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15828336 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny%20Phantom%20Ghost%20Zone | Danny Phantom Ghost Zone | Danny Phantom Ghost Zone (formerly known as Screaming Yellow Eagle) was a flat ride located in Nickelodeon Universe in the Mall of America. It was a Chance Falling star attraction that was located at the east entrance of the park.
Description
The ride was moderate in speed compared to other rides of its type. The ride had lap bars that came down on riders that site theater style facing one direction. Thirty two people may ride at once. Minimum rider height: 42 inches. The ride rotated riders around the axle clockwise and counter-clockwise, coming close to the ceiling.
This was one of the few attractions in the world themed to Danny Phantom, another notable attraction is located at Kings Island known as "Phantom Flyers" (this has since been renamed to "Linus' Launcher" in 2010 after a makeover to the children area of the park now named "Planet Snoopy")
The base color was formerly yellow with blue support legs and the gondola was mainly yellow, featuring star elements. From the park's opening in 1992 to the loss of the Peanuts characters in 2006, Woodstock was formerly featured on the mechanical building behind the attraction, although the attraction was not themed to a specific Peanuts character.
Closure
On July 7, 2015, the park announced that the last chance to ride Danny Phantom Ghost Zone would be July 11, 2015. In November 2015, it was replaced by Shredder's Mutant Masher. It is based on Shredder, one of the villains from the Nickelodeon show, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.
1998 accident
On August 15, 1998, 14 days after the Log Chute accident, an 8-year-old girl had a heart attack after riding The Screaming Yellow Eagle, which was working properly. The girl died as a result of heart problems.
External links
Danny Phantom Ghost Zone
References
Nickelodeon Universe
Danny Phantom
Nickelodeon in amusement parks
Amusement rides introduced in 1992
Amusement rides manufactured by Chance Rides |
15828337 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred%20Zsak | Manfred Zsak | Manfred Zsak (born 22 December 1964) is an Austrian football coach and former professional player.
Club career
Zsak started his professional career at Admira Wacker and moved to Austria Wien aged 23 and stayed with them for almost 10 years, captaining the side for most of his period at Austria. In 1996, he moved to GAK but left them after only a month and three matches to join FC Linz. He returned to his now renamed first team VfB Admira Wacker Mödling and suffered relegation with them to the second division in 1998.
He finished his career playing for lower league outfits SV Schwechat, ASK Bad Vöslau and SV Rust.
International career
He made his debut for Austria in an October 1986 3-0 win over Albania and was a participant at the 1990 FIFA World Cup. He earned 49 caps, scoring 5 goals. He ended his international career at a May 1993 World Cup qualification match against Finland.
Coaching career
Zsak was the head coach of the Austrian under-21 side, and then was named as Assistant Coach for the Austrian senior team.
Honours
Austrian Football Bundesliga (3):
1991, 1992, 1993
Austrian Cup (3):
1990, 1992, 1994
References
External links
Player profile - Austria Archive
Steckbrief
1964 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Mödling
Austrian men's footballers
Austria men's international footballers
1990 FIFA World Cup players
FC Admira Wacker Mödling players
FK Austria Wien players
Grazer AK players
Austrian Football Bundesliga players
Men's association football defenders
Men's association football midfielders
Footballers from Lower Austria
Association football coaches |
15828338 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Dame-du-Rocher | Notre-Dame-du-Rocher | Notre-Dame-du-Rocher () is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Athis-Val-de-Rouvre. The former commune is part of the area known as Suisse Normande.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Notredamedurocher |
15828339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origny-le-Roux | Origny-le-Roux | Origny-le-Roux () is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
Points of interest
National heritage sites
Château de Chèreperrine an eighteenth century chateau, featuring a ground floor decorated and furnished by Nicolas Heurtaut, it was registered as a Monument historique in 1989.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Orignyleroux
Monuments historiques of Orne |
15828340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passais | Passais | Passais (; also: Passais-la-Conception) is a former commune in the Orne department in north-western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Passais Villages.
Facilities in the village include a doctors’ surgery (with nurses), a pharmacy, a boulangerie, two hairdressers, a Tabac, two banks, a boucherie, and a bar / restaurant. There is also soon to open a new clothing business, Desirabilitees, which specializes in printed T shirts and workwear.
There is also a médiathèque (library), a theatre, a Marie, a salles des fêtes, and schools.
Petrol and diesel is available from a 24-hour commune filling station, which is alongside a Vehicle workshop (Top Garage).
There is a small market on a Tuesday morning.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Former communes of Orne |
15828341 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perrou | Perrou | Perrou () is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
Geography
Perrou along with the communes of Champsecret, Les Monts d'Andaine, Juvigny Val d'Andaine, Dompierre and Domfront en Poiraie is part of the BASSIN DE L'ANDAINETTE a Natura 2000 conservation site. The site measures 617 hectares and is home to the Bullhead, Brook lamprey and white-clawed crayfish.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
Parc naturel régional Normandie-Maine
References
Communes of Orne
Natura 2000 in France |
15828342 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervench%C3%A8res | Pervenchères | Pervenchères () is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
Points of interest
Chêne de la Lambonnière is a 8000m2 site of a 500 year old Pedunculate Oak, which includes pond, nature walk and a building built using traditional methods.
National heritage sites
Vauvineux Manor is a fifteenth century Manor house, registered as a Monument historique in 1974.
Heraldry
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Communes of Orne
Monuments historiques of Orne |
15828343 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Agnan-sur-Erre | Saint-Agnan-sur-Erre | Saint-Agnan-sur-Erre () is a former commune in the Orne department in north-western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Val-au-Perche.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Sailntagnansurerre |
15828344 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Agnan-sur-Sarthe | Saint-Agnan-sur-Sarthe | Saint-Agnan-sur-Sarthe (, literally Saint-Agnan on Sarthe) is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
Geography
The commune along with another 32 communes is part of a 3,503 hectare, Natura 2000 conservation area, called the Haute vallée de la Sarthe.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Saintagnansursarthe |
15828345 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Andr%C3%A9-de-Briouze | Saint-André-de-Briouze | Saint-André-de-Briouze (, literally Saint-André of Briouze) is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
Geography
The commune is made up of the following collection of villages and hamlets, Saint-Denis, Les Rivières,Le Haut Bois, St-Andre-de-Briouze and La Foirie.
The commune is part of the area known as Suisse Normande.
The commune has three watercourses running through it, the River Rouvre, and two streams the Vaux and the Maufy.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Saintandredebriouze |
15828346 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Andr%C3%A9-de-Messei | Saint-André-de-Messei | Saint-André-de-Messei (, literally Saint-André of Messei) is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
Geography
The commune is made up of the following collection of villages and hamlets, Les Refours, Les Monts, L'Être Gallet, Vircoq and Saint-André-de-Messei.
It is in size. The highest point in the commune is .
The sole watercourse that flows through the commune is the river Varenne.
Notable People
René Bansard - (1904 - 1917) was a French archaeologist, who died here.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Saintandredemessei |
15828348 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Aubert-sur-Orne | Saint-Aubert-sur-Orne | Saint-Aubert-sur-Orne (, literally Saint-Aubert on Orne) is a former commune in the Orne department in north-western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Putanges-le-Lac.
The former commune is part of the area known as Suisse Normande.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Saintaubertsurorne |
15828349 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Aquilin-de-Corbion | Saint-Aquilin-de-Corbion | Saint-Aquilin-de-Corbion () is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Saintaquilindecorbion |
15828350 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Aubin-d%27Appenai | Saint-Aubin-d'Appenai | Saint-Aubin-d'Appenai is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
Parc naturel régional Normandie-Maine
References
Saintaubindappenai |
15828351 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Aubin-de-Bonneval | Saint-Aubin-de-Bonneval | Saint-Aubin-de-Bonneval () is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
Points of interest
National heritage sites
Saint-Aubin Church is a thirteenth century church, that was registered as a Monument historique 1991.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Saintaubindebonneval
Monuments historiques of Orne |
15828353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Aubin-des-Grois | Saint-Aubin-des-Grois | Saint-Aubin-des-Grois () is a former commune in the Orne department in north-western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Perche en Nocé.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Saintaubindesgrois |
15828355 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-B%C3%B4mer-les-Forges | Saint-Bômer-les-Forges | Saint-Bômer-les-Forges () is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
Geography
The commune is made up of the following collection of villages and hamlets, Le Four à Chaux, Platier, La Guimardière, Le Grand Mesnil, Les Forges, La Maigraire and Saint-Bômer-les-Forges.
It is in size. The highest point in the commune is .
The commune is within the Normandie-Maine Regional Natural Park.
The Andainette, the Varenne and the Halouze are the three rivers, running through this commune.
Points of interest
National heritage sites
The Commune has two buildings and areas listed as a Monument historique.
Megalithic ensemble Neolithic megalithic which was registered as a monument in 1975.
Manoir de la Bérardière a sixteenth century Manor house, registered as a Monument historique in 1974.
Notable People
Henri François Anne de Roussel (1748 - 1812) a French naturalist, was born here.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Saintbomerlesforges
Megalithic monuments in France
Stone Age sites in France
Monuments historiques of Orne |
15828356 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisai-Saint-Aubin | Cisai-Saint-Aubin | Cisai-Saint-Aubin () is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France. The French priest and palaeographer Robert Devreesse (1894–1978) was born in Cisai-Saint-Aubin.
Geography
The Commune is one of 30 communes that make up the Natura 2000 protected area of Bocages et vergers du sud Pays d'Auge.
Points of interest
National heritage sites
The Commune has two buildings and areas listed as a Monument historique.
Cisai Castle fifteenth century fortified house, that was registered as a Monument historique 1991.
Domaine du château des Lettiers eighteenth century grounds with an English-style park, that was registered as a Monument historique 1995. The grounds also cover the neighbouring commune of La Trinité-des-Laitiers
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Cisaisaintaubin
Monuments historiques of Orne |
15828357 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neauphe-sur-Dive | Neauphe-sur-Dive | Neauphe-sur-Dive (, literally Neauphe on Dive) is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
Geography
The commune is made up of the following collection of villages and hamlets, Le Bas de Neauphe, La Filerie and Neauphe-sur-Dive.
The commune has the River Dives running through it. In addition it has 5 streams running through it, the Foulbec, the Merdret de, the Pont aux Anes, the Besion and the Secqueville.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Neauphesurdive |
15828358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Christophe-de-Chaulieu | Saint-Christophe-de-Chaulieu | Saint-Christophe-de-Chaulieu (, literally Saint-Christophe of Chaulieu) is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Saintchristophedechaulieu |
15828359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Christophe-le-Jajolet | Saint-Christophe-le-Jajolet | Saint-Christophe-le-Jajolet () is a former commune in the Orne department in north-western France. In 2015 it became part of Boischampré.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
Parc naturel régional Normandie-Maine
References
Saintchristophelejajolet |
15828360 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9cy | Nécy | Nécy () is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
Geography
The commune is made up of the following collection of villages and hamlets, Necy, Les Requendières, Le Haut de Nécy, La Bergerie and Les Moulins.
The commune has the river Filaine running through it, along with one of its tributaries the Gronde
References
Communes of Orne |
15828361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuilly-le-Bisson | Neuilly-le-Bisson | Neuilly-le-Bisson () is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
Parc naturel régional Normandie-Maine
References
Neuillylebisson |
15828362 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Cornier-des-Landes | Saint-Cornier-des-Landes | Saint-Cornier-des-Landes () is a former commune in the Orne department in the Normandy region in north-western France. On 1 January 2015, Saint-Cornier-des-Landes and six other communes merged becoming one commune called Tinchebray-Bocage.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Saintcornierdeslandes |
15828363 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuville-pr%C3%A8s-S%C3%A9es | Neuville-près-Sées | Neuville-près-Sées (, literally Neuville near Sées) is a former commune in the Orne department in north-western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the commune of Chailloué.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Neuvillepressees |
15828364 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulonges-les-Sablons | Coulonges-les-Sablons | Coulonges-les-Sablons () is a former commune in the Orne department in north-western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Sablons-sur-Huisne.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Coulongeslessablons |
15828365 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Cyr-la-Rosi%C3%A8re | Saint-Cyr-la-Rosière | Saint-Cyr-la-Rosière () is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
Points of interest
Écomusée du Perche is a museum dedicated to rural heritage of the Perche from the 1800s to 1960. It was first opened in 1972.
