. engelmann spruce beetle [ dendroctonus rufipennis, syn. : d. borealis, d. engelmanni, d. obesus, d. piceaperda, d. similis, hylurgus rufipennis ]\nentom. sitka - spruce beetle [ dendroctonus rufipennis, syn. : d. borealis, d. engelmanni, d. obesus, d. piceaperda, d. similis, hylurgus rufipennis ]\nentom. red - winged pine beetle [ dendroctonus rufipennis, syn. : d. borealis, d. engelmanni, d. obesus, d. piceaperda, d. similis, hylurgus rufipennis ]\nzool. chestnut (african) climbing mouse [ dendromus mystacalis, syn. : d. acraeus, d. jamesoni, d. lineatus, d. ochropus ]\nunter folgender adresse kannst du auf diese übersetzung verlinken: urltoken tipps: doppelklick neben begriff = rück - übersetzung — neue wörterbuch - abfrage: einfach jetzt tippen! suchzeit: 0. 725 sek .\n), möglichst mit einem guten beleg im kommentarfeld. wichtig: bitte hilf auch bei der\nlimited input mode - mehr als 1000 ungeprüfte übersetzungen! du kannst trotzdem eine neue übersetzung vorschlagen, wenn du dich einloggst und andere vorschläge im contribute - bereich überprüfst. pro review kannst du dort einen neuen wörterbuch - eintrag eingeben (bis zu einem limit von 500 unverifizierten einträgen pro benutzer) .\ndieses deutsch - englisch - wörterbuch basiert auf der idee der freien weitergabe von wissen. mehr informationen! enthält übersetzungen von der tu chemnitz sowie aus mr honey' s business dictionary (englisch / deutsch). vielen dank dafür! links auf dieses wörterbuch oder einzelne übersetzungen sind herzlich willkommen! fragen und antworten\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nin: molluscabase (2017) accessed through: world register of marine species at urltoken on 2017 - 09 - 12 .\ncatalogue of polyplacophora, gastropoda, scaphopoda & cephalopoda specimens deposited in the university museum (fujukan), university of the ryukyus .\ncatalogue of materials deposited in the university museum (fujukan), university of the ryukyus no. 6. ryukyu university museum (fujukan), nishihara, 1 - 253pp. (in japanese) .\nin: okutani, t. (ed .), marine mollusks in japan. tokai university press, tokyo, 365 - 421 (in japanese) .\noccurrence record in darwincore format (elements of obis schema and some of dwc1. 4 )\njavascript is disabled! not all shop functions are available. please check your browser settings .\n19% vat incl. excl. shipping costs shipping weight: 0. 010 kg delivery: max. 12 workdays (germany) stock level: 16 piece\n19% vat incl. excl. shipping costs shipping weight: 0. 020 kg delivery: max. 12 workdays (germany )\n19% vat incl. excl. shipping costs shipping weight: 0. 010 kg delivery: max. 12 workdays (germany )\n' * price per piece, unless otherwise marked by number in brackets following product' s name, e. g. (x2) for 2 pieces or (10g) for a portion of 10 grams .\nin case you buy this article, you will get the pictured specimen only when it is depicted as * unique * in the product description. otherwise, pictures serve as representative examples and the article you will get will be very similar to the photo.'\n[ röding, p. f. ] [ 1798 ]. museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturæ quæ olim collegerat joa. fried bolten, m. d. p. d. per xl. annos proto physicus hamburgensis. pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia, bivalvia & multivalvia. - pp. [ 1 - 3 ], [ 1 - 8 ], 1 - 199. hamburgi. (trapp) .\nyou will be directed to the entry page of the digitized work. go to the page you need in the navigation system there .\nerroneously listed for j. f. bolten in sherborn, 1902 but the reference was an\nanonymously published\nwork that is to be attributed to röding, 1798 .\nthe basic data of this taxon were not entered consulting the original description, but from secondary sources .\nmerci de saisir vos informations de connexions. vous pouvez demander la création d' un compte directement en cliquant ici\nmot de passe oublié? saisissez votre adresse email ci - dessous. si vous ne retrouvez pas l' adresse email correspondant à votre compte merci de nous contacter directement\nthis shell has been added to your booking list. show my booking list continue browsing shell\nyou have to be logged to be able to book and buy shells. click here to log in or create an account .\nwe’ve partnered with invision to make it easier to search and download our images in sketch and adobe® photoshop® .\n{ { t (' more _ than _ one _ credit', { zero: calc. totalcreditcost }) } }\nonce this video clip is done converting, you' ll be able to download it from your video conversion queue or download history .\neditorial use only photos don' t have any model or property releases, which means they can' t be used for commercial, promotional, advertorial or endorsement purposes. this type of content is intended to be used in connection with events that are newsworthy or of general interest (for example, in a blog, textbook, newspaper or magazine article) .\nthis format requires a quick conversion (usually under 5 mins) before download begins, or you can get the largest and smallest formats immediately .\nby clicking\nconfirm download\nyou agree that you' ve read and agree to all applicable license agreements for this download .\nspry, j. f. (1961). the sea shells of dar es salaam: gastropods. tanganyika notes and records 56 [ details ]\nspace as a resource for predatory gastropods on heron island reef, great barr ...\ndata on worm - eating gastropod microhabitat use and abundance within microhabitats were collected along transects located on the heron island reef crest between november 1975 and ...\nthe distribution, size and diet of predatory gastropods was investigated on 4 reef platforms on the great barrier reef: low isles, green island, heron island and one tree ...\nyou can also access this registry using the api (see api docs) .\nthe distribution, size and diet of predatory gastropods was investigated on 4 reef platforms on the great barrier reef: low isles, green island, heron island and one tree island. some additional data was also collected from ellison reef. gastropod diets were determined from analysis of undigested prey remains (polychaete setae and jaws, gastropod radulae, jaws, and opercula, sipunculan hooks, fish bones and scales) in gastropod faeces. prey were identified to species where possible, but in many cases only family - level identification was possible. to estimate predator preference, the relative abundance of prey in diets of all gastropods from heron island reef was estimated .\n{\ntype\n:\npoint\n,\ncoordinates\n: [ 151. 957423, - 23. 450309 ] }\nto provide you with additional information about how we collect and use your personal data, we' ve recently updated our privacy policy and terms of service. please review these pages now, as they apply to your continued use of our website .\nruddy shelduck, known as the brahminy duck, is in a park. ruddy shelduck, known as the brahminy duck, is in a park. ruddy shelduck, known as the brahminy duck, is in a park. rare white tiger slose portrait bobcat, lynx rufus, sitting on gray rocks group of pelicans sitting on tree in th lake ruddy shelduck, known as the brahminy duck, is in a park. sleeping red fox, vulpes vulpes, in hokkaido, japan a family of meerkats got out of the hole early in the morning\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\nabbott rt, dance sp (1986) compendium of seashells. american malacologist, melbourne, fla\nbrakel wh (1982) tidal patterns on the east african coast and their implications for the littoral biota. proc symp coastal mar envir red sea, gulf aden trop west indian ocean 2: 403–418\nbray jr, curtis jt (1957) an ordination of the upland forest communities of southern wisconsin. ecol monogr 27: 325–349\ncatterall cp, poiner ir (1987) the potential impact of human gathering on shellfish populations, with reference to some ne australian intertidal flats. oikos 50: 114–122\nconnell jh (1972) community interactions on marine rocky intertidal shores. ann rev ecol syst 31: 169–192\ncrame aj (1986) late pleistocene molluscan assemblages from the coral reefs of the kenyan coast. coral reefs 4: 183–196\nand associated destruction of hermatypic corals in the indo - west pacific region. biol geol coral reefs 3: 389–438\nevans sm, knowles g, pye - smith c, scott r (1977) conserving shells in kenya. oryx 13: 480–485\nhamilton hgh, brakel wh (1984) structure and coral fauna of east african reefs. bull mar sci 34: 248–266\n( echinoidea: echinodermata) at diani beach, kenya. mar biol 2: 167–172\nkenya tide table (1987) tide tables for east african ports. rodwell, mombasa, kenya\nknowles g (1970) shell - collecting in kenya. report of the university of newcastle - upon - tyne exploration society' s expedition to kenya. university of newcastle - upon - tyne, new castle - upon - tyne\nmacarthur rh, wilson eo (1967) the theory of island biogeography. princeton university press, princeton, nj\nmcclanahan tr (1988a) seasonality in east africa' s coastal waters. mar ecol prog ser 44: 191–199\nmcclanahan tr (1988b) coexistence in a sea urchin guild and its implications to coral reef diversity and degradation. oecologia berlin 77: 210–218\nmcclanahan tr (1989) kenyan coral reef - associated gastropod fauna: a comparison between protected and unprotected reefs. mar ecol prog ser 53: 11–20\nmcclanahan tr, muthiga na (1988) changes in kenyan coral reef community structure and function due to exploitation. hydrobiologia 166: 269–276\nmcclanahan tr, shafir sh (in press) causes and consequences of sea urchin abundance and diversity in kenyan coral reef lagoons. oecologia berlin\n( de blainville), on kenyan coral reefs. j exp mar biol ecol 126: 77–94\nnehss (1984) kwale district assessment report. ministry of environment and natural resources, nairobi, kenya\nreichelt re (1982) space: a non - limiting resource in the niches of some abundant coral reef gastropods. coral reefs 1: 3–11\nrichards d (1984) south african shells: a collectors guide. struik, cape town, south africa\nsorensen t (1948) a method of establishing groups of equal amplitude in plant society based on similarity of species content. k danske vidensk selsk 5: 1–34\nspry jf (1968) the seashells of dar es salaam: 1 gastropods. tanzania society, dar es salaam, tanzania\ntaylor jd (1971) reef associated molluscan assemblages in the western indian ocean. symp zool soc london 28: 501–534\nvillanoy cl, juinio ar, meñez la (1988) fishing mortality rates of giant clams (family tridacnidae) from the sulu archipelago and southern palawan, philippines. coral reefs 7: 1–5\nwells sm (1981) international trade in ornamental corals and shells. proc 4th int coral reef symp 1: 323–330\nwells sm, pyle rm, collins nm (1983) the iucn red data book. iucn, gland, switzerland\nyaninek js (1978) a comparitive survey of reef - associated gastropods at maziwi island, tanzania. j e a nat hist soc nat mus 31: 1–16" ]

{ "text": [ "drupa ( ricinella ) rubusidaeus , common name : the strawberry drupe , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae , the murex snails or rock snails . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "drupa (ricinella) rubusidaeus, common name: the strawberry drupe, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails." ]

[ "coleophora succursella herrich - schäffer, 1855 = casignetella succursella (herrich - schaffer, 1855) = coleophora artemisiae herrich - schäffer 1855 .\ncoleophora - species dictionary - global: ispot nature - your place to share nature. ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature. once you' ve registered, you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "coleophora subparcella is a moth of the coleophoridae family .", "it is found in afghanistan and turkestan .", "the larvae feed on artemisia turanica .", "they create a leafy case , consisting of masticated apices ( apexes ) of individual leaf blades arranged in an imbricate ( overlapping ) pattern on the upper and lower sides .", "the valve is two-sided .", "the length of the case is 6-6.5 mm and it is yellowish-chocolate-brown in color .", "larvae can be found from the beginning of june and ( after diapause ) from april to may . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 8, 1, 23, 1, 20 ] }

[ "coleophora subparcella is a moth of the coleophoridae family. it is found in afghanistan and turkestan. the larvae feed on artemisia turanica. they create a leafy case, consisting of masticated apices (apexes) of individual leaf blades arranged in an imbricate (overlapping) pattern on the upper and lower sides. the valve is two-sided. the length of the case is 6-6.5 mm and it is yellowish-chocolate-brown in color. larvae can be found from the beginning of june and (after diapause) from april to may." ]

[ "family: sphingidae, latreille, 1802 subfamily: sphinginae, latreille, 1802 tribe: sphingini, latreille, 1802 genus: neogene rothschild & jordan, 1903... ...... .. species: intermedia b. p. clark, 1925\nyoung, j. r. , (1998). neogene. in: bown, p. r. (editor) ,\nscyphosphaera intermedia compiled by jeremy r. young, paul r. bown, jacqueline a. lees viewed: 10 - 7 - 2018\nfemales call in the males with a pheromone released from a gland at the tip of the abdomen. adults probably nectar at a variety of flowers .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1. 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\ngeological range: last occurrence (top): within nn15 zone (3. 70 - 3. 92ma, top in zanclean stage). data source: young 1998 first occurrence (base): within nn7 zone (10. 89 - 11. 90ma, base in serravallian stage). data source: young 1998\nhistogram - neptune occurrence data from dsdp and odp proceedings. interpret with caution &\ndeflandre, g. , (1942). coccolithophoridés fossiles d' oranie. genres\n. british micropalaeontological society publications series. chapman & hall, london, pp. 225 - 265 .\ndrooger, c. w. (1952). study of american miogypsinidae. utrecht thesis / dissertation. 1 - 80. [ details ]\nhayward, b. w. ; le coze, f. ; gross, o. (2018). world foraminifera database .\nhayward, b. w. ; tendal, o. s. ; carter, r. ; grenfell, h. r. ; morgans, h. e. g. ; scott, g. h. ; strong, c. p. ; hayward, j. j. (2012). phylum foraminifera: foraminifera, xenophyophores, in: gordon, d. p. (ed .) (2012). new zealand inventory of biodiversity: 3. kingdoms bacteria, protozoa, chromista, plantae, fungi. pp. 242 - 287. [ details ]\nwebsite and databases developed and hosted by vliz · page generated 2018 - 07 - 10 gmt · contact: hayward, b. w .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmainly african and oriental in distribution with very few species in the americas. the hindwing bears a net - like pattern and the proboscis is reduced and non - functional resulting in a somewhat atypical lifestyle compared to other sphingidae. longitudinal stripes and oblique segmental stripes are often present in larvae. the proboscis of the pupa is fused with the body, not looped away from it as in most sphingids. this subfamily was previously considered to be a tribe within the sphinginae. a single tribe, the ambulycini is present in paraguay. (moré et al 2005, scoble 1995) .\npredominately new world in distribution, but some species occur in the old world. characterised by the lack of sensory setae on the inner surface of the first segment of the labial palps, symmetrical male genitalia and female genitalia with both lamella antevaginalis and lamella postvaginalis composing the genital plate. larvae granulose or slightly spinose with paired lateral oblique lines on each section and a well - developed caudal horn. the proboscis is partly looped away from the body in the pupal stage. adults large to very large. two tribes are present in paraguay, the sphingini contains the majority of the species, the acherontiini contains only a single species. (scoble 1995; moré et al 2005) .\n- hawkmoths of the world: an annotated and illustrated revisionary checklist (lepidoptera: sphingidae) - cornell university press, ithaca & london .\n1995 - the lepidoptera: form, function and diversity - oxford university press, oxford .\n1992 - the illustrated encyclopedia of butterflies and moths - select editions, london .\nthanks to ian kitching, jean haxaire and ulf drechsel for assistance with hawkmoth business. designed by paul smith 2006. this website is copyrighted by law. material contained herewith may not be used without the prior written permission of fauna paraguay. special thanks to ulf drechsel for permission to use images from his site urltoken." ]

{ "text": [ "neogene intermedia is a moth of the family sphingidae .", "it is known from paraguay .", "the length of the forewings is about 28 mm .", "it is intermediate between neogene reevei and neogene pictus .", "the thorax and abdomen uppersides are black .", "the forewing upperside is almost as dark as in neogene pictus and much darker than in neogene reevi .", "the median area is lighter than the basal area .", "the forewing underside is similar to that of neogene reevi , but the distal marginal band is much darker and the hindwing upper - and underside pattern is also similar to that of neogene reevi , but the distal marginal band is black as in neogene pictus . " ], "topic": [ 2, 27, 9, 11, 23, 1, 24, 1 ] }

[ "neogene intermedia is a moth of the family sphingidae. it is known from paraguay. the length of the forewings is about 28 mm. it is intermediate between neogene reevei and neogene pictus. the thorax and abdomen uppersides are black. the forewing upperside is almost as dark as in neogene pictus and much darker than in neogene reevi. the median area is lighter than the basal area. the forewing underside is similar to that of neogene reevi, but the distal marginal band is much darker and the hindwing upper - and underside pattern is also similar to that of neogene reevi, but the distal marginal band is black as in neogene pictus." ]

[ "two species of the genus herpetogramma lederer are reported for the first time in korea: herpetogramma licarsisalis (walker) and herpetogramma stultalis (walker). the description, host plants, adult photographs, and pictures of the male and female genitalia are provided .\njavascript is disabled on your browser. please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\npeer review under responsibility of national science museum of korea (nsmk) and korea national arboretum (kna) .\ncopyright © 2016, national science museum of korea (nsmk) and korea national arboretum (kna). production and hosting by elsevier .\ncopyright © 2018 elsevier b. v. or its licensors or contributors. sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b. v .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone. are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers, open access publishing, and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act (fastr), wikimedia foundation, inc. , public library of science, the encyclopedia of life, open book publishers (obp), pubmed, u. s. national library of medicine, national center for biotechnology information, u. s. national library of medicine, national institutes of health (nih), u. s. department of health & human services, and urltoken, which sources content from all federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial government publication portals (. gov, . mil, . edu). funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u. s. congress, e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. world heritage encyclopedia™ is a registered trademark of the world public library association, a non - profit organization .\ncopyright © world library foundation. all rights reserved. ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation, a 501c (4) member' s support non - profit organization, and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative. it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education, university of michigan museum of zoology, and the detroit public schools. this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151. copyright © 2002 - 2018, the regents of the university of michigan. all rights reserved." ]

{ "text": [ "herpetogramma rudis is a moth in the crambidae family .", "it was described by warren in 1892 .", "it is found in china and japan .", "the wingspan is 25 – 28 mm . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9 ] }

[ "herpetogramma rudis is a moth in the crambidae family. it was described by warren in 1892. it is found in china and japan. the wingspan is 25 – 28 mm." ]

[ "psilopogon javensis (del hoyo and collar 2014) was previously placed in the genus megalaima .\npsilopogon haemacephalus (del hoyo and collar 2014) was previously placed in the genus megalaima as m. haemacephala .\nreplaces megalaima; recent study found psilopogon to be nested within megalaima # r and former has priority. incorporates xantholaema and mesobucco .\nfire - tufted barbet, psilopogon pyrolophus, müller s. , 1836, photographed in west malaysia (peninsular malaysia) on the malay peninsula in southeast asia .\nthe fire - tufted barbet is found in indonesia, malaysia, and thailand. it is distinct enough from its family members to warrant placement into the monotypic genus, psilopogon. this species' call sounds rather like the buzzing of a cicada .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: psilopogon lagrandieri. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: psilopogon nuchalis. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: psilopogon mystacophanos. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\n{ author1, author2... }, (n. d .). psilopogon haemacephalus (statius muller, 1776). [ online ] india biodiversity portal, species page: { name of species field } available at: urltoken [ accessed date jul 10, 2018 ] .\nresponse: this is an adult fire - tufted barbet, psilopogon pyrolophus, a species that was originally placed into the ramphastidae family (toucans), which were separated into the capitonidae along with all the barbets, but then based on dna data, was recently removed into megalaimidae, the asian barbets .\nshort, l. l. & horne, j. f. m. (2018). gold - whiskered barbet (psilopogon chrysopogon). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nshort, l. l. , horne, j. f. m. & kirwan, g. m. (2018). coppersmith barbet (psilopogon haemacephalus). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nshort, l. l. , horne, j. f. m. & kirwan, g. m. (2018). black - browed barbet (psilopogon oorti). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na molecular phylogeny of asian barbets: speciation and extinction in the tropics. - pubmed - ncbi\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\ndepartment of evolutionary biology, uppsala university, norbyvägen 18d, 75236 uppsala, sweden .\njournal of biogeography. (ejournal / emagazine, 2000s) [ worldcat. org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript. some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items. please create a new list with a new name; move some items to a new or existing list; or delete some items .\nnote: citations are based on reference standards. however, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address (es) field is required. please enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\nthe e - mail address (es) you entered is (are) not in a valid format. please re - enter recipient e - mail address (es) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title: journal of biogeography. publisher: [ oxford ]: blackwell science, [ 200 - ] - isbn / issn: 1365 - 2699 oclc: 818911021\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nyou may have already requested this item. please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nworldcat is the world' s largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. learn more ››\ndon' t have an account? you can easily create a free account .\njavascript is disabled on your browser. please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright © 2018 elsevier b. v. or its licensors or contributors. sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b. v .\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\nclosely related to p. rubricapillus and p. malabaricus, the three forming the so - called xantholaema group. distinctive taxa with red supercilium, cheek and throat— intermedius and cebuensis (c philippines) and roseus (java and bali) —evolved separately from taxa with creamy - yellow in these parts in the late pleistocene # r; songs posted on xeno - canto of at least intermedius and indicus sound identical. forms described from peninsular india, confusus from nw and luteus from se, synonymous with indicus. nine subspecies currently recognized .\n( latham, 1790) – ne pakistan e to s china (yunnan), s to sri lanka, singapore and vietnam .\n( dziadosz & parkes, 1984) – tablas, probably romblon, possibly masbate (nc philippines) .\n( gilliard, 1949) – catanduanes, samar, biliran and leyte (ec philippines) .\n( shelley, 1891) – c philippines: panay, guimaras, negros .\n15–17 cm; 30–52·6 g. small, chunky, green barbet with streaked underparts, and reddish legs and orbital skin. male nominate race with red forehead and fore ...\nsong given persistently through day and on moonlit nights, when might invite confusion with jungle ...\nedges of moist forest, drier deciduous forest, scrub and secondary forest, plantations of diverse ...\njan–oct in pakistan, india and nepal, where often double - brooded (as also case in malaysia); generally feb–jul in himalayan ...\nnot globally threatened. widespread and common almost throughout range, may be world’s commonest barbet; uncommon in bhutan, where largely confined to extreme s of ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\ni am very confused of the species' s absence in borneo. generally, borneo avifauna is strongly linked to malay peninsula and sumatra as they once belonged to sundaic shelf. there is a high possibility that a species which occurs in malay pen. and sumatra will surely occurs in borneo. the absence also leaves a mysteric gap on the distribution of philippine archipelago due to a continuum principle that species from sundaland migrate to philippine via borneo and palawan .\nindeed, it is an amazing absence, as in other cases (woolly - necked stork, rufous - winged buzzard, zitting cisticola, mountain white - eye, etc .). according to b. e. smythies (1999) the birds of borneo: “amongst these are birds which have failed to penetrate the perhumid core of sundaland that borneo represents, a number of them clearly preferring drier and more seasonal climates (e. g. great eared nightjar, coppersmith barbet). many of them might now be able to survive in man - made landscapes, yet be unable to reach borneo: the barred buttonquail immediately comes to mind .\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists, and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12, 000 regional checklists in avibase, offered in 9 different taxonomies, including synonyms more than 175 languages. each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community, and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page, such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition (incl. corrigenda vol. 1 - 2) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details. to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263, 334, 918 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\navibase has been visited 263, 334, 072 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\navibase has been visited 263, 337, 037 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\navibase has been visited 263, 328, 863 times since 24 june 2003. © denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. and fishpool, l. d. c. 2014. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 1: non - passerines. lynx edicions birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\njustification: this species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be increasing, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified, but the species is reported to be widespread and common throughout its range (del hoyo et al. 2002). trend justification: this adaptable species shows a preference for man - made and altered habitats, it is common throughout its range and is found in heavily urbanized areas such as singapore. its range has expanded since the 1930s to include central and southern peninsular malaysia (del hoyo et al. 2002) .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nintroduced species (birds from taman safari cisarua ?). several records in this area .\ncall, sometimes used as an introduction to the song. probably the same bird in xc241033 .\npreviously published on avocet as av5546. certainty: slightly less than 100% . id determined by: presumably seen, does not match xc cuts and confirmation needed. gps: for ke go, threatened birds of asia. duetting recorded june 14 - 19, 1994\npreviously published on avocet as av10510. certainty: 100% . id determined by: not seen; familiar to recordist. gps: google earth. habitat: montane hill dipterocarp forest .\npreviously published on avocet as av5545. certainty: slightly less than 100% . id determined by: presumably seen, does not match xc cuts and confirmation needed. gps: for ke go, threatened birds of asia. duetting recorded june 14 - 19, 1994\nthe identity of the bird was confirmed subsequently when we saw and heard a fire - tufted barbet making the same call at another site in the same location .\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group (polytypic) group (monotypic) species split life sp. ssp. intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records (accepted, rejected, pending). to filter / search please enter a phrase. e. g. to filter rejected records, type rejected into the search box, all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n© 2018 birdguides, warners group publications plc. all rights reserved. company registered in england no. 2572212 | vat registration no. gb 638 3492 15\nimage: marie - louise ng, 29 april 2012 (with permission, for grrlscientist / guardian use only) [ velociraptorise ]. nikon d3s, 1 / 500 sec, f / 6. 3, 500 mm iso2000\nquestion: this lovely malaysian mystery bird was once united into the same family with another group of birds, however dna data reveal they are not as closely related as originally thought. these taxa where then split into their own distinct families. what family of birds were once lumped together with this bird and its close relatives? can you identify this bird' s taxonomic family and species ?\nthere are 26 species of asian barbets and they range from india to the philippines. all barbets are dense lowland forest or cloud forest inhabitants except the coppersmith barbet, megalaima haemacephala, which is found in semi - open to open habitat .\nbarbets eat a wide variety of food items, including fruits and berries, buds, flowers, nectar, and insects. larger barbets also eat tree frogs, lizards and even small birds .\nbarbets have large heads and stout bills with bristles or tufts of feathers that cover the base of the upper mandible, including the nares, gape and chin, and their toes are zygodactyl (two forward and two backward). the asian barbets have predominantly green plumage and many species have striking red, blue and yellow markings around the head .\nyou are invited to review all of the daily mystery birds by going to their dedicated graphic index page .\nif you have bird images, video or audio files that you' d like to share with a large and (mostly) appreciative international audience here at the guardian, feel free to contact me to learn more .\n© 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies. all rights reserved .\nthis species has a very large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be stable, and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nalthough this species may have a restricted range, it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthis forest - dependent species is thought to be declining moderately rapidly as a result of continuing habitat loss throughout its range. it is therefore considered near threatened .\nthis species is considered near threatened as it is likely to be declining moderately rapidly within its moderately small range primarily as a result of on - going habitat loss and degradation, as well as trapping pressure .\n, where it is widespread and often common in suitable habitat, although this is now highly fragmented (birdlife international 2001) .\nthe population size of this species has not been quantified, but it has been described as often common. trend justification: a moderately rapid population decline is suspected to be occurring as a result of continuing habitat loss and degradation, as well as the potential effects of trapping for the cage bird trade .\nthis species inhabits open evergreen and hill forest, including teak forest, open woodland and woodland fragments. it is found mostly in the lowlands, but locally to 1, 500 m asl .\nforest destruction in the lowlands of java and bali has been extremely extensive as a result of logging and conversion to agriculture. it is also sometimes trapped and traded as a cage - bird .\nconduct repeated surveys across the species' s range to determine the magnitude of declines and rates of range contraction. conduct ecological studies to determine precise habitat requirements, tolerance of secondary habitats and response to fragmentation. protect areas of suitable habitat. raise awareness of the species and its status in an effort to reduce trapping .\nedited conservation actions information text, and altered actions in place tab to show it does occur in at least one protected area. added a new contributor and a new facilitator / compiler .\n( amended version of 2016 assessment). the iucn red list of threatened species 2017: e. t22681622a110591039 .\ncollar, n. j. 2006. a taxonomic reappraisal of the black - browed barbet megalaima oorti. forktail: 170 - 173 .\njustification: although this species may have a restricted range, it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend is not known, but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified, but the species is described as fairly common to common (del hoyo et al. 2002), while the population in taiwan has been estimated at c. 10, 000 - 100, 000 breeding pairs (brazil 2009) .\nrecent molecular study indicated close relationship with p. corvinus and p. monticola # r. traditionally thought to belong to the p. javensis species - group (see p. javensis), but such a relationship now seems unlikely. race chrysopsis found to be genetically divergent from others # r, but morphological differences appear minimal. three subspecies recognized .\n( robinson & kloss, 1918) – sw thailand and peninsular malaysia; probably also extreme s myanmar .\nc. 30 cm; 110–215 g. large, green barbet with heavy black bill. male of nominate race has red forehead, yellow forecrown and red hindcrown, broad brown eyestripe, ...\nsong a loud, rapid, short to minutes - long series of double notes, “too - tuk”, at 70 ...\nevergreen forest, swamp - forest, also tall secondary forest, and around forest clearings; also cacao ...\ndetails little known, as this is a canopy bird. mainly fruits such as figs and berries; probably also insects, seen pecking into dead wood ...\nfeb–aug, or even to nov, possibly includes renesting. when breeding, sings through heat of day. few records of nesting: nest ...\nnot globally threatened. uncommon to common in thailand and peninsular malaysia; common in sumatra and borneo. knowledge of its ecology and population biology lacking, ...\nuntil recently, treated as conspecific with p. nuchalis, p. faber and p. annamensis, but differs from all three in characters indicated under those species. monotypic .\nc. 21·5 cm; 62 g (single female). montane green barbet with red on forehead (just above bill), lores and nape, yellow - gold throat with blue lower border, red on breast ...\nsong a series of triple - noted phrases, “too - tuk - trrrrrk”, at 65–75 phrases per ...\ngenerally lower montane forest and upper dipterocarp forest in malaysia, also pine forest and ...\nlittle known. fruits comprise most of its diet, takes insects, mainly when breeding, but little information available. dominated by\npoorly known. season feb–nov in sumatra, mar–jun in malaysia. countersinging occurs in breeding period. nest excavated at 2 ...\nnot globally threatened. fairly common to common in most of range; common in sumatra. too little information available on population and breeding biology for its conservation ...\nthe coppersmith is a small bird with a bright crimson forehead and yellow neck .\na general description, with any kind of information about the taxon. its main goal is summarize the most relevant or attractive characteristics of this taxon to the general public .\ndescribes reproductive physiology and behavior, including mating and life history variables. includes cues, strategies, restraints, rates .\nthe season ranges between january and june and sometimes two broods are reared in. succession. the eggs are laid in hollows 6 to 8 inches deep excavated by the birds in branches or decaying poles and tree stumps, at moderate heights. the tunnels are lengthened anil used year after year and may in time become several feet deep. softwood trees such as coral and drumstick are commonly selected. as in woodpeckers, the entrance hole—about 2 inches in diameter—is placed on the underside when a horizontal branch is used. the eggs - usually three—are glossless white, unmarked. both sexes share in excavating the nest tunnel, incubation and feeding the young .\nthe are important seed dispersers for many tree species, especially figs (ficus) .\ndescribes average size, max, range; type of size (perimeter, length, volume, weight ...) .\na heavy - billed grass - green bird with crimson breast and forehead, and green - streaked yellowish underparts. short square - cut tail, distinctly triangular in overhead flight. sexes alike .\ndescribes the general appearance of the taxon; e. g body plan, shape and color of external features, typical postures. may be referred to as or include habit, defined as the characteristic mode of growth or occurrence associated to its environment, particularly for plants. comprising its size, shape, texture and orientation. example: tree, shrubs, herbs. may also be referred to include anatomy .\nits monotonous 'tuk, tuk, tuk ´ call is commonly heard in the region .\ndescribes behaviour and behaviour patterns of an organism, including actions and reactions of organism in relation to its biotic and abiotic environment. includes communication, perception, modes and mechanisms of locomotion, as well as long term strategies (except mating and reproductive strategies, covered under reproduction) .\nthe crimson - breasted barbet is a common bird throughout its range. its loud, monotonous ringing tuk... tuk, etc. as of a distant coppersmith hammering on his metal, every 2 seconds or so throughout the hotter parts of the day, with no variation and seldom a pause—are amongst the more familiar bird voices of the countryside. it is found wherever there are trees—especially banyan, peepal and the various other fici — be it in outlying forest or in the heart of a noisy city. when calling the head is bobbed from side to side producing a curious ventriloquistic effect. this, combined with the assimilative colouration of the bird, makes it difficult to locate amongst the foliage. the coppersmith is entirely arboreal and never descends to the ground. its food consists almost exclusively of fruits and berries of which ficus figs form an overwhelming proportion. the birds collect in large numbers to feed on trees laden with these figs, in company with mynas, bulbuls, green pigeons and a host of other frugivorous species. it occasionally captures moths and winged termites, launching ungainly and ludicrous aerial sallies from a branch in their pursuit .\nthey are found commonly wherever there are fruiting trees, especially the various species of wild fig, be it in outlying forest or within a noisy city .\ndr. chandra barooah & lani sarma (2016) assam science technology and environment council .\ngeneral description of the sites where the species is found (ecosystem, forest, environment or microhabitat). includes realm (e. g terrestrial etc) and climatic information (e. g boreal); also includes requirements and tolerances; horizontal and vertical (altitudinal) distribution. also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities (feeding, mating, etc .), associated mostly to vertebrates .\nenumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives. covers ranges, e. g. , a global range, or a narrower one; may be biogeographical, political or other (e. g. , managed areas like conservencies); endemism; native or exotic. does not include altitudinal distribution, which is covered under habitat .\ndescribes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future. population size is treated under population biology, and trends in population sizes are treated under trends. however, this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .\npraveen j. , jayapal, r. , & pittie, a. , 2016. checklist of the birds of india (v1. 1). website: urltoken [ date of publication: 03 october, 2016 ] .\nali, salim .\nthe book of indian birds .\nbombay, the bombay natural history society (1941). - via digital library of india - urltoken\nbirdlife international 2012. megalaima haemacephala. in: iucn 2012. iucn red list of threatened species. version 2012. 2. < www. iucnredlist. org >. downloaded on 02 april 2013 .\npraveen j. , jayapal, r. , & pittie, a. , 2018. checklist of the birds of india (v2. 0). website: urltoken [ date of publication: 31 january, 2018 ] .\na checklist of bird communities in tamhini wildlife sanctuary, the northern western ghats, maharashtra ...\nbird communities in tamhini wildlife sanctuary in the northern western ghats were studied using lin ...\na reassessment of the avian species diversity in the eastern ghats of tamil nadu, after the vernay sur ...\nthe eastern ghats of tamil nadu have been poorly surveyed for birds. the best known bird survey in ...\ni had read a marathi book version of this extensive research (survey) done by the team led by dr ...\na checklist of birds of kerala state is presented in this paper. accepted english names, scienti ...\n| | best supported on google chrome, firefox 3. 0 +, internet explorer 8. 0 +, safari 4. 0 +, opera 10 +. powered by the open source biodiversity informatics platform. technology partner strand life sciences" ]

{ "text": [ "psilopogon is a genus of old world barbets that used to include a single species , the fire-tufted barbet in the past .", "molecular phylogenetic studies found the genus to be nested within an evolutionary branch consisting of barbets placed in the genus megalaima and therefore they were not distinct .", "since psilopogon was described by muller in 1835-36 , well before the genus megalaima was erected by g. r. gray ( in 1841 ) , it takes priority . " ], "topic": [ 5, 26, 5 ] }

[ "psilopogon is a genus of old world barbets that used to include a single species, the fire-tufted barbet in the past. molecular phylogenetic studies found the genus to be nested within an evolutionary branch consisting of barbets placed in the genus megalaima and therefore they were not distinct. since psilopogon was described by muller in 1835-36, well before the genus megalaima was erected by g. r. gray (in 1841), it takes priority." ]

[ "figure 5. penultimate instar coeliades ramanatek ramanatek collected 30 mar 2013 on trema sp. , ranomafana, east central madagascar, 30 mar 2013; photographed 6 apr 2013 [ tcec ] .\nfigure 6. final instar coeliades ramanatek ramanatek collected 30 mar 2013 on trema sp. , ranomafana, east central madagascar, 30 mar 2013; photographed 6 apr 2013 [ tcec ]. 1, dorsolateral view; 2, dorsal view .\ncoeliades is a genus of skippers (hesperiidae) distributed in africa. they are also commonly called as policemen .\n© 2016, butterfly conservation society, ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote: you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments. please, create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual. some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators: konstantin efetov, vasiliy feoktistov, svyatoslav knyazev, evgeny komarov, stan korb, alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion, flight time, etc. .\nrecorded in mantadia national park, madagascar. it’s not endemic to madagascar, but it’s not far from endemic. other than madagascar, it’s only found in comoro islands nearby .\nsave my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time i comment .\nackery pr, smith cr, and vane - wright ri eds. 1995. carcasson' s african butterflies. canberra: csiro .\nlarsen, t. b. 2005 butterflies of west africa. stenstrup, denmark: apollo books .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v. z. brower at and andrew warren at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution, please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life. the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches, that is, subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types, have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project. all rights reserved .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\ncollins, steve c. , 2017, observations on the biology of afrotropical hesperiidae (lepidoptera). part 12. new information and corrections, zootaxa 4312 (3), pp. 471 - 496: 475 - 477\n) at ranomafana, east central madagascar at the end of march 2013. alain gauthier (pers. comm. 2015) found it on\nat andasibe and la mandraka in may 2015 and david c. lees (pers. comm. 2017) has found it on the same food plant at analamay (west of mantady) and saha, anjozorobe forest. two species of\n, which is restricted to central and south - west of madagascar (leroy 1952). accordingly, the food plant at ranomafana could be either species .\n). head black, matt, rugose. pronotum black with a white transverse band, interrupted dorsally. body black with narrow white subdorsal line t2– a 8; stronger yellow dorsolateral line, interrupted t2\n). head red - brown, matt, rugose; diffuse dark line each side of epicranial suture, extending indistinctly adjacent to adfrontal suture. pronotum black, with anterior and posterior margin narrowly white; t1 laterally yellow in line with lateral yellow and white line of body. body dark, but not black; scattered short, pale, inconspicuous setae; subdorsal white line t2– a 8; thick, yellow dorsolateral line t2\na 5 and a 7, those of a 3 and a 5 being significantly larger; a thick yellow and pale yellow lateral line; a thick white ventrolateral line, the area between this and the lateral line speckled white; anal plate unmarked; legs brown; prolegs white - brown; spiracles brown, in lateral line .\nin the bmnh. so much so, that we suggest either these two subspecies are two different species with very different caterpillars, or there is additional cryptic diversity within the species, or the material in the bmnh is misidentified. if caterpillars of\ncan be found and documented, this should help to clarify the position. scc and ivan bampton found this subspecies on a\nsp. at lagrille, grande comoro in 1991 but it was not documented. alain gauthier (pers. comm. 2015) has searched on\nno known copyright restrictions apply. see agosti, d. , egloff, w. , 2009. taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the plazi approach. bmc research notes 2009, 2: 53 for further explanation." ]

{ "text": [ "coeliades ramanatek is a butterfly in the family hesperiidae .", "it is found on madagascar and the comoros .", "the habitat consists of forests , forest margins and anthropogenic environments . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 24 ] }

[ "coeliades ramanatek is a butterfly in the family hesperiidae. it is found on madagascar and the comoros. the habitat consists of forests, forest margins and anthropogenic environments." ]

[ "riad emberiza sahari, luxe boutique hotel in marrakech medina – luxe riad in marrakech ph. + 212 (0) 600146614; email: riademberiza @ urltoken\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: emberiza aureola. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\nrecommended citation birdlife international (2018) species factsheet: emberiza citrinella. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018. recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: birdlife international (2018) iucn red list for birds. downloaded from urltoken on 10 / 07 / 2018 .\ni have enjoyed riad emberiza sahari, an amazing venue for wellness and artists’ retreats, weddings, and solo, romantic, or girl getaway escapes, for years. while living in marrakesh i discovered this perfect, peaceful place and last week was thrilled to return to the haven that ...\nsometimes split up, with recognition of other genera such as fringillaria, melophus, granativora, miliaria, latoucheornis, schoeniclus, cristemberiza and ocyris; but phylogenetic studies # r # r show that melophus and latoucheornis (each with a single species) and perhaps others belong to the clade represented by “true” emberiza; relationships among species may be better indicated by use of subgenera, thus avoiding destabilizing of established nomenclature # r .\ncopete, j. l. & christie, d. a. (2018). reed bunting (emberiza schoeniclus). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nthe population is suspected to be in decline in europe owing to a reduction in cultivation of cereal crops and the intensification of farmland management. agricultural efficiency measures such as removal of hedgerows, filling or clearing of ditches and grazing or ploughing right up to the field edge are likely to have adversely affected the species (bradbury et al. 2000). furthermore the species suffers indirectly from the use of insecticides and herbicides, as these reduce the abundance of arthropods and the availability of weedy patches rich in seeds (perkins et al. 2002, morris et al. 2005, hart et al. 2006). the species interbreeds with emberiza leucocephalos in the contact zone of both species in the most western part of its range. according to panov et al. (2003) the hybridisation process will intensify in the contact zone of both species as they are very similar in behaviour and habitat choice. the long - term impact of this process is unclear (hagemeijer and blair 1997, copete 2016) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\ncramp, s. and simmons, k. e. l. (eds). 1977 - 1994. handbook of the birds of europe, the middle east and africa. the birds of the western palearctic. oxford university press, oxford .\nbenstead, p. , derhé, m. , mahood, s. , taylor, j. , ashpole, j, westrip, j. , symes, a .\nthis species has been uplisted to critically endangered because of indications that the overall rate of population decline is even greater than previously thought, and may have become extremely rapid during the past three generations (11 years) .\nthese declines, which apparently began in the west of the breeding range, have since spread eastwards to affect the vast majority or even the entire population. declines are believed to be driven primarily by trapping in its passage and non - breeding ranges. a programme of coordinated range - wide monitoring and action is badly needed to quantify the magnitude of the decline and reduce the impact of threats. if the rate of decline is subsequently found to be lower, the species must no longer be listed as critically endangered regardless of it continuing to be an extremely high priority for conservation action .\n2015). in the autumn, birds stop - over in large numbers to moult in the yangtze valley, china, before continuing on to their winter quarters. it winters in a relatively small region in south and south - east asia, which includes eastern\n2015). no birds have been recorded breeding in finland since 2009, and its range has contracted northwards by 300 km in kazakhstan since the late 1990s, although it does persist in some areas of kazakhstan, such as along the irtysh river near irtyshsk (r. ayé\n. 2013). it is estimated to have declined by 95 - 99% in european russia between 2000 and 2012 (birdlife international 2015) .\ndeclines have been reported in the moscow, novgorod, kostroma, ulyanovsk and baikal regions (a. mischenko\n2012), whilst very rapid declines in the tyumen region were reported in 2011 (j. kamp\n2012), suggesting a massive decline in the core range (m. flade\n2007). surveys in 2012 and 2013 suggest that the species has nearly or completely disappeared from tyumen province in western siberia, which appears consistent with an impression of a steep decline across western siberia (j. kamp\n. 2013). in contrast, recent surveys within and outside protected areas in amur and chabarovsk regions, suggest that the species is faring better in the east of its breeding range, with an estimate of 100 - 150 breeding pairs in muraviovka park (c. 6, 500 ha) in 2013, although anecdotal evidence indicates a decline in these areas since the 1990s (j. kamp\n2003, tamada 2006, m. gilbert, a. mischenko and j. kamp\n( 2015) have estimated that between 1980 and 2013 the population may have declined by 84. 3 - 94. 7% , with an eastwards range retraction of 5, 000 km .\nit no longer occurs in\nswarms\nat migration watch - points such as beidaihe, china, and although a range - wide survey is required, numbers at wintering sites throughout its range have also shown rapid declines over the last twenty years (s. chan, m. williams, j. w. duckworth and\n2007). based on evidence from wintering grounds in cambodia the species is said to be clearly declining (t. gray\n. 2013). historically, it was noted to be common on the central plain, but is now considered scarce away from the tonle sap area, and surveys of birds used in\nmerit releases\nat phnom penh riverfront suggest a steep decline in this species since the mid - 1990s in the mekong - bassac floodplain, where most merit - bird trappers operate (f. goes\n. 2013). furthermore, there has been a lack of records from south - eastern cambodia since the late 1990s, suggesting that it is very rare and perhaps close to extirpation in that region (f. goes\n. 2013). in nepal, declines in the population and number of localities occupied have been noted since 1990 (c. inskipp and h. s. baral\n. 2016). it also appears to have declined at the hail haor wetland in north - eastern bangladesh since the mid - 1980s (p. thompson\n. 2013, 2017). it should be noted that interpretation of the species' s status in its non - breeding range based on the usually fragmentary information available is hindered by the erratic appearance of very large flocks (j. w. duckworth\nin europe, the breeding population was estimated to number 20, 000 - 100, 000 breeding pairs, equating to 60, 000 - 300, 000 individuals (birdlife international 2004). europe, at least formerly, formed 25 - 49% of the global range. the european population is now estimated to number just 120 - 600 mature individuals (birdlife international 2015) .\nthere is widespread evidence from surveys and anecdotal observations of very rapid declines and extensive range contractions. the european population is estimated to be decreasing by 80% or more in 10. 8 years (three generations) and by 25% or more in 3. 6 years (one generation) (birdlife international 2015). across the range of the species it is estimated to have declined by 84. 3 - 94. 7% between 1980 and 2013 (kamp\n2015). assuming a constant rate of decline over this period, this would represent a 45. 4 - 61. 8% decline over 3 generations (10. 8 years). however, declines are thought to have been very slow initially, and to have increased latterly (see kamp\nreanalysing the data using in kamp et al. (2015) over the 11 year period 2002 - 2013 (2013 being the last year with data), looking at the model - predicted values and expressing 2013 as a proportion of 2002 results in a decline of 70 - 89% for the 11 years, depending on the area used to extract densities to numbers (j. kamp in litt. 2017). it would be preferable to fit the a linear model to predict abundance as a function of year, but there are not enough available data from 2002 - 2013 to do this reliably (many sites have only 1 - 3 years of data out of the 11, and at many others the species was already extinct or almost so). from the sites that do have data for the 11 - year period, the decline was 99 - 100% at three sites and slightly less severe at others, e. g. c. 84% decline between 1999 - 2013 at one site and c. 50% decline at another (j. kamp in litt. 2017). on this basis, it is now thought likely that the range - wide decline exceeded 80% in the period 2002 - 2013, but it is not possible to be certain due to a lack of data. if declines east of lake baikal were closer to 50% during this time, the overall rate of decline may not have exceeded 80% . if declines averaged 80% east of lake baikal, then the overall range - wide decline likely exceeded 90% in this period (j. kamp in litt. 2017). on this basis, the rate of decline over three generations could lie within the range 50 - 79% or 80 - 99% , and on a precautionary basis the higher band is used here .\nin wet meadows with tall vegetation and scattered scrub, riverside thickets and secondary scrub. it winters in large flocks in cultivated areas, rice fields and grasslands, preferring scrubby dry - water rice fields for foraging and reedbeds for roosting (t. gray\n. the breeding season is normally from the second half of june to the beginning of july. the nest is built by the female alone and is placed either on the ground in a depression under tussocks or roots or slightly above ground in well covered vegetation. it is constructed of dry grass and stalks lined with soft grass, rootlets and sometimes hair. clutch size can vary between three and seven but most commonly four to five. during the breeding season it feeds mainly on invertebrates and at other times it will feed on seeds and other plant material. the species is migratory, wintering from central and eastern nepal, bangladesh, north - east india east to south - east china (guangdong) and taiwan (province of china), south to the north malay peninsula and south - east asia (copete and sharpe 2016) .\n2007). roosting flocks in reedbeds are disturbed and then caught in mist - nets, they are cooked and sold as\nsparrows\nor\nrice - birds\n; this practice was formerly restricted to a small area of southern china, but has now become more widespread and popular owing to increasing affluence, and hunters now have to travel widely to find sufficient birds (m. lau\n2007). from 1992 onwards, an estimated several thousand individuals of this species were caught for the annual food festival in sanshui city, southern china (gao yuren 1996). this practice was banned in 1997, but a black market in birds still persists and a huge number of birds are still sold annually (see kamp\n2015), including around 10, 000 birds sold daily in a single market in sanshui (chan 2004). in 2008, one shipment of 4, 300 individuals of this species was reportedly confiscated in zhejiang province en route to guangdong province, and the species is said to remain a famous delicacy in southern china (\n. 2013). likewise, the species is considered a delicacy in cambodia (f. goes\n. 2013) and is trapped to be sold to restaurants in nepal (c. inskipp and h. s. baral\n. 2013). in china, thousands of males are also stuffed and sold as mascots, since their presence in the home is thought to confer happiness (a. mischenko\nagricultural intensification, the shift to irrigated rice production and consequent loss of winter stubble has reduced the quality and quantity of wintering habitat, and the loss of reedbeds has reduced the number of available roost sites (t. evans\n2007). declines caused by pressures on the wintering grounds are compounded by a reduction in habitat quality on the breeding grounds in parts of its range, particularly drying of meadows caused by changes in the flow pattern of rivers, a result of dam construction upstream (o. goroshko\n2007). declines in nepal have also been partly attributed to changes in agricultural practices since the 1980s, notably sharp increases in pesticide use (inskipp and baral 2011) .\ncms appendix i; it was included in the african - eurasian migratory landbirds action plan (aemlap) (african - eurasian migratory landbirds working group 2014). it is counted occasionally as part of on - going iba monitoring in a few sites. after media exposure of the crisis there was an attempt to clamp down on illegal trade in this species (s. chan\n2015). there is ongoing research on sakhalin to find out if difference in migration strategies (e. g. key stopover and wintering sites) is responsible for contrasting sustainability of different populations. the study uses stable isotopes sampled from free - ranging birds and collection specimens, and geologger tracking of sustainable populations. (p. ktitorov\nimplement a programme of co - ordinated range - wide monitoring at breeding, passage and non - breeding sites, in order to quantify the rate of decline. through awareness campaigns, reduce the demand for the species as a food item, mascot and merit - bird. research its precise habitat requirements on the wintering grounds. protect sites which still hold large numbers on the wintering grounds. better enforce legislation against illegal trapping and trade (j. kamp\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\n– europe from scandinavia e to pechora basin and urals, s to british is, most of france, w austria, n italy, and across sw russia; winters s to n africa and sw asia .\npallas, 1771 – nw siberia from lower r ob e to lower r yenisey and lower r khatanga (in taymyr); winters in s asia e to n india and w china .\nbuturlin, 1910 – c siberia (e to c yakutia); winters in nw & n china .\n( swinhoe, 1876) – e siberia (kamchatka), kuril is and n japan (hokkaido); winters in c japan, korea and e china .\n– transbaikalia e to russian far east and ne china (heilongjiang); winters in e china .\n– sw siberia (in basins of r tobol and r irtysh) e to l baikal; winters in sw & sc asia .\njordans, 1923 – mediterranean coast of france, sardinia, balearic is, spain (except nw) and n africa (nw morocco) .\nreiser & almásy, 1898 – r danube in bulgaria and romania, and in n black sea region and sea of azov coast .\ne. j. o. hartert, 1904 – se albania, nw greece, s macedonia and w & c turkey .\nménétries, 1832 – e turkey e to e transcaucasia and n & nw iran, possibly also in syria .\n– n caspian sea region (from r terek) e to w mongolia, l balkhash (se kazakhstan) and c tien shan; non - breeding also to sw & c asia .\nsushkin, 1906 – extreme s russia (s tuva), extreme e kazakhstan and extreme nw china (nw xinjiang) .\ne. j. o. hartert, 1904 – tarim basin e to lop nur, in xinjiang (w china) .\nportenko, 1929 – zaidam depression, in nw qinghai (w china) .\n14–16·5 cm; 10–28 g (c europe). small to medium - sized or rather large bunting, variable both in body size and in bill size. male nominate race breeding is ...\nsong, from top of bush or reeds, normally a short series of repetitive units, delivered as brief ...\ngenerally in marshy areas where areas of scrubby growth occurs around reeds, and in areas of tall ...\nduring breeding season mostly invertebrates; diet otherwise mainly seeds and other plant material. large - billed races mostly insectivorous ...\nseason early apr to end aug, depending on latitude and altitude; in european russia eggs laid late jun to early jul, and in siberia and ...\nthose breeding in s of range resident, or making only short movements. populations in n, from ...\nnot globally threatened. generally common or locally common. estimated european population towards end of 20th century a minimum of 4, 800, 000 pairs, with largest ...\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\npreviously treated in much broader versions, which included calcariidae and passerellidae, and earlier also cardinalidae and thraupidae # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 55. 90 € (instead of 59. 90 €) 3 - year subscription package: 82 € (instead of 89. 85 € )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information, tracking references to their source (when available on the internet) .\nalso available: 2 - year subscription package: 82. 5 € (instead of 89. 9 €) 3 - year subscription package: 122. 5 € (instead of 134. 85 € )\nthere is a registration fee of 20€. this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive. you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution, click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding (anonymously); markers do not indicate precise localities .\nin reed thickets. call (song ?) in 0: 0. 8, 0: 10, 0: 22. 5, 0: 29, 0: 35. 6, 0: 40. 4. reed bunting (e. schoeniclus) ?\nsonogram images © xeno - canto foundation. sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nrecorded with song meter sm4 placed 1m above ground in forest edge near a meadow with a small stream .\nsome crystallised song from a male yellowhammer. high pass filter applied below 1khz .\ncalls given by a perched male as it sat prominently on a bush, perhaps serving some similar purpose to common chaffinch' rain song'. high pass filter applied below 2khz .\nsinging from the edge of a woodland clearing, close to the edge of the woods. no filtering. olympus ls12 and sennheiser me66 .\nthe bird was singing in the typical habitat: a bog with pine and birch. given coordinates are very rough estimate. same bird than xc144031 .\nhigh - pitch descending call recorded during banding operation. some noise of dropping rain (not suppressed). same individual as in xc390568 .\nhigh - pitch descending call recorded during banding operation. some noise of dropping rain (not suppressed) .\nchorus (but in low volume) from a flock of birds in the tree .\nwing beats and call from a released bird after banding. human voice overlapped (not modified) .\nwe noticed that you' re using an unsupported browser. the tripadvisor website may not display properly. we support the following browsers :\nprices are provided by our partners, and reflect average nightly room rates, including taxes and fees that are fixed, known to our partners, and due at time of booking. other miscellaneous taxes and hotel fees which are not fixed or due at time of booking may be payable at the property at time of stay. please see our partners for more details .\nthis award is our highest recognition and is presented annually to the top 1% of businesses across select categories .\n{\ncontainerclass\n: null ,\ncontainerattributes\n: null ,\nwidget\n: {\ndivclasses\n:\nprw _ rup prw _ ibex _ photo _ carousel\n,\njs\n: {\nhandlers\n:\n( ta. prwidgets. getjs (this,' handlers') )\n} ,\ndust\n: {\nnav _ controls\n:\nibex _ photo _ carousel _ _ nav _ controls\n} ,\nname\n:\nibex _ photo _ carousel\n,\ntemplate\n:\nibex _ photo _ carousel _ _ widget\n,\nmodulelist\n: [\nhandlers\n] } ,\nscriptflags\n: null }\nmy wife and i stayed here for 3 nights in june. we were given a wonderful warm welcome by alexandra and her team, this set the precedent for the rest of the day. the riad is absolutely outstanding, an oasis in the middle of the ...\nthe magic of marrakesh was made all the more memorable by our visit to this magnificent riad - a true oasis in the medina. our experience was further enhanced by the wonderful hospitality of alexandra and her team. this riad is absolutely superb and we' ll ...\nafter a long train journey from fes, and a rain shower as we arrived in marrakesh, it was a dream to be ushered into this beautiful riad and to be served a traditional, delicious moroccan dinner in a beautiful dining room. looked after by the ...\na beautifully restored, renovated and decorated riad with comforts in abundance. this retreat provides sun filled corners everywhere, a central pool and fountain, a dining room with french / english decor, sophisticated and romantic whilst very homely and relaxed. a great place to return to ...\na grand, newly renovated riad in the ancient marrakech medina evoking desert themes in european style and comfort. an oasis of beauty and tranquillity close to the medina' s monuments and souks. a haven to return to\nafter the adventures of discovering marrakech, the paris of the sahara (winston churchill). swim in the pool, relax on the terraces overlooking the medina and atlas mountains .\nstar ratings indicate the general level of features and amenities to expect. they are provided to tripadvisor by third - party partners such as expedia and giata\ntripadvisor gives a certificate of excellence to accommodations, attractions and restaurants that consistently earn great reviews from travellers .\nnote: your question will be posted publicly on the questions & answers page .\nhi do you accept mastercard and / or american express card payments at the hotel? thanks in advance also, the email address on your website comes back undelivered so please update the website with a working email address .\nplease send me a brief description of the map which you have and i shall guide you as necessary. regards alexandra manager\nchecked each of the rooms, they' re all lovely, i would particularly recommend the olivia .\nwith only a handful of rooms, there is no choice but we imagine that all will be as good as the room we had .\nown or manage this property? claim your listing for free to respond to reviews, update your profile and much more .\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site... (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites. taxes, fees not included for deals content .\nthis page was last edited on 18 june 2017, at 17: 37 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nwinston churchill on marrakech: here in these spacious palm groves rising from the desert, the traveller can be sure of perennial sunshine, of every comfort and diversion, and can contemplate with ceaseless satisfaction the stately and snow - clad panoramas of the atlas mountains .\n* prices are provided by our partners, and reflect average nightly room rates, including taxes and fees that are fixed, known to our partners, and due at time of booking. please see our partners for more details .\n{\ncontainerclass\n: null ,\ncontainerattributes\n: null ,\nwidget\n: {\nname\n:\nibex _ photo _ carousel\n,\nmodulelist\n: [\nhandlers\n] ,\ntemplate\n:\nibex _ photo _ carousel _ _ widget\n,\ndivclasses\n:\nprw _ rup prw _ ibex _ photo _ carousel\n,\njs\n: {\nhandlers\n:\n( ta. prwidgets. getjs (this,' handlers') )\n} ,\ndust\n: {\nnav _ controls\n:\nibex _ photo _ carousel _ _ nav _ controls\n} } ,\nscriptflags\n: null }\nturbott, e. g. 1990. checklist of the birds of new zealand. ornithological society of new zealand, wellington .\njustification: this species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). the population trend appears to be increasing, thus it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size is extremely large, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nalbania; algeria; andorra; austria; bosnia and herzegovina; bulgaria; croatia; france; germany; gibraltar; greece; hungary; italy; liechtenstein; macedonia, the former yugoslav republic of; montenegro; morocco; portugal; romania; san marino; serbia; slovakia; spain (canary is. - vagrant); switzerland; tunisia; turkey; united kingdom\nin europe (which covers > 95% of the breeding range), the breeding population is estimated to be 2, 490, 000 - 4, 650, 000 pairs, which equates to 4, 970, 000 - 9, 300, 000 mature individuals (birdlife international 2015). trend justification: the population overall suffered serious declines in the northern and north - westernmost areas of its range owing to changing agricultural practices and climate change (byers et al. 1995). however, in europe, trends between 1989 and 2013 show that populations have undergone a moderate increase (ebcc 2015) .\nthe breeding habitat of this species is characterised by bushes and small woodlands, surrounded by open landscape. it also occupies forest edges and orchards. the highest densities are reached in small - scale heterogeneous, extensively managed farmland in a sunny climate. in winter it requires fallow fields or stubble fields with weeds (hagemeijer and blair 1997, brambilla et al. 2008, copete 2016). the breeding season is between mid - april and early - september. the nest is usually built in shrubs and occasionally in trees. the clutch, usually two to five eggs, is incubated by the female. the chicks hatch after 12–13 days. they are raised by both parents and leave the nest after 11–13 days. during the breeding season the species mainly takes a wide variety of small invertebrates, but during the rest of the year it mainly feeds on seeds of herbs and grasses. in the northern part of its range the species is partially migratory. in the southern part it is sedentary showing short distance, often altitudinal, movements (copete 2016) .\npast declines in the species' s population were related to habitat changes, as a result of intensification and scale enlargement of farming practices and forestation. intensive research into the causes of the decline of the small british population in the past revealed a complex of factors affecting the population: loss of winter food due to the shift from spring - to winter - sown crops, the general loss of arable cropping in grass - dominated landscapes; the loss of large insect food for chicks in the breeding season due to the intensification of grassland management; and the loss of suitable nest sites due to the removal of hedges and unsympathetic management of those that remained (evans 1997, evans et al. 1997). high input of herbicides results in the reduction of food availability for the species (bradbury et al. 2008) .\nconservation actions underway the species is on the british list of birds of conservation concern (eaton et al. 2009). it is classified as near threatened on the swiss red list (keller 2010). the small population in south - west england has recovered as a result of successful conservation efforts, such as agri - environment schemes targeted at the species by providing food - rich habitats in farmland (peach et al. 2001, macdonald et al. 2012). conservation actions proposed implement agri - environment schemes, with measures targeted at the species in areas where its numbers are declining .\njustification: this species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size is extremely large, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nafghanistan; albania; algeria; andorra; armenia; austria; azerbaijan; bahrain; belarus; belgium; bosnia and herzegovina; bulgaria; china; croatia; cyprus; czech republic; denmark; egypt; france; georgia; germany; gibraltar; greece; hungary; iran, islamic republic of; iraq; ireland; israel; italy; jordan; kazakhstan; kuwait; kyrgyzstan; latvia; lebanon; libya; liechtenstein; lithuania; luxembourg; macedonia, the former yugoslav republic of; malta; moldova; montenegro; morocco; netherlands; oman; palestinian territory, occupied; poland; portugal; qatar; romania; russian federation (central asian russia - vagrant, european russia); san marino; saudi arabia; serbia; slovakia; slovenia; spain (canary is .); sweden; switzerland; syrian arab republic; tajikistan; tunisia; turkey; turkmenistan; ukraine; united arab emirates; united kingdom; uzbekistan\nin europe, the breeding population is estimated to number 18, 300, 000 - 31, 300, 000 pairs, which equates to 36, 700, 000 - 62, 600, 000 mature individuals (birdlife international 2015). europe forms c. 20% of the global range, so a very preliminary estimate of the global population size is 183, 500, 000 - 313, 000, 000 mature individuals, although further validation of this estimate is needed. trend justification: the population is declining markedly in north - west mainland europe and less dramatically in central europe owing to changing agricultural practices and climate change (byers et al. 1995). in europe, trends between 1980 and 2013 show that populations have undergone a moderate decline (p < 0. 05) (ebcc 2015). there is no indication of a decline in the central asian population however information is sparse (madge and de juana 2017) .\nthe strong decline of the species in north - western europe is mainly a consequence of agricultural intensification. cropped areas of spring - sown cereals have decreased, mowing of hay has been advanced and the use of pesticides has increased. winter food supplies have decreased as a consequence of the loss of spring tillage, increased pesticide usage and improved harvesting and storage techniques. the increase of winter - sown cereal cropland has affected the species adversely through increased nest losses, as a consequence of early harvesting and the early ploughing of winter cereal stubble fields (donald and forrest 1995, hagemeijer and blair 1997, madge and de juana 2017). the abolition of the european set - aside scheme is of great concern, not only for birds. set - aside has provided valuable food and nesting sites for many farmland birds whose populations were declining due to agricultural intensification (birdlife international 2008). the species may be vulnerable to climatic extremes along its northern range limits (hagemeijer and blair 1997, madge and de juana 2017) .\nconservation actions underway the species is classified as critically endangered on the dutch red list (hustings et al. 2004) and vulnerable on the swiss red list (keller 2010). the species is on the british list of birds of conservation concern (eaton et al. 2009). conservation actions proposed measures related to the restoration of the species' s habitat in farmland should be taken and effectively carried out in agri - environment schemes / targeted management interventions. specific measures include: increasing invertebrate availability by providing grassy margins or beetle banks and by selective spraying of headlands (brickle et al. 2000); providing early summer and late summer nesting habitat close to each other to give the species the opportunity to rear two broods in a season; winter barley or late mown hay grown alongside weed - rich or undersown spring cereals would be a good combination; set - aside or similar agri - environment crop types should remain uncut and unsprayed during the breeding season and should preferably be offered close to song - posts, such as overhead wires (perkins et al. 2012); the provision of unharvested, extensively managed cereal crops as an agri - environment option where intensively managed cereal crops are the main nesting habitat (setchfield et al. 2012); delayed mowing (as part of agri - environment schemes) in areas where the species still breeds in meadows could significantly improve its breeding performance (perkins et al. 2013); measures aimed at providing winter food habitat, including stubble fields with cereal seeds (perkins et al. 2007, perkins 2008, bos and van noorden 2010) .\nedited threats, population trend justification and habitats and ecology information text. added a reference .\n( amended version of 2016 assessment). the iucn red list of threatened species 2017: e. t22721020a119214197 .\nin europe, the breeding population is estimated to number 12, 800, 000 - 19, 900, 000 pairs, which equates to 25, 500, 000 - 39, 700, 000 mature individuals (birdlife international 2015). europe forms c. 60% of the global range, so a very preliminary estimate of the global population size is 42, 000, 000 - 66, 000, 000 mature individuals, although further validation of this estimate is needed. trend justification: the population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction and reduction in cultivation of cereal crops. in europe, trends between 1980 and 2013 show that populations have undergone a moderate decline (ebcc 2015) .\nthis is a characteristic species of the transition zone between woodland and open country, such as (extensively managed) farmland with hedges, forest clearings, young plantations, scrubs, heath and natural grasslands. during winter it gathers in flocks, often in farmland on stubble fields or other weedy habitats (hagemeijer and blair 1997, copete 2016). normally the breeding season starts in april and late broods may even be started in september. the nest is built by the female. it is placed on the ground, often in field boundaries or ditches, well hidden among the vegetation, or in hedges or isolated bushes. the clutch, usually three to five eggs, is normally incubated by the female alone. the chicks hatch after 12–14 days. they are brooded by the female, the male delivering food. the nestling period is 11–13 days (bradbury et al. 2000, copete 2016). the species mainly takes seeds and other plant materials from a variety of tree, herb and grass species. the species is sedentary and partially migratory with only the extreme north of the range completely vacated during winter (copete 2016) .\nconservation actions underway there are currently no known conservation measures for this species within its european range. conservation actions proposed implement agro - environmental schemes that effectively support beneficial management of field margin habitats and retention of winter - feeding sites (set - aside fields, manure heaps) such as stubbles (bradbury et al. 2000, perkins et al. 2002, whittingham et al. 2005, orlowksi et al. 2014). ban or minimise the application of insecticides and herbicides. in particular minimise the applications of persistent broad - spectrum insecticides from march to june, or provide alternative unsprayed foraging habitat. advice on mitigating indirect effects of pesticides should be given to advisers and users (morris et al. 2005) .\nalbania; algeria; andorra; armenia; austria; azerbaijan; bahrain; belarus; belgium; bosnia and herzegovina; bulgaria; chad; china; côte d' ivoire; croatia; cyprus; czech republic; denmark; djibouti; egypt; eritrea; estonia; ethiopia; finland; france; georgia; germany; gibraltar; greece; guinea; hungary; iran, islamic republic of; iraq; ireland; israel; italy; jordan; kazakhstan; kuwait; latvia; lebanon; libya; liechtenstein; lithuania; macedonia, the former yugoslav republic of; mali; malta; mauritania; moldova; mongolia; montenegro; morocco; netherlands; nigeria; norway; oman; palestinian territory, occupied; poland; portugal; qatar; romania; russian federation (central asian russia, eastern asian russia, european russia); saudi arabia; senegal; serbia; sierra leone; slovakia; slovenia; somalia; spain (canary is. - vagrant); sudan; sweden; switzerland; syrian arab republic; tunisia; turkey; turkmenistan; uganda; ukraine; united arab emirates; united kingdom; uzbekistan; western sahara; yemen\nin europe, the breeding population is estimated to number 3, 330, 000 - 7, 070, 000 pairs, which equates to 6, 660, 000 - 14, 100, 000 mature individuals (birdlife international 2015). europe forms c. 80% of the global range, so a very preliminary estimate of the global population size is 8, 325, 000 - 17, 625, 000 mature individuals, placed here in the range 8, 000, 000 - 17, 999, 999 mature individuals, although further validation of this estimate is needed. trend justification: the population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction. between 1980 and 2013 the european population underwent a steep decline (ebcc 2015) .\nthis species utilises a variety of breeding habitats, preferably situated in areas with a continental climate (many hours of sunshine and low rainfall). in the northern part of its range it occurs mainly in cultivated land, preferring low - intensity, mixed farmland on light soils, with sparsely vegetated spots and scattered or lines of trees or bushes. in forested areas of fenno - scandinavia and russia, it occupies forest margins, clearings and clear fells. in the southern areas of its breeding range it occurs in rugged open mountainous areas with some shrubs up to 2, 400 m asl (hagemeijer and blair 1997, madge and sharpe 2016). eggs are laid from mid - april until early june. the nest is built by the female, often on the ground in a field of growing crops. the clutch consists of four or five eggs. the chicks hatch after 11–12 days, are tended by both parents and leave the nest after another 12–13 days. autumn migration usually takes place from mid - august to mid - september (madge and sharpe 2016). during the breeding season the species mainly feeds on small invertebrates such as ants, beetles and grasshoppers, both on the ground and in bushes or the canopy of trees. outside the breeding season it mainly forages on seeds. the species is migratory, wintering in the northern part of sub - saharan africa (madge and sharpe 2016) .\nthe main pressure affecting populations of the species in europe is the replacement of small - scale mixed farming by large - scale agricultural intensification, including the use of insecticides and herbicides. a reduction in bare patches for foraging and a lack of invertebrate - rich grassland at nesting areas appears to have significant impacts on the species (menz and arlettaz 2012). ongoing conversion of relatively extensively used habitat to crop fields for biofuel is another issue. other threats include isolation of the remaining populations (increased risk of extinction) as a consequence of habitat fragmentation as well as hunting and trapping of the species during migration (hagemeijer and blair 1997, bernardy 2009) .\nconservation actions underway eu birds directive annex i. the species is classified as critically endangered in the red data book in the netherlands (hustings et al. 2004) and switzerland (keller 2010) and as vulnerable in france (uicn france, mnhn, lpo, seof and oncfs 2011). in germany, switzerland and austria small - scale habitat restoration measures have been undertaken (bernardy 2009). conservation actions proposed implement measures directed to the conservation / establishment of extensively used farmland areas outside protected areas. compose an international species action plan including protection during migration and on wintering areas. establish a ban on hunting and trapping of the species. evaluate effectiveness of conservation measures (bernardy 2009) .\nmap revised. added a country of occurrence and a contributor. edited population justification text .\n( amended version of 2016 assessment). the iucn red list of threatened species 2017: e. t22720916a111136121 .\ndel hoyo, j. , collar, n. j. , christie, d. a. , elliott, a. , fishpool, l. d. c. , boesman, p. and kirwan, g. m. 2016. hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world. volume 2: passerines. lynx edicions and birdlife international, barcelona, spain and cambridge, uk .\n14 cm. olive - green and yellow bunting. black lores. greenish - yellow crown, sides of head and hindneck. olive - green mantle streaked with black. olive - grey lower back, rump and uppertail - coverts. lemon - yellow underparts becoming paler on belly and green and streaked on flanks. white tips to median and greater coverts form double wing - bar .\nthis bunting qualifies as vulnerable because it has a small and declining population, probably resulting from a combination of habitat loss, pesticide use and hunting throughout its range .\n( china) in the past (birdlife international 2001). there are non - breeding records, mainly of birds on passage, from\nand taiwan. it is generally uncommon in its restricted breeding range in japan, and it appears to have declined significantly during the 20th century .\nthe global population is roughly estimated to be in the band c. 2, 500 - 9, 999 mature individuals (birdlife international 2001). this equates to 3, 750 - 14, 999 individuals in total, rounded here to 3, 500 - 15, 000 individuals. national population estimates include: < c. 1, 000 individuals on migration and < c. 1, 000 wintering individuals in china; c. 50 - 1, 000 individuals on migration and < c. 50 wintering individuals in taiwan and < c. 100, 000 breeding pairs and < c. 1, 000 individuals on migration in japan (brazil 2009). trend justification: a moderate and on - going population decline is suspected to be occurring, as the species has become scarcer on its breeding grounds in japan. declines are likely to be occurring owing to habitat degradation and loss through agricultural intensification, as well as trapping for the cage - bird trade .\nit breeds from c. 600 - 1, 500 m, in deciduous and mixed forests, on wooded slopes and in high valleys, around woodland edges and in park - like areas with shrubs and thickets. it nests in bushes or on the ground. on migration, it occurs in shrubby clearings in open woodland, in low secondary growth and open cultivated land with bushes and thickets, and sometimes in open grasslands. in its wintering range, it is found in grasslands, scrub, pine forest and cultivated areas, up to 1, 500 m .\nits decline has probably been a result of a combination of habitat loss, high levels of pesticide use and trapping for the bird trade .\nit is legally protected in japan, north korea and hong kong. it occurs in some national wildlife protection areas in central honshu, japan, including asama (gunma and nagano prefectures), the north alps (toyama, nagano and gifu prefectures) and katano duck pond (ishikawa prefecture). some of its breeding and staging grounds are also protected as prefecture protection areas, such as nikko (tochigi prefecture), myoko - san (niigata prefecture), nojiri - ko (nagano prefecture), matsunaga - wan (hiroshima prefecture) and kakara - jima (saga prefecture) .\nresearch the status of its breeding population and carry out surveys to establish its main wintering area. coordinate a study of the decline and conservation requirements of migratory passerines in asia. ensure it is legally protected across its entire range. study its habitat requirements during winter and make land management recommendations (d. allen\n. 2012). assess the level of threat posed by nocturnal trapping during migration (d. allen\nashpole, j, butchart, s. , ekstrom, j. & symes, a .\njustification: this species has been uplisted to vulnerable as recent evidence suggests that the global population is undergoing rapid declines. possible factors include increased logging in the breeding range, and large - scale trapping together with agricultural intensification in the non - breeding range .\nthis bunting breeds across northern latitudes of the palaearctic from norway in the west to kamchatka (russia) in the east. it is a full migrant, wintering in central and eastern asia (primarily from eastern china to japan) .\nthe european population is estimated at 681, 000 - 831, 000 pairs, which equates to 1, 360, 000 - 1, 660, 000 mature individuals (birdlife international 2015). europe forms c. 20% of the global range, so a very preliminary estimate of the global population size is 6, 800, 000 - 8, 300, 000 mature individuals, although further validation of this estimate is needed .\ndata collated from across europe for the european red list of birds (birdlife international 2015) indicate that the species has declined significantly in recent years, and that this decline is ongoing. a combination of official data reported by 27 eu member states to the european commission under article 12 of the eu birds directive and comparable data from other european countries, provided by birdlife partners and other leading national ornithologists, suggests that the european breeding population has declined overall by 30–49% over the last three generations (10. 8 years, based on a generation length estimated by birdlife to be 3. 6 years). this corresponds well with the declining trend reported by pecbms (the pan - european common bird monitoring scheme), and with the decline across scandinavia reported by dale & hansen (2013). consequently, the species is now classified as vulnerable at european level (birdlife international 2015) .\nhowever, only around 20% of the species’ global breeding range occurs in europe, so globally its status depends on trends in asian russia, especially in siberia. the population in european russia has declined by > 30% since 2000 and by > 50% since 1980 (birdlife international 2015), so at least some decline east of the urals also seems likely. furthermore, the species has a similar migration route and wintering areas to the globally endangered and rapidly declining yellow - breasted bunting e. aureola, and may also be trapped in china (kamp et al. 2015). edenius et al. (2016) subsequently compiled population data across its breeding and wintering ranges. the analysis revealed a 75–87% decline in overall population size over the past 30 years and a 32–91% decline over the past 10 years. the species is therefore suspected to be undergoing an ongoing global decline of at least 30 - 49% in three generations .\nthe species breeds in swampy lowland spruce (picea) or pine (pinus) forest with some birches (betula), willows (salix) or other deciduous trees. it also uses scrub along riverbanks and around sphagnum bogs. in flooded pine forests it is frequently found where pines stunted and dead trees are covered with moss. undergrowth is usually present, usually consisting of horsetail (equisetum) and bushes such as rubus (copete and garcia 2016). it may benefit from the construction of dams by beavers (hagemeijer and blair 1997, dale and hansen 2013, copete and garcia 2016). the breeding season starts in may or early june. the nest is usually placed on the ground often near water, among grassy vegetation. occasionally it is built in a low tree. the clutch, usually four to six eggs, is incubated by both the male and female. the chicks hatch after 11–13 days. they are fed by both parents and leave the nest after 7–10 days. then they are fed by the parents for another 15 days before they are able to fly. during the breeding season it mostly feeds on seeds and a wide variety of invertebrate species. the species is migratory, wintering mainly in japan, korea and eastern china with a small wintering population in southern kazakhstan and north - west china (copete and garcia 2016)." ]