National heritage sites
The Commune has five buildings and areas listed as a Monument historique.
Sainte-Gauburge priory a thirteenth century former priory that was registered as a monument in 1980.
Chapel of Clémence a fourteenth century chapel, registered as a Monument historique in 1977.
La Pierre Procureuse Dolmen is a Neolithic dolmen, registered as a Monument historique in 1930.
Church of Saint-Cyr and Sainte-Julitte a twelfth century church, registered as a Monument historique in 1978.
Langenardiere Manor a sixteenth century Manor house, registered as a Monument historique in 1925.
Notable People
Alexis Bachelot - (1796 - 1837) a Catholic priest best known for his tenure as the first Prefect Apostolic of the Sandwich Islands, was born here.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Saintcyrlarosiere
Dolmens in France
Stone Age sites in France
Monuments historiques of Orne
Museums in Orne
Museums established in 1972 |
15828368 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Aubin-de-Courteraie | Saint-Aubin-de-Courteraie | Saint-Aubin-de-Courteraie () is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
Geography
The commune along with another 32 communes is part of a 3,503 hectare, Natura 2000 conservation area, called the Haute vallée de la Sarthe.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Saintaubindecourteraie |
15828370 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Brice-sous-R%C3%A2nes | Saint-Brice-sous-Rânes | Saint-Brice-sous-Rânes (, literally Saint-Brice under Rânes) is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
Geography
The commune is made up of the following collection of villages and hamlets, Les Hues,Le Bisson and Saint-Brice-sous-Rânes.
Saint-Brice-sous-Rânes along with another 69 communes is part of a 20,593 hectare, Natura 2000 conservation area, called the Haute vallée de l'Orne et affluents.
There are 5 streams which flow through the commune, the Chalau, the Aunais, the Gosu, la Barbottiere and La Noeve.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Saintbricesousranes |
15828384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattiwilda%20Dobbs | Mattiwilda Dobbs | Mattiwilda Dobbs (July 11, 1925 – December 8, 2015) was an American coloratura soprano and was one of the first black singers to enjoy a major international career in opera. She was the first black singer to perform at La Scala in Italy, the first black woman to receive a long-term performance contract and to sing a lead role at the Metropolitan Opera, New York and the first black singer to play a lead role at the San Francisco Opera.
Biography
Dobbs was born in Atlanta, Georgia, one of six daughters of John and Irene Dobbs, who were leaders in the state's African-American community. She began piano lessons at the age of seven, and sang in community and church choirs.
Education
Dobbs attended Spelman College where she studied home economics and considered becoming a fashion designer. Her teachers encouraged her to study music, however, and she began to study voice, graduating with a degree in Spanish and music in 1946. Following her graduation, she moved to New York City and studied with German soprano Lotte Leonard while completing a Master's degree in Spanish at Columbia University.
Dobbs won a number of scholarships, including the Marian Anderson Award in 1947, and a John Hay Whitney Fellowship. The funds from these awards enabled her to move to Europe in 1950 and pursue her studies there, notably with Pierre Bernac.
Performance career in Europe
Dobbs initially performed in Europe as a concert recitalist; however, after winning the International Music Competition in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1951, she went on to sing at the major festivals and opera houses throughout the continent. She made her professional operatic debut at the Holland Festival, as the Nightingale in Stravinsky's The Nightingale, in 1952. She made her debut at the Glyndebourne Festival, as Zerbinetta in Ariadne auf Naxos, in 1953. Her success at this festival led to a performance contract at London's Covent Garden from 1953 to 1958.
Her La Scala debut in 1953 was at the invitation of conductor Herbert von Karajan. Dobbs performed the role of Elvira in L'italiana in Algeri, which also marked the first time a black artist sang in that opera house. In a review of her performance, the British magazine Opera called her "the outstanding coloratura of her generation".
She made her debut at the Royal Opera House in London, as the Woodbird in Siegfried, in 1953. She also appeared at the Paris Opéra, the Vienna State Opera, and at the opera houses of Hamburg and Stockholm. In 1954, she sang before Queen Elizabeth II and the King and Queen of Sweden at Covent Garden Theatre and performed at the Edinburgh International Festival
In the 1960s Dobbs continued to perform in Europe, particularly in Sweden, where she lived with her husband. Her successful, high-profile European career is considered significant in setting an example to younger black female singers such as Leontyne Price, Shirley Verrett, Jessye Norman and Kathleen Battle.
Performance career in the United States
Her American debut was a recital with the Little Orchestra Society, in New York City, in 1954. She made her Metropolitan Opera debut, as Gilda in Rigoletto, on November 9, 1956, becoming the first African American singer to perform in a romantic role. In a review of her performance, Carl Van Vechten wrote that Dobbs' was "glorious ... a warm and brilliant coloratura, and the best Gilda in my experience." Although African-American singer Marian Anderson had performed at the Met the previous year, Dobbs was the first African-American to be offered a long-term contract by the Met. In eight seasons, she performed 29 times, including Zerbinetta in Ariadne auf Naxos, Zerlina in Don Giovanni, Olympia in The Tales of Hoffmann, Lucia in Lucia di Lammermoor, and Oscar in Un ballo in maschera. She also appeared at the San Francisco Opera in 1955, where she was the first African-American to play a lead role.
Following the example set by other African-American performers, Dobbs refused to perform for segregated audiences. She later stated that this hurt her career as she declined offers of work in the southern states. When the Atlanta Municipal Auditorium was desegregated in 1961, Dobbs was the first person to sing to an integrated audience in the city. After de-segregation, she performed in Atlanta in a series of operas produced by Blanche Thebom.
Retirement
Dobbs retired from performing in 1974, and began teaching at the University of Texas, where she was the first African-American on the faculty. She continued her teaching career as professor of voice at Howard University in Washington, D.C., before retiring to Arlington County, Virginia.
In 1989 Dobbs was elected to the board of directors of the Metropolitan Opera.
Recordings
Dobbs's coloratura soprano was praised for its freshness and agility, as well as tonal beauty, and was considered an ideal voice for sound recording. However, she can be heard in relatively few recordings, as she spent her early career in Europe. When she returned to the United States in 1954 Roberta Peters had become a top soprano recording artist.
Dobbs's notable recordings include Die Entführung aus dem Serail (in English), opposite Nicolai Gedda (who was born the same day as she was, July 11, 1925), and conducted by Yehudi Menuhin, Les pêcheurs de perles conducted by René Leibowitz, and a recital of opera arias and songs, released in 1998 by Testament Records. She sang both Olympia and Antonia in a complete recording of The Tales of Hoffmann featuring Leopold Simoneau and Heinz Rehfuss, and conducted by Pierre-Michel Le Conte, which was issued in 1958 by Epic in stereo in the USA and by Concert Hall in Europe, and reissued on CD in 2008. She also recorded the title role of Zaide under Leibowitz in Paris in 1952, and excerpts from Rigoletto alongside Rolando Panerai.
Recognition
In 1954, the King and Queen of Sweden awarded Dobbs the Order of the North Star.
In 1979, Dobbs received an honorary doctorate of fine arts from Spelman College.
In 1980, the Library of Congress held an exhibition on her life.
In 1983, Dobbs received the James Weldon Johnson Award in Fine Arts from the Atlanta National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
Personal life
Martin Luther King Sr. wanted his son, Martin Luther King Jr., to marry Dobbs, as her father was an active civil rights activist and a friend of his.
Dobbs was married twice. Her first husband, Spaniard Luis Rodriguez, died of a liver ailment in June 1954, fourteen months after their wedding. In late 1957, she married Bengt Janzon, a Swedish newspaperman and public relations executive. Janzon died in 1997. Dobbs was the aunt of the first black Mayor of Atlanta, Maynard Jackson, and sang at his inauguration in January 1978.
Dobbs died from cancer on December 8, 2015, at her home in Atlanta at the age of 90.
References
Further reading
The Metropolitan Opera Encyclopedia, edited by David Hamilton, (Simon and Schuster, New York 1987).
Elizabeth Forbes: "Mattiwilda Dobbs ", Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy; accessed November 13, 2008.
External links
Bruce Duffie, Interview with Mattiwilda Dobbs, March 28, 1994
Mattiwilda Dobbs sings Caro nome, recorded late 1950s
1925 births
2015 deaths
American operatic sopranos
20th-century African-American women singers
20th-century American women opera singers
African-American women opera singers
Singers from Atlanta
Spelman College alumni
Howard University faculty
University of Texas faculty
Deaths from cancer in Georgia (U.S. state)
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Burials at South-View Cemetery |
15828429 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393%20FIBA%20European%20Championship%20Regular%20Season%20Group%20B | 1992–93 FIBA European Championship Regular Season Group B | Standings and Results for Group B of the Regular Season phase of the FIBA European Championship 1992–93 basketball tournament.
Main page: FIBA European Championship 1992–93
Tiebreakers:
Head-to-head record in matches between the tied clubs
Overall point difference in games between the tied clubs
Overall point difference in all group matches (first tiebreaker if tied clubs are not in the same group)
Points scored in all group matches
Sum of quotients of points scored and points allowed in each group match
Standings
Notes:
Limoges CSP win the tiebreaker over Scavolini for second place and the home advantage in the quarterfinals.
Knorr Bologna win the tiebreaker over Joventut Badalona for fourth place and a playoff berth. The two teams split their group matches, but Knorr scored 2 more points head-to-head.
Fixtures and results
Game 1
October 28–29, 1992
Game 2
November 5, 1992
Game 3
November 25–26, 1992
Game 4
December 2–3, 1992
Game 5
December 9–10, 1992
Game 6
December 16–17, 1992
Game 7
January 6 - January 7, February 23, 1993
Game 8
January 13–14, 1993
Game 9
January 20–21, 1993
Game 10
January 28, 1993
Game 11
February 3, 1993
Game 12
February 10–11, 1993
Game 13
February 17–18, 1993
Game 14
February 24–25, 1993
Group B
1992–93 in Greek basketball
1992–93 in Spanish basketball
1992–93 in Italian basketball
1992–93 in French basketball
1992–93 in Croatian basketball
1992–93 in Belgian basketball
1992–93 in German basketball |
15828440 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Denis-sur-Sarthon | Saint-Denis-sur-Sarthon | Saint-Denis-sur-Sarthon () is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
Notable Residents
Saint Azélie-Marie ("Zélie") Guérin Martin mother of Saint Thérése of Liseux ( Saint Thérèse of the Child Jesus and the Holy Face)
Points of interest
National heritage sites
Large forge built in 1856 this blast furnace supplied Iron for the Alencon Railway, it was registered as a Monument historique in 1990.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
Parc naturel régional Normandie-Maine
References
Saintdenissursarthon
Monuments historiques of Orne |
15828443 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Didier-sous-%C3%89couves | Saint-Didier-sous-Écouves | Saint-Didier-sous-Écouves () is a former commune in the Orne department in north-western France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune L'Orée-d'Écouves.
Notable buildings and places
National heritage sites
Markers of Forêt d'Écouves a set of 80 markers positioned in the 18th century that mark the boundaries of the forest, they were registered as a Monument historique in 1987.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
Parc naturel régional Normandie-Maine
References
Saintdidiersousecouves |
15828444 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte-C%C3%A9ronne-l%C3%A8s-Mortagne | Sainte-Céronne-lès-Mortagne | Sainte-Céronne-lès-Mortagne () is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
Notable buildings and places
National heritage sites
The Commune has two buildings and areas listed as a Monument historique.
Sainte-Céronne Church is a church built during the 12th century was classed as a Monument historique in 1975.
Feudal motte is a small castle on a motte that dates back to the 11th century, it was listed as a monument in 1975.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Sainteceronnelesmortagne
Monuments historiques of Orne |
15828445 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte-Croix-sur-Orne | Sainte-Croix-sur-Orne | Sainte-Croix-sur-Orne (, literally Sainte-Croix on Orne) is a former commune in the Orne department in north-western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Putanges-le-Lac. The 18th-century military, playwright and physician Guillaume-René Lefébure (1744–1806) was born in Sainte-Croix-sur-Orne.