{ "text": [ "emberiza is a genus of passerine birds of the bunting family emberizidae .", "created by carl linnaeus in his epic 1758 treatise , 10th edition of systema naturae , the genus contains 41 extant and one extinct species .", "the genus name emberiza is from old german embritz , a bunting .", "the origin of english \" bunting \" is unknown . " ], "topic": [ 26, 26, 26, 5 ] }

[ "emberiza is a genus of passerine birds of the bunting family emberizidae. created by carl linnaeus in his epic 1758 treatise, 10th edition of systema naturae, the genus contains 41 extant and one extinct species. the genus name emberiza is from old german embritz, a bunting. the origin of english \" bunting \" is unknown." ]

[ "copyright © 2017 southern image landscape industries inc. all rights reserved. powered by urltoken\ni am super impressed with this buffet lunch. i' ve been to southern image several times now and it…\nfree sports, movies, tv shows & all live channels, sports in 4k hd. stop by southern image today and get hooked up !\nsouthern image restaurant is a wonderful authentic southern buffet that changes daily. they also have a great menu. the staff is nice and the corn bread is outstanding. there is also an extensive and delicious dessert buffet. worth the price .\nwe don‘t know southern image catering & eatery ‘s story by heart, but we can assure you it‘s pretty awesome. message them to get to know more about their business .\nwe, at southern image landscape, would like to take this opportunity to express our appreciation and excitement, to propose to you how we can enhance the quality of your landscape .\nwe, at southern image landscape, would like to take this opportunity to express our appreciation and excitement, , to propose to you how we can enhance the quality of your landscape .\nthe image gives a stunning view of the earth as the season' s change was created by a u. s .\npam shores started her catering business in 1989, and in 2000, she opened up southern image restaurant & catering to the people of richmond hill. for over 20 years, pam and the rest …\nat southern image landscape our company’s mission is to provide quality and professional work in a timely fashion. our management staff always provides that personal touch to their accounts and truly gets to know their customers .\nsteal these secrets\nis from the april 2008 issue of southern living .\ndriving south on interstate 95, stopped in the georgia welcome center to ask if there was a\nmom & pop\nstyle restaurant, serving southern food. we were not looking for the usual chain restaurants. the lady at the counter recommended the southern image, and she ...\nthe sun in the image is artificially created, though the goes spacecraft does have sensors continually monitoring the sun for solar activity .\nspeeding spur has won australasia' s richest trotting race, the great southern star .\nview of snow from mount marley overlooking stanthorpe in southern queensland' s granite belt .\nsouthern image (usa) m, 1982 { 6 - a } dp = 2 - 0 - 2 - 2 - 0 (6) di = 1. 00 cd = 0. 33 career earnings: unraced\nsomewhere south of savannah and north of jacksonville, you' ll find a place to eat that you won' t want to miss. southern image is a down home, home style southern food delight. the mac and cheese may be the best i' ve ever had. the fried chicken ...\nfind a southern living custom builder in your area to remodel or build your dream home .\nlast year' s great southern star was won by the currently - injured kiwi star stent .\nkiwi trotter speeding spur upset the locals to win the great southern star in victoria on saturday night .\nfarmers on the southern tablelands of nsw say they' re having the best season in living memory .\nthere’s more to southern living than just the magazine. see all that the brand has to offer .\nenhance your home' s style with the southern living collection, available exclusively at dillard' s .\nlove going to southern image when i don' t feel like cooking but want home cooked comfort foods. delicious collards, peas, beans, fried chicken, pork chops, liver and onions and desserts... . so many amazing desserts. great service too .\nmy very picky family and i just visited southern image for the first time and we couldn’t have been more pleased with the food or service. every single thing we ate was completely delicious. everything on the buffet was fresh, hot, and flavorful. the desserts ...\nwe had an awesome experience with southern image. pam worked with our odd food requests, found a recipe for a dip my husband just had to have, and made sure we stayed within our budget. the food was awesome, the flowers pam provided were amazin ...\nafter the equinox passed, the northern hemisphere will be more lit than the southern hemisphere – causing the seasons .\na charming improvement on a southern favorite, jubilation gardinia grows compactly and blooms heavily in spring, reblooming fragrantly throughout summer and fall. learn more about this plant of the month and others in the southern living plant collection .\nthe southern manor has the most amazing staff. you could not have your family members in a better place .\nat 7: 45 et, the national oceanographic and atmospheric administration' s goes - 13 satellite captured this full disk image of earth, just three minutes after the equinox .\ni would definitely recommend this restaurant and will surely return. a great variety of southern food i have been missing since moving to florida. so delicious at great prices... .. wash it all down with that southern favorite, sweet tea! (of course there are other drink options .) all of this plus awesome southern hospitality\nthe big chill in southern queensland has delivered what could be the state' s most significant snowfall in 30 years .\ndon, we' re honored to hear such compliments! there' s nothing like a hearty southern meal. thank you…\nformer south carolina treasurer thomas ravenel says he will participate in a fourth season of bravo tv’s southern charm reality television show .\nwe' ve eaten lunch and dinner at southern image, it' s always fresh and delicious. they catered my daughter' s wedding in richmond hill at a venue with no kitchen or running water. you would have never know it. they food and service was top notch. if you ...\nsouthern image has made the cakes for our families birthday parties for years. we always receive compliments on their cakes and are often requested to bring a cake to out of town family when we visit. additionally, southern image' s dinner rolls are great. we used the rolls to make sandwiches for our son' s school lunch. pamela and her staff would always accommodate us and provide us 12 - 15 fresh rolls for us every sunday, even if they had to make more. we always had to order extra because 2 or 3 rolls would be eaten on the drive home and the rest would mysteriously disappear throughout the week .\nthe flowers of calendula officinalis, also known as mary’s gold or pot marigold, are a bright blessing for warm southern winters .\naccording to ravenel’s message, filming for southern charm’s fourth season is about to begin – and is scheduled to last “for several months. ”\ndanh vo a museum - wide, thematically organized survey of the vietnamese - born danish artist’s oeuvre includes a timely focus on the dreamy collective self - image of the united states. feb. 9–may 9, guggenheim, urltoken .\nthe 2018 southern living idea house is our first rennovation, located in austin, texas. click here to purchase a ticket to tour this home !\nfrankly, we’ve never viewed the southern charm storylines involving sudler - smith as especially compelling – unless of course they were connected to ravenel and dennis’ drama .\nat 7: 02 et on march 20, 2013, earth was at its equinox. at 7: 45 et, the goes - 13 satellite captured this full disk image of earth, giving a snapshot of the planet as spring sprung\nwe started catering in 1989, and in 2000, we opened our restaurant in richmond hill to share our authentic southern dishes with our community all week long .\nthis 2, 057 - square - foot cottage oozes with southern charm. a stunning entry and plenty of bedrooms and baths make this one to seriously consider .\ndennis didn’t start off as one of the show’s original cast members, but since becoming a “regular” during southern charm ‘s second season she has been driving its ratings surges .\n' as spring wears on, the northern hemisphere will receive more sun than the southern hemisphere, creating the familiar seasons in each region (summer and winter, respectively) .\nretiring in southern & coastal delaware places retirees within quick driving distance of major cities, but affords them the luxury of beachfront recreation, a slower pace of life, and property that is supremely affordable. with benefits like those, it' s no wonder southern delaware is among the fastest - growing counties and considered amongst the best places to retire .\nsouthern manor assisted living has been a wonderful home for my dad. he loves the people who work there and says the meals are real good. it allows him his independen\nthe common image of retirement held by many in the northeast and midwest is one dotted by golf outings, brunch dates, and a slower pace of life that' s simply more enjoyable than the daily hustle and bustle of working life. increasingly, southern & coastal delaware is playing a prominent role in the minds of retirees who are looking for the right combination of recreation, affordability, and overall enjoyment during this more relaxing time in life .\nmy wife and i visited southerm image for dinner. i wanted some fried chicken and my wife wanted good vegetables. we were both pleasantly surprised. the buffet had several meat choices as well as a good selection of vegetables. the food was hot and we ...\nrecommended to us by the owners of heron cove bnb. best southern dinner we' ve come across in awhile, and the staff spoke like melted sugar. very friendly, with a southern buffet or you can order off the menu. prices are reasonable and the tea is sweet. we will stop back here again next time we go to savannah, ga\nbred by woodlands stud, last season' s three - year - old trotter of the year took his earnings past the half million dollar mark with his great southern star win .\nour plan of the month for may is the winonna park, plan sl - 503 - a southern cottage that offers all the amenities of larger homes but in a manageable footprint .\nfor 50 + years, southern living has worked with our region' s best designers to develop house plans. this special issue features 85 of our best. get your copy today !\nin the voicemail recording, ravenel tells the female recipient of his call that he is eager to get in shape for the upcoming season of southern charm – specifically expressing dissatisfaction with his “beer gut. ”\nthe equinox occurs twice a year when the relative angle of earth is perpendicular to the sun, causing equal incoming solar energy to the northern and southern hemispheres - as well as equal day and nighttime .\ni had seen the billboards and heard good things about southern image for quite some time so i was curious to try it out. i was down in richmond hill today for soccer so i decided today was a good day to try southern image. i was not at all disappointed. first of all, despite the tawdry neon outside, it' s very clean, neat, and comfortable inside. the interior is decidedly country - southern, but a bit more refined (yet still quite casual) than many southern buffets i' ve been to before. the waitstaff is very attentive and prompt, which is also a huge benefit, especially for those travelers on the highway looking not to spend too much time eating. the food however is what stands out. there were many of the country standards - - fried chicken, mashed taters, a squash casserole, and some less - common but still southern items like a sausage, onions, and green pepper sauté dish. the mashed taters and fried chicken both were some of the very best versions of these old classic standards i' ve ever had anywhere, period. the breading and frying of the chicken was just superb. the potatoes also were perfect wit ample seasoning - - not dull or mundane at all. the only aspect of the buffet i found lacking actually were the desserts, which may or may not have been homemade and it was hard to tell. the cake i had just had a bit of a store - bought taste, but may have actually been homemade. in any case, most of the buffet was excellent and i' d therefore certainly return .\nnice little break in the day for a late lunch. buffet style with a southern touch. fried chicken, mac & cheese with a choice of many different vegetables. sweet tea and a variety of deserts\nsimply the best home style southern cooking anywhere. they' ve made some impressive facility changes. selection on the buffet is good for those of us needing to skip fried, but fried chicken is always present .\ni appreciate you stopping in, karol! it sounds like our southern classics and desserts filled you up. hopefully, we' ll get to see you again for more bites. sincerely, pam s, owner\nsouthern living is part of the meredith home group. ©2018 meredith corporation. all rights reserved. look for a job at time inc. use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms of use and privacy policy (your california privacy rights). ad choices. southern living may receive compensation for some links to products and services on this website. offers may be subject to change without notice. | eu data subject requests\npam shores & her catering group are beyond excellent! pam is the epitome of the southern lady... and it carries thru in her presentation, food and service. you will never regret using her services .\nit’s been a relatively quiet summer for the 54 - year - old playboy, who is in the midst of a contentious custody battle with his southern charm co - star (and ex - girlfriend) kathryn dennis .\npam shores started her catering business in 1989, and in 2000, she opened up southern image restaurant & catering to the people of richmond hill. for over 20 years, pam and the rest of our team have been sharing the best flavors of the south with anyone who' s hungry. folks come far and wide to get a taste of our award - winning fried chicken and creamy mac and cheese. though we keep our restaurant filled with southern dishes every day, our catering business has us cooking anything our clients want, from cross - cultural to regional american cuisine. over the years, we' ve served crowds of 50 to 5, 000, and we' re passionate about sharing our authentic recipes with buffet goers, wedding parties, and corporate events alike .\nyou' re the best, rae - - thank you for sharing your compliments here on yelp. we' re here for you next time you' re craving some southern favorites. sincerely, pam s. , owner\ni am super impressed with this buffet lunch. i' ve been to southern image several times now and it just doesn' t cease to impress. i would never have dined here on my own, which is really unfortunate. the signs and external appearance are neither appetizing nor enticing. i hope they get a logo sign that reflects the pride they take in their food! inside there' s a salad bar with green salad fixings, pasta salad, jello salad, anything that ends with salad! the main lunch buffet boasts fried or baked chicken, rice, vegetables... wonderful selection for anyone but a vegetarian (let' s not lie, most of the veggies are cooked with pork or chicken). the thing that sets southern image apart is the fact that it' s dessert bar is never less than 10 options, and they are goooood. that' s right, 10 selections on the dessert bar for the low low price of the buffet lunch. wonderful! and i wouldn' t hesitate to order off the menu if it ever comes to it. i' ll update when that day comes .\nat southern pines, our management teams live on - site, and are available 24 hours a day. our food is truly made from scratch, and served right to your table along with a smile from our friendly staff .\nmy absolute favorite restaurant! !! great value! !! best southern buffet you will find! !! so great that i planned this stop on our vacation from pa to florida! ! and oh my gosh... the desserts. the staff is very welcoming and accommodating. true southern hospitality :). love... love... love! !! ! my only complaint is that they don' t delivery to pennsylvania... . lol .\nwe are so excited to announce that the 2018 coastal living idea house is tucked away in the southern living and coastal living inspired community of habersham, located in beaufort, sc. click here to purchase a ticket to see this gorgous home !\nin the higher latitudes of the northern hemisphere, the time of' equal day and night' occurs a few days before the spring equinox, while in the southern hemisphere that date comes after the march equinox, according to the national weather service .\ndon, we' re honored to hear such compliments! there' s nothing like a hearty southern meal. thank you so much for joining us and sharing your experience. we look forward to seeing you again. sincerely, pam s. , owner\nin some areas, a regular spraying program may be necessary to protect vines and fruit from insects and / or diseases. refer to the southern living garden problem solver or contact your cooperative extension office for specific instructions. netting will protect fruit from birds .\nthe take - home message is that we' ve got some pretty cold south - westerlies moving through the southern interior and also the south - east coast as well, and that' s going to make that already cold temperature feel even colder .\nsouthern delaware, like the rest of the state, enjoys a relatively low tax burden and no sales tax at all. the same cannot be said of neighboring pennsylvania and maryland, which are comparatively quite a bit more expensive than retiring in delaware' s southernmost reaches .\nwe believe that southern pines is so much more than walls and windows - it' s a place to enjoy home - cooked meals, game night, or a quiet evening with family and friends. it' s where you always feel comfortable, safe, and secure .\nwinding up a nine - day visit to the uk, malawi and madagascar, united nations assistant secretary - general and deputy emergency relief coordinator kyung - wha kang called for urgent action by governments and donors to assist millions of people affected by severe drought in the southern africa region .\nall in all it is just a typical small town buffet restaurant. nothing on the buffet is really that special except the chicken. a lot of the sides are clearly straight out of a can. nonetheless, they have really good homemade fried chicken. the thing i like about it though is that it feels like eating at your grandma' s house. they have a lot of desserts like jello salad and other old southern classics. great service and you can tell the cooks know how to cook southern food, but they just need to use fresh veggies more .\nlily mcallister has lived a charmed life as part of the most powerful family in the upscale southern california enclave of pasadena. all that changes, however, when a murder and coverup in her own mansion thrusts lily into a search to unlock her family' s long - buried secrets .\nel niño - related conditions have compounded existing vulnerabilities, resulting in severe food shortages across southern africa. agricultural production has been crippled, and almost half a million drought - related livestock deaths have been reported while water sources and reservoirs are severely depleted. angola, lesotho, madagascar, malawi, mozambique, swaziland and zimbabwe are the most severely affected countries. “in anjampaly, southern madagascar people are carting water from muddy puddles on the dirt road, a water source shared with animals. this is an alarming health issue: clean water is essential to combat the high rates of malnutrition. ”\nsome of the best down home southern cooking that i have ever eaten. there wasn' t that much variety, but they didn' t it. everything i tasted was wonderful. the cornbread almost brought tears to my eyes. our waitress kayla was young but very good. my drink ...\nin london, ms. kang co - chaired a meeting of key donors and agencies on the effects of el niño in southern africa, where she urged international donors and development partners to join in efforts to raise the profile of the el niño crisis facing the region and highlighted the urgency of the response needed .\na southern food buffet. strange concept to us, but what the heck, we went in. first of all, ask for the corn bread and the little dinner rolls. best i' ve ever had. not sure if they bake them in - house or they get them from outside... .\nsouthern image is a full - service catering and event management firm that offers excellent foods and services, including custom designed menus and events. our cuisine ranges from uncomplicated to elegant, from whimsical to classical, from cross - cultural to regional american. whatever your taste, we provide flavorful, body conscious cuisine presented with exceptional flair. for almost twenty years, we have provided both corporate and social catering services, not only in the savannah area but throughout the state of georgia. from an intimate dinner to a full scale blast for five thousand, from corporate grand openings to product introductions, from weddings to bar mitzvahs, from “down home” barbecues to white glove service, our commitment is reflected in our knowledgeable and creative staff whose expertise will ensure that your dining experience or event is a successful and truly memorable one .\nlife in southern delaware moves at a slower pace, with more friendly smiles in each neighborhood and a tendency to strike up small talk even during daily errands and other routine outings. it' s a refreshing dose of friendliness and smiles that most people from the surrounding big cities long for after several decades of hard work .\nthis is probably our favorite place to go in richmond hill. it is locally owned and the family is so nice. the buffet has a wide selection of southern home cooked foods and an extensive dessert bar. the price is great for the amount of food you can get. we always leave beyond stuffed, so come hungry .\nsome of the best down home southern cooking that i have ever eaten. there wasn' t that much variety, but they didn' t it. everything i tasted was wonderful. the cornbread almost brought tears to my eyes. our waitress kayla was young but very good. my drink was never empty and empty plates were cleared quickly .\nsharp knives are essential to a southern cook' s success. whether you' re chopping up fresh produce from your garden or slicing into the season' s first watermelon, this tip will help prolong your knife' s use. learn how to keep knives sharp and ready to go with a honing steel tool with this tip from test kitchen director robby melvin .\nthroughout southern delaware, scenic golf courses dot the landscape and invite newly relocated retirees to establish a membership and enjoy some of the best golf anywhere in the country. local restaurants and salons are open year - round, despite the seasonal nature of the beaches, and typically offer off - season specials that enhance the value of retiring in this part of america' s second - smallest state .\nsouthern africa is experiencing the worst el niño - induced drought in 35 years. nearly 40 million people are food insecure, including some 23 million who require urgent humanitarian assistance. about 2. 7 million children face severe acute malnutrition. the figure is expected to spike significantly, if immediate assistance is not received, as food insecurity is expected to peak during the october 2016 to march 2017 lean season .\nenjoy the convenience of our comfortable bus for scheduled appointments, shopping trips and other errands. we also regularly plan special excursions to cultural events, day trips, museums, and other places of interest. if you' d rather stay home, the choice is yours. it' s easy to be as private or as social as you wish, southern pines features beautiful common areas and there' s always a variety of planned activities and a chance to socialize with friends and neighbors every day .\njust stay away! i gave this place two tries. my first visit was close to closing time, so i figured the horrible food and poor service was due to the fact that i got there five minutes before closing. was i wrong! my second visit was worse than the first. the waitress was rude and downright lazy. i had to get my own drink refill not once but twice. i ordered fried chicken. you cant get more southern than that right? it was discusting. just stay away .\nin the grand sud region of madagascar, a region wholly by - passed by development investment and caught up in chronic extreme poverty, 1. 14 million people are food insecure, among whom 665, 000 are in need of urgent assistance. stunting rates for under - fives are 47 per cent in the country overall: the highest in southern africa. in malawi, a state of national disaster was declared in april, with 6. 5 million people – nearly 40% of malawi’s population - unable to get enough food by the end of this year .\ndriving i - 95 on our way home to miami, and we were coming upon savannah. i mentioned i would like some fried chicken. well, being so close to savannah, i thought of paula deen' s restaurant where the food is always superb. i called and the earliest reservation was 4 hours from the time we would be passing by savannah. well were all primed for fried chicken at this point and put our smart phones to work. lo and behold southern image came up and we stopped. i am so glad that we did. the food was excellent home - style cooking. everything was hot and fresh and tasted like heaven. the cornbread is sweet (cake), and i prefer regular cornbread, but it was still good. the chicken was as good as paula deen' s and the buffet was more than half the price. every side dish was outstanding. the restaurant was very busy with after - church crowd and the waitress was a bit frazzled, but on top of everything. the restaurant is a dated, and could use an overhaul, but that is not a huge priority. good food is. my only issue was with the bathroom. the toilet and sink looked clean, but the walls and baseboard were disgusting. clean the bathroom! !! !! i got a quick look at the kitchen and it looked clean and orderly. that was a relief .\nif you’ve picked the perfect small town for retirement living but are striking out with the available real estate, this might be just the solution. we’ve gathered a few of our favorite house plans that will make the ideal abode for soaking it all in. our collection of southern living house plans include both single story house plans and two - story house plans. our house floor plans will run the gamut from simple house plans to more elaborate, larger options. we think you' ll find choosing your new house plan is hands - down the most exciting part of retirement planning .\npacific standard time more than 100 galleries, museums and cultural institutions will be mounting shows as part of this polyphonic dialogue, initiated by the getty, between latino and latin american art and the city of los angeles. it includes “golden kingdoms: luxury and legacy in the ancient americas, ” the sure - to - be - crowd - pleasing assembly of pre - columbian gold, luxe and dazzling stelae opening sept. 16 and traveling to the met on feb. 27, one of four exhibits at the getty itself. sept. to jan. , throughout southern california, urltoken .\nin this encyclopedic (and personal) list of coming fall and winter shows, you’ll find festivals and centenaries — chief among them pacific standard time, the getty’s huge initiative to blanket southern california with shows about latin american and latino art, and the 100th anniversary of rodin’s death, which will be honored with exhibits of work by the one - man french sculpture factory in multiple cities. expect plenty of old masters, but don’t miss the crime scene dioramas, mummified monkeys or eliot noyes’s unrealized westinghouse pavilion for the 1964 world’s fair — all of it providing a welcome counterbalance to the hothouse of contemporary gallery art that also begins in september .\nwe like to eat locally while on the road. at the georgia welcome center, i asked for a restaurant recommendation south of savannah, this was the first place mentioned. it was everything they said it was. just amazing fried chicken, mac & cheese was delicious, creamy and cheesy. i had creamed corn and cold pea salad as well. cornbread as a side. chocolate pudding and almond cake for dessert. it was all so good, obviously from scratch dishes. portion sizes were smaller to normal, which i like, i wasn' t at a buffet to each as much as i can. highly recommend to enjoy delicious southern cooking. would love to see hush puppies on the menu! attentive friendly service, everyone was so helpful and kind. loved it !\nupdate: i come here for business lunches about once a month now. the food, although pretty characteristically southern, is never bland, is not heavy, fatty or greasy, and a generous spread is offered. they almost always have fried or baked chicken, and also rotate entrees such as meatloaf, liver and onions, and other american staples. sides include fresh steamed / boiled vegetables, rice and gravy, mac and cheese, and seasonal favorites like fried green tomatoes and okra with tomatoes. there' s also a salad bar offering a variety of greens, plentiful toppings and even the good ol' lime jello! the dessert bar has expanded in the past 6 months and now includes lots of different cakes, cookies, pudding and brownies / bars. i have never been disappointed in the flavor, selection or quality of this food. i was really apprehensive the first time i went in, but they have renovated and changed things around several times and now it' s one of my favorite places for quick, inexpensive and delicious work lunches .\nmanagement firm that offers excellent foods and services, including custom designed menus and events. our cuisine ranges from uncomplicated to elegant, from whimsical to classical, from cross - cultural to regional american. whatever your taste, we provide flavorful, body conscious cuisine presented with exceptional flair. for over twenty years, we have provided both corporate and social catering services, not only in the savannah area but throughout the state of georgia. from an intimate dinner to a full scale blast for five thousand, from corporate grand openings to product introductions, from weddings to bar mitzvahs, from “down home” barbecues to white glove service, our commitment is reflected in our knowledgeable and creative staff whose expertise will ensure that your dining experience or event is a successful and truly memorable one .\nwe noticed that you' re using an unsupported browser. the tripadvisor website may not display properly. we support the following browsers :\ntripadvisor gives a certificate of excellence to accommodations, attractions and restaurants that consistently earn great reviews from travelers .\nthis was my first time here, and the food was delicious! !! there is plenty to choose from on the buffet, and also dessert table. the salad bar needs a few more items added, but other than that it was well worth the trip and price... .\nth service was great and the food was good. we accidentally seen this little gem of a restaurant when we were looking for the smoking pig, glad we did .\nnote: your question will be posted publicly on the questions & answers page .\nown or manage this property? claim your listing for free to respond to reviews, update your profile and much more. claim your listing\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site... (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites. taxes, fees not included for deals content .\nfirst, try refreshing the page and clicking current location again. make sure you click allow or grant permissions if your browser asks for your location. if your browser doesn' t ask you, try these steps :\nat the top of your chrome window, near the web address, click the green lock labeled secure .\nin the window that pops up, make sure location is set to ask or allow .\nyou' re good to go! reload this yelp page and try your search again .\nif you' re still having trouble, check out google' s support page. you can also search near a city, place, or address instead .\nat the top of your opera window, near the web address, you should see a gray location pin. click it .\nif you' re still having trouble, check out opera' s support page. you can also search near a city, place, or address instead .\nclick safari in the menu bar at the top of the screen, then preferences .\nunder website use of location services, click prompt for each website once each day or prompt for each website one time only .\nmacos may now prompt you to enable location services. if it does, follow its instructions to enable location services for safari .\nclose the privacy menu and refresh the page. try using current location search again. if it works, great! if not, read on for more instructions .\nback in the privacy dialog, click manage website data... and type urltoken into the search bar .\nyou' re good to go! close the settings tab, reload this yelp page, and try your search again .\nif you' re still having trouble, check out safari' s support page. you can also search near a city, place, or address instead .\nat the top of your firefox window, to the left of the web address, you should see a green lock. click it .\nin the window that pops up, you should see blocked or blocked temporarily next to access your location. click the x next to this line .\nyou' re good to go! refresh this yelp page and try your search again .\nif you' re still having trouble, check out firefox' s support page. you can also search near a city, place, or address instead .\nclick the gear in the upper - right hand corner of the window, then internet options .\nuncheck the box labeled never allow websites to request your physical location if it' s already checked .\nyou' re good to go! click ok, then refresh this yelp page and try your search again .\nat the top - right hand corner of the window, click the button with three dots on it, then settings .\nclick show more, then make sure only the box labeled location permissions is checked .\noops! we don' t recognize the web browser you' re currently using. try checking the browser' s help menu, or searching the web for instructions to turn on html5 geolocation for your browser. you can also search near a city, place, or address instead .\nsomething broke and we' re not sure what. try again later, or search near a city, place, or address instead .\nwe couldn' t find you quickly enough! try again later, or search near a city, place, or address instead .\nwe couldn' t find an accurate position. if you' re using a laptop or tablet, try moving it somewhere else and give it another go. or, search near a city, place, or address instead .\nif your looking for great country cooking and and nice staff, look no more. . we went in on sunday lots of fresh food salad bar and home made desserts. 2nd time coming today and not dissapointed. .\ncute restaurant with friendly staff. food was a little over cooked and dry. definitely need to increase the seasoning... . very bland for country style cooking. desserts must be their specialty. large assortment of homemade pies, cakes and cookies .\nwe tried this buffet for the first time last night. $ 11. 95 week nights. it' s a good value. nice selection of sides. fried chicken was good. they had bbq chicken, baked chicken and fried chicken. the dessert table is very nice. i especially liked the coconut pudding and the cookie. service was very attentive. i would go back if i was in the area .\ngreat quality, variety and price! i' m a vegetarian, my brother is not and we were both thoroughly satisfied .\ni love the food, but... . we visit this resturant every time we travel through. i was disappointed this time. first, the waitress saw we were two heavy people and sat us at very close spaced tables. (we requested a table). she was not friendly, brought two rolls that were miniature... egg sized and never came back to offer more, to see if we needed condiments or anything. then after we had laid our napkins on our plates she asked if we wanted drink refills. still didn' t bring the tab. i was also dissapointed that we paid a nice price for the meal and they only had the fried chicken container loaded with legs and wings .\nexcellent customer service and the buffet hot and fresh. i had their fried chicken (deliciousness) homemade sides, salad bar and dessert table. diffently going back real soon\nit was a complete country buffet. it was ok but i would not go out of my way for it .\n“they have everything from fried chicken, baked chicken, baked beans, mashed potatoes, mac & cheese, green beans, fried shrimp, cornbread & deserts. ” in 8 reviews\n“salad bar, fried chicken, pork chops, ribs, fish lots of sides to choice from. ” in 5 reviews\n“excellent food, the fried chicken was amazing, the mac n cheese was delicious, the entire buffet was great. ” in 3 reviews\nyour trust is our top concern, so businesses can' t pay to alter or remove their reviews. learn more .\nheads up: from now on, other yelpers will be able to see how you voted. want to chime in ?\nif your looking for great country cooking and and nice staff, look no more. . we went in on sunday…\nif your looking for great country cooking and and nice staff, look no more. . we went in on sunday lots of fresh food salad bar and home made desserts .\nshane, thank you for your support here on yelp! that means the world, and we hope it won' t be the last time we see you. until next time, pam s. , owner\ni' m sorry our dishes didn' t impress this time around. donna. we' re all about flavor, and i know we…\ni' m sorry our dishes didn' t impress this time around. donna. we' re all about flavor, and i know we can prove that to you next time. thanks for taking the time to visit and share your feedback. we look forward to a future visit. sincerely, pam s. , owner\nwe always love providing the treats for your family' s celebrations, steve - - thanks for counting on us every time! for the rolls and cakes you love, we' re always here. best wishes, pam s. , owner\nmike, thank you for your attention to detail here. we' re all about sharing great food with locals…\nmike, thank you for your attention to detail here. we' re all about sharing great food with locals and travelers alike, so we appreciate your affirmation. so sorry the desserts were not their absolute best that day! we' d love to welcome you in for more delicious bites another day. hope you' re doing well, pam s, owner\nyou' re the best, rae - - thank you for sharing your compliments here on yelp. we' re here for you next…\nflounder, pulled pork, deviled egg, green beans, black eyed peas and mac n cheese. so good... ...\nace, wow - - thank you! we put a lot of care and heart into a few select favorites. that said, we…\nace, wow - - thank you! we put a lot of care and heart into a few select favorites. that said, we share our weekly specials on our facebook page if you' re ever interested in seeing what else we bring to the table! all in all, we can' t wait to see you again. until next time, pam s. , owner\npauline, this is wonderful to hear! we' re glad you could both find dishes to enjoy. we can' t wait to…\npauline, this is wonderful to hear! we' re glad you could both find dishes to enjoy. we can' t wait to see you again next time. sincerely, pam s. , owner\nanne, i' m so sorry for your most recent visit. it sounds like we were completely off our game that…\nanne, i' m so sorry for your most recent visit. it sounds like we were completely off our game that day, and i' d like to extend my apologies if you felt any discomfort. you' re right to expect better, and i wish we had taken the moment to accommodate your request. having dined with us before, you know we' re capable of much more than this. i hope we' ll get a chance next time to turn things around. sincerely, pam s. , owner\nfaith, i want to sincerely apologize that this was your experience. you should feel welcome and well…\nfaith, i want to sincerely apologize that this was your experience. you should feel welcome and well taken care of when you join us for a meal whether you dine in or take out, and it' s disheartening to see that wasn' t the case. having joined us in the past, you know that our team is capable of much more than this - - and that team member' s service was truly out of character, and there' s no excuse for it. please know i' m handling that internally. if you' re willing, we would love to have your family back to show you how wonderful your experience should be. respectfully, pam s. , owner\nmeg, i really appreciate your update. it means the world to have your support, and i' ll be sure to…\nmeg, i really appreciate your update. it means the world to have your support, and i' ll be sure to pass your compliments to the team. can' t wait to see you again. sincerely, pam s, owner\nmichelle, this is great to see, and we appreciate your kind words! i love hearing that you were fond of just about everything you got from our buffet. i can' t wait to welcome you in again. sincerely, pam s. , owner\nilona, i' m delighted we came so highly recommended and that we lived up to expectations. we love…\nilona, i' m delighted we came so highly recommended and that we lived up to expectations. we love sharing delicious meals, and our hope is that you' ll come see us again next time you' re passing through. we change up our menu from time to time, and i think you' ll enjoy our other offerings. safe travels, pam s. , owner\ni' m thrilled you can count on your comfort food favorites here, jacqueline. thanks for picking us…\ni' m thrilled you can count on your comfort food favorites here, jacqueline. thanks for picking us when you need a night out of the kitchen! we' re here for you anytime. hope to see you again soon, pam s. , owner\nwe appreciate your review, emma! thank you so much and please don' t hesitate to stop in again for more yummy, filling food. all in all, we can' t wait to see you. take care, pam s. , owner\nkari, thank you! we' re so honored to be among your favorites. if you' re ever in richmond hill again, …\nkari, thank you! we' re so honored to be among your favorites. if you' re ever in richmond hill again, we' d love to see you. wishing you well, pam s, owner\neddie, we pride ourselves on our homemade quality, so it' s disheartening to hear that wasn' t felt. i…\neddie, we pride ourselves on our homemade quality, so it' s disheartening to hear that wasn' t felt. i hope that next time we prove that to you. i' m sure we can. sincerely, pam s. , owner\npamela shores and her husband have built this business from the ground up. pam loves making guests feel comfortable and providing them with enjoyable dining experiences. she' s an expert at putting together weddings and corporate events with the organization, teamwork, creativity, and great food necessary !\nwe calculate the overall star rating using only reviews that our automated software currently recommends .\ncontact us: 407 - 348 - 5607 write us: rebecca. goldsmith @ urltoken\n6640 s flores st (1, 466. 45 mi) san antonio, texas 78214\nnow offering short runs of high quality soft stretch heat transfer prints for businesses, fundraisers, team spirit, in loving memory, etc... no minimum order is required. . if you just need 1, 2 or 12. we got you! !! come see us @ 6640 s. flores st, 78214\nneed a large order of t - shirts printed for your business, brand, or event? ? come see us! ! we specialize in mass production with multi - color imaging. . customize your silk screen printed t - shirts to fit your needs and promote your brand with high quality work, at a affordable price! !!" ]

{ "text": [ "southern image ( foaled april 7 2000 ) is a millionaire american thoroughbred racehorse and successful sire .", "he was bred in florida by arthur i. appleton and although he raced under the green blahut stables silks he was majority owned by allen , josh , angie and renee tepper of tepper racing .", "he finished racing with a record of 6-1-1 in 8 starts and earnings of $ 1,843,750 .", "southern image was best known for his 2004 wins in the grade one pimlico special and the grade one santa anita handicap which made him the third ever to win both prestigious races on separate coasts of the united states .", "the others were farma way and seabiscuit .", "he also won the florida/california sunshine millions classic and the grade 1 malibu stakes . " ], "topic": [ 22, 22, 14, 14, 0, 14 ] }

[ "southern image (foaled april 7 2000) is a millionaire american thoroughbred racehorse and successful sire. he was bred in florida by arthur i. appleton and although he raced under the green blahut stables silks he was majority owned by allen, josh, angie and renee tepper of tepper racing. he finished racing with a record of 6-1-1 in 8 starts and earnings of $ 1,843,750. southern image was best known for his 2004 wins in the grade one pimlico special and the grade one santa anita handicap which made him the third ever to win both prestigious races on separate coasts of the united states. the others were farma way and seabiscuit. he also won the florida/california sunshine millions classic and the grade 1 malibu stakes." ]

[ "variety lysmata seticaudata var. ternatensis de man, 1902 accepted as lysmata ternatensis de man, 1902\nlysmata amboinensis is easily recognized by its yellow - orange color contrasting with ...\nlive color pattern of lysmata rafa n. sp. a lateral view. b dorsal view\nkatja schulz added text to\nbrief summary\non\nlysmata amboinensis de man, 1888\n.\nlysmata leptodactylus, a new species of lysmatid shrimp (crustacea: decapoda: caridea) from china .\nworapan worasattayaphorn added the thai common name\nกุ้งพยาบาลแถบขาว\nto\nlysmata amboinensis de man, 1888\n.\nlysmata acicula (?). photo credits – john p. hoover, dennis mccrea and debra newbery .\nnick hope added the english common name\nskunk cleaner shrimp\nto\nlysmata amboinensis de man, 1888\n.\nlysmata leptodactylus, a new species of lysmatid shrimp (crustacea: decapoda: caridea) from china. - pubmed - ncbi\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\nindopazifische weißband - putzergarnele\nto\nlysmata amboinensis de man, 1888\n.\na selection of some unusually seen lysmata shrimps. from top left going clockwise, lysmata seticaudata, l. prima, l. morelandi, l. multiscissa, l. udoi and l. kuekenthali. picture credits following picture sequence – scott furlan, brian mayes, alison perkins, july liloan, flickr user artour _ a and micha? ciechorski .\nalthough many of the lysmata shrimps bear almost identical resemblance to each other, a small handful of them are unique and startlingly beautiful. many of the species are virtually unknown and poorly understood, but we’d imagine that some are really cool looking judging by their scientific name. species such as lysmata gracilirostris and lysmata splendida were probably not named “graceful rostrum” and “splendid” for nothing. still, almost every single species except the three staple cleaner shrimps elude the aquarium trade for many years. once in awhile a stray species pops up in a store, but without any regularity .\na new species of lysmatid shrimp, lysmata leptodactylus n. sp. , is described and illustrated based on specimens collected from the subtidal zone in guangdong province, south china sea. the new species bears distinctly unequal second pereiopods and uniquely elongated gracile dactyli of the ambulatory pereiopods. these characters, combined with the rostral formula, and stylocerite proportion, immediately distinguish lysmata leptodactylus n. sp. from all known species of lysmatid shrimp .\n( of lysmata aberrans czerniavsky, 1884) czerniavsky, v. , 1884. materialia ad zoographiam ponticam comparatam. fasc ii. crustacea decapoda pontica littoralia [ in russian / latin ]: 1 - 268, plates 1 - 7. moscow. [ details ]\nlysmata rafa n. sp. is described from freshly collected specimens from the keys west lakes, florida keys, and from a museum specimen collected at bear cut, biscayne bay, florida. the new species is morphologically most similar to the western atlantic lysmata rathbunae chace, 1970 and the eastern pacific lysmata gracilirostris wicksten, 2000, but can be distinguished from them by the number of carpal segments in the second pereiopod; the length and dentition of the rostrum; the shape and number of spines on the dactylus of the third to fifth pereiopods; and the absence of a tooth on the pterygostomial margin of the carapace. despite being a shallow - water species, l. rafa n. sp. has extremely elongate walking legs and third maxilliped that are more typical to deep - water or cave dwelling carideans .\nthe lysmata shrimps are well known for their cleaning properties there exists more than just three species outside of l. amboinensis, l. debelius, and l. wurdermanni; more commonly known as the scarlet cleaner shrimp, the blood or fire shrimp, and of course, the peppermint shrimp. there are about forty species of lysmata shrimps found in most of the world’s oceans. many are poorly known and a great deal of them look identical to closely related species such as the clade of virtually identical peppermint shrimp imposters such as l. californica, l. bahia, l. ankeri and l. boggessi .\nlysmata rafa n. sp. occurs sympatrically with several other species of lysmata, with populations of some (e. g. , l. wurdemanni and l. boggessi) numbered by thousands in the summer of 2003, but notably lower after the hurricanes of 2004 and 2005 (a. rhyne, pers. obs .). in the key west lakes, l. rafa n. sp. has never been collected from the same ledges as l. wurdemanni and l. boggessi, which appear to live in close quarters along the ledge system, suggesting that it might occupy a slightly different ecological niche .\nwithin lysmata, an extreme elongation of appendages typically occurs in deep water species (found below 50 m). however, l. rafa n. sp. is a shallow water species with slender elongate walking legs and third maxilliped, suggesting that this feature is not always an adaptation to deep - water environments .\nyou didn’t think we’d feature the regular scarlet cleaner shrimp above would you? the shrimp pictured above is lysmata grabhami from the caribbean, which is differentiated from it’s ubiquitous cousin by having its white stripe run unbroken down all the way through to the tail. the white margins on both sides are also unbroken and clean .\nlysmata amboinensis is a commonly traded ornamental shrimp for marine aquaria (lucas & southgate 2012). most of the commercially sold shrimp are wild - caught, raising concerns about negative ecological impacts on their reef habitats (calado et al. 2003). efforts to develop captive breeding programs are underway in order to alleviate the pressures of harvesting in the wild (calado 2008) .\nlysmata rafa n. sp. , male paratype mnhn - na 19399. a right first pereiopod, lateral view. b same, detail of chela. c same, detail of ischium. d right second pereiopod, lateral view. e right third pereiopod, lateral view. f same, detail of dactylus. g right fifth pereiopod, lateral view. scale bars as indicated in figure\nthis species has a very unusual sexual system. the shrimp initially develop and reproduce as males then develop female reproductive organs to become hermaphrodites and function as both males and females throughout the reproductive cycle (fiedler 1998). this system called protandric simultaneous hermaphroditism is so far known only from caridean shrimp in the closely related genera lysmata and exhippolysmata (baeza 2009, baeza 2010, baeza et al. 2009) .\n( of lysmata aberrans czerniavsky, 1884) de grave, s. & c. h. j. m. fransen. (2011). carideorum catalogus: the recent species of the dendrobranchiate, stenopodidean, procarididean and caridean shrimps (crustacea: decapoda). zool. med. leiden. 85 (9): 30. ix. 2011: 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nlysmata amboinensis is easily recognized by its yellow - orange color contrasting with red and white stripes along the top of the head and body. the antennae are white and very long. the native habitats of this species are caves and ledges of coral reefs of the indo - pacific and the red sea, in depths from about 5 - 40 m (allen 2000, wong & michiels 2011). l. amboinensis is considered a cleaner shrimp because it gets much of its food by removing external parasites and old skin from moray eels, groupers, and other fishes .\nlysmata rafa n. sp. , male paratype mnhn - na 19399. a anterior region, dorsal view. b same, lateral view. c carapace, lateral view. d first segment of antennular peduncle, with detail of tooth on ventromesial carina. e antennular flagellum with rudimentary secondary ramus. f right antennal scale. g mandible. h right third maxilliped. i same, tip of ultimate segment. j same, epipod. k fifth and sixth abdominal somites, lateral view. l right uropod, dorsal view. m telson, dorsal view. n same, posterior margin. scale bars as indicated in figure\nscarlet - striped cleaning shrimp lysmata grabhami (gordon, 1935) description: like all members of this group of shrimps, the stenopodids, the third pair of walking legs is of different shape and bears claws. the colors make identification easy. a bright white stripe flanked by two broad red bands extend from the antennae to the tip of the tail. the color of the rest of the animal is cream to yellow. two pairs of bright white antennae. habitat: inhabits the coral reefs near openings or recesses. the shrimp waves its antennae to attract fish. it will feed on the parasites it removes from the fish' s skin. depth: ranges from 1 m down to 30 m. distribution: occurs in shallow reef areas al over the caribbean. remarks: when approached carefully with an extended hand, it may come out of its protection to clean it .\nthe description of the new species is based on freshly collected specimens, four males and one euhermaphrodite from key west lakes, and one preserved specimen from bear cut, florida, from the collections of the national museum of natural history, smithsonian institution, washington, dc, usa (usnm). the type material is deposited in the usnm and the muséum national d’histoire naturelle, paris, france (mnhn). progeny from a pair collected in the wild were reared and their offspring were grown in the laboratory for six months post settlement. specimens of lysmata species used for comparison with the new species remain deposited in the collections of the florida fish and wildlife research institute, st petersburg, fl, usa (fsbc - i) and usnm. the carapace length (cl, in mm) was measured along the mediodorsal line from the postorbital margin to the posterior margin of the carapace .\nrisso, a. (1816). histoire naturelle des crustacés des environs de nice. librairie grecque­ - latine - allemande, paris. 175 pp. , 3 plates. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of eretmocaris spence bate, 1888) spence bate, c. (1888). report on the crustacea macrura collected by the challenger during the years 1873 - 76. eport on the scientific results of the voyage of h. m. s. ”challenger” during the years 1873 - 76. 24: i - xc, 1 - 942, plates 1 - 157. [ details ]\n( of hippolysmata stimpson, 1860) stimpson, w. , 1860a. prodromus descriptionis animalium evertebratorum, quae in expeditione ad oceanum pacificum septentrionalem, a republic federata missa, cadwaladore ringgold et johanne rodgers ducibus, observavit et descripsit. pars viii, crustacea macrura. — proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 1860: 22 - 47. [ pages 91 - 116 on separate ] [ details ]\n( of melicerta risso, 1816) risso, a. (1816). histoire naturelle des crustacés des environs de nice. librairie grecque­ - latine - allemande, paris. 175 pp. , 3 plates. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of aglaope rafinesque, 1814) rafinesque, c. s. (1814). précis des découvertes et travaux somiologiques de mr. c. s. rafinesque - schmaltz entre 1800 et 1814; ou choix raisonné de ses principales découvertes en zoologie et en botanique, pour servir d' introduction à ses ouvrages futurs. palerme. 1 - 55. [ details ]\n( of niphea rafinesque, 1815) rafinesque, c. s. [ - schmaltz ]. (1815). analyse de la nature ou tableau de l' univers et des corps organisés. palerme. 1 - 224. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of opithiocheirus leach, 1830) leach, w. e. , 1830a. on three new genera of the malacostraceous crustacea, belonging to the family squillidae. — transactions of the plymouth institution 1: 172 - 175. [ details ]\n( of usterocheirus leach, 1830) leach, w. e. , 1830a. on three new genera of the malacostraceous crustacea, belonging to the family squillidae. — transactions of the plymouth institution 1: 172 - 175. [ details ]\n( of arno roux, 1831) roux, p. , 1831. mémoire sur la classification des crustacés de la tribu des salicoques: 1 - 39, 4 tables. marseille. [ details ]\ntürkay, m. (2001). decapoda, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, 50: pp. 284 - 292 (look up in imis) [ details ]\nd' udekem d' acoz, c. (1999). inventory and distribution of the decapod crustaceans from the northeastern atlantic, the mediterranean and the adjacent continental waters north of 25°n. collection patrimoines naturels, 40. muséum national d' histoire naturelle. paris. isbn 2 - 86515 - 114 - 10. x, 383 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nde grave, s. & c. h. j. m. fransen. (2011). carideorum catalogus: the recent species of the dendrobranchiate, stenopodidean, procarididean and caridean shrimps (crustacea: decapoda). zool. med. leiden. 85 (9): 30. ix. 2011: 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of eretmocaris spence bate, 1888) nomenclator zoologicus online. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of eretmocaris spence bate, 1888) gurney, r. (1937). notes on some decapod crustacea from the red sea i. the genus processa. proc. zool. soc. london. vol 107 (b) 85 - 101. [ details ]\n( of eretmocaris spence bate, 1888) de grave, s. & c. h. j. m. fransen. (2011). carideorum catalogus: the recent species of the dendrobranchiate, stenopodidean, procarididean and caridean shrimps (crustacea: decapoda). zool. med. leiden. 85 (9): 30. ix. 2011: 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of hippolysmata stimpson, 1860) nomenclator zoologicus online. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of hippolysmata stimpson, 1860) derijard, r. (1966). note preliminaire sur les crustaces stomatopodes et decapodes recoltes a l' ile europa du 6 au 24 avril 1964. mem mus natn hist nat, paris 4 (41): 159 - 180 [ details ]\n( of hippolysmata stimpson, 1860) de grave, s. & c. h. j. m. fransen. (2011). carideorum catalogus: the recent species of the dendrobranchiate, stenopodidean, procarididean and caridean shrimps (crustacea: decapoda). zool. med. leiden. 85 (9): 30. ix. 2011: 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of aglaope rafinesque, 1814) de grave, s. & c. h. j. m. fransen. (2011). carideorum catalogus: the recent species of the dendrobranchiate, stenopodidean, procarididean and caridean shrimps (crustacea: decapoda). zool. med. leiden. 85 (9): 30. ix. 2011: 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of melicerta risso, 1816) de grave, s. & c. h. j. m. fransen. (2011). carideorum catalogus: the recent species of the dendrobranchiate, stenopodidean, procarididean and caridean shrimps (crustacea: decapoda). zool. med. leiden. 85 (9): 30. ix. 2011: 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of arno roux, 1831) de grave, s. & c. h. j. m. fransen. (2011). carideorum catalogus: the recent species of the dendrobranchiate, stenopodidean, procarididean and caridean shrimps (crustacea: decapoda). zool. med. leiden. 85 (9): 30. ix. 2011: 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of usterocheirus leach, 1830) de grave, s. & c. h. j. m. fransen. (2011). carideorum catalogus: the recent species of the dendrobranchiate, stenopodidean, procarididean and caridean shrimps (crustacea: decapoda). zool. med. leiden. 85 (9): 30. ix. 2011: 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of niphea rafinesque, 1815) de grave, s. & c. h. j. m. fransen. (2011). carideorum catalogus: the recent species of the dendrobranchiate, stenopodidean, procarididean and caridean shrimps (crustacea: decapoda). zool. med. leiden. 85 (9): 30. ix. 2011: 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of opithiocheirus leach, 1830) de grave, s. & c. h. j. m. fransen. (2011). carideorum catalogus: the recent species of the dendrobranchiate, stenopodidean, procarididean and caridean shrimps (crustacea: decapoda). zool. med. leiden. 85 (9): 30. ix. 2011: 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of aglaope striata rafinesque, 1814) rafinesque, c. s. (1814). précis des découvertes et travaux somiologiques de mr. c. s. rafinesque - schmaltz entre 1800 et 1814; ou choix raisonné de ses principales découvertes en zoologie et en botanique, pour servir d' introduction à ses ouvrages futurs. palerme. 1 - 55. [ details ]\n( of melicerta seti caudata risso, 1816) risso, a. (1816). histoire naturelle des crustacés des environs de nice. librairie grecque­ - latine - allemande, paris. 175 pp. , 3 plates. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of palemon cognetii risso, 1816) risso, a. (1816). histoire naturelle des crustacés des environs de nice. librairie grecque­ - latine - allemande, paris. 175 pp. , 3 plates. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of miersia clavigera chun, 1888) chun, c. (1888). die pelagische thierwelt in grösseren meerestiefen und ihre beziehungen zu der ober­flächenfauna. bibliotheca zoologica. 1 (1): 1 - 69. [ details ]\nholthuis, l. b. ; fransen, c. h. j. m. (1993). coastal shrimps and prawns. coastal shrimps and prawns. 15. second edition. [ details ]\n( of miersia clavigera chun, 1888) de grave, s. & c. h. j. m. fransen. (2011). carideorum catalogus: the recent species of the dendrobranchiate, stenopodidean, procarididean and caridean shrimps (crustacea: decapoda). zool. med. leiden. 85 (9): 30. ix. 2011: 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of aglaope striata rafinesque, 1814) de grave, s. & c. h. j. m. fransen. (2011). carideorum catalogus: the recent species of the dendrobranchiate, stenopodidean, procarididean and caridean shrimps (crustacea: decapoda). zool. med. leiden. 85 (9): 30. ix. 2011: 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of palemon cognetii risso, 1816) de grave, s. & c. h. j. m. fransen. (2011). carideorum catalogus: the recent species of the dendrobranchiate, stenopodidean, procarididean and caridean shrimps (crustacea: decapoda). zool. med. leiden. 85 (9): 30. ix. 2011: 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of melicerta seti caudata risso, 1816) de grave, s. & c. h. j. m. fransen. (2011). carideorum catalogus: the recent species of the dendrobranchiate, stenopodidean, procarididean and caridean shrimps (crustacea: decapoda). zool. med. leiden. 85 (9): 30. ix. 2011: 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of hippolysmata grabhami gordon, 1935) gordon, i. , 1935. on new and imperfectly known species of crustacea macrura. — the journal of the linnean society, zoology 39: 307 - 351. [ details ]\nfelder, d. l. , álvarez. f. , goy, j. w. & lemaitre, r. (2009). decapoda (crustacea) of the gulf of mexico, with comments on the amphionidacea, . felder, d. l. , and camp, d. k. (eds), gulf of mexico - origins, waters, and biota. vol. 1. biodiversity. pp. 1019–1104 (texas a & m; university press: college station, texas). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of hippolysmata grabhami gordon, 1935) vine, p. (1986). red sea invertebrates. immel publishing, london. 224 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of hippolysmata grabhami gordon, 1935) de grave, s. & c. h. j. m. fransen. (2011). carideorum catalogus: the recent species of the dendrobranchiate, stenopodidean, procarididean and caridean shrimps (crustacea: decapoda). zool. med. leiden. 85 (9): 30. ix. 2011: 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nm. de kluijver, g. gijswijt, r. de leon & i. da cunda\nhumann, p. , 1992. reef creature identification - florida caribbean bahamas, (ed. n. deloach). new world publications, inc. , paramount miller graphics, inc. , jacksonville, florida .\nvoss, g. l. , 1976. seashore life of florida and the carribbean. banyan books, inc. miami, florida .\nsorry, there are no other images or audio / video clips available for this species .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmclaughlin et al. 2005. common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada: crustaceans. american fisheries society special publication 31\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser. some features of this site may not work without it .\nanything in the pots? baited traps in southern french polynesia. blog 3, invertebrates and processing the samples .\n, from the maldives (ari - atoll) is described. this species can be separated from its closest relative ,\n, 1981, by the acute pterygostomial, angles of the carapace, the lower spine number on the merus of pereopods 3–5 and by its colouration (the greater number of white spots on carapace and their presence on the abdomen) .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\n( 1992): meerwasser - atlas. — 1216 pp. ; melle, germany (mergus vlg .) .\n, new species, a new hippolytid shrimp from the phillipines. — rev. franc. aquariol. [ for 1982 ] ,\n( 1999): crustacea guide of the world. — 321 pp. ; frankfurt a. m. (ikan - unterwasserarchiv) .\n( 1947): the decapoda of the siboga expedition, part lx. the hippolytidae and rhynchocinetidae collected by the siboga and snellius expeditions with remarks on other species. — siboga exped. monogr. ,\n( 1914): notes on crustacea decapoda in the indian museum. v. hippolytidae. — rec. ind. mus. ,\n). most of them occur in shallow waters, on hard and mixed bottoms, such as rocky intertidal, turtle grass beds with rocks and rubble and coral reefs. most\nwhile diving in june 2003 around the key west lakes area, west of key west, florida (fig .\nfrom shallow water hard bottom ledges. two of these species were identified by color pattern as\nrhyne and lin, 2006. however, the third species had a different and unique color pattern. one of the four collected specimens, in poor condition, was preserved in the field; the remaining specimens were transported to the laboratory for behavioral observations. in the laboratory, another specimen was preserved to ensure a fully intact specimen was available for morphological study. the remaining two individuals were maintained alive in a 20 - l tank at the vero beach marine laboratory (florida institute of technology, usa). they were observed for sexual development over the next 4 months. in august 2005 and may 2006, additional specimens of this species were collected in the same area. the may 2006 collection yielded a pair of shrimp that were reproductively mature .\na closer inspection of morphology of the unidentified specimens from key west lakes revealed that they all represented an undescribed species. this species is herewith described as new; its morphological features and the diagnostic color pattern are illustrated .\n, p. 59), in part. (specimens from shallow water, not from tube sponges, with more than 40 articles on the carpus of the second pereiopod. )\n, p. 59), in part. (specimens from shallow water, not from tube sponges, with more than 40 segments on the carpus of the second pereiopod. )\nholotype: euhermaphrodite, cl 10 mm, usnm 1100306 florida, key west lakes, west of key west, under ledge, depth about 1 m, coll. a. l. rhyne, 12 may 2006 (collected as pair together with paratype, usnm 1100307). paratypes: one male, cl 8 mm, usnm 1100307, same collection data as for holotype; one male, cl 6 mm, mnhn - na 16398, florida, key west lakes, west of key west, under ledge, depth about 1 m, coll. a. l. rhyne, 8 june 2003; one male, cl 4 mm, mnhn - na 16399, same collection data as for previous specimen (specimen in poor condition); one male, cl 4 mm, mnhn - na 16400, florida, key west lakes, west of key west, under ledge, depth about 1 m, coll. a. l. rhyne, 10 august 2005 .\none ovigerous euhermaphrodite, cl 9. 5 mm, usnm 136402, florida, bear cut, north end of biscayne key, under rock, coll. r. b. manning, 12 march 1961 (identified as l. rathbunae variety by f. a. chace) .\nrostrum elongate, slender, curved upwards, about 1. 2 times as long as carapace, usually reaching or surpassing end of antennular peduncle (fig .\na–c); dorsal margin with at least seven teeth, most posterior tooth situated on dorsal carina of carapace far beyond postorbital margin, second tooth above or slightly posterior to postorbital margin, remaining teeth well spaced, anterior to postorbital margin; ventral margin usually with seven to nine teeth, closely spaced, most - proximal ventral tooth situated at level ranging from mid - length of first segment to proximal end of second segment of antennular peduncle; distal - most ventral and dorsal teeth somewhat isolated from preceding teeth; rostrum tip usually tridentate (fig .\nb, c, o). carapace smooth, 1. 7 times as long as high, posteroventral margin rounded; pterygostomial angle without tooth. eyes relatively large (fig .\nb, c, o). antennal tooth very long, reaching to or close to posterior margin of cornea. antennular peduncle not or only slightly overreaching scaphocerite; first segment with three spines on distodorsal margin; stylocerite not reaching to anterior margin of eye (fig .\nd); second segment more than twice as long as wide, about twice as long as high, with one or two spines on dorsal margin (fig .\nb, d); third segment with two spines on dorsal margin; lateral antennular flagellum long, over twice body length, with aesthetascs extending from seventh to thirtieth segment in larger males or euhermaphrodites, secondary ramus reduced to rudiment (fig .\ne). scaphocerite five to six times as long as wide, with slightly concave lateral margin; distolateral tooth greatly overreaching blade (fig .\nabdomen more than twice carapace length. pleura of first three abdominal somites with rounded margin; pleuron of fourth somite lacking sharp posterolateral tooth; pleuron of fifth somite with sharp posterolateral tooth; sixth somite about 1. 6 times as long as fifth, with acute posteroventral tooth and acute posterior tooth flanking base of telson (fig .\nk). telson about 1. 5 times as long as sixth abdominal somite, tapering posteriorly; dorsal surface with two pairs of spines (fig .\nm); posterior margin medially acute, with pair of long slender spines each flanked by much shorter spine (fig .\nm, n); two long plumose setae present between long spines (fig .\ng). third maxilliped overreaching scaphocerite, lateral plate posteriorly curved, acute (fig .\nj); exopod about 2 / 3 length of antepenultimate segment; ultimate segment twice as long as penultimate segment, tip with four spines (fig .\na, b), reaching nearly to end of scaphocerite when fully extended; ischium with row of spinules on ventral margin (fig .\nc); merus subequal to carpus; palm about four times as long as dactylus, six times as long as high (fig .\nb). second pereiopods slender, subequal in length, ending in small simple chelae (fig .\nd); merus with 25 segments; carpus twice as long as merus, reaching to second segment of antennular peduncle, with 40–43 segments (fig .\nd). third to fifth pereiopods similar, decreasing in length from third to fifth; proximal end of carpus of third pereiopod reaching just beyond second segment of antennular peduncle; merus with five spines, three times as long as ischium, twice as long as carpus; propodus 1. 3 times length of merus; dactylus 1 / 7 length of propodus (fig .\ne); dactyli biunguiculate, usually armed with four–five spines, dorsal unguis longer than ventral, flexor margin with two–three spinules, decreasing in size from proximal to distal, most - proximal spinule minute (fig .\nf). fourth pereiopod similar to third, carpus reaching to third segment of antennular peduncle. fifth pereiopod with merus less than 1. 5 times carpus length, reaching to second segment of antennular peduncle, bearing five spines; propodus with three–four rows of dense setae on distal end of flexor margin (fig .\na, b); carapace with inverted u - shaped band, abdominal pleura with narrow longitudinal stripes (dorsal view showing three, with one running along entire length of abdomen), third pleuron with transverse band in conspicuous u - shaped pattern, connecting with two lateral longitudinal stripes (fig .\nb); telson and uropods with intense red longitudinal bands. color of embryos and eggs reddish pink .\nthe largest male specimen attains 8 mm cl; the euhermaphrodites are 9. 5–10 mm cl .\nthe new species is named after our colleague, dr. rafael lemaitre, curator of the crustacea at the national museum of natural history, smithsonian institution, washington, dc, for his numerous contributions to the taxonomy of decapod crustaceans, and also for his invaluable assistance to us during our stays at the usnm. the specific name rafa, short for rafael, is used as a noun in opposition .\npresently known only from southern florida: biscayne bay and key west lakes, florida, usa (fig .\npresently l. rafa n. sp. is known only from the shallow rocky subtidal of the southern florida keys. most specimens were found inside small ledges, in water not deeper than 1 m. the shrimps live in small groups or individually. the presence of small males suggests recruitment into the type locality, whereas larger males and euhermaphrodite pairs suggests “retention” in the shallow water system. the presence of adults and juveniles suggests l. rafa n. sp. is a true shallow water species .\n), in which under laboratory conditions sex change usually occurs within 30–70 days after metamorphosis to post - larvae. the two specimens collected in 2003 appeared to be well beyond post - larval stage (when they were collected); they were held for approximately 4 months without changing sex and were finally lost due to a bacterial infection of the gills (\ncomplex). larvae hatch as zoea with a size of ∼3. 4 mm total length; after 11 zoeal stages, approximately 26 days, undergo metamorphosis, becoming juvenile shrimps with a total length of about 15 mm. more recently, individuals from a wild - spawned clutch reared in captivity for over 6 months began to change sex to euhermaphrodite phase. furthermore ,\n). however, more data is required before any conclusions can be drawn on the exact reproductive strategy of this species .\nchace, 1970 included several specimens that had, as chace noted, “disconcerting abnormalities”. these specimens were separated from the typical specimens of\nis a deep - water species found below 30 m. therefore, all specimens collected in shallower water (less than 15 m) and identified as\nshould be carefully re - examined. one of us (ar) investigated shallow water specimens identified as\n), especially in having a long, slender rostrum and elongate third maxilliped and walking legs. however ,\nthe authors wish to thank the staff of the usnm department of invertebrate zoology, karen reed and rafael lemaitre, for their continuous assistance and access to the usnm collections; junda lin and dong zhang (fit) for technical assistance; an anonymous reviewer for valuable comments; eric pedersen for providing support in the field and pointing out to the collection site of the new species; matt wittenrich for kindly providing color photographs; and a. richard palmer (university of alberta, edmonton, canada) for supporting one of us (aa) with a fellowship from a nserc operating grant (a7245) .\nchace f jr (1972) the shrimps of the smithsonian–bredin caribbean expeditions with a summary of the west indian shallow - water species (crustacea: decapoda: natantia). smithson contrib zool 98: 1–179\nchristoffersen ml (1987) phylogenetic relationships of hippolytid genera, with an assignment of new families for the crangonoidea and alpheoidea (crustacea, decapoda, caridea). cladistics 3: 348–362\nchace (crustacea: decapoda: hippolytidae). bull mar sci 79: 165–204\nrhyne, a. l. & anker, a. helgol mar res (2007) 61: 291. urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\ninstitute of oceanology, chinese academy of sciences, 7 nanhai road, qingdao 266071, china; email: lixzh @ qdio. ac. cn .\nlaboratory for marine biology and biotechnology, qingdao national laboratory for marine science and technology, 1 wenhai road, qingdao 266071, china; email: unknown." ]

{ "text": [ "lysmata is a genus of shrimp in the infraorder caridea , the caridean shrimp .", "the genus now belongs to the family hippolytidae , but recent cladistic analysis suggests it should be included in its former family , lysmatidae .", "lysmata are popular ornamental shrimp in the marine aquarium trade for their bright color patterns , interesting behaviors , and ability to control certain aquarium pests such as sea anemones of the genus aiptasia .", "they are known to command high prices on the pet market .", "the genus is informally divided into two main categories .", "some species are cleaner shrimp which \" clean \" parasites and other material from fish , live in pairs , and are brightly colored , often in contrasting reds and yellows with white antennae .", "other species are the \" peppermint shrimp \" , which have semi-translucent , red-banded bodies , and live in large groups .", "some peppermint shrimp perform cleaning behaviors , but less actively than do the cleaner shrimp .", "the genus has been studied with interest due to its unusual sexual system , protandric simultaneous hermaphroditism .", "while some other taxa of shrimp undergo sequential hermaphroditism , they have only been observed changing from male to female .", "in lysmata , males become true hermaphrodites instead of females .", "so far , every species studied has been confirmed to have this sexual system .", "during their \" female phase \" they actually have functioning male and female tissues in their gonads and produce both types of gamete .", "when paired , they take turns fertilizing each other 's eggs .", "lysmata occur in the tropics and in warmer temperate waters .", "they usually live on rock and coral reefs , in shallow and deeper areas .", "some live in sponges . " ], "topic": [ 27, 26, 15, 15, 26, 23, 23, 16, 6, 19, 9, 6, 4, 28, 13, 18, 13 ] }

[ "lysmata is a genus of shrimp in the infraorder caridea, the caridean shrimp. the genus now belongs to the family hippolytidae, but recent cladistic analysis suggests it should be included in its former family, lysmatidae. lysmata are popular ornamental shrimp in the marine aquarium trade for their bright color patterns, interesting behaviors, and ability to control certain aquarium pests such as sea anemones of the genus aiptasia. they are known to command high prices on the pet market. the genus is informally divided into two main categories. some species are cleaner shrimp which \" clean \" parasites and other material from fish, live in pairs, and are brightly colored, often in contrasting reds and yellows with white antennae. other species are the \" peppermint shrimp \", which have semi-translucent, red-banded bodies, and live in large groups. some peppermint shrimp perform cleaning behaviors, but less actively than do the cleaner shrimp. the genus has been studied with interest due to its unusual sexual system, protandric simultaneous hermaphroditism. while some other taxa of shrimp undergo sequential hermaphroditism, they have only been observed changing from male to female. in lysmata, males become true hermaphrodites instead of females. so far, every species studied has been confirmed to have this sexual system. during their \" female phase \" they actually have functioning male and female tissues in their gonads and produce both types of gamete. when paired, they take turns fertilizing each other's eggs. lysmata occur in the tropics and in warmer temperate waters. they usually live on rock and coral reefs, in shallow and deeper areas. some live in sponges." ]

[ "pavoraja arenaria. source: csiro national fish collection. license: cc by attribution\nthe sandy skate (pavoraja arenaria) was previously referred to as pavoraja sp. c by last and stevens (1994) .\na review of the australian skate genus pavoraja whitley (rajiformes: arhynchobatidae) .\nlast, p. r. , s. mallick and g. k. yearsley, 2008. a review of the australian skate genus pavoraja whitley (rajiformes: arhynchobatidae). zootaxa 1812: 1 - 45. (ref. 76878 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nmost of the australian species of softnose skates were only discovered in the past 25 years and have been described recently (last and stevens 2009). a number of batoid taxonomists have considered this group to be a sub - family of the family rajidae (last and stevens 2009). there is still work to be done to resolve their classification as debate still exists in regard to the softnose skate classification (last and stevens 2009) .\nthe sandy skate is known from southern australia in the great australian bight between cape leeuwin, western australia (34°59’s, 114°53’e) and portland, victoria (34°42’s, 141°20’e) (last and stevens 2009) .\nthe sandy skate is a demersal species occurring on the outer continental shelf and upper slope at depths of 190–710 m, although it is mostly found at depths of 300–400 m (last and stevens 2009). no specific information regarding its habitat is currently available. it reaches at least 34. 3 cm total length (tl) and approximately 18 cm disc width (last et al. 2008). males mature at around 29–33 cm tl (last and stevens 2009). like other skates, this species is assumed to be oviparous, yet little is known about reproductive output, seasonality, or other aspects of its biology (last and stevens 2009) .\nthis species is generally too small to be traded or marketed for human use or consumption .\ndemersal trawling is the main threat to this species, as it is generally too small to be taken in longline fisheries. the main fisheries that could pose a threat are the commonwealth - managed great australian bight trawl sector (gabts) which is part of the southern and eastern scalefish and shark fishery (sessf), and the western deepwater trawl fishery (wdtf) .\nthe gabts is primarily a demersal trawl fishery, but provision exists for mid - water trawling. the gabts is based on demersal catches from three distinct depth regions: a continental shelf fishery (depths < 200 m), an upper continental slope fishery (about 200 - 700 m) and a deepwater fishery (700 - 1, 000 m) (moore and curtotti 2014). however, most waters deeper than 700 m are currently closed to protect stocks of orange roughy (hoplostethus atlanticus) (moore and curtotti 2014). therefore, the deepwater fishery is currently no longer a threat to this species, yet it may still be caught by the shelf and upper slope fisheries. given the overlap in depth between the species and the fishery, it would be a component of the bycatch. depending on the species and size, skates are either retained or discarded in the sessf (walker and gason 2007). the post - release survival rate is unknown for discards .\nthe wdtf overlaps only marginally with the range of the sandy skate, and current effort and catch is low with only two boats active in the 2012 - 13 fishing season (marton and mazur 2014) .\nno species - specific conservation actions are currently in place for this skate. a better understanding of the biology, life histories and population dynamics of skate species in general is required so that each individual species can be properly managed. conservation measures are essential to protect the future of chondrichthyan species such as sandy skate. the following is a list of recommended actions that could be implemented to manage this species (modified from daff 2004) :\nincrease the level of support and funding for research in order to obtain critical information, including spatial distribution, critical habitats, fecundity, growth rates, age and population dynamics .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nlatin, pavo = peacock + latin, raja, - ae = a sting ray (raja sp .) (ref. 45335 )\nname from latin' arenarius' for sandy, refers to its pale dorsal disc coloration .\nmarine; demersal; depth range 192 - 712 m (ref. 76878), usually 300 - 400 m (ref. 76878). tropical\nmaturity: l m? , range 29 -? cm max length: 34. 3 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 76878 )\n): 10. 1 - 14. 2, mean 11. 3 (based on 15 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5156 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00501 (0. 00250 - 0. 01004), b = 3. 12 (2. 95 - 3. 29), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 7 ±0. 7 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): medium, minimum population doubling time 1. 4 - 4. 4 years (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): moderate vulnerability (37 of 100) .\nlast, mallick & yearsley, 2008: in: database of modern sharks, rays and chimaeras, www. shark - references. com, world wide web electronic publication, version 07 / 2018\nhost - parasite list / parasite - host list (version: 01. 04. 2015) 544 pp, 5, 37 mb new !\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nlast, p. r. & white, w. t. 2008 ,\nfamily rajidae\n, ed. gomon, m. f. , bray, d. j. & kuiter, r. h. (eds), fishes of australia' s southern coast, pp. 108 - 124 pp. , reed new holland, sydney\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 221a60b1 - d4a0 - 4675 - 970e - 9868023ed775\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 9bde7443 - e7c8 - 461b - af45 - 87aa366af284\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 331728\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n, depth range 192 - 712 m, usually 300 - 400 m environment .\nsandy skate association and mailed to the ssa at p. o. box 1471, boring, or, 97009. the sandy skate association has t - shirts for sale, availablein black and gray for $ 12 - contact kevin. more\nthe sandy skatepark does have a few weird obstacles, like a pyramid in the middle of the shallow bowl that is absolutely useless. i don’t understand how they can build everything else so right and then have this thing that is so wrong. more\nmonths, the sandy skate park is one of the most popular places for kids to go. the skate park is located on meining avenue next to cedar ridge middle school. the 10, 000 square foot skate park opened in june 2000. more\nthe sandy skate park is filled with skaters and bikers practicing tricks, but it' s also promoting new friendships. skater gage explains what he talks about with people .\njust talk about everything, and then you just meet new people ,\nhe says. more\nthe sandy area, allowed the sandy skate association to build a 10, 000 - square - foot skatepark near the southern end of the soccer field at cedar ridge middle school (17165 meinig avenue). more\nin the sandy area, and allowed the sandy skate association to build a 10, 000 square foot skate park at cedar ridge middle school. more\nhundreds of people gathered at the sandy skate park on june 29th to watch the best novice and advanced in - line skaters, skate boarders and bmx riders in utah. each rider received (2) 1 - minute runs. professional judges chose the top 3 novice and advanced participants in each category. more" ]

{ "text": [ "the pavoraja arenaria ( common name : sandy skate , yellow skate ) is a species of fish in rajidae family .", "it lives in depths ranging from 192 to 712 meters but is usually found from 300 to 400 meters out the coast of western australia .", "its maximum size is 34.3 cm ( 13.5 in ) total length .", "it is a little-known species that could be threatened by being taken as by-catch in trawl fisheries . " ], "topic": [ 6, 18, 0, 15 ] }

[ "the pavoraja arenaria (common name: sandy skate, yellow skate) is a species of fish in rajidae family. it lives in depths ranging from 192 to 712 meters but is usually found from 300 to 400 meters out the coast of western australia. its maximum size is 34.3 cm (13.5 in) total length. it is a little-known species that could be threatened by being taken as by-catch in trawl fisheries." ]

[ "the chinese warty newt is common in southern provinces of china. it can be found subtropical and tropical rainforests in valleys and in the hills .\nin captivity chinese warty newts are fed with worms and insects’ larvae (bloodworm, sludge worm, smaller earthworms etc .) .\nthis is our paramesotriton chinensis (chinese warty newt) named dame newty dench. he loves earthworms and he' ll take them any way he can get them. yes, we know that' s a woman' s name... enjoy .\ngot a problem? ill newt? basic questions? ask about them here .\nwarty newts of the genus paramesotriton consists of ten species which range throughout china, laos, and vietnam. all species are brown with red or orange belly patterns. exact identification can be difficult with the exception of the chinese warty newt (paramesotriton chinensis), which has a heavily granulated skin texture as well as the presence of yellow spotting to various degrees .\n_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to newt, or not to newt... that is the question .\nthey have powerful and slightly flattened bodies. the tail is about the same length as the body; its tip is flattened on the sides. chinese warty newts have well - developed keels: along the spine and on both sides. the legs are strong and toes are not webbed. the skin is warty, hence the name .\nit also looks from the picture that your newt is very underweight, which should be investigated as well .\nthe majority of paramesotriton offered in the trade are wild - caught. the chinese warty newt is the most frequently available species. warty newts in general are often misidentified and often labeled as “fire - bellied” newts and even mixed in with other species such as cynops orientalis in dealers’ tanks. other paramesotriton species which enter the trade from time to time include p. deloustali, p. hongkongensis, and p. caudopunctatus. on rare occasion captive - bred individuals are available as well .\nobservations in captivity have indicated that chinese warty newts are aggressive in the breeding season, when they live in water. this behavior possibly serves to defend a territory. eggs are laid singly between leaves. the same leaves may be used to attach several eggs to. tadpoles are completely black, including the gills .\nplease, can anyone who ever owned this species please tell me the complete care of this newt. i rescued it from a owner who had it with big fish that would of killed the newt and i gave it to my friend but we both have no idea how to keep care of it! care like houseing, temprature, setup, that' s about it and i don' t know about those care factors involving this newt. thanks .\nchinese warty newts are kept in tanks with the water at least 20 cm deep and logs that come out above the surface so that the amphibians can climb on them and rest. for substrate you can use sand or small gravel. the water temperature should be between 20 and 22 degrees. warmer water stresses newts. you will have to install a filter and an aerator .\nhello everyone! i am new so here is my question. i have read that the belly patterns on the\nwarty\nnewt can differ. i picked this guy up from a local pet store being sold as a paddle tail. uppon further investigation, i am pretty sure he falls under the paramesotriton species .\nchinese warty newts are quite aggressive, so it is recommended to keep them alone or in harems in very large tanks. they are territorial, and in the wild they keep at least 1 m away from each other. but despite such behavior, during mating season they flock together looking for partners. males fight and females do that too, in order to protect the best places for egg - laying .\nanyway, we love the guy, he has a 10 gal all to himself and my 3 year old calls him\nhis dragon who' s name is newt\n.\nlike all amphibians warty newts possess a semi - permeable skin and as a result should not be handled unnecessarily. if a particular animal does need to be transferred from one container to another then an appropriately sized fish net can be used. once settled in to permanent quarters warty newts tend to develop outgoing personalities and will often swim along the front glass in anticipation of getting fed .\n_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ useful links: caresheets | newt & salamander faqs | axolotl faqs | my website | forum rules .\ni would advise getting this to a vet if at all possible. if the sore is expanding there is something actively going on, and appropriate treatment from a vet is giving your newt the best chance .\n_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ please become acquainted with the forum rules. useful links: caudata culture | species accounts | care articles | newt and salamander faqs | urltoken | axolotl faqs | forum functions | my blog\nmost available species range in size from 3. 5 to 6 inches (9 to 15 cm). warty newts are robust animals and require space to move around in. a standard 10 gallon aquarium should be considered the minimal amount of space required for a single individual. a 15 to 20 gallon aquarium can be used to house a pair .\nnewts are very sensitive to the environment, like all amphibians, and get ill mostly due to improper husbandry. if you buy a wild - caught newt, it will be particularly prone to diseases because of stress and bad conditions under shipment. remember that all the new amphibians have to be isolated for at least 2 weeks, even if they look absolutely healthy .\nparamesotriton are not fussy about exact water parameters as long the water is clean and extremes of ph and hardness are avoided. sponge filters driven by an air pump work well as do submersible power filters, such as the aqueon quietflow internal aquarium & terrarium internal power filter. partial water changes must be performed regularly in any case. warty newts can be messy eaters if not fed with forceps .\nwarty newts will accept a wide range of food items in captivity. chopped sections of live earthworms are relished as are crickets, waxworms, freshly - molted mealworms, and roaches. non - living food items such as sections of shrimp and commercial turtle sticks are also readily accepted which can be found in the general frog and newt food section. adults can be maintained on two feedings a week whereas juveniles must be fed three to four times a week. larvae require daily feedings of live food such as brine shrimp, white worms, daphnia, and black worms. adults will generally learn to accept food from forceps and feeding in this manner will not only make it easier to monitor each individual but also go a long way in maintaining water quality. if a wide variety is offered then there is little need for additional supplementation .\nso i picked up 2... another the next time i go to the shop. also i have a few questions about them since this is a larger newt species (6in .) how big of a tank would 3 - 4 need? right now i have 2 in a 10 gallon with some broken slate rock (from the woods but i washed it in warm water) anyways here is the pics\nwarty newts do not require strong lighting. a single fluorescent tube, such as the exo terra 5. 0 repti glo t8 reptile lamp, can be used running the length of the enclosure and set on a reptile timer, such as the zilla lighting & terrarium heat power center for reptile habitats, is enough to provide a regular day and night cycle. paramesotriton require cool temperatures in the 60’s f with the water getting no warmer than 72 f .\nin general, i would say that care is very similar to the firebellies, except that the animal is larger and thus needs more tank space. keep it cool and aquatic or semi - aquatic, and it will be fine. the caresheets for c. orientalis and pyrrhogaster could be used as a general guide. caudata culture caresheets by the way, i expect the next question will be' why doesn' t caudata culture have a caresheet for any of the warty newts'. sigh, we' ve been trying for many years. just haven' t gotten together an author with experience + the right references .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species is known from central china in chongqing, hunan, anhui, zhejiang, fujian, guangdong and guangxi provinces, from 200 - 1, 200m asl .\nit inhabits large streams and creeks and nearby habitat in the foothills. it breeds in streams and creeks where the larvae also develop .\nit is susceptible to habitat destruction and degradation. small numbers of this species are exported for the international pet trade, but probably not at a level to constitute a threat to the species .\nthe range of this species overlaps with a number of protected areas in the region. it is bred in captivity in europe .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nall caudata culture content is copyright © 2000 -. various copyright holders; contact us for details. all rights reserved. use of site content without written agreement is forbidden. this site is covered by us law and international treaties .\nsubstrate can consist of either sand, large grade gravel, or it can be omitted altogether. fine grade gravel can potentially cause issues with impaction if accidentally swallowed. any substrate used should be thoroughly washed beforehand. the substrate should be serviced regularly with a gravel vacuum while performing partial water changes .\nthis page requires javascript. it seems that your browser does not have javascript enabled. please enable javascript and press the reload / refresh button on your browser .\nlisted as least concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\ngu huiqing, geng baorong, yuan zhigang 2004. paramesotriton chinensis. the iucn red list of threatened species 2004: e. t59457a11945154. urltoken\nadult newts reach the length of about 15 cm. males a slightly shorter than females .\nthese newts are brownish and have small red or yellow spots on the belly and on the legs. on the lower part of the tail there is a red stripe .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nreminder, in april 2017 the district court of appeals upheld the rights of us hobbyists to ship inter - state. read more\nwe are the longest running community for amphibian enthusiasts on the internet. our primary goal is the sharing of information on the maintenance and breeding of newts and salamanders in captivity. we are also actively involved in fieldwork and funding conservation of endangered species .\nright now you are viewing our community as a guest. this gives you limited access to our forum and resources. for example, you can only view the first message in any conversation in our\nadvanced topics\nsection, and guests can view but not respond to\nfor sale\nor\nwant\nadverts. join our free community and get full access, post questions, your own photo gallery, pm other members, your own fully customizable blog and many special features. registration is fast, simple and totally free so please, join today! problem? please contact us .\nfor care info, caudata culture is the site for you. axolotls? the axolotl site is the best on the net .\nyep, that' s a paramesotriton alright. chinensis would be a good guess due to the yellow spotting .\nyes, looks like a chinensis! i would recommend switching substrates. gravel can be accidentally ingested, leading to fatal impaction. try sand or river rocks .\ni would also like to add that you should raise the water level. it appears to be too shallow for this species .\nshoutbox provided by vbshout v6. 2. 18 (lite) - vbulletin mods & addons copyright © 2018 dragonbyte technologies ltd. website & content ©2001 - 2018 urltoken (users retain image copyrights )\nthanks for telling me that the care is similar to firebellies... so that means cool temprature, heavly planted tank with driftwood maybe sticking out the water for a land area, they eat bloodworms, shrimp, red wigglers, and minnows, and thats about it. thanks .\na 10 gallon should be fine for two. i am new to this particular species as well and from what i understand p. chinensis can be somewhat territorial. you may want to at least wait for a few others with more experience to chime in before you house a group together. i could not tell from your pics but do you have a float so they can get out of the water? the rocks on the bottom are ok but just remember that it will be easy for uneaten food and debris to become lodged underneath them. nice looking animals. chip\njust remember that the snails are not going to eat all of the uneaten food nor are they going to eat the newts' waste. also, the snails themselves will put out a certain amount of waste. just as long as you raise the rocks a bit to siphon out underneath them when you do partial water changes then it should be fine. just take care not to injure the newts in the process. chip\nfor 3 - 4 of them, i would recommend a 20 - long (or standard 29) tank, minimum .\nwartys are very difficult to tell apart species wise imo, ive had mine for four years and i still cant tell! !! you may find if you have more than one male that they will fight viciously, and until one is dead mine certainly did some also go terresterial for long periods, but unlike some other newts eat readily on land, but theyre really cool. . i kind of think they look like dinosaurs\nthey look like they are in the' fuzhongensis group' of paramesotriton. chinensis have yellow bellies, and usually yellow spots at the proximal end of the limbs, where it joins the body. what are the dimensions of the tank; i don' t really know how big a ten gallon is... ? i would keep three (if not aggressive) in a 3ftlongx1ftwidex1fthigh. try to get some more plants for the tank; vallis is a good choice and grows (just about) at cooler temps; the newts should be around 20c (a little lower is better than a little higher). also, perhaps clear an area of slate for feeding, as the bloodworms will drift under the slate and decompose. has your tank been cycled? with regards to aggresion, it would be best to get all three newts into one tank sooner rather than later, or if you mix them later on, rearrange the setup. if two turn out to be males, they should probably be kept apart. good luck with them! chris\ni have noticed this for a couple of days now and i was hoping it would go away but it has developed into a larger sore. what can i do to treat this?" ]

{ "text": [ "the chinese warty newt ( paramesotriton chinensis ) is a species of salamander in the salamandridae family .", "it is found only in china , with a range extending from chongqing to hunan , anhui , zhejiang , fujian , guangdong , and guangxi provinces in central china .", "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , rivers , and freshwater marshes .", "it is threatened by habitat loss .", "female chinese warty newts reach total length of 151 mm ( 5.9 in ) , males are slightly shorter . " ], "topic": [ 3, 13, 24, 17, 0 ] }

[ "the chinese warty newt (paramesotriton chinensis) is a species of salamander in the salamandridae family. it is found only in china, with a range extending from chongqing to hunan, anhui, zhejiang, fujian, guangdong, and guangxi provinces in central china. its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, rivers, and freshwater marshes. it is threatened by habitat loss. female chinese warty newts reach total length of 151 mm (5.9 in), males are slightly shorter." ]

[ "cyndy parr marked\nfile: wyst - mauritiana. jpg\nas visible on the\nmauritia mauritiana (linné, 1758 )\npage .\njennifer hammock split the classifications by obis environmental information from mauritia mauritiana (linnaeus, 1758) to their own page .\ncyndy parr commented on an older version of file: wyst - mauritiana. jpg :\nlocation: c. mauritiana is distributed throughout the indo - west pacific (kay, 1979) .\ns. mauritia larva; first pale green, later brown with dark dorsal and lateral stripes, up to 38mm long .\nrothschild ghl, 1974. parasites of the armyworm spodoptera mauritia acronyctoides in malaysia. entomophaga, 19 (3): 293 - 299\n( of cypraea mauritiana linnaeus, 1758) burgess, c. m. (1970). the living cowries. as barnes and co, ltd. cranbury, new jersey. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nour mauritiana are highly selected and we view at least a dozen for each shell listed here. this is a nightmare when it comes to quality. from there the price, which is very cheap when considering the quality you get .\nfletcher ds, 1956. spodoptera mauritia (boisduval) and s. triturata (walker), two distinct species. bulletin entomology research, 47 (2): 215 - 217 .\nrothschild ghl, 1969. observations on the armyworm spodoptera mauritia acronyctoides guenee (lepidoptera: noctuidae) in sarawak (malaysian borneo). bulletin of entomological research, 59: 143 - 160 .\npersson b, 1975. dispersal of 32p - treated larvae of spodoptera litura and spodoptera mauritia (lepidoptera: noctuidae). australian journal of agricultural research, 26 (6): 985 - 988\ncatindig jla; barrion at; litsinger ja, 1989. a method for rearing armyworm spodoptera mauritia acronyctoides guenee (lepidoptera: noctuidae) on graminaceous hosts. international rice research newsletter, 14 (3): 39\nclift ad; toffolon rb, 1982. laboratory screening of insecticides against larvae of the lawn armyworm, spodoptera mauritia (boisduval) (lepidoptera: noctuidae). general and applied entomology, 14: 13 - 14\nnair kpv; jacob a, 1988. persistence of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the rice swarming caterpillar spodoptera mauritia (boisduval) in soil. journal of biological control, 2 (2): 99 - 101\nlaigo fm; tamashiro m, 1966. virus and insect parasite interaction in the lawn armyworm, spodoptera mauritia acronyctoides (guenee). proceedings of the hawaiian entomological society, 19 (2): 233 - 237 .\nbeevi sp; dale d, 1980. effect of diflubenzuron on the larvae of rice swarming caterpillar, spodoptera mauritia boisd. (lepidoptera: noctuidae). journal of entomological research, 4 (2): 157 - 160\njagannadh v; nair vsk, 1993. effects of azadirachtin and a juvenile hormone analogue on neck - ligated post - feeding larvae of spodoptera mauritia boisd. indian journal of experimental biology, 31 (2): 199 - 200\nrand jr; wright we, 1978. control of the armyworms spodoptera mauritia and pseudaletia convecta in pastures on the north coast of new south wales. australian journal of experimental agriculture and animal husbandry, 18 (91): 249 - 252\nsoejitno j; van vreden g, 1974. varietal screening for resistance to the armyworm, spodoptera mauritia in rice. agricultural cooperation indonesia - the netherlands. research reports 1968 - 1974, section ii (1): 166 - 167 .\nta±ada y; beardsley jw, 1958. a biological study of the lawn armyworm, spodoptera mauritia (boisduval), in hawaii (lepidoptera: phalaenidae). proceedings of the hawaiian entomological society, 16 (3): 411 - 436 .\ndagan ab, 1962. some notes on the biology of larvalvorid fly parasite (genus sp .) of rice armyworm (spodoptera mauritia boisd .) in the philippines. philippine journal of agriculture, 27 (1 - 2): 25 - 31 .\nchon ts, 1984. an application of simulation modelling for the management of the lawn armyworm, spodoptera mauritia acronyctoides (guenee) (lepidoptera: noctuidae), with its nuclear polyhedrosis virus. [ abstract ]. korean journal of entomology, 14 (1): 87 - 88\nchaterjee sn, 1969. identity of spodoptera mauritia acronyctoides guenee, spodoptera pecten guenee and spodoptera abyssinia guenee (lepidoptera: noctuidae) based on a comparative study of the male and female genitalia. proceedings of the national institute of sciences of india part b, 35 (1): 45 - 52 .\nverdcourt, b. (1954). the cowries of the east african coast (kenya, tanganyika, zanzibar and pemba). journal of the east africa natural history society 22 (4) 96: 129 - 144, 17 pls. [ details ]\nschilder f. a. & schilder m. (1938 - 1939). prodrome of a monograph on living cypraeidae. proceedings of the malacological society of london. 23 (3): 109 - 180 [ 15 november 1938 ]; 23 (4): 181 - 252 [ 15 march 1939 ]. page (s): 184 [ details ]\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. china science press. 1267 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ndescription a large, heavy, humped shell with a very glossy dome, up to 10 cm. curved aperture with strong teeth, base flat and ...\ndescription a large, heavy, humped shell with a very glossy dome, up to 10 cm. curved aperture with strong teeth, base flat and concave with angular margins. upper surface brown with light spots, sides and base dark chocolate brown. habitat: under rocks, in shallow and deep water, near coral reefs. distribution: indo - pacific. (richmond, 1997). [ details ]\nburgess, c. m. (1970). the living cowries. as barnes and co, ltd. cranbury, new jersey. (look up in imis) [ details ]\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia, please upload using the upload tools .\nmelvill, j. c. & standen, r. 1899 ,\nnotes on the caput - serpentis group of the genus cypraea\n, journal of conchology, vol. 9, pp. 233 - 236\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 0b82dca9 - 12af - 4ede - b525 - b07023b1a34f\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: 6dd7fb64 - fd7e - 4d7e - ac49 - 9e4696c655b2\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. taxon: c5a825c2 - e453 - 45be - b203 - 787203322846\nurn: lsid: biodiversity. org. au: afd. name: 534272\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment. find records and model species distributions. export reports, maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area, or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something? photograph something? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities. we honour and celebrate the spiritual, cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology, inc. in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only, as we handle very few foreign shells in general. as time goes, the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nphilippines. dinagat. 2 km below north point in open ocean. 3 m on rocks. 2010 .\n© 1996 - 2018 guido t. poppe & philippe poppe - conchology, inc. (0. 002 seconds. )\nshells for sale, shells online « shells for sale, conchology, inc .\nclick on an image to view all the information: family, species, author, date, and full locality .\n© 1996 - 2018 guido t. poppe & philippe poppe - conchology, inc. (0. 337 seconds. )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43. 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed. my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nliu j. y. [ ruiyu ] (ed .). (2008). checklist of marine biota of china seas. < em > china science press. < / em > 1267 pp .\nschilder f. a. & schilder m. (1938 - 1939). prodrome of a monograph on living cypraeidae. < em > proceedings of the malacological society of london. < / em > 23 (3): 109 - 180 [ 15 november 1938 ]; 23 (4): 181 - 252 [ 15 march 1939 ] .\nverdcourt, b. (1954). the cowries of the east african coast (kenya, tanganyika, zanzibar and pemba). journal of the east africa natural history society 22 (4) 96: 129 - 144, 17 pls .\nsinonim: = albina sulliotti, 1924 = atra dautzenberg, 1903 = brunnescens c. cate, 1964 = canaliculata r˛ding, 1798 = dilacerata schilder and schilder, 1939 = dilatata coen, 1949 = fragilis linnú, 1758 = induta sulliotti, 1924 = intermedia gray, 1824 = prasina shwe, 1909 = splendens gyngell, 1924 = undosa roding, 1798 note: lorenz 2002 n. 14 - a\nsinonim: = dispersa schilder and schilder, 1939 = gillei jousseaume, 1893 = intermedia redfield, 1847 note: lorenz 2002 n. 66\nsinonim: = adansonii blainville, 1825 = albiflora petrbok, 1932 = calxequina melvill and standen, 1899 = castanea r˛ding, 1798 = cinerea bouge, 1961 = fuliginosa perry, 1811 = nebulosa lightfoot, 1786 = paschalis roding, 1798 = regina gmelin, 1791 = trifasciata gmelin, 1791 = turbinata gmelin, 1791 = undulata gmelin, 1791 = venerea gmelin, 1791 note: lorenz 2002 n. 146\nsinonim: = amarata morch, 1852 = antelia iredale, 1939 = argiolus roding, 1798 = retifera menke, 1829 = standeni melvill, 1905 = viridosa sulliotti, 1924 = vono steadman and cotton, 1943 note: lorenz 2002 n. 197 - a\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlike most websites we use cookies. this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies. if you would like to, you can learn more about the cookies we use .\nwe’d value your feedback on the tool. our survey takes only five minutes to complete .\nthe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. when several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. further details may be available for individual references in the distribution table details section which can be selected by going to generate report .\nalam mz; ahmed a; alam s; islam ma, 1965. a review of research divisions of entomology (1947 - 64). dacca: agric. inf. serr. and e. pakist. agric. res. inst .\namu singh s; dhiren singh n, 1987. some observations on the incidence of armyworm in rice in manipur. plant protection bulletin, india, 39 (3): 10 - 12\nanantarayanan kp; ramakrishna a, 1937. bionomics of the swarming caterpillar of paddy in south india. agriculture and livestock in india, 7: 725 - 734 .\nanonymous, 1924. a preliminary list of the pests of cultivated plants in ceylon. department of agriculture ceylon bulletin, 67: 1 - 68 .\nanonymous, 1941. annual report of the department of agriculture for the year ending 30th june, 1940. new guinea agricultural gazette, 7 (2): 77 - 116 .\nanonymous, 1960. host list of insects recorded in the south east asia and pacific region. technical documentary fao plant protection commission south east asia, 7: 1 - 2 .\nanonymous, 1962. host list of insects recorded in the south east and pacific region. technical documentary fao plant protection commission south east asia, 7 (2): 1 - 2 .\nanonymous, 1965. a host list of the insects of thailand. thailand: department of agriculture, royal thai government and united states operations mission to thailand .\napppc, 1987. insect pests of economic significance affecting major crops of the countries in asia and the pacific region. technical document no. 135. bangkok, thailand: regional office for asia and the pacific region (rapa) .\nbaltazar cr, 1968. supplementary host list and checklist of philippine plant pests. philippine journal of science, 97 (2): 177 - 227\nbanerjee pk; chaterjee pb, 1982. pests of hill rice in west bengal, india. international rice research newsletter, 7 (4): 11 .\nbarrion at; litsinger ja, 1987. a larval parasite of swarming caterpillar and common cutworm in the philippines. international rice research newsletter, 12 (2): 34 - 35\nbroadley rh, 1978. the lawn armyworm... a serious rural and urban pest. queensland agricultural journal, 104 (3): 232 - 236\nbrown es; dewhurst cf, 1975. the genus spodoptera (lepidoptera, noctuidae) in africa and the near east. bulletin of entomological research, 65 (2): 221 - 262 .\ncatindig jla; barrion at; litsinger ja, 1989. color morphism of rice swarming armyworm larvae. international rice research newsletter, 14 (6): 27\nchu yi, 1979. some notes on the lepidopterous rice insect pests at jawa timur, indonesia. ntu [ national taiwan university ] phytopathologist and entomologist, no. 6: 38 - 43\ncie, 1973. distribution maps of pests, series a, no 162 (revised). wallingford, uk: cab international .\ndelobel a; gutierrez j, 1981. fluctuations in the catches of lepidoptera in light - traps in the course of a year in biotype in new caledonia. cahiers orstom serie biologie, 44 (12): 23 - 34 .\ndumbleton lj, 1954. a list of insect pests recorded in south pacific territories. technical paper south pacific commission, no. 79: 1 - 196 .\neppo, 2014. pqr database. paris, france: european and mediterranean plant protection organization. urltoken\ngabriel bp, 1975. insects and mites injurious to philippine crop plants. los ba _ os, laguna, phillipinese: university of the philippines .\ngautam rd, 1987. limitations in mass - multiplication of scelionid, telenomus remus nixon, a potential egg - parasitoid of spodoptera litura (fabricius). journal of entomological research, 11 (1): 6 - 9\ngiven bb, 1967. list of insects collected on niue island during february and march, 1959. new zealand entomology, 4 (1): 40 - 42 .\ngrist dh; lever rjaw, 1969. pests of rice. london, uk: longman .\ngupta ij; shukla jpn, 1977. on little known moths (lepidoptera: heterocera) from arunachal pradesh, india. news letter. zoological survey of india, 3 (6): 395 - 398\nhanson hc, 1963. diseases and pests of economic plants of vietnam, laos and cambodia. a study based on field survey data and on pertinent records, material, and reports. 1 + ] v + 155 pp .\nheinrichs ea, 1994. biology and management of rice insects. new delhi, india: wiley eastern limited, x + 779 pp .\nhenry gm, 1919 - 1920. the paddy cutworm. ceylon agricultural society year book, 1919 - 1920: 121 - 123 .\nhinckley ad, 1963. insect pest of rice in fiji. fao plant protection bulletin, 11 (2): 31 - 33 .\nholloway jd, 1977. the lepidoptera of norfolk island, their biogeography and ecology. the lepidoptera of norfolk island, their biogeography and ecology. dr. w. junk b. v. the hague, the netherlands, vi + 291 pp .\nholloway jd, 1979. a survey of the lepidoptera, biogeography and ecology of new caledonia. a survey of the lepidoptera, biogeography and ecology of new caledonia. dr. w. junk b. v. the hague, the netherlands, xii + 588 pp .\nholloway jd, 1983. on the lepidoptera of the cocos - keeling islands in the indian ocean with a review of the nagia linteola complex (noctuidae). entomologia generalis, 8 (1982): 99 - 110 .\nholloway jd, 1989. the moths of borneo: family noctuidae, trifine subfamilies: noctuinae, heliothinae, hadeninae, acronictinae, amphipyrinae, agaristinae. malayan nature journal, 42 (2 - 3): 57 - 228\niie, 1973. distribution maps of plant pests, no. 162. wallingford, uk: cab international .\njohn p; dale d; mathew j, 1982. insect antifeedant action of some fungicides. zeitschrift fur angewandte entomologie, 94 (1): 32 - 34\njohnston a, 1964. host list of insects recorded in the south east asia and pacific region. technical document fao plant protection commission south east asia, 38: 4 - 7 .\nkalshoven lge, 1951. the pests of cultivated plants in indonesia. part ii. the hague, netherlands: van hoeve .\nkalshoven lge; laan pa van der (reviser and translator), 1981. pests of crops in indonesia (revised). jakarta, indonesia: ichtiar baru, 701 pp .\nkharat sb; manjrekar md; dumbre rb; dalvi cs, 1983. role of indian bull frog, in controlling rice pests. journal of maharashtra agricultural universities, 8 (3): 223 - 225 .\nlever rjaw, 1970. major rice insects and their control. world farming, 12 (5): 16 - 24 .\noatman er; pinto jd; platner gr, 1982. trichogramma (hymenoptera: trichogrammatidae) of hawaii. pacific insects, 24 (1): 1 - 24\notanes fq; sison pl, 1952. pests of rice. population bulletin. philippines: department of agrarian natural research philippines .\npawar ad, 1976. andrallus spinidens (fabricius) (asopinae: pentatomidae: hemiptera) as a predator of insect pests of rice in himachal pradesh, india. rice entomology newsletter, no. 4: 23 - 24\npersson b, 1977. distribution of catch in relation to emergence of adults in some noctuid pest species in south coastal queensland. australian journal of zoology, 25 (1): 95 - 102\npillai ks; nair mrgk, 1984. use of insecticides applied as granules in soil for control of the major lepidopteran pests of rice. entomon, 9 (4): 275 - 278\npillai ks; saradamma k; das nm, 1973. comparative efficacy of different formulations of ethyl parathion. agricultural research journal of kerala, 11 (1): 32 - 37\nrajesh kumar; mahla jc; vinod kumar, 1994. effect of gunnybag treatment with insecticides and plant extracts against insect pests of stored rice. annals of biology (ludhiana), 10 (1): 51 - 54 .\nreddy db, 1970. a preliminary pests and diseases of plants in western samoa. technical document fao plant protection commission south east asia, 77: 1 - 15 .\nreddy db, ed. , 1976. quarterly newsletter, fao plant protection committee for the south east asia and pacific region, 19 (1): 1 - 18\nreissig wh; heinrichs ea; litsinger ja; moody k; fiedler l; mew tw; barrion at, 1986. illustrated guide to integrated pest management in rice in tropical asia. laguna, philippines; international rice research institute, xi + 411pp .\nrobinson gs, 1975. macrolepidotptera of fiji and roturua, a taxonomic and geographic study. faringdon, uk: ew classey .\nsathiyanandam vkr; venugopal ms; kareem aa, 1984. controlling armyworm with synthetic pyrethroids and conventional insecticides. international rice research newsletter, 9 (2): 20\nshepard bm; barrion at; litsinger ja, 1995. rice - feeding insects of tropical asia. los ba _ os, laguna, philippines: international rice research institute .\nsoon lg, 1972. chemical control of rice insects and diseases in malaysia. japan pesticide information, (1972): 27 - 36 .\nsuzuki h; hayashi k; asahina s, 1977. note on the transoceanic insects captured on east china sea in 1976. tropical medicine, 19 (2): 85 - 93\nswaine g, 1971. agricultural zoology in fiji. london uk: hmso .\nswezey oh, 1940. a survey of the insect pests of cultivated plants in guam. hawaii planters record, 44 (3): 151 - 182 .\nwan mtk, 1970. a list of insects and other animals of economic importance of sarawak, east malaysia 1961 - 1970. kuching, malaysia: department of agriculture, entomology division .\nwaterhouse df, 1993. the major arthropod pests and weeds of agriculture in southeast asia. aciar monograph no. 21. canberra, australia: australian centre for international agricultural research, 141 pp .\nwilde g; apostol r, 1983. armyworm (lepidoptera: noctuidae) resistance in rice. environmental entomology, 12 (2): 376 - 379\nwoodworth he, 1921. a host index of insects injurious to philippines crops. i. philippine agriculturist, 10 (1): 9 - 36 .\none or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using .\nplease consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser .\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322fc869 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322fc9b6 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 3242651f - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 3245f722 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 3282af45 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 368acadf - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nbieler r. bouchet p. dijkstra h. faber m. finn j. garcia - alvarez o. gofas s. la perna r. marshall b. moretzsohn f. neubauer t. a. rosenberg g. sartori a. f. schneider s. taylor j. ter poorten j. j. & vos c. (eds). (2018). worms mollusca: molluscabase (version 2018 - 06 - 06). in: roskov y. , abucay l. , orrell t. , nicolson d. , bailly n. , kirk p. m. , bourgoin t. , dewalt r. e. , decock w. , de wever a. , nieukerken e. van, zarucchi j. , penev l. , eds. (2018). species 2000 & itis catalogue of life, 30th june 2018. digital resource at urltoken species 2000: naturalis, leiden, the netherlands. issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 9738bacd - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n©jeff mcmillian. provided by almost eden. united states, la. usage requirements .\nclick on a scientific name below to expand it in the plants classification report .\nthis plant is listed by the u. s. federal government or a state. common names are from state and federal lists. click on a place name to get a complete noxious weed list for that location, or click here for a composite list of all federal and state noxious weeds .\n1 all species except ipomoea carnea, mexican bush morning glory, i. triloba, three - lobed morning glory, and i. arborescens, morning glory tree\ncowries are a favorite of collectors because of their beautiful colors and high - gloss finish. this is possible because the animals' mantle is on the outside, secreting the shell from the top - down and keeping it protected, whereas most other shells are secreted from the inside - out, hence the glossy interior of many shells. the mantle is usually ornamented with papillae that provide camouflage and assist in respiration. the color of the mantle sometimes matches the sponge it feeds upon. cowries usually remain hidden during the day in holes, dead coral heads, rubble, or under rocks and emerge at night to feed with the mantle fully extended. empty but intact shells are usually the result of predation by cone shells .\ncowries may be algal grazers or sponge grazers, or both. females lay a cluster of small egg capsules and will sit upon the mass until they hatch. if you find a cowry clinging tightly to an egg mass do not disturb it otherwise it may not return to that position. veliger larvae hatch and spend some time in the plankton before settlement. juveniles look like paper - thin olive shells, coiling as they grow until maturity, when the outer lip curves inward, forms teeth, and the shell thickens with a new adult color pattern. the height of an adult cowry does not change once this takes place but rather the shell thickens and the interior is dissolved to create more space inside. curiously, young cowries stop coiling at random regardless of height, resulting in a broad size range in adults .\nhawaii is special for having several endemic cowries, some of these being quite rare, such as live - collected ostergaard' s cowries worth several thousand dollars. widespread species often attain record size in hawaiian waters and many of these are rare locally .\nproper care must be exercised to avoid ruining cowries. never boil, soak in water, use bleach, acid, or leave decaying flesh in contact with the shell. keep out of direct sunlight and store in the dark to slow down the fading process. if the gloss is already marred nothing can be done to fix it .\nnote: species are grouped here according to appearance for easier comparison. i have elected to keep parent genus cypraea instead of the current (and confusing for the layperson) splitters' trend of elevating subgenera to genus. here subgenera are indicated within parentheses .\nallied cowries are similar in appearance to cowries but differ in larval morphology and diet, feeding upon and laying eggs within compound tunicates. hawaiian species are tiny, measuring less than 1 / 4 inch at adulthood, therefore rarely collected alive but frequent in beach drift. formerly known as family eratoidae .\novulids are similar in appearance to cowries but lack teeth along the aperture. they live and feed upon soft corals, gorgonians, and black corals. their shells are quite drab but the mantle of live animals can be very attractive .\nhabitat: a common shallow - water species, these cowries are found under ledges and in crevices of basalt outcrops and to depths of 2 m, usually where there is considerable wave action (kay, 1979) .\nnomenclator zoologicus. a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus, 1758 to the end of 2004. digitised by ubio from vols. 1 - 9 of neave (ed .), 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume. urltoken (as at 2006) .\nsepkoski, j. j. , jr. (2002). a compendium of fossil marine animal genera. < em > bulletins of american paleontology. < / em > 363, 1 - 560." ]

{ "text": [ "mauritia mauritiana , common names the humpback cowry , chocolate cowry , mourning cowry and mauritius cowry , is a species of tropical sea snail , a cowry , a marine gastropod mollusc in the family cypraeidae , the cowries . " ], "topic": [ 2 ] }

[ "mauritia mauritiana, common names the humpback cowry, chocolate cowry, mourning cowry and mauritius cowry, is a species of tropical sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family cypraeidae, the cowries." ]

[ "html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon, d. d. , j. f. quinn, jr. , a. e. bogan, e. v. coan, f. g. hochberg, w. g. lyons, et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada: mollusks, 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon, d. d. , j. f. quinn, jr. , a. e. bogan, e. v. coan, f. g. hochberg, w. g. lyons, p. m. mikkelsen, r. j. neves, c. f. e. roper, g. rosenberg, b. roth, a. scheltema, f. g. thompson, m. vecchione, and j. d. williams. 1998. common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada: mollusks. 2nd edition. american fisheries society special publication 26, bethesda, maryland: 526 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\nthis species is confined to near the mouth of goforth creek, polk co. , tennessee (hubricht, 1972) .\noccurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens, including live specimens or recently dead shells (i. e. , soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining), at a given location with potentially recurring existence. weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence. evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data; unpublished, though documented (i. e. government or agency reports, web sites, etc .) observation or collection data; or museum specimen information .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\nemberton, k. c. 1991. the genetic, allozymic and conchological evolution of the tribe mesodontini (pulmonata: stylommatophora: polygyridae). malacologia, 33 (1 - 2): 71 - 178 .\nhubricht, l. 1982. endangered land snails of the eastern united states. bulletin of the american malacological union, 1981: 45: 53 - 54 .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of november 2016. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2017 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2017. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness, completeness, or accuracy of any specific data. natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server, including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility, fitness for a particular purpose, and non - infringement. natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server. in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special, indirect, incidental, consequential damages, or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server, under any theory of liability used. natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice; however, natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein. since the data in the central databases are continually being updated, it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt. the data provided is for planning, assessment, and informational purposes. site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies. if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site, the appropriate state natural heritage program (s) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area (see visit local programs) .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nno critical habitat rules have been published for the archer' s toothed land snail .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50, 000 plants, animals and ecological communtities of the u. s and canada. natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too. natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis (the integrated taxonomic information system) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u. s. fish and wildlife service' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and video .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\ncopyright template design © 2007 travel portal. all rights reserved. designed by free css templates .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "fumonelix archeri ( syn . mesodon archeri ) is a species of land snail in the family polygyridae known commonly as archer 's toothed land snail and ocoee covert .", "it is endemic to tennessee in the united states , where it is known only from goforth creek in polk county . " ], "topic": [ 2, 27 ] }

[ "fumonelix archeri (syn. mesodon archeri) is a species of land snail in the family polygyridae known commonly as archer's toothed land snail and ocoee covert. it is endemic to tennessee in the united states, where it is known only from goforth creek in polk county." ]

[ "red underwing (catocala nupta) - norfolk moths - the macro and micro moths of norfolk .\nmoth, a number of which (the red, french red, rosy, light crimson and dark crimson underwing) are superficially rather similar .\ntypical adult light - morph calurus red - tailed hawk. features of this subspecies include a predominately dark throat, rufous tinged underwing coverts and leggings, and a strongly barred red tail. ; photographer jerry and sherry liguori\nexists without giving any details of its camouflage strategy. (the famous example of a melanic moth is the peppared moth which has provided a vehicle for extensive studies of darwin' s theory of evolution - majerus' devotes a an entire chapter to a fascinating account of these studies). i' ve searched the internet in vain for an image of a melanic red underwing (anyone ?), although townsend and waring' s book does contain a picture of a form (\nf .\n) of the red underwing\nfound this moth in my house last night. it is a huge moth so i decided to look it up. looks exactly like a' red underwing' moth as defined in wikipedia but wikipedia states this moth is found in europe. i am in meridian idaho. has this european moth made the jump to idaho ?\nthe small dark yellow underwing, which is a scottish species, is dark grey with a conspicuous white kidney - shaped mark on the forewing. true lover’s knot is superficially similar, but does has a grey - brown hindwing and is usually slightly larger .\nfigure 1. breeding and year - round ranges of the red - tailed hawk .\nfigure 1. distribution of the red - eyed vireo in north and central america .\nthis butterfly is the smallest of the european skippers; the wingspan of the males is only two centimetres across, that of the females slightly more. they can be found on grassy, flower - rich patches among scrub and rocks. it has two generations a year. this skipper used to be considered a sub - species of the red - underwing skipper (\nadult\neastern\nred - tailed hawk, swainton, new jersey, august 1996 .\nthe red underwing larvae are equally well camouflaged. the body is pale grey in colour and the head is pale brown with black speckling. it has a raised hump on its 8th segment with a narrow, dark coloured band arond it. on it' s 11th segment there is another raised bump. the larvae can sometimes be found under loose bark on willow and poplar trees .\nadult: sexes similar. mantle is green. head is mainly dark gray with buff - colored ear coverts with green and blue cheeks. white orbital ring. bill is dark gray and hooked, with a very light gray cere. upper breast and throat is scaly and buff - colored, merging with blue towards the stomach. lower belly is green tinged with blue and some red. undertail coverts are blue and long, graduated tail is dark red. underwing is scarlet red (subspecies pyrrhura lepida anerythra lacks this). primaries are dark blue while the secondaries are blue - green .\n- or, in layman' s terms, the advent of heavy industrialisation has caused the evolution of a subspecies of red underwing with darker wings designed to give the moth better camouflage against grimy, polluted surfaces (soot - stained tree trunks etc .). strictly, i' m taking some licence in my explanation: in point - of - fact the book merely states that a melanic form of\nfigure 1. breeding, nonbreeding, and year - round range of the red - shouldered hawk .\nscientific name: catocala nupta size: wingspan approximately 80mm distribution: red underwings are fairly common in the south of england, but become scarce further north months seen: july to september habitat: woodlands, hedgerows and gardens food: caterpillars feed on willow and poplar special features: there are 300 species of noctuid moth in the uk, and of these, the red underwing moths are the largest. when resting during the day they are almost invisible, perfectly camouflaged against the bark of a tree. when disturbed they flash their bright black and red' petticoats' in an effort to surprise any attacker, such as a bird .\nadult light - morph\nwestern\nred - tailed hawk, tooele valley, utah, november 2003 .\nin areas where ranges overlap, pearly parakeets may be confused with juvenile crimson - bellied parakeets who lack the bright scarlet of adults. fiery - shouldered parakeets look similar but have a horn - colored bill, lack any blue on the stomach or nape, and have orange and yellow underwing coverts. they also do not overlap in range .\nbednarz, j. c. and j. j. dinsmore. 1982. nest - sites and habitat of red - shouldered and red - tailed hawks in iowa. wilson bull. no. 94: 31 - 45. close\nthe red - shouldered hawk population encompasses considerable variability. birds in some regions inhabit primarily extensive, mature forests remote from human activity (\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njohnson, s. j. 1975d. productivity of the red - tailed hawk in southwestern montana. auk no. 92: 732 - 736. close\nborror, d. j. 1981. the songs and singing behavior of the red - eyed vireo. condor no. 83: 217 - 228. close\ngates, j. m. 1972. red - tailed hawk populations and ecology in east central wisconsin. wilson bull. no. 84: 421 - 433. close\nlemon, r. e. 1971. analysis of song of red - eyed vireos. can. j. zool. no. 49: 847 - 854. close\nthe red underwings serve as a defense against predators. in his book michael majerus suggests two mechanisms: firstly, the flash of red and black from the underwings may serve to remind birds of unpleasant tasting insects such as wasps or ladybirds. secondly, a predator with its mind focused on chasing a flying moth\nwith red wings\nmay lose track of its prey when the moth lands, closes its wings (photo 2), and instantly becomes a dull cryptic grey / brown well camouflaged against a tree branch .\norians, g. and f. kuhlman. 1956. red - tailed hawk and great horned owl populations in wisconsin. condor no. 58: 371 - 385. close\nlawrence, l. k. 1953a. nesting life and behaviour of the red - eyed vireo. can. field nat. no. 67: 47 - 77. close\nwelch, r. j. 1987. food habits of the red - shouldered hawk in wisconsin. passenger pigeon no. 49 (2): 81 - 92. close\npreston, c. r. 1980. differential perch site selection by color morphs of the red - tailed hawk buteo jamaicensis. auk no. 97: 782 - 789. close\nmader, w. j. 1978. a comparative nesting study of red - tailed hawks and harris' s hawks in southern arizona. auk no. 95: 327 - 337. close\nsouthern, w. e. 1958. nesting of the red - eyed vireo in the douglas lake region, michigan. jack - pine warbler no. 36: 105 - 130. close\nparker, m. a. and b. r. tannenbaum. 1984 .\nforaging behavior and habitat use of red - shouldered hawks in southeastern missouri .\nin, a50. close\npetersen, l. 1979a. ecology of great horned owls and red - tailed hawks in southeastern wisconsin. wis. dep. nat. resour. tech. bull. no. 111. close\nportnoy, j. w. and w. e. dodge. 1979. red - shouldered hawk nesting ecology and behavior. wilson bulletin no. 91 (1): 104 - 117. close\nsantana, e. and s. a. temple. 1988. breeding biology and diet of red - tailed hawks in puerto rico. biotropica no. 20 (2): 151 - 160. close\nfitch, h. s. , f. swensen and d. f. tillotson. 1946b. behavior and food habits of the red - tailed hawk. condor no. 48: 205 - 217. close\ndistinguished by its “red” shoulder patches, black - and - white checkered flight feathers (seen from above), and translucent, crescent - shaped wing panel in the outer primaries (seen from below when the wing is backlit), the red - shouldered hawk has been well surveyed at hawk watch locations throughout north america. it is a partial migrant, with only northernmost populations moving south for winter (figure 1) .\nrottenborn, s. c. 2000. nest - site selection and reproductive success of urban red - shouldered hawks in central california. journal of raptor research no. 34 (1): 18 - 25. close\nkirkley, j. s. and m. a. springer. 1980. nesting populations of red - tailed hawks and great horned owls in central ohio. raptor res. no. 14: 22 - 28. close\narguably one of the most common songbirds breeding in the woodlands of eastern north america, the red - eyed vireo is more often heard than seen. the persistent, if not enthusiastic, song is heard throughout the day :\nloria, d. e. and f. r. moore. 1990. energy demands of migration on red - eyed vireos (vireo olivaceus). behav. ecol. no. 1: 24 - 35. close\njohnson, g. 1989d. status and breeding ecology of the red - shouldered hawk in north central new york. m. sc. thesis, state university of new york, college of environmental science, syracuse. close\nbarlow, j. c. and j. c. rice. 1977. aspects of the comparative behavior of red - eyed and philadelphia vireos. can. j. zool. no. 55: 528 - 541. close\none of several moths with yellow hindwings. the red - brown or brown colour of the forewing, together with the marbled grey - white markings and a small white blotch near the centre of the forewing help to distinguish this species .\nleyhe, j. e. and g. ritchison. 2004. perch sites and hunting behavior of red - tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis). journal of raptor research no. 38 (1): 19 - 25. close\nbloom, p. h. and m. d. mccrary. 1996. the urban buteo: red - shouldered hawks in southern california. raptors in human landscapes: adaptations to built and cultivated environments: 31 - 39. close\nhowell, d. l. and b. r. chapman. 1998. prey brought to red - shouldered hawk nests in the georgia piedmont. journal of raptor research no. 32 (3): 257 - 260. close\ngarner, h. d. and j. c. bednarz. 2000. habitat use by red - tailed hawks wintering in the delta region of arkansas. journal of raptor research no. 34 (1): 26 - 32. close\npatterned forewings provide excellent camouflage, and the red - and - black striped hindwings only show in flight. the adults often rest on walls, fences and tree trunks, especially poplars and willows, and the large moths are often disturbed by day .\nluttich, s. n. , d. h. rusch, e. c. meslow and l. b. keith. 1970. ecology of red - tailed hawk predation in alberta. ecology no. 51: 190 - 203. close\ntownsend, k. a. l. 2006. nesting ecology and sibling behavior of red - shouldered hawks at the st. francis sunken lands wildlife management area in northeastern arkansas. ph. d. dissertation, arkansas state university, jonesboro. close\nluttich, s. n. , l. b. keith and j. d. stephenson. 1971. population dynamics of the red - tailed hawk (buteo jamaicensis) at rochester, alberta. auk no. 88: 75 - 87. close\nsandberg, r. and f. r. moore. 1996. migratory orientation of red - eyed vireos, vireo olivaceus, in relation to energetic condition and ecological context. behav. ecol. sociobiol. no. 39: 1 - 10. close\npenak, b. l. 1982 .\naspects of the nutritional ecology of the red - shouldered hawk (buteo lineatus lineatus) in southwestern quebec .\nin. ste. - anne - de - bellevue: macdonald college of mcgill university. close\nbosakowski, t. , d. g. smith and r. speiser. 1992c. status, nesting density, and macrohabitat selection of red - shouldered hawks in northern new jersey. wilson bulletin no. 104 (3): 434 - 446. close\nthis magnificent moth is found only in old growth montane rainforest. mary cairncross is one of only a few confirmed breeding habitats for the southern subspecies found between northern nsw and north - east queensland. when at rest, the fore wings cover the hind wings, giving the appearance of a dead leaf to potential predators. the moth feeds on damaged fruit. the larvae feed on the vine carronia multisepalea making it a very selective eater. the larvae are equally impressive. when disturbed they bend forward, stretching their skin to reveal what appears to be a pair of large, blue - black eyes and a double row of white teeth - like markings to deter would - be predators. the pink underwing moth has been found in only five locations and is listed as threatened under federal legislation .\nstout, w. e. , s. a. temple and j. r. cary. 2006a. landscape features of red - tailed hawk nesting habitat in an urban / suburban environment. journal of raptor research no. 40 (3): 181 - 192. close\nstout, w. e. , r. k. anderson and j. m. papp. 1998. urban, suburban and rural red - tailed hawk nesting habitat and populations in southeast wisconsin. journal of raptor research no. 32 (3): 221 - 228. close\ndykstra, c. r. , j. l. hays, f. b. daniel and m. m. simon. 2000. nest site selection and productivity of suburban red - shouldered hawks in southern ohio. condor no. 102 (2): 401 - 408. close\nbildstein, k. l. 1987a. behavioral ecology of red - tailed hawks (buteo jamaicensis), rough - legged hawks (buteo lagopus), northern harriers (circus cyaneus), and american kestrels (falco sparverius) in south central ohio. ohio biol. surv. biol. notes no. 18. close\nboal, c. w. , h. a. snyder, b. d. bibles and t. s. estabrook. 2003. temporal and spatial stability of red - tailed hawk territories in the luquillo experimental forest, puerto rico. journal of raptor research no. 37 (4): 277 - 285. close\ntyler, w. m. 1950b .\nvireo olivaceus (linnaeus) red - eyed vireo .\nin life histories of north american wagtails, shrikes, vireos, and their allies. , edited by a. c. bent, 335 - 348. u. s. natl. mus. bull. 197. close\nthe red - shouldered hawk is a vocal bird early in the breeding season when courting and establishing its territory. it usually arrives on breeding territory in early spring, building its nest below the canopy but more than halfway up a tree in a crotch of the main trunk. females provide most of the incubation for eggs and generally all of the brooding for young, while males supply the female and young with nearly all their food, until the young near fledging. young leave the nest at about 6 weeks of age, but may continue to be fed by their parents for another 8–10 weeks, although little is known about immature red - shouldered hawks after they leave the nest .\nthe red - shouldered hawk inhabits a broad array of north american forests, but favors mature, mixed deciduous - coniferous woodlands, especially bottomland hardwood, riparian areas, and flooded deciduous swamps. in the west, this species prefers riparian and oak (quercus spp .) woodlands, but is also found in eucalyptus groves and suburban areas with nearby woodlots .\nthroughout its range, this hawk typically inhabits open areas interspersed with patches of trees or structurally similar features. however, red - tails also nest in high densities in closed - canopy rain and cloud forests in tropical regions. the species is primarily a sit - and - wait predator and generally requires elevated perch sites for hunting. where it inhabits closed - canopy tropical forests, however, the red - tail dives on prey from the air far above the canopy. it may also catch bats and other, highly concentrated, flying prey in the air. occasionally, members of this species capture insects and other prey on foot. the species' diet includes a wide variety of small to medium - sized mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, arthropods, and fresh carrion .\nthis hawk generally hunts from a perch, waiting for its prey to reveal itself and then swooping down to snatch it from the ground or water surface. the red - shoulder' s diet is broad, although small mammals (especially chipmunks, mice, and voles), frogs, and snakes comprise the bulk of its diet in most areas. birds, crayfish, and insects are key food items in certain areas and seasons .\n) have expanded our understanding of how this species adapts to a wide array of habitats across its range. life history and ecology in the tropics outside of puerto rico remains poorly documented, however. the red - tailed hawk provides a model for a highly - adaptable, generalist predator, and ongoing studies across its range should provide important insights into how some species are better able than others to exploit varied conditions and persist in rapidly changing environments .\nonce considered common or abundant in the eastern part of its range, local populations of the red - shouldered hawk have apparently diminished in the northern u. s. during the last two centuries (probably owing to destruction of large, mature forests), but there are few data to document this decline. currently most populations appear stable, although this needs study. reversion of farmlands to forest offers some hope of habitat increases for this species, at least in the northeast .\n). this species breeds extensively across canada and eastern north america; these populations, the focus of this account, winter principally in the amazon basin of south america east of the andes. other populations currently classified as red - eyed vireo are resident (tropical regions) or migratory (subtropical to temperate regions) in south america. in all populations, the sexes are weakly dimorphic and socially monogamous. the female builds the nest, incubates eggs, and devotes more time than the male to brooding and feeding of young. these birds are largely insectivorous during the breeding season, when they are most often observed foraging in canopy vegetation. during the nonbreeding season, fruit is an important part of the diet, especially in tropical winter quarters. a mixed diet of fruit and insects is especially conducive to fat deposition during migration. the red - eyed vireo is a nocturnal migrant whose magnetic compass figures prominently in its orientation during intercontinental flight (r. sandberg, j. bäckman, and m. lohmus pers. comm .) .\none of the most widespread and commonly observed birds of prey in north america, the red - tailed hawk (hereafter red - tail) occupies a broad range of habitats from central alaska south to venezuela and east to the virgin islands. breeding behavior, summer food habits, and habitat use have been well documented in many of these regions, but the taxonomic status of some populations remains unclear. the species varies greatly across its range, with up to 16 subspecies recognized by various authorities. races are usually distinguished by ventral coloration, tail markings, and / or size, but there is no clear geographic trend in any of these characters. some populations are polymorphic in ventral coloration (i. e. , polychromatic), ranging from nearly white to nearly black, and extensive inter - gradation among adjacent subspecies complicates taxonomic relationships. migration is diurnal, with the extent of migration varying annually depending on weather, especially snow cover. most migratory movements are < 1500 km, and migrants rarely make water crossings > 25 km. in northernmost populations most individuals migrate south, while those breeding in the southern u. s. and n. mexico are year - round residents .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\none of the larger british moths, this species is quite common in many places over much of england and wales, and is gradually increasing its range northwards .\nit flies in august and september, and comes freely to both light and sugar .\nukmoths is built, run and maintained by ian kimber, with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries. more often than not you' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache: v317 render date: 2018 - 07 - 10 03: 17: 07 page render time: 0. 2476s total w / procache: 0. 2921s\nclick here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated. thank you .\nit flies in august and september and comes freely to both light and sugar. the adults often rest on walls, fences and tree trunks (especially poplars and willows) and the large moths are often disturbed by day .\nthis species is quite common in the southern half of britain and is gradually increasing its range northwards. in a recent survey to determine the status of all macro moths in britain this species was classified as common .\nfairly common in leicestershire and rutland. l & r moth group status = a (common and resident )\nenglish verbs have up to five different forms. these are: 1 the base form, e. g. pull 2 the 3rd person singular, present simple tense, e. g. pulls 3 the past simple tense, e. g. pulled ...\nimpress your friends, family and colleagues with this unusual collection of football lingo .\ncatch up on the latest words in the news this june with robert groves .\nall the latest wordy news, linguistic insights, offers and competitions every month .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nrecorded in 63 (91 %) of 69 10k squares. first recorded in 1834. last recorded in 2017 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018. © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018. data © nola™ 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nmeridian, ada county, idaho, usa july 14, 2014 size: 1. 5 to 2 inches\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click' save settings' to activate your changes .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nmove this to the genus catocala. that way, you' re more likely to get an expert id because that' s where the experts look typically .\nabout us | terms of service | privacy policy | links | advertise | © copyright 2012 g. bradley\ncollins english dictionary - complete & unabridged 2012 digital edition © william collins sons & co. ltd. 1979, 1986 © harpercollins publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nvan swaay, c. , wynhoff, i. , wiemers, m. , katbeh - bader, a. , power, a. , benyamini, d. , tzirkalli, e. , balletto, e. , monteiro, e. , karaçetin, e. , franeta, f. , pe' er, g. , welch, h. , thompson, k. , pamperis, l. , dapporto, l. , šašić, m. , lópez munguira, m. , micevski, n. , dupont, p. , garcia - pereira, p. , moulai, r. , caruana, r. , verovnik, r. , bonelli, s. & beshkov, s .\nmicevski, b. , darcemont, c. , john, e. , gilbert, f. , cassar, l. , tarrier, m. , ozden, o. , ten hagen, w. , romo, h. , garcía - barros, e. , verovnik, r. , maes, d. , verstrael, t. , warren, m. & settele, j .\njustification: this species is listed as least concern, since it has not been declining by more than 25% in the last ten years and its population size is probably larger than 10, 000 adult individuals. this assessment is based solely on the expert opinions of the authors .\nthis skipper only occurs on corsica and sardinia from sea level to an altitude of 1, 500 m asl. this is a european and mediterranean endemic species .\nthis is a local species, which is restricted to (semi -) natural areas. the distribution is reported as fragmented in the mediterranean region of italy (bonelli, sala and balletto pers. comm .). on corsica it is a rare species, and almost nothing is known of its distribution, ecology and trend. on sardinia reported from three locations, but only some single butterflies have been observed there .\n) and resembles it closely in the way it lives. habitats include sclerophyllous scrub (33 %), phrygana (33 %), dry calcareous grasslands and steppes (33 %). the foodplant is unknown .\nall butterflies are collected to some extent, but only for the extremely rare species it can be a problem and the trade in europe is generally at a low level compared to other continents. there is no specific trade information for this species .\nalthough this is a european endemic with a restricted range, this species is not believed to face major threats .\nthis species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range. no specific conservation actions are needed. since it has a restricted global range, its distribution and trend should be monitored closely, for example by a butterfly monitoring scheme .\nvan swaay, c. , wynhoff, i. , wiemers, m. , katbeh - bader, a. , power, a. , benyamini, d. , tzirkalli, e. , balletto, e. , monteiro, e. , karaçetin, e. , franeta, f. , pe' er, g. , welch, h. , thompson, k. , pamperis, l. , dapporto, l. , šašić, m. , lópez munguira, m. , micevski, n. , dupont, p. , garcia - pereira, p. , moulai, r. , caruana, r. , verovnik, r. , bonelli, s. & beshkov, s. 2015 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group (polytypic) group (monotypic) species split life sp. ssp. intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records (accepted, rejected, pending). to filter / search please enter a phrase. e. g. to filter rejected records, type rejected into the search box, all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n© 2018 birdguides, warners group publications plc. all rights reserved. company registered in england no. 2572212 | vat registration no. gb 638 3492 15\ni am an amateur naturalist trying to find out what lives in my garden .\nphoto 1 (click to enlarge) shows a large moth that i found powerfully fluttering its way around my garden one afternoon, late last summer. from r. lewington' s truly beautiful illustrations in my newly acquired copy of the\nmeans' a bride' and was coined by the father of modern taxonomy carl linnaeus. linnaeus was apparently fond of giving this name to moths with bright underwings and in my copy of the fascinating\n, which has dirty brown underwings. can anyone tell me whether this is one - and - the - same as a melanic\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nflies in sunshine rapidly and low over heathers, feeding at moorland flowers. in dull weather the moth can be found at rest on heathers. also flies occasionally after dark. the larvae can be seen from april to october in the south or july to september in the north .\ncompany limited by guarantee, registered in england (2206468). vat no. gb 991 2771 89 registered office: manor yard, east lulworth, wareham, dorset, bh20 5qp tel: 01929 400 209 charity registered: england & wales (254937). scotland (sco39268 )\nthe pearly parakeet is a medium sized, mostly green parakeet with a dusky gray - brown head, white eyering, and mostly green underparts with a long, maroon tail .\n), in neotropical birds online (t. s. schulenberg, editor). cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca, ny, usa. retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nthe introduction article is just the first of 11 articles in each species account that provide life history information for the species. the remaining articles provide detailed information regarding distribution, migration, habitat, diet, sounds, behavior, breeding, current population status and conservation. each species account also includes a multimedia section that displays the latest photos, audio selections and videos from macaulay library’s extensive galleries. written and continually updated by acknowledged experts on each species, birds of north america accounts include a comprehensive bibliography of published research on the species .\na subscription is needed to access the remaining account articles and multimedia content. rates start at $ 5 usd for 30 days of complete access .\nnote the bulging full crop on this bird, which is feeding on a prey item. the crop is used to store food temporarily, allowing quick ingestion of large prey items. the pale throat is typical of the eastern race, b. j. borealis. ; photographer jerry and sherry liguori\ngenerally monogamous, this species initiates courtship and maintains the pair bond with spectacular aerial maneuvers performed by both members of the pair. territories are vigorously defended at least during the breeding season, and may be defended year - round by sedentary birds and where overwintering density is high. territory size varies with habitat and food availability but typically ranges from about 1. 25 to more than 2. 5 km2; minimum reported inter - nest distance is 0. 32 km. at least in sedentary birds, mates stay paired throughout the year. in interior north america, first eggs are laid in mid - late march, but eggs are known as early as december in the tropics. clutch size is typically 2 - 3, and incubation lasts about 28 days. young leave the nest 42 - 46 days after hatching, but may remain associated with parents up to six months longer .\nthis is a common hawk. the global population of 2, 000, 000 or more is considered stable or slightly increasing, although numbers may be declining slightly in the mixed - woodland plains of far eastern canada. populations increased through much of north america during the mid - to - late 20th century, apparently in response to the widespread establishment of open, wooded parkland in place of grassland or dense forest. this species is tolerant of exurban development and agricultural development as long as food is available and the converted landscape includes adequate open space and perch sites for hunting and tall trees or other structures for nesting. some individuals successfully breed in large, urban environments .\nmost information on life history and ecology for this species comes from studies in interior north america of breeding populations (e. g. ,\ncraighead, j. j. and jr. craighead, f. c. 1956. hawks, owls and wildlife. harrisburg, pa: stackpole co. close\npreston, c. r. 1990. distribution of raptor foraging in relation to prey biomass and habitat structure. condor no. 92: 107 - 112. close\nsnyder, n. f. r. , j. w. wiley and c. b. kepler. 1987c. the parrots of luquillo: natural history and conservation of the puerto rican parrot. los angeles, ca: west. found. vertebr. zool. close\n), version 2. 0. in the birds of north america (a. f. poole, editor). cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca, ny, usa .\ndavid a. cimprich, frank r. moore, and michael p. guilfoyle\nthis species summers locally west of the distribution shown, and winters in south america. see text for details .\n, and on and on. the song' s unending and monotonous character prompted bradford torrey in 1889 to reflect wryly, “i have always thought that whoever dubbed this vireo the ‘preacher' could have had no very exalted opinion of the clergy” (\ncicero, c. and n. k. johnson. 1998. molecular phylogeny and ecological diversification in a clade of new world songbirds (genus vireo). molecular ecology no. 7 (10): 1359 - 1370. close\njames, r. d. 1976a. foraging behavior and habitat selection of three species of vireos in southern ontario. wilson bull. no. 88: 62 - 75. close\nrobinson, s. k. and r. t. holmes. 1982. foraging behavior of forest birds: the relationships among search tactics, diet, and habitat structure. ecology no. 63: 1918 - 1931. close\ncimprich, d. a. , f. r. moore, and m. p. guilfoyle (2000) .\n), version 2. 0. in the birds of north america (a. f. poole and f. b. gill, editors). cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca, ny, usa .\ncheryl r. dykstra, jeffrey l. hays, and scott t. crocoll\nderby hill, ny; mid - march. ; photographer brian l. sullivan\nbosakowski, t. and d. g. smith. 1997. distribution and species richness of a forest raptor community in relation to urbanization. journal of raptor research no. 31 (1): 26 - 33. close\n), thrive in suburban habitats with nearby woodlands. variability is also evident in prey selection: northern birds tend to eat primarily small mammals (\ndykstra, c. r. , j. l. hays, and s. t. crocoll (2008)." ]