The former commune is part of the area known as Suisse Normande.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Saintecroixsurorne |
15828446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte-Gauburge-Sainte-Colombe | Sainte-Gauburge-Sainte-Colombe | Sainte-Gauburge-Sainte-Colombe () is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
Geography
The Commune is one of 30 communes that make up the Natura 2000 protected area of Bocages et vergers du sud Pays d'Auge.
Twin towns – sister cities
Sainte-Gauburge-Sainte-Colombe, along with Moulins-la-Marche and Courtomer is twinned with:
Schmitten, Germany
Transport
Sainte-Gauburge station has rail connections to Argentan, Paris and Granville.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Saintegauburgesaintecolombe |
15828449 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte-Honorine-la-Chardonne | Sainte-Honorine-la-Chardonne | Sainte-Honorine-la-Chardonne is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
Geography
The commune is part of the area known as Suisse Normande.
The commune is made up of the following collection of villages and hamlets, La Barbotière,Cingal, La Pouplière, Les Petits Champs,La Soubinière,La Ferté, Le Châtellier, La Forgé Martin, La Rivière, La Pérée, La Bernottière, La Grésillière, Laubenière and Sainte-Honorine-la-Chardonne.
The only watercourse to run through the commune is the River Vere.
Notable buildings and places
Renaissance Garden of Sainte-Honorine-la-Chardonne is a 5000m2 garden built around the ruins of the Manoir de la Boisnerie and is open to the public. The garden is classed as a Jardins remarquables by the Ministry of Culture and the Comité des Parcs et Jardins de France.
National heritage sites
Château de Saint-Sauveur is a 16th Century Chateau that was classed as a Monument historique in 2009.
Notable People
Guy Lefèvre de la Boderie a 16th century French Orientalist, Bible scholar and poet was born here.
Guillaume Martin is a French professional cyclist who has competed in all 3 Grand tours, winning the Mountains classification in the Vuelta a España grew up here as a child and continues to have a presence here.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Saintehonorinelachardonne
Gardens in Orne
Monuments historiques of Orne |
15828451 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte-Honorine-la-Guillaume | Sainte-Honorine-la-Guillaume | Sainte-Honorine-la-Guillaume is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
Geography
The commune is made up of the following collection of villages and hamlets, La Fégrinière, Le Degré,La Thiboudière, La Guilminière, La Joasiére,La Dandière, La Héroudière, L'Être aux Roux,La Basserie, La Boscherie, La Briconnière,La Séramberie, L'Épierrière,L'Être Bisson and Sainte-Honorine-la-Guillaume.
The commune is part of the area known as Suisse Normande.
There are 5 watercourses that run through the commune, The river Rouvre plus 4 streams, Guesnerie, Onfrairies, Vallees and the Maufy.
History
1620: Georges Pierre is the vicar of this parish.
1622: Jean Le Corsonnois is curate and François Guérin "parish priest".
1622: "Mr Guillaume Lesage, squire, gentleman of la Bocherie and of the Rocher de Sainte-Honorine(la Guillaume)". His son is Jacques Lesage.
Administration
Serge Clérembaux was mayor between 1971 and 2020. Pierre Madeline was elected mayor in 2020.
Demography
Notable buildings and places
Forest of Sainte-Honorine-La-Guillaume a public forest that is managed by National Forests Office of France.
People linked with the commune
Petrus Guérin du Rocher (1731–1792), a Jesuit priest, who was beatified by Pope Pius XI in October 1926.
Hans-Joachim Klein, (1947 - 2022) a former German terrorist, who belonged to the Vienna commando in December 1975, was arrested at Sainte-Honorine in September 1998 where he had lived for several years. He was sentenced to nine years' imprisonment in Germany in January 2001 for the murder of an Iraqi security agent in 1975. He later benefitted from a pardon and returned to Sainte-Honorine-le-Guillaume. After his death he was buried here.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Bibliography
Jean-François Miniac (preface by Alain Lambert), Les Grandes Affaires criminelles de l'Orne, Éditions de Borée, coll. « Les Grandes Affaires criminelles », Paris, 2008, 336 p. ()
Saintehonorinelaguillaume
Forests of France |
15828453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Scarlet%20Runner | The Scarlet Runner | The Scarlet Runner is a 1916 American drama film serial directed by William P. S. Earle and Wally Van. The film is considered lost.
Plot
A series of 12 two-reel episodes, each a separate story related to the adventures of Christopher Race and his high-powered automobile, "The Scarlet Runner". Every episode has a different cast, except for the continuing role of Earle Williams.
Cast
Earle Williams as Christopher Race
Marguerite Blake as Lady Ivy
L. Rogers Lytton as Baron von Hess
Charles Kent as James Race
Dorothy Kelly as Miss Collingwood
Leila Blow as Mrs. Collingwood
Donald Hall as Sir Gordon Race
Lillian Tucker as Mrs. Dauray
William R. Dunn as Fitzgerald
Kalman Matus as Prince Mirco
John Costello as Ambassador Rudovico
Ethel Corcoran as Volda Rudovico
Grace Valentine as Grace Norwood
Zena Keefe as Sidney Chester / Dorothy Herbert
Helen Pillsbury as The Mother
Walter McGrail as Morley Chester
Raymond Walburn as John Brown
Gypsy O'Brien as Violet Hardcastle
Hattie Delaro (as Hattie De Laro)
Chapter titles
The Car and His Majesty
The Nuremberg Watch
The Masked Ball
The Hidden Prince
The Jacobean House
The Mysterious Motor Car
The Red Whiskered Man
The Glove and the Ring
The Gold Cigarette Case
The Lost Girl
The Missing Chapter
The Car and the Girl
See also
List of film serials
List of film serials by studio
References
External links
1916 films
1916 drama films
1916 lost films
American auto racing films
Silent American drama films
American silent serial films
American black-and-white films
Lost American drama films
Vitagraph Studios film serials
Films directed by William P. S. Earle
Films based on works by Alice Williamson
Films about automobiles
Films with screenplays by George H. Plympton
1910s American films
1910s English-language films
English-language drama films |
15828454 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Ellier-les-Bois | Saint-Ellier-les-Bois | Saint-Ellier-les-Bois () is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
Parc naturel régional Normandie-Maine
References
Saintellierlesbois |
15828455 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte-Marguerite-de-Carrouges | Sainte-Marguerite-de-Carrouges | Sainte-Marguerite-de-Carrouges (, literally Sainte-Marguerite of Carrouges) is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France. As of 2019, the commune had a total population of 223 residents.
The commune is named for Marguerite de Carrouges (née de Thibouville; 1362, Château de Fontaine-la-Soret, Eure. Normandy – c. 1419), a French noblewoman and the wife of Sir Jean de Carrouges, Viscount of Bellême (c. 1330s, Carrouges, Normandy – 25 September 1396, Nicopolis, Ottoman Empire).
Geography
The commune is made up of the following collection of villages and hamlets, L'Aubesniére, Le Grand Chandon, La Bissonnière, La Blanchardière, La Bommerie, L'Être Gautier, L'Être Blanchet, Ste Marguerite Carrouges, L'Être Chapelle and Sainte-Marguerite-de-Carrouges.
It is in size. The highest point in the commune is .
The commune is within the Normandie-Maine Regional Natural Park.
Sainte-Marguerite-de-Carrouges along with another 69 communes is part of a 20,593 hectare, Natura 2000 conservation area, called the Haute vallée de l'Orne et affluents.
The commune has one river, the Udon, with three streams, Grand Pied, Moulin de Besnard and Coupigny, which are the only watercourses flowing through its borders.
Notable buildings and places
National heritage sites
Sainte-Marguerite-de-Carrouges Church a 12th century church, which was classified as a Monument historique in 1978.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
Parc naturel régional Normandie-Maine
References
Saintemargueritedecarrouges
Monuments historiques of Orne |
15828456 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte-Marie-la-Robert | Sainte-Marie-la-Robert | Sainte-Marie-la-Robert () is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France. As of 2017, the commune had a population of 85 inhabitants.
Geography
The commune is made up of the following collection of villages and hamlets, La Sorière, La Chabossière and Sainte-Marie-la-Robert.
The commune is within the Normandie-Maine Regional Natural Park.
Sainte-Marie-la-Robert along with another 69 communes is part of a 20,593 hectare, Natura 2000 conservation area, called the Haute vallée de l'Orne et affluents.
It is in size. The highest point in the commune is .
The river Udon along with two streams, the Coupigny and the Moulin de Besnard are the three watercourses that traverse the commune.
Politics and administration
Sainte-Marie-la-Robert is governed by a conseil municipal composed of seven members, consisting of both a mayor and deputy mayor.
Notable buildings and places
National heritage sites
Manor a sixteenth century Manor House, located in Sainte-Marie-la-Robert was classified as a Monument historique in 1926.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
Parc naturel régional Normandie-Maine
References
Saintemarielarobert
Monuments historiques of Orne |
15828457 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte-Opportune | Sainte-Opportune | Sainte-Opportune () is a commune in the Orne department of north-western France.
Geography
The commune is part of the area known as Suisse Normande.
The commune is made up of the following collection of villages and hamlets, La Hiboudière,Le Fay, La Besnardière, La Saussaie,Le Grand Ros and Sainte-Opportune.
The commune has 5 watercourses running through it the river Rouvre and 4 streams the Prevostiere, the Grand Ros, the Haie and the Onfrairies.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Sainteopportune |
15828458 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte-Scolasse-sur-Sarthe | Sainte-Scolasse-sur-Sarthe | Sainte-Scolasse-sur-Sarthe (, literally Sainte-Scolasse on Sarthe) is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
Geography
The commune along with another 32 communes is part of a 3,503 hectare, Natura 2000 conservation area, called the Haute vallée de la Sarthe.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Saintescolassesursarthe |
15828460 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Evroult-de-Montfort | Saint-Evroult-de-Montfort | Saint-Evroult-de-Montfort () is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
Geography
The commune is made up of the following collection of villages and hamlets, Les Hayes and Saint-Evroult-de-Montfort.
The Commune is one of 30 communes that make up the Natura 2000 protected area of Bocages et vergers du sud Pays d'Auge.
The commune has a river, The Touques and two streams, the Chaumont & douy flowing through the commune.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Saintevroultdemontfort |
15828461 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Evroult-Notre-Dame-du-Bois | Saint-Evroult-Notre-Dame-du-Bois | Saint-Evroult-Notre-Dame-du-Bois () is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France. The commune has the longest name of all the communes within the Orne department.
Geography
The Commune is one of 30 communes that make up the Natura 2000 protected area of Bocages et vergers du sud Pays d'Auge.
Points of interest
National heritage sites
Abbey of Saint-Evroul are a set of Abbey ruins registered as a Monument historique in 1967.
Notable People
Ebrulf - (517–596) a Frankish hermit, abbot, and saint, founded the Abbey here in the 7th Century.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
The website of Saint-Evroult-Notre-Dame-du-Bois
References
Saintevroultnotredamedubois |
15828463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Fraimbault | Saint-Fraimbault | Saint-Fraimbault () is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France. The town is named after the 6th-century AD Saint (also known as Fraimbaud, Fraimbourg, Frambaud, Frambourg, Frambour, Frambaldus, etc.).
Points of Interest
Plan d'eau de Saint-Fraimbault is a 2 Hectare lake, used for leisure activities and surrounded by parkland.
Notable People
Marie-Chantal Depetris-Demaille - (born 1941) is a French foil fencer who was born here.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
Parc naturel régional Normandie-Maine
References
Saintfraimbault
Normandy |
15828464 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Fulgent-des-Ormes | Saint-Fulgent-des-Ormes | Saint-Fulgent-des-Ormes () is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Saintfulgentdesormes |
15828466 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Georges-d%27Annebecq | Saint-Georges-d'Annebecq | Saint-Georges-d'Annebecq () is a commune in the Orne department in Normandy (north-western France).
Geography
The commune is made up of the following collection of villages and hamlets, Annebecq,La Métairie, La Chauvinière, Le Clos Léger, Le Bissonnu, Le Bois Tesselin and Saint-Georges-d'Annebecq.
It is in size. The highest point in the commune is .
There are a total of four watercourses that flow through the communes borders, The Rouvre river plus three streams The Beaudouit, The Bois Tesselin and the Masses.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Saintgeorgesdannebecq |
15828468 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Germain-d%27Aunay | Saint-Germain-d'Aunay | Saint-Germain-d'Aunay () is a commune in the Orne department in the Normandy region of France with a population of 144 inhabitants (2018).
History
A manor was built at the end of the 15th century by Guillaume de Mallevouë, knight and lord of the manors of Saint-Germain and Notre-Dame-d'Aulnay. All that is left is the lodge and a bartizan. The majority of the manor was destroyed by the French Catholic League in 1589 and was replaced by a half-timbered building.
In 1822, Saint-Germain-d'Aunay (377 inhabitants in 1821) absorbed Notre-Dame-d'Aunay (123 inhabitants), further to its south. Both villages are shown on the Cassini map of the area.
Points of interest
National heritage sites
Manor in Saint-Germain-d’Aunay a sixteenth century Manor house, that was restored by Victor Ruprich-Robert, it was registered as a Monument historique in 1992. The Manor house was where Henri Breuil wrote most of his work on prehistory in the early 1900s.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Saintgermaindaunay
Monuments historiques of Orne |
15828470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Denis-de-Villenette | Saint-Denis-de-Villenette | Saint-Denis-de-Villenette () is a former commune in the Orne department in north-western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Juvigny Val d'Andaine.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
Parc naturel régional Normandie-Maine
References
Saintdenisdevillenette |
15828471 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Germain-de-la-Coudre | Saint-Germain-de-la-Coudre | Saint-Germain-de-la-Coudre () is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
Points of interest
National heritage sites
The Commune has two buildings and areas listed as a Monument historique.
Saint-Germain Church is a fifteenth century church, it was registered as a monument in 1974.
Manoir de la Fresnaye a fourteenth century manor house, registered as a Monument historique in 1988.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Saintgermaindelacoudre
Monuments historiques of Orne |
15828472 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Germain-de-Martigny | Saint-Germain-de-Martigny | Saint-Germain-de-Martigny () is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Saintgermaindemartigny |
15828473 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Germain-des-Grois | Saint-Germain-des-Grois | Saint-Germain-des-Grois () is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
Notable people
Henri-Joseph Dugué de La Fauconnerie (1835-1914) a French politician who died here.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Saintgermaindesgrois |
15828475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Quentin-les-Chardonnets | Saint-Quentin-les-Chardonnets | Saint-Quentin-les-Chardonnets () is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
Notable People
Jean-Baptiste Quéruel (1779 -1845) the inventor of the method for industrial production of sugar from beet was born here.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Saintquentinleschardonnets |
15828476 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Germain-le-Vieux | Saint-Germain-le-Vieux | Saint-Germain-le-Vieux () is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
Geography
Saint-Germain-le-Vieux along with another 70 communes is part of a 20,593 hectare, Natura 2000 conservation area, called the Haute vallée de l'Orne et affluents.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Saintgermainlevieux |
15828477 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Germain-de-Clairefeuille | Saint-Germain-de-Clairefeuille | Saint-Germain-de-Clairefeuille () is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
Geography
The commune is made up of the following collection of villages and hamlets, La Guicharderie, La Barbetière, Le Recouvray, La Trouillère, Les Orgeries, La Porte, La Corbette, Clairefeuille and Saint-Germain-de-Clairefeuille.
The Commune is one of 30 communes that make up the Natura 2000 protected area of Bocages et vergers du sud Pays d'Auge.
Saint-Germain-de-Clairefeuille has 2 rivers that run through it, the Dieuge and the Ure.
Points of Interest
Coteau du Mont Chauvel is a 5 hectare site classed as a Sensitive Natural Space of orne. The site is the only place in Normandy to see the very rare bug orchid, in addition to Red-backed shrike and Northern crested newt.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Saintgermaindeclairefeuille |
15828478 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Gervais-des-Sablons | Saint-Gervais-des-Sablons | Saint-Gervais-des-Sablons () is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
Geography
The commune along with another 11 communes shares part of a 1,400 hectare, Natura 2000 conservation area, called the Haute Vallée de la Touques et affluents.
Points of Interest
Coteau des Buttes et de la Petite Garenne is a 10 hectare site classed as a Sensitive Natural Space of orne. The site is host to many rare butterflies.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Saintgervaisdessablons |
15828479 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Gervais-du-Perron | Saint-Gervais-du-Perron | Saint-Gervais-du-Perron () is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
Notable buildings and places
National heritage sites
Markers of Forêt d'Écouves a set of 80 markers positioned in the 18th century that mark the boundaries of the forest, they were registered as a Monument historique in 1987.
Notable people
Pierre Cardin – (1922–2020), an Italian-born naturalised-French fashion designer, lived here between 1960 and 1972 at Beaumesnil manor.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
Parc naturel régional Normandie-Maine
References
Saintgervaisduperron
Monuments historiques of Orne |
15828481 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Gilles-des-Marais | Saint-Gilles-des-Marais | Saint-Gilles-des-Marais () is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
Parc naturel régional Normandie-Maine
References
Saintgillesdesmarais |
15828482 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Denis-sur-Huisne | Saint-Denis-sur-Huisne | Saint-Denis-sur-Huisne (, literally Saint-Denis on Huisne) is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
Points of interest
National heritage sites
Church of Saint-Denis-sur-Huisne is a twelfth century church which was registered as a Monument historique in 2004.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Saintdenissurhuisne
Monuments historiques of Orne |
15828483 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967%20Gibraltar%20sovereignty%20referendum | 1967 Gibraltar sovereignty referendum | The Gibraltar sovereignty referendum of 1967 was held on 10 September 1967, in which Gibraltarian citizens were asked whether they wished to pass under Spanish sovereignty, with Gibraltarians keeping their British citizenship and a special status for Gibraltar within Spain; or remain under British sovereignty, with its own self-governing institutions.
Overview
Further to resolution 2070 of the United Nations General Assembly that was approved on 16 December 1965, the governments of Spain and the United Kingdom started talks on Gibraltar in 1966. On 18 May 1966, the Spanish Minister of Foreign Affairs, Fernando Castiella made a formal proposal to Britain comprising three clauses:
The cancellation of the Treaty of Utrecht and the subsequent return of Gibraltar to Spain.
The presence of the British in the Royal Navy base in Gibraltar, its use being subject to a specific Anglo-Spanish agreement.
A "Personal Statute" for Gibraltarians, under United Nations guarantee, protecting their cultural, social and economic interest in Gibraltar or anywhere else in Spain, including their British nationality. "(An) appropriate [..] administrative formula" should also be agreed on.
The options presented to Gibraltarians in a referendum were:
To pass under Spanish sovereignty in accordance with the terms proposed by the Spanish Government; or
Retain their link with Britain, with democratic local institutions. Britain retaining its present responsibilities.
Result
Aftermath
A new constitution was passed in 1969. Gibraltar National Day has been celebrated annually on 10 September since 1992 to commemorate Gibraltar's first sovereignty referendum of 1967.
In 1969, the Spanish government closed the border between Spain and Gibraltar, cutting off all contacts and severely restricting movement. The border was not fully reopened until February 1985.
The Special Committee on Decolonization was informed in advance of the referendum and invited to observe. The invitation was declined and instead the UN General Assembly passed Resolution 2353, which requested that the United Kingdom enter negotiations with Spain (then under the dictatorship of General Franco) and criticised the United Kingdom for holding a referendum. Resolution 2353 (XXII) was supported by seventy-three countries (mainly Latin American, Arab, African and Eastern European countries), rejected by nineteen (United Kingdom and the countries of the Commonwealth of Nations), while twenty-seven countries abstained (Western Europe and the United States).
Gallery
See also
2002 Gibraltar sovereignty referendum
References
See also
Gibraltar Constitution Order 1969
History of Gibraltar
Sovereignty referendum
Gibraltar sovereignty referendum
Referendums in Gibraltar
Sovereignty referendums
September 1967 events in Europe
Spain–United Kingdom relations |
15828484 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Hilaire-de-Briouze | Saint-Hilaire-de-Briouze | Saint-Hilaire-de-Briouze (, literally Saint-Hilaire of Briouze) is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
Geography
The commune is made up of the following collection of villages and hamlets, Le Valdary, Les Auges,Les Mézerets, La Huverie, La Grande Bêche and Saint-Hilaire-de-Briouze.
The commune borders the area known as Suisse Normande.
Saint-Hilaire-de-Briouze along with another 70 communes is part of a 20,593 hectare, Natura 2000 conservation area, called the Haute vallée de l'Orne et affluents.
There are 4 watercourses that run through the commune, The river Rouvre plus 3 streams, Fief Benoit, Gué d'Arnettes, and the Vaux.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Sainthilairedebriouze |
15828485 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Quentin-de-Blavou | Saint-Quentin-de-Blavou | Saint-Quentin-de-Blavou () is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Saintquentindeblavou |
15828511 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crizbav%20%28river%29 | Crizbav (river) | The Crizbav is a left tributary of the river Olt in Romania. It discharges into the Olt in Colonia Reconstrucția. Its length is and its basin size is .
References
Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Brașov County |
15828517 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-442%20FUG | D-442 FUG | The D-442 FUG (Felderítő Úszó Gépkocsi – "amphibious reconnaissance vehicle") and D-944 PSZH (Páncélozott Személyszállító Harcjármű – "armored personnel carrier") are the results of Hungarian domestic development of relatively cheap amphibious armoured scout car and armored personnel carrier series. FUG and PSZH were exported with limited success, thus it is also known under its Czechoslovak designation OT-65.
Development and description
Due to the similarities with the Soviet BRDM-1 armoured scout car, D-442 FUG is often misinterpreted as a BRDM-1 modification. Although FUG has similar appearance to the BRDM-1, major differences reflect the independent design.
The Hungarian military leadership had abandoned the promising domestic recon armored car project based on WW2-era Csaba, because the Soviet government promised to sell large numbers of old BA-64s from Soviet reserves at a low price. Hungary never received any BAs, thus Hungarian People's Army had no wheeled armoured reconnaissance vehicle from 1945 to 1960s. The desperate need of suitable recon vehicles and the insufficient performance of the Soviet industry (persistent shortage of APCs and Recon cars) encouraged the Hungarian industry to develop and mass-produce a cheap but capable enough recon vehicle. In order to speed up development and keep prices down, Hungarian industry largely based the design on parts of existing civilian vehicles and boat-manufacturing experience of the Hungarian shipyards.
The hull was designed by the Danube Shipyard in order to maximize buoyancy optimized for crossing rivers (better than BRDM), thus D-442 has a much more angular shape than the BRDM-1's boat-like hull, and it has two waterjets for amphibious propulsion instead of one as in BDRM-1. The powertrain was almost completely of domestic design. The engine, winch and rear axle came from Csepel D-344 trucks, front suspension was based on a modified Ikarus design, the transmission and the unique transfer system were designed by Rába, but the belly wheels were the same as the system of BRDM-1. Unlike the BRDM-1 which had a conventional 4x4 vehicle layout, the FUG is more similar to BRDM-2, with the engine compartment in the rear and the crew compartment in the front and center. The transmission is located in the middle; this made the crew compartment noisy, but facilitates maintenance compared to BRDM.
FUG had light armor, 13 millimeters at front and 7 mm at sides and rear. During production every plate was shot (using AK-47 and PK) in order to control the quality, and the traces of this testing are visible on vehicles. The armour on the vehicle was welded rolled homogenous steel. The 7–13 mm thick plates protect against small arms fire and small shell fragments, but a .50-calibre machine gun can penetrate D-442 FUG. However, mine-protection was acceptable because there were very few penetration points at the bottom of the body. Therefore, the front axle had external fastening points rather than screws through the belly plate, and only the steering rod penetrated the armor.
The development of the domestic-designed small turret with anti-tank rocket-launcher and PKT were abandoned for political reasons. The turret was highly similar to the one on OT-62B, but with significantly lower silhouette. Therefore, the major drawback of D-442 FUG was the lack of permanent armament, and lack of firing ports was later considered a major design flaw. To operate the pintle-mounted 7.62 mm light machine gun in the front, the soldier had to expose himself to enemy fire.