{ "text": [ "the red underwing ( catocala nupta ) is a moth of the erebidae family .", "this is a large ( 80 mm wingspan ) nocturnal european species which , like most noctuids , is drably coloured to aid concealment during the day .", "it flies in august and september , and comes freely to both light and sugar .", "this species and other catocala moths have brightly coloured underwings , in this case orange , red , or pink .", "these are not visible at rest , being hidden by the dull forewings , but they help the moth avoid predators such as birds if it is disturbed during the day .", "as the red underwing moth takes off , the sudden flash of colour may confuse the attacker , and when it lands and immediately closes its wings it may seem to disappear as the colour is \" switched off \" .", "it is also thought that the symmetrical patterned orange sections on the rear wings form the illusion of another smaller creature ( butterfly ) , so the attacker will go for the colourful \" small illusive \" rear safe region on the main body of this red underwing moth species .", "the adult feeds on nectar , the larva eat willow and poplar leaves . " ], "topic": [ 2, 28, 25, 23, 10, 1, 12, 8 ] }

[ "the red underwing (catocala nupta) is a moth of the erebidae family. this is a large (80 mm wingspan) nocturnal european species which, like most noctuids, is drably coloured to aid concealment during the day. it flies in august and september, and comes freely to both light and sugar. this species and other catocala moths have brightly coloured underwings, in this case orange, red, or pink. these are not visible at rest, being hidden by the dull forewings, but they help the moth avoid predators such as birds if it is disturbed during the day. as the red underwing moth takes off, the sudden flash of colour may confuse the attacker, and when it lands and immediately closes its wings it may seem to disappear as the colour is \" switched off \". it is also thought that the symmetrical patterned orange sections on the rear wings form the illusion of another smaller creature (butterfly), so the attacker will go for the colourful \" small illusive \" rear safe region on the main body of this red underwing moth species. the adult feeds on nectar, the larva eat willow and poplar leaves." ]

[ "kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\npurjeviikatekala\nto\ndesmodema polystictum (ogilby, 1898 )\n.\na spotted ribbonfish, desmodema polystictum, from off pakistan, 2010. source: h. b. osmany / fishbase. license: cc by attribution - noncommercial\njustification: desmodema polystictum is circumglobally distributed in the mesopelagic zone. it is a rare, deep - dwelling species that is not utilized and has no major threats. this species is listed as least concern .\ndesmodema polystictum is a deepsea fish with a maximum size of approximately 100 cm that inhabits the mesopelagic zone. it feeds on pelagic crustaceans, small fishes and squids. the eggs are free - floating, large and red. juveniles swim at the surface while trailing elongate dorsal and pelvic fin rays that give them the appearance of a jellyfish. data on the reproduction and habits of this species are limited (olney in press). vakily et al. (2002) describe d. polystictum as bathypelagic with a maximum size of 110 cm tl off of west africa .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\nmoore, j. a. , m. vecchione, b. b. collette, and r. gibbons. (2002) the fauna of bear seamount (new england seamount chain), and the presence of\nnatural invader\nspecies. paper cm 2002 / m: 25, ices annual science conference and ices centenary, 1 - 5 october 2002, copenhagen [ details ]\nking, c. m. ; roberts, c. d. ; bell, b. d. ; fordyce, r. e. ; nicoll, r. s. ; worthy, t. h. ; paulin, c. d. ; hitchmough, r. a. ; keyes, i. w. ; baker, a. n. ; stewart, a. l. ; hiller, n. ; mcdowall, r. m. ; holdaway, r. n. ; mcphee, r. p. ; schwarzhans, w. w. ; tennyson, a. j. d. ; rust, s. ; macadie, i. (2009). phylum chordata: lancelets, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, in: gordon, d. p. (ed .) (2009). new zealand inventory of biodiversity: 1. kingdom animalia: radiata, lophotrochozoa, deuterostomia. pp. 431 - 554. [ details ]\nintegrated taxonomic information system (itis). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of trachipterus misakiensis tanaka, 1908) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of trachipterus polystictus (ogilby, 1898) ) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of trachipterus woodi smith, 1953) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of trachypterus jacksoniensis polystictus ogilby, 1898) froese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission (ioc) of unesco. the ocean biogeographic information system (obis), available online at urltoken [ details ]\ngreek, desmos = band, chain + greek, demos = fat, grease, cow fat (ref. 45335 )\nmarine; bathypelagic; depth range 0 - 500 m (ref. 58302). deep - water; 42°n - 52°s, 180°w - 180°e\nwestern pacific: japan, taiwan (ref. 5193), philippines, australia, new zealand (ref. 5755). eastern atlantic: 16°11' n (ish unpublished) to namibia (ref. 4506) and south africa (one specimen washed ashore at xora river and 1 found in the tide pool at simonstown, false bay). western atlantic: florida, usa and cuba (ref. 7251). northern indian ocean: 2 records from pakistan and india (ref. 93850; ref. 93851). probably circumtropical .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 110 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 9137); common length: 100. 0 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 47377 )\ndorsal spines (total): 0; dorsal soft rays (total): 120 - 128. specimens less than 10 cm are silvery in color with many dark spots (ref. 2713) .\nepi - (ref. 58302) and mesopelagic species (ref. 4506). feeds upon various organisms like small fish, squids, octopus, and crustaceans (ref. 4525) .\nheemstra, p. c. and s. x. kannemeyer, 1986. trachipteridae. p. 399 - 402. in m. m. smith and p. c. heemstra (eds .) smiths' sea fishes. springer - verlag, berlin. (ref. 2713 )\n): 12. 2 - 27. 1, mean 19. 4 (based on 1424 cells) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 7510 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00389 (0. 00180 - 0. 00842), b = 3. 12 (2. 94 - 3. 30), in cm total length, based on all lwr estimates for this body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 4. 2 ±0. 51 se; based on food items .\nresilience (ref. 69278): low, minimum population doubling time 4. 5 - 14 years (assuming tmax > 10) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): high vulnerability (57 of 100) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\na rare mesopelagic ribbonfish relative. small juveniles are silvery with numerous black spots and reddish fins. they resemble jellyfishes, and swim in near surface waters trailing their elongate red dorsal and pelvic fin rays .\nnelson bay, new south wales, to south west cape, tasmania. elsewhere, the species is circumglobal in tropical and temperate mesopelagic waters .\ncarnivore - feeds on small pelagic fishes and invertebrates such as squids, octopus, and crustaceans .\ntrachypterus jacksoniensis polystictus ogilby 1898, proc. linn. soc. n. s. w. 22 (3): 649. type locality: near newcastle, nsw .\nfitch, j. e. & lavenberg, r. j. 1968. deep - water teleostean fishes of california. california natural history guides: 25. university of california press, berkeley and los angeles, california. 115 pp .\nolney, j. e. 1999. families veliferidae, lamprididae, stylephoridae, lophotidae, radiicephalidae, trachipteridae, regalecidae. pp. 1966 - 1975 in carpenter, k. e. & niem, v. h. (eds )\nthe living marine resources of the western central pacific. fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes\nscott, e. o. g. 1983. observations on some tasmanian fishes. part 29 .\n. the iucn red list of threatened species 2015: e. t190073a21909640. urltoken downloaded on 09 december 2016 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nclaro, rodolfo, and lynne r. parenti / claro, rodolfo, kenyon c. lindeman, and l. r. parenti, eds .\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information, no. 1, vol 1 - 3\nmoore, jon a. , karsten e. hartel, james e. craddock, and john k. galbraith\nnelson, joseph s. , edwin j. crossman, h. espinosa - pérez, l. t. findley, c. r. gilbert, et al. , eds .\nfull author list: nelson, joseph s. , edwin j. crossman, héctor espinosa - pérez, lloyd t. findley, carter r. gilbert, robert n. lea, and james d. williams\nrobins, richard c. , reeve m. bailey, carl e. bond, james r. brooker, ernest a. lachner, et al .\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nwe use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .\nthis article has been cited by the following publications. this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .\nkannan, k. 2017. record of brown - banded cusk - eel sirembo jerdoni (day, 1888) (ophidiiformes: ophidiidae) from gulf of mannar, india. thalassas: an international journal of marine sciences, vol. 33, issue. 2, p. 95 .\ncentral marine fisheries research institute, pb no. 1603, ernakulam north po, cochin - 682 018, kerala, india\n( 107 cm total length and weighing 480 g) was collected from tharuvaikulam landing centre, north to tuticorin, on the south - east coast of india during september 2010. the distinguishing characters of the species from other species of the family are discussed. morphometric and meristic characters of\nare presented in this paper. with the present report, the distribution area of this species now extends to the indian waters .\nto send this article to your kindle, first ensure no - reply @ urltoken is added to your approved personal document e - mail list under your personal document settings on the manage your content and devices page of your amazon account. then enter the ‘name’ part of your kindle email address below. find out more about sending to your kindle. find out more about sending to your kindle .\nnote you can select to send to either the @ urltoken or @ urltoken variations. ‘ @ urltoken ’ emails are free but can only be sent to your device when it is connected to wi - fi. ‘ @ urltoken ’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi - fi, but note that service fees apply .\nby using this service, you agree that you will only keep articles for personal use, and will not openly distribute them via dropbox, google drive or other file sharing services. please confirm that you accept the terms of use .\nto send this article to your dropbox account, please select one or more formats and confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. if this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise cambridge core to connect with your < service > account. find out more about sending content to dropbox .\nto send this article to your google drive account, please select one or more formats and confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. if this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise cambridge core to connect with your < service > account. find out more about sending content to google drive .\ncheck - list of the fishes of the eastern tropical atlantic (clofeta). volume 2. national museum of new zealand miscellaneous series no. 19\nspecies identification sheets for fishery purposes. western indian ocean (fishing area 51), volume 4\n. national museum of new zealand miscellaneous series no. 19, xiv + 279 pp .\nemail your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation' s collection .\nfull text views reflects the number of pdf downloads, pdfs sent to google drive, dropbox and kindle and html full text views .\n* views captured on cambridge core between september 2016 - 10th july 2018. this data will be updated every 24 hours .\nepi - (ref. 58302) and mesopelagic species (ref. 4506). feeds upon various organisms like small fish, squids, octopus, and crustaceans (ref. 4525) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nevaluation of spatial - temporal variability of species composition and diversity in oceanic ecosystems is not easy because it is usually difficult to obtain sufficient data quantifying such variability. in this study, we examined pelagic species diversity indicators, species richness, shannon - wiener index of diversity and hurlbert’s species evenness, for fish assemblages from two areas (north and south) in the north pacific ocean (2°–12°n, 178°e–165°w) during may–july 2008. the assemblages were based on data collected by an onboard scientific observer during a commercial longline fishing trip. the species richness and shannon - wiener diversity index of fish assemblages in the northern area were slightly higher than those in the southern area, although these differences were not significant (t test, p > 0. 05). non - parametric multidimensional scaling and analysis of similarities indicated that there were significant differences in fish assemblages between the two areas (p < 0. 01) .\nsupported by the china national fishery observer program, and the shanghai leading academic discipline project (no. s30702 )\nbaum j k, myers r a, kehler d g, worm b, harley s j, doherty p a. 2003. collapse and conservation of shark populations in the northwest atlantic .\nbeisel j n, usseglio - polatera p, bachmann v, moreteau j c. 2003. a comparative analysis of evenness index sensitivity .\nburgess g h, beerkircher l r, cailliet g m, carlson j k, cortés e, goldman k j, grubbs r d, musick j a, musyl m k, simpfendorfer c a. 2005. is the collapse of shark populations in the northwest atlantic ocean and gulf of mexico real ?\ncamhi m d, lauck e, pikitch e k, babcock e a. 2009. a global overview of commercial fisheries for open ocean sharks .\ncamhi m d, pikitch e k, babcock e a eds. sharks of the open ocean: biology, fisheries and conservation. blackwell publishing, uk. p. 166–192 .\nchampeau t, stevens p w, blewett d a. 2009. comparison of fish community metrics to assess long - term changes and hurricane impacts at peace river, florida .\ncheung w, alder j, karpouzi v, watson r, lam v, day c, kaschner k, pauly d. 2005. patterns of species richness in the high seas. secretariat of the convention on biological diversity, montreal, technical series no. 20 .\nclarke k r, green r h. 1988. statistical design and analysis for a ‘biological effects’ study .\nclarke k r, warwick r m. 2001. change in marine communities: an approach to statistical analysis and interpretation, 2nd edition (primer v5. 2). natural environmental research council. plymouth, uk .\ndigby p e, kempton r a. 1987. multivariate analysis of ecological communities. chapman and hall, london. 206p .\ndulvy n k, sadovy y, reynolds j d. 2003. extinction vulnerability in marine populations .\ndulvy n k, baum j k, clarke s, compagno l j v, cortes e, domingo a, fordham s, fowler s, francis m p, gibson c, martinez j, musick j a, soldo a, stevens j d, valenti s. 2008. you can swim but you can’t hide: the global status and conservation of oceanic pelagic sharks and rays .\nferraroli s, georges j y, gaspar p, maho y l. 2004. endangered species where leatherback turtles meet fisheries .\nfossen i, cotton c f, bergstad o a, dyb j e. 2008. species composition and distribution patterns of fishes captured by longline on the mid - atlantic ridge .\ngarcia s m, cochrane d l. 2005. ecosystem approach to fisheries: a review of implementation guidelines .\ngreenstreet s p r, rogers s i. 2006. indicators of the health of the north sea fish community: identifying reference levels for an ecosystem approach to management .\nhammer m, jansson a, jansson b. 1993. diversity change and sustainability: implications for fisheries .\nhuribert s. 1971. the nonconeept of species diversity: a critique and alternative parameters .\nkenkel n c, orloci l. 1986. applying metric and non - metric multidimensional scaling to some ecological studies: some new results .\nmace p m. 1994. relationships between common biological reference points used as thresholds and targets of fisheries management strategies .\nmegalofonou p, damalas d, yannopoulos c. 2005. composition and abundance of pelagic shark by - catch in the eastern mediterranean sea .\npauly d, christensen v, guenette s, pitcher t, sumalia u, walters c, watson r, zeller d. 2002. towards sustainability in world fisheries .\nfoundation for statistical computing, vienna, austria. isbn 3 - 900051 - 07 - 0 ,\nreid j l, brinton e, fleminger a, venrick e l, mcgowan j a. 1978. ocean circulation and marine life .\ncharnock h, deacon g eds. advances in oceanography. plenum press, new york, and london, england, p. 65–130 .\nriegl b, luke k e. 1998. ecological parameters of dynamited reefs in the northern red sea and their relevance to reef rehabilitation .\nsibert j, hampton j, kleiber p, maunder m. 2006. biomass, size, and trophic status of top predators in the pacific ocean .\nsymstad a j, chapin iii f s, wall d h, gross k l, huenneke l f, mittelbach g g, peters d p c, tilman d. 2003. long - term and large - scale perspectives on the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem funetioning .\ntolimieri n. 2007. patterns in species richness, species density, and evenness in groundfish assemblages on the continental slope of the u. s. pacific coast .\ntracey d m, bull b, clark m r, mackay k a. 2004. fish species composition on seamounts and adjacent slope in new zealand waters .\nwest r j. 2002. comparison of fish and shrimp trawls for sampling deep - water estuarine fish in a large coastal river in eastern australia .\nward p, myers r a. 2005. shifts in open - ocean fish communities eoineiding with the commencement of commercial fishing .\nworm b, lotze h k, myers r a. 2003. predator diversity hotspots in the blue ocean .\nworm b, sandow m, oschlies a, lotze h k, myers r a. 2005. global patterns of predator diversity in the open oceans .\nworm b, barbier e b, beaumont n, duffy j e, folke c, halpern b s, jackson j b c, lotze h k, micheli f, palumbi s r, sala e, selkoe k a, stachowicz j j, watson r. 2006. impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in" ]

{ "text": [ "the desmodema polystictum , also called the deal fish , polka-dot ribbonfish , or spotted ribbonfish , is a fish in the family trachipteridae .", "it is found near new zealand , the northwestern atlantic ocean , and south africa .", "the species became more known when james douglas ogilby wrote and published work on the species in 1898 . " ], "topic": [ 25, 20, 19 ] }

[ "the desmodema polystictum, also called the deal fish, polka-dot ribbonfish, or spotted ribbonfish, is a fish in the family trachipteridae. it is found near new zealand, the northwestern atlantic ocean, and south africa. the species became more known when james douglas ogilby wrote and published work on the species in 1898." ]

[ "a tail - wagging yellow warbler with black streaks down its sides, the prairie warbler is found in scrubby fields and forests throughout the eastern and south - central united states, not on the prairies .\nthe oldest recorded prairie warbler was a male, andat least 7 years, 9 months old when he was recaptured and rereleased during banding operations in connecticut .\nthis distinction may be helpful if you are birding in east texas where both species breed. however, the preferred breeding micro - habitat of the prairie warbler is different from the pine warbler. while they both breed in the pine woods macro - habitat, the prairie warbler seeks areas where most of the pine trees have been cut and which are now overgrown with weeds and young pine saplings. so if you miss seeing this attractive warbler in migration, take a trip over to the pineywoods of east texas and see it in breeding habitat and in its finest plumage .\nin the spring, male prairie warblers are bright yellow underneath with black, pronounced streaking along the sides and flanks, giving the bird a very distinctive appearance. the head and back are olive - green with faint chestnut - colored streaking on the back—a feature not always easily seen, by the way. females are not as brightly colored and much duller in appearance. in general, this species may look similar to a pine warbler, especially females, but most noticeably, the pine warbler’s lower belly and undertail coverts are white, not yellowish like the prairie warbler. the male prairie warbler also has a distinctive black eye line with another line that loops under the eye enclosing and forming a yellow patch below the eye .\nfemale prairie warblers commonly eat the eggshells after their young hatch, consuming the shells in 15 to 90 seconds .\nstephenson, t. and s. whittle (2013). the warbler guide. princeton university press, new jersey, usa .\nspecies profile by glenn olsen: this attractive warbler is an uncommon but frequently occurring spring migrant on the upper tx coast. most prairie warblers migrate farther east of us as they move from the wintering grounds of the caribbean islands up through florida and westward along the gulf coast into east texas where some breed .\nthe male prairie warbler sings two song types, which closely resemble each other but differ subtly in volume and speed. the faster\ngroup a\nsong is directed at the female, for courtship and maintenance of the pair bond. the\ngroup b\nsong is sung at territory boundaries to deter other males .\nnolan jr, v. , e. d. ketterson and c. a. buerkle. 2014. prairie warbler (setophaga discolor), version 2. 0. in the birds of north america (p. g. rodewald, editor). cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca, new york, usa .\ncurson, j. (2018). prairie warbler (setophaga discolor). in: del hoyo, j. , elliott, a. , sargatal, j. , christie, d. a. & de juana, e. (eds .). handbook of the birds of the world alive. lynx edicions, barcelona. (retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018) .\nthe prairie warblers living in the florida mangroves are considered to be a separate subspecies from the more widespread migratory ones. the florida birds are slightly larger and have larger white spots in their tails .\nprairie warbler is declining throughout most of range. the north american breeding bird survey estimates a loss of almost 2% per year between 1966 and 2014, resulting in a cumulative decline of 66% during that time. partners in flight estimates a global breeding population of 3. 5 million birds, with 100% spending part of the year in the u. s. , and 3% in mexico. it rates the species a 13 out of 20 on the continental concern score. prairie warbler is both a tri - national concern species, and a u. s. - canada stewardship species. it is on the 2014 state of the birds watch list, which lists bird species that are at risk of becoming threatened or endangered without conservation action. population declines are largely attributable to loss of breeding habitat through development and natural change of shrubby habitat to forest. back to top\nnot a bird of open prairies, this warbler nests mainly in young second growth scrub and densely overgrown fields in eastern north america. such habitats are often temporary, and colonies may shift around from year to year. in florida, more permanent populations are found in coastal mangroves. in all of these sun - drenched habitats, the thin buzzy song of the male seems suited to the glare of hot summer days. prairie warblers usually stay low, moving about actively in the brush and flicking their tails .\nfound breeding throughout the eastern and south - central u. s. , prairie warblers are declining in much of their range due to habitat changes. the bright yellow and black - striped songbirds winter in warmer climes including the caribbean. audio by andrew spencer, xc49546. accessible at urltoken recorded at fayette co. , west virginia .\ncomments by don verser: prairie warblers are more likely to be found in shrub or willow situations such as anahuac nwr or sea rim state park or quintana. in fall, early in the season is the time to look. they can be very dull in the fall but all still have a distinctive face pattern with pale crescent under eye and gray moustachial crescent below that .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nsacc. 2005 and updates. a classification of the bird species of south america. available at: urltoken .\njustification: this species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion (extent of occurrence < 20, 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent / quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion (> 30% decline over ten years or three generations). the population size is extremely large, and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion (< 10, 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nanguilla; antigua and barbuda; aruba; bahamas; barbados; belize; bonaire, sint eustatius and saba (saba, sint eustatius); canada; cayman islands; colombia; costa rica; cuba; dominica; dominican republic; el salvador; guatemala; haiti; honduras; jamaica; martinique; mexico; montserrat; nicaragua; puerto rico; saint barthélemy; saint kitts and nevis; saint lucia; saint martin (french part); saint vincent and the grenadines; sint maarten (dutch part); trinidad and tobago; turks and caicos islands; united states; united states minor outlying islands; virgin islands, british; virgin islands, u. s .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nvarious shrubby habitats, including regenerating forests, open fields, and christmas - tree farms. florida residents live in mangrove forests. back to top\nopen cup of long plant fibers and other material, lined with fine grasses, mosses, and feathers, placed in trees or shrubs, usually less than 3 m (10 ft) from ground .\npale brownish or gray, often with a ring of spots near one end and more spots scattered over the rest of the shell .\ngleans from leaves and branches. sometimes hawks insects in the air. back to top\nlutmerding, j. a. and a. s. love. longevity records of north american birds. version 2015. 2. patuxent wildlife research center, bird banding laboratory 2015 .\nnorth american bird conservation initiative. 2014. the state of the birds 2014 report. us department of interior, washington, dc, usa .\nsauer, j. r. , j. e. hines, j. e. fallon, k. l. pardieck, jr. ziolkowski, d. j. and w. a. link. the north american breeding bird survey, results and analysis 1966 - 2013 (version 1. 30. 15). usgs patuxtent wildlife research center 2014b. available from urltoken\nsibley, d. a. (2014). the sibley guide to birds, second edition. alfred a. knopf, new york, usa .\nsounds provided by macaulay library. listen to more sounds of this species from the ml archive .\nsurveys show declining numbers in recent decades. over much of range, requires brushy areas growing up after clearing or fires, and disappears as forests mature. also hurt by cowbird parasitism .\nbrushy slashings, bushy pastures, low pines. breeds in dry old clearings, edges of forest, and sandy pine barrens with undergrowth of scrub oaks, especially on ends of slopes and ridges. likes thick second - growth of hickory, dogwood, hazel, or laurel with blackberry vines. in florida, breeds in mangrove swamps. found in flat, grassy lands with scattered trees and bushes in the south in the winter .\nforages mainly by taking insects while perched or hopping on branches or twigs. also catches flying insects in mid - air, and takes insects from undersides of leaves (and spiders from their webs) while hovering. will also feed occasionally by hanging upside down from tips of branches or by flying down to pick up insects from ground .\n4, sometimes 3 - 5. off - white, with brown spots concentrated at larger end. incubated by female for usually 12 (11 - 14) days. commonly parasitized by cowbirds. young: fed by both parents; leave the nest at 8 - 11 days. fledglings may be divided by parents, each adult caring for part of brood for 40 - 50 days until young are independent. often 2 broods per season .\nfed by both parents; leave the nest at 8 - 11 days. fledglings may be divided by parents, each adult caring for part of brood for 40 - 50 days until young are independent. often 2 broods per season .\nmostly insects. feeds on many insects including caterpillars, moths, tree crickets, lacewings, true bugs, beetles, ants, flies; also spiders and millipedes. also eats a few berries, and occasionally sap from holes drilled in trees by sapsuckers. nestlings are fed mostly caterpillars .\nsome males have more than one mate. often breeds in loose colonies. males return year after year to the same breeding territory, but females often do not. males utter a loud, harsh rattle during fights with other males. during courtship, male performs slow butterfly - like display flights; also chases female. nest: placed in site selected by female. usually in a tree (such as pine, cedar, sweet - gum, oak), 1 - 45' above the ground. in coastal florida, usually in mangroves. nest (built by female) an open cup, made of densely felted plant materials such as plant down, and lined with animal hair .\nsome florida birds may be permanent residents. in much of range, southward migration begins by late summer, but a few birds may linger quite late in fall .\naudio © lang elliott, bob mcguire, kevin colver, martyn stewart and others .\nan author, ornithologist, and professor of ecology and conservation at clemson university, lanham spoke on the importance of inclusiveness and diversity in birding, among other themes .\nshrublands may not be as iconic as other natural settings, but they’re finally getting the respect they deserve .\ntell congress to oppose a harmful rider that threatens sage - grouse and other wildlife .\ntell congress and the department of the interior to uphold the country' s most important bird protection law .\nif you find the information on birdweb useful, please consider supporting seattle audubon. donate\nmembers of this diverse group make up more than half of the bird species worldwide. most are small. however their brains are relatively large and their learning abilities are greater than those of most other birds. passerine birds are divided into two suborders, the suboscines and the oscines. oscines are capable of more complex song, and are considered the true songbirds. in washington, the tyrant flycatchers are the only suboscines; the remaining 27 families are oscines .\nthis large group of small, brightly colored songbirds is a favorite of many birdwatchers. wood - warblers, usually called “warblers” for short by americans, are strictly a new world family. most of the north american members of this group are migratory, returning in the winter to the tropics where the family originated. warblers that nest in the understory tend to have pink legs and feet, while those that inhabit the treetops usually have black legs and feet. north american males are typically brightly colored, many with patches of yellow. most north american warblers do not molt into a drab fall / winter plumage; the challenge posed to those trying to identify warblers in the fall results from looking at mostly juvenile birds. their songs are generally dry, unmusical, often complex whistles (“warbles”). warblers that live high in the treetops generally have higher - pitched songs than those that live in the understory. warblers eat insects gleaned from foliage or captured in the air. many supplement their insect diet with some seeds and fruit, primarily in fall and winter, and some also eat nectar. most are monogamous. the female usually builds the nest and incubates four to five eggs for up to two weeks. both members of the pair feed the young .\nspecies is sister to s. vitellina, but suggestion that the two are conspecifics rejected by recent molecular study # r. two subspecies recognized .\n( vieillot, 1809) – se canada (se ontario) and e usa e from nw michigan, se iowa, e kansas and e texas and s from extreme s maine (but excluding s coastal areas and most of florida and mississippi valley); migrates to peninsular florida, caribbean and islands off coast (also small numbers on adjacent mainland) of c central america .\n12 cm; 5·7–10·8 g. male nominate race breeding has olive - green crown and nape, yellow supercilium and large yellow patch below eye, black eyestripe and ...\ntwo song types. type 1 song a series of rapid buzzy notes, accelerating and rising in pitch towards ...\nnominate race breeds in dry, scrubby and shrubby areas lacking closed canopy but often with ...\nfeeds mainly on insects and other arthropods, especially spiders (araneae); occasionally takes fruit and nectar in winter. forages mainly ...\n) often double - brooded. polygyny regular, but relatively infrequent. nest ...\nresident and medium - distance migrant. nominate race migratory, leaves breeding grounds from late ...\nnot globally threatened. listed as a species of conservation concern by us fish & wildlife service. nominate race generally common throughout range. like\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography. login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments. to make the most of all of hbw' s features, discover our subscriptions now !\npreviously considered to include species now separated in peucedramidae, zeledoniidae and teretistridae, as well as two genera now in phaenicophilidae. the most comprehensive molecular phylogeny of present family to date # r recovered nine principal clades; almost all genera correspond to well - supported units, while two confined to west indies are maintained based on other characters. several traditionally recognized genera prove to be paraphyletic or otherwise unsustainable: dendroica is abandoned because setophaga is nested within it and has priority; ergaticus is embedded within the clade occupied by cardellina; euthlypis is subsumed within basileuterus; oporornis is restricted to one species while its former congeners are removed to geothlypis; parula proves to be widely paraphyletic (two species move to setophaga, the rest to a resurrected oreothlypis); phaeothlypis is indistinguishable from myiothlypis; and the three wilsonia are more correctly placed in cardellina (two species) and setophaga (one) .\npreviously restricted to a single species (s. ruticilla); but comprehensive molecular phylogeny reveals that this species is deeply embedded within large clade that includes two species formerly in parula (s. americana and s. pitiayumi) and another (s. citrina) traditionally in wilsonia, as well as all species previously treated in dendroica # r; catharopeza might also be subsumed into this genus # r, but better maintained as a separate monospecific genus, in view of unusual morphology and behaviour, as well as its basal position in the clade. as type species of parula, wilsonia and dendroica are all included in present grouping, these names become synonyms of oldest available name for this clade, setophaga .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts, family texts, plates, audiovisual links, updates and related resources .\nalso available: 2 - 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{ "text": [ "the prairie warbler ( setophaga discolor ) is a small songbird of the new world warbler family .", "these birds have yellow underparts with dark streaks on the flanks , and olive upperparts with rusty streaks on the back ; they have a yellow line above the eye , a dark line through it , and a yellow spot below it .", "these birds have black legs , long tails , two pale wing bars , and thin pointed bills .", "coloring is duller in female and immatures .", "their breeding habitats are brushy areas and forest edges in eastern north america .", "the prairie warbler 's nests are open cups , which are usually placed in a low area of a tree or shrub .", "incubation period is 12 to 13 days .", "these birds are permanent residents in the southern parts of their range .", "other birds migrate to northeastern mexico and islands in the caribbean .", "prairie warblers forage actively on tree branches , and sometimes fly around with the purpose of catching insects , which are the main food source of these birds .", "prairie warblers have two categories of songs , referred to as type a and type b. type a songs are typically a series of ascending buzzy notes .", "the b songs are an ascending series of whistled notes that often contain some buzzy notes .", "compared to a songs , the b songs are lower in pitch , have fewer , longer notes .", "the total song length is longer as well in type b songs .", "the use of these two song categories is associated with certain contexts .", "a songs are sung throughout the day when males first arrive on their breeding grounds .", "once males are paired they begin to sing b songs during the dawn chorus and then will intersperse a songs in their singing during the rest of the day .", "during this later period of singing a songs are typically used near females , near the nest , and in the center of their territories .", "in contrast b songs are used when interacting or fighting with other males and near the borders of their territories .", "part of their call note repertoire is a tsip call .", "during dawn , chorus b songs are interspersed with rapid loud \" check \" calls .", "these birds wag their tails frequently .", "the numbers of these birds are declining due to habitat loss ; this species also suffers from nest parasitism by the brown-headed cowbird . " ], "topic": [ 28, 23, 23, 9, 24, 28, 28, 13, 12, 28, 14, 16, 14, 14, 13, 14, 14, 14, 23, 16, 16, 12, 17 ] }

[ "the prairie warbler (setophaga discolor) is a small songbird of the new world warbler family. these birds have yellow underparts with dark streaks on the flanks, and olive upperparts with rusty streaks on the back; they have a yellow line above the eye, a dark line through it, and a yellow spot below it. these birds have black legs, long tails, two pale wing bars, and thin pointed bills. coloring is duller in female and immatures. their breeding habitats are brushy areas and forest edges in eastern north america. the prairie warbler's nests are open cups, which are usually placed in a low area of a tree or shrub. incubation period is 12 to 13 days. these birds are permanent residents in the southern parts of their range. other birds migrate to northeastern mexico and islands in the caribbean. prairie warblers forage actively on tree branches, and sometimes fly around with the purpose of catching insects, which are the main food source of these birds. prairie warblers have two categories of songs, referred to as type a and type b. type a songs are typically a series of ascending buzzy notes. the b songs are an ascending series of whistled notes that often contain some buzzy notes. compared to a songs, the b songs are lower in pitch, have fewer, longer notes. the total song length is longer as well in type b songs. the use of these two song categories is associated with certain contexts. a songs are sung throughout the day when males first arrive on their breeding grounds. once males are paired they begin to sing b songs during the dawn chorus and then will intersperse a songs in their singing during the rest of the day. during this later period of singing a songs are typically used near females, near the nest, and in the center of their territories. in contrast b songs are used when interacting or fighting with other males and near the borders of their territories. part of their call note repertoire is a tsip call. during dawn, chorus b songs are interspersed with rapid loud \" check \" calls. these birds wag their tails frequently. the numbers of these birds are declining due to habitat loss; this species also suffers from nest parasitism by the brown-headed cowbird." ]

[ "sistrella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 86, 331\ngelechia sistrella busck, 1903; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 862; tl: phoenix, arizona\nchionodes sistrella; [ nacl ], # 2116; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 93, 331, pl. 1, f. 73; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes borzella bidzilya, 2000; beitr. ent. 50 (2): 391\nchionodes soella huemer & sattler, 1995; beitr. ent. 45 (1): 21\nchionodes aprilella huemer & sattler, 1995; beitr. ent. 45 (1): 24\nchionodes flavipalpella huemer & sattler, 1995; beitr. ent. 45 (1): 33\nchionodes flavipalpella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333\nchionodes caucasiella huemer & sattler, 1995; beitr. ent. 45 (1): 34\nchionodes caucasiella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333\nchionodes frigidella huemer & sattler, 1995; beitr. ent. 45 (1): 50\nchionodes frigidella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333\nchionodes tantella huemer & sattler, 1995; beitr. ent. 45 (1): 64\nchionodes tantella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333\nchionodes attonita; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333\nchionodes ermolaevi bidzilya, 2012; shilap revta lepid. 40 (160): 422; tl: sakhalin\nchionodes grandis clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 253; tl: silverton, colorado\nchionodes tundra bidzilya, 2012; shilap revta lepid. 40 (160): 421; tl: jamalo - nenetskiy ar\nchionodes pereyra clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 253; tl: vero beach, florida\nchionodes stefaniae; landry & roque - albelo, 2010, revue suisse zool. 117 (4): 699 (list )\nchionodes salicella sattler, 1967; can. ent. 99: 82; tl: skeena crossing, cassiar dist. , british colombia\nchionodes acerella sattler, 1967; can. ent. 99: 78; tl: izman creek, kamloops distr. , british columbia\nchionodes tessa clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 246; tl: petaluma, sonoma co. , california\nchionodes canofusella clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 248; tl: encantada, brooks co. , texas\nchionodes bicolor clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 250; tl: petaluma, sonoma co. , california\nchionodes meridiochilensis king & montesinos, 2012; acta zool. cracov. 55 (1): 47; tl: chile, region de biobio\nchionodes stefaniae schmitz & landry, 2007; rev. suisse zool. 114: 177; tl: galapagos, isabela, volcan darwin, 630m\nchionodes iridescens clarke, 1947; j. wash. acad. sci. 37: 244; tl: american lake, pierce co. , washington\nchionodes pleroma; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 32 (note), 331\nchionodes scotodes; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 32 (note), 331\nchionodes whitmanella clarke, 1942; proc. u. s. nat. mus. 92 (3149): 271; tl: pullmann, washington\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland. fascicle 7. 6. gelechioidea, gelechiidae (part), gelechiinae (part - chionodes )\nthe lepidoptera of white sands national monument, otero county, new mexico, usa 10. a remarkable new white species of chionodes hübner (gelechiidae )\nchionodes sabinianae powell, 1959; ent. news 70 (5): 127; tl: russelman park, mt diablo, contra costa co. , california\nchionodes soella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 139, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes aprilella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 141, 31; [ fe ]\n= chionodes psilopterus; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 201; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes cusor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 204, 333, pl. 4, f. 75; tl: alamosa, colorado\nchionodes offectus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 219, 333, pl. 3, f. 57; tl: boulder, colorado\nchionodes fimus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 204, 333, pl. 4, f. 76; tl: schrader lake, alaska\nchionodes tragicella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 139, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes luctuella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 140, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes molitor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 210, 333, pl. 3, f. 36; tl: putnam co. , illinois\nchionodes boreas hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 211, 333, pl. 3, f. 43 - 44; tl: nordegg, alberta\nchionodes holosericella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 143, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes histon hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 221, 333, pl. 3, f. 61; tl: penticon creek, british columbia\nchionodes perpetuella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 146, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes apolectella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 147, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes hayreddini; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 149, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes hinnella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 149, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes bastuliella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 150, 32; [ fe ]\nchionodes nebulosella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 152, 32; [ fe ]\nchionodes sagayica; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 63; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333\nchionodes nitor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 84, 331, pl. 1, f. 59; tl: berkeley, alameda co, california\nchionodes oecus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 89, 331, pl. 1, f. 63 - 64; tl: palm springs, california\nchionodes lacticoma; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 32 (note), 331; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes icriodes; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 32 (note), 331; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes litigiosa; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 32 (note), 331; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes pentadora; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 32 (note), 331; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes dryobathra; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 106 (note), 332; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes argosema; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 165 (note), 332; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes consona; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 165 (note), 332; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes eburata; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 165 (note), 332; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes salva; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 172 (note), 332; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes sepultor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 220, 333, pl. 3, f. 60; tl: 6 mi nw newcastle, wyoming\nchionodes percultor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 58, 331, pl. 4, f. 1; tl: washington mtns, near nogales, arizona\nchionodes plutor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 91, 331, pl. 1, f. 69; tl: sanderson, terrell co. , texas\nchionodes nepos hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 92, 331, pl. 1, f. 71; tl: indio, riverside co. , california\nchionodes thyotes hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 96, 331, pl. 2, f. 1; tl: southmost, cameron co. , texas\nchionodes soter hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 128, 332, pl. 2, f. 39 - 41; tl: putnam co. , illinois\nchionodes ceryx hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 172, 332, pl. 3, f. 13 - 14; tl: n key largo, florida\nchionodes rabula hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 59, 331, pl. 1, f. 16; tl: parker island, highlands co. , florida\nchionodes cacula hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 61, 331, pl. 5, f. 1; tl: archbold biologial station, lake placid, florida\nchionodes emptor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 62, 331, pl. 1, f. 17; tl: archbold biologial station, lake placid, florida\nchionodes drapeta hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 63, 331, pl. 1, f. 18; tl: key largo, monroe co. , florida\nchionodes paean hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 93, 331, pl. 1, f. 72; tl: jacumba, san diego co. , california\nchionodes cibus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 98, 331, pl. 2, f. 6; tl: laguna atascosa, cameron co. , texas\nchionodes occlusus; [ nacl ], # 2101; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes suasor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 57, 331, pl. 1, f. 14; tl: huntsville state park, walker co. , texas\nchionodes esor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 62, 331, pl. 1, f. 19; tl: big pine key, monroe co. , florida\nchionodes tarmes hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 66, 331, pl. 4, f. 5; tl: t2n r14w s31, allegan co. , michigan\nchionodes macor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 88, 331, pl. 1, f. 62; tl: saratoga springs, san bernardino co. , california\nchionodes irreptor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 143, 332, pl. 2, f. 53; tl: garner state park, uvalde co. , texas\nchionodes restio hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 148, 332, pl. 2, f. 58 - 59; tl: sonoma, sonoma co. , california\nchionodes ludio hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 152, 332, pl. 2, f. 64; tl: new lisbon, burlington co. , new jersey\nchionodes obelus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 186, 332, pl. 3, f. 16; tl: hayfork ranger station, trinity co. , california\nchionodes kubai hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 188, 332, pl. 4, f. 43; tl: pne hill, el dorado co. , california\nchionodes rectifex hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 199, 333, pl. 3, f. 23 - 24; tl: pensacola, escambia co. , florida\nchionodes aleo hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 202, 333, pl. 4, f. 71; tl: cedar pass campground, modoc co. , california\nchionodes rupex hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 203, 333, pl. 4, f. 74; tl: green river lake, wind river range, wyoming\nchionodes fictor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 219, 333, pl. 3, f. 58; tl: atigun pass & below, brooks range, alaska\nchionodes praecia hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 222, 333, pl. 3, f. 63 - 64; tl: vineyard, utah co. , utah\nchionodes pulvis hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 69, 331, pl. 1, f. 30; tl: san bruno mtns, san mateo co. , california\nchionodes bios hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 191, 332, pl. 4, f. 47; tl: 4 mi n prescott, yavapai co. , arizona\nchionodes tannuolella; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 32; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333\nchionodes lictor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 222, 333, pl. 3, f. 62; tl: mt. shasta city, shasta co. , california\nchionodes procus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 92, 331, pl. 1, f. 70; tl: gran quivira national monument, socorro co. , new mexico\nchionodes lector hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 121, 332, pl. 2, f. 25 - 26; tl: woodwardia canyon e, riverside co. , california\nchionodes sevir hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 137, 332, pl. 4, f. 24; tl: highlands, 3865', macon co. , north carolina\nchionodes baro hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 144, 332, pl. 2, f. 54; tl: highlands, 3865', macon co. , north carolina\nchionodes popa hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 167, 332, pl. 3, f. 6 - 7; tl: mint canyon, los angeles co. , california\nchionodes donatella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 169, 332, pl. 3, f. 9; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes petro hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 169, 332, pl. 3, f. 10; tl: 2 mi ne lakeside, san diego co. , california\nchionodes dolo hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 198, 333, pl. 3, f. 22; tl: dempster highway, km 155, 1050m, yukon, canada\nchionodes praeco hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 209, 333, pl. 3, f. 34 - 35; tl: ocqueoc lake, presque isle co. , michigan\nchionodes manabiensis schmitz & landry, 2007; rev. suisse zool. 114: 180; tl: ecuador, manabi, parque nacional machalilla, los frailes, s 01°29. 340', w 80°46. 868 40m\nchionodes hapsus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 55, 331, pl. 1, f. 12; tl: devil' s den state park, washington co. , arkansas\nchionodes volo hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 75, 331, pl. 1, f. 38; tl: fort davis, 5000', jeff davis co. , texas\nchionodes landryi hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 95, 331, pl. 1, f. 76; tl: lost river valley, 10 km s onefour, alberta, cadana\nchionodes factor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 196, 333, pl. 4, f. 60; tl: big bear lake, 6800, san bernardino co. , california\nchionodes trico hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 211, 333, pl. 3, f. 45 - 46; tl: hardy work center, lawrence co. , south dakoa\nchionodes impes hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 227, 333, pl. 3, f. 70, pl. 5, f. 4; tl: kamiak butte, washington\nchionodes sannio hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 70, 331, pl. 1, f. 31; tl: 2. 5 mi west fort simcoe, yakima co. , washington\nchionodes stator hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 71, 331, pl. 1, f. 32; tl: 2. 5 mi west fort simcoe, yakima co. , washington\nchionodes meddix hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 73, 331, pl. 1, f. 35; tl: clear creek camp, se camp verde, yavapai co. , arizona\nchionodes pavor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 80, 331, pl. 1, f. 49; tl: camp baldy, san bernardino mtns, san bernardino co. , california\nchionodes pacator hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 82, 331, pl. 1, f. 53; tl: mt lowe, san gabriel mtns, los angeles co. , california\nchionodes regens hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 85, 331, pl. 1, f. 61; tl: hackberry lake, valenine national wildlife refuge, cherry co. , nebraska\nchionodes morus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 103, 331, pl. 4, f. 22; tl: ciervo hills, 18 mi sw medota, fresno co. , califoria\nchionodes cautor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 142, 332, pl. 2, f. 52; tl: green gulch, big bend national park, brewster co. , texas\nchionodes mikkolai hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 208, 333, pl. 3, f. 33; tl: carmacks, 62°05' n, 136°20' w, yukon, canada\nchionodes franclemonti hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 65, 331, pl. 4, f. 2 - 4; tl: wrangle brook road, lakehurst, ocean co. , new jersey\nchionodes sanator hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 85, 331, pl. 1, f. 60; tl: sw res sta, 5400, chiricahua mts, cochise co. , arizona\nchionodes repertor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 89, 331, pl. 1, f. 65; tl: 7 mi e jacob lake, coconino co. , 6800', arizona\nchionodes adamas hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 150, 332, pl. 2, f. 61 - 63; tl: devil' s den state park, washington co. , arkansas\nchionodes elainae hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 192, 332, pl. 4, f. 50; tl: onion saddle, 7600', chiricahua mtns, cochise co. , arizona\nchionodes hospes hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 196, 333, pl. 4, f. 61 - 62; tl: 9 mi sw atascadero, san luis obispo co. , california\nchionodes sponsus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 207, 333, pl. 4, f. 81; tl: sierra diable wildlife management area, 6400', culberson co. , texas\nchionodes theurgis hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 213, 333, pl. 3, f. 47; tl: 4 mi sw buean vista, 8700', chaffee co. , colorado\nchionodes imber hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 71, 331, pl. 1, f. 33 - 34; tl: hackberry lake, valentine nationa wildlife reserve, cherry co. , nebraska\nchionodes naevus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 77, 331, pl. 1, f. 41; tl: cave creek canyon, 5400', chiricahua mtns, cochise co. , arizona\nchionodes davisi hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 78, 331, pl. 1, f. 42; tl: southwest research station, 5400', chiricahua mtns, cochise co. , arizona\nchionodes delitor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 83, 331, pl. 1, f. 58; tl: k bar ranch, chisos mtns, 3400', brewster co. , texas\nchionodes bardus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 99, 331, pl. 4, f. 10; tl: santa barbara island, channel island national park, santa barbara co. , california\nchionodes metoecus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 125, 332, pl. 2, f. 32 - 34; tl: snake creek, 3 mi nw midway, wasatch co. , utah\nchionodes optio hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 154, 332, pl. 4, f. 32; tl: mt locke, davis mtns, 6700', jeff davis co. , texas\nchionodes agriodes; [ nacl ], # 2059; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 202, 333; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes bustosorum metzler, 2016; zootaxa 4109 (3): 373; tl: new mexico, otero co. , white sands nat. mon. , 106°1. 38' w; 32°46. 60' n 4, 000'\nchionodes powelli hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 52, 331, pl. 1, f. 2; tl: snake lake, 4 mi nw quincy, 4000', plumas co. , california\nchionodes abavus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 64, 331, pl. 1, f. 20; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mts, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes obex hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 75, 331, pl. 1, f. 39; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes munifex hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 76, 331, pl. 1, f. 40; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes sabinianae; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 79, 331, pl. 1, f. 48; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes rector hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 83, 331, pl. 1, f. 56 - 57; tl: 5 mi n buena vista, 8200', chaffee co. , colorado\nchionodes fremor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 128, 332, pl. 2, f. 38; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes lusor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 130, 332, pl. 2, f. 42; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes erro hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 134, 332, pl. 4, f. 23; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes altor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 141, 332, pl. 4, f. 30; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes pinax hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 149, 332, pl. 2, f. 60; tl: hart prairie, 10 mi nnw flagstaff, 8500', coconino co. , arizona\nchionodes messor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 153, 332, pl. 2, f. 65; tl: 1 mi ne san marcos pass, 1500', santa barbara co. , california\nchionodes magirus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 157, 332, pl. 4, f. 34; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes gestor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 159, 332, pl. 2, f. 74; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes bibo hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 162, 332, pl. 3, f. 3; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 5600', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes luror hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 193, 332, pl. 4, f. 51; tl: west fork, 6500', 16 mi sw flagstaff, coconino co. , arizona\nchionodes gratus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 203, 333, pl. 3, f. 28; tl: big timber canyon, 6500', half moon park, crazy mts. , montana\nchionodes senica hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 206, 333, pl. 4, f. 79; tl: hart prairie, 8500', 10 mi nnw flagstaff, coconino co. , arizona\nchionodes dator hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 206, 333, pl. 4, f. 80; tl: louis lake, 28 mi sw lander, 8600', fremont co. , wyoming\nchionodes ustor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 207, 333, pl. 3, f. 32; tl: bridger forest camp, 7500', wind river mtns, sublette co. , wyoming\nchionodes rogator hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 208, 333, pl. 4, f. 82 - 83; tl: mosca creek, great sand dunes national monument, alamosa co. , colorado\nchionodes veles hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 212, 333, pl. 4, f. 84; tl: castles, 8 mi e buena vista, 8800', chaffee co. , colorado\nchionodes gerdius hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 214, 333, pl. 4, f. 87; tl: oso flaco lake, 5 mi s oceano, san luis obispo co. , california\nchionodes latro hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 224, 333, pl. 3, f. 68 - 69; tl: lake delancy, ocala national forest read 75, mario co. , florida\nchionodes rhombus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 105, 331, pl. 2, f. 9; tl: fort valley, 7. 5 mi nw flagstaff, 7350ä, coconino co. , arizona\nchionodes tributor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 214, 333, pl. 3, f. 48; tl: ozena camp, cuyama river, 1 mi e hiway 33, ventura co. , california\nchionodes ensis hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 216, 333, pl. 3, f. 50 - 51; tl: head of ephraim canyon, 10000 - 10300', sanpete co. , utah\nchionodes nubilella; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 35; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 145, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes donahueorum hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 68, 331, pl. 1, f. 28 - 29; tl: mt washington district, 840', los angeles, los angeles co. , california\nchionodes parens hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 136, 332, pl. 2, f. 50 - 51; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes adam hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 140, 332, pl. 4, f. 28 - 29; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 4880', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes nubis hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 156, 332, pl. 2, f. 67 - 68; tl: hart prairie, 10 mi nnw flagstaff, 8500', coconino co. , arizona\nchionodes innox hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 158, 332, pl. 2, f. 69 - 73; tl: madera canyon, santa rita mtns, 5600', santa cruz co. , arizona\nchionodes canofusella; [ nacl ], # 2066; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 189, 332, pl. 3, f. 17; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes psilopterus; [ nacl ], # 2111; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 201, 333, pl. 3, f. 26; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes metallicus; [ nacl ], # 2094; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 220, 333, pl. 3, f. 59; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes canor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 221, 333, pl. 3, f. 25; tl: fort valley, 7. 5 mi nw flagstaff, 7350', coconino co. , arizona\nchionodes abitus hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 56, 331, pl. 1, f. 13; tl: cold creek, 5 mi s buck creek ranger station, 6300', modoc co. , california\nchionodes lactans hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 74, 331, pl. 1, f. 36 - 37; tl: sierra diablo, 20 mi nnw van horn, 6000', culberson co. , texas\nchionodes fructuarius; [ nacl ], # 2078; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 97, 331, pl. 2, f. 4 - 5; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes luteogeminatus; [ nacl ], # 2091; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 100, 331, pl. 4, f. 11 - 12; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes helicostictus; [ nacl ], # 2083; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 102, 331, pl. 4, f. 16 - 18; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes pallor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 197, 333, pl. 3, f. 20 - 21; tl: fort valley, 7350', 7. 5 mi nw flagstaff, coconino co. , arizona\nchionodes nigrobarbatus; [ nacl ], # 2097; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 223, 333, pl. 3, f. 65 - 66; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes praetor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 224, 333, pl. 3, f. 67, pl. 4, f. 90; tl: head ephraim canyon, 10300', sanpete co. , utah\nchionodes permactus; [ nacl ], # 2106; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 228, 333, pl. 5, f. 5 - 8; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes violacea; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 25; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 142, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes distinctella; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 42; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 148, 31; [ fe ]\nchionodes clarkei hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 228, 333, pl. 3, f. 71, pl. 5, f. 9; tl: steens mt. , fish lake, 7100, harney co. , oregon\nchionodes electella; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 52; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 150, 32; [ fe ]\nchionodes fumatella; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 59; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 153, 32; [ fe ]\nchionodes ignorantella; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 65; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 154, 32; [ fe ]\nchionodes argentipunctella; [ nacl ], # 2061; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 55, 331, pl. 1, f. 11; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes gilvomaculella; [ nacl ], # 2080; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 59, 331, pl. 1, f. 15; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes periculella; [ nacl ], # 2105; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 80, 331, pl. 1, f. 49; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes xanthophilella; [ nacl ], # 2125; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 90, 331, pl. 1, f. 66; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes hodgesorum metzler, 2014; j. lep. soc. 68 (2): 81; tl: new mexico, otero co. , white sands nat. monument, edge of dunes habitat, 106°11. 32' w, 32°45. 72' n, 4000'\nchionodes paralogella; [ nacl ], # 2103; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 100, 331, pl. 4, f. 13; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes salicella; [ nacl ], # 2114; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 120, 331, pl. 2, f. 22; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes acerella; [ nacl ], # 2057; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 124, 332, pl. 2, f. 31; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes terminimaculella; [ nacl ], # 2117; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 132, 332, pl. 2, f. 46; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes pastor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 155, 332, pl. 2, f. 66, pl. 4, f. 33; tl: great basin exp staion nr ephraim, 8850', sanpete co. , utah\nchionodes fondella; [ nacl ], # 2076; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 160, 332, pl. 3, f. 1; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes pseudofondella; [ nacl ], # 2110; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 161, 332, pl. 3, f. 2; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes mariona; [ nacl ], # 2092; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 168, 332, pl. 3, f. 8; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes halycopa; [ nacl ], # 2082; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 171, 332, pl. 2, f. 12; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes hibiscella; [ nacl ], # 2084; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 190, 332, pl. 4, f. 46; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes aristella; [ nacl ], # 2062; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 195, 333, pl. 4, f. 56; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes mongolica; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 333; [ me3 ], 142, 31; park & ponomarenko, 2006, shilap revta. lepid. 34 (135): 280; [ fe ]\nchionodes hostis hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 122, 332, pl. 2, f. 23 - 24; tl: major' s flat near ephraim canyon, oak / pinyon junipre zone, 7100', sanpete co. , utah\nchionodes fuscomaculella; [ nacl ], # 2079; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 53, 331, pl. 1, f. 3 - 6; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes bicostomaculella; [ nacl ], # 2064; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 54, 331, pl. 1, f. 7 - 9; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes lophosella; [ nacl ], # 2089; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 67, 331, pl. 1, f. 21 - 23; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes nanodella; [ nacl ], # 2095; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 68, 331, pl. 1, f. 24 - 27; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes abella; [ nacl ], # 2055; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 79, 331, pl. 1, f. 43 - 47; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes kincaidella; [ nacl ], # 2086; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 87, 331, pl. 4, f. 6 - 9; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes pinguicula; [ nacl ], # 2109; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 90, 331, pl. 1, f. 67 - 68; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes dentella; [ nacl ], # 2071; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 95, 331, pl. 1, f. 74 - 75; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes abdominella; [ nacl ], # 2054; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 97, 331, pl. 2, f. 2 - 3; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes dammersi; [ nacl ], # 2070; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 101, 331, pl. 4, f. 14 - 15; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes notandella; [ nacl ], # 2098; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 102, 331, pl. 4, f. 19 - 21; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes ochreostrigella; [ nacl ], # 2102; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 104, 331, pl. 2, f. 7 - 8; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes thoraceochrella; [ nacl ], # 2119; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 117, 331, pl. 2, f. 13 - 17; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes chrysopyla; [ nacl ], # 2068; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 119, 331, pl. 2, f. 18 - 21; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes obscurusella; [ nacl ], # 2099; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 123, 332, pl. 2, f. 27 - 30; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes occidentella; [ nacl ], # 2100; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 127, 332, pl. 2, f. 35 - 37; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes trichostola; [ nacl ], # 2120; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 135, 332, pl. 2, f. 47 - 49; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes acrina; [ nacl ], # 2058; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 139, 332, pl. 4, f. 25 - 27; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes secutor hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 146, 332, pl. 2, f. 55, pl. 4, f. 31; tl: davis mnts, 5 mi se livermore, 6000', jeff davis co. , texas\nchionodes trophella; [ nacl ], # 2121; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 147, 332, pl. 2, f. 56 - 57; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes discoocellella; [ nacl ], # 2072; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 170, 332, pl. 3, f. 11 - 12; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes ceanothiella; [ nacl ], # 2067; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 187, 332, pl. 4, f. 41 - 42; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes aruns hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 189, 332, pl. 3, f. 18, pl. 4, f. 44; tl: sierra diablo, 20 mi nnw van horn, 6000', culberson co. , texas\nchionodes retiniella; [ nacl ], # 2112; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 192, 332, pl. 4, f. 48 - 49; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes arenella; [ nacl ], # 2060; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 193, 332, pl. 4, f. 52 - 53; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes figurella; [ nacl ], # 2073; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 194, 333, pl. 4, f. 54 - 55; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes braunella; [ nacl ], # 2065; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 225, 333, pl. 4, f. 91 - 93; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes flavicorporella; [ nacl ], # 2074; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 229, pl. 3, f. 72 - 73, 333; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes sattleri hodges, 1999; moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 218, 333, pl. 3, f. 54 - 56, pl. 4, f. 89; tl: bog e of big indian lake, halifax watershed, halifax co. , nova scotia\nchionodes (gelechiini); [ me3 ], 137, 31; [ sangmi lee ]; landry & roque - albelo, 2010, revue suisse zool. 117 (4): 704, 699 (list); lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15; [ fe ]\nchionodes johnstoni; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 76; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 81, 331, pl. 1, f. 51 - 52; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nhodges, r. w. 1999. gelechiodea, gelechiidae (part), gelechiinae (part - chionodes). in dominick, r. b. , et al. , moths of america, north of mexico. fascicle 7. 6. the wedge entomological research foundation, washington, 339 pp .\nchionodes formosella; [ nacl ], # 2077 (rev. stat .); [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 50, 331, pl. 1, f. 1; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes praeclarella; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 200, 333, pl. 4, f. 64 - 67; [ me3 ], 144, 31; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18; [ fe ]\nchionodes mediofuscella; [ nacl ], # 2093; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 131, 332, pl. 2, f. 43 - 45; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes iridescens; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 75; [ nacl ], # 2085; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 54, 331, pl. 1, f. 10; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 17\nchionodes pereyra; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 109; [ nacl ], # 2104; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 163, 332, pl. 3, f. 4; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes grandis; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 64; [ nacl ], # 2081; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 195, 333, pl. 3, f. 19; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nchionodes tessa; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 137; [ nacl ], # 2118; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 82, 331, pl. 1, f. 54 - 55; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes petalumensis; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 111; [ nacl ], # 2107; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 164, 332, pl. 4, f. 36 - 38; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 18\nchionodes bicolor; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 24; [ nacl ], # 2063; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 205, 333, pl. 3, f. 29 - 30; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nchionodes whitmanella; brown, adamski, hodges & bahr, 2004, zootaxa 510: 147; [ nacl ], # 2124; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 205, 333, pl. 3, f. 31, pl. 4, f. 77 - 78; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19\nchionodes viduella; [ nacl ], # 2123; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 54; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 215, 333, pl. 3, f. 49; [ me3 ], 32; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 19; [ fe ]\nchionodes continuella; [ nacl ], # 2069; [ nhm card ]; huemer & sattler, 1995, beitr. ent. 45 (1): 37; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 216, 333, pl. 3, f. 52 - 53, pl. 4, f. 88; [ me3 ], 145, 31; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16; [ fe ]\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhodges, r. w. , 1999. moths of america north of mexico, fascicle 7. 6, p. 93; pl. 1. 73. order\npowell, j. a. & p. a. opler, moths of western north america, pl. 8. 39f; p. 93. book review and ordering\n=; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 15; [ sangmi lee ]; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 15\nformosella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 32, 331\nformosella; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 50, 331\nnova scotia, sw. manitoba, north carolina, missouri. see [ maps ]\n= gelechia vernella; busck, 1903, proc. u. s. nat. mus. 25 (1304): 884\n=; [ nacl ], # 2077; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 50, 331; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nlarva on quercus imrbricaria? q. rubra, q. velutina, q. alba, ostrya virginiana hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 52\ncalifornia, oregon, washington, texas, oklahoma, arkansas, louisiana, mississippi, florida. see [ maps ]\nlarva on quercus lobata, q. kelloggii, q. garryana hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 52\nnova scotia, quebec - florida, sw. wisconsin, e. texas, e. oklahoma. see [ maps ]\n=; [ nacl ], # 2079; [ nhm card ]; hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 53, 331; lee, hodges & brown, 2009, zootaxa 2231: 16\nlarva on quercus macrocarpa, q. rubra, fagus grandifolia, carya hodges, 1999, moths amer. n of mexico 7. 6: 53" ]