The vehicle shares characteristics with both BRDM-1 and BRDM-2. Like the first standard version it has no permanent armament. As in BRDM-1 and BRDM-2, the commander and the driver were sited in the front of the hull, driver on the left and commander on the right. Also as on both the BRDM-1 and the BRDM-2, the D-442 FUG has four infra-red driving lights in the front. The other similarities with the BRDM-1 include the windshields which in combat situation are replaced by armoured shutters with integral vision blocks and two firing ports on both sides of the troop compartment. However, to use the armoured shutters the windshields have to be removed. When the shutters are in their opened position they protect the driver and commander from being blinded by the sunlight, and ensure that the windscreens will not be blurred by rain or snow. Both driver and commander can use episcopes to view the battlefield instead of the windshields.
The D-442 FUG has a roof with two hatches over commander's and driver's stations.
While the BRDM-1 and BRDM-2 only had hatches on top of the roof, the D-442 FUG has a round escape hatch in the floor.
The vehicle is powered by a Hungarian-made Csepel six-cylinder diesel engine. The exhaust is located on the right hand side of the hull. The vehicle is equipped with a winch, intended, among others, for self-recovery when stuck in difficult terrain. To improve cross-country capability, central tire-pressure regulation system can also be used to decrease the pressure in all tires before crossing an obstacle and to increase it to the required level after the obstacle has been crossed. The tire pressure can be reduced and controlled by the driver from his post by the means of valves and a pressure indicator. Like the BDRM-1 and BRDM-2, it has four auxiliary belly wheels which the driver can hydraulically lower to assist the vehicle in crossing obstacles and gaps. Speed is sacrificed in this mode of travel, which is accomplished in first gear at a speed of five to eight kilometers per hour.
Water obstacles can be crossed by swimming. In water, the vehicle is driven by two water jets controlled by the driver which are steered by reversing the thrust. Stability of the vehicle in water is improved by a trim board which is erected at the front before entering the water. While in its traveling position it serves as additional armour.
It is primarily intended for reconnaissance activities, particularly behind the enemy lines. It was converted to be used in a variety of different roles such as an artillery observation post, a mobile command/observation post and NBC reconnaissance. The Hungarian FÚG version can be fitted with a pintle-mounted RPD LMG, but on the OT-65 the main weapon was a 7.62 UK (vz. 59) general purpose machine gun with electromagnetic release.
Development of PSZH
The drawbacks of FUG, and the lack of modern APCs in Warsaw Pact caused the planning of D-944 PSZH developed in the late 1960s. The PSZH was designed as the main armoured personnel carrier of the Hungarian Armed Forces, border guard and internal security services too. The vehicle had a small two-part side door (in cost of auxiliary belly wheels) on both sides of the hull. The PSZH had a turret armed with 14.5 mm KPVT heavy machine gun and 7.62 mm coaxial general purpose machine gun with thin, but sloped armor. Both weapons can be elevated between -5 and +30 degrees. The turret has two IR spotlights, one next to the armament and the second one on top of the turret. It also has a radio antenna on back of the turret. Like in the BRDM-2 there two hatches over driver's and commander's stations in the front of the turret. Contrary to the popular belief the turret used in D-944 PSZH is significantly different from the BPU-1 turret used in BRDM-2, PSZH had better ergonomics and observation.
PSZH had similar layout to FÚG, but it carried 6 troops and crew consisted of 3 men. Commander and driver sat at the front, gunner was in the turret, while carried soldiers sat on sides of hull in the place of belly wheels of FÚG. The last troop on both sides had internal radio and can observe rearwards and side. Middle men on each side sat just inside the door and they can use their weapons if the upper part of the door is open.
D-944 PSzH had slightly better protection with maximum armour of 14 millimeters. The vehicle also introduced NBC protection system and infrared night-vision equipment. Even though the D-944 PSZH resembles the BRDM-2, it does not have the flaw related to entering and exiting the vehicle (See BRDM-2 for details) which is present in D-442 FÚG, because the vehicle has side hatches as opposed to the front roof hatches. Because the vehicle uses an only slightly modified hull of D-442 FÚG it also has the round escape hatch in the floor. The buoyancy were improved slightly, but this was necessary because of the weight of the turret.
Service history
FÚG armoured scout cars were serving with armies of six Warsaw Pact countries: Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Bulgaria, East Germany and Romania. Poland received small numbers of FÚG armoured scout cars in reconnaissance, command, artillery forward observation post and NBC reconnaissance versions in 1965. Those were probably Czechoslovak OT-65 Otter versions. They were withdrawn from military service in the 1980s. After that it was used by internal protection units. No longer in any kind of service. Three were given to museums. Some were given to the proving grounds as targets after they were stripped of all equipment.
Hungary also developed the PSzH-IV armored personnel carrier from the D-944 PSzH armoured scout car. The PSzH-IV prototype first appeared in 1966 and only took part in a single maneuver parade in Bratislava, mounting an egg-shaped turret and dummy automatic cannon. The prototype and the PSzH-IV were first thought to be an armoured scout cars by the West due to its small size and 4x4 configuration, and thus called FÚG-66 and FÚG-70 after the FÚG 4x4 scout car.
The PSzH-IV is no longer in service with Hungary. However the armoured cars are still in stock. Czechoslovakia sold its OT-65 vehicles to Iraq. Iraq also bought the PSzH-IV APC. The vehicles were probably used during the Iran-Iraq War, Persian Gulf War and the 2003 invasion of Iraq by the Iraqi Army.
Variants
Hungary
D-442.00 FÚG (early 1960s) - Basic armoured scout car without the turret. It had an R-113 or R-114 radio.
D-442.01 PK-FÚG (parancsnoki) - Converted into a command vehicle with R-113 or R-114 and an additional R-114M or R-112 radio for platoon and company commanders. Later a R-403 or R-407 relay was built in for company and battalion commanders.
D-442.03 VS-FÚG (vegyi sugárfelderítö úszó gépkocsi) - NBC reconnaissance vehicle based on D-442 FÚG with specialized radiation, chemical and biological detection devices as well as flag dispensers used to mark the contaminated areas.
D-442.01 MRP-FÚG (páncélozott repülőirányító pont) - Forward air controller post, based on D-442 PK-FÚG with an R-114 and an R-159 radio.
D-442.02 MÜ-FÚG (műszaki) - Engineer reconnaissance vehicle with special equipment.
FÚG-66 (1966) - Four prototypes built for D-944 PSzH without turret in 1966.
FÚG-70 (1970) - Pre-series built prototypes for D-944 PSzH (Wheeled Amphibious Armoured Personnel Carrier) able to carry six fully equipped soldiers, who exit the vehicle through small two-part doors on the each side of the hull. The turret was different from the D-944.00. The main weapon was a 20mm caliber aircraft machine cannon, cannibalized from Il-10 aircraft in the middle 1950s. Only 7 were built.
PSZH APC
D-944.00 PSZH (1970–1979) - Armoured personnel carrier with a small two part side door on both sides of the hull and a turret armed with 14.5 mm KPVT heavy machine gun and 7.62 mm KGKT coaxial general purpose machine gun. Both weapons can be elevated between -5 and +30 degrees and for aiming there was a KM-1 sight. The turret has two TVN-2 IR spotlights, one next to the armament and the second one on top of the turret. It also has a radio antenna on back of the turret for the R-113 radio and a R-142 phonia. Like in the BRDM-2 there two hatches over driver's and commander's stations in the front of the turret. The motor was a 100HP D-414.44 diesel.
PSZH 6x6: Three-axis redesignation. One full size functioning prototype was built and tested.
PSZH-2: Four-axis redesignation of the PSZH with a complete BMP-1 turret mounted with a 73 mm 2A28 Grom main armament. No prototype was built.
D-944.00M PSzH-M (1988) - Rebuilt original D-944.00 with an R-123 radio and a PKT machine gun instead of the old KGKT. The motor was a 110 hp D-414.44/2 diesel.
D-944.00 PSZH-F - Armoured personnel carrier for reconnaissance platoons and companies.
D-944.77 PSZH - Armoured personnel carrier for the Hungarian border guard and internal security police troops. It was developed from the basic APC version with minor changes and it had a turret, unlike the German PSZH-IV-10.
D-944.31 SZDPK-PSZH - Command vehicle for mechanized company commanders, based on D-944.00 PSzH with two R-123 radios and an antenna. It has an additional R-107 radio in the troop compartment. In there was only two place for personnel, one for the radiomen and one place plus a map-desk for the commander.
D-944.21 ZPK-PSZH (zászlóaljparancsnoki) - Command vehicle for mechanized battalion commanders and for reconnaissance company commanders, based on D-944 PSzH with additional radios and additional radio antenna on right hand side of the hull. It has two R-123 and one R-130 radios, plus two additional R-107 in the troop compartment.
D-944.22 ZTÖF-PSZH - Command vehicle for mechanized battalion staff chiefs and for reconnaissance platoon commanders, based on D-944 PSzH with additional radios and additional radio antenna on right hand side of the hull. It has one R-123 and one R-130 radio, plus two additional R-107 in the troop compartment.
D-944.21 OPK-PSZH - Command vehicle for towed artillery battalion commanders with three R-123MT radios and artillery recce equipment (ET-68 laser-rangefinder in the turret in place of the KPVT gun, VOP recce instrument on the right side of the hull and others). The armament consisting only one PKT machine gun.
Former Czechoslovakia
OT-65 (Obrněný Transportér vz. 65) - Czechoslovak version of D-442 FÚG armoured scout car.
OT-65ZDR (zdravotní) - OT-65 converted into an armoured ambulance.
OT-65A "Vydra" (Otter) - OT-65 with a turret of the Czechoslovakian OT-62B TOPAS. The entry hatches have been moved so now they are positioned behind the turret. It also has additional protection on IR driving lights.
OT-65Ch (chemický) - Variant with specialized radiation, chemical and biological detection devices as well as flag dispensers used to mark the contaminated areas.
OT-65ChV (velitelsko-chemický) - Variant with specialized radiation, chemical and biological detection devices as well as flag dispensers used to mark the contaminated areas.
OT-65DP - Armoured artillery forward observation post.
OT-65DPP (pohyblivá dělostřelecká pozorovatelna) - Armoured artillery forward observation post.
OT-65 R-2 - Communication vehicle with additional radio set R-2.
OT-65 R-112 - Communication vehicle with additional radio set R-112.
OT-65RL - Variant fitted with a battlefield surveillance radar PSNR-1.
OT-65VP - FAC vehicle with additional radios. Similar to the Hungarian MRP-FÚG.
OT-66 (Obrněný Transportér vz. 66) - Czechoslovak designation for D-944 PSzH.
Former East Germany
D-944.40 PSzH-IV - Hungarian export designation for APCs of the East-German border guards (Grenztruppen - GT). GT designator: SPW-PSH (Schützenpanzerwagen). The SPW-PSH was also found in some para-military units such as the Bereitschaftspolizei (riot police). Of the 692 SPWs delivered between 1970 and 1976, several were modified into new types by the "Panzerwerkstatt-2" from 1979:
SPW-PSH (Ch) - modification of 12 existing vehicles into NBC reconnaissance vehicles with specialized radiation, chemical and biological detection devices as well as two flag dispensers used to mark the contaminated areas.
SPW-PSH (Artl) - 39 PSHs were modified into reconnaissance vehicles for artillery units of the border troops. They had additional signals equipment (and three whip antennae at the rear hull) and an optical range finder OEM-2 that was transported in a big box on top of the engine deck.
SPW-PSH (Pi) - 28 vehicles of the border troops were converted into combat engineer (Pionier) recce vehicles with a crew of 7 and equipped with portable mine detection systems MSG-46M, a chain saw PS-90, explosives etc.
SPW-PSH-Agitprop - agitation and propaganda vehicle.
D-944.41 PSzH-IV - Battalion commander's vehicle with telescopic mast HTM-10, GT designator SPW-PSH (K1).
D-944.42 PSzH-IV - Company commander's vehicle, GT designator SPW-PSH (K2).
PSzH-IV-10 - Turretless PSzH-IV used by the border guards.
Iraq
D-944.50 PSzH-IV - Hungarian export designation for APC's sold to Iraq.
D-944.53 PSzH-IV - Hungarian export designation for company commander's vehicle sold to Iraq.