{ "text": [ "chionodes sistrella is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from alberta , colorado , texas , southern nevada , arizona , new mexico , california and mississippi .", "the wingspan is 9 – 10 mm .", "the forewings are deep black and pure silvery white , with a broad longitudinal black band in the middle of the wing , equidistant from the costal and dorsal edge , starting at base of the costa and reaching one-half of the length of the wing , where it turns sharply rectangularly upward , reaching the costal edge and thus inclosing a narrow , longitudinal costal white patch .", "the apical two-fifths are black , with two white large rounded opposite costal and dorsal spots .", "the rest of the wing have a nearly straight white fascia just outside the middle of the wing .", "the hindwings are silvery fuscous .", "adults are on wing from march to october .", "the larvae feed on suaeda fruticosa , suaeda moquini , suaeda torreyana and atriplex semibaccata . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1, 8, 8 ] }

[ "chionodes sistrella is a moth in the gelechiidae family. it is found in north america, where it has been recorded from alberta, colorado, texas, southern nevada, arizona, new mexico, california and mississippi. the wingspan is 9 – 10 mm. the forewings are deep black and pure silvery white, with a broad longitudinal black band in the middle of the wing, equidistant from the costal and dorsal edge, starting at base of the costa and reaching one-half of the length of the wing, where it turns sharply rectangularly upward, reaching the costal edge and thus inclosing a narrow, longitudinal costal white patch. the apical two-fifths are black, with two white large rounded opposite costal and dorsal spots. the rest of the wing have a nearly straight white fascia just outside the middle of the wing. the hindwings are silvery fuscous. adults are on wing from march to october. the larvae feed on suaeda fruticosa, suaeda moquini, suaeda torreyana and atriplex semibaccata." ]

[ "neurothemis tullia tullia (drury) is a common dragonfly which occurs in large colonies in swamps an ...\ndragonflies & damselflies of thailand: 96. neurothemis tullia (drury, 1773 )\nandromorphic female of the dragonfly < i > neurothemis tullia tullia < / i > (drury) (odonata: libellulidae) ...\nneurothemis tullia is an extremely widespread and common species, occurring throughout mainland tropical and subtropical asia, hong kong, hainan and sri lanka .\njustification: neurothemis tullia is a very widespread and common species in tropical and subtropical mainland asia, occurring in open and disturbed habitats, and not apparently under any major threats .\ncitation: dow, r. a. 2009. neurothemis tullia. in: iucn 2011. iucn red list of threatened species. version 2011. 2. < www. iucnredlist. org >. downloaded on 21 december 2011 .\n{ author1, author2... }, (n. d .). neurothemis tullia (drury, 1773). [ online ] india biodiversity portal, species page: { name of species field } available at: urltoken [ accessed date jul 10, 2018 ] .\nrange description: neurothemis tullia is an extremely widespread and common species, occurring throughout mainland tropical and subtropical asia, hong kong, hainan and sri lanka. countries: native: bangladesh china hong kong india malaysia (peninsular malaysia) myanmar nepal sri lanka taiwan, province of china thailand viet nam\nif you visit any field in the khon kaen area, you are sure to bump into this tiny dragonfly. neurothemis tullia is a very common species that i have seen many many times. i would say it is also one of the smallest dragonflies, certainly that i have seen anyway .\nred list category & criteria: least concern ver 3. 1 year assessed: 2009 assessor / s: dow, r. a. reviewer / s: kalkman, v. & clausnitzer, v. (odonata red list authority) justification: neurothemis tullia is a very widespread and common species in tropical and subtropical mainland asia, occurring in open and disturbed habitats, and not apparently under any major threats. conservation actions: no conservation measures, except for monitoring, appear to be needed for this species .\njoshi, s. , p. koparde, p. dawn, p. roy, and k. kunte (eds .) .\ncopyright © 2018, all rights reserved. national centre for biological sciences (ncbs) holds copyright for all the original material and compilations on this website, although contributing writers and photographers may hold copyright for their material as cited. material from this website can be used freely for educational, basic research and conservation purposes, provided that this website is acknowledged and properly cited as the source. contact us to obtain prior permission for any other use, including for large data downloads and collaborative research .\nauthor contributed taxonomy hierarchy [ admin, k. a. subramanian, panchapakesan jeganathan, panchapakesan jeganathan, panchapakesan jeganathan ]\n< a target =' _ blank' href =' urltoken' > iucn 2011. iucn red list of threatened species. version 2011. 2. exported on 12 january 2012 < / a >\ndescribes biorhythms - those states or conditions characterised by regular repetition in time, whether on the scale of seconds, hours, days, or seasons. it could also cover phenomena such as\nplant flowering\nor\nchewing rates\n. life cycles are treated in the field for life cycle. seasonal migration and reproduction are usually treated separately .\nfound throughout the year. however, peak abundance is during july - september months .\nsubramanian. k. a. (2009). dragonflies of india - a field guide. vigyan prasar ,\ndescribes reproductive physiology and behavior, including mating and life history variables. includes cues, strategies, restraints, rates .\ndescribes average size, max, range; type of size (perimeter, length, volume, weight ...) .\nmale: abdomen: 16 - 20mm, hind wing: 19 - 23mm. female: abdomen: 16 - 19mm, hind wing: 20 - 23mm .\nmale: wing spot: dull brown eye: pale brown above olivaceous below medium sized pied dragonfly, unmistakable with black and white wings. female: wing spot: similar to male eye: paler distinct from male; much paler patterns .\ndescribes the general appearance of the taxon; e. g body plan, shape and color of external features, typical postures. may be referred to as or include habit, defined as the characteristic mode of growth or occurrence associated to its environment, particularly for plants. comprising its size, shape, texture and orientation. example: tree, shrubs, herbs. may also be referred to include anatomy .\nmale: face is black. eyes: blackish brown above, violaceous below. thorax: black with middorsal cream stripe. legs: black. wings: basal half is opaque blue black which is bordered by a milky white patch towards the tip. the wing tips are transparent. wing spot: dull brown. abdomen: black with a broad middorsal creamy white stripe on the upperside. female: differs significantly from the male in body markings and colouration. the face is olivaceous yellow. eyes: pale brown above, which fade to pale olivaceous towards the sides and below. thorax: greenish yellow with a bright yellow mid dorsal stripe. this stripe is broadly bordered with blackish brown throughout. legs: the outer surface of legs is yellow and the inner surface is black. wings: base of the wings bright amber yellow. front edge of the wing is blackish brown, broadening into a very large blackish brown spot. this spot extend to the rear edge of the wing. in hindwings this spot is irregular or sickle shaped. tips of all wings are broadly blackish brown. wing spot: dull brown. abdomen: bright yellow with a broad black band above. underside is black .\na conspicuous species of ponds, marshes and paddy fields. flight is slow and weak. usually perches on twigs, aquatic weeds and other plants. this species is very common along irrigation canals in paddy fields .\ndescribes behaviour and behaviour patterns of an organism, including actions and reactions of organism in relation to its biotic and abiotic environment. includes communication, perception, modes and mechanisms of locomotion, as well as long term strategies (except mating and reproductive strategies, covered under reproduction) .\nperches low near wetands; weakly flutters away to a nearby perch on being disturbed .\ngeneral description of the sites where the species is found (ecosystem, forest, environment or microhabitat). includes realm (e. g terrestrial etc) and climatic information (e. g boreal); also includes requirements and tolerances; horizontal and vertical (altitudinal) distribution. also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities (feeding, mating, etc .), associated mostly to vertebrates .\nhabitat and ecology: this species breeds in marshes, well vegetated ponds and lake margins and rice fields. systems: freshwater list of habitats: 5, 5. 4, 5. 7, 5. 8, 15, 15. 2, 15. 7, 15. 8, 15. 9\nwidespread in most districts. oriental region. easy to spot at: kanjia lake .\nenumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives. covers ranges, e. g. , a global range, or a narrower one; may be biogeographical, political or other (e. g. , managed areas like conservencies); endemism; native or exotic. does not include altitudinal distribution, which is covered under habitat .\nis an extremely widespread and common species, occurring throughout mainland tropical and subtropical asia, hong kong, hainan and sri lanka. countries: native: bangladesh china hong kong india malaysia (peninsular malaysia) myanmar nepal sri lanka taiwan, province of china thailand viet nam\npopulation: this is a very common species across much of its large range. population trend: unknown\ndescribes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future. population size is treated under population biology, and trends in population sizes are treated under trends. however, this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .\nred list category & criteria: least concern ver 3. 1 year assessed: 2009 assessor / s: dow, r. a. reviewer / s: kalkman, v. & clausnitzer, v. (odonata red list authority) justification :\nis a very widespread and common species in tropical and subtropical mainland asia, occurring in open and disturbed habitats, and not apparently under any major threats. conservation actions: no conservation measures, except for monitoring, appear to be needed for this species .\nmajor threat (s): there do not appear to be any global threats to this very widespread and common species at present .\nasahina, s. 1988. a list of the odonata from thailand. part xix, libellulidae - 1. tombo 31: 9 - 26 .\nwilson, k. d. p. and reels, g. t. 2001. odonata of hainan, china. odonatologica 30 (2): 145 - 208 .\nmitra, t. r. 1992. odonata of the mangrove tidal forest of west bengal, india. notulae odonatologicae 3 (9): 141 - 143 .\nneedham, j. g. 1930. a manual of the dragonflies of china. zoologia sinica 11 (1): 1 - 344 .\nlieftinck, m. a. 1954. hand list of malaysian odonata. a catalogue of the dragonflies of the malay peninsula, sumatra, java and borneo, including the adjacent small islands. treubia (supplement) 22: 1 - 202 .\nasahina, s. 1970. burmese odonata collected by dr arthur svihla with supplementary notes on asiatic ceriagrion species. japanese journal of zoology 16 (2): 99 - 126 .\nde fonseka, t. 2000. the dragonflies of sri lanka. wht publications (private) limited .\nlaidlaw, f. f. 1931. dragonflies of the malay peninsula with descriptions of new species. journal of the federated malay museums 16 (3 / 4): 175 - 233 .\nwilson, k. d. p. 2004. field guide to the dragonflies of hong kong. cosmos books ltd .\niucn. 2009. iucn red list of threatened species (ver. 2009. 2). available at: www. iucnredlist. org. (accessed: 3 november 2009) .\nhämäläinen, m. and pinratana, a. 1999. atlas of the dragonflies of thailand – distribution maps by provinces. brothers of st. gabriel in thailand, bangkok .\nfraser, f. c. 1936. the fauna of british india, including ceylon and burma. odonata. vol. iii. taylor & francis, london .\nasahina, s. 1969. south vietnam odonata taken by mr. y. inoue. japanese journal of zoology 16 (1): 1 - 18 .\nvick, g. s. 1989. list of the dragonflies recorded from nepal, with a summary of their altitudinal distribution (odonata). opuscula zoologica fluminensia 43: 1 - 21 .\nlieftinck, m. a. 1948. entomological results from the swedish expedition 1934 to burma and british india. odonata. arkiv for zoologi 41a (10): 1 - 23 .\norr, a. g. 2005. dragonflies of peninsular malaysia and singapore. natural history publications (borneo) .\njeganathan, p & bhanumathi (2016). thattangal, usithattangal: arimuga kaiyedu. (a field guide on dragonflies & damselflies in tamil). cre - a. chennai. pp1 - 224 urltoken\na preliminary study on the diversity of odonata in bodoland university and its vicinity, assam, india ...\ndragonflies and damselflies of university of north bengal campus, west bengal, india with new distribu ...\na study was made to determine the present status of the diversity of the dragonflies and damselflie ...\nthe present study was undertaken to examine the diversity, occurrence and distribution pattern of d ...\nodonates were surveyed in coimbatore district from september 2012 to january 2016. the survey sites ...\nan observation on the odonata fauna of the asansol - durgapur industrial area, burdwan, west bengal, in ...\nthe present investigation was undertaken as a pilot study to examine the diversity, occurrence a ...\nthe diversity of the odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) was studied in seven districts of southe ...\na study was conducted at chinnar wildlife sanctuary, idukki district, kerala, the southern western ...\nan inventory of odonata was carried out in six districts of central gujarat from 2012 to 2014. a t ...\nnew records of dragonflies and damselflies (insecta: odonata) from the western ghats of maharashtra, i ...\nodonates were surveyed across 10 localities from western ghats of maharashtra state, india during 2 ...\nodonata (insecta) diversity of salim ali bird sanctuary and its adjacent areas in thattekkad, kerala, ...\nodonata diversity of salim ali bird sanctuary and its adjacent areas in thattekkad, kerala, india w ...\na preliminary checklist of odonates in kerala agricultural university (kau) campus, thrissur district, ...\na study was conducted to document the species diversity of odonata (insecta) of the kerala agricult ...\ndragonflies and damselflies (insecta: odonata) of nagaland, with an addition to the indian odonate fau ...\nwe surveyed odonates in the districts of kohima, peren and wokha in the state of nagaland, northeas ...\ndragonflies and damselflies (insecta: odonata) of tripura, northeastern india with a pictorial catalog ...\na survey of odonata was conducted in four reserve forests, three wildlife sanctuaries and three unc ...\nodonates were recorded from kanha tiger reserve and its adjoining areas during january - december 201 ...\ndragonflies and damselflies (odonata: insecta) of tropical forest research institute, jabalpur, madhya ...\ndragonfly and damselfly (odonata) species diversity and status were studied in the urltoken campus ...\nthe study reports the results from surveys for odonates in the state of goa over 19 months during 2 ...\nabundance and diversity of odonata in temporary water bodies of coimbatore and salem districts in tami ...\nodonata diversity was assessed in 13 temporary water bodies of coimbatore and salem districts in ta ...\nodonata are freshwater insects spread world - wide. tropical areas are high odonata diversity area ...\nfreshwater lakes are integral part of urban ecosystem and provide numerous benefits to humanbein ...\na list of odonates from sahyadri tiger reserve and amboli with discussion on habitat requirement ...\npicked up this report / project on damselfies from the internet authored by the indian academy o ...\nodonates of zilpi lake of nagpur (india) with a note on the emergence of the libellulid dragonfly, tri ...\n| | best supported on google chrome, firefox 3. 0 +, internet explorer 8. 0 +, safari 4. 0 +, opera 10 +. powered by the open source biodiversity informatics platform. technology partner strand life sciences\namphibians & reptiles birds mammals dragonflies fishes plants world biomes bird wing & tail images library resources publications pacific nw moths (external site) bug guide (external site) a catalogue of butterflies of the united states and canada, j. pelham, 2012 usfws feather atlas an identification manual to the small mammals of british coumbia tags silphidae of washington state\nnote: please inform dennis paulson (dennispaulson @ comcast. net) of any errors of commission or omission. thank you .\nwe were recently presented with a list of\nmystery synonyms\nof species that had been posted on inaturalist but were not in this world list. considerable effort was expended to solve this problem, and it led to a substantial number of errors being corrected on this list. we thank matthew muir, greg lasley and john abbott for calling our attention to this and the opportunity to make the corrections. the list was considered updated as of 21 september 2017 .\nsubsequently an attempt was made to have the list of world odonata used by the iucn in its red list assessments conform to the world odonata list, and this also pointed out some errors in the wol. we thank caroline pollock of iucn for making this possible and k - d dijkstra, viola clausnitzer and rory dow for furnishing information of importance as we worked out the problems. as of 30 march 2018, the list is considered updated .\ngenera modified after 30 march 2018: amphicnemis, anisogomphus, argia, coeliccia, coenagrion, cora, drepanosticta, euthore, forcepsioneura, heliogomphus, indocypha, mattigomphus, microgomphus, miocora, nososticta, protosticta. genera in which the changes involve only addition of synonyms or orthographic changes are not listed here .\nthanks to john abbott (special thanks), yahya abdal - aziz, pekka alestalo, matjaz bedjanic, viola clausnitzer, prosenjit dawn, cyrille deliry (special thanks for ongoing detective work), k - d dijkstra, rory dow, günther fleck, heinrich fliedner, ryo futahashi, dirk gassmann, arjen van het hof, marcel hospers, rasmus hovmoller, kwang - soo jung, vincent kalkman, oleg kosterin, noppadon makbun, alan manson, andreas martens, michael may, jose martin meléndez quinto, sarah miller, johann hendrik nüss, fons peels (special thanks), felix reimann, richard rowe, dominic rupprich, csilla vajda, don - alexander van bergen, nancy van der poorten, martin villet, liang - jong wang, florian weihrauch, keith wilson, reiner work, xin yu, ondrej zicha and dan zimberlin (special thanks) for corrections and additions over the years. and thanks to martin lindeboom for his early contributions to this list .\nthis is an ongoing attempt to list all of the valid species of odonata. it is based on past compilations by the authors listed below and constant additional literature research. it includes the author and year of description for all genera and species. it also includes all synonyms for new world species (from garrison 1991) and the great majority of synonyms for african and australian species, but the effort for eurasia is still quite incomplete. nevertheless, we consider the list a good starting point for estimates of biodiversity in this insect order. we must also point out that many typographical errors were introduced into the list when it was first typed, and as we continue to find these we correct them, but some of them persist. the list is not error - free. in fact, it is presently in a stage of making changes almost every week as these errors are discovered by the work of cyrille deliry, and\nwe have been asked if there is any way that revisions of the list can be shown clearly. right now this is impractical, both because the revisions are frequent, at least several times per month, and we have not come up with a method that would make this both easy on the compiler and easily recognized by the user. because of the volume of changes, we also cannot cope with the responsibility of informing other workers who are maintaining their own versions of the list about every little change (e. g. , correcting typographical errors in names or dates). we are listing the genera in which substantive changes (e. g. , new species, new synonymies, taxonomic changes) have been made since the last\nedition .\nwe have not recognized any subspecies of odonata. instead, we have listed all named subspecies as synonyms of the species under which they were named. we are not able to judge the validity of these subspecies, and as many of them have been questioned, we chose to treat them all in the same fashion .\nthe list includes zygoptera through coenagrionidae, then anisozygoptera for epiophlebiidae, then anisoptera. within each suborder the families are in some semblance of phylogenetic order, then the genera and species are in alphabetical order within the family. indented names (not indented very far on some browsers) indicate (a) generic placement in the original description if different from the current generic placement, and (b) synonyms following\nsyn .\nyou can use the find function in your web browser to locate families, genera, and species .\nbridges, c. a. 1993. catalogue of the family - group, genus - group and species - group names of the odonata of the world (second edition). c. a. bridges, urbana, illinois .\ndavies, d. a. l. , & p. tobin. 1984. the dragonflies of the world: a systematic list of the extant species of odonata. vol. 1. zygoptera, anisozygoptera. societas internationalis odonatologica rapid comm. (suppl .) no. 3, utrecht .\ndavies, d. a. l. , & p. tobin. 1985. the dragonflies of the world: a systematic list of extant species of odonata. vol. 2. anisoptera. soc. int. odonatol. rapid comm. (suppl .) no. 5. , utrecht .\ndijkstra, k - d. b. , g. bechly, s. m. bybee, r. a. dow, h. j. dumont, g. fleck, r. w. garrison, m. hämäläinen, v. j. kalkman, h. karube, m. l. may, a. g. orr, d. r. paulson, a. c. rehn, g. theischinger, j. w. h. trueman, j. van tol, n. von ellenrieder, & j. ware. 2013. the classification and diversity of dragonflies and damselflies (odonata). zootaxa 3703 (1): 36 - 45 .\ndijkstra, k - d. b. , v. j. kalkman, r. a. dow, f. r. stokvis & j. van tol. 2014. redefining the damselfly families: a comprehensive molecular phylogeny of zygoptera (odonata). systematic entomology 39 (1): 68 - 96 .\ngarrison, r. w. 1991. a synonymic list of the new world odonata. argia 3 (2): 1 - 30 .\ntsuda, s. 1991. a distributional list of world odonata. published by author, osaka .\nslater museum of natural history 1500 n. warner st. # 1088 tacoma, wa 98416 253. 879. 3356\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nthis species breeds in marshes, well vegetated ponds and lake margins and rice fields .\nthere do not appear to be any global threats to this very widespread and common species at present .\nno conservation measures, except for monitoring, appear to be needed for this species .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nthe male changes in colour slightly as it ages. on the adult male, the most obvious feature are its wings. both the forewings and hindwings have black colouration from the base of the wings to about half way. there is also a white patch following the black. this is only on the adult males. youngest males don' t have the white mark yet (see teneral male). there is a cream dorsal line with black edging running from the prothorax to s - 8 on the abdomen, which disappears as it matures. the synthorax is brown / cream and darkens with age. s9 - 10 are black, caudal appendages white. the eyes are cherry red dorsally and green at the base .\nthis is the least common sight amongst this species. most males are similar to the ones below. however, the mature male has a completely black abdomen. the white patches on the wings also seem to fade with age .\nthis is the most common sight. most males have a cream dorsal stripe along the abdomen and the white patch on the wings seems far more prominent .\nthis very young male is the same as the above, but doesn' t yet have the white patches on the wings .\nthe female is very similar to the male, except for the wings. the abdomen is also stouter. the white patch on the wings becomes more prominent as it ages .\na common, yet extremely nice looking dragonfly. it is also very small and a shy creature making it difficult to photograph .\ni am too lazy to write about my past, but i now love photographing dragonflies, manchester city football club, fishing and, of course, my girlfriend .\n98. ischnura sp. (rufostigma selys, 1876 - group) ...\nnumber: 186 family: libellulidae genus: nannophya species: nannophya pygmaea common name (s): the scarlet dwarf ...\nnumber: 182 family: coenagrionidae genus: ceriagrion species: ceriagrion malaisei common name (s): n / a synonyms: ...\nlocation: phu kao - phu phan kham national park, khon kaen date: saturday 28th may, 2016 habitat: lowland, shallow lake on the edg ...\nnumber: 176 family: lestidae genus: platylestes species: platylestes platystylus common name (s): n / a synonyms: n / a ...\nlocation: phu khieo wildlife sanctuary, chaiyaphum date: saturday, 12th november, 2016 habitat: mid - to upland forested ponds ...\nnumber: 175 family: libellulidae genus: lyriothemis species: lyriothemis sp. common name (s): n / a synonyms: n / a ha ...\nlocation 1: tat fa and pha ing waterfalls, tat ton national park, chaiyaphum date: saturday 26th march, 2016 habitat: lowlands (a. s. l... .\nnumber: 189 family: libellulidae genus: amphithemis species: amphithemis curvistyla common name (s): n / a synonyms: ...\nnumber: 185 family: coenagrionidae genus: ceriagrion species: ceriagrion pallidum common name (s): n / a syn ...\nnumber: 57 family: libellulidae genus: trithemis species: trithemis aurora common name (s): crimson marsh glider, crimson dropwing, ...\ncopyright © dennis farrell 2010 - 2016. all rights reserved. simple theme. powered by blogger .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe have kept jott a free peer - reviewed scientific journal to promote conservation. we have not put up a paywall to readers, and we do not charge for publishing. but running a monthly journal costs a lot. while we do have some partners, we still require support to keep the journal alive. if our readers help fund it, our future will be more secure .\nallows unrestricted use of this article in any medium, reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication .\nand patterns on the wings and body may play an important role in territoriality and courtship (andrew et al. 2008) .\nit lies close to the herbage, perched on twigs, aquatic weeds along the border not more than five feet above the ground and has a weak, slow fluttering flight .\n, the male has a black face and the eyes are blackish - brown above and olive green below .\nthe abdomen is black with a mid dorsal creamy white stripe on the upper side .\nthe face is olive green while the eyes are pale brown above and pale olive green towards the sides and below .\nthe wing base is amber yellow while the front edge is blackish - brown which forms a very large brown black spot .\n9’e) located at the foothills of the seminary hillock of nagpur city of central india (image 1) .\napparatus on the venter of the second and third abdomen was missing (image 2) .\nand this ‘male - like’ specimen released a clutch of spherical eggs (image 3) .\nthe shape and size of the eggs was comparable with the eggs deposited by normal females. we collected the eggs (image 4) and they developed within an average period of 11–15 days to produce first larva (or nymph) .\nare male - mimics and for this reason they are not recognized by mate searching males and therefore, after first mating they can avoid additional unnecessary mating (robertson 1985), dedicating this time to feeding and egg maturation .\n1991) from the northeastern states of india and one from central india (prasad et al. 2000) .\npopulation and to determine whether there is sufficient selective pressure for it to be maintained in this species or whether it is simply an artifact of recurrent mutation .\nthe journal of threatened taxa is an open access and print, peer - reviewed, monthly, international journal on conservation and taxonomy. the aim of the journal is to promote wildlife research and conservation action worldwide at no cost to authors, no subscription or membership cost, and no hidden cost, on a regular basis without compromising on ethics, standards and pre - requisites of scientific publications .\nthis site is run on the open journal system (ojs). this work is licensed under creative commons attribution 4. 0 international license .\nis an extremely widespread and common species, occurring throughout mainland tropical and subtropical asia, hong kong, hainan and sri lanka .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you!" ]

{ "text": [ "neurothemis tullia , the pied paddy skimmer , is a species of dragonfly found in south and south-east asia .", "it appears in bangladesh , china , hong kong , india , malaysia ( peninsular malaysia ) , myanmar , nepal , sri lanka , taiwan , thailand , cambodia and viet nam .", "it is a black dragonfly with a pale yellow mid-dorsal carina of thorax .", "wings are hyaline for apical half and opaque steely blue-black for basal half which is bordered by a milky white patch towards the tip .", "females differ remarkably from the males both in body-colouring and markings and in marking of the wings .", "its body is greenish yellow with a bright yellow mid-dorsal carina of thorax .", "base of wings are amber yellow followed by a blackish brown patch .", "apices of all wings are broadly opaque blackish brown and the reaming halves are pale yellow .", "it breeds in marshes , well vegetated ponds , lakes and rice fields .", "it perches very close to ground and its flight is very weak . " ], "topic": [ 26, 17, 23, 1, 23, 23, 1, 1, 24, 12 ] }

[ "neurothemis tullia, the pied paddy skimmer, is a species of dragonfly found in south and south-east asia. it appears in bangladesh, china, hong kong, india, malaysia (peninsular malaysia), myanmar, nepal, sri lanka, taiwan, thailand, cambodia and viet nam. it is a black dragonfly with a pale yellow mid-dorsal carina of thorax. wings are hyaline for apical half and opaque steely blue-black for basal half which is bordered by a milky white patch towards the tip. females differ remarkably from the males both in body-colouring and markings and in marking of the wings. its body is greenish yellow with a bright yellow mid-dorsal carina of thorax. base of wings are amber yellow followed by a blackish brown patch. apices of all wings are broadly opaque blackish brown and the reaming halves are pale yellow. it breeds in marshes, well vegetated ponds, lakes and rice fields. it perches very close to ground and its flight is very weak." ]

[ "html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site. view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\ngithub is home to over 28 million developers working together to host and review code, manage projects, and build software together .\nyou signed in with another tab or window. reload to refresh your session .\nyou signed out in another tab or window. reload to refresh your session .\nheterocera papua and west - papua (indonesian new guinea) w. a. s. world archives of sciences auto - completed monograph | christophe avon - urltoken\nheterocera papua and west - papua (indonesian new guinea) w. a. s. world archives of sciences auto - completed monograph\nsorry, preview is currently unavailable. you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we' ll email you a reset link." ]

{ "text": [ "trismelasmos arfakensis is a moth in the cossidae family .", "it was described by yakovlev in 2011 .", "it is found in new guinea , where it has been recorded from irian jaya . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20 ] }

[ "trismelasmos arfakensis is a moth in the cossidae family. it was described by yakovlev in 2011. it is found in new guinea, where it has been recorded from irian jaya." ]

[ "origin of pao is from the local name of pufferfishes in thai and lao languages, pla pao and pa pao, respectively, with pla and pa meaning fish, and pao meaning purse .\nfroese, rainer and pauly, daniel, eds. (2012) .\ntetraodon cambodgiensis\nin fishbase. october 2012 version .\ndescription: pao cambodgiensis - images / slice data / log data is this media copyrighted? : yes copyright permission: person loading media owns copyright and grants permission for use of media on morphosource copyright license: attribution cc by - reuse with attribution facility: karel f. liem bioimaging facility x res: 0. 033 mm y res: 0. 033 mm z res: 0. 033 mm voltage: 65 kv amperage: 123 µa filter: 1 mm al wedge: air scanner calibrations: no calibrations are listed media created on: september 7 2017 at 2: 12: 59 media last modified on: september 7 2017 at 2: 12: 59\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: this species is common and locally abundant throughout the lower mekong river basin. no major threats have been recorded to date, and it is assessed as least concern. further research is required on the species threats and population trends .\nthis species is found in the mekong basin, including major tributaries (e. g. , the xe kong drainage; kottelat 2011) in cambodia, lao pdr, thailand (lamberts and sarath 1997, kottelat 2001). vidthayanon (2008) does not record the species' presence in the mekong delta, although presence there can be expected, and freyhof\n( 2000) record the species from the dong nai in southern viet nam. baran\n( 2001) record the species from kampot, on the south coast of cambodia .\nno major threats to this species have been reported. a major future threat to species in the mekong river is habitat degradation from the construction of dams and other water management projects, more of which are planned for the future; the effects of such projects include disruption to the natural flood / drought cycle of the river, and changed levels of sedimentation and dissolved oxygen (international rivers network 2006). there are also reports of high levels of pollution in the lower mekong river basin, and water from the river is used for agricultural irrigation and to supply urbanised areas, causing further disruption to the natural hydrological cycle. the scale of impacts from these threats is not known .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 15. 3 cm sl male / unsexed; (ref. 43281 )\nconspicuous single ocellus on flank; dark green or bluish - green back and side, sharply demarcated from immaculate white belly; upper margin of caudal often orange (ref. 43281) .\nkottelat, m. , 2013. the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia: a catalogue and core bibliography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters, mangroves and estuaries. the raffles bulletin of zoology 2013 (suppl. 27): 1 - 663. (ref. 94476 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5001 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 02754 (0. 01256 - 0. 06040), b = 2. 88 (2. 70 - 3. 06), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 4 ±0. 3 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (16 of 100) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 / / en\nurltoken\nwelcome to our website. if you continue to browse and use this website you are agreeing to comply with and be bound by the following terms and conditions of use. 1. the content of the pages of this website is for your general information and use only. it is subject to change without notice. 2. neither we nor any third parties provide any warranty or guarantee as to the accuracy, timeliness, performance, completeness or suitability of the information and materials found or offered on this website for any particular purpose. you acknowledge that such information and materials may contain inaccuracies or errors and we expressly exclude liability for any such inaccuracies or errors to the fullest extent permitted by law. 3. the fish photos in this website are all under the cc (creative commons) license. you should denote\nurltoken\nif you use our photos in your books, websites, etc .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\n15. 3 cm sl (male / unsexed; (ref. 43281) )\nconspicuous single ocellus on flank; dark green or bluish - green back and side, sharply demarcated from immaculate white belly; upper margin of caudal often orange (ref. 43281) .\nthis species is common and locally abundant throughout the lower mekong river basin. no major threats have been recorded to date, and it is assessed as least concern. further research is required on the species threats and population trends .\nthis species grows to a length of 15. 3 centimetres (6. 0 in )\nkottelat, m. (2013): the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia: a catalogue and core bibliography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters, mangroves and estuaries. the raffles bulletin of zoology, 2013, supplement no. 27: 1–663 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c42d7 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c44a9 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 322c46ef - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 37af3fad - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\nfroese r. & pauly d. (eds). (2018). fishbase (version feb 2018). in: roskov y. , abucay l. , orrell t. , nicolson d. , bailly n. , kirk p. m. , bourgoin t. , dewalt r. e. , decock w. , de wever a. , nieukerken e. van, zarucchi j. , penev l. , eds. (2018). species 2000 & itis catalogue of life, 30th june 2018. digital resource at urltoken species 2000: naturalis, leiden, the netherlands. issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn: lsid: catalogueoflife. org: taxon: 7b86f7c9 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e: col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\neschmeyer, w. n. (ed). catalog of fishes. urltoken electronic version accessed 09 - feb - 2015\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\npopular: trivia, history, america, cities, world, usa, states, television, ... more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken" ]

{ "text": [ "pao cambodgiensis is a species of freshwater pufferfish native to the mekong basin .", "it is also recorded from dong nai river .", "this species grows to a length of 15.3 centimetres ( 6.0 in ) sl . " ], "topic": [ 6, 8, 0 ] }

[ "pao cambodgiensis is a species of freshwater pufferfish native to the mekong basin. it is also recorded from dong nai river. this species grows to a length of 15.3 centimetres (6.0 in) sl." ]

[ "left: cystomastacoides asotaphaga. right: cystomastacoides nicolepeelerae (quicke dlj et al )\nno one has contributed data records for cystomastacoides yet. learn how to contribute .\nentomologists have described three new species in the parasitoid wasp genus cystomastacoides. one of them, cystomastacoides kiddo, was named after the character beatrix kiddo in quentin tarantino’s ‘kill bill’ films .\nthis picture shows, cystomastacoides nicolepeelerae, named after the lead author' s favorite novelist nicole peeler .\ncystomastacoides kiddo named after the character beatrix kiddo played by uma thurman in the violent quentin tarantino film .\nwith three new species from papua new guinea and thailand, the jhr paper also extends the known range of the genus considerably. previously, cystomastacoides had been known only from a single species, cystomastacoides coxalis, which was found only in mainland china .\nthe deadly biology of cystomastacoides kiddo inspired the reference to the protagonist played by uma thurman, where she embodies a deadly assassin .\nin the new study, scientists identified two more new species of wasps in the cystomastacoides genus, but in papua new guinea. one, cystomastacoides asotaphaga, was discovered victimizing a moth caterpillar of the species asota plana. the other, cystomastacoides nicolepeelerae, was named for fantasy author nicole peeler, a favorite novelist of donald quicke, a researcher at imperial college london who led the study .\nthis image show a close up of cystomastacoides kiddo, named after beatrix kiddo, a protagonist from tarantino' s\nkill bill .\nin conclusion: parasite wasps are terrifying and awesome. beatrix kiddo is also terrifying and awesome. for the whole story and a picture of cystomastacoides kiddo, visit livesceince .\nbutcher b a (2012). cystomastacoides van achterberg (braconidae, rogadinae): first host record and descriptions of three new species from thailand and papua new guinea .\nthailand native cystomastacoides kiddo is one of only four species in the genus cystomastacoides, which was previously thought to only include a single species. the others are native to china and papua new guinea. there are lots and lots of species of parasitic wasp, each with its own favorite prey / egg incubator, most of which are other insects .\nthe scientists say their findings expand the range of this parasitic wasp genus, which had previously only been known from a single species, cystomastacoides coxalis, found only in mainland china .\ntil there is a species of wasp, cystomastacoides kiddo, whose name is inspired by the character beatrix kiddo from kill bill, and has an assassin like move for locating it' s prey .\n' figures 16–20. cystomastacoides nicolepeelerae sp. n. cell ^ d® light photomicrographs. 16 habitus 17 face 18 head, dorsal view 19 head and mesosoma, lateral view 20 mesoscutum, dorsal view .\nscientists have recently discovered three new species of the\ncystomastacoides\ngenus of wasps. according to sci - news, the cystomastacoides wasps are known for their deadly reproductive habits — basically, they put still - developing eggs inside other insects until the eggs slowly render their hosts either sterile or dead. pretty gross, actually. but compared to the level of gore in quentin tarantino' s movies ...\ntil there is a species of wasp, cystomastacoides kiddo, whose name is inspired by the character beatrix kiddo from kill bill, and has an assassin like move for locating it' s prey. : todayilearned\nfound in thailand, the wasp has been formally named cystomastacoides kiddo. the newly described species belongs to a family of parasitoid wasps, known as braconidae, which turn the bodies of other insects into living incubators for their babies .\nthe macabre in the name of one of the new species from papua new guinea references back to another strand of contemporary pop culture – cystomastacoides nicolepeelerae is named after nicole peeler, the favorite novelist of donald quicke, the lead author of the jhr paper .\nbibliographic information: quicke dlj et al. 2013. cystomastacoides van achterberg (braconidae, rogadinae): first host record and descriptions of three new species from thailand and papua new guinea. journal of hymenoptera research 31: 65; doi: 10. 3897 / jhr. 31. 3385\nparasitoid wasps of the genus cystomastacoides, family braconidae, are known for their deadly reproductive habits. most of them have their eggs developing in other insects and their larvae, eventually killing the respective host, or in some cases immobilizing it or causing its sterility. three new species reflect this fatal behavior .\nmore information: quicke dlj, smith ma, hrcek j, butcher ba (2013) cystomastacoides van achterberg (braconidae, rogadinae): first host record and descriptions of three new species from thailand and papua new guinea. journal of hymenoptera research 31: 65, doi: 10. 3897 / jhr. 31. 3385\nthe name of the third species, cystomastacoides asotaphaga, also from papua new guinea, lacks the popular culture element but still brings up the deadly survival techniques of the wasps described. in translation, it means feeding on asota, described genus of moths whose caterpillar is eaten from the inside by the wasp’s larva and thus eventually killed .\nthe macabre in the name of one of the new species from papua new guinea references back to another strand of contemporary pop culture: cystomastacoides nicolepeelerae is named after nicole peeler, the favourite novelist of donald quicke, the lead author of this article. peeler' s writing deals with murder mystery, dark powers, the subconscious and the supernatural. the name of the third species, cystomastacoides asotaphaga, also from papua new guinea, lacks the popular culture element but still brings up the deadly survival techniques of the wasps described. in translation, it means feeding on asota, described genus of moths whose caterpillar is eaten from the inside by the wasp' s larva and thus eventually killed .\ndoes that method of death sound kind of like the five point palm exploding heart technique to you? no? well what if i told you that scientists named one of the wasps the\ncystomastacoides kiddo\nafter uma thurman' s character beatrix kiddo in the\nkill bill\nmovies, due to its killer nature? no? still just gross? fine .\ndonald l. j. quicke, m. alex smith, jan hrcek, buntika areekul butcher (2012) .\ncystomastacoides van achterberg (braconidae, rogadinae): first host record and descriptions of three new species from thailand and papua new guinea\n. journal of hymenoptera research 31 (1): 65–78. doi: 10. 3897 / jhr. 31. 3385 .\nparasitoid wasps of the family braconidae are known for their deadly reproductive habits. most of the representatives of this group have their eggs developing in other insects and their larvae, eventually killing the respective host, or in some cases immobilizing it or causing its sterility. three new species of the parasitoid wasp genus cystomastacoides, recently described in the journal of hymenoptera research, reflect this fatal behavior .\nif you’re unfamiliar with parasite wasps, they’re the xenomorphs of the wasp world, in the genus braconidae. every insect in braconidae has one thing in common: they lay their eggs in the sometimes still living bodies of their prey, so that when the babies hatch they’re already inside their first meal. new species cystomastacoides kiddo has indeed been named after beatrix, and yes, it is indeed bright yellow .\nthis dataset contains the digitized treatments in plazi based on the original journal article quicke, donald l. j. , smith, m. alex, hrcek, jan, butcher, buntika areekul (2013): cystomastacoides van achterberg (braconidae, rogadinae): first host record and descriptions of three new species from thailand and papua new guinea. journal of hymenoptera research 31: 65 - 78, doi :\nthree new parasitoid wasp species from the genus cystomastacoides have been described from thailand and papua new guinea. a character from tarantino' s\nkill bill ,\na supernatural murder mystery novelist, and the fatal end of the wasp' s host inspire the names of the new species, referring to their deadly biology. the paper, published in the open access journal of hymenoptera research, offers a first record of the host and a considerable expansion of the genus range .\nthe cystomastacoides kiddo, dare we say it, even bares a vague resemblance to thurman — which is to say, if quentin tarantino had decided to film a scene in either of the\nkill bill\ns where every character was a wasp (not wholly out of the question), the ck would have been a strong choice for uma, even before the name application. we' re not saying uma thurman looks like a wasp. but she kind of does. just sayin' .\nthis page should be cited as follows (rationale): quicke d, smith m, hrcek j, butcher b (2013) cystomastacoides van achterberg (braconidae, rogadinae): first host record and descriptions of three new species from thailand and papua new guinea. journal of hymenoptera research 31: 65–78, doi: 10. 3897 / jhr. 31. 3385. versioned wiki page: 2013 - 03 - 19, version 32067, urltoken, contributors (alphabetical order): pensoft publishers .\nty - jour t1 - cystomastacoides van achterberg (braconidae, rogadinae): first host record and descriptions of three new species from thailand and papua new guinea a1 - quicke d a1 - smith m a1 - hrcek j a1 - butcher b y1 - 2013 jf - journal of hymenoptera research ja - vl - 31 is - ur - urltoken sp - 65 ep - 78 pb - pensoft publishers m1 - versioned wiki page: 2013 - 03 - 19, version 32067, urltoken, contributors (alphabetical order): pensoft publishers .\nrecently discovered in thailand, cystomastacoides kiddo is a member of the family braconidae, infamous for their deadly reproductive habits. female wasps find a suitable host (generally caterpillars) and deposit eggs inside; secreting hormones to protect the brood from the host' s immune system. the eggs then hatch into larvae, which slowly feed on the host until they' re large enough to eat their way out and kill it. if you' re thinking of that stomach - popping scene from\naliens ,\nyou' ve got the right idea .\nearlier described then as the ‘digger wasp’ by me, as little was known about the habits and range of the insect, it is probably an indian subspecies of the thailand and papua new guinean insect, the assassin wasp (cystomastacoides kiddo). the insect was spotted by me near mangalore (thrice over a eight year period), is a steel blue black wasp, resembling other wasps known for their ekistic skills, the potter wasp and the leaf cutter wasp. the macabre process through which the wasp buries alive a stung to paralysis caterpillar, gives it its name .\n< ref name =\nquicke2013journal of hymenoptera research31\n> { { citation | author = quicke d, smith m, hrcek j, butcher b | title = cystomastacoides van achterberg (braconidae, rogadinae): first host record and descriptions of three new species from thailand and papua new guinea | journal = journal of hymenoptera research | year = 2013 | volume = 31 | issue = | pages = 65 - - 78 | pmid = | publisher = pensoft publishers | doi = 10. 3897 / jhr. 31. 3385 | url = urltoken | pmc = | accessdate = 2018 - 06 - 09\ntwo of the new species were discovered in papua new guinea, while the third one comes from thailand. the thai species, cystomastacoides kiddo, was named after the character beatrix kiddo in quentin tarantino' s' kill bill' films. the deadly biology of the wasp inspired this reference to the protagonist played by uma thurman, where she embodies a deadly assassin and a master of the tiger / crane style of kung fu. she is a master of the\nfive point palm exploding heart technique\n, a method of killing a person by quickly striking five pressure points around the heart with the fingertips. after the victim takes five steps, the heart explodes and the person falls dead .\n@ article { quicke2013journalofhymenopteraresearch31, author = { quicke, donald l. j. and smith, m. alex and hrcek, jan and butcher, buntika areekul }, journal = { journal of hymenoptera research }, publisher = { pensoft publishers }, title = { cystomastacoides van achterberg (braconidae, rogadinae): first host record and descriptions of three new species from thailand and papua new guinea }, year = { 2013 }, volume = { 31 }, issue = { }, pages = { 65 - - 78 }, doi = { 10. 3897 / jhr. 31. 3385 }, url = { urltoken }, note = { versioned wiki page: 2013 - 03 - 19, version 32067, urltoken, contributors (alphabetical order): pensoft publishers. }\nhere' s something you probably didn' t expect to find on your favorite movie site today: science! (with a cinematic twist, of course. )\n© 2018 viacom international inc. all rights reserved. mtv and all related titles and logos are trademarks of viacom international inc .\ntwo of the new species were discovered in papua new guinea, while the third one comes from thailand. their description appears in a paper published in the journal of hymenoptera research (jhr) .\nasota plana is the first host record for the genus to which the new species belong. it is a widespread moth species known to feed on multiple fig tree species .\njuvenile australopithecus climbed trees, 3. 32 - million - year - old foot fossil shows\n© 2011 - 2018. sci - news. com. all rights reserved. | back to top\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nif you’re unfamiliar with kill bill, it’s a two part quentin tarantino series featuring uma thurman as the bride, neé beatrix kiddo, an assassin newly awakened from a coma who sets out to kill all the people who put her in it and took her unborn child, including the child’s father, bill. in some of the most famous fight scenes in the series, she wears a yellow tracksuit with black stripes, while flight of the bumblebee plays in the background .\nmany of them have really impressive (and a “damn, evolution, you scary” way) adaptations that aid their particular form of larval development. in order to keep their hosts from rotting after they’re killed, some of the secrete “antimicrobial substances, ” in a way embalming the corpse. others, however, implant their eggs without killing the host, and have adaptations like being infected with symbiotic viruses that compromise the host’s immune system so that it doesn’t harm the forming larvae. some wasps even mess with the neural functions of their prey, zombifiying them into staying in one safe (for the larvae, at least) place even if they are starving, or otherwise into taking steps to protect the wasp babies that are eating them from the inside out .\nhave a tip or story idea? email us. or to keep it anonymous, click here .\na new species of parasitic wasp with a lethal lifestyle is taking its name from assassin beatrix kiddo, the heroine played by uma thurman in quentin tarantino' s\nkill bill\nfilms .\nwhile the winged creature isn' t exactly a master of the\nfive point palm exploding heart technique\n— a technique that involves striking five pressure points, resulting in (you guessed it) an exploding heart — it does shares the yellow - and - black color of kiddo' s jumpsuit. even more, the wasp has its own deadly repertoire of assassinlike moves .\na braconidae wasp typically implants its eggs inside of a host insect. as the larvae grow, they eat the host from the inside out, if not killing it, rendering the host immobile or sterile, researchers say. [ the 10 most diabolical and disgusting parasites ]\nparasitic wasps are known for their morbidly clever ways. for instance, recent research found that one species of parasitic wasp, ampulex compressa, has larvae that secrete antimicrobial substances to keep their host, a cockroach, from spoiling. in another study, detailed in 2011 in the journal biology letters, scientists found dinocampus coccinellae wasps use ladybugs as incubators because the zombie ladybugs keep predators away from the wasps' vulnerable larva .\njust last year, scientists identified at least 177 distinct species of parasitic wasps in the orthocentrinae subfamily from guatemala, honduras, nicaragua and the amazon rain forests of ecuador .\nthe new species from thailand and papua new guinea were described today (march 19) in the journal of hymenoptera research .\nfollow us @ livescience, facebook & google +. original article on urltoken .\nfor the science geek in everyone, live science offers a fascinating window into the natural and technological world, delivering comprehensive and compelling news and analysis on everything from dinosaur discoveries, archaeological finds and amazing animals to health, innovation and wearable technology. we aim to empower and inspire our readers with the tools needed to understand the world and appreciate its everyday awe .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\n, because of their somewhat resemblance in action and colour patterns. it is one of the four species under the genus\n, and the only species in thailand. as all other braconids, the female lays its eggs inside the body of other insects, such as\n, so that the larvae use the host body as a source of food .\n, kaeng wang nam yen, thailand. the specimen was collected as part of the tiger (thailand inventory group for entomological research) programme of sampling insects in 25 national parks in thailand between 2006 and 2008 .\nthe scientific description was published on 19 may 2013 by donald l. j. quicke of the\nkiddo has a fatal fighting technique called\nfive point exploding heart technique\nby which five pressure points are rapidly struck at the heart using fingertips, and the victim dies after five paces as the heart explodes .\nis pale - brown yellow in colour. the anterior end of the head is protruding and with well - developed transverse striation. a pair of\non the head are conspicuosly coloured in blue. the surface of the head (mesosoma) is shiny yeallow with three distinct white pits. the tips and sides of the appendages are transversly striped in black; thus a resemblance to kiddo' s jumpsuit. the body, excluding the antennae, is 9 mm long. there are two pairs of wings, the fore and hind wings. the fore wings are larger and measure 8 mm in length. the wing membrane is almost entirely transparent (\nis mostly brown - yellow. the two antennae are exceptionally long compared to the rest of the body, measuring up to 12 mm. these antennae are black throughout their length. there are three pairs of legs. the abdominal part (\nand it preys on other insects for depositing the eggs. the female has a long syringe - like\n, using which it injects its eggs into the host body. inside the body of the host, the eggs develop into larvae. the larvae require food such that they eat the host from the inside out and kill the host. they literally eat their way out to become adult wasps .\npress j to jump to the feed. press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts\nyou learn something new every day; what did you learn today? submit interesting and specific facts about something that you just found out here .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\n, named after beatrix kiddo, a protagonist from tarantino' s\nkill bill .\ncredit: buntika butcher and donald l. j. quicke\n, named after the lead author' s favorite novelist nicole peeler. credit: buntika butcher and donald l. j. quicke\nis the first host record for the genus to which the new species belong. it is a widespread moth species known to feed on multiple fig tree (\n) species. with three new species from papua new guinea and thailand, this paper also extends the known range of the genus considerably. previously ,\na new and unusual wasp species has been discovered during an expedition to the indonesian island of sulawesi .\na newly published article\nrevision of the afrotropical mayrellinae (cynipoidea, liopteridae), with the first record of paramblynotus from madagascar\nby dr. simon van noort, from natural history department, iziko south african ...\ntwo wasp species, calymmochilus dispar and gelis apterus, have been recorded as parasitoids on ant - eating spiders in a study published in the open access journal zookeys. the host spider, zodarion styliferum, belongs to the ...\nfield work by researcher fred kraus from bishop museum, honolulu has found the world' s smallest frogs in southeastern new guinea. this also makes them the world' s smallest tetrapods (non - fish vertebrates). the frogs belong ...\n( physorg. com) - - a new species of parasitoid wasp that feeds on a common whitefly pest has been discovered in the uk by a natural history museum scientist .\ncockroaches (blattodea) are an insect order remarkable in their biodiversity and distribution, with more than 4500 species known and great geographical reach. cockroach fossils date back around 400 million years, which testifies ...\ncellular functions rely on several communications networks that allow cells to respond to signals affecting the organism. a new study published in molecular cell has revealed a mechanism that shuts down a major cell - to - cell ...\nin one of the older star wars movies, jedi master yoda instructs his apprentice, luke, on the ways of the force in a series of now - iconic scenes. the force, yoda says, is an energy field that penetrates us, that surrounds ...\nit has long been known that the pathogens causing sleeping sickness evade the immune system by exchanging their surface proteins. but now scientists at the german cancer research center (dkfz) have found an additional parasite ...\ndespite its apparent simplicity, a tube - like body topped with tentacles, the sea anemone is actually a highly complex creature. scientists from the institut pasteur, in collaboration with the cnrs, have just discovered over ...\ntreatments using antibiotics should stop as soon as possible to prevent patients passing the\ntipping point\nof becoming resistant to their effects, new research has shown .\nthe parasitic disease schistosomiasis is one of the developing world' s worst public health scourges, affecting hundreds of millions of people, yet only a single, limited treatment exists to combat the disease .\nplease sign in to add a comment. registration is free, and takes less than a minute. read more\ncookies help us deliver our services. by using our services, you agree to our use of cookies .\nthis page is derived from the original publication listed below, whose author (s) should always be credited. further contributors may edit and improve the content of this page and, consequently, need to be credited as well (see\n). any assessment of factual correctness requires a careful review of the original article as well as of subsequent contributions .\nif you are uncertain whether your planned contribution is correct or not, we suggest that you use the associated discussion page instead of editing the page directly .\nholotype female, papua new guinea, kokoda i, ix–x. 1933, 200ft, l. e. cheesman (museum code b. m. 1933 - 427) (bmnh) paratype [ probably ] female, papua new guinea, oro province, kokoda, x. 1933, 1200ft, l. e. cheesman (museum code b. m. 1933 - 321) (bmnh )\nthis page was last modified on 19 march 2013, at 09: 36 .\n© all copyright remains with the creators of text or media. text without further rights information is available under the conditions of the creative commons attribution - share alike license (cc by - sa) in version 3 or later. see copyrights for details. where selected text is in the public domain or licensed under cc0 or cc by, appropriate information will be given on the page itself. for authors and contributors both the text itself and the list under\nview history\nat the top of each page must be consulted. embedded media objects (images, video, sound, etc .) may have different creators and may be available under different licenses which are either directly visible or available after clicking on the object. these licenses may restrict re - use of the entire content beyond the conditions of cc by - sa. additional terms may apply, see the following links :\nbeatrix kiddo, the heroine played by actress uma thurman in the quentin tarantino film series\nkill bill ,\nis the inspiration behind the name of a new species of parasitic wasp .\nthe deadly biology of the wasp inspired this reference to the protagonist played by uma thurman, where she embodies a deadly assassin and a master of the tiger / crane style of kung fu. she is a master of the' five point palm exploding heart technique,' a method of killing a person by quickly striking five pressure points around the heart with the fingertips. after the victim takes five steps, the heart explodes and the person falls dead .\nto see a similar species of parasitic wasp in action, check out the fascinating / horrifying national geographic video below .\nmichael d' estries (@ michaeldestries) covers science, technology, art, and the beautiful, unusual corners of our incredible world .\nwith the water, the sand and the sea air, there' s just so much to adore .\nto make sure it' s the best time it can be, a little planning is in order .\nhere are eight beaches where you can find exceptionally beautiful sand that strays from the norm .\nfeel free to mix and match these ingredients to create your own refreshing combo .\nyou can ski, ice skate, play in snow or just enjoy the cool weather .\ntry our newsletter for optimistic innovations, seasonal recipes, strong communities and the smartest ways to lead a sustainable lifestyle .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nregistered in england & wales no. 3099067 5 howick place | london | sw1p 1wg\nwe use cookies to improve your website experience. to learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie policy. by closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies .\ncopyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons, inc. all rights reserved\nenter your email address below. if your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. if you don' t receive an email, you should register as a new user\nwhat struck me as a student of nature was not so much the rituals and rigmarole the wasp went through, but its adoption of a readymade, ma made i may add, unfurnished quarters to complete its regimen. insects, as indeed many animals, are habituated to a fault, to build nest, airs, warrens and gens as they did for millions of years – adapting to newer environmental scenarios is a phenomenon seen very rarely in nature – except in a few avifaunal urban residents such as bulbuls, owls, sunbirds, brahminy kites and pigeons. insects using manmade objects as building block materials, is an absolutely stunningly new ekistic phenomenon .\nmy confinement to bed has had its moments – one that i had the unique opportunity to once again (thrice in the last few years) to be witness to the macabre machinations of the assassin wasp and second, more importantly this time, be witness to an amazing and as yet unreported milestone in ethological and ekistic behaviour of an insect .\nnote: one of the earliest descriptions of the peculiar assassin wasp from india was published in bngbirds - dr. arunachalam kumar in ‘under the sky classroom’ in march 2010\ninteresting and informative blog... .... you are a real keen observer, not everyone notices a wasp like this one .\nthanks for the feedback... . when one has nothing to do, he becomes more aware and observant of his surroundings. staying on bed for weeks has made my world smaller and my acuity sharper\nwe have a similiar wasp type insect in new mexico, which hunts the tarantula spider. both are quite large at times. i have seen this wasp 4 inches or so in length, with a stinger of about a inch or so. it is red and black in appearence and quite striking. the stinger hangs down as it flies. the tarantulas are big as well, some reaching 10 inches or so in diameter. seeing one of those spiders in a home is quite unsettling, despite that they are really not that harmful to human. the spiders when very large, will even kill small birds however. usually the fight goes the way of the wasp, but occasionally it goes the way of the spider, when they attack one that is to big for them. eggs are laid in the sleeping body of the spider when stung and the larve eat the spider when young. i disrupted one such fight once and the spider did eventually recover. they will fight, and the fight may go on for a while, till eventually, usually, the spider succumbs .\ni thought that may interest you. ;) it is so big they call it the tarantula hawk. new mexico made it the state insect (yes they have such a thing) at the sponsorship of school children, near where i live. however i think that is being redone, as it kills the beneficial spiders who eat harmful bugs .\ni am thankful for the information. there are quire a few species of was that follow the ritual. some bugs too have the killing habit. the only reason i posted this bit here was that this wasp has not so far been described from india (earlier by me in 2010) and i thought of providing info as a record of the observation\namazing world and a lot of it, we come to know through you. perhaps the wasps too are becoming modern or have gained enough intelligence over the years to make use of the advancements man has made: )\nthe wasp shown here has completed one nest and is busy building another taking advantage of the delay in arrival of the southwest monsoon. as you said, nature is fascinating\nnice photos and wonderful observation and narration about an interesting species. nature keeps us educating and we know how little we know about it !\ndear doc yet another wonderful and absorbing blog. that is the way with nature. we have still so much to learn !\nimagine, this strange wasp was unknown to science less than ten years ago. it has been fully described scientifically only in 2013\nbrhadharanyaka upanishad - sloka 1. 4. 2 and 1. 4. 3\nthe doryctinae (braconidae) of costa rica: genera and species of the tribe heterospilini .\nvenom production, venom gland cell fine structure and complementary dna cloning of a novel cysteine‐rich secretory venom protein of the parasitoid wasp cotesia glomerata (l .) (hymenoptera: braconidae )\ncosta rica reveals astonishing biodiversity of braconid wasps, with 277 new species of the tribe heterospilini described, from a total of 286 attributed to the group. the study published in the open access journal zookeys is the second part of an extensive two - part study of the braconid subfamily doryctinae from costa rica, to reveal the great species diversity within such a small territory .\nthe polysphinctine wasps acrotaphus tibialis, eruga ca. gutfreundi, and hymenoepimecis tedfordi (hymenoptera, ichneumonidae, pimplinae) induce their host spiders to build modified webs\nbiology and developmental strategies of the palaearctic parasitoid bracon nigricans (hymenoptera: braconidae) on the neotropical moth tuta absoluta (lepidoptera: gelechiidae) .\nabstract very little is presently known about the natural enemies and mortality factors associated with siricids (hymenoptera: siricidae) in the united states of america (usa), especially those that may directly affect the woodwasp, sirex noctilio fabricius (hymenoptera: siricidae). s. noctilio is an invasive woodwasp, is considered a major economic pest of pine, and has a severe effect on north american pine species planted in the southern hemisphere. the mortality factors of siricid larvae were determined in three host species (pinus sylvestris, pinus resinosa, and pinus strobus) from naturally infested trees in the northeastern usa. siricid larvae were classified at the time of sampling as: (1) healthy, (2) parasitized by rhyssines (hymenoptera: ichneumonidae), (3) parasitized by ibalia spp. (hymenoptera: ibaliidae), (4) parasitized by nematodes (tylenchida: neotylenchidae), and (5) dead from unknown causes. combining data from the three host species, the average percentage of larvae that were healthy was 66% , 10% of the larvae were parasitized by rhyssines, 18% were parasitized by ibalia spp. , 1% were infected with unidentified nematodes, and about 5% of the larvae were dead in the galleries. information from this study has important implications for understanding population regulation mechanisms in an invasive species, and will be critical for developing integrated pest management plans for s. noctilio .\nfirst records of the genera histeromerus wesmael (hymenoptera, braconidae, histeromerinae) and ecclitura kokujev (hymenoptera, braconidae, euphorinae) in italy .\nabstract braconid genera histeromerus wesmael, 1838 from subfamily histeromerinae and ecclitura kokujev, 1902 from subfamily euphorinae are recorded in the fauna of italy for the first time. the discussions about taxonomic position, morphological characters and composition of these genera as well as the redescriptions of the genus and species of ecclitura primoris kokujev are given .\nnatural enemies associated to aphids in peach orchards in araucã¡ria, paranã¡, brazil .\ndna barcoding species inventory of microgastrinae wasps (hymenoptera, braconidae) from a mexican tropical dry forest .\ncryptic diversity and host specificity in giant xenos strepsipterans parasitic in large vespa hornets .\nabstract xenos is a strepsipteran genus whose members are parasitic to eusocial wasps, including the hornet genus vespa. we undertook an extensive sampling of strepsipterans in xenos from hornets collected in east asia and performed molecular phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit i gene sequences (652 bp) to investigate the cryptic diversity among 21 individuals of strepsipterans. the analyses, accompanied by morphological examination, revealed that these strepsipterans represent two distinct species, x. moutoni du buysson, 1903 and x. oxyodontes sp. nov. the two species differed in their host - utilization pattern: the latter was almost specific to vespa analis and v. simillima, whereas the former was associated with other species in vespa .\n( pensoft publishers) an austrian amateur entomologist discovered a peculiar parasitoid wasp living on a rare sawfly, living inside ferns. it is the first time ever that the parasitoid is reared. the female parasitoid has the unusual ability to extend and modify the shape of its metasoma, or rear body, during its first day of appearance from the gall. the study was published in the open access journal journal of hymenoptera research .\nby live science a new species of parasitic wasp with a lethal lifestyle is taking its name from assassin beatrix kiddo, the heroine played by uma thurman in quentin tarantino' s\nkill bill\nfilms. while the winged creature isn' t exactly a master of the\nfive point palm exploding heart technique\n— a technique that involves striking five pressure points, resulting in (you guessed it) an exploding hea ...\nthe wasp isn' t a master of the' five point palm exploding heart technique,' but it is has its own deadly repertoire of assassin - like moves .\nparasitoid wasps of the family braconidae are known for their deadly reproductive habits. most of the representatives of this group have their eggs developing in other insects and their larvae, ...\nparasitoids (hymenoptera: braconidae: aphidiinae) of northeastern iran: aphidiine - aphid - plant associations, key and description of a new species .\nabstract abstract aphid parasitoids of the subfamily aphidiinae (hymenoptera: braconidae) of northeastern iran were studied in this paper. a total of 29 species are keyed and illustrated with line drawings. the aphidiines presented in this work have been reared from 42 aphid host taxa occurring on 49 plant taxa from a total of 33 sampling sites. sixty - six aphidiine - aphid - plant associations are presented. trioxys metacarpalis sp. nov. from chaitaphis tenuicaudata nevsky (hemiptera: aphididae) on kochia scoparia, is described. the species diversity based on the comparative faunistic analysis is discussed .\nparasitism rate, parasitoid community composition and host specificity on exposed and semi - concealed caterpillars from a tropical rainforest .\nflies deposit their eggs in protective, alcohol - rich environments when parasitic wasps are around. authors: balint z. kacsoh, zachary r. lynch, nathan t. mortimer, todd a. schlenke\n82 new pubmed citations were retrieved for your search. click on the search hyperlink below to display the complete search results :\npubmed, a service of the national library of medicine, includes over 15 million citations for biomedical articles back to the 1950' s. these citations are from medline and additional life science journals. pubmed includes links to many sites providing full text articles and other related resources .\na new species of the genus himertosoma from the ryukyus, japan, with a key to species from the palaearctic and oriental regions (hymenoptera, ichneumonidae, banchinae) .\nabstract a new species of the genus himertosoma schmiedeknecht, himertosoma kuslitzkiisp. n. , was discovered in amamioshima island, the ryukyus. this new species resembles two oriental species, himertosoma philippense chandra & gupta and himertosoma townesi chandra & gupta, in the colour pattern of the head and metasoma, number of flagellomeres, and the relatively slender first metasomal tergite, but can easily be distinguished from them by the nearly evenly punctate propodeum, different length / width ratio of the first metasomal tergite, different length of the ovipositor sheath, tricoloured mesosoma, and the whitish band along the posterior margin of the second and following metasomal tergites. a key to the palaearctic and oriental species of himertosoma is also provided .\n57 new pubmed citations were retrieved for your search. click on the search hyperlink below to display the complete search results :\na new species of xorides latreille (hymenoptera, ichneumonidae, xoridinae) parasitizing pterolophia alternata (coleoptera, cerambycidae) in robinia pseudoacacia .\nabstract a new species is described, xorides benxicus sheng, sp. n. , reared from the cerambycid twig - boring pest of robinia pseudoacacia linnaeus, pterolophia alternata gressitt, 1938, in benxi county, liaoning province, china. a key is given to the species similar to xorides benxicus sheng, namely xorides asiasius sheng & hilszcza? ski, 2009, xorides cinnabarius sheng & hilszcza? ski, 2009 and xorides sapporensis (uchida, 1928) .\njuan josé martínez, carolina berta, laura varone, guillermo logarzo, paula zamudio, alejandro zaldívar - riverón, r. gabriela aguilar - velasco - volume 26 (6 )\n178 new pubmed citations were retrieved for your search. click on the search hyperlink below to display the complete search results :\ndoryctopambolus nunes & zaldívar - riverón (braconidae), a new neotropical doryctine wasp genus with propodeal spines .\nabstract the new neotropical doryctine genus doryctopambolusgen. n. is erected to contain doryctopambolus pilcomayensis (van achterberg & braet, 2004), comb. n. , which was previously placed within pambolus (pambolinae), as well as three new species, doryctopambolus clebschisp. n. , doryctopambolus dominicanussp. n. and doryctopambolus sarochensissp. n. members of this new genus are mainly characterised by the presence of at least one pair of conspicuous propodeal apico - lateral projections, which are similar to those present in all members of pambolinae and in species of three australasian doryctine genera. we generated dna barcoding sequences for the three newly described species. we discuss the morphological similarity between species of the australasian echinodoryctes belokobylskij, iqbal & austin and doryctopambolus. a key for the described species of doryctopambolus is provided .\nspecies of adialytus förster, 1862 (hymenoptera, braconidae, aphidiinae) in iran: taxonomic notes and tritrophic associations .\nabstract the species of adialytus förster in iran are taxonomically studied and new data on distribution and host associations are presented. the existence of a species complex, in the case of adialytus ambiguus (haliday), and the morphological variability in commonly used taxonomic characters has been discussed. in total, four valid species belonging to the genus adialytus including adialytus ambiguus (haliday), adialytus salicaphis (fitch), adialytus thelaxis (starý) and adialytus veronicaecola (starý) have been identified and recorded from iran. also, we recognized two additional phenotypes :\nadialytus arvicola\n( starý) and\nadialytus cf. ambiguus\n( haliday). these phenotypes and adialytus veronicaecola are newly recorded from iran in association with sipha and aphis species, respectively. an illustrated key for identification of the species and two variable phenotypes is presented .\na taxonomic contribution to the genus dolichomitus smith (hymenoptera, ichneumonidae, pimplinae) from brazil .\nabstract in the present study, two new species of pimplinae, dolichomitus jataisp. n. and dolichomitus moacyrisp. n. are described, and the distribution range of dolichomitus annulicornis (cameron, 1886) is extended. the specimens were collected using malaise traps in areas of atlantic forest and brazilian savannah (cerrado) in southeastern brazil and are deposited in a brazilian collection (dcbu) .\nrt journal article a1 dnyaneshwar m. firake a1 egambaram sankarganesh a1 bhagawati sharma a1 pratiksha d. firake a1 gajanan t. behere t1 dna barcoding confirmed the occurrence of invasive vegetable leaf miner, liriomyza sativae blanchard (diptera: < highlight > agromyzidae < / highlight >) in northeast india fd journal of asia - pacific biodiversity, vol 11, iss 1, pp 56 - 60 (2018) fd 2018 - 03 - 01 op 60 vo 11 is 1 do 10. 1016 / j. japb. 2017. 10. 002 sp 56 jf journal of asia - pacific biodiversity, vol 11, iss 1, pp 56 - 60 (2018) sn 2287884x\ndnyaneshwar m. firake; egambaram sankarganesh; bhagawati sharma; pratiksha d... .\nthe vegetable leaf miner, liriomyza sativae (diptera: agromyzidae), is an invasive poly... more\nsuitability of the leaf - mining fly pseudonapomyza sp. . (diptera: agromyzidae), for biological control of tecoma stans l. (bignoniaceae) in south africa\nsuitability of the leaf - mining fly, pseudonapomyza sp. (diptera: agromyzidae), for biological control of tecoma stans l. (bignoniaceae) in south africa\nrt journal article a1 viviane r. de sousa a1 márcia s. couri t1 a new name for agromyza flava sousa & couri (diptera: < highlight > agromyzidae < / highlight >) fd anais da academia brasileira de ciências, iss 0 (2017) fd 2017 - 01 - 01\nan evaluation of the effects of imported insects on the weed lantana camara l. in south africa\nrt journal article a1 lonsdale owen t1 a new afrotropical species of phytomyza in the subgenus ptochomyza (diptera: < highlight > agromyzidae < / highlight >) fd african invertebrates, mar 2015, vol 56, issue 3, p. 637 - 643. fd 2015 - 11 - 01 op 643 vo 56 is 3 sp 637 jf african invertebrates sn 16815556\nafrican invertebrates, mar 2015, vol 56, issue 3, p. 637 - 643 .\nrt journal article a1 sooda, anuradha a1 gunawardana, disna a1 li, dongmei a1 kumarasinghe, lalith t1 multiplex real - time pcr assay for the detection of three invasive leafminer species: liriomyza huidobrensis, l. sativae and l. trifolii (diptera: < highlight > agromyzidae < / highlight >). fd austral entomology. may2017, vol. 56 issue 2, p153 - 159. 7p. fd 2017 - 05 - 01 op 159 vo 56 is 2 do 10. 1111 / aen. 12237 sp 153 jf austral entomology sn 2052174x\nmultiplex real - time pcr assay for the detection of three invasive leafminer species: liriomyza huidobrensis, l. sativae and l. trifolii (diptera: agromyzidae) .\nrapid and precise identification of immature stages of leafminers of the genus liriomy... more\nmultiplex real - time pcr assay for the detection of three invasive leafminer species: liriomyza huidobrensis, l. sativae and l. trifolii (diptera :\nrapid and precise identification of immature stages of leafminers of the genus liriomyza mik associated with imported fresh produce is essential to ensure appropriate biosecurity decisions at the border, in quarantine and post border. the leafminers liriomyza huidobrensis, liriomyza sativae and liriomyza trifolii are not present in new zealand and classified as regulated pests when detected at new zealand' s border. to assist rapid species identification of the immature stages of interceptions, a multiplex real - time taqman pcr assay was developed to identify these three species simultaneously in a single test. species - specific primers and probes were designed by amplifying the mitochondrial coi gene of each targeting species, respectively. the multiplex real - time pcr assay demonstrated high specificity for all three target species and the assay detected dna quantities as low as 0. 1 pg for all species. linear responses and high correlation coefficients between the amount of dna and cq values for each species were also achieved. therefore, the assay demonstrated its sensitivity and reliability for the identification of these three invasive liriomyza species. [ abstract from author ]" ]

{ "text": [ "cystomastacoides is a genus of parasitoid wasps belonging to the family braconidae .", "it was named by dutch entomologist kees van achterberg in 1997 from a single species cystomastacoides coxalis discovered in yunnan , china .", "to date there are only four species described in the genus , the other three having been reported on 19 march 2013 .", "as typical ichneumon wasps , they are characterised by a deadly parasitoid behaviour .", "their larvae grow inside the body of other insects , such as caterpillars , and feed on their internal organs inside the body until they emerge . " ], "topic": [ 26, 6, 15, 28, 8 ] }

[ "cystomastacoides is a genus of parasitoid wasps belonging to the family braconidae. it was named by dutch entomologist kees van achterberg in 1997 from a single species cystomastacoides coxalis discovered in yunnan, china. to date there are only four species described in the genus, the other three having been reported on 19 march 2013. as typical ichneumon wasps, they are characterised by a deadly parasitoid behaviour. their larvae grow inside the body of other insects, such as caterpillars, and feed on their internal organs inside the body until they emerge." ]

[ "philippe rose added the french common name\ngalathée intermédiaire\nto\ngalathea intermedia\n.\njennifer hammock split the classifications by inventaire national du patrimoine naturel from galathea intermedia to their own page .\npicton, b. e. & morrow, c. c. (2016). galathea intermedia liljeborg, 1851. [ in ] encyclopedia of marine life of britain and ireland. urltoken accessed on 2018 - 07 - 10\nchristiansen, m. e. and anger, k. (1990): complete larval development of galathea intermedia lilljeborg reared in laboratory culture (anomura: galatheidae), journal of crustacean biology, 10, pp. 87 - 111 .\n( of galathea intermedia intermedia lilljeborg, 1851) türkay, m. (2001). decapoda, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, 50: pp. 284 - 292 (look up in imis) [ details ]\nlarvae of the east atlantic anomuran crab galathea intermedia lilljeborg were reared in the laboratory from hatching to the first juvenile stage. the larvae were kept in 31 - 32 ppt s sea water at 15 degree c. the complete larval development consists of 4 or 5 zoeal stages and 1 megalops stage. the larval stages are described and morphological characters are compared with those of the west atlantic species galathea rostrata a. milne edwards described by gore (1979) .\n( of galathea intermedia intermedia lilljeborg, 1851) baba, k. , macpherson, e. , poore, g. , ahyong, s. , bermudez, a. , cabezas, p. , lin, c. , nizinski, m. , rodrigues, c. & schnabel, k. (2008). catalogue of squat lobsters of the world (crustacea: decapoda: anomura - families chirostylidae, galatheidae and kiwaidae). zootaxa. 1905, 220 pp. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nthe tiny g. intermedia is easily overlooked due to its modest size, but can be found anywhere along the norwegian coast, as far north as troms. it can be found along most european coasts, including the mediterranean .\n( of galathea intermedia parroceli gourret, 1887) türkay, m. (2001). decapoda, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, 50: pp. 284 - 292 (look up in imis) [ details ]\n( of galathea intermedia parroceli gourret, 1887) baba, k. , macpherson, e. , poore, g. , ahyong, s. , bermudez, a. , cabezas, p. , lin, c. , nizinski, m. , rodrigues, c. & schnabel, k. (2008). catalogue of squat lobsters of the world (crustacea: decapoda: anomura - families chirostylidae, galatheidae and kiwaidae). zootaxa. 1905, 220 pp. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of galathea andrewsii) baba, k. , macpherson, e. , poore, g. , ahyong, s. , bermudez, a. , cabezas, p. , lin, c. , nizinski, m. , rodrigues, c. & schnabel, k. (2008). catalogue of squat lobsters of the world (crustacea: decapoda: anomura - families chirostylidae, galatheidae and kiwaidae). zootaxa. 1905, 220 pp. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of galathea giardi barrois, 1882) baba, k. , macpherson, e. , poore, g. , ahyong, s. , bermudez, a. , cabezas, p. , lin, c. , nizinski, m. , rodrigues, c. & schnabel, k. (2008). catalogue of squat lobsters of the world (crustacea: decapoda: anomura - families chirostylidae, galatheidae and kiwaidae). zootaxa. 1905, 220 pp. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of galathea parroceli gourret, 1887) baba, k. , macpherson, e. , poore, g. , ahyong, s. , bermudez, a. , cabezas, p. , lin, c. , nizinski, m. , rodrigues, c. & schnabel, k. (2008). catalogue of squat lobsters of the world (crustacea: decapoda: anomura - families chirostylidae, galatheidae and kiwaidae). zootaxa. 1905, 220 pp. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of galathea pygmaea a. milne edwards & bouvier, 1894) baba, k. , macpherson, e. , poore, g. , ahyong, s. , bermudez, a. , cabezas, p. , lin, c. , nizinski, m. , rodrigues, c. & schnabel, k. (2008). catalogue of squat lobsters of the world (crustacea: decapoda: anomura - families chirostylidae, galatheidae and kiwaidae). zootaxa. 1905, 220 pp. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nliljeborg, o. (1851) norges crustacéer. ofversigt af konglige vetenskaps - akademiens förhandlingar, 8, 19 - 25. [ details ]\ntürkay, m. (2001). decapoda, in: costello, m. j. et al. (ed .) (2001). european register of marine species: a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. collection patrimoines naturels, 50: pp. 284 - 292 (look up in imis) [ details ]\nmuller, y. (2004). faune et flore du littoral du nord, du pas - de - calais et de la belgique: inventaire. [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord, pas - de - calais and belgium: inventory ]. commission régionale de biologie région nord pas - de - calais: france. 307 pp. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nbaba, k. , macpherson, e. , poore, g. , ahyong, s. , bermudez, a. , cabezas, p. , lin, c. , nizinski, m. , rodrigues, c. & schnabel, k. (2008). catalogue of squat lobsters of the world (crustacea: decapoda: anomura - families chirostylidae, galatheidae and kiwaidae). zootaxa. 1905, 220 pp. [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhayward, p. j. ; ryland, j. s. (ed .). (1990). the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe: 1. introduction and protozoans to arthropods. clarendon press: oxford, uk. isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1. 627 pp. (look up in imis) [ details ]\ndyntaxa. (2013). swedish taxonomic database. accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ]. , available online at http: / / urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis is one of the smallest squat lobsters in norway. the body length, including tale, does not exceed 18 mm. the legs are semitransparent. the front pair is relatively long. the body is salmon - red or orange with a beige band running along the back. the rostrum (the spine in the forehead) is narrow with four small spines on each side .\nit seems to thrive on any substrate. registrations have been made on depths from 10 to 500 meters .\ndistribution map from nbn: interactive map: national biodiversity network mapping facility, data for uk .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nin continuing your browsing of this site, you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics. learn more about cookies .\nto get the picture, please visit: jean lecomte, c / o m. pierre noëlspn et département milieux et peuplements aquatiquesmuséum national d' histoire naturelle43 rue buffoncp 48, f - 75231 paris cedex 05pierre. noel [ at ] urltoken\nlegend: vue dorsale d' une galathée intermédiaire, de couleur rouge; noter la ligne médiodorsale blanche caractéristique; roches torreilles, pyrénées - orientales, 3 octobre 1974 .\nany reuse of one or more photographs on this site is subject to an authorization request from the author. link to the code of intellectual property (legifrance )\nlegend: vue dorsale d' une galathée inermédiaire de couleur sombre marbrée peu habituelle; noter la ligne médiodorsale blanche caractéristique; le racou, pyrénées - orientales, profondeur - 7 m, 13 janvier 1977 .\nlegend: vue dorsale du céphalothorax d' une galathée inermédiaire montrant les petites dents du rostre, le racou, pyrénées orientales, profondeur - 7 m, 13 janvier 1977 .\nthank you for your contribution to the improvement of the inpn. the information submitted has been sent to an expert for verification and correction .\ncorresponds to a report on the basis of at least one observation proved within a period of 10 years (20 years for little - known invertebrates) preceding the year and no presumption of extinction since obtaining the last data nor doubt on reproductive and implemented nature of this population. for migratory species, the presence indicated concerns areas of reproduction .\nthe last reliable sighting is older than 10 years compared to the reference date, no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ vertebrates, invertebrates and plants well studied (rhopalocera, grasshoppers, dragonflies ...) ] ;\nthe last reliable observation being older than 20 years, no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ poorly known taxa: fungus, many invertebrates... ] .\nthis point covers the absence, more difficult by nature to demonstrate than presence. this status is based on one or more of the following criteria :\nthis status must be assigned to a department in which the presence of the species is casual .\nparticular case of absence due to a proven extinction less than a half century ago (older disappearances are treated as\nno probable or definite\n) .\nin the state of knowledge, we cannot comment on the presence or absence in the current department. this is the default status when not comprised in one of the previous categories or whenever there is doubt .\nwarning: the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories. it should never be considered as comprehensive .\nnational inventory of natural heritage, website: https: / / inpn. mnhn. fr .\nyour web browser appears not to have javascript enabled, please enable it to use the form below. this is required to prevent spam and we sincerely apologise for any inconvenience caused .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas, please upload using the upload tools .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services." ]

{ "text": [ "galathea intermedia is a species of squat lobster found in the north-eastern atlantic ocean , as far north as troms , norway , south to dakar and the mediterranean sea .", "g. intermedia is the smallest species of squat lobster in the north sea , at a length of only 18 millimetres ( 0.71 in ) , and a carapace length of 8.5 mm ( 0.33 in ) .", "the whole body is red , with a beige stripe along the back , onto the narrow rostrum .", "the limbs are semitransparent , and the animal bears several \" neon blue \" spots on the front of the body that may serve in species recognition . " ], "topic": [ 27, 0, 23, 23 ] }

[ "galathea intermedia is a species of squat lobster found in the north-eastern atlantic ocean, as far north as troms, norway, south to dakar and the mediterranean sea. g. intermedia is the smallest species of squat lobster in the north sea, at a length of only 18 millimetres (0.71 in), and a carapace length of 8.5 mm (0.33 in). the whole body is red, with a beige stripe along the back, onto the narrow rostrum. the limbs are semitransparent, and the animal bears several \" neon blue \" spots on the front of the body that may serve in species recognition." ]

[ "likely same as jd' s e. heterosalis, both in looks and distribution moved from eudonia .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed. contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nwings gray, mottled with grayish brown. am. and pm. lines black with white edging. black orbicular, claviform, and reniform spots inconspicuous, obscured by mottling. fringe checkered gray and grayish brown .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29: registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin, july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia, june 4 - 7. photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona, july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell, iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nmoved from moths. tentative id. i' m pretty sure it is not e. strigalis .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click' save settings' to activate your changes .\ndisclaimer: dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. we strive to provide accurate information, but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world. if you need expert professional advice, contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content. click the contributor' s name for licensing and usage information. everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university, unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhodges, r. w. et al. , eds. 1983. check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico. e. w. classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation, london. 284 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state, provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer, for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data. please refer to\ndistribution data for u. s. states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks (2008). the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs (see local programs) and other contributors and cooperators (see sources) .\nthe small print: trademark, copyright, citation guidelines, restrictions on use, and information disclaimer .\nnote: all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve' s central databases as of november 2016. note: this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer, the natureserve logo, and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve. any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice: copyright © 2017 natureserve, 4600 n. fairfax dr. , 7th floor, arlington virginia 22203, u. s. a. all rights reserved. each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document. the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve. 2017. natureserve explorer: an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ]. version 7. 1. natureserve, arlington, virginia. available http: / / explorer. natureserve. org. (accessed :\nridgely, r. s. , t. f. allnutt, t. brooks, d. k. mcnicol, d. w. mehlman, b. e. young, and j. r. zook. 2003. digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely, james zook, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson, b. d. , g. ceballos, w. sechrest, m. f. tognelli, t. brooks, l. luna, p. ortega, i. salazar, and b. e. young. 2003. digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere, version 1. 0. natureserve, arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson, wes sechrest, marcelo tognelli, gerardo ceballos, the nature conservancy - migratory bird program, conservation international - cabs, world wildlife fund - us, and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn, conservation international, and natureserve. 2004. global amphibian assessment. iucn, conservation international, and natureserve, washington, dc and arlington, virginia, usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union, conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used, copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text. any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve. nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication, estoppel, or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve. no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve. except as expressly provided above, nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n). your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above. click on images to enlarge .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish, wildlife, and plants in idaho .\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative. it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education, university of michigan museum of zoology, and the detroit public schools. this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151. copyright © 2002 - 2018, the regents of the university of michigan. all rights reserved." ]

{ "text": [ "eudonia heterosalis is a moth in the crambidae family .", "it was described by mcdunnough in 1961 .", "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from nova scotia to ontario and southern quebec , south to louisiana and florida .", "the wingspan is about 13 mm .", "adults have been recorded on wing from february to november . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 8 ] }

[ "eudonia heterosalis is a moth in the crambidae family. it was described by mcdunnough in 1961. it is found in north america, where it has been recorded from nova scotia to ontario and southern quebec, south to louisiana and florida. the wingspan is about 13 mm. adults have been recorded on wing from february to november." ]

[ "the british specimens found to date closely resemble dark forms of scrobipalpa acuminatella but have slightly more slender forewings and the black spots are more distinctly surrounded with orange brown. in europe, the forewing colour of s. pauperella varies from nearly fuscous to more or less orange brown depending on the ammount of orange scales. if s. pauperella is suspected, retention of a voucher specimen from the original or any new site is considered essential .\nin 2013, several specimens of an unknown scrobipalpa attracted to light in mid - west yorkshire (vc64) from 2011 onwards were critically examined and found to refer to this species .\nlarvae on cirsium palustre (marsh thistle) collected during searches for this species at chippenham fen produced only scrobipalpa acuminatella and no centaurea scabiosa (greater knapweed) was found anywhere near the 1972 / 3 capture site .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 1 / / en\nurltoken\nnotes: extinct in the british isles, this species is known only from seven examples collected in 1972 and 1973, all from chippenham fen nnr, cambridgeshire (mbgbi vol 4 part 2). unlikely to be recorded in hampshire or on the isle of wight. wingspan 10 - 13 mm. the few british specimens known to date closely resemble typical dark s. acuminatella. larva mines leaves of marsh thistle, greater knapweed and white butterbur .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na new species of fish, pseudoliparis swirei, published in zootaxa (4358: 161 - 177) by gerringer, m. e et al. was voted among top 10 new species described in 2017 .\na new species of madagascan crickets described by mustafa ünal and george beccaloni in zootaxa was featured in a national geographic story. well done mustafa and george !\na new species of wolf spider, lycosa aragogi, is named after aragog—the famous fictional spider from “harry potter” book series by j. k. rowling. the new species is similar to the animatronic puppet version of the character used in the film “harry potter and the chamber of secrets”, which is actually based on a wolf spider. the naming of the new species is dedicated to the 20th anniversary of harry potter book series .\nmariah o. pfleger, r. dean grubbs, charles f. cotton, toby s. daly - engel\nidentification of nipaecoccus (hemiptera: coccomorpha: pseudococcidae) species in the united states, with descriptions of nipaecoccus bromelicola sp. n. and the male of n. floridensis beardsley\nif you have any good quality photographs and would like to contribute, please contact me by email at ian @ ukmoths. co. uk .\nukmoths is built, run and maintained by ian kimber, with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries. more often than not you' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache: v317 render date: 2018 - 06 - 16 21: 48: 06 page render time: 0. 2082s total w / procache: 0. 2786s\nplease note that the nbn gateway map service has been terminated as of 1 april 2017 .\nas soon as a replacement map service is available, distribution maps will hopefully appear here again .\nin the meantime, you can get some idea of distribution from the nbn atlas website .\nprocache: v317 render date: 2018 - 06 - 17 12: 57: 13 page render time: 0. 2072s total w / procache: 0. 2668s\nfirst found in june 1972 and again in june 1973, at chippenham fen nnr, cambridgeshire. more recent searches for larvae and adults failed to produce any additional signs at this site and it was subsequently considered extinct in the british isles .\nin europe, the moth is associated with various species of asteraceae (compositae), such as centaurea scabiosa (greater knapweed), cirsium palustre (marsh thistle), cirsium helenioides and petatsites albus (white butterbur). it is also possibly associated with serratula tinctoria (saw - wort). it feeds in the stem of greater knapweed and mines along the midrib of the leaves in marsh thistle .\nfenland at the cambridgeshire site. the yorkshire site is an area of mature mixed woodland with open areas of herb rich magnesian grassland containing several small ponds formed largely of bomb craters on this mod site. the moths were light trapped near one of the wetter parts of the site .\npossibly single - brooded, in june, but insufficient data is currently available to make a definitive judgement. in europe it is considered probably bivoltine with records from april to early june and again in july and august .\nlarva: fenland areas in cambridgeshire where the possible larval foodplant, marsh thistle, occurs would be worth further investigation. checks at the yorkshire have failed to turn up any signs of larval feeding so far .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas, please upload using the upload tools .\nlänsvis förekomst och status för kärrtistelssmåstävmal baserat på sammanställningar och bedömningar av gjorda fynd .\nblå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch. kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade. kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor, t ex arter i ett visst län, i en viss biotop, substrat, som påverkas av en hotfaktor, eller som är knutna till en sk värdart, t ex trädet alm. dessa kan även kombineras .\nsöka fram arter som är rödlistade, knutna till alm, är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .\nsöka fram arter som är rödlistade, lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .\ndefaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer. under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade. om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer. nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .\ndenna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera. du kan t. ex. navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn. du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder, kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista. ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera”, där du kan söka på olika egenskaper. ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .\nthe mit license copyright (c) 2014 - 2016 google, inc. urltoken permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license (mit) copyright (c) 2011 - 2015 twitter, inc permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright (c) 2008 - 2013 sprymedia limited urltoken permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt, urltoken permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright jquery foundation and other contributors, urltoken this software consists of voluntary contributions made by many individuals. for exact contribution history, see the revision history available at urltoken the following license applies to all parts of this software except as documented below: = = = = permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software. = = = = all files located in the node _ modules and external directories are externally maintained libraries used by this software which have their own licenses; we recommend you read them, as their terms may differ from the terms above .\nthe mit license (mit) - urltoken copyright (c) steven sanderson, the knockout. js team, and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright (c) 2009–2015 permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the\nsoftware\n), to deal in the software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of the software, and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software. the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind, express or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement. in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2005 - 2014 openlayers contributors. all rights reserved. redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: 1. redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 2. redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and / or other materials provided with the distribution. this software is provided by openlayers contributors '` as is'' and any express or implied warranties, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed. in no event shall copyright holder or contributors be liable for any direct, indirect, incidental, special, exemplary, or consequential damages (including, but not limited to, procurement of substitute goods or services; loss of use, data, or profits; or business interruption) however caused and on any theory of liability, whether in contract, strict liability, or tort (including negligence or otherwise) arising in any way out of the use of this software, even if advised of the possibility of such damage. the views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies, either expressed or implied, of openlayers contributors .\napparently single - brooded in the country flying in june. on the continent double - brooded\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 / / en\nurltoken\nfor the county, we have a total of 5 records from 1 sites. first recorded in 2011 .\n: the most notable addition of the year. only seven previous british specimens are known, all from a single locality in cambridgeshire in the early 1970s and the species was considered to be extinct in britain. the 2011 and 2012 records below result from retrospective re - appraisal of genitalia determinations made by chf following the identification of the moths taken in 2013 .\nvc64. ellington banks mod, 25. 5 & 8. 7. 2011, four on 27. 6. 2012, several 12. 6. 2013 gen. det. heb (chf)." ]

{ "text": [ "scrobipalpa pauperella is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "it was described by heinemann in 1870 .", "it is found in great britain , luxembourg , spain , france , germany , austria , switzerland , italy , the czech republic , slovakia , poland , hungary , romania , ukraine , belarus , estonia , latvia , russia , sweden , finland , afghanistan , transbaikal and china ( gansu , inner mongolia , ningxia ) .", "the wingspan is 10 – 13 mm .", "the larvae feed on centaurea scabiosa , petasites albus , serratula tinctoria cirsium palustre and cirsium helenoides .", "they mine the leaves of their host plant .", "the mine on cirsium is thought to resemble the mines of scrobipalpa acuminatella .", "the larvae are probably stem borers on centaurea . " ], "topic": [ 2, 5, 20, 9, 8, 11, 11, 8 ] }

[ "scrobipalpa pauperella is a moth in the gelechiidae family. it was described by heinemann in 1870. it is found in great britain, luxembourg, spain, france, germany, austria, switzerland, italy, the czech republic, slovakia, poland, hungary, romania, ukraine, belarus, estonia, latvia, russia, sweden, finland, afghanistan, transbaikal and china (gansu, inner mongolia, ningxia). the wingspan is 10 – 13 mm. the larvae feed on centaurea scabiosa, petasites albus, serratula tinctoria cirsium palustre and cirsium helenoides. they mine the leaves of their host plant. the mine on cirsium is thought to resemble the mines of scrobipalpa acuminatella. the larvae are probably stem borers on centaurea." ]

[ "federal register - designation of critical habitat for southwestern willow flycatcher (9. 6mb pdf )\nspp. in washington and oregon, the willow flycatcher appears to be a lowland species .\nkrcd (kings river conservation district). 1985a. habitat suitability index model: willow flycatcher (\nsanders, s. d. 1998. report to willow flycatcher working group, 15 january 1998 .\ndesignation of revised critical habitat for the southwestern willow flycatcher: proposed rule; reopening of comment period .\nthe southwestern willow flycatcher is a riparian obligate species restricted to dense stream - side vegetation. four general habitat types are used by the southwestern willow flycatcher throughout its range: monotypic high - elevation willow; monotypic exotic (dense stands of saltcedar [\nheavy recreational use of willow flycatcher habitat, especially uses such as off - road vehicles that can compact soils, can negatively affect the quality of willow flycatcher habitat and potentially cause direct disturbance to nesting birds .\n( 5) monitor willow flycatcher population responses to meadow revegetation and restoration. monitoring should include other riparian meadow nesting species in addition to willow flycatchers .\nendangered and threatened wildlife and plants; designation of revised critical habitat for southwestern willow flycatcher (4. 2mb pdf )\nbird watchers that encounter a silent flycatcher often call it a traill' s flycatcher, because without a peep alder and willow flycatchers are nearly impossible to separate in the field. in fact, before 1973, alder and willow flycatchers were considered the same species, the traill' s flycatcher, and the willow still retains the scientific name empidonax traillii .\nprescott, d. r. c. 1986. polygyny in the willow flycatcher. condor 88: 385 - 386 .\nwhen the two species are found together, the willow flycatcher will keep alder flycatchers out of its territory. but it expends more effort to keep out other willow flycatchers .\nmccabe, r. 1991. the little green bird: ecology of the willow flycatcher. rusty rock press, madison, wisconsin .\nwhitfield, m. j. , k. enos, and s. rowe. 1997. reproductive response of the southwestern willow flycatcher (\ngiven the extensive geographic range of the willow flycatcher, it is not surprising that there is geographic variation in the characteristics of willow flycatcher habitats. even in the western united states, substantial variation exists between the habitats of willow flycatchers in oregon and washington as compared to the central and southern sierra nevada or the southwestern region .\nfowler, c. , b. valentine, s. sanders, and m. stafford. 1991. suitability index model: willow flycatcher (\nseveral authors describe openings as an important component of willow flycatcher habitat (grinnell and storer 1924, meanley 1952, king 1955, walkinshaw 1966) .\nland uses adjacent to willow flycatcher habitat that can change the hydrology of the area can have indirect negative effects on willow flycatcher habitat. such uses include timber harvest and associated ground - disturbing activities and ground water extraction. water impoundments can remove upstream willow flycatcher habitat and negatively affect the hydrology of downstream habitat. brown - headed cowbirds are associated with pack stations and groups of livestock (verner and ritter 1983, stafford and valentine 1985), and these land uses on lands adjacent to willow flycatcher nests can cause an increase in the number of brown - headed cowbirds present to potentially parasitize willow flycatcher nests. on the east side of the sierra nevada, cowbirds can travel up to 6. 7 km from feeding sites to parasitize the nests of hosts (rothstein et al. 1984) .\n_ _ _ _ 1988. willow flycatcher annual report - 1987. kings river conservation district res. rep. no. 88 - 01. 18 pp .\nfederal register: endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; designation of critical habitat for the southwestern willow flycatcher (empidonax traillii extimus) (1. 5 mb pdf )\nbombay, h. 1998. willow flycatcher demography study annual report for 1997. letter to diana craig, usda forest service regional office, san francisco, california .\ntibbitts, t. j. , m. k. sogge, and s. j. sferra. 1994. a survey protocol for the southwestern willow flycatcher (\nif a brown - headed cowbird lays its eggs in the nest of a willow flycatcher, the flycatcher may bury the cowbird eggs in the lining of the nest, or even build a completely new nest over the top of the first one to prevent the cowbird egg from hatching .\nwhitfield, m. j. 1990. willow flycatcher reproductive response to brown - headed cowbird parasitism. m. s. thesis, california state university, chico. 44pp .\nat the south fork kern river, willow flycatcher territories averaged 66. 5% bare ground or water and only 33. 5% ground cover (whitfield and enos 1996) .\nu. s. fish and wildlife service. 1995. final rule determining endangered status for the southwestern willow flycatcher. federal register 60 (38): 10694. 43 pp .\nyong, w. , and d. m. finch. 1997. migration of the willow flycatcher along the middle rio grande. wilson bull. 109: 253 - 268 .\nwalkinshaw, l. 1966. summer biology of traill' s flycatcher. wilson bulletin 78: 31 - 46 .\ntaylor, d. m. , and c. d. littlefield. 1986. willow flycatcher and yellow warbler response to cattle grazing. amer. birds 40: 1169 - 1173 .\nu. s. fish and wildlife service. 1993. proposed rule to list the southwestern willow flycatcher as endangered with critical habitat. federal register 58 (40): 39495 - 39522 .\nharris, j. h. 1991. effects of brood parasitism by brown - headed cowbirds on willow flycatcher nesting success along the kern river, california. western birds 22: 13 - 26 .\nmuch of the remaining habitat in california exists at the geographic and altitudinal extremes of the willow flycatcher’s range, where late spring storms, isolation, or other unknown factors reduce the likelihood of successful breeding .\nmuch of the riparian deciduous shrub communities that historically provided habitat for willow flycatchers have all but disappeared in california, especially in the central valley and coastal southern california. existing willow flycatcher habitat is widely dispersed, mostly at small mountain meadows in the sierra nevada. in addition, for\n- - - - 1985b. studies on the willow flycatcher in the central sierra nevada conducted during 1983 and 1984. kings river conservation district res. rep. no. 85 - 017. 66 pp .\nthe southwestern willow flycatcher is present in breeding territories by mid - may. it builds nests and lays eggs in late may and early june (average clutch size is 2 to 5 eggs) and fledges young in early to mid - july. second clutches only occur if the first clutch failed. between august and september, the southwestern willow flycatcher migrates to wintering grounds in mexico, central america, and possibly northern south america. the southwestern willow flycatcher is an insectivore and forages within and above dense riparian vegetation. it catches insects while flying, hovers to glean them from foliage, and occasionally captures insects on the ground .\n) flycatchers. there are five subspecies of the willow flycatcher currently recognized (federal register 1995, browning 1993, unitt 1987). three of these subspecies occur in california (phillips 1948, unitt 1987) .\nwater is always present on sierra nevadan willow flycatcher territories, in the form of running water, standing water (pools), or saturated soils (harris et al. 1988, sanders and flett 1989) .\nthe oldest recorded willow flycatcher was a female, and at least 11 years old when she was recaptured and rereleased during banding operations in california in 2010. she had been banded in the same state in 2001 .\nstafford, m. d. and b. e. valentine. 1985. a preliminary report on the biology of the willow flycatcher in the central sierra nevada. cal - neva wildlife transactions 1985: 66 - 77 .\n12 - month findings on petitions to list a species and remove a species from the federal lists of endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; notice of 12 - month petition findings (beaverpond marstonia and southwestern willow flycatcher) .\nfederal register. 1995. final rule determining endangered status for the southwestern willow flycatcher. 50 cfr part 17; rin 1018 ab 97. v. 60, n. 38, p. 10694, february 27, 1995 .\nsogge, m. k. , t. j. tibbitts, and j. r. peterson. 1997b. status and breeding ecology of the southwestern willow flycatcher in the grand canyon. western birds 28: 142 - 157 .\n( 7) brown - headed cowbird nest parasitism. options: (a) manage livestock so that aggregations of livestock do not occur near willow flycatcher nest sites; (b) no new construction of facilities such as pack stations, corrals, and salting facilities, which concentrate livestock, within 3 - 6 miles of areas managed for nesting willow flycatcher (fowler et al. 1991, verner and ritter 1983). if these distances are not attainable or if there are landscape features or habitat that concentrate livestock, livestock use of aggregation areas should not occur during the breeding season (usfs 1993); (c) implement a cowbird trapping program in selected areas with both high willow flycatcher densities and high cowbird nest parasitism .\ngriffith wildlife biology. 1995. the status of the southwestern willow flycatcher at the upper san luis rey river, san diego county, california, in 1994. report for usda forest service, palomar ranger district, ramona, calif. 19pp .\nflycatchers don’t learn their songs from their parents like many other birds. instead flycatchers hatch knowing their songs. scientists tested this by raising willow flycatchers in captivity while letting them listen to an alder flycatcher sing its free beer song. despite hearing this song all day, willow chicks grew up to sing their species’ own fitz - bew .\nlivestock grazing can also indirectly affect willow flycatcher habitat by altering the vegetation and hydrology. livestock can eat the lower branches of riparian deciduous shrubs and consume or trample young riparian plants (taylor 1986). a decrease in foliar density within the lower 1. 5 m (5 ft .) of riparian deciduous vegetation, where most willow flycatcher nests occur, is of particular concern (fowler et al. 1991). in utah, duff (1979) found that livestock exclusion resulted in an increase in the portion of willow plants favored by willow flycatchers for nesting. in oregon, taylor and littlefield (1986) found that the increase in a willow flycatcher population coincided with a dramatic decrease in the number of cattle using the area and the elimination of willow cutting and spraying. in another area, these authors found a negative statistical correlation between frequency of cattle grazing on an annual basis and the numbers of willow flycatchers (ibid). most of the studied areas had undergone prolonged (up to 50 years), intensive annual grazing by livestock, as well as cutting and spraying of willows .\nsedgwick, james a. 2000. willow flycatcher (empidonax traillii), version 2. 0. in the birds of north america (p. g. rodewald, editor). cornell lab of ornithology, ithaca, new york, usa .\nserena (1982) found that willow flycatchers in california had a preference for tall clumps of shrubs separated by open areas. in the little truckee river area ,\nwillow flycatcher territories included willow clumps interspersed with clearings. the willow cover on 22 territories ranged from 5% - 80% (mean = 44% , sd = 22% )\n( sanders and flett 1989). the willows ranged in height from 2 - 3 m. the critical factor was the availability of openings around the willow clumps; no territories were located in areas with a solid contiguous mass of willows (sanders and flett 1989) .\nspp .) (serena 1982, harris et al. 1988, whitfield et al. 1997). riparian deciduous shrubs or trees, such as willow or alder, are essential elements on willow flycatcher territories (sanders and flett 1989, harris et al. 1988). in mountain meadows, willow thickets interspersed with open space are typically utilized, while large, contiguous willow thickets are avoided (ibid). however, in lowland riverine habitats, contiguous willow thickets are used, possibly because the linear nature of these areas provide sufficient edge and / or the tree - like willows typically found in these areas provide sufficient openings within the willow canopy (harris 1991, r. wilson, pers. comm .) .\nhow to separate migrating from breeding individuals. willow flycatchers (all subspecies) sing during migration and\nnatural song from a bird about 12m away in the top of a willow along flowing boulder creek .\nthis species has declined because of removing, thinning, or destroying riparian vegetation; water diversions and groundwater pumping which alter riparian vegetation; overstocking or other mismanagement of livestock; and recreational development. in addition to above threats, the southwestern willow flycatcher is also subject to cowbird parasitism .\nvalentine, b. e. 1987. implications of recent research on the willow flycatcher to forest management. usda, usfs, pacific southwest region, annual workshop. fresno, calif. , king' s river conserv. dist. research rep. 87 - 01. 17pp .\n( 4) comparisons of net reproductive rate and vegetation structure in grazed and ungrazed areas. while curtailment of grazing in riparian zones with nesting willow flycatchers from june through mid - august should occur on all sites to prevent physical disturbance to willow flycatcher nests, some areas should be protected year round from grazing to maintain high foliage density, eliminate browse lines, and prevent soil compaction and gullying .\nspp .) (serena 1982, harris et al. 1988). willow flycatchers have also been found in other riparian environments of various types and sizes ranging from small willow - surrounded lakes or ponds with a fringe of meadow or grassland to various willow - lined streams, grasslands, or boggy areas. breeding willow flycatchers have not been detected above 2, 500 m (8, 000 feet) elevation in california .\n: all three subspecies are listed as state threatened and u. s. forest service region 5 sensitive in california. the u. s. fish and wildlife service has designated the willow flycatcher a sensitive species in region 1 (washington, oregon, idaho, california, and nevada) .\nmckernan, r. l. 1997. status, distribution, and habitat affinities of the southwestern willow flycatcher along the lower colorado river: year 1 - 1996. report prepared for the u. s. bureau of reclamation, lower colorado river region, boulder city, nevada. 42 pp .\nthe southwestern willow flycatcher breeds only near surface water or saturated soil, at least during the early stages of pair formation and nest building (sogge et al. 1997a; whitfield et al. 1997). water may dry up and is not necessarily present at the later stages of the breeding cycle .\nin california, water is always present on willow flycatcher territories, in the form of running water, standing water (pools), or saturated soils during the early stages of the breeding season (harris et al. 1988, sanders and flett 1989). sites with singing willow flycatchers were covered by a significantly higher percent of water than sites where no flycatchers were detected (harris et al. 1988) .\n: this subspecies seems to be an exception to the finding that willow flycatchers do not occur in areas of dense tree cover. on the south fork kern river, mean canopy cover on plots around the nest was 74. 4% , range 22% - 100% (whitfield and enos 1996). although canopy cover can be dense, the flycatcher nests are often in large openings under the willow canopy (harris 1991) .\nwillow flycatchers are still common in most parts of their range, though their populations declined by 46% from 1970 to 2014, according to partners in flight. the estimated global breeding population is 9. 4 million. willow flycatchers rate an 11 out of 20 on the continental concern score, which means they are not on the watch list. although the species is still common, the southwestern willow flycatcher is a federally listed endangered species. its population is threatened by brown - headed cowbird parasitism, habitat loss and degradation, and overgrazing. back to top\nthe breeding range of the southwestern willow flycatcher includes southern california, arizona, new mexico, extreme southern portions of nevada and utah, far western texas, perhaps southwestern colorado, and extreme northwestern mexico. in nevada this subspecies can be found along the virgin river, lower muddy river, colorado river, and pahranagat valley .\nharris, j. h. , s. d. sanders, and m. a. flett. 1988. the status and distribution of the willow flycatcher in the sierra nevada: results of the survey. calif. dept. of fish and game, wildlife management division, administrative report 88 - 1. 32pp .\nsogge, m. k. , t. j. tibbitts, c. van ripper iii, and t. may. 1995. status of the southwestern willow flycatcher along the colorado river in grand canyon national park - - 1995. summary report. national biological service colorado plateau research station / northern arizona university. 26 pp .\nwhitfield, m. j. , and c. m. strong. 1995. a brown - headed cowbird control program and monitoring for the southwestern willow flycatcher, south fork kern river, california, 1995. report prepared for california dept. of fish and game, wildlife management division, nongame bird and mammal section. 17pp .\nwhitfield, m. j. , and k. enos. 1996. a brown - headed cowbird control program and monitoring for the southwestern willow flycatcher, south fork kern river, california, 1996. prepared for: u. s. army corps of engineers, sacramento district and the calif. dept. of fish and game .\nthe southwestern willow flycatcher breeds in relatively dense riparian tree and shrub communities associated with rivers, swamps, and other wetlands including lakes and reservoirs. in most instances, the dense vegetation occurs within the first 10 to 13 feet above ground. habitat patches must be at least 0. 25 ac in size and at least 30 feet wide. historically the southwestern willow flycatcher nested in native vegetation including willows, seepwillow, boxelder, buttonbush, and cottonwood. following modern changes to riparian communities, this subspecies still nests in native vegetation, but also uses thickets dominated by non - native tamarisk and russian olive, or in mixed native non - native stands. the flycatcher builds a small open cup nest, most often 6. 5 to 23feet above ground in a fork or on a horizontal branch of a medium - sized bush or small tree with dense vegetation above and around the nest .\nsogge, m. k. , r. m. marshall, s. j. sferra, and t. j. tibbitts. 1997a. a southwestern willow flycatcher natural history summary and survey protocol. usdi national park service, colorado plateau research station at northern arizona university. technical report nps / naucprs / nrtr - 97 / 12 .\n( 7) study the effects of human and livestock presence around willow flycatcher nests on the behavior and nesting success of willow flycatchers. in the tahoe and toiyabe national forests, bombay (1998) observed that\nwillow flycatchers are easily agitated when humans are in the vicinity (10 - 20 m) of an active nest. when agitated, they tend to become very vocal, and this in turn could attract nest predators .\nthis could have been a factor in the lower nest success rate observed in an area with cattle present during the nesting season (see (5) above) .\nriparian deciduous shrubs, such as willow or alder, are essential elements on willow flycatcher territories in the sierra nevada and cascades (sanders and flett 1989, harris et al. 1988). foliage density in the lower 2 m (6. 5 ft) of the riparian deciduous vegetation layer should be greater than 25% and 75% and above is optimal (fowler et al. 1991). in the little truckee river area, density of willow foliage around the nest averaged about 70% (n = 11, sd = 25% , range = 10 - 95% ; sanders and flett 1989). in mountain meadows, willow thickets interspersed with open space are typically utilized, while large, contiguous willow thickets are avoided (sanders and flett 1989, harris et al. 1988). other plants found on nesting territories include: blackberry (\nmccarthey, t. d. , c. e. paradzick, j. w. rourke, m. w. sumner, and r. f. davidson 1998. arizona partners in flight southwestern willow flycatcher 1997 survey and nest monitoring report. arizona game and fish department, phoenix, arizona. nongame and endangered wildlife program technical report 130 .\nthe best time to go looking for a willow flycatcher is late may through june, shortly after they arrive on the breeding grounds and when singing is at its peak. look for them in wet meadows, perching on top of or low at the edges of willows and other shrubs. males tend to sit and sing from the same spot, so you' ll have time to zero in on their location. it is possible to see them outside of the breeding season, but they can be much harder to identify if they are not singing. if you see a silent flycatcher during migration, the timing of your sighting can help narrow down your choices—willow flycatchers tend to arrive later in the spring than other empidonax flycatchers .\n), and white alders (griffith wildlife biology 1995). on the santa ynez river, canopy trees in addition to red willow (\nno specific information found. however, any activity that reduces insect abundance, particularly of hymenopterans and dipterans, would negatively affect willow flycatchers .\nin washington and oregon, several vegetation types have been mentioned in descriptions of willow flycatcher habitat, including the following: deciduous growth around the borders of clearings and brushy lowlands (jewett et al. 1953); shrubby portions of wooded stream bottoms (gabrielson and jewett 1940); willow thickets bordering streamside lakes, woodland edges, young alder forests and tall brush at the margins of fields (gilligan et al. 1994); riparian hawthorne thickets, shrub stratum of floodplain forest, upland prairie remnants with hawthorne, rose or\nsferra, s. j. , t. e. corman, c. e. paradzick, j. w. rourke, j. a. spencer, and m. w. sumner. 1997. arizona partners in flight southwestern willow flycatcher survey: 1993 - 1996 summary report. arizona game and fish department, phoenix, arizona. nongame and endangered wildlife program technical report 113 .\nin the last four decades, willow flycatchers have been eliminated from most lower elevation habitats in the state (unitt 1987). recent declining population trends are illustrated by declines from 1989 to 1992 at the south fork kern river (whitfield et al. 1997). however, cowbird control programs are credited with stabilizing or increasing willow flycatcher populations at the south fork kern river, kern county, (whitfield et al. 1997) and camp pendleton and the upper san luis rey river, san diego county (griffith wildlife biology 1995) .\nwillow flycatchers are frequently parasitized by brown - headed cowbirds, especially in the lowland portions of their range (grinnell and miller 1944, friedman 1963). friedmann (1963) reported 150 instances of brown - headed cowbird parasitism of willow flycatchers; 41 of these were reports from southern california .\nin southern california, the southwestern willow flycatcher breeds on the san luis rey river, san diego county; on camp pendleton, san diego county on the santa margarita river and pilgrim, de luz, french, and las flores creeks (griffith wildlife biology 1995); and on the santa ynez river, santa barbara county (holmgren and collins 1995; us fish and wildlife service 1997) .\nnon - shrub trees do not appear to be a required habitat component, but willow flycatchers will use scattered trees for singing and foraging perches and females will use the foliage of trees as gleaning substrate during the nestling period (krcd 1985a, harris et al. 1988, sanders and flett 1989). several authors describe edge, in the form of openings within thickets of riparian deciduous shrubs, as an important component of willow flycatcher habitat (walkinshaw 1966, serena 1982, harris et al. 1988, sanders and flett 1989) .\non the west slope, but this assumption must be tested. these sites support the largest numbers of nesting willow flycatchers in the central sierra nevada .\nharris, j. h. 1997. draft survey protocol for willow flycatchers on national forest service lands in the pacific southwest region. unpublished mimeo .\nsedgwick, j. a. and f. l. knopf. 1989. regionwide polygyny in willow flycatchers. condor 91: 473 - 475 .\nin contrast, habitat descriptions for the central and southern sierra nevada emphasize riparian, willow - dominated vegetation (grinnell and miller 1944, gaines 1988, serena 1982, harris et al. 1988) habitat typically includes moist meadows with perennial streams and smaller spring - fed or boggy areas with willow (\nrecorded using a sony walkman digital audio tape recorder (sony tcd - d8) on sony digital audio tape (dat) through a sennheiser mke 600 microphone. this is an unedited recording of a banded adult male on its (breeding) territory within my long - term southwestern willow flycatcher study area. call was given from the top of a large western sycamore (platanus racemosa) near the center of the territory .\nlind, a. j. , r. a. wilson, and h. h. welsh, jr. 1992. distribution and habitat associations of the willow flycatcher, western pond turtle, and foothill yellow - legged frog on the main fork trinity river. interim report prepared for the wildlife working group, trinity river restoration project, usdi fish and wildlife service and bureau of reclamation, weaverville, california. 48pp .\n( 6) study the importance of understory vegetation, particularly grasses and forbs, to willow flycatcher nest success. in one year of study on the tahoe and toiyabe national forests, bombay (1998) found lower nest success at a site with cattle present during the nesting season versus ungrazed sites. this lower success rate was not due to direct nest disturbance. the cause of this lower success rate is unknown, but herbaceous vegetation around some nest sites was reduced to less than two inches and it is known that willow flycatchers commonly use fibers from dead standing plants to build their nests .\nwillow flycatchers in the sierra nevada have been observed nesting near trails created or maintained by livestock. this placement near the edges of willow clumps makes the nests susceptible to being knocked over by cattle (stafford and valentine 1985, flett and sanders 1987, valentine 1987, valentine et al. 1988, sanders and flett 1989) .\nin the sierra nevada, the species has declined (harris 1987), becoming alarmingly scarce in the yosemite region (gaines 1977, 1988). the consensus is that the population in the sierra nevada has declined significantly during the past ten years, especially populations on the west slope of the sierra nevada (willow flycatcher working group meeting, january, 1998). however, the discovery of two new populations in 1997 in the cascades (see current breeding distribution) is encouraging. the densities of willow flycatchers in 1997 at perazzo meadow and lacey valley seemed about the same as those in 1986 and 1987 (sanders 1998) .\nflett, m. a. and s. d. sanders. 1987. ecology of a sierra nevada population of willow flycatchers. western birds 18: 37 - 42 .\nthe winter range (all subspecies) extends from nayarit and southwestern oaxaca, mexico, south to panama and possibly extreme northwestern columbia (aou 1998). willow flycatchers prefer pacific slope, arid scrub, and brushland habitats (fitzpatrick 1980). there is no clear evidence that the subspecies of willow flycatchers segregate on the wintering grounds (unitt 1997) .\na local, concentrated source of nutrients in the form of flying insects is required to meet the nutritional needs of territorial establishment and defense, mating, nest building, egg laying, brooding, and nestling rearing. bent (1942) states that 96% of the diet of this species consists of animal matter, with most of this in the form of flying insects. these insects are either attracted to water for consumptive proposes, or require it for the aquatic phase of their life cycle. after the breeding season, when willow flycatcher fledglings are able to forage for themselves and become more mobile, the willow flycatchers are not as dependent on a localized food source .\nthis subspecies has a grayish - green back and wings, whitish throat, light gray - olive breast, and pale yellowish belly. two wingbars are visible; the eye ring is faint or absent. the upper mandible is dark and the lower is light. the most distinguishing characteristic between the southwestern willow and other willow flycatchers is their song, a sneezy “fitz - bew” .\n( unitt 1987). on the east side of the sierra nevada, willow flycatchers were considered common along the lower streams in the vicinity of mono lake (grinnell and storer 1924) .\nin a study in southeastern washington, willow flycatchers occupied open, park - like areas, avoided dense thickets, and were found on the edges of openings and thickets (king 1955) .\nwillow flycatchers aren' t your typical backyard bird, but they may stop by your yard during migration. learn how to provide migration habitat for these and other migrants by visiting habitat network .\nthe habitat descriptions presented above suggest that willow flycatchers occupy a broader range of habitats in oregon and washington than in the central and southern sierra nevada. the range of shrub species utilized and the requirement for water are two aspects of habitat that appear to change from north to south. recent observations in california (j. villegas, pers. comm .) suggest that northern california willow flycatchers might not conform to breeding habitat descriptions based on work in the central and southern sierra nevada. in the modoc national forest, willow flycatchers have been seen occupying breeding habitat with a shrub stratum of\nwillow flycatchers generally do not occur in areas with dense tree cover although they will use scattered trees on their territories for singing and foraging perches (bent 1942, king 1955, walkinshaw 1966) .\nthis aptly named bird is found in willow thickets and other brushy areas near streams, marshes, or other wetlands, and in clear - cuts and other open areas with nearby trees or brush .\nin the sierra nevada, the preferred vegetation is willow, alder, and creek dogwood (fowler et al. 1991). other phreatophytic shrubs are infrequently used (bent 1942, krcd 1985b) .\nfrom atop a willow or other tall shrub, sounds of fitz - bew float through the air. males sit upright, throw back their head, and flick their tail upward with each song. from these and other perches, they sally out to nab insects in midair or hover above leaves to pick off insects. if they feel threatened by an intruding willow flycatcher they often flick their tail, spread out their tail feathers, flick their wings, or give chase. they are mostly monogamous, but males sometimes mate with more than one female. during courtship pairs chase each other around while calling. males and females frequently return to the same or nearby territories in successive seasons, and some even re - pair with same mate. back to top\nwater is almost always present on southwestern willow flycatcher territories, at least at the beginning of the breeding season (sogge et al. 1997a). at the south fork kern river, distance from nest to nearest water averages 21. 2 m (sd = 4. 4, range = 0 - 250 m, n = 140 nests; whitfield et al. 1997). almost half (46 %) of the nests were above water at the time they were built or shortly before they were built (whitfield et al. 1997) .\nvalentine (1987) suggested that an important character of willow flycatcher habitat in the central sierra nevada was the openness of the tree canopy. he suggested that fire may result in early successional stages that may provide usable nesting habitat. this was based on a sighting of a territorial male that behaved as if paired in a thick shrub field that was the result of an old forest fire. the site was mesic and shrub species diversity was high, but the site was not a typical sierra nevada meadow (b. valentine, pers. comm .) .\non the south fork kern river, the average ground cover is 33. 5% (sd = 27. 25, n = 153), with a range of 0% - 99% (whitfield and enos 1996). ground cover is often sparse in willow flycatcher territories because of the density of the canopy (mean = 93. 35% , s. d. = 1. 04, range = 20% - 100% , n = 150), as well as the presence of surface water (whitfield and enos 1996) .\nthe willow flycatcher is one of the largest flycatchers in the genus empidonax, with a relatively flat forehead and distinct peak on the rear of its crown. it is gray in color, with buffy or light - gray wing - bars and an almost invisible white eye - ring. the lack of visible eye - ring helps distinguish it from the other empidonax flycatchers. it has a pale breast and white throat, and the base of the lower mandible is yellow. its bill is broad with a pale lower mandible and a long, broad, straight - sided tail .\n. surveyors should be aware that willow flycatchers may occupy sites in the northern portions of california which more closely resemble habitats described in oregon and washington than those described for the central and southern sierra nevada. surveyors should also be aware that migrating willow flycatchers may occupy a wide range of environments that differ in shrub species composition, slope and hydrology from those occupied during breeding activities .\n( end of quotes from harris 1997 )\nnests on the south fork kern river are often made of stinging nettle fiber (m. whitfield, pers. comm .), as well as thistle fibers, strands of dried willow bark, grasses, animal hair, and the fluffy\ncotton\nborne by both willow and cottonwood seeds (harris 1991). nests on the colorado river in the grand canyon are made of tamarisk leaves (sogge et al. 1997b) .\nthe willow flycatcher breeds in\nmoist brushy thickets, open second - growth, and riparian woodland, especially with willow and buttonbush .\n( aou 1998). its breeding range extends\nfrom central british columbia, southern alberta, southern saskatchewan, southwestern manitoba, northern north dakota, western and southern minnesota, central wisconsin, michigan, southern ontario, southwestern quebec, central maine, new brunswick, prince edward island, and nova scotia (possibly) south to southern california (local, formerly widespread), northern baja california and northern sonora (at least formerly), southern arizona (locally), southern new mexico, northeastern oklahoma, arkansas (rarely), northeastern louisiana, central tennessee, northern georgia, western south carolina, western north carolina, and central and eastern virginia (aou 1998) .\nthe ground cover in sierra nevadan meadows occupied by willow flycatchers is dominated by grasses, rushes, and sedges (sanders and flett 1989). in the shaver lake area, vegetation density was relatively dense between 0. 0 and 0. 5 m (80% of the points had cover) due to grasses, forbs, and willow stems (krcd 1985b). duff from the previous season’s growth must be available for nest material .\nmale willow flycatchers establish territory boundaries prior to pair formation and maintain them early in the season by singing from elevated perches. territorial overlap between adjacent males is minimal. willow flycatchers conduct most of their foraging and other activities within their territories (krcd 1985a), however both males and females use adjacent areas (sanders and flett 1989). in southern michigan, 1957 - 1964, average territory size was 0. 7 ha (walkinshaw 1966) .\nat the south fork kern river, southwestern willow flycatchers primarily foraged in the middle third of the tree - like willows and tended to glean in canopy spaces within the willows (j. harris, pers. comm .) .\nwillow flycatchers are drab brownish - olive birds that are best known for their voice—a sneezy fitz - bew that emanates from wet willow thickets across north america. they’re one of the infamous empidonax flycatchers, a name virtually synonymous with difficult id. look for them singing their distinctive song on top of willows and other shrubs in early summer just after they arrive from central and south america where they spend the winter. although they’re common across the united states, the southwestern subspecies is federally endangered .\ncowbird trapping has lowered the parasitism by brown - headed cowbirds to an average of 20. 8% from 1993 to 1997 (range 38% in 1993 to 11% in 1996), stabilizing breeding populations on the south fork kern river (whitfield et al. 1997). although cowbird trapping has significantly increased willow flycatcher reproductive success at the south fork kern, predation has been high enough to prevent an increase in the number of breeding pairs thus far (whitfield et al. 1997). populations at camp pendleton and the upper san luis rey river have increased due to cowbird trapping to protect least bell' s vireos (griffith wildlife biology 1995) .\nin mountain meadows, willow flycatchers appear to prefer nesting near the edges of vegetation clumps and near streams (valentine et al. 1988, sanders and flett 1989). in meadows along the little truckee river, nests were built in shrub willows (\non the west side of the sierra nevada, willow flycatchers were considered common summer residents in yosemite valley and surrounding areas (grinnell and storer 1924, gaines 1988), and in sequoia and kings canyon national parks and surrounding areas (sumner and dixon 1953) .\npaxton, e. , s. m. landridge, and m. k. sogge. 1997. banding and population genetics of southwestern willow flycatchers in arizona, 1997 summary report. u. s. geological service, colorado plateau field station report. 63pp .\nwillow flycatchers typically forage in the shrub layer, or in low trees. they watch from a perch, fly out to grasp prey in quick darts, and return to the perch. they also glean prey from twigs and branches as they hover in the foliage .\nwillow flycatchers are known to breed at elevations from near sea level to 2440 m (8, 000 feet) (grinnell and miller 1944, zeiner et al. 1990). historically the low elevations of the san joaquin and sacramento valleys were probably the prime habitat .\npowers, l. 1993. summary of monitoring efforts for a population of willow flycatchers in perazzo meadows, 1992 and 1993. work conducted by san francisco state university’s sierra nevada field campus in conjunction with usfs, sierraville district, tahoe national forest. unpubl. report 4pp .\nfemales pick a spot within low shrubs and bushes, often near the outer edge. most nests are in willow, but she also builds her nest in box elder, dogwood, hawthorn, bracken fern, and tamarisk. she places the nest about 2–5 feet above the ground .\nhave been documented nesting is the 0. 25 ha poison meadow in the south central sierra nevada (krcd 1985a). fowler et al. (1991) felt that studies on the little truckee river and surveys across california suggest this size is an absolute minimum. in two statewide surveys, meadows 8 ha and larger made up the majority of the meadows in which willow flycatchers were detected: in 1981, 20 out of 24 meadows with willow flycatchers were greater than 8 ha in size (serena 1982) and, in 1986, 104 out of 111 singing male willow flycatchers were detected in meadows greater than 8 ha in size and none in meadows less than 4 ha in size (harris et al. 1988). in 1997, 25 nests in the tahoe, toiyabe, and plumas national forests were located in patches that averaged 107 m\nwhile only a single study was found on use of migratory stopover sites, it appears that willow flycatchers stay only briefly at stopover sites. on the middle rio grande river in new mexico, of 84 migrant willow flycatchers captured in two years, only seven were recaptured (yong and finch 1997). all the recaptures occurred within one day of the initial capture and had added on average 1. 6% body mass / day. about 50% of the captures had no fat stores, suggesting that stopovers are brief but frequent (yong and finch 1997) .\nwillow flycatchers winter in the amazon basin and are one of the latest birds to arrive in washington in the spring. it is often the end of may before they are back on their breeding grounds. they head south in early fall, leaving washington in late august or early september .\nwillow flycatchers primarily eat insects that they catch in midair or pick from leaves while hovering. they eat bees, wasps, ants, beetles, damselflies, butterflies, moths, and flies. in the fall they occasionally eat blackberries, raspberries, currants, and dogwood berries. back to top\nin the sierra nevada and cascade mountains of california, willow flycatchers nest in riparian deciduous shrub assemblages, usually willows, generally between 1 and 3 m (3. 3 to 10 ft) in height (serena 1982). thus, average height of canopy trees is not an important factor .\nvalentine, b. e. , t. a. roberts, s. d. boland, and a. p. woodman. 1988. livestock management and productivity of willow flycatchers in the central sierra nevada. transactions of the western section of the wildlife society 24: 105 - 114 .\nwhitfield, m. j. and j. j. placer. 1994. brown - headed cowbird control program and monitoring for the southwestern willow flycatchers, south fork kern river, california. report prepared for california dept. of fish and game, wildlife management division, nongame bird and mammal section .\n, harris 1991, whitfield et al. 1997); grazing disturbance (valentine et al. 1988); loss of meadow habitat due to reservoir and hydroelectric developments (serena 1982); loss of willow habitat due to bulldozing, chaining, or intentionally set fires (serena 1982); lodgepole pine (\n( 3) studies of reproductive success, site fidelity, survivorship, and vegetation structure of selected populations to determine net reproductive rate and contributing factors. these studies will require banding of willow flycatchers. identification of environmental factors influencing these populations and identification of source / sink areas can be determined from these data .\nat the south fork kern river, the average nest height is 2. 2 m (sd = 1. 36, n = 186) (whitfield et al. 1997) most nests (108 of 134) were between 0. 6 and 3 m (2 - 10 ft) high, with the highest nest at 10 m (33 ft) (whitfield et al. 1997). nests were placed significantly higher and placed farther into willow clumps at the kern river preserve (extimus subspecies) than those reported at higher altitude study sites (krcd 1988, valentine et al. 1988). this may reflect differences in habitat structure between the short, shrubby willows of montane meadows and the larger willows characteristic of the lowland mature riparian forest (ibid). the later also provides large openings under the tree willow canopy, allowing nest placement near an edge within the canopy but far from the outer edge of the willow clump .\nwillow flycatchers are common in appropriate habitats such as clear - cuts, to elevations of at least 3, 000 feet on both sides of the cascades. they are rare along the outer coast and uncommon on the western side of the olympic peninsula. migrants and non - breeders are sometimes seen in the columbia basin .\nthe range of habitats used is much wider than that preferred for breeding and includes narrow, linear riparian strips less than 10 m (33 ft) wide (sogge et al. 1997a) and shrubs and trees in parks and gardens (pers. obs .). on the middle rio grande river, netting was done in four habitat types: willow, cottonwood - russian olive, agricultural fields, and cottonwood - other habitats. willow habitat had the highest capture rate (n = 34. 1 birds / 10, 000 net hours), with dense young cottonwood - russian olive having the next highest rate (n = 16. 0 birds / 10, 000 net hours) (yong and finch 1997). willow flycatchers were observed flycatching and gleaning from foliage. vegetation structure probably also played a role, with more captures occurring in habitats with dense shrub vegetation than in open, shrubless habitats (i. e. cottonwood - other and agriculture) .\nin the sierra nevada, densities at two study sites were 5 pairs per 40 ha (100 acres) and 4 pairs per 40 ha (100 acres) (sanders and flett 1989). however, because of the selection of specific microsites within meadows (e. g. , wetter areas), breeding density is difficult to calculate for this species. in the shaver lake area at long and dinkey meadows, the density of willow flycatchers in 1984 averaged 0. 24 territories per ha or 9. 6 pairs per 40 ha. (krcd 1985b). single pairs of willow flycatchers are known to breed in the absence of other individuals .\nalthough willow flycatchers are relatively easy to detect, they are at such low numbers that they cannot be adequately monitored solely by multi - species monitoring techniques (e. g. , breeding bird survey, monitoring avian productivity and survival sites). a species - specific monitoring method should be used. an updated survey protocol for\nhistorically, willow flycatchers nested throughout california wherever riparian deciduous shrubs, mainly thickets of willows, occurred (grinnell and miller 1944). altitudes of known nestings occurred from within 30 m (100 ft .) of sea level to 2, 440 m (8, 000 ft .) (grinnell and miller 1944). habitat was most common at lower elevations, rarely occurring at the 1, 830 to 2, 440 m (6, 000 - 8, 000 ft .) range in the sierra nevada (bent 1942). the historic breeding distribution of willow flycatchers in california probably included representatives of three subspecies (phillips 1948, unitt 1987) .\nthere are insufficient data to determine trends in california of any subspecies of willow flycatchers or the species as a whole using breeding bird survey (bbs) data (p = 0. 24, n = 14 routes between 1966 and 1996). throughout north america, willow flycatchers have shown a significant 1. 2% per year decline from 1966 to 1996 (p = 0. 01, n = 1053 routes) (sauer et al. 1997). during the same time period, the western bbs region has experienced a 2. 3% per year decline (p < 0. 01, n = 311 routes). oregon and washington, where both\n( 1) work to clarify subspecies status in northern california and east of the sierra nevadan crest. this should include work to identify subspecies genetically. for the purposes of this paper willow flycatchers at high elevation on the east side of the sierra nevada (perazzo meadow, little truckee river, and red lake) are assumed to be\nmales will use the highest, most exposed perches, such as branches on the tops of willow shrubs or on trees and snags, as singing perches. the distinctive male territorial song is a\nfitz - bew .\nfemale willow flycatchers are also known to sing, and will do so loudly and repeatedly (seutin 1987, sogge et al. 1997b). the songs of females are identical to those of males (seutin 1987), thus making estimation of population size by monitoring singing birds much less certain, since each singing bird may not represent a separate territory. also, migrant individuals may also sing, sometimes responding vigorously to tapes (sogge et al. 1997b) .\n( 2) a statewide survey for willow flycatchers, including all patches of suitable habitat or potentially suitable breeding sites for all subspecies. most surveys conducted to date include only a portion of their range in the state. a model from statewide surveys conducted in arizona can be found in mccarthy et al. 1998 and sferra et al. 1997 .\n]; native broadleaf dominated, and mixed native / exotic (sogge et al. 1997a). of these, native broadleaf dominated and mixed native / exotic are mainly used in california. the native broadleaf dominated habitat is composed of a single species (e. g. , goodding' s or other willow species) or a mixture of broadleaf trees and shrubs, including cottonwood [" ]