Operators
Current operators
- The remaining vehicles are mostly in stock (Check Hungary section for full list of used variants). PSzH was withdrawn from service, and hulls are in scarcely repairable condition.
Former operators
: 275 ordered in 1965 and received by 1968. Czechoslovak designation OT-65A Otter. Another 200 PSzH were also acquired and designated OT-66.
- 50 PSzH.
- 200 PSzH-IV received in 1981; probably replaced in service by the BRDM-2.
- 100 OT-65A Otter.
- Few PSzH received as East German military aid.
See also
"Combat Reconnaissance/Patrol Vehicle" with rear engine:
References
Jackowski, Jerzy i Wysocki, Tadeusz. Kołowe środki transportu armii węgierskiej. Nowa Technika Wojskowa. 1993, issue 1, pages 7–9. ISSN 1230-1655.
Janusz Magnuski "Wozy Bojowe LWP", Wydawnictwo MON, Warsaw 1985
Global Security
JED
Wheeled amphibious armoured fighting vehicles
Wheeled reconnaissance vehicles
Armoured fighting vehicles of Czechoslovakia
Armoured fighting vehicles of Hungary
Scout cars of the Cold War
Military vehicles introduced in the 1960s |
15828540 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Rabe%20%28film%29 | John Rabe (film) | John Rabe (released in the United Kingdom as City of War: The Story of John Rabe) is a 2009 biographical film directed by Florian Gallenberger, based upon John Rabe's published wartime diaries.
An international co-production between Germany, China and France, the film focuses upon the experiences of Rabe (Ulrich Tukur), a German businessman who used his Nazi Party membership to create a protective International Safety Zone in Nanjing, China, helping to save over 200,000 Chinese from the Nanjing Massacre in late 1937 and early 1938. The massacre and its associated atrocities were committed subsequent to the Battle of Nanjing by the invading Imperial Japanese Army after they defeated the Chinese Nationalist forces defending the city during the Second Sino-Japanese War.
Filming commenced in 2007, and it premiered at the 59th Berlin International Film Festival on 7 February 2009. Upon release, it did not receive theatrical distribution in Japan and was the subject of vociferous refutations by Japanese ultranationalists who denied the events ever took place. The film was released elsewhere to mixed critical reception.
Plot
The film begins in Nanjing during late 1937, where German businessman John Rabe, director of the local Siemens subsidiary, and his wife Dora have resided for almost thirty years. The thought of transferring management to his successor Fliess and returning to Berlin is a substantial professional setback for him. During the farewell ball in his honour, Nanjing is bombarded by planes of the Japanese air forces. Rabe opens the company gate and saves the panicked civilians.
While the fires are being put out the next morning and the damages are inspected, the remaining foreigners in the city discuss what they can do in the face of the threat. Dr. Rosen, a German Embassy Attache of partly Jewish descent, reports about Shanghai where a safety zone was established for civilians. His suggestion of a similar zone is warmly supported by his superior, Ambassador Trautmann, and Valérie Dupres, director of the International Girls College. John Rabe is nominated as the chairman of the international committee, since he is a German "ally" of the Japanese. The committee meets, though with the initial reluctance of Dr. Robert O. Wilson, the American head doctor of a local hospital, who harbors ideological antipathy towards the German "Nazi" Rabe. The next day, Rabe sends his wife back to Germany. Tragically, the ship is bombed, and the passengers on board are killed, presumably including his wife.
Meanwhile, Japanese forces have captured many National Revolutionary Army soldiers during a battle outside of Nanjing. Nanjing is then brutally overrun. John Rabe and the international committee however manage to have the Nanjing Safety Zone recognized by the Japanese authorities. Hundreds of thousands seek refuge; more than anticipated and overstretching the committee's resources. Further atrocities follow, and every member of the committee tries their best to keep these innocent people safe. Mme. Dupres stoutly refuses to give up the Chinese soldiers hidden in the attic of the Girls College.
Under all the stress, Dr. Wilson and Rabe become friends, drinking, singing, and playing the piano together. The committee celebrates Christmas. Some packages have made it to them from the outside world. Rabe even gets an unmarked one. It is a Gugelhupf cake. Rabe faints as he realizes that his wife must have sent him this, his favorite cake, as a secret message that she is safe and well. His friends rush to his aid. Dr. Wilson discovers that Rabe is diabetic and has run out of insulin. The doctor manages then to procure some vital insulin from the Japanese authorities.
Life, and survival, become more desperate in the new year. Rabe offers his last savings to buy supplies. As Japanese troops march up to the gates of the zone, Chinese civilians form human shields together with the international committee. Japanese tanks are brought into position as well, but before a shot can be fired, the horn of a steamboat signals the return of Western diplomats and journalists.
The film ends with Rabe making his farewells. Carrying a small suitcase, he is escorted by a troupe of Japanese through the ruins of Nanjing to the harbour. There he is recognized and cheered by the Chinese. Finally, he is reunited with his wife on the pier.
Cast
Ulrich Tukur as John Rabe
Daniel Brühl as Dr. Georg Rosen
Steve Buscemi as Dr. Robert O. Wilson
Jingchu Zhang as Langshu
Anne Consigny as Valérie Dupres
Dagmar Manzel as Dora Rabe
Gottfried John as German Ambassador Oskar Trautmann
Teruyuki Kagawa as Prince Yasuhiko Asaka
Yu Fang as Han
Mathias Herrmann as Jochen Fließ
Akira Emoto as General Iwane Matsui
Christian Rodska as Dr. Lewis Smythe
Christoph Hagen Dittmann as Christian Kröger
Togo Igawa as Ambassador Fukuda Tokoyasu
Shaun Lawton as Reverend John Magee
Arata as Major Ose
Tetta Sugimoto as Lieutenant-General Kesago Nakajima
Hans-Eckart Eckhardt as German Embassy Clerk
Hans Joachim Heist as Scheel
Ming Li as Chang
Yuan Wenkang as Gu
Philipp Keller as Sailor
Yangyang Qi as Laopo
Most major characters are historically accurate. However, Rabe's important fellow Nanjing Safety Zone committee member Minnie Vautrin, actual director of the Ginling Girls College, is substituted by a fictive French Lady Valérie Dupres of an "International Girls College".
Production
Florian Gallenberger stated that although working with the Chinese censorship authorities was protracted, it was not impossible. The resulting film was deemed satisfactory. International Sino-Japanese politics was a more erratic interference. At one point concern about good relations because of a major gas exploration joint-venture caused production to be halted. When a Japanese school book was published without the inclusion of the Nanjing Massacre however, the go-ahead was given again.
Awards
The film picked up over seven German Film Awards nominations, including Best Film, Best Director (Gallenberger), Best Actor (Tukur) and Best Supporting Actor (for Buscemi, one of the few times that a Lola nomination has been given to a non-German citizen – Buscemi is American). It won the awards for Best Film, Best Actor, Best Production Design and Best Costume Design. Lead actor Ulrich Tukur also won the 2009 Bavarian Film Awards for Best Actor.
Reception
Japan
In Japan, none of the major film companies were willing to watch the screening. Florian Gallenberger also confirmed those difficulties. The director was asked by one potential Japanese film distributor if they could remove all footage of Prince Asaka, who was commander of the Japanese forces in its final assault on Nanjing, but the director refused. Asaka was the presiding officer under which the order to "kill all captives" was issued, thus providing official sanction for the Nanjing Massacre.
The film, which did not have a theatrical release in Japan and was one of several made commemorating the 70th anniversary of the events of Nanjing, met with vociferous opposition from far-right ultranationalists in Japan who even released a number of Japanese films claiming that the Nanjing Massacre never occurred.
The film finally was shown in Japan on 17 May 2014 by the Film Festival for Preserving the Historical Facts of Nanjing ().
United States
On Rotten Tomatoes, John Rabe received a rating of 75% based on reviews from 32 critics.
The film, which has been compared to Schindler's List, also met with a favourable reception from The New York Times.
See also
City of Life and Death, a Chinese film also released in 2009 and about the Rape of Nanjing
Georg Rosen, another notable member of the International Safety Zone Committee
The Good Man of Nanking, Rabe's diaries
Japanese war crimes
John Rabe
Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall
Nanjing Requiem, a novel by Ha Jin
Nanking, a U.S. documentary film released in 2007
Nanjing Massacre
The Rape of Nanking, a 1997 book by Iris Chang
Persona Non Grata, A 2015 film about the Japanese vice-consul of Lithuania, Chiune Sugihara who saved thousands of Jewish refugees, during the Holocaust in Lithuania by offering them transit visas to the Japanese Empire
References
External links
2009 films
2009 drama films
Films set in 1937
Nanjing Massacre films
2000s Mandarin-language films
2000s Cantonese-language films
2000s German-language films
2000s English-language films
English-language French films
English-language German films
English-language Chinese films
French drama films
German drama films
Films set in China
Second Sino-Japanese War films
2000s French films
2000s German films
20th Century Fox films |
15828543 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamei%20Masanori | Kamei Masanori | was a Japanese daimyō of the early Edo period. He was the head of the Tsuwano Domain.
Early life
Masanori was the son of Kamei Korenori.
Masanori's early service began under Tokugawa Ieyasu in 1602, and in 1604 he was assigned as an attendant to Ieyasu's son Hidetada. His childhood name was Daishomaru (大小丸).
Family
Father: Kamei Korenori
Mother: Tago Shigemori’s daughter
Wife: Kōmyōin
Children:
Kamei Tsunenori
Kunimatsu
daughter married Tsuzuki Shigetsune
Kamei Koremasa by Kōmyōin
Daimyo
Upon the death of his father, Masanori inherited Shikano Domain.
Masanori was transferred to Tsuwano Domain in 1617. His descendants continued to live at Tsuwano in Iwami Province.
References
External links
"Kamei Korenori" on Shikano.net
|-
Daimyo
1590 births
1619 deaths
Kamei clan |
15828556 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioan%20Mihail%20Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83 | Ioan Mihail Racoviță | Ioan Mihail Racoviță (7 March 1889, Bucharest – 28 June 1954, Sighet Prison) was a Romanian general during World War II, and Minister of Defense in the aftermath of King Michael's Coup of August 1944.
Biography
In 1906 he was admitted to the Infantry and Cavalry Officers' School. After one year he was sent to pursue his training at the Military School in Hannover, Germany, from where he graduated in 1909. Upon returning to Romania, he was assigned with the rank of second lieutenant to the 2nd Roșiori Regiment from Bârlad. He went back to Germany in 1910 to attend the Officers Riding School at Paderborn, which he completed in 1911. Promoted to lieutenant, he served with the 2nd Regiment in the Second Balkan War of 1913. He fought during the Romanian Campaign of World War I, being promoted to captain in 1916, and to major in 1917.
After the war, Racoviță was admitted to the Higher War School, graduating in 1921. In 1923 he became a lieutenant colonel, and in 1928 a colonel. He was promoted to the rank of brigadier general in May 1936, and to major general in June 1940.
He commanded the Romanian Cavalry Corps during the initial phase of Operation Barbarossa in June 1941. With his corps he advanced from Romania to the Caucasus. He participated in Operation München, the Battle of the Sea of Azov and the Battle of the Caucasus. In May 1942 he was promoted to lieutenant general. He was replaced on 1 January 1943 and called back to Romania.
Racoviță was recalled into active service on 25 January 1944 and took over the command of the 4th Army, which had to be completely rebuilt after the Battle of Stalingrad. He led the army in spring and summer of 1944, in defensive battles in Northern Romania against the advancing Red Army. Together with the Wehrmacht, the 4th Army repulsed several Soviet attacks in the First Jassy-Kishinev Offensive, First Battle of Târgu Frumos and Second Battle of Târgu Frumos. In July 1944 he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross of Nazi Germany.
At the start of Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive on 20 August 1944, he was in command of the 4th Army (part of the Army Group Wöhler), facing Rodion Malinovsky's 2nd Ukrainian Front west of Iași. Racoviță's forces fell back towards Bacău, and he was replaced three days later by general Ilie Șteflea. During the 23 August coup d'état he played an important role, alongside the communist activist Emil Bodnăraș and generals Dumitru Dămăceanu and Aurel Aldea. That same day, he was appointed Minister of Defense in the new pro-Allied government of General Constantin Sănătescu. He remained in this position until 5 November 1944, when he was named General Inspector of the Cavalry.