{ "text": [ "the willow flycatcher ( empidonax traillii ) is a small insect-eating , neotropical migrant bird of the tyrant flycatcher family .", "there are four subspecies of the willow flycatcher currently recognized , all of which breed in north america ( including three subspecies that breed in california ) .", "empidonax flycatchers are almost impossible to tell apart in the field so biologists use their songs to distinguish between them .", "the binomial commemorates the scottish zoologist thomas stewart traill . " ], "topic": [ 12, 5, 14, 5 ] }

[ "the willow flycatcher (empidonax traillii) is a small insect-eating, neotropical migrant bird of the tyrant flycatcher family. there are four subspecies of the willow flycatcher currently recognized, all of which breed in north america (including three subspecies that breed in california). empidonax flycatchers are almost impossible to tell apart in the field so biologists use their songs to distinguish between them. the binomial commemorates the scottish zoologist thomas stewart traill." ]

[ "calyptraeidae lamarck, j. b. p. a. de, 1809 thumbnails\nevolution of mode of development in crepidula (gastropoda: calyptraeidae: causes and consequences / by rachel collin .\ncheila modeer, 1793: synonym of cheilea modeer, 1793 - this is actually in the hipponicidae not the calyptraeidae .\nwhat made you want to look up calyptraeidae? please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible) .\nanother last word on crepidula convexa with a description of c. ustulatulina n. sp. (gastropoda: calyptraeidae) from the gulf of mexico and southern florida\nespecies gemelas del género crepidula (gastropoda, calyptraeidae) en la costa de chile; una redescripción de c. dilatata lamarck y descripción de c. fecunda n. sp\nhoagland, k. e. 1977. systematic review of the fossil and recent crepidula and discussion of evolution of the calyptraeidae. malacologica 16 (2): 353 - 420 .\nmarshall b. a. 2003. a review of the recent and late cenozoic calyptraeidae of new zealand (mollusca: gastropoda). the veliger 46 (2): 117 - 144 [ details ]\nhoagland, k. e. 1977. systematic review of fossil and recent crepidula and discussion of the evolution of the calyptraeidae. malacologia, 16 (2): 353 - 420. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ncollin, r. 2002. another last word on crepidula convexa and a description of c. ustulatulina sp. nov. (gastropoda: calyptraeidae) from the gulf of mexico. bulletin of marine science 70: 177 - 184 .\ncollin r. 2005. development, phylogeny, and taxonomy of bostrycapulus (caenogastropoda: calyptraeidae), an ancient cryptic radiation. zoological journal of the linnean society 144 (1): 75 - 101, available online at urltoken [ details ]\ncollin, r. 2001. the effects of mode of development on phylogoegraphy and population structure of north atlantic crepidula (gastropoda calyptraeidae). molecular ecology. 10: 2249 - 2262. [ this includes, c. atrasolea, c. depressa and c. ustulatulina ]\nspecies in all three genera of the calyptraeidae are suspension feeders. they collect phytoplankton on mucus covering the gills. phytoplankton are then transported to the mouth on a mucus string along the dorsal right side of the neck. the string is drawn into the mouth by the radula .\ndiego g. zelaya, jan a. pechenik, carlos s. gallardo; crepipatella dilatata (lamarck, 1822) (calyptraeidae): an example of reproductive variability among gastropods, journal of molluscan studies, volume 78, issue 4, 1 november 2012, pages 330–336, urltoken\nty - jour ti - sex change, reproduction, and development of crepidula adunca and crepidula lingulata (gastropoda: calyptraeidae) t2 - the veliger. vl - 43 ur - urltoken pb - california malacozoological society. cy - berkeley, ca: py - 2000 sp - 24 ep - 33 sn - 0042 - 3211 au - collin, r er -\n@ article { bhlpart98017, title = { sex change, reproduction, and development of crepidula adunca and crepidula lingulata (gastropoda: calyptraeidae) }, journal = { the veliger. }, volume = { 43 }, copyright = { in copyright. digitized with the permission of the rights holder. }, url = urltoken publisher = { berkeley, ca: california malacozoological society. 1958 - }, author = { collin, r }, year = { 2000 }, pages = { 24 - - 33 }, }\nthe calyptraeidae is a family of molluscs with a flattened shells with expanded aperture and an internal shelf. a coiled spire is always present, but in some species its size is much reduced and the shells appear limpet - like. some species live in sandy or muddy habitats intertidally, but there are many deeper water species. most live on solid substrates, but some live on dead bivalves or on the inner lip of gastropods inhabited by hermit crabs, where they take up the shape of the substrate shell. most are solitary, but some form stacks of shell upon shell, with small males stacked on larger females .\ninformation presented in this study reveals considerable variation in some key reproductive characteristics of crepipatella dilatata, such as the relationships between female size and the number of brooded egg capsules, the size of those capsules and the number and size of the eggs. the data also illustrate the extent of the variability that can be expected for the family calyptraeidae with regard to offspring production among females, and among females from different localities. similarly, collin & salazar (2010) have documented considerable variability in egg diameter and in hatchling size and shape for crepidula atrasolea (collin, 2000) and crepidula ustulatulina (collin, 2002). such variability must be considered in subsequent systematic studies of the family .\ncap - shaped gastropods are first identified in upper jurassic and lower cretaceous sections of northern east siberia. they belong to three new genera of the subclass pectinibranchia (boreioconus gen. nov. , nixepileolus gen. nov. , and taimyroconus gen. nov .), which are identified at the species level (b. bojarkensis sp. nov. , n. depressus sp. nov. , t. zakharovi sp. nov .), and several species with the open nomenclature. the genus taimyroconus attributed to the family calyptraeidae is considered as an ancestral form of the genus crepidula. the stratigraphic position of each taxon is determined for several sections. the facies confinement, habitat conditions, and ethology of defined genera are considered with the analysis of their geographic distribution .\n< mods xmlns: xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3. 0\nxmlns: xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi: schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > sex change, reproduction, and development of crepidula adunca and crepidula lingulata (gastropoda: calyptraeidae) < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > collin, r < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 43 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > the veliger. < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> berkeley, ca: < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > california malacozoological society. < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 43 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 24 < / start > < end > 33 < / end > < / extent > < date > 2000 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> in copyright. digitized with the permission of the rights holder. < / accesscondition > < / mods >\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe first known occurrence of crepidula fornicata in europe was in 1872 in liverpool bay, but populations in this area have since died out. crepidula fornicata is known to have been introduced to essex between 1887 and 1890 from north america (loosanoff 1955; crouch 1894, 1895; orton 1912; fretter & graham 1981) .\nthe individuals in essex from which the spread of crepidula started were introduced in association with imported american oysters crassostrea virginica. this species may also be transported on ships' hulls (franklin & pickett 1974), and in ballast water in the pelagic larval phase. historic populations (now extinct) have also been introduced in association with the american hard shelled clam mercenaria mercenaria (mcmillan 1938; minchin mcgrath & duggan 1995) .\nits success is probably due to a lack of predators and the unusual method of reproduction (which relies upon individuals settling upon each other and reproduction thus being assited through their close proximity); and a pelagic larval stage aids the spread once introduced .\nit showed fairly rapid spread (franklin & pickett 1974), from essex to weymouth, dorset by 1945 (seaward 1987), and by the early 1950s its range had extended to northumberland (see minchin, mcgrath & duggan 1995) .\nthis species is found in southwest, south and southeast britain and as far north as pembrokeshire on the west coast and yorkshire on the east coast (hancock 1969; utting & spencer 1992; spencer 1990; smith 1995; chipperfield 1951). it does not occur in any abundance deeper than 30 metres (barnes, coughlan & holmes 1973). it also occurs off mainland europe, as far north as southern norway on the skagerak coast .\nminimum winter temperatures may be important in limiting the ability to develop extensive populations in the north of britain (minchin, mcgrath & duggan 1995) .\nit competes with other filter - feeding invertebrates for food and space, and in waters of high concentrations of suspended material it encourages deposition of mud owing to the accumulation of faeces and pseudofaeces (barnes, coughlan & holmes 1973) .\nit is considered a pest on commercial oyster beds, competing for space and food, while depositing mud on them (utting & spencer 1992) and the mud rendering the substratum unsuitable for the settlement of spat (barnes, coughlan & holmes 1973). in parts of essex slipper limpets were said to far exceed oysters in abundance (walne 1956) .\ndipping infested culch and oysters in saturated solutions of brine for a short period (hancock 1969; franklin 1974) is the cheapest, safest and most effective method of control. for clearance of large beds, dredging and disposal above high water mark has been applied (hancock 1969) .\nit has been suggested that the shells may be used as oyster culch for spatfalls in the solent (barnes, coughlan & holmes 1973) .\nit is thought to have been introduced to france with oysters from england. it has attained dense concentrations of up to 1750 m - 2 and in some areas has been the dominant member of the macrofauna (seaward 1987) .\nbarnes, r. s. k. , coughlan, j. , & holmes, n. j. 1973. a preliminary survey of the macroscopic bottom fauna of the solent, with particular reference to crepidula fornicata and ostrea edulis. proceedings of the malacological society, 40: 253 - 275 .\nchipperfield, p. n. j. 1951. the breeding of crepidula fornicata in the river blackwater, essex. journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom, 30: 49 - 71 .\ncrouch, w. 1894. on the occurrence of crepidula fornicata (l .) off the coast of essex. essex naturalist, 8: 36 - 38 .\ncrouch, w. 1895. on the occurrence of crepidula fornicata in essex. proceedings of the malacological society, 1: 19 .\nfranklin, a. 1974. the destruction of the oyster pest crepidula fornicata by brine - dipping. fisheries laboratory, ministry of agriculture fisheries and food, lowestoft. (technical report no 8) .\nfranklin, a. , & pickett, g. d. 1974. recent research on introduced oyster pests in england and wales. unpublished, international council for the exploration of the sea. (paper, no. cm 1974 / k: 15. )\nfretter, v. , & graham, a. 1981. the prosobranch molluscs of britain and denmark, part 6. journal of molluscan studies, supplement 9, 285 - 363 .\nhancock, d. a. 1969. oyster pests and their control. burnham on crouch, ministry of agriculture fisheries and food. (laboratory leaflet (new series), no. 19. )\nhayward, p. j. , & ryland, j. s. eds. 1990. the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe. 2 vols. oxford, clarendon press .\nloosanoff, v. l. 1955. the european oyster in american waters. science, 121 (3135): 110 - 121 .\nmcmillan, n. f. 1938. early records of crepidula in english waters. proceedings of the malacological society, 23: 236 .\nminchin, d. , mcgrath, d. , & duggan, c. b. 1995. the slipper limpet, crepidula fornicata (l .), in irish waters, with a review of its occurrence in the north - eastern atlantic. journal of conchology, 35: 247 - 254 .\norton, j. h. 1912. an account of the natural history of the slipper - limpet (crepidula fornicata), with some remarks on its occurrence on the oyster grounds of the essex coast. journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom, 9: 437 - 443 .\nseaward, d. r. 1987. the marine molluscs of portland harbour, dorset. proceedings of the dorset natural history and archaeological society, 108: 159 - 167 .\nsmith, s. 1995. crepidula fornicata (l. , 1758) (mollusca: gastropoda) at tenby, south west wales. porcupine newsletter, 6: 82 .\nspencer, b. e. 1990. cultivation of pacific oysters. lowestoft, ministry of agriculture, fisheries and food. (laboratory leaflet no. 63) .\nutting, s. d. , & spencer, b. e. 1992. introductions of marine bivalve molluscs into the united kingdom for commercial culture - case histories. ices marine science symposium, 194: 84 - 91 .\nwalne, p. r. 1956. the biology and distribution of crepidula fornicata in essex rivers. ministry of agriculture, fisheries and food, fisheries investigations ii, series xx, no. 6: 1 - 50 .\njncc support co. registered in england and wales. company no. 05380206. registered office as above\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npictures of sea creatures with some\nstranger than science fiction\nlifestyles have been released by the wildlife trusts, as they launch their vision for uk seas. here a hermit crab carries a cloak anemone on its back that protects it from predators .\na report will be released today by the trusts outlining how they hope to return uk waters to a thriving marine environment within a generation. barnacles have the longest penis in relation to body size of any animal: the organ is ten times its height .\nas adults, barnacles cement themselves to rocks and are unable to move. the barnacle unfurls its long penis which roves around to find a partner, leading to jousting matches between neighbouring male barnacles .\nwhen feeding, a starfish regurgitates its stomach through its mouth and into the shell of its prey. it can then digest its victim. if the starfish is threatened during its meal it can bite off its stomach and make a getaway, then grow a new stomach later .\ncuckoo wrasse are very colourful. females are orange and males neon blue. all cuckoo wrasse are born female. but if they become the dominant female, they change sex, becoming neon blue to show off their new gender .\nsome suggest that cuckoo wrasse may exhibit sneaky male syndrome, where female fish change into males without changing colour, enabling them to breed with females without being spotted by the dominant alpha male .\nsea squirts eat their own brains. juveniles are tadpole - like animals and have complex nervous systems, but adults are much simpler and settle on the seabed to filter food. as they no longer need their brains and nervous systems, they digest them .\nsea hares, also known as sea slugs, are hermaphrodites and can form bizarre mating chains. these chains can even form complete circles as each slug plays female to the slug behind and male to the slug in front .\nanother mating chain is created by slipper limpets, which are a type of marine snail that can create towers of 25 animals. the bottom snail is always female. when she dies the male above her will change from male to female and the chain continues .\nwith big eyes, fangs and a body over a metre long the wolf fish is not pretty. feeding on sea urchins, crabs and sea snails means its teeth wear down, however the fish is able to grow a new set of teeth behind the old ones .\nthe bbc is not responsible for the content of external sites. read more .\nthis page is best viewed in an up - to - date web browser with style sheets (css) enabled. while you will be able to view the content of this page in your current browser, you will not be able to get the full visual experience. please consider upgrading your browser software or enabling style sheets (css) if you are able to do so .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon, d. d. , j. f. quinn, jr. , a. e. bogan, e. v. coan, f. g. hochberg, w. g. lyons, et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada: mollusks, 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nbouchet p. & rocroi j. - p. (2005). classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. malacologia. 47 (1 - 2): 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4. [ details ]\n( of crepidulidae j. fleming, 1822) bouchet p. & rocroi j. - p. (2005). classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. malacologia. 47 (1 - 2): 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4. [ details ]\ncalyptraea lamarck, j. b. p. a. de, 1799 type species: calyptraea chinensis linnaeus, c. , 1758\ndesmaulus rehder, h. a. , 1943 type species: desmaulus extinctorium lamarck, j. b. p. a. de, 1822\nbostrycapulus olsson, a. a. & a. harbison, 1953 type species: bostrycapulus aculeata gmelin, j. f. , 1791\ncrepidula lamarck, j. b. p. a. de, 1799 type species: crepidula fornicata linnaeus, c. , 1758\ncrepipatella lesson, r. p. , 1831 type species: crepipatella adolphei lesson, r. p. , 1831\ncrucibulum schumacher, h. c. f. , 1817 type species: crucibulum planum schumacher, h. c. f. , 1817\nergaea adams, h. g. & a. adams, 1854 type species: crepidula plana adams, a. & l. a. reeve, 1850\ngrandicrepidula mclean, j. h. , 1995 type species: grandicrepidula grandis middendorff, a. t. von, 1849\nmaoricrypta finlay, h. j. , 1926 type species: maoricrypta costata sowerby, g. b. i, 1824\nsigapatella lesson, r. p. , 1930 type species: sigapatella novaezelandiae lesson, r. p. , 1830\ntrochita schumacher, h. c. f. , 1817 type species: trochita spiralis schumacher, h. c. f. , 1817\nanimals in this family are nearly sedentary, capable of slow creeping, but have difficulty reattaching to their substrate when removed. they feed by filtering plankton from the water stream that passes over the gills; the food, enmeshed in mucus, is pulled into the mouth by the radula and consumed. they are consecutive hermaphrodites, male at first then changing to female. once fertilized by the male, the female broods egg capsules in sacs in the space under the shell, attached to the foot or to the substrate. embryos hatch as pelagic larvae in some species or as crawling juveniles in others .\nthe biology and taxonomy of the family is well know, due largely to the stimulation of research by an american species, crepidula fornicata, being introduced to britain in the 1880s and becoming a serious pest in oyster beds. hoagland (1977) revised the genus crepidula, including c. aculeata, a species regarded for at least the last 100 years as having an almost world wide distribution. collin (2005) investigated c. aculeata and found it to be a complex of at least eight species, differentiated by reproductive characteristics, protoconch form, radula characters and dna sequences, but impossible to separate on shell characters alone .\nthere are four species of the family in nsw, three of which live subtidally, and have a southern australian distribution. the fourth species, bostrycapulus pritzkeri, is one of the species separated out from the crepidula aculeata complex; although a fairly common intertidal animal, its distribution is as yet unclear .\nshells are low and wide with a small or obsolete spire, and an internal shelf. the shell takes on the shape of the substrate, so the base may be concave, flat or convex. the internal shelf and apex are at the rear of he shell .\nm. j. de kluijver, s. s. ingalsuo & r. h. de bruyne\nhayward, p. j. , wigham, g. d. & n. yonow, 1990. mollusca i: polyplacophora, scaphopoda, and gastropoda. in: the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe. (ed. p. j. hayward & j. s. ryland). clarendon press, oxford: 628 - 730 .\npoppe, g. t. & y. goto, 1991. european seashells. vol. i. 352 pp. wiesbaden / verlag christa hemmen .\nsorry, there are no images or audio / video clips available for this taxon .\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology, inc. in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only, as we handle very few foreign shells in general. as time goes, the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information: family, species, author, date, and full locality .\n© 1996 - 2018 guido t. poppe & philippe poppe - conchology, inc. (0. 01 seconds. )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbostrycapulus aculeatus (gmelin, 1791) n. carolina to n. caribbean florida 13 - 17mm\ncalyptraea chinensis (linnaeus, 1758) british isles to zaire, canaries, madeira to black sea s. spain 25, 3mm\ncalyptraea chinensis (linnaeus, 1758) british isles to zaire, canaries, madeira to black sea nw. france 10, 5 - 14, 5mm\ncalyptraea chinensis (linnaeus, 1758) british isles to zaire, canaries, madeira to black sea nw. france 13mm\ncalyptraea subreflexa (carpenter, 1856) w. mexico g _ caly _ 037 w. mexico 15mm\ncalyptraea lichen broderip, 1834... w. panama, ecuador... w. colombia 24mm\ncalyptraea centralis (conrad, 1841) n. carolina to uruguay brasil 3, 5mm\ncrepidula incurva (broderip, 1834) w. mexico to peru w. mexico 16 - 17mm\ncrepidula incurva (broderip, 1834) w. mexico to peru w. mexico 10 - 16mm\ncrepidula incurva (broderip, 1834) w. mexico to peru w. mexico 15 - 22mm\ncrepidula striolata menke, 1817 w. mexico to peru w. mexico 34 - 48mm\ncrepidula onyx sowerby, 1824 hong kong, japan to california, chile, patagonia g _ caly _ 005 w. mexico 52mm\ncrepidula onyx sowerby, 1824 hong kong, japan to california, chile, patagonia w. mexico 23 - 40mm\ncrepidula onyx sowerby, 1824 hong kong, japan to california, chile, patagonia w. mexico 48mm\ncrepidula fornicata (linnaeus, 1758) e. america, nw. america, w. europa, n. med. sea, japan g _ caly _ 010 w. france 32 - 63mm\ncrepidula excavata (broderip, 1834) w. mexico to chile w. mexico 35 - 41mm\ncrepidula excavata (broderip, 1834) w. mexico to chile w. mexico 9mm juvenile\ncrepidula lessonii (broderip, 1834) w. mexico to peru w. panama 31mm\ncrepidula excavata (broderip, 1834) w. mexico to chile w. mexico 40 - 45mm\nsyn: crepidula arenata (broderip, 1834) w. mexico to chile peru 29 - 31mm\ncrepidula atrasolea collin, 2000 n. carolina to w. florida florida 8 - 11, 5mm\ncrepidula convexa say, 1822 gulf of st - lawrence to se. mexico new york 18, 5 - 21mm\ncrucibulum umbrella (deshayes, 1830) w. mexico to w. panama w. panama 41mm\ncrucibulum scutellatum wood, 1828 w. mexico to chile w. mexico 41 - 69mm\ncrucibulum spinosum (sowerby, 1824) s. california to chile w. mexico 41mm\ncrucibulum spinosum (sowerby, 1824) s. california to chile w. panama 22 - 38mm\ncrucibulum spinosum (sowerby, 1824) s. california to chile w. mexico 24 - 27mm\ncrucibulum spinosum (sowerby, 1824) s. california to chile w. mexico 11mm juvenile\ncrucibulum spinosum (sowerby, 1824) s. california to chile w. panama 25mm\ncrucibulum cf. serratum (broderip, 1834) nicaragua to ecuador w. mexico 5mm juvenile\ncrucibulum personatum keen, 1958 w. mexico to w. panama w. mexico 16 - 24mm\ncrucibulum auricula (gmelin, 1791) n. carolina to brasil, caribbean florida 25mm\ncrucibulum lignarium (broderip, 1834) w. mexico to ecuador w. panama 27mm\ndesmaulus extinctorium lamarck, 1822 malaysia to e. china sea singapore 19 - 23mm\ngrandicrepidula grandis (von middendorff, 1849) nw. pacific, japan to aleutian sea of japan 30mm\nlove words? you must — there are over 200, 000 words in our free online dictionary, but you are looking for one that’s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn' t know had words .\nthe slipper shells (\ncup & saucer\nshells) are distinguished by a small shelf or cup on the inside, which protects the body of the mollusc. the family, crepidulidae, is related to the\njavascript is disabled for your browser. some features of this site may not work without it .\nstri staff publications [ 3666 ] a collection of scientific publications by stri staff .\nanother last word on crepidula convexa with a description of c. u... : ingenta connect\nthe taxonomy of crepidula has a history of instability due to the low number of informative shell characters and their phenotypic plasticity. molecular and developmental data show that crepidula convexa sensu hoagland 1977 is composed of two distinct species. animals of the northern species are relatively larger, and have darker shells and direct development, while animals from the gulf of mexico and southeastern florida have smaller, pale spotted shells and produce pediveligers. c. convexa say, 1822 is redescribed and a single neotype is designated for c. convexa and c. glauca say, 1822 to represent the northern species and to formalize the synonymy of these two names. the southern species, which is distributed throughout the gulf of mexico, is described as a new species, c. ustulatulina .\nthe bulletin of marine science is dedicated to the dissemination of high quality research from the world' s oceans. all aspects of marine science are treated by the bulletin of marine science, including papers in marine biology, biological oceanography, fisheries, marine affairs, applied marine physics, marine geology and geophysics, marine and atmospheric chemistry, and meteorology and physical oceanography .\ningenta. article copyright remains with the publisher, society or author (s) as specified within the article .\nwebsite makes use of cookies so as to keep track of data that you have filled in .\nif you do not have an account yet, you can register here first .\ne - mail conchbooks office if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nf, dead taken! it is quite hard to get it in good condition! just for reference! from p. williams collection !\nthe photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock, except when only one specimen is offered. we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted (gamma correction) .\nbiodivlibrary july is # nationalblueberrymonth! the w. a. cox nursery co. of mississippi' s 1920s catalog proclaimed # blueberries to… urltoken\nbiodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome! we' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib. thanks @ kew _ laa! now we can enjoy p… urltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\n, class gastropoda), in which the humped or flattened shell has a decklike half partition inside. slipper shells occur worldwide in shallow waters. adults are fixed to rocks or live within the empty shells of other mollusks. the common\n, is about 4 cm (1. 5 inches) long and yellowish; it is abundant from\nhas been introduced to the west coast of the united states, the coastal waters of asia, and the coastal waters of england, france, and other european countries. in these locations, slipper shells have become a nuisance in\nslipper shell snails begin as males but later transform to females, so each individual is a sequential hermaphrodite. eggs are fertilized internally. females release thousands of microscopic swimming larvae (veligers), which disperse and later metamorphose on the ocean floor .\nin the slipper - shell snails (crepidula), which are rather sessile, all the young are males; their subsequent sex, however, is determined by their nearest neighbour. they remain males as long as they are near a female but change into females if isolated or placed near another male. …\ncrepidula species, for example, form stacks of as many as 19 individuals. the younger ones on top are male, the old ones on the bottom female, and those in the middle are intermediate in sex. isolated young individuals function as males for only a week…\nlimpet, any of various snails (class gastropoda, phylum mollusca) having a flattened shell. most marine species cling to rocks near shore. a common american species is the atlantic plate limpet (acmaea testudinalis) of cold waters; the common species of britain and northern europe is patella…\ngastropod, any member of more than 65, 000 animal species belonging to the class gastropoda, the largest group in the phylum mollusca. the class is made up of the snails, which have a shell into which the animal can generally withdraw, and the slugs—snails whose shells have been reduced to an…\nmollusk, any soft - bodied invertebrate of the phylum mollusca, usually wholly or partly enclosed in a calcium carbonate shell secreted by a soft mantle covering the body. along with the insects and vertebrates, it is one of the most diverse groups in the animal kingdom, with nearly 100, 000 (possibly…\nwe welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles. you can make it easier for us to review and, hopefully, publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind .\nencyclopædia britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience .\nyou may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered .\nat the bottom of the article, feel free to list any sources that support your changes, so that we can fully understand their context. (internet urls are the best. )\nyour contribution may be further edited by our staff, and its publication is subject to our final approval. unfortunately, our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions .\nour editors will review what you' ve submitted, and if it meets our criteria, we' ll add it to the article .\nplease note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors, and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed .\nanimal, (kingdom animalia), any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms (i. e. , as distinct from…\nhorse, (equus caballus), a hoofed, herbivorous mammal of the family equidae. it comprises a single species, …\ncorrections? updates? omissions? let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login) .\nif you prefer to suggest your own revision of the article, you can go to edit mode (requires login) .\nour editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. by continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nreproductive characteristics of a species are often defined from a small number of individuals collected from a single location at one particular time. however, this study reveals that the south american gastropod crepipatella dilatata (lamarck, 1822) shows an unusually high level of intraspecific variability in some key reproductive characteristics: the number of egg capsules brooded per female, the size of the egg capsules, the number of eggs per capsule and the sizes and size distributions of the uncleaved eggs. larger females were more fecund than smaller ones, not because they produced more egg capsules, but because they produced capsules of significantly larger size. such variability was evident not only when considering different populations, but also within a single population sampled in different years, as well as among specimens collected during a single sampling event. thus our data emphasize the importance of obtaining information from numerous specimens per locality as well as from specimens from different localities and in different years when describing the reproductive characteristics of any particular taxon .\ndifferences in reproductive characteristics and patterns of development are frequently used in molluscs to distinguish among species and to understand the evolution of reproductive patterns (gallardo, 1977a, 1979; collin, 2000, 2003, 2004; simone, pastorino & penchaszadeh, 2000; véliz, winkler & guisado, 2003). in the southeastern pacific ocean, for example, crepipatella dilatata (lamarck, 1822) is sympatric with the morphologically cryptic c. fecunda gallardo, 1979. both species encapsulate their embryos in transparent egg capsules, which are then incubated in the mantle cavity until hatching (gallardo, 1977a, 1979). however, the two species differ markedly in their pattern of development: whereas females of c. fecunda release planktotrophic larvae (gallardo, 1979; chaparro et al. , 2005), the offspring of c. dilatata complete larval development within capsules, emerging as fully formed juveniles. indeed, c. dilatata and c. fecunda are excellent examples of how important reproductive characters can be in recognizing and defining species .\nfor reproductive patterns to serve as reliable systematic and phylogenetic tools, it is important to know how uniform these patterns are among populations and among years (collin & salazar, 2010). crepipatella dilatata (frequently referred to as crepidula dilatata) is one of the most studied species in the family, with most of the studies having been performed along the chilean coast (gallardo, 1976, 1977a, 1979; gallardo & garrido, 1987; chaparro et al. , 1999; véliz et al. , 2003). even so, those studies have come to a range of sometimes conflicting conclusions, which are addressed here. in particular, there is disagreement about whether the distribution of egg sizes within the egg capsules of this species is bimodal (gallardo, 1977a, 1979) or unimodal (penchaszadeh, pastorino & cledón, 2002) and about whether there is (e. g. gallardo, 1976) or is not (e. g. gallardo, 1977a) a positive relationship between female size and fecundity .\nin this paper we have reexamined the egg - size distribution in c. dilatata and reexamined in more detail the relationship between female size and fecundity, looking in particular at whether larger individuals increase their fecundity by packaging more eggs per egg capsule, by increasing egg capsule size or by producing more egg capsules per brood .\na total of 66 female crepipatella dilatata were collected at random from their substrates from two different localities along the southern chilean coast in three different years: 30 females from quempillén (41°52′s, 73°45′w, chiloé i .) in december 2003, 20 females from quempillén in october 2004 and 16 females from bahía mehuín, valdivia (39°25′s, 73°13′w) in january 2005. the specimens here studied were found living on small rocks, c. 7–12 cm in diameter. as substrate size could potentially restrict the maximum size of female specimens (so that growth could be occurring in height instead of length) the relationship between dry tissue weight and shell length was examined from a subsample of 30 specimens. these variables were found to be positively correlated (see the results section), so maximum shell length was later used as an estimator of adult size .\nthe snails were removed from their substrates in the laboratory to obtain the egg masses. for each female, we counted the number of egg capsules per brood mass and measured the capsules at 15× magnification using an ocular micrometer mounted in a stereoscopic microscope, according to the following criteria: h = maximum height without the peduncle; w = maximum width, perpendicular to h (fig. 1). taking into account that the egg capsule outline is approximated by two right - angle triangles, the area of each egg capsule was determined as a = w × h .\negg capsule of crepipatella dilatata, showing the dimensions measured (h = height, w = width) .\nto examine the size distribution of eggs within broods, capsules were sampled from six brooding females collected in january 2005 from mehuín. only capsules containing early embryos (fewer than 128–256 cells) were examined, to avoid problems associated with potential consumption of nurse eggs by more advanced embryos. two or three capsules (usually three) were opened from each female and all of the eggs inside were measured at 50× using a dissecting microscope equipped with an ocular micrometer. in total the complete contents of 17 capsules (i. e. more than 3, 700 eggs) were measured. means were compared by one - way anova when assumptions of homogeneity of variance were met (barlett' s test). otherwise, means were compared using the kruskal–wallis test followed by dunn' s multiple comparison tests. the relationships between variables (e. g. number of egg capsules as a function of female shell length) were examined by regression analysis and ancova .\nthe females examined in this study ranged between 12. 7 and 34. 5 mm in shell length (table 3); females over this entire size range were brooding egg capsules when collected. females were significantly smaller at mehuín than at quempillén (fig. 2 c; table 3) (bonferroni' s post hoc comparisons, p < 0. 01); the largest individual collected at mehuín was only 20 mm in shell length. we found a linear relationship (p < 0. 01) between female shell length and dry tissue weight (fig. 3) .\ninfluence of collection site and year on egg capsule (a, b) and female (c) characteristics of crepipatella dilatata. number above bars indicates sample size. different letters above bars (in b) indicate means that are significantly different (p < 0. 05) .\nthe number of capsules per spawning mass ranged between 4 and 24 (mean ± sd = 12. 8 ± 5. 3, n = 60) and at quempillén differed significantly between the samples taken 9 months apart (fig. 2 a) (bonferroni' s post hoc comparison, p < 0. 01), even though mean female size in the 2 years did not (fig. 2 c); no other comparisons yielded significant differences .\nthere was no significant correlation between the number of egg capsules being brooded per female and female shell length when considering either the overall data set (r 2 = 0. 001, p = 0. 79) or each of the samples individually (mehuín: r 2 < 0. 001, p = 0. 99; quempillén 2003: r 2 = 0. 11, p = 0. 08; quempillén 2004: r 2 < 0. 001, p = 0. 95) (fig. 4 a; table 1). this fact is related to the great variability in mean number of egg capsules brooded by individuals within a given size range (fig. 5) .\nancova results (glm procedure) for the relationship between fecundity and female shell length for crepipatella dilatata (fig. 4) .\nnumber of egg capsules of crepipatella dilatata according to shell length of parental specimen (a) and female dry weight (b). symbols: asterisk, specimens from mehuín; open circle, specimens from quempillén, december 2003; filled circle, specimens from quempillén, october 2004 .\nrelationship between female shell length and number of brooded egg capsules per female crepipatella dilatata. symbols as in fig. 4 .\nthere was no significant relationship between female dry weight and egg capsule production (fig. 4 b) (overall r 2 for combined data = 0. 001; results of two - way anova shown in table 1). however, the number of eggs per capsule differed significantly for females collected in the three samples (kw = 69. 28, p < 0. 0001) (fig. 2 b). the number of eggs per capsule ranged from 46 at mehuín to 721 at quempillén, with a maximum of 4, 418 eggs per egg mass .\nmean egg capsule surface area varied greatly, not only among females but also among egg capsules produced by any given female, and capsule surface area was reasonably well predicted by female shell length (fig. 6; table 2). in this regard, egg capsules ranged in between 2. 4 and 4. 5 mm in height and between 2. 4–5. 2 mm in width, resulting in a range of egg capsule areas from 5. 76 to 28. 08 mm 2 (table 3) .\nancova results (glm procedure) for the relationship between mean egg capsule surface area and female shell length for crepipatella dilatata (fig. 6) .\nmean capsule area of crepipatella dilatata according to shell length of females. females were collected from specimens from quempillén in two different years, as shown, or at mehuín. symbols as in fig. 4 .\nalthough the number of egg capsules was not correlated with female size, egg capsule surface area was positively correlated with female size (p < 0. 0001) when all data were combined for analysis (fig. 6), but not when location was considered as a separate factor (table 2). larger egg capsules tended to hold more eggs (fig. 7), so that larger females produced more eggs .\nrelationship between capsule area and number of eggs for crepipatella dilatata. symbols as in fig. 4 .\nuncleaved eggs ranged between 154 and 300 µm in diameter (fig. 8; table 3), and the complete range of egg sizes could be found within individual egg capsules. in our samples, the distribution of egg sizes within individual egg capsules followed a unimodal pattern in 19 egg capsules and a bimodal pattern in the other 7 capsules (fig. 9). when the size distribution was bimodal, the larger eggs (200–300 µm in diameter) were consistently more frequent that the smaller ones (154–200 µm). these two patterns of egg - size distribution were seen not just for capsules obtained from different females, but were in fact equally common for different egg capsules sampled from the same egg mass; i. e. individual egg masses had some egg capsules showing a unimodal egg - size distribution while other egg capsules being brooded by the same female showed a bimodal distribution in egg size .\n‘small’ (left) and ‘large’ (right) uncleaved eggs of crepipatella dilatata. scale bar = 100 μm .\ndistribution of egg sizes within egg capsules of crepipatella dilatata. a. capsules showing unimodal egg - size distributions only (11 capsules). b. capsules showing bimodal egg - size distributions only (6 capsules) .\nthe number of brooded egg capsules per female ranged in c. dilatata from 4 to 29, a considerably wider range than that reported by gallardo (1979: 22–29 capsules), even though the size range of females examined in the two studies was similar. when examining specimens from mehuín, gallardo (1976) found that larger individuals produced more egg capsules per egg mass. this conclusion is not in accordance with our results, even for the specimens from the same locality, nor with those by gallardo (1977a), based on specimens from chinquihue; in these other studies, adult size and egg capsule production were not significantly related. chaparro et al. (1999: 266) also reported that “the number of capsules … showed a significant relationship with the shell length of female”, but later (p. 267) concluded: “there was not significant relationship between the number of capsules per brood and the shell length”. the lack of a clear relationship between both variables seems to originate in the wide variability exhibited among different females of similar shell length (fig. 5). note that a few females might not have finished depositing egg capsules when we sampled them. however, even if we eliminate data for the four individuals producing five or fewer egg capsules, there is still no significant relationship between female dry weight and number of capsules deposited (f 1, 26 = 0. 20, p = 0. 66, r 2 = 0. 008) .\nthe size of the egg capsules we examined varied between 2. 4–4. 5 mm height × 2. 4–5. 2 mm width, with the larger females brooding larger egg capsules. in addition, the larger egg capsules contained more eggs. the number of eggs per capsule ranged between 46 and 721. these values show some differences when compared with data from previous studies: 46 is the lowest number of eggs per capsule presently known for the species; the maximum number found in this study (721) is included in the range estimated by gallardo (1979), but is considerably larger than that reported by véliz et al. (2003) in specimens from coquimbo bay (223–363 eggs per capsule) .\nthe sizes of the uncleaved eggs observed in this study (154–300 µm) were slightly greater than the values previously indicated by gallardo (1977a), who reported the eggs as being 195–263 µm in diameter, but are similar to those indicated by véliz et al. (2003). regarding egg - size frequencies, the present study indicates that egg size showed a unimodal curve for some capsules but a bimodal distribution in other capsules, with a group of smaller eggs (154–200 µm) and a group of larger eggs (200–300 µm in diameter) within a single egg capsule. the first pattern (unimodal) agrees with the previous findings of penchaszadeh et al. (2002), although those researchers did not indicate how many egg capsules their observations were based on; the bimodal distribution of egg size that we report here agrees with that reported by gallardo (1977a, 1979), who found this pattern in an egg capsule from chinquihue bay and in capsules from mehuín. in the second case, and as indicated by gallardo (1977a), the smaller eggs were the less frequent." ]

{ "text": [ "the calyptraeidae , the slipper snails or slipper limpets , cup-and-saucer snails , and chinese hat snails , are a family of small to medium-sized marine prosobranch gastropods .", "this family includes the slipper snails ( crepidula species ) , the chinese hat snails , ( calyptraea species ) , and the cup-and-saucer snails ( crucibulum species ) among others .", "the calyptraeidae are the only family in the superfamily calyptraeoidea .", "this family has no subfamilies according to the taxonomy of the gastropoda by bouchet & rocroi , 2005 .", "crepidula fornicata was brought to europe on imported american oysters in the late 19th century and is now considered a significant pest in european oyster beds . " ], "topic": [ 2, 2, 2, 26, 17 ] }

[ "the calyptraeidae, the slipper snails or slipper limpets, cup-and-saucer snails, and chinese hat snails, are a family of small to medium-sized marine prosobranch gastropods. this family includes the slipper snails (crepidula species), the chinese hat snails, (calyptraea species), and the cup-and-saucer snails (crucibulum species) among others. the calyptraeidae are the only family in the superfamily calyptraeoidea. this family has no subfamilies according to the taxonomy of the gastropoda by bouchet & rocroi, 2005. crepidula fornicata was brought to europe on imported american oysters in the late 19th century and is now considered a significant pest in european oyster beds." ]

[ "gordiichthys combibus, a new species of eastern pacific sand - eel (anguilliformes: ophichthidae) .\ngordiichthys combibus, a new species of eastern pacific sand - eel (anguilliformes: ophichthidae). - pubmed - ncbi\na new species of bascanichthyin ophichthid, gordiichthys combibus, is described from shallow water along the pacific coast of colombia. it is the first known eastern pacific species of gordiichthys and is very similar to g. randalli from puerto rico. it differs from its other western atlantic congeners in vertebral number and other characters. a key to the genus is provided .\nmccosker, j. e. and lavenberg, r. j. , 2001. , gordiichthys combibus, a new species of eatern pacific sand eel (anguilliformes: ophichthidae). , revista de biologia tropical, 49 (supplement 1): 7 - 11 .\nmccosker, j. e. and r. j. lavenberg, 2001. gordiichthys combibus, a new species of eastern pacific sand - eel (anguilliformes: ophichthidae). rev. biol. trop. 49 (suppl. 1): 7 - 12. (ref. 43688 )\nthe species epithet\ncombibo\nmeans\nto drink with a companion\nin latin, and refers to the sibling nature of g. combibus to g. randalli. the iucn redlist currently lists g. combibus as data deficient, as it is known from only a few specimens collected in colombia .\ncommon names: horsehair eel (english), tieso (espanol) gordiichthys combibus mccosker & lavenberg, 2001 pacific horsehair eel body very elongate (depth ~ 1. 5% tl), cylindrical; tail 41 - 46% of tl, with a blunt, finless tip; snout short, overhanging; underside of snout with a central groove groove extending from the mouth to between the bases of the front nostrils that exposes protruding teeth; jaws short, lower jaw not reaching front nostril; lips without barbels; teeth small, conical, in single series on jaws (8 on top jaw, 11 on lower), those between front of top jaws (a cluster of 3) not exposed; eye small; front nostril not protruding but may partly set off by a curved groove on the underside of the snout; rear nostril a vertical slit at level of eye opening into mouth; gill opening crescentic, angled at 45 degrees, low on side; dorsal fin origin on middle of head; median fins low, extending nearly to tail tip; no pectoral fins; lateral line extends nearly to tip of tail, with ~ 170 pores, with 92 pores before anus and 9 before gill opening. color of preserved fish: pale brown above lateral line, yellowish below; chin, snout and top of head brown; pores above and below eye in brown spots. size: reaches 41 cm. habitat: grey sand beach. depth: 0 - 1. 5 m. northern colombia .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\nmccosker, j. , béarez, p. & and lea, b .\njustification: this species is only known from a few specimens collected in colombia. little is known about its distribution, population, habitat requirements, or threats. it is listed as data deficient .\nalthough this species is thought to be distributed in the eastern pacific from costa rica to northern colombia, it is only known from a few specimens collected at the type locality in bahia utria, colombia. this species may be abundant in deeper waters but no surveys have been conducted .\nno population information is available for this species, as it is only known from a few specimens .\nthis species is poorly known. specimens have been collected in shallow water over a gray sand beach (mccosker and lavenberg 2001) .\nthe only known specimens were collected in el parque nacional natural enseneda de utria in colombia .\nmccosker, j. , béarez, p. & and lea, b. 2010 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nfrom the latin combibo meaning to drink with a companion, referring to the sibling nature of this, the first eastern pacific species, to its atlantic congener g. randalli (ref. 43688 )\nmarine; demersal; depth range 0 - 2 m (ref. 43688). tropical\nmaturity: l m? range? -? cm max length: 40. 6 cm tl male / unsexed; (ref. 43688 )\nvertebrae: 178 - 186. nearly uniform pallid coloration, browner above lateral midline; depth 52 - 59 times in tl; head 10 - 17 times in tl; dorsal fin arises above mid - head; anterior nostrils nearly flush with snout; vomerine teeth uniserial except for an anterior pair; four mandibular pores (ref. 43688) .\ncollected in shallow water, over a gray sand beach (ref. 43688) .\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5312 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 00151 (0. 00061 - 0. 00373), b = 2. 91 (2. 70 - 3. 12), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 3. 7 ±0. 6 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low to moderate vulnerability (26 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4. 0 license\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\ncalifornia academy of sciences, san francisco, california 94118, usa. jmccosker @ urltoken\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\nbody very elongate (depth ~ 1. 5% tl), cylindrical; tail 41 - 46% of tl, with a blunt, finless tip; snout short, overhanging; underside of snout with a central groove groove extending from the mouth to between the bases of the front nostrils that exposes protruding teeth; jaws short, lower jaw not reaching front nostril; lips without barbels; teeth small, conical, in single series on jaws (8 on top jaw, 11 on lower), those between front of top jaws (a cluster of 3) not exposed; eye small; front nostril not protruding but may partly set off by a curved groove on the underside of the snout; rear nostril a vertical slit at level of eye opening into mouth; gill opening crescentic, angled at 45 degrees, low on side; dorsal fin origin on middle of head; median fins low, extending nearly to tail tip; no pectoral fins; lateral line extends nearly to tip of tail, with ~ 170 pores, with 92 pores before anus and 9 before gill opening .\ncolor of preserved fish: pale brown above lateral line, yellowish below; chin, snout and top of head brown; pores above and below eye in brown spots .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page. such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life. please send feedback and corrections directly to the source. see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nbody very elongate (depth ~ 1. 5% of total length), cylindrical; tail 41 - 46% of total length; snout sharply conical, overhanging its underside flat, with a central groove extending from the mouth to between the bases of the front nostrils; jaws short, lower jaw not reaching front nostril; teeth conical, in single series on jaws (8 on top jaw, 11 on lower), those between front of top jaws (a cluster of 3) not exposed; eye small, its center slightly before middle of top jaw; front nostril nearly flush with underside of the snout; rear nostril a small vertical slit in top lip under the eye; gill opening a crescent angled at 45 degrees, low on side; dorsal fin origin on middle of head; median fins low, extend to near tail tip, which is blunt and finless; no pectoral fins; lateral line extends nearly to tail tip, with ~ 170 pores, with 92 pores before anus and 9 before gill opening .\nattributes abundance: common. cites: not listed. climate zone: equatorial (costa rica to ecuador + galapagos, clipperton, cocos, malpelo). depth range max: 1. 5 m. depth range min: 0 m. diet: mobile benthic crustacea (shrimps / crabs); bony fishes. eastern pacific range: northern limit = 10; southern limit = 6; western limit = - 85; eastern limit = - 78; latitudinal range = 4; longitudinal range = 7. egg type: pelagic; pelagic larva. feeding group: carnivore. fishbase habitat: demersal. global endemism: tropical eastern pacific (tep) endemic; east pacific endemic; all species. habitat: beach; soft bottom (mud, sand, gravel, beach, estuary & mangrove); soft bottom only. inshore offshore: inshore; inshore only. iucn red list: not evaluated / listed. length max: 41 cm. regional endemism: continent only; continent; tep endemic; continental tep endemic; panamic province endemic; all species. residency: resident. salinity: marine; marine only. water column position: bottom; bottom only ;\ni thank ashley macdonald and john pickering, university of georgia, for technical support in building this page." ]

{ "text": [ "gordiichthys combibus is an eel in the family ophichthidae ( worm/snake eels ) .", "it was described by john e. mccosker and robert j. lavenberg in 2001 .", "it is a marine , tropical eel which is known from colombia , in the eastern central pacific ocean .", "it is known to dwell at a depth range of 0 to 2 metres ( 0.0 to 6.6 ft ) , and inhabit shallow water .", "males can reach a maximum total length of 40.6 centimetres ( 16.0 in ) .", "the species epithet \" combibo \" means \" to drink with a companion \" in latin , and refers to the sibling nature of g. combibus to g. randalli .", "the iucn redlist currently lists g. combibus as data deficient , as it is known from only a few specimens collected in colombia . " ], "topic": [ 16, 5, 16, 18, 0, 25, 5 ] }

[ "gordiichthys combibus is an eel in the family ophichthidae (worm/snake eels). it was described by john e. mccosker and robert j. lavenberg in 2001. it is a marine, tropical eel which is known from colombia, in the eastern central pacific ocean. it is known to dwell at a depth range of 0 to 2 metres (0.0 to 6.6 ft), and inhabit shallow water. males can reach a maximum total length of 40.6 centimetres (16.0 in). the species epithet \" combibo \" means \" to drink with a companion \" in latin, and refers to the sibling nature of g. combibus to g. randalli. the iucn redlist currently lists g. combibus as data deficient, as it is known from only a few specimens collected in colombia." ]

[ "a male san cristobal lava lizard, microlophus bivittatus, on san cristobal island in the galapagos .\na female san cristobal lava lizard, microlophus bivittatus, on san cristobal island in the galapagos .\nthe checklists are descriptive documents of the species that are part of a concrete taxonomic group or a group of species that are part of an specific analysis .\nthese documents have a structure that includes a list of the authors, a description of the taxonomic group or subject, and a list of the species that are part of the list .\nthe checklists aren' t updated regularly, since they require revisions from groups of authors before their publication .\na complete set of a checklist include a pdf document and a table in csv format .\ngustavo jiménez - uzcátegui, david a. wiedenfeld, f. hernán vargas, howard l. snell .\nnathalia tirado - sanchez, john mccosker, diego ruiz, angel chiriboga, stuart banks .\nyves finet, nathalia tirado - sanchez, angel chiriboga, diego ruiz, stuart banks .\nfrank bungartz, frauke ziemmeck, alba yánez ayabaca, fredy nugra, andré aptroot .\nanne guézou, susana chamorro, paola pozo, ana mireya guerrero, rachel atkinson, chris buddenhagen, patricia jaramillo díaz, mark gardener .\ngustavo jiménez - uzcátegui, javier zabala, brian milstead, howard l. snell .\nto get up - to - date information about our work, please subscribe to our e - newsletter or follow us on our social media platforms .\nevery single donation we receive, no matter how small, counts as we are completely dependent on the generosity of others to carry out our scientific projects. we need your passion, loyalty and continual support .\nthe “charles darwin foundation for the galapagos islands”, in french “fondation charles darwin pour les îles galapagos”, association international sans but lucratif (“aisbl”), has its registered office located at drève du pieuré 19, 1160 brussels, and is registered under the trade registry of brussels under the number 0409. 359. 103 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\njustification: listed as near threatened on the basis that this species is endemic to an island with an area of 215 km 2 and close offshore islets and it is considered to occur in a single location defined by threats from cat predation (almost qualifies for listing as threatened under criterion b1ab (v) ). it is, however, common and it is presently unclear whether the species is undergoing a continuing decline or extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals. as such there is insufficient evidence to warrant listing this species in a threatened category applying criterion b, although preliminary evidence of depressed recruitment rates - while based on a single study in part of the species' range in a single year - suggests that invasive predators may be having some impact on population dynamics which may have consequences for the long - term survival of this species, and a least concern listing is therefore not appropriate .\nthis lizard is endemic to san cristóbal island and nearby islets in the galápagos islands. it is largely confined to the lowest - elevations, driest areas of san cristóbal, and is almost (but not entirely) absent from the humid highlands (troya zuleta 2012) .\nthis is a common lizard. in a single 8, 000 m 2 transect on san cristóbal in 2004, 100 animals were recorded (c. marquez unpubl. data). troya zuleta (2012) examined the genetic diversity of this species in the north of san cristóbal, and found it to be lower than that of\nm. albemarlensis\n( = m. indefatigibilis) on santa cruz, suggesting that a single population is involved. in plots of 100 m 2 in three different localities on san cristóbal in 2011, 69, 38 and 54 individuals were recorded (carrión avilés 2012) .\nthis species is found in coastal and near - coastal arid habitats, including beaches, beneath rocks, and in shrubland (c. marquez and d. cisneros - heredia unpubl. data). it is found in disturbed areas in coastal situations, but is less common here than in natural habitat .\nthis species is endemic to the galápagos national park. monitoring of the population, particularly in less surveyed unpopulated parts of the island, is needed to understand the impact of introduced predators, and to determine whether depressed recruitment rates resulting from cat predation may lead to population declines .\nmárquez, c. & cisneros - heredia, d. f. 2016 .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\ncontinent: south - america distribution: galapagos: san cristobal (ecuador) type locality: “galapagosinsel chatham” [ = isla san cristobal, ecuador ] .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\njoel is a popular keynote speaker with conservation, corporate, and civic groups .\njoel is the founder of the photo ark, a groundbreaking effort to document every species in captivity before it’s too late .\nevery purchase goes directly to support our mission: getting the public to care and helping to save species from extinction .\nif is associated with an alamy account you' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we’ll send you a link to reset your password .\nsorry, this image isn' t available for this licence. please refer to the license restrictions for more information .\non the alamy prints site (powered by art. com) choose your frame, the size and finish of your photo .\nenter your log in email address and we' ll send you a link to reset your password .\ninca newsletter and blog posts. stay up to date with the latest news from inca .\nin a world where giant tortoises, birds with bright blue feet, and swimming iguanas garner most of the attention, the little lava lizard goes all but unnoticed. despite its diminutive size, the lava lizard plays a vital role in regulating the insect population of the galapagos, including that of the painted locust .\nthe male lava lizard is somewhat larger (15 - 20cm) than the female (12 - 18cm) and is distinctly territorial. he can frequently be spotted standing on top of rocks or trail markers doing his territorial\npush - up\ndisplay. males can be identified by their rough, patterned skin and distinctive spinal crest. the base color is often influenced by the the local geology and vegetation. lizards on fernandina tend to be darker to blend in with the black lava. those on rábida tend to have a more brownish - red hue to match the unique red coloration of the rocks .\nfemales, particularly in mating season, develop a distinctive bright red or orange throat. breeding takes place primarily during the hottest months of february, march and april. females will lay 3 - 6 eggs in deep burrows, often in several clutches spaced three to four weeks apart. eggs hatch approximately three months later. males take three years to mature, while females mature as early as nine months .\nlava lizards are omniverous, eating primarily insects, however some eat vegetation, particularly in the dry season. lava lizards prey on invertebrates, however they have also been known to eat one another in acts of cannibalism .\ncan' t find what you' re looking for? try searching the site .\nnot sure which adventure is for you? we’re well prepared to help you select, or create, the travel experience of your dreams. + 1 510 420 1550 or send us your questions and concerns .\nplease tell us what destination (s) you' re contacting us about today .\nif you' re asking us to mail you printed material, please provide your mailing address below. (optional )\ninca — international nature & cultural adventures 1311 63rd street, emeryville, ca 94608 • + 1 510 - 420 - 1550 • + 1 510 - 420 - 0947 fax • info @ urltoken © 2017 inca / inca floats inc. all rights reserved. california seller of travel # 1013564 - 60 privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance. if your browser does not accept cookies, you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly. below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser. you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined. to accept cookies from this site, use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies. try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past. if your computer' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970, the browser will automatically forget the cookie. to fix this, set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set. you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page. to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit, which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie; no other information is captured .\nin general, only the information that you provide, or the choices you make while visiting a web site, can be stored in a cookie. for example, the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it. allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer, and only the site that created the cookie can read it." ]

{ "text": [ "the san cristóbal lava lizard ( microlophus bivittatus ) is a species of lava lizard endemic to san cristóbal island in the galápagos islands .", "the species is commonly attributed to the genus microlophus but has been attributed to the genus tropidurus . " ], "topic": [ 25, 21 ] }

[ "the san cristóbal lava lizard (microlophus bivittatus) is a species of lava lizard endemic to san cristóbal island in the galápagos islands. the species is commonly attributed to the genus microlophus but has been attributed to the genus tropidurus." ]

[ "senior synonym of mycocepurus attaxenus, mycocepurus bolivianus, mycocepurus borinquenensis, mycocepurus eucarnitae, mycocepurus manni, mycocepurus reconditus, mycocepurus tolteca, mycocepurus trinidadensis: kempf, 1963b pdf: 425 .\nin rio claro, sao paulo state, brazil mycocepurus goeldii is parasitized by mycocepurus castrator .\nsenior synonym of mycocepurus gentilis, mycocepurus ogloblini santschi, [ no year ], mycocepurus ogloblini kusnezov, [ no year ], mycocepurus schuppi: kempf, 1963b pdf: 420 .\nmycocepurus castrator is an obligate, workerless social parasite of mycocepurus goeldii and is so far known only from rio claro, sao paulo state, brazil. mycocepurus castrator occurs sympatrically with mycocepurus smithii and mycocepurus obsoletus, but cannot be confounded with any other mycocepurus species because of its multiple morphological adaptations for a parasitic lifestyle .\n[ mycocepurus forel, 1893a: 164. nomen nudum. mycocepurus also described as new by forel, 1893g: 369. ]\nrichness of mycocepurus species (countries with darker colours are more species - rich). for a list of species and subspecies see the checklist of mycocepurus species or for valid names only see mycocepurus species .\n[ mycocepurus forel, 1893b pdf: 164, nomen nudum. mycocepurus also described as new by forel, 1893j pdf: 369. ] .\nmycocepurus raised to genus: wheeler, w. m. 1911f: 167 .\nthe above specimen data are provided by antweb. please see mycocepurus castrator for further details\nthe above specimen data are provided by antweb. please see mycocepurus smithii for further details\nthe above specimen data are provided by antweb. please see mycocepurus goeldii for further details\nthe following species and subspecies belong to the genus mycocepurus. see also invalid species. for a list of species with synonyms and distribution information see checklist of mycocepurus species .\nmesosoma (side view) of a worker of mycocepurus goeldi, showing the variety of spines .\nmycocepurus forel, 1893e: 602 [ as subgenus of atta ]. type - species: atta (mycocepurus) smithii, by subsequent designation of wheeler, w. m. 1911f: 167 .\npromesonotum (top view) of a worker of mycocepurus curvispinosus (modified from mackay, 1998) .\npromesonotum (top view) of a worker of mycocepurus goeldii (modified from mackay, 1998) .\nfig. 1. - mycocepurus obsoletus [ [ worker ] ] corselet de profil et du dos .\nforel, a. 1893j. formicides de l' antille st. vincent, récoltées par mons. h. h. smith. trans. entomol. soc. lond. 1893: 333 - 418 (page 369, mycocepurus also described as new; mycocepurus in myrmicinae; mycocepurus as subgenus of atta )\na queen ant of the host species “mycocepurus goeldii”. (photo by christian rabeling, university of rochester )\na queen ant of the parasitic species “mycocepurus castrator”. (photo by christian rabeling, university of rochester )\nmesosoma (side view) of the holotype worker of mycocepurus obsoletus (modified from emery, 1913) .\nmesosoma (side view) of a female of mycocepurus goeldii (rio claro, brazil, cwem) .\natta (mycocepurus) smithii var. borinquenensis wheeler, 1907: 718 (kempf, 1963: 425 )\natta (mycocepurus) smithii var. tolteca wheeler, 1907: 718 (kempf, 1963: 425 )\nschuppi. atta (mycocepurus) goeldii var. schuppi forel, 1901d: 301 (w .) brazil. combination in mycocepurus: emery, 1924d: 335. junior synonym of goeldii: kempf, 1963b: 420 .\nmesosoma (side view) of a female of mycocepurus smithii (parque nacional soberanía, panamá, cwem) .\nforel, a. 1917. cadre synoptique actuel de la faune universelle des fourmis. bull. soc. vaudoise sci. nat. 51: 229 - 253 (page 247, mycocepurus in myrmicinae, attini; mycocepurus as genus )\nmesosoma and petiole (side view) of the holotype worker of mycocepurus curvispinosus (modified from mackay, 1998) .\nthus mycocepurus smithii is only mostly asexual, rather than entirely so, and the transition among reproductive modes happens repeatedly .\nemery, c. 1913c. études sur les myrmicinae. [ v - vii. ]. ann. soc. entomol. belg. 57: 250 - 262 (page 251, mycocepurus in myrmicinae, attini; mycocepurus as genus )\nwheeler, w. m. 1910b. ants: their structure, development and behavior. new york: columbia university press, xxv + 663 pp. (page 141, mycocepurus in myrmicinae, attini; mycocepurus as subgenus of atta )\nfigure. 1. head (frontal view) of a worker of mycocepurus curvispinosus (modified from mackay, 1998) .\nborinquenensis. atta (mycocepurus) smithi var. borinquenensis wheeler, w. m. 1907c: 718 (w .) puerto rico. combination in mycocepurus: emery, 1924d: 335. junior synonym of smithii: kempf, 1963b: 425 .\nkempf, w. w. 1963b. a review of the ant genus mycocepurus forel, 1893 (hymenoptera: formicidae). stud. entomol. 6: 417 - 432 (page 417, mycocepurus senior synonym of descolemyrma, and revision of genus )\nemery c. études sur les myrmicinae v. les genres des attini; descriptions de nouvelles formes de mycocepurus et de myrmicocrypta .\nmycocepurus castrator is an obligate, workerless social parasite of mycocepurus goeldii. an investigation of its biology was undertaken and included in the publication that described the species (rabeling and bacci, 2010). all of the following details in this section are from this study .\ndistribution of sexual (starred) and asexual (circled) mycocepurus smithii. adapted from figure 1 of rabeling et al (2011) .\ndescolemyrma kusnezov, 1951d: 460. type - species: descolemyrma ogloblini (junior synonym of atta (mycocepurus) goeldii), by monotypy .\nrabeling & bacci (2010) - mycocepurus goeldii is a conspicuous, widely distributed species. the natural history of mycocepurus goeldii has been studied near sao paulo city (luederwaldt, 1918, 1926) and in the manaus region of the amazon basin (rabeling et al. , 2007b) .\neucarnitae. mycocepurus smithii var. eucarnitae forel, 1913l: 235 (w .) cuba. junior synonym of smithii: kempf, 1963b: 425 .\ngentilis. mycocepurus goeldii st. gentilis santschi, 1925b: 17 (w .) brazil. junior synonym of goeldii: kempf, 1963b: 420 .\noliveira p, galetti m, pedroni f, morellato l. seed cleaning by mycocepurus goeldii ants (attini) facilitates germination in hymenaea courbaril (caesalpiniaceae )\nwheeler, w. m. 1911g. a list of the type species of the genera and subgenera of formicidae. ann. n. y. acad. sci. 21: 157 - 175 (page 167, type - species: atta (mycocepurus) smithii, by subsequent designation; mycocepurus as genus )\nbolivianus. mycocepurus bolivianus weber, 1938b: 155, fig. 8 (w .) bolivia. junior synonym of smithii: kempf, 1963b: 425 .\nbolton, b. 2003. synopsis and classification of formicidae. mem. am. entomol. inst. 71: 370pp (page 200, mycocepurus as genus )\nwheeler, w. m. 1922i. ants of the american museum congo expedition. a contribution to the myrmecology of africa. vii. keys to the genera and subgenera of ants. bull. am. mus. nat. hist. 45: 631 - 710 (page 669, mycocepurus in myrmicinae, attini; mycocepurus as genus )\nmanni. mycocepurus manni weber, 1938b: 156, figs. 1, 2 (q .) bolivia. junior synonym of smithii: kempf, 1963b: 425 .\noverview not found for request: genus = mycocepurus & species; = tardus & rank; = species & museumcode; = jtlc (perhaps server is initializing) ...\na queen of the parasitic “mycocepurus castrator” rides on the queen of its host species “m. goeldii” to mask her presence amongst the host worker ants. (photo by scott solomon )\nforel, a. 1893h. note sur les attini. ann. soc. entomol. belg. 37: 586 - 607 (page 602, mycocepurus as subgenus of atta )\nreconditus. mycocepurus reconditus borgmeier, 1937b: 246, figs. 34 - 36 (w. q .) brazil. junior synonym of smithii: kempf, 1963b: 425 .\nogloblini. mycocepurus ogloblini santschi, 1933e: 119, figs. 12, 13 (w. q .) argentina. junior synonym of goeldii: kempf, 1963b: 420 .\nmycocepurus as subgenus of atta: forel, 1893h pdf: 602; forel, 1893j pdf: 369; wheeler, 1907d pdf: 670; wheeler, 1910a pdf: 141 .\nmycetopurus santschi, 1925b: 17, incorrect subsequent spelling of mycocepurus. perhaps a combination in error of myceto (phylax) + (mycoce) purus: bolton, 1995b: 36 .\ntrinidadensis. mycocepurus smithi var. trinidadensis weber, 1937: 378, fig. 1 (w. q .) trinidad. junior synonym of smithii: kempf, 1963b: 425 .\ntolteca. atta (mycocepurus) smithi var. tolteca wheeler, w. m. 1907c: 718 (w .) mexico. junior synonym of smithii: kempf, 1963b: 425 .\nto cite this page: schott, c. and c. strey 2011 .\nmycocepurus smithii\n( on - line), animal diversity web. accessed july 09, 2018 at urltoken\nthe following key may separate the females of the species of mycocepurus (the females of m. tardus and m. obsoletus are unknown, and the characters are extrapolated from the workers) :\nmesosoma, petiole and postpetiole (side view) of a female of mycocepurus curvispinosus (río frijolito, panamá, cwem). the inset shows the scutellum and propodeum as seen from above .\nmackay, w. , j. maes, p. fernandez, g. luna. 2004. the ants of north and central america: the genus mycocepurus (hymenoptera: formicidae). .\nforel, a. 1893b. sur la classification de la famille des formicides, avec remarques synonymiques. ann. soc. entomol. belg. 37: 161 - 167 (page 164, mycocepurus nomen nudum )\n[ mycetopurus santschi, 1925b pdf: 17, incorrect subsequent spelling. (perhaps a combination in error of myceto (phylax) + (mycoce) mycocepurus purus: bolton, 1995b: 36). ] .\nwheeler, w. m. 1907d. the fungus - growing ants of north america. bull. am. mus. nat. hist. 23: 669 - 807 (page 670, mycocepurus as subgenus of atta )\nmycocepurus as genus: wheeler, 1911g pdf: 167; emery, 1913c pdf: 251; forel, 1917 pdf: 247; wheeler, 1922: 669; emery, 1924f pdf: 334; all subsequent authors .\nwheeler, w. m. ; mann, w. m. 1914. the ants of haiti. bull. am. mus. nat. hist. 33: 1 - 61 (page 42, combination in mycocepurus )\nfernandez - marin, h. , j. zimmerman, w. wcislo, s. rehner. 2005. colony foundation, nest architecture and demography of a basal fungus - growing ant, mycocepurus smithii (hymenoptera, formicidae) .\npronotum and mesonotum (top view) of a worker of mycocepurus smithii, showing the crown of spines on the promesonotum (modified from mackay, 1998). all figures are oriented with the anterior end of the ant to the left .\nemery, c. 1895l. die gattung dorylus fab. und die systematische eintheilung der formiciden. zool. jahrb. abt. syst. geogr. biol. tiere 8: 685 - 778 (page 770, mycocepurus in myrmicinae, attini )\nrabeling, c. , verhaagh, m. & engels, w. 2007. comparative study of nest architecture and colony structure of the fungus - growing ants, mycocepurus goeldii and m. smithii. journal of insect science 7, article 40 .\nthis week’s pnas contains detailed follow - up research on an intriguing story that emerged a couple years ago about a purportedly asexual, all - female ant species. a 2009 report looked for, and failed to find, any genetic signal for sexual reproduction in a population of the fungus - growing ant mycocepurus smithii in panama. this data, along with a lack of observed males over the extensive range of the species, prompted researchers to conclude mycocepurus smithii may be the first documented entirely non - sexual ant species .\nkempf, w. w. , 1963, a review of the ant genus mycocepurus forel, 1893 (hymenoptera: formicidae). , studia entomologica (n. s .) 6, pp. 417 - 432: 418 - 419, (download )\nrabeling, c. , j. lino - neto, s. cappellari, i. dos - santos, u. mueller, m. bacci jr. . 2009. thelytokous parthenogenesis in the fungus - gardening ant mycocepurus smithii (hymenoptera: formicidae) .\nkempf, w. w. , 1963, a review of the ant genus mycocepurus forel, 1893 (hymenoptera: formicidae). , studia entomologica (n. s .) 6, pp. 417 - 432: 420 - 425, (download )\nkempf, w. w. 1963b. a review of the ant genus mycocepurus forel, 1893 (hymenoptera: formicidae). stud. entomol. 6: 417 - 432 (page 420, senior synonym of gentilis, ogloblini santschi, ogloblini kusnezov, schuppi )\na queen of the parasitic “mycocepurus castrator” rides on the queen of its host species “m. goeldii”; the pair of ants are surrounded by fungal gardens that the host species grows for sustenance, while the parasite species simply eats without contributing. (photo by scott solomon )\nashmead, w. h. 1905c. a skeleton of a new arrangement of the families, subfamilies, tribes and genera of the ants, or the superfamily formicoidea. can. entomol. 37: 381 - 384 (page 384, mycocepurus in cryptoceridae, dacetonini )\nemery, c. 1914e. intorno alla classificazione dei myrmicinae. rend. sess. r. accad. sci. ist. bologna cl. sci. fis. (n. s .) 18: 29 - 42 (page 42, mycocepurus in myrmicinae, attini )\nvery interesting that asexuality would emerge many times from different populations along the amazon and rio negro, but only within a single species. what predisposes m. smithii to asexuality as opposed to other species of mycocepurus? i can’t wait for this ant to be the next model organism…\nthis is an exciting find indeed. mycocepurus is one of those rare animals that apparently does both, rendering it a suitable model for studying why sex evolves. and being a fully social ant, it is primed to become a model species for studying sexual evolution in social contexts .\nthe genus mycocepurus uses a variety of organic matter as a substrate for their fungal gardens, ranging from dry leaves and caterpillar dung (kempf 1963) to fruit matter on the seeds of hymenaea courbaril (caesalpiniaceae), which facilitates germination of the plant (oliveira et al. 1995) .\nwe provide a review of the north american ants (north of colombia) of the ant genus mycocepurus, including keys to the workers and females, illustrations and distribution maps. the distribution of m. tardus is extended to nicaragua and costa rica. the female of m. curvispinosus is described .\nmycocepurus in myrmicinae, attini: emery, 1895l pdf: 770; wheeler, 1910a pdf: 141; emery, 1913c pdf: 251; emery, 1914e: 42; forel, 1917 pdf: 247; wheeler, 1922: 669; emery, 1924f pdf: 334; all subsequent authors .\nluísa antônia campos barros, hilton jeferson alves cardoso de aguiar, cléa dos santos ferreira mariano, jacques hubert charles delabie & silvia das graças pompolo. 2010. cytogenetic characterization of the lower - attine mycocepurus goeldii (formicidae: myrmicinae: attini). sociobiology 56 (1): 57 - 66. pdf\nthe genus mycocepurus may occupy a basal, divergent phylogenetic position, based on its unusual mandibular gland secretion (blum et al. 1981), although other characters (especially characteristics of the larvae) place it with apterostigma in a distinct lineage (schultz and meier 1995, wetterer et al. 1998) .\nmackay, w. p. ; maes, j. - m. ; fernández, patricia rojas; luna, g. 2004. the ants of north and central america: the genus mycocepurus (hymenoptera: formicidae). journal of insect science (tucson) 4 (27): 1 - 7 pdf\nkempf, w. w. 1963b. a review of the ant genus mycocepurus forel, 1893 (hymenoptera: formicidae). stud. entomol. 6: 417 - 432 (page 425, queen described, senior synonym of attaxenus, bolivianus, borinquenensis, eucarnitae, manni, reconditus, tolteca, trinidadensis )\nthis is one of the two species in which the workers lack the well - developed promesonotal spines in the center of the crown. generally there is a very low, sharp crest in this region. in most cases, it can be separated from the other species that lacks these spines, the brazilian mycocepurus obsoletus, on the basis of the distributions. otherwise, it can be separated by the lateral pronotal spines, which are long and sharp, not short and blunt as in m. obsoletus. specimens that have bumps in the center of the crown of spines, could be confused with mycocepurus tardus, but can be usually separated as m. tardus has definite promesonotal spines. the females have small lateral pronotal spines, and tiny inferior lateral pronotal spines. the females are slightly larger than those of mycocepurus curvispinosus (~ 3 mm total length). additionally the propodeal spines are bent slightly downward. these characters would easily separate it from females of m. curvispinosus. (mackay et al. 2004 )\nse revisan las especies del género mycocepurus de norte américa (al norte de colombia). se incluyen claves para la identificación de las obreras y las hembras, ilustraciones y mapas de distribución. se amplia hacia el norte la distribución de m. tardus, incluyendo ahora nicaragua y costa rica y se describe la hembra de m. curvispinosus .\nm. castrator is not simply another ant in the colony; it’s a parasite that lives with—and off of—its host, mycocepurus goeldii. the host is a fungus - growing ant that cultivates fungus for its nutritional value, both for itself and, indirectly, for its parasite, which does not participate in the work of growing the fungus garden. that led the researchers to study the genetic relationships of all fungus - growing ants in south america, including all 11 known species of the genus mycocepurus, to determine whether the parasite did evolve from its presumed host. they found that the parasitic ants were, indeed, genetically very close to m. goeldii, but not to the other ant species .\nkellner et al. (2015) - mycocepurus smithii is an unusual attine ant since it is the only known asexually reproducing fungus - farming ant (himler et al. 2009; rabeling et al. 2009), such that each colony is comprised of a single ant clone tending a garden with a single fungus clone (kellner et al. 2013) .\nin discovering the parasitic mycocepurus castrator, rabeling and his colleagues uncovered an example of a still - controversial theory known as sympatric speciation, which occurs when a new species develops while sharing the same geographic area with its sister, yet reproducing on its own. “while sympatric speciation is more difficult to prove, ” said rabeling, “we believe we are in the process of actually documenting a particular kind of evolution - in - progress. ”\nhost worker–parasite interactions. host workers and parasite alates frequently antennated and interacted nonaggressively. mycocepurus castrator alates did not require grooming by host workers because individuals cleaned themselves (i. e. licking appendages, cleaning antennae), and females groomed each other. dealate m. castrator queens groomed m. goeldii workers, and were groomed by them also. on several occasions, m. goeldii workers licked the tip of a m. castrator metasoma for several minutes; it is not clear if the workers removed fecal droplets, or m. castrator queens laid either fertile or trophic eggs. mycocepurus goeldii workers fed the parasite queens via trophallaxis. to be fed, m. castrator females frequently climbed onto the host workers’ backs, antennated the host’s antennae and head, until it bent its head backwards, regurgitated liquid, which was then consumed by the parasite. in addition to being fed, m. castrator males and females actively licked the fungus garden .\nnatural history and nest biology. mycocepurus castrator has been found twice in adjacent nests of m. goeldii. the two host nests had five and eight chambers, respectively, which were distributed between 5 and 190 cm depth. the colony studied in 2006 contained 105 alate queens and 78 alate males of m. castrator, and 771 workers of m. goeldii. dealate queens of either species could not be encountered, suggesting that the queenright chamber was either missed during the excavation or that the queens escaped into adjacent tunnels .\nholotype, queen, brazil: sao paulo, rio claro, campus of sao paulo state university (unesp), 22. 3955°s, 047. 5424°w, elevation 608 m, 29. ix. 2006, c. rabeling acc. no. cr060929 - 14, ex mycocepurus goeldii nest. holotype deposited at museu de zoologia da universidade de sao paulo. paratypes, 104 queens, 78 males, brazil: same nest as holotype, 29. ix. 2006–02. x. 2006, col. c. rabeling. paratypes deposited at: american museum of natural history, bmel, crc, museum of comparative zoology, mzsp, university of california, davis, national museum of natural history .\nthe symbiosis between fungus - growing ants (tribe attini, subfamily myrmicinae) and their fungi (primarily tribe leucocoprini, basidiomycotina: agaricales: lepiotaceae) has existed for 45 to 65 million years (mueller et al. 1998, 2001, currie et al. 2003). the mostly neotropical tribe is monophyletic (chapela et al. 1994, meier and schultz 1996), and consists of the “lower” attines (mycocepurus + apterostigma - the apterostigmoid clade) and the “higher” attines (cyphomyrmex and the remainder of the attines, except for myrmicocrypta - the attoid clade) (mueller et al. 1998). the genus myrmicocrypta appears to be paraphyletic with respect to these two clades (schultz and meier 1995) .\na newly - discovered species of ant supports a controversial theory of species formation. the ant, known to live only under a single eucalyptus tree on the são paulo state university campus in brazil, branched off from its original species while living in the same colony, something thought rare in current models of evolutionary development .\n“most new species come about in geographic isolation, ” said christian rabeling, assistant professor of biology at the university of rochester. “we now have evidence that speciation can take place within a single colony. ”\nthe findings by rabeling and the research team were published today in the journal current biology .\nnew species are formed when its members are no longer able to reproduce with members of the parent species. the commonly - accepted mechanism is called allopatric speciation, in which geographic barriers—such as mountains—separate members of a group, causing them to evolve independently .\n“since darwin’s origin of species, evolutionary biologists have long debated whether two species can evolve from a common ancestor without being geographically isolated from each other, ” said ted schultz, curator of ants at the smithsonian’s national museum of natural history and co - author of the study. “with this study, we offer a compelling case for sympatric evolution that will open new conversations in the debate about speciation in these ants, social insects and evolutionary biology more generally. ”\nthey also determined that the parasitic ants were no longer reproductively compatible with the host ants—making them a unique species—and had stopped reproducing with their host a mere 37, 000 years ago—a very short period on the evolutionary scale .\na big clue for the research team was found by comparing the ants’ genes, both in the cell’s nucleus as well as in the mitochondria—the energy - producing structures in the cells. genes are made of units called nucleotides, and rabeling found that the sequencing of those nucleotides in the mitochondria is beginning to look different from what is found in the host ants, but that the genes in the nucleus still have traces of the relationship between host and parasite, leading him to conclude that m. castrator has begun to evolve away from its host .\nrabeling explained that just comparing some nuclear and mitochondrial genes may not be enough to demonstrate that the parasitic ants are a completely new species. “we are now sequencing the entire mitochondrial and nuclear genomes of these parasitic ants and their host in an effort to confirm speciation. ”\nthe parasitic ants need to exercise discretion because taking advantage of the host species is considered taboo in ant society. offending ants have been known to be killed by worker mobs. as a result, the parasitic queen of the new species has evolved into a smaller size, making them difficult to distinguish from a host worker .\nhost queens and males reproduce in an aerial ceremony only during a particular season when it begins to rain. rabeling found that the parasitic queens and males, needing to be more discreet about their reproductive activities, ignore seasonal cues. by needing to hide their parasitic identity, m. castrator males and females lost their special adaptations that allowed them to reproduce in flight, making it impossible for them to sexually interact with their host species .\nthe research team included ted schultz of the smithsonian institution’s national museum of natural history, naomi pierce of harvard university, and maurício bacci, jr of the center for the study of social insects (são state university, rio claro, brazil) .\nmonomorphic ants, characterized by the numerous spines on most bodily surfaces, including a pair of occipital spines, and usually 2 to 3 pairs on the pronotum, 5 to 6 pairs on the mesonotum and 2 pairs on the propodeum, with the last pair being the most developed. the dorsum of the petiole has 2 pairs of spines. there is a definite circlet or crown of spines on the promesonotum, a feature that is not found in any other genus in the new world. (mackay et al. 2004 )\nspecies richness by country based on regional taxon lists (countries with darker colours are more species - rich). view data\nthe following information is derived from barry bolton' s new general catalogue, a catalogue of the world' s ants .\nthis page was last modified on 29 march 2016, at 19: 45 .\nalthough the host ant is widespread and abundant throughout much of southern south america, m. castrator has been collected only twice, both times at the type locality (the campus of sao paulo state university (unesp) in rio claro, brazil, 22. 3955°s, 047. 5424°w; elevation 608 m). . this suggests that parasite populations are probably few in number, small in size and patchily distributed. observations of nesting biology and colony counts suggest that m. castrator is polygynous, host tolerant and allows for the production of sterile m. goeldii workers, whereas the production of host sexual offspring is suppressed in the presence of the parasite. the host, m. goeldii, appears to be monogynous in the rio claro population, but both mono - and polygynous colonies co - occur in the brazilian amazon .\nthe 2008 colony contained 15 dealate and 66 alate m. castrator queens, only six alate males, 1034 m. goeldii workers, a single dealate m. goeldii queen and worker pupae. the parasite’s numerical male / female sex ratio was strongly female biased (6 / 66 = 0. 09). twelve of the 15 dealate m. castrator queens were encountered in the same fungus garden chamber as the reproductively active female of m. goeldii. thus, m. castrator is host - queen tolerant. the other three dealate m. castrator queens were found together in a separate fungus chamber (chamber 1). the 12 queens encountered with the m. goeldii queen showed different reproductive activities: three were active egg layers, showing developed ovaries, yellow bodies and sperm - filled spermathecae. thus, the parasite can be polygynous. in contrast, the remaining nine queens were prereproductive with filled spermathecae, but the ovaries were still developing, and yellow bodies were absent. the three dealate queens from chamber 1 were also prereproductive. the single m. goeldii queen was reproductively active .\nthe unparasitized m. goeldii colony studied in 2008 contained a single reproductively active queen, 33 alate queens, 496 workers and no males. during the excavation, males and queens were leaving the maternal colony for their nuptial flight, which started on 7 october .\na natural history study of m. goeldii in the amazon basin (rabeling et al. , 2007b) showed that some colonies had a single queen, whereas others were occupied by as many as four queens. dissection of eight individuals from three separate colonies revealed that all of them were inseminated and had fully developed ovaries, demonstrating that these colonies were functionally polygynous .\nin the late afternoon of 29 september 2006, m. castrator was discovered when 31 queens and a single male left the host colony to aggregate on the nest mound. the dispersal activity was interrupted by rain, but continued on 2 october, when 24 queens and 72 males emerged. no further behavioural observations were made that year .\nin 2008, m. goeldii colonies were excavated at the end of the dry season in order to study parasitized colonies before the nuptial flight. an approaching mating flight is easily identified in m. goeldii colonies, because the workers increase the number of nest entrances per soil mound to maximally 30 entrances, giving the nest mound a sponge - like appearance (rabeling et al. , 2009). until 3 october, when a m. goeldii colony parasitized by m. castrator was encountered, the m. goeldii workers did not modify the nest mounds for mating flights. upon excavating the parasitized colony, all individuals from a total of five nest chambers were transferred to artificial nest chambers for behavioural studies .\nthree days after insemination, the host workers aggressively attacked one dealate queen from the topmost chamber (cr081003 - 01); six to eight workers secured her by the antennae, legs, head and petiole, until she died. approximately 24 h after her death, three workers continued to carry around her corpse in the nest chamber. six days after insemination, the host workers had attacked and killed several m. castrator queens, and had placed them on the refuse dump. three dealate queens remained unmolested by hiding together in the fungus garden .\nintroduction of parasite queen into a field colony. two inseminated m. castrator queens from the topmost chamber (cr081003 - 01) were introduced to a m. goeldii colony, which opened its nest mound in preparation for the nuptial flight the previous day. the m. castrator queen was placed next to the nest mound. after orienting briefly, she immediately walked towards one of the entrance holes, and within a few seconds she disappeared into one of the entrances. the m. goeldii workers, which guarded the entrances, were not seen to attack, catch or struggle with the invading parasite. after 3 h the observation was stopped, and until then, m. goeldii workers had not expelled the m. castrator queen .\na second parasite queen was placed next to a m. goeldii colony, which had closed the supernumerary nest entrances after the nuptial flight. in contrast, the parasite did not start searching for the nest entrance and we repeatedly (five times) placed her on the side of the nest mound before she finally, perhaps by chance, walked over the nest entrance. when crossing the entrance, m. goeldii workers attacked the parasite immediately. we collected the parasite queen and a dissection identified her as recently inseminated with developing ovaries .\nrabeling & bacci, 2010: 382, figs. 1a, c, e; 2a, c, e, g (q. m .) brazil .\nunless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description .\nhw 0. 6–0. 65, hl 0. 63–0. 64, sl 0. 73–0. 8, wl 1. 07–1. 23, ppw 0. 62–0. 65, pw 0. 21–0. 25, pl 0. 24–0. 28, ppl 0. 18–0. 2, ci 94–104, si 115–128 (n = 15) .\nhw 0. 58–0. 6, hl 0. 58–0. 6, sl 0. 73–0. 75, wl 1. 1–1. 2, ppw 0. 63–0. 65, pw 0. 23–0. 3, pl 0. 25–0. 28, ppl 0. 18–0. 2, ci 96–104, si 121–126 (n = 15) .\nduring collections of m. castrator, the host colonies were not observed to produce any alate queens and males, although sympatrically nesting m. goeldii colonies released alates. therefore, we assume that the inquiline inhibits the host queens’ production of sexual offspring, allowing only for the production of the sterile worker caste. this is essentially ‘social castration’, hence the specific name ‘castrator’ .\nrabeling, c. & bacci m. 2010. a new workerless inquiline in the lower attini (hymenoptera: formicidae), with a discussion of social parasitism in fungus - growing ants. systematic entomology 35: 379 - 392. pdf\nthis page was last modified on 29 march 2016, at 19: 37 .\na wide ranging member of its genus it has been shown that asexual reproduction, which is know from many populations, has secondarily evolved numerous times. (rabeling et al. 2011 )\nneotropical region: argentina, bolivia, brazil, colombia, costa rica, cuba, dominican republic, ecuador, french guiana, greater antilles, guadeloupe, guyana, haiti, honduras, lesser antilles, mexico, nicaragua, panama, paraguay, peru, puerto rico, saint lucia, suriname, trinidad and tobago, venezuela .\nranging from open, disturbed areas, burned rain forest, sub - deciduous tropical forests, to tropical rain forests, and moist gullies .\nin our study population in central panama, we found a total of 11 ant clones and 9 fungus clone lineages in 52 colonies. phylogenetic analyses suggested that ant colonies regularly exchange fungal cultivars or domesticate novel fungi from free - living populations into symbiosis (kellner et al. 2013) .\nour analysis of fragments of a single fungus garden shows that microbial communities within m. smithii gardens are not homogeneous. gardens of m. smithii have a hanging structure, with curtain - like strands hanging from the ceiling of the nest cave, which is unlike the relatively solid globule - shaped gardens typical of most leaf - cutting ants and other higher derived attines (seal and tschinkel 2008). within a single strand, the fungus grows from top to bottom (the ants elongate the strand as it grows). because m. smithii in the field and in the lab start new gardens in the center of a chamber ceiling rather than near the ceiling periphery, it is likely that each garden has an age profile from the inside to the outside (central older parts, peripheral younger parts). the nine garden fragments analyzed clustered into five likely groups, with the central (presumably older) parts forming one of these groups .\nfrom wheeler and mann (1914): several workers... . were taken at cape haitien and diquini. the nests in the latter locality were in the form of small craters and were located in clay soil in a moist spot in a gully formed by a small stream. several colonies were nesting in an area about 25 ft. square, but in no other place in the neighborhood. at cape haitien only a single colony was found and this was nesting in a road leading across the mountains and nearly at the summit .\nattaxenus. trachymyrmex attaxenus menozzi, 1936b: 85 (w. q .) brazil. junior synonym of smithii: kempf, 1963b: 425 .\nforel, a. 1893j. formicides de l' antille st. vincent, récoltées par mons. h. h. smith. trans. entomol. soc. lond. 1893: 333 - 418 (page 370, worker described )\nkellner, k. , h. d. ishak, t. a. linksvayer, and u. g. mueller. 2015. bacterial community composition and diversity in an ancestral ant fungus symbiosis. fems microbiology ecology. 91. doi: 10. 1093 / femsec / fiv073\nrabeling, c. , omar gonzales, ted r. schultz, maurício bacci, jr. , marcos v. b. garcia, manfred verhaaghe, heather d. ishaka, and ulrich g. mueller. 2011. cryptic sexual populations account for genetic diversity and ecological success in a widely distributed, asexual fungus - growing ant. pnas urltoken pdf\nthis page was last modified on 13 october 2017, at 14: 39 .\nranging approximately from the 40th to the 67th meridian west and from the 2nd to the 31st latitude south, an area covering most of brazil, parts of bolivia, paraguay and northern argentina .\nthe range of habitats occupied by m. goeldii is remarkably diverse and ranges from amazon rainforest, savannahs (cerrado) to the fertile south american lowlands (pampas), and secondary habitats disturbed by human activities. it does not occur in elevated sites of the south american cordilleras .\na natural history study of m. goeldii in the amazon basin (rabeling et al. , 2007b) showed that some colonies had a single queen, whereas others were occupied by as many as four queens. dissection of eight individuals from three separate colonies revealed that all of them were inseminated and had fully developed ovaries, demonstrating that these colonies were functionally polygynous. a m. goeldii colony studied in 2008 contained a single reproductively active queen, 33 alate queens, 496 workers and no males. during the excavation, males and queens were leaving the maternal colony for their nuptial flight, which started on 7 october .\nforel, 1893g: 370 (footnote) (w .) brazil. forel, 1908c: 353 (q. m .). combination in\nogloblini. descolemyrma ogloblini kusnezov, 1951d: 460, pl. 1, fig. 1 (m .) argentina. [ unresolved junior secondary homonym of ogloblini santschi, above. ] junior synonym of goeldii: kempf, 1963b: 420 .\nforel, a. 1893j. formicides de l' antille st. vincent, récoltées par mons. h. h. smith. trans. entomol. soc. lond. 1893: 333 - 418 (page 370, (footnote) worker described )\nforel, a. 1908h. ameisen aus sao paulo (brasilien), paraguay etc. gesammelt von prof. herm. v. ihering, dr. lutz, dr. fiebrig, etc. verh. k - k. zool. - bot. ges. wien 58: 340 - 418 (page 353, queen, male described )\nleal, i. r. , p. s. d. silva, and p. s. oliveira. 2011. natural history and ecological correlates of fungus - growing ants (formicidae: attini) in the neotropical cerrado savanna. annals of the entomological society of america. 104: 901 - 908. doi: 10. 1603 / an11067\nrabeling, c. and bacci m. 2010. a new workerless inquiline in the lower attini (hymenoptera: formicidae), with a discussion of social parasitism in fungus - growing ants. systematic entomology. 35: 379 - 392. pdf\nthis page was last modified on 9 january 2017, at 18: 31 .\nyou must log in to access this functionality. you may create an account, or log in anonymously, here .\ntype - species: atta smithii, by subsequent designation of wheeler, 1911g pdf: 167 .\nemery, 1924f pdf: 334 (diagnosis, catalogue); kempf, 1963b pdf: 417 (diagnosis, all species revision); kempf, 1972b pdf: 146 (catalogue); brandão, 1991 pdf: 358 (catalogue); bolton, 1994: 105 (synoptic classification); bolton, 1995a pdf: 1050 (census); bolton, 1995b: 269 (catalogue); mayhé - nunes & meneguete, 2000: 6 (all species key); mackay, maes, et al. 2004: 2 (north and central america species key); cantone, 2017 pdf: 215 (brief male diagnosis )\nforel, a. , 1893, formicides de l' antille st. vincent. récoltées par mons. h. h. smith. , transactions of the entomological society of london 1893, pp. 333 - 418: 369, (download )\nantweb content is licensed under a creative commons attribution license. we encourage use of antweb images. in print, each image must include attribution to its photographer and\nfrom urltoken\nin the figure caption. for websites, images must be clearly identified as coming from urltoken, with a backward link to the respective source page. see how to cite antweb .\nantweb is funded from private donations and from grants from the national science foundation, deb - 0344731, ef - 0431330 and deb - 0842395. c: 2\ninhabits the neotropical region. this species is widely distributed throughout central and south america, from mexico through argentina and also several islands in the caribbean .\nis a fungus cultivating ant species, and thus inhabits moist soil ideal for growing fungus. its nests can be found an average of 0. 325 m below ground and consist of multiple connected chambers. this species may be found in savannas or rain forests that provide suitable soil conditions .\nis roughly 3 mm long, and possess a fused mesonotum and pronotum, a promesonotum. a crown of spines on the promesonotum is unique to this genus and separates it from other ants .\ncan be differentiated from other species in its genus by its lack of developed promesonotal spines in the center of its crown .\nants by its sharp pronotal spines, which are generally shorter and more blunt in other species. this is an asexual species that is comprised of females only .\n( mackay, et al. , 2004; rabeling, et al. , 2009 )\nundergoes a complete metamorphosis including egg, larva, pupa, and adult stages in that order. due to the parthenogenic nature of\nappears to be a strictly asexual species of ant. despite extensive testing no males have ever been discovered. all females in a given colony are clones of the queen, their mother. at this point, individuals of this species lack functional reproductive organs and thus the ability to reproduce .\nonly queens reproduce; all other female workers are essentially sterile. in a related species ,\n, nests are prepared for reception of males and nuptial flights in late september, with mating occurring after the rains in early october. such behaviors are not observed in\n, the peak production of alate females and nest founding occurs during the rainy season, july through september, similar to other species in its genus. growth of\npopulations within a newly founded colony are markedly slower than in similar species, typically taking 2 to 5 months before the first workers are cited .\n( fernandez - marin, et al. , 2005; rabeling, et al. , 2009 )\nall ant colonies show some degree of parental care. the initial brood in a colony is cared for by the queen. after a significant number of workers are born they then take over caring for the brood. the workers feed and protect the larvae for the remainder of their development .\nexhibit eusociality. the workers help carry dry leaves and caterpillar droppings back to the nesting site. the nest helps house the fungal colony which the ants feed on .\nhas a mutualistic relationship with the fungal colony. the fungus hangs in a suspended garden. the dry leaves and caterpillar droppings are used to nourish the fungal garden. when a queen leaves the colony, she may carry the fungus on her wings to help form a new colony .\nants typically rely on communication via pheromones. even though ants have eyes and antenna, which can be used for some communication, in a mainly subterranean colonial world the most efficient mode of communication is through pheromones. it has been estimated that ant species generally use between 10 and 20 chemical\nwords\nto convey a message. the most recognizable signals that biologists can detect are attraction, recruitment, alarm, identification of other castes, recognition of larvae and other life stages, and discrimination between nestmates and strangers .\n. the queen of the colony maintains a symbiosis with the fungus. the queen must transport, nourish, and cultivate fungi with which she will nourish her brood .\nusually exhibit anti - predatory behaviors, such as swarming and biting. some ants even have specialized jaw appendages for biting and stinging .\nare most notably known for their fungal cultivating mutualistic relationship. the fungal colonies serve as a food source for the ants and the ants help cultivate and grow fungal colonies .\nis currently abundant and inhabits a large geographic range, making it a low conservation concern .\ncasey schott (author), rutgers university, christian strey (author), rutgers university, david v. howe (editor), rutgers university .\nliving in the southern part of the new world. in other words, central and south america .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves. animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nused loosely to describe any group of organisms living together or in close proximity to each other - for example nesting shorebirds that live in large colonies. more specifically refers to a group of organisms in which members act as specialized subunits (a continuous, modular society) - as in clonal organisms .\na large change in the shape or structure of an animal that happens as the animal grows. in insects ,\nincomplete metamorphosis\nis when young animals are similar to adults and change gradually into the adult form, and\ncomplete metamorphosis\nis when there is a profound change between larval and adult forms. butterflies have complete metamorphosis, grasshoppers have incomplete metamorphosis .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic .\nreproduction in which eggs are released by the female; development of offspring occurs outside the mother' s body .\nrainforests, both temperate and tropical, are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground. epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant. precipitation is typically not limiting, but may be somewhat seasonal .\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23. 5 degrees north to 23. 5 degrees south .\na terrestrial biome. savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy. extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america, and in australia .\na grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees, a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest. see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .\na terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes (> 23. 5° n or s latitude). vegetation is made up mostly of grasses, the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available. fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .\njrank science & philosophy, 2009 .\nants - mating, reproduction, and life span\n( on - line). science encyclopedia. accessed november 11, 2009 at urltoken .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning: the ncbi web site requires javascript to function. more ...\n3 departamento biología de suelos, instituto de ecología a. c. cp. 91000, apartado postal 63 xalapa, veracruz, . méxico\nare among the most easily recognized among the fungus - growing ants of the tribe attini. they are monomorphic ants, characterized by the numerous spines on most bodily surfaces, including a pair of occipital spines\n, with the last pair being the most developed. the dorsum of the petiole has 2 pairs of spines\n. no other genus in the new world has this crown of spines on the promesonotum .\nthe genus consists of a small group (5 species) of cryptic ants, which are found from méxico south to brazil and argentina (kempf, 1963, mackay, 1998). two of the species are relatively common and widely distributed from méxico to argentina and brazil, as well as the caribbean (m. smithii forel), and guyana, brazil and argentina (m. goeldii forel), one is known from méxico to panamá (m. curvispinosus mackay), another from nicaragua south to panamá (m. tardus weber), and the remaining species is presently known only from the type locality (m. obsoletus emery from santarém, pará, brazil). kempf (1963) suggests that m. obsoletus may be a slightly aberrant variant of m. smithii." ]

{ "text": [ "mycocepurus is a neotropical genus of fungus-growing ants ( tribe attini ) in the subfamily myrmicinae .", "the genus is known from mexico , south to brazil and argentina .", "like other attines , they primarily grow fungi of the tribe leucocoprini ( family agaricaceae ) .", "they use many different substrates for growing their fungi , from dry leaves and caterpillar dung to fruit matter .", "one of its species , mycocepurus smithii , which lives in south america , reproduces by cloning – all ants in a colony are clones of the queen .", "m. castrator is a parasite of m. goeldii . " ], "topic": [ 26, 26, 0, 8, 13, 18 ] }

[ "mycocepurus is a neotropical genus of fungus-growing ants (tribe attini) in the subfamily myrmicinae. the genus is known from mexico, south to brazil and argentina. like other attines, they primarily grow fungi of the tribe leucocoprini (family agaricaceae). they use many different substrates for growing their fungi, from dry leaves and caterpillar dung to fruit matter. one of its species, mycocepurus smithii, which lives in south america, reproduces by cloning – all ants in a colony are clones of the queen. m. castrator is a parasite of m. goeldii." ]

[ "explore what eol knows about callinectes bocourti a. milne - edwards, 1879 .\nworms - world register of marine species - callinectes bocourti a. milne - edwards, 1879\nstatus in world register of marine species accepted name: callinectes bocourti a. milne - edwards, 1879\nblunt - tooth swimming crab - callinectes bocourti a. milne - edwards, 1879 - overview - encyclopedia of life\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmclaughlin et al. 2005. common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada: crustaceans. american fisheries society special publication 31\nproceedings of the biological society of washington, vol. 116, no. 1\nwilliams, austin b. , lawrence g. abele, d. l. felder, h. h. hobbs, jr. , r. b. manning, et al .\ndisclaimer: itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. however, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party, wildlife statutes, regulations, and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register. for further information on u. s. legal requirements with respect to protected taxa, please contact the u. s. fish and wildlife service .\nwelcome to the nonindigenous aquatic species (nas) information resource for the united states geological survey. located at gainesville, florida, this site has been established as a central repository for spatially referenced biogeographic accounts of introduced aquatic species. the program provides scientific reports, online / realtime queries, spatial data sets, distribution maps, and general information. the data are made available for use by biologists, interagency groups, and the general public. the geographical coverage is the united states .\nthe data represented on this site vary in accuracy, scale, completeness, extent of coverage and origin. it is the user' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations. we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .\ncitation information: u. s. geological survey. [ 2018 ]. nonindigenous aquatic species database. gainesville, florida. accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .\ncontact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted. for queries involving fish, please contact pam fuller. for queries involving invertebrates, contact amy benson .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis is some default tab content, embedded directly inside this space and not via ajax. it can be shown when no tabs are automatically selected, or associated with a certain tab, in this case, the first tab .\nfofonoff pw, ruiz gm, steves b, simkanin c, & carlton jt. . national exotic marine and estuarine species information system. urltoken. access date :\nintegrated taxonomic information system (itis). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nfelder, d. l. , álvarez. f. , goy, j. w. & lemaitre, r. (2009). decapoda (crustacea) of the gulf of mexico, with comments on the amphionidacea, . felder, d. l. , and camp, d. k. (eds), gulf of mexico - origins, waters, and biota. vol. 1. biodiversity. pp. 1019–1104 (texas a & m; university press: college station, texas). , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nintroduced species population trend in gulf of mexico (iho sea area): there is no evidence that this crab reproduces in us waters. [ details ]\nintroduced species remark in gulf of mexico (iho sea area): it is not established in continental us waters, and has no reported impacts. however, researchers in the gulf are concerned that if it becomes established, it could compete with the blue crab (usgs center for aquatic resource studies 2009). [ details ]\nintroduced species vector dispersal in gulf of mexico (iho sea area): ships: accidental with ballast water, sea water systems, live wells or other deck basins occurrences in the inner gulf of mexico probably result through transport in ballast water. [ details ]\nlike most websites we use cookies. this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies. if you would like to, you can learn more about the cookies we use .\nwe’d value your feedback on the tool. our survey takes only five minutes to complete .\nthe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. when several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. further details may be available for individual references in the distribution table details section which can be selected by going to generate report .\none or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using .\nplease consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\n: florida, gulf of mexico, the west indies, colombia, venezuela, guianas and brazil (amapá to santa catarina) .\nsorry, there are no images or audio / video clips available for this species .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page: myers, p. , r. espinosa, c. s. parr, t. jones, g. s. hammond, and t. a. dewey. 2018. the animal diversity web (online). accessed at https: / / animaldiversity. org .\ndisclaimer: the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. adw doesn' t cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283, drl 0628151, due 0633095, drl 0918590, and due 1122742. additional support has come from the marisla foundation, um college of literature, science, and the arts, museum of zoology, and information and technology services." ]

{ "text": [ "callinectes bocourti is a species of swimming crab .", "its native range extends from jamaica and belize south to brazil , but it has been found as a nonindigenous species as far north as north carolina .", "this crab has a light brown shell with red spots and markings on it , and red claws and legs .", "c. bocourti is edible and has been the subject of small-scale fishery . " ], "topic": [ 3, 13, 1, 1 ] }

[ "callinectes bocourti is a species of swimming crab. its native range extends from jamaica and belize south to brazil, but it has been found as a nonindigenous species as far north as north carolina. this crab has a light brown shell with red spots and markings on it, and red claws and legs. c. bocourti is edible and has been the subject of small-scale fishery." ]

[ "eupithecia lavicaria fuchs, 1902 (syn: eupithecia lavicata prout, 1914), described from norway .\nash pug (angle - barred pug) (eupithecia innotata f. fraxinata )\nthe eupithecia (lepidoptera, geometridae) of chile. bulletin of the amnh; v. 186, article 3\neupithecia is a large genus of moths of the family geometridae. there are hundreds of described species, found in all parts of the world (45 in the british isles alone), and new species are discovered on a regular basis .\neupithecia species form the bulk of the group commonly known as pugs. they are generally small with muted colours and specific identification can be difficult. as a group they are easily identified by their narrow wings held flat at 90° to the body with the hindwings almost hidden behind the forewings .\nthe larvae of many species feed on the flowers and seeds of their food plants rather than the foliage. many species have a very specific food plant. some hawaiian eupithecia are predators of other insects (e. orichloris, e. staurophragma, e. scoriodes). they mimic twigs but when sensitive hairs on their backs are triggered, they quickly grab the insects touching them. the defensive behavior of snapping may have pre - adapted hawaii' s ancestral eupithecia for shifting to predation from feeding on pollen. also, insect predators that behave in this way are lacking in hawaii' s fauna .\na taxon identifier is composed of name, author, year and attribute, all separated by a blank. these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication. the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words (genus and species) separated by a blank .\nthe author' s name is made up of a string of letters, with no blanks, and multiple authors' names are separated by a comma. spelling of author' s name is based on the original publication. if there are more than three authors, only the names of the first two authors are shown, followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets. this is rarely needed, but to differentiate homo - identifiers, this will contain the page, line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks, hyphens, and apostrophes are eliminated, thus only the following characters are used: a to z, a to z, 0 to 9, blank, comma, and opening and closing square brackets. although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition, it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions (contact information) with supporting references, possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser. some features of this site may not work without it .\nfull - text is provided in portable document format (pdf). to view articles you must have the free adobe acrobat reader. click here to download the latest version. the. epub version displays best on an ipad, but may work on other devices that accept. epub format. download directly to your device’s book reader (e. g. , ibooks) or drag into your e - books collection on your computer .\nbulletin of the american museum of natural history the bulletin, published continuously since 1881, consists of longer monographic volumes in the field of natural sciences relating to zoology, paleontology, and geology. current numbers are published at irregular intervals. the bulletin was originally a place to publish short papers, while longer works appeared in the memoirs. however, in the 1920s, the memoirs ceased and the bulletin series began publishing longer papers. a new series, the novitates, published short papers describing new forms .\ndepartment of library services american museum of natural history central park west at 79th st. , new york, ny 10024 © american museum of natural history, 2011\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4. 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nto date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times. this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur (or once occurred) in norfolk, with photographs, descriptions, flight graphs, latest records, distribution maps and more !\nif you have photos of any moths featured on this site, and would like them displayed along with your name and comments... please send them in (any size. jpg images) .\nplease consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths. thank you: - )\nunderlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018. © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018. data © nola™ 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone. are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nchinery, michael (1986). collins guide to the insects of britain and western europe (reprinted 1991) .\nskinner, bernard (1984). colour identification guide to moths of the british isles .\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers, open access publishing, and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act (fastr), wikimedia foundation, inc. , public library of science, the encyclopedia of life, open book publishers (obp), pubmed, u. s. national library of medicine, national center for biotechnology information, u. s. national library of medicine, national institutes of health (nih), u. s. department of health & human services, and urltoken, which sources content from all federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial government publication portals (. gov, . mil, . edu). funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u. s. congress, e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy. world heritage encyclopedia™ is a registered trademark of the world public library association, a non - profit organization .\ncopyright © world library foundation. all rights reserved. ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation, a 501c (4) member' s support non - profit organization, and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\ngithub is home to over 28 million developers working together to host and review code, manage projects, and build software together .\nyou signed in with another tab or window. reload to refresh your session .\nyou signed out in another tab or window. reload to refresh your session." ]

{ "text": [ "eupithecia trancasae is a moth in the geometridae family .", "it is found in the region of biobio ( nuble province ) in chile .", "the habitat consists of the northern valdivian forest biotic province .", "the length of the forewings is about 7.5 mm for males and 8 mm for females .", "the forewings are white or pale greyish white , the basal portion with pale greyish brown scaling .", "the hindwings are white , with grey and greyish brown scaling .", "adults have been recorded on wing in december and february . " ], "topic": [ 2, 20, 24, 9, 1, 1, 8 ] }

[ "eupithecia trancasae is a moth in the geometridae family. it is found in the region of biobio (nuble province) in chile. the habitat consists of the northern valdivian forest biotic province. the length of the forewings is about 7.5 mm for males and 8 mm for females. the forewings are white or pale greyish white, the basal portion with pale greyish brown scaling. the hindwings are white, with grey and greyish brown scaling. adults have been recorded on wing in december and february." ]

[ "melon barb haludaria fasciata approx 5 cm live tropical... melon barb haludaria fasciata approx 5 cm live tropical ...\nno one has contributed data records for haludaria pradhani yet. learn how to contribute .\nhaludaria fasciata\nmelon barb\n- shop miniwaters. fish - online aquarium fish boutique\nhaludaria melanampyx is found in all the west and east flowing rivers in karnataka and kerala .\nhaludaria is a genus of cyprinids native to india. originally the genus was named dravidia which is preoccupied by the dipteran genus dravidia .\njustification: haludaria fasciata is widely distributed and although there are localized threats, it is not under any major threat, hence assessed as least concern .\nthe name haludaria is derived from\nhaludar\n, the name of a young bengali artist who provided the illustrations for francis day' s book on the ganges river fishes .\npethiyagoda, r. , 2013. haludaria, a replacement generic name for dravidia (teleostei: cyprinidae). zootaxa 3646 (2): 199 - 199. (ref. 93437 )\npethiyagoda, r. (2013). haludaria, a replacement generic name for dravidia (teleostei: cyprinidae). zootaxa. 3646 (2): 199. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nall these nominal species were moved to new genus dravidia by pethiyagoda et al. (2012) but it subsequently became clear that the name was already preoccupied by a genus of flesh fly, therefore the replacement name haludaria was made available by pethiyagoda (2013) .\nhaludaria: named for ‘haludar, a bengal youth’ who ca 1797 was ‘the artist who made the exquisite illustrations of “gangetic fishes” depicted in francis hamilton’s (1822) book on the fishes of the ganges river (see hora, 1931), a founder work in indian ichthyology. ’\n{ author1, author2... }, (n. d .). haludaria melanampyx (day, 1865). [ online ] india biodiversity portal, species page: { name of species field } available at: urltoken [ accessed date jul 10, 2018 ] .\nthe majority of sub - himalayan puntius species were reclassified and new genera dawkinsia, haludaria, and pethia erected to accomodate some of them, with the remainder either retained in puntius or moved to the existing systomus assemblage, though the definition of the latter was altered meaning some southeast asian species formerly placed there are no longer members .\nhaludaria species are defined by the following combination of characters: size small, usually less than 60 mm sl; presence of rostral and maxillary barbels present; lateral line complete, with 18 - 26 pored scales on body; 4 unbranched and 8 branched dorsal - fin rays, of which the last unbranched ray is weak and smooth; 3 unbranched and 5 branched anal - fin rays; gill rakers simple, acuminate (not branched or laminate); no antrorse predorsal spinous ray; infraorbital 3 deep, partly overlapping preoperculum; free uroneural and post - epiphysial fontanelle absent; presence of one or two broad, black bars on each flank, between the bases of dorsal and anal fins .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website, we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer, w. n. (ed .). 2015. catalog of fishes. updated 7 january 2015. available at: urltoken. (accessed: 7 january 2015) .\nin two of his books. he instead calls the species with similar characters and distribution ,\n. he also identifies subspecies of the same, that are applied to both specific names. arunachalam. pers. comm. (2010) distinguished the two species based on chromosomal studies, but gopalakrishnan. pers. comm. (2010) did not find any variation based on nuclear and mitochondrial dna sequences .\nrema devi, k. r. , arunachalam, m. , shaji, c. p. , gopalakrishnan, a. , rahul, k. & molur, s .\nis found in the west flowing rivers of goa, karnataka, kerala and up to kanyakumari district in tamil nadu and also the east flowing streams of the cauveri river basin in the foot of the nallamala hills (jayaram 1981, 1991) .\nit is a very common species. there is no published literature on the population of this species .\nthis is a small species that grows to a maximum of 5–6 cm and mainly inhabits hilly and foothill areas. it is omnivorous in diet and also is eaten by larger fish and crustaceans (chhapgar and manakadan 2000) .\nthe species is not utilized for consumption, but is one of the most popular species in the pet trade .\n' s range are undergoing degradation due to pollution and habitat destruction. the species is also threatened by introduced species like\nthe species survives in many protected areas across its range. however, more research in taxonomy, distribution and threats is imperative in order to assign relevant conservation actions for the preservation of variant forms of the species. the taxonomic status for this species is as of now, very confusing. it is often interchanged with\n. we have reason to believe that this is a species complex with wide variation across it' s range and hence the rise of confusion .\nto make use of this information, please check the < terms of use > .\nfreshwater; benthopelagic; ph range: 6. 0 - 6. 5; dh range: 5 -? ; potamodromous (ref. 51243). tropical; 22°c - 26°c (ref. 13371 )\nphylogenetic diversity index (ref. 82805): pd 50 = 0. 5625 [ uniqueness, from 0. 5 = low to 2. 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight: a = 0. 01072 (0. 00509 - 0. 02256), b = 2. 98 (2. 81 - 3. 15), in cm total length, based on lwr estimates for this (sub) family - body shape (ref. 93245) .\ntrophic level (ref. 69278): 2. 9 ±0. 3 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience (ref. 69278): high, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (preliminary k or fecundity .) .\nvulnerability (ref. 59153): low vulnerability (16 of 100) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox (), called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary. php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis male specimen with four dark body bars closely resembles the fish in jerdon' s original description .\npair (male to the right) with differing colour pattern from the uk aquarium trade .\nendemic to the western ghats mountains in the south indian states of goa, karnataka, kerala and tamil nadu where it ranges from kanyakumari district at the southern tip of the country almost as far as maharashtra state to the north .\nit’s more common on the western slopes of the range and has been recorded in numerous river drainages from mouth to near source though it’s more common at sea level and in the foothills .\nthere are a number of geographically - isolated variants which differ in both colour and patterning depending on locality and habitat – type. populations from highland environments (headwaters, hill streams, etc .) typically display an orangey base colour whereas at lower altitudes they are normally purple or reddish, for example .\nthe number and positioning of dark bars on the body is also variable; populations from goa have five, karnataka / northern kerala four, central / southern kerala three .\nsome from southern kerala only have two and the much sought after fish from kanyakumari uniquely display none at all (r. kumar, pers. comm .) .\nsince genetic differences are also likely to exist it’s important not to mix the forms in aquaria to avoid hybridisation .\nunfortunately this may already have occurred in the trade so it’s wise to ask about the origins of your fish prior to purchase .\namong the most widely - distributed barbs in the western ghats and inhabits a variety of biotopes from hill streams to major rivers as well as irrigation canals, ponds, lakes and ditches .\nit shows a preference for shallow, quiet zones with submerged cover in the form of aquatic vegetation or leaf litter .\nthough gregarious it usually forms large schools with members of other species as well as conspecifics .\nit’s typically found alongside other small cyprinids such as pethia ticto, puntius sahyadriensis, ‘ puntius ‘ setnai and others towards the northern extent of its range, dawkinsia filamentosua, d. assimilis, d. arulius, pethia ticto and p. punctata in the middle and d. assimilis, d. exclamatio, d. filamentosa, d. pethia ticto, and p. punctata at the southern end .\nall rivers in the western ghats are rain - fed and seasonal so many habitats undergo changes in depth, temperature, water chemistry, turbidity, and flow rate depending on the time of year. undammed rivers can almost dry up completely during summer but flow like torrents after the monsoons .\nat the valpairi habitat in our images plant species include lagenandra ovata and blyxa aubertii and sympatric fishes devario malabaricus, garra, travancoria, and mesonoemacheilus spp .\nfairly undemanding provided the aquarium is well - maintained but can appear a little washed out in very sparsely decorated set - ups .\na combination of subdued lighting and a dark substrate will encourage it to show its best colours, and it can look superb in a planted set - up decorated with pieces of bogwood, twisted roots and patches of floating vegetation .\nthe ideal set - up would be dedicated to the replication of a slowly flowing stream. use a sand, gravel or mixed substrate and perhaps some smooth, water - worn rocks of varying sizes .\nfiltration can be quite gentle but try to provide some water movement, adding some roots, branches, twigs and some aquatic plants (native species include lagenandra ovata and blyxa auberti) for cover .\na few handfuls of leaf litter should complete the natural effect and may help to bring out the best colours of the fish .\nwild fish are foraging omnivores feeding on diatoms, algae, organic detritus, small insects, worms, crustaceans, and other zooplankton .\nin the aquarium it’s easily - fed but the best condition and colours offer regular meals of small live and frozen foods such as bloodworm, daphnia, and artemia, alongside good quality dried flakes and granules, at least some of which should include additional plant or algal content .\ngenerally very peaceful making it an ideal resident of the well - researched community aquarium, but may outcompete slower - moving or more timid fishes as it’s a somewhat vigorous feeder .\nsince it places no special demands in terms of water chemistry it can be combined with many of the most popular fish in the hobby though, including other small cyprinids as well as tetras, livebearers, rainbowfishes, certain anabantoids, catfishes, and loaches .\na community based around species from the western ghats could include species mentioned in the ‘habitat’ section plus others such as laubuca dadiburjori, rasbora caverii, r. rasbora, lepidocephalichthys guntea, l. thermalis, botia striata, aplocheilus blockii, a. lineatus, a. panchax, etroplus maculatus, e. suratensis, and pseudosphromenus cupanus .\ntry to buy a mixed - sex group of at least 8 - 10 specimens, include other schooling fishes to provide security and you’ll be rewarded with a more natural - looking spectacle .\nthe interaction between rival males is fascinating to watch plus they display their best colours when competing for female attention or hierarchical dominance .\nfemales tend to be larger and fuller bodied, especially when in breeding condition .\nmales are by far the more colourful sex, and usually have red and / or black colouration in the dorsal - fin .\nlike most small cyprinids it’s an egg - scattering free spawner exhibiting no parental care .\nwhen in good condition it will spawn often and in a mature aquarium it’s possible that small numbers of fry may start to appear without intervention .\nthe adult group can still be conditioned together but a smaller aquarium should also be set up and filled with mature water .\nthis should be very dimly lit and the base covered with some kind of mesh of a large enough grade so that the eggs can fall through but small enough so that the adults cannot reach them. the widely available plastic ‘grass’ - type matting can also be used and works well, as does a layer of glass marbles .\nalternatively filling much of the tank with a fine - leaved plant such as taxiphyllum spp. or spawning mops can also return decent results .\nthe water itself should be of slightly acidic to neutral ph with a temperature towards the upper end of the range suggested above, and an air - powered sponge filter or air stone (s) should also be included to provide oxygenation and water movement .\nwhen the adults are well - conditioned and the females appear gravid one or two pairs should then be introduced, and spawning should take place the following morning .\nan alternative is to spawn the fish in a group with half a dozen specimens of each sex being a good number, although a larger aquarium may be necessary .\nin either situation the adults will probably eat the eggs given the chance and should be removed as soon as any are noticed .\nthese should hatch in 24 – 48 hours with the fry free swimming around 24 hours later .\nthey should be fed on an infusoria - grade food for the first few days until large enough to accept microworm, artemia nauplii, or suchlike .\nthis species is traded under various vernacular names including ’ember barb ‘, ‘banded barb’ and ‘black spot barb ‘, and is perhaps among the more undervalued small cyprinids in the aquarium hobby being relatively peaceful, hardy, colourful, and with interesting behaviour .\nit exists in a number of colour forms but as yet it’s undecided whether they should be thought of as geographical variants or a complex of closely - related species since no exhaustive phylogenetic studies have been conducted .\nfour populations have have been raised to specific or subspecific status but only h. pradhani (tilak, 1973), a coastal form from maharashtra and goa with 5 bars and purple body and h. kannikkatiensis, a blackish, black - finned form from tamil nadu state with two body markings, one beneath the dorsal - fin and the other on the caudal peduncle, are currently accepted to be valid (r. kumar, pers. comm .) .\nthe taxa considered synonymous with h. fasciata are h. afasciata (jayaram, 1990), a plain - bodied form from kanyakumari; h. melanampyx (day, 1865), a three - striped form found in central and southern kerala and h. grayi (day, 1867), a highland form with 3 bars, the posterior of which at the base of the caudal - fin is often indistinct, and olive - green to crimson body .\nh. fasciata itself was described from malabar (corresponding to modern - day northern kerala), and although no type specimens are known jerdon did mention it had four bars .\nit’s possible that the ‘group’ is in the process of speciation and it seems feasible that some of these names may be revalidated, or additional populations raised to full species status, in the future .\nthe genus puntius was for a number of years viewed as a polyphyletic catch - all containing over 100 species of small to mid - sized cyprinid until pethiyagoda et al. (2012) published a partial review covering south asian members .\nno species from indochina, china, or indonesia were included in the study meaning a significant number of former puntius are currently classed as incertae sedis, i. e. , of uncertain taxonomic placement, and this also applies to a number of south asian species of unresolved status .\nthey’re perhaps best referred to as ‘ puntius ‘ for the time being whereby the genus name is surrounded by quotation marks to denote its questionable usage, and that is the convention used here on sf at the moment .\nday, f. , 1865 - proceedings of the zoological society of london 1865 (pt 1): 286 - 318 on the fishes of cochin, on the malabar coast of india. part ii. anacanthini .\njayaram, k. c. , 1990 - journal of the bombay natural history society 87 (1): 106 - 109 two new species of the genus puntius hamilton (pisces: cyprinidae) from india .\nkullander, s. o. and f. fang, 2005 - copeia 2005 (2): 290 - 302 two new species of puntius from northern myanmar (teleostei: cyprinidae) .\npethiyagoda, r. , m. meegaskumbura, and k. maduwage, 2012 - ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 23 (1): 69 - 95 a synopsis of the south asian fishes referred to puntius (pisces: cyprinidae) .\nsilias, e. g. , 1956 - copeia 1956 (3): 194 the systematic position of the indian cyprinid fish, cirrhinus fasciatus (jerdon, 1849), with a new name for barbus fasciatus bleeker (1853) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers. as a result, from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement, please leave a comment on the page. thank you !\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation, e. g. an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature, an orthologous protein, a record from another database, etc. < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more... < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages, faqs, uniprotkb manual, documents, news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins, you can use the ‘basket’ to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later. < p > < a href =' / help / basket' target =' _ top' > more... < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more. . < / a > < / p >\nwe' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation (gdpr) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\neschmeyer, w. n. ; fricke, r. ; van der laan, r. (eds). (2017). catalog of fishes: genera, species, references. electronic version. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nfroese, r. & d. pauly (editors). (2018). fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthis page was last edited on 16 may 2017, at 00: 02 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license; additional terms may apply. by using this site, you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nencyclo. co. uk, online since 2007, is a search engine for english meanings and definitions. the website aims to publish all wordlists, big and small, on the internet, making it much easier to find the word you need. follow us on facebook\nadults are small, typically less than 6 cm (2. 4 in) sl. both rostral and maxillary barbels are present. lateral line is complete and has 18–26 pored scales on body. there are one or two broad, black bars on flank, between bases of dorsal and anal fins .\n150mm or 5. 9\nsl. find near, nearer or same sized spp .\nmadras journal of literature and science v. 15 (pt 2), pp 305 .\nget or print a qr code for this species profile, or try our beta label creator .\nhas this page been useful? please donate to our monthly hosting costs and keep us free for everyone to enjoy! explore our youtube channel, facebook page or follow us on twitter .\n© 1996 - 2018 urltoken, part of the aquatic republic network group of websites. all rights reserved. cite this website. by accessing this site you agree to our terms and conditions of use. our privacy policy .\nullar, a tributary of tamiraparani river, above karaiyar reservoir, kannikatti region (kalakad mundanthurai tiger reserve), 8°35'' 30'' n, 77°20' 25'' e, tirunelveli district, tamil nadu, india, elevation 600 meters .\n2002 ], pp 476, figs. 2, 3 a - c (top) [ journal of the bombay natural history society v. 99 (pt 3 )\nexplore our youtube channel, facebook page or follow us on twitter. part of the aquatic republic network group of websites .\n© 2010 - 2018 aquaticrepublic. com. all rights reserved. by accessing this site you agree to our terms and conditions of use .\npopular: trivia, history, america, television, tv, usa, geography, cities, ... more\n. he also identifies subspecies of the same, that are applied to both specific names. various other workers have used both names in the same checklist, considering them as different species. however, it is more or less clear that only one species ,\ncan be considered a synonym. more work has to be done on clearing the status of various subspecies or varieties with the help of geographical location, morphology and molecular phylogenetics .\nrema devi, k. r. , gopalakrishnan, a. , arunachalam, m. , shrikant, j. , johnson, j. a. , rahul, k. & molur, s .\nis a widespread species. although there is some taxonomic uncertainty around this species,' as per available genetic work, this is considered valid'. but owing to taxonomic ambiguity and confusion with\nit occurs in shallow waters in low flow in backwaters and alcoves with sand and leaf - litter (arunachalam 2000) .\nit is in aquarium trade and is also a food fish along with other big sized fish .\nsand mining is a major threat as it occurs in sandy areas. loss of riparian trees is also a major threat (m. arunachalam pers. comm. 2010) .\ntaxonomic studies extremely essential. it seems to occur in some protected areas. breeding biology and population studies carried out. there is some attempt at captive breeding of this species by families in kerala (a. mercy pers. comm. 2010) .\nis recently described species by arunachalam and johnson (2003) from tamiraparani river, kalakad mundanthurai tiger reserve, tirunelveli district, tamil nadu, india .\nis assessed as least concern because even though the species is known only from two locations restricted in its range to less than 2, 000 km², the known populations are from a protected area. however, there is a need for research on population status, life history and threats to the species .\nthe species is endemic to the southern western ghats of india and is known from kalakkad - mundanthurai tiger reserve of tamil nadu (arunachalam and johnson 2003, 2009) .\nthis species is known from kalakkad - mundanthurai tiger reserve. research is needed on population status, life history and threats to the species .\nkari pihlaviita removed a common name in an unknown language from\npuntius melanampyx (day, 1865 )\n.\nkari pihlaviita added an unknown common name in an unknown language to\npuntius melanampyx (day, 1865 )\n.\ni' m in love with the ultra and premium [ lightning maroon clownfish ] i got through miniwaters! two thumbs up and awesome ...\nmatt with miniwaters. fish has excellent customer service skills throughout the order process. from timely email responses, to going the extra ...\nmatt with miniwaters. fish has excellent customer service skills throughout the order process. from timely email responses, to going the extra mile to find the fish you want, and the added plus of what seems to be unlimited knowledge for the fish he sells. miniwaters. fish will definitely be at the top of my list for future orders !\ni picked up 7 [ glowlight danios ] from miniwaters during the speaker weekend for my nano on the breakfast counter - i ...\nthey did great! all looked perfect. you packed the hell out of them. wife thought i bought a couple dozen ...\nthey did great! all looked perfect. you packed the hell out of them. wife thought i bought a couple dozen fish. look forward to ordering from you again in the future and will spread the word around here about your stellar service. thanks again !\nthe fish are gorgeous! amazing coloration, and appear to be super healthy... i' ve ordered from a dozen retailers, and you have ...\nthe fish are gorgeous! amazing coloration, and appear to be super healthy... i' ve ordered from a dozen retailers, and you have by far been the best to work with .\nminiwaters is an amazing company. i bought 2 fancy clowns aka\ndavinci\nclowns, and the communication between buyer and seller ...\nminiwaters is an amazing company. i bought 2 fancy clowns aka\ndavinci\nclowns, and the communication between buyer and seller was bar - none. the fish themselves are amazing, and delivered promptly. best option in the midwest by far .\nyou' re the best! i really appreciate all the time you' ve spent with me... you need to be cloned, greatest email reply ...\nyou' re the best! i really appreciate all the time you' ve spent with me... you need to be cloned, greatest email reply i' ve ever received .\nordered a few fish from miniwaters for future projects. triple bagged and warm. great shipping. easy transaction. thanks matt .\nmy shipping was only $ 8 from miniwaters. fish today and fish were packaged in a huge box. they traveled in luxury! ...\nmy shipping was only $ 8 from miniwaters. fish today and fish were packaged in a huge box. they traveled in luxury! large box, double bagged and then one more bag overall for good measure. plenty of water and air and some bonus reading material for me, a couple of recent editions of coral magazine. very happy customer !\nthe fish are clearly healthy, have good appetites, and are busy exploring their new home. there were no doa' s. thank ...\nthe fish are clearly healthy, have good appetites, and are busy exploring their new home. there were no doa' s. thank you very much for a job well done !\nordered from urltoken before, great livestock, communication about shipping, and really cares that it arrives alive! overall a + +. i don’t ...\nordered from urltoken before, great livestock, communication about shipping, and really cares that it arrives alive! overall a + +. i don’t leave many reviews, but credit where it’s due! always been a pleasure working with you, and i really enjoy supporting small businesses !\ni first saw the melon barb, halundaria fasciata (aka. dravidia fasciata, puntius fasciatus, and others), in the fishroom of notable fish breeder and author ted judy (urltoken). this medium sized barb, topping out at 3 inches, really stood out, so when they became available to me recently, i had to bring ’em into the fishroom and give ’em a whirl. they’re active, but peaceful. of course, this fish should be kept in groups, never singly. incidentally, this is probably a great species to group with the roseline shark / denison’s barb .\ni first saw the melon barb, halundaria fasciata (aka. dravidia fasciata, puntius fasciatus, and others), in the fishroom of notable fish breeder and author ted judy (urltoken). this medium sized barb, topping out at 3 inches, really stood out, so when they became available to me recently, i had to bring ’em into the fishroom and give ’em a whirl. they’re active, but peaceful. of course, this fish should be kept in groups, never singly. incidentally, this is probably a great species to group with the roseline shark / denison’s barb .\nmost references note that there are several distinct color forms, the suggestion being these are geographical variants that could one day be described as separate species. therefore, if you’re going to breed this species, it might be best to do your homework, learn all you can about the fish in question, and purchase a larger group all from the same source (vs. mixing sources and thus, possibly commingling different variants / species). the specimens on hand are likely bred for the aquarium trade, and did not come to me with any biogeographic provenance – as ted judy would tell me to call it; they’re “aquarium strain” !\njoin our mailing list to receive the latest news and updates from our team .\nthis item will be sent through the global shipping programme and includes international tracking. learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties, taxes, brokerage and other fees. this amount is subject to change until you make payment. for additional information, see the global shipping programme terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties, taxes, brokerage and other fees. this amount is subject to change until you make payment. if you reside in an eu member state besides uk, import vat on this purchase is not recoverable. for additional information, see the global shipping programme terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\ninternational postage paid to pitney bowes inc. learn more - opens in a new window or tab\ninternational postage and import charges paid to pitney bowes inc. learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nany international postage and import charges are paid in part to pitney bowes inc. learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nany international postage is paid in part to pitney bowes inc. learn more - 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2018 ebay inc. all rights reserved. user agreement, privacy, cookies and adchoice\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties, taxes, brokerage and other fees. this amount is subject to change until you make payment. for additional information, see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties, taxes, brokerage and other fees. this amount is subject to change until you make payment. if you reside in an eu member state besides uk, import vat on this purchase is not recoverable. for additional information, see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nany international shipping is paid in part to pitney bowes inc. learn more - opens in a new window or tab\ninternational shipping and import charges paid to pitney bowes inc. learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nany international shipping and import charges are paid in part to pitney bowes inc. learn more - opens in a new window or tab\ninternational shipping paid to pitney bowes inc. learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nthis item will be shipped through the global shipping program and includes international tracking. learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nwill usually ship within 3 business days of receiving cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab .\ncopyright © 1995 - 2018 ebay inc. all rights reserved. accessibility, user agreement, privacy, cookies and adchoice\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1. 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nfroese, r. and d. pauly. editors. 2013. fishbase. world wide web electronic publication. ; urltoken version (12 / 2013) .\na general description, with any kind of information about the taxon. its main goal is summarize the most relevant or attractive characteristics of this taxon to the general public .\ndescribes average size, max, range; type of size (perimeter, length, volume, weight ...) .\nenumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives. covers ranges, e. g. , a global range, or a narrower one; may be biogeographical, political or other (e. g. , managed areas like conservencies); endemism; native or exotic. does not include altitudinal distribution, which is covered under habitat .\nneed for further research on the freshwater fish fauna of the ashambu hills landscape: a response to a ...\nalien fish find their way into newer habitats and ecosystems opportunistically. once in a new habi ...\ndiversity, distribution and assemblage structure of fishes in streams of southern western ghats, india ...\ndiversity, distribution and assemblage structure of fishes were studied in 10 selected streams of s ...\nappendix 1 paper on phylogenetic position and osteology of pethia setnai, an endemic barb of the weste ...\n| | best supported on google chrome, firefox 3. 0 +, internet explorer 8. 0 +, safari 4. 0 +, opera 10 +. powered by the open source biodiversity informatics platform. technology partner strand life sciences\nnew & recent described flora & fauna species from all over the world esp. asia, oriental, indomalayan & malesiana region\n’ depicted in francis hamilton’s (1822) book on the fishes of the ganges river (see hora, 1931), a founder work in indian ichthyology .\nas first reviser, i also give dawkinsia precedence over dravidia, which names were simultaneously published in pethiyagoda, meegaskumbura & maduwage (2012) .\nwuodendron b. xue, y. h. tan & chaowasku wuodendron praecox (hook. f. & thomson) b. xue, y. h. tan & x. l. hou in xue, tan ...\n[ botany • 2017 ] begonia fulgurata | ดาดดารารัศมี • a new species (sect. diploclinium, begoniaceae) from chiang mai, northern thailand\nbegonia fulgurata c. - i peng, c. w. lin & phutthai ดาดดารารัศมี | | doi: 10. 3767 / blumea. 2017. 62. 03. 01 urltoken be ...\nchamaelirium viridiflorum l. wang, z. c. liu & w. b. liao in liu, feng, wang & liao, 2018. doi: 10. 11646 / phytotaxa. 357... .\ngreat - billed seed - finch sporophila maximiliani (cabanis, 1851) in ubaid, silveira, medolago, et. al. , 2018. doi: 10. 11646 / ...\nendocerids with their filtering apparatus in mironenko, 2018. doi: 10. 1080 / 08912963. 2018. 1491565 reconstruction by andre ...\naristolochia tongbiguanensis j. y. shen, q. b. gong & s. landrein in gong, landrein, xi, et al. , 2018. doi: 10. 6165 / tai... .\nbagualosaurus agudoensis pretto, langer & schultz, 2018 doi: 10. 1093 / zoolinnean / zly028 illustration: jorge blanco c ...\nthe hypothetical phylogenetic relationships of ceratosaurs based on current topologies. the main source is from wang et al. (2016 ...\nnipponosaurus sachalinensis nagao, 1936 in takasaki, chiba, kobayashi, et al. , 2018 ニッポノサウルス | | doi: 10. 1080 / 08912963. 2017... .\nbegonia medogensis jianw. li, y. h. tan & x. h. jin in li, tan, wang, et al. , 2018. doi: 10. 3897 / phytokeys. 103. 25392 ...\n[ botany • 2012 ] twenty new species of paraboea (ge ...\n[ testudology • 2013 ] the draft genomes of soft - she ...\n[ mollusca • 2013 ] schileykula maculata • a new, ri ...\non this day (july 10th)... ...... ... ...\nanomaloglossus meansi: a new species of cryptic forest frog from the wokomung and ayanganna sky islands of southern guyana .\nthe benefits and costs of academic travel. or\nthere and back again; again and again\ncanon renueva su gama de 70 - 200 mm f: 2. 8 y f: 4\nplants go extinct, but sometimes species are rediscovered. this one after 151 years .\ni' m killing antediluvian salad but even in death there is rebirth ...\nnecps carnivorous plant show: sept. 9 - 10 at tower hill botanical garden\nthis is a particularly beautiful species of centrolenid - the granular glass frog, cochranella granulosa." ]

{ "text": [ "haludaria is a genus of cyprinids native to india .", "originally the genus was named dravidia pethiyagoda , meegaskumbura & maduwage , 2012 which is preoccupied by the dipteran genus dravidia lehrer , 2010 . " ], "topic": [ 26, 26 ] }

[ "haludaria is a genus of cyprinids native to india. originally the genus was named dravidia pethiyagoda, meegaskumbura & maduwage, 2012 which is preoccupied by the dipteran genus dravidia lehrer, 2010." ]