Between 20 May 1945 and 20 May 1946 Racoviță was the Commandant of 3rd Inspectorate-General. He was then promoted to the rank of general and given the command of the 1st Army until 30 June 1947. On 1 September 1947 he was retired.
In June 1950, he was arrested and imprisoned at Sighet Prison, where he died on 28 June 1954.
Awards
Order of the Crown of Romania, Commander Class (8 June 1940)
Order of Michael the Brave, 3rd Class (17 October 1941)
Iron Cross (1941), 2nd and 1st Class
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (7 July 1944)
References
External links
1889 births
1954 deaths
Military personnel from Bucharest
Romanian Land Forces generals
Romanian military personnel of World War II
Commanders of the Order of the Crown (Romania)
Recipients of the Order of Michael the Brave
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Ministers of defence of Romania
Mihail
Romanian military personnel of the Second Balkan War
Romanian military personnel of World War I
Carol I National Defence University alumni
Inmates of Sighet prison
Romanian people who died in prison custody
Prisoners who died in Securitate custody |
15828562 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Patrice-du-D%C3%A9sert | Saint-Patrice-du-Désert | Saint-Patrice-du-Désert () is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
Points of interest
National heritage sites
Château du Petit-Jard' a nineteenth century chateau, it was registered as a Monument historique in 2005.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
Parc naturel régional Normandie-Maine
References
Saintpatricedudesert
Monuments historiques of Orne |
15828563 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Hilaire-la-G%C3%A9rard | Saint-Hilaire-la-Gérard | Saint-Hilaire-la-Gérard () is a former commune in the Orne department in north-western France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the commune Mortrée.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
Parc naturel régional Normandie-Maine
References
Sainthilairelagerard |
15828565 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Hilaire-le-Ch%C3%A2tel | Saint-Hilaire-le-Châtel | Saint-Hilaire-le-Châtel () is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
Points of Interest
Bois et coteaux a l'ouest de Mortagne-au-Perche is a is a Natura 2000 conservation site shared with Courgeoût measuring 36.37 Hectares. The site is hosts three varieties of insects, listed in Annex 2 of the Habitats Directive, which are the Marsh fritillary, Jersey tiger and the European stag beetle.
Transport
Aérodrome de Mortagne-au-Perche is an Aerodrome within the commune which is also shared with neighbouring communes of Saint-Langis-lès-Mortagne that opened in 1978. Its ICAO airport code is LFAX. The airport has a 720 metre by 18 metre track that was created in 1985.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Sainthilairelechatel
Natura 2000 in France |
15828567 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Hilaire-sur-Erre | Saint-Hilaire-sur-Erre | Saint-Hilaire-sur-Erre () is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
Points of interest
National heritage sites
The Commune has four buildings and areas listed as a Monument historique.
Malaise Manor is a sixteenth century Manor house which was registered as a monument in 1990.
Epinay Manor a fifteenth century church, registered as a Monument historique in 1990.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Sainthilairesurerre
Monuments historiques of Orne |
15828569 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Hilaire-sur-Risle | Saint-Hilaire-sur-Risle | Saint-Hilaire-sur-Risle (, literally Saint-Hilaire on Risle) is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
Points of interest
National heritage sites
Château de Saint-Hilaire-sur-Risle a seventeenth century chateau, it was registered as a Monument historique in 1974.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Sainthilairesurrisle
Monuments historiques of Orne |
15828570 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Jean-de-la-For%C3%AAt | Saint-Jean-de-la-Forêt | Saint-Jean-de-la-Forêt () is a former commune in the Orne department in north-western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Perche en Nocé. Its population was 158 in 2019.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Saintjeandelaforet |
15828571 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Jean-des-Bois | Saint-Jean-des-Bois | Saint-Jean-des-Bois () is a former commune in the Orne department in the Normandy region in north-western France. On 1 January 2015, Saint-Jean-des-Bois and six other communes merged becoming one commune called Tinchebray-Bocage.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Saintjeandesbois |
15828573 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Jouin-de-Blavou | Saint-Jouin-de-Blavou | Saint-Jouin-de-Blavou () is a commune in the Orne department in the Normandy region of north-western France. Its inhabitants are known as Jovinians.
Demography
Places of interest
Church of Saint-Jouin (sixteenth century)
The manor house of Blavou (sixteenth century) and its bread oven, classified as a Monument historique
The château de Chanceaux (sixteenth century) and its chapel of Saint-Marc (seventeenth century), also classified as historic monuments
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Saintjouindeblavou
Monuments historiques of Orne |
15828574 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Julien-sur-Sarthe | Saint-Julien-sur-Sarthe | Saint-Julien-sur-Sarthe (, literally Saint-Julien on Sarthe) is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
Geography
The commune along with another 32 communes is part of a 3,503 hectare, Natura 2000 conservation area, called the Haute vallée de la Sarthe.
Points of interest
Departmental fire brigade museum was opened in the commune in 2023 after moving from Bagnoles-de-l'Orne, which was closed in 2014. The museum aims to preserve and present the heritage of Ornais, French and foreign firefighters.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
Parc naturel régional Normandie-Maine
References
Saintjuliensursarthe |
15828575 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Lambert-sur-Dive | Saint-Lambert-sur-Dive | Saint-Lambert-sur-Dive (, literally Saint-Lambert on Dive) is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
Significance
Saint-Lambert-sur-Dive is recognised as the place where the 4th Canadian Armoured Division (specifically the South Alberta Regiment and Argyll & Sutherland Highlanders of Canada) fought tenaciously in the closing stages of the Battle of Normandy. It is the place where Major David Vivian Currie won his Victoria Cross. The action centred on the stone bridge across the Dives and later, down to the ford at Moissy, both of which provided the Germans with escape routes across the river.
The commune has a memorial called the Belvédère des Canadiens or Canadian lookout which overlooks the key area of the battlefield and explains the history of the battle.
Geography
The commune has two water course running through it, the River Dives and a stream, the Foulbec.
History
World War II
The full name Saint-Lambert-sur-Dives recognises the river Dives that runs along the south edge of the village, location of the final battle of the Normandy campaign of 1944. While often referred to as the Battle of the Falaise Gap, Saint-Lambert was the last village in the narrowing gap between the Canadians and Polish forces advancing southwards from Falaise and Trun, and the American and Free French forces pushing northwards from Argentan and Chambois. The capture of Saint-Lambert would finally close the gap, and trap tens of thousands of German troops in the Falaise pocket.
On August 18, 1944, Major David Vivian Currie, commanding the Sherman tanks of C Squadron of the 29th Armoured Reconnaissance Regiment (The South Alberta Regiment), with attached infantry from "B" and "C" companies of the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders of Canada and the Lincoln and Welland Regiment (all of the Canadian 4th Armoured Division), was ordered to move from Trun to capture and hold the village, and to attempt to link up with the American forces understood to be advancing towards the village from Chambois, less than two miles away. Events in and around St. Lambert over the next three days would eventually be recognized by the awarding of the Victoria Cross to Major Currie.
During the early hours of the action, four unarmed personnel from the Canadian Army Film and Photo Unit arrived in St. Lambert in two jeeps. They were able to record the events as they unfolded in black and white photographs (taken by photographer Lt. Donald I. Grant) and on cine film (taken by cameraman Sgt. Jack Stollery). The cine film captures the moment when Major Currie sees a German convoy coming towards the Canadian position, pulls his pistol and steps out to take the officer commanding the convoy by surprise, forcing him to surrender his troops. Lt. Grant's still photo captures the German officer in the seconds after his surrender, his arms still in the air, and also captures Sgt. Stollery at the far left of the photo, his cine camera clearly visible in his hands as he films the events as they unfolded. The series of black and white still photographs taken on August 19 by Lt. Grant are readily available through the Library and Archives of Canada. The original cine film was destroyed in a fire during the 1960s while under the care of the National Film Board of Canada. However, pieces of the original footage were picked up by newsreel companies and can be seen in several newsreels released shortly after the battle.
For an account of the battle of St. Lambert in August 1944, see here.
By August 21, the battle for St. Lambert was over. Within the village itself, some 300 Germans had been killed, 500 wounded and more than 2,100 taken prisoner. Seven tanks, including three along the main road through St. Lambert, twelve 88mm guns and 40 other vehicles were destroyed.
The area immediately south and west of St. Lambert was covered with German dead. Argyll soldier Arthur Bridge recalls a field on the southern edge of the village the size of a football pitch that could be walked across without touching the ground. General Eisenhower, who toured the area two days later, said in his memoirs: "It was literally possible to walk for hundreds of yards at a time, stepping on nothing but dead and decaying flesh."
By the end of the action, "B" and "C" companies had only 70 men left between them. They would be amalgamated on 22 August 1944 under the command of Major Alex Logie, son of Major General WA Logie who had been first Commanding Officer of the Argylls in 1903. Lieutenant General Guy Simonds, Commander of [II Canadian Corps], later came forward to inspect the town. He had to get out of his staff car and walk as the piles of wreckage made the road through the area impassable.
Notable buildings and places
National heritage sites
Saint-Lambert Church is a church built during the 12th century that was classed as a Monument historique in 1948.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Saintlambertsurdive
Monuments historiques of Orne |
15828576 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Martin-d%27%C3%89cublei | Saint-Martin-d'Écublei | Saint-Martin-d'Écublei () is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
The town of Saint-Martin d'Ecublei borders the department of Eure. It covers , is long, and has a width of at the farthest points.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Saintmartindecublei |
15828577 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Martin-des-Landes | Saint-Martin-des-Landes | Saint-Martin-des-Landes () is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
Geography
Saint-Martin-des-Landes along with another 70 communes is part of a 20,593 hectare, Natura 2000 conservation area, called the Haute vallée de l'Orne et affluents.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
Parc naturel régional Normandie-Maine
References
Saintmartindeslandes |
15828578 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Martin-des-P%C3%A9zerits | Saint-Martin-des-Pézerits | Saint-Martin-des-Pézerits () is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
Geography
The commune along with another 32 communes is part of a 3,503 hectare, Natura 2000 conservation area, called the Haute vallée de la Sarthe.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Saintmartindespezerits |
15828580 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Martin-du-Vieux-Bell%C3%AAme | Saint-Martin-du-Vieux-Bellême | Saint-Martin-du-Vieux-Bellême () is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
Geography
Saint-Martin-du-Vieux-Bellême along with the communes of Vaunoise, Belforêt-en-Perche, Igé and Appenai-sous-Bellême is part of the Bois et coteaux calcaires sous Belleme a Natura 2000 conservation site. The site measures 105 hectares and is home to the European stag beetle and European ash.
Points of interest
La réserve des Houles-Blanches is a 6950 m2 is a local nature reserve, created in 1992 under the Natura 2000 scheme, and is part of the wider site of Bois et coteaux calcaires sous Belleme. The reserve is home to variopus flora and fauna such as the Brown hairstreak, European tree frog and Hazel dormouse.
National heritage sites
*Château du Tertre a seventeenth Century chateau in Sérigny, that from 1926 was home to Nobel prize winning novelist Roger Martin du Gard. The grounds and Estate are in this commune and neighbouring commune of Belforêt-en-Perche
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Saintmartinduvieuxbelleme
Monuments historiques of Orne
Natura 2000 in France |
15828583 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Martin-l%27Aiguillon | Saint-Martin-l'Aiguillon | Saint-Martin-l'Aiguillon () is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
Geography
The commune is made up of the following collection of villages and hamlets, La Grande Fichetière, Le Beauchêne, Pré de la Fosse and Saint-Martin-l'Aiguillon.
It is in size. The highest point in the commune is .
The commune is within the Normandie-Maine Regional Natural Park.
Saint-Martin-l'Aiguillon along with another 70 communes is part of a 20,593 hectare, Natura 2000 conservation area, called the Haute vallée de l'Orne et affluents.
The commune has one river, The Udon flowing through it, plus three streams, The Noes Morins, the Rouvray and the Rohan.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
Parc naturel régional Normandie-Maine
References
Saintmartinlaiguillon |
15828584 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Maurice-du-D%C3%A9sert | Saint-Maurice-du-Désert | Saint-Maurice-du-Désert (; literally "Saint-Maurice of the Desert") is a former commune in the Orne department in north-western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Les Monts d'Andaine.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
Parc naturel régional Normandie-Maine
References
Saintmauricedudesert |
15828586 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Maurice-l%C3%A8s-Charencey | Saint-Maurice-lès-Charencey | Saint-Maurice-lès-Charencey () is a former commune in the Orne department in north-western France. On 1 January 2018, it was merged into the new commune of Charencey.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Saintmauricelescharencey |
15828589 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Maurice-sur-Huisne | Saint-Maurice-sur-Huisne | Saint-Maurice-sur-Huisne (; literally "Saint-Maurice on Huisne") is a former commune in the Orne department in north-western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Cour-Maugis-sur-Huisne.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Saintmauricesurhuisne |
15828590 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Michel-des-Andaines | Saint-Michel-des-Andaines | Saint-Michel-des-Andaines is a former commune in the Orne department in north-western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Bagnoles-de-l'Orne-Normandie.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
Parc naturel régional Normandie-Maine
References
Saintmicheldesandaines |
15828592 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Michel-Tub%C5%93uf | Saint-Michel-Tubœuf | Saint-Michel-Tubœuf () is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
Points of Interest
National heritage sites
The Commune has two buildings and areas listed as a Monument historique
Château de Thubeuf is a seventeenth century chateau and grounds, that was classed as a Monument historique in 1992.
Buat tower is a Chappe telegraph tower, built in the eighteenth century, as part of a 58 station system, used to convey messages from Paris to Brest.
Notable People
Eugène Pirou (1841–1909) was a photographer and filmmaker, who was born here.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Saintmicheltuboeuf
Monuments historiques of Orne |
15828593 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Nicolas-des-Laitiers | Saint-Nicolas-des-Laitiers | Saint-Nicolas-des-Laitiers () is a former commune in the Orne department in north-western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of La Ferté-en-Ouche.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Saintnicolasdeslaitiers |
15828594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Nicolas-de-Sommaire | Saint-Nicolas-de-Sommaire | Saint-Nicolas-de-Sommaire () is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
Points of interest
National heritage sites
Saint-Pierre Chapel is a fifteenth century Chapel, that was registered as a Monument historique in 1906.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Saintnicolasdesommaire
Monuments historiques of Orne |
15828595 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Ouen-de-la-Cour | Saint-Ouen-de-la-Cour | Saint-Ouen-de-la-Cour () is a former commune in the Orne department in north-western France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Belforêt-en-Perche.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Saintouendelacour |
15828596 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Ouen-de-S%C3%A9cherouvre | Saint-Ouen-de-Sécherouvre | Saint-Ouen-de-Sécherouvre () is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France. The bass singer Antoine Sicot was born in Saint-Ouen-de-Sécherouvre.
Notable People
François Doubin - (1933 – 2019) a French politician and cabinet minister who lived and died here.
Antoine Sicot - (Born 1953) a contemporary French soloist singer specialising in the baroque repertoire for bass voice was born here.
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Saintouendesecherouvre |
15828597 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Ouen-le-Brisoult | Saint-Ouen-le-Brisoult | Saint-Ouen-le-Brisoult () is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France.
The inhabitants are known as Audoniens and Audoniennes.
Demographics
The population has varied over the past 50 years:
See also
Communes of the Orne department
Parc naturel régional Normandie-Maine
References
Saintouenlebrisoult |
15828599 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Ouen-sur-Iton | Saint-Ouen-sur-Iton | Saint-Ouen-sur-Iton (; ) is a commune in the Orne department, region of Normandy, northwestern France.
The inhabitants are known as Audoniens and Audoniennes.
Demographics
The population has varied over the past 200 years:
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Saintouensuriton |
15828600 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Ouen-sur-Maire | Saint-Ouen-sur-Maire | Saint-Ouen-sur-Maire () is a former commune in the Orne department in north-western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Écouché-les-Vallées.
The inhabitants are known as Audoniens and Audoniennes.
Demographics
The population has varied over the past 200 years:
See also
Communes of the Orne department
References
Saintouensurmaire |
15828606 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngu%E1%BB%93n%20language | Nguồn language | Nguồn (also Năm Nguyên) is a Vietic language spoken by the Nguồn people in the Trường Sơn mountains in Vietnam's North Central Coast region as well as in nearby regions of Laos.
Most Nguồn speakers in Vietnam live in the secluded Minh Hóa district of Quảng Bình Province, with others in the area around Đồng Lê, the seat of Tuyên Hoá District, approximately from the National Highway 1.
The Nguồn language has been variously described as a dialect of Vietnamese or as the southernmost dialect of Mường. Some researchers who consider it more closely related to Mường find that those who connect it more closely with Vietnamese are more influenced by ethnographic and/or political concerns than linguistic evidence. Chamberlain (2003) and Sidwell (2009) count it as a third Viet–Muong language.
Geographic location
Most Nguồn live in Tuyên Hóa District (alongside the neighboring Sách people, a subgroup of the Chứt people who also speak a Vietic language) and in Minh Hoá District (living with the neighboring Việt peoples).
There are also Nguồn living in Laos, but with conflicting reports as to their exact location. According to Chamberlain (1998), there is a Nguồn village in central Laos known as Ban Pak Phanang in Boualapha District, Khammouane Province.
Genealogical relations
Chéon (1907), Maspéro (1912), and Cuisinier (1948) considered Nguồn to be more closely related to Mường while Mạc (1964), Nguyễn Đ. B. (1975), and Phạm (1975) connected it with Vietnamese.
Later linguistic comparison by Nguyễn V. T. (1975) and Nguyễn Ph. Ph. (1996) suggest a closer link with the Mường dialects, and this is echoed by Barker (1993) (and others).
Jerold A. Edmondson, Kenneth J. Gregerson, and Nguyen Van Loi mention that this language is of "great interest to those studying the history of Vietic languages" due to its distinct historical developments.
Nguyễn V. T. (1975) notes that Nguồn speakers can communicate with Mường speakers with each speaking their own language, but Vietnamese speakers who do not know Mường cannot understand Nguồn.
Although closer to Mường generally (especially concerning sound system similarities), in some aspects Nguồn is more similar to Vietnamese. For example, the negative marker in Vietnamese is the particle không, which is ultimately a loanword from Chinese that became grammaticalized. The native negative marker chẳng, which is attested in earlier stages of Vietnamese, was largely replaced by the Chinese borrowing. Mường, in contrast, has preserved the original chẳng. Nguồn has, like Vietnamese, lost chẳng to không. In this feature of the loss of the native negative marker, Nguồn is like Vietnamese rather than Mường.
Language variation
Nguyễn Ph. Ph. (1996) notes that there are two varieties of Nguồn:
Cổ Liêm
Yên Thọ (or An Thọ)
Cổ Liêm is named after the village of the same name; Yên Thọ is the name of a cooperative in Tân Hoá village.
The Yên Thọ variety is closer to Vietnamese than Cổ Liêm with respect to certain phonological developments.
History
In 1905, Cadière reported that the Nguồn (as well as the Sách people) were to be found in valleys of the Nguồn Năn river in eleven villages. Originally there were two groups of five villages. The northern group was in Cơ Sa canton (along with some Việt villages) and consisted of the following villages:
Qui Đạt
An Đức
Ba Nương
Thanh Long
Tân Kiều
Tân Kiều was later split into two villages resulting in a sixth village in the northern group:
Tân Hợp
The more southerly village group consisted of
Kổ Liêm
Bốk Thọ
Kim Bãng
Tân Lí
An Lạk
Mạc (1964) and Nguyễn Đ. B. (1975) assert that Nguồn is an original Việt group from the area of the Hà Tĩnh and Nghệ An provinces who moved into their present territory by the 17th century. Evidence for this opinion is based on family records. Mạc (1964) also reports that most Nguồn declared themselves to be Việt on the 1960 census.
Nguyễn V. T. (1975) suggests that the Mường could have migrated further south than Nghệ An to as far as Quảng Bình. Although some Việt families may have migrated to this region, they may have done so after Mường groups had already been established in the area. These Việt migrants could, then, have assimilated in language to the Mường. This Mường variety also would have been in contact with Chứt languages, like Sách. Thus, Nguyễn V. T. (1975) suggests that Nguồn is a variety of Mường spoken by Mường (possibly Hà Tĩnh Mường) and assimilated Việt people with influences from Chứt languages.
Notes
Bibliography
Barker, Miriam A. (1993). Bibliography of Mường and other Vietic language groups, with notes. Mon–Khmer Studies, 23, 197–243. (Online version: sealang.net/archives/mks/BARKERMiriam.htm).
Cadière, Léopold. (1902). Coutumes populaires de la vallée du Nguồn Sơn. Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême Orient, 2, 352–386.
Cadière, Léopold. (1905). Les hautes vallées du sông Gianh. Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême Orient, 5, 349–367.
Chamberlain, James R. (2003) Eco-Spatial History: a nomad myth from the Annamites and its Relevance for Biodiversity Conversation. In Landscapes of Diversity: indigenous knowledge, sustainable livelihoods and resource governance in Montane Mainland Southeast Asia., edited by X. Jianchu and S. Mikesell: Kunming Yunnan Science and Technology Press.
Cuisinier, Jeanne. (1948). Les Mường: Géographie humaine et sociologie. Paris: Institut d'Ethnologie.
Mạc, Đường. (1964). Các dân tộc miền núi miền Bẳc Trung Bộ [The minority groups of Northern Central Vietnam]. Hanoi: Nhà x.b. Khoa học Xã hội.
Nguyễn, Dương Bình. (1975). Về thành phần dân tộc của người Nguồn [On the ethnic composition of the Nguon people]. In Viện Dân Tộc Học, Về vấn đề xác định thành phần các dân tộc thiểu số ở miền bắc Việt Nam (pp. 472–491). Hanoi: Nhà x.b. Khoa học Xã hội.
Nguyễn Khắc Tụng (1975). "Góp phần tim hiểu thành phần tộc người của người Nguồn qua những nhận xét về nhà ở của họ". In, Ủy ban khoa học xã hội Việt Nam: Viện dân tộc học. Về vấn đề xác định thánh phần các dân tộc thiểu số ở miền bắc Việt Nam, 492–499. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản khoa học xã hội.
Nguyễn, Phú Phong. (1996). The Nguồn language of Quảng Bình, Vietnam. Mon–Khmer Studies, 26, 179–190. (Online version: sealang.net/archives/mks/NGUYNPhPhong.htm).
Nguyễn, Văn Tài. (1975). Tiếng Nguồn, một phương tiếng Việt hay một phương ngôn của tiếng Mường? Ngôn Ngữ, 4, 8–16. (Translated into English as Nguyễn V. T. 1993).
Nguyễn, Văn Tài. (1993). Nguồn: A dialect of Vietnamese or a dialect of Mường? (Based on local data). M. A. Barker (Transl.). Mon–Khmer Studies, 22, 231–244. (Online version: sealang.net/archives/mks/NGUYNVnTi.htm).
Pham, Đức Đương. (1975). Về mối quan hệ thân thuộc giữa các ngôn ngữ thuộc nhóm Việt-Mường miền Tây tỉnh Quảng Bình [On the close relationship between the languages in the Viet–Muong group in western Quảng Bình Province]. In Viện Dân Tộc Học, Về vấn đề xác định thành phần các dân tộc thiểu số ở miền bắc Việt Nam (pp. 500–517). Hanoi: Nhà x.b. Khoa học Xã hội.
Sidwell, Paul. (2009) Classifying the Austroasiatic languages: history and state of the art. Lincom Europa.
Viện Dân Tộc Học [Ethnology Institute]. (1975). Về vấn đề xác định thành phần các dân tộc thiểu số ở miền bắc Việt Nam [On the problem of defining the social position of the minority groups in northern Vietnam]. Hanoi: Nhà x.b. Khoa học Xã hội.
External links
Fieldwork on folk music of Nguồn minority in Minh Hóa district of Quảng Bình province
Lesser Known Languages of Northern Vietnam map (Nguồn is #17)
Nguon people group of Laos
Vietic languages
Languages of Vietnam
Languages of Laos
Quảng Bình province |
15828624 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerogram | Sumerogram | A Sumerogram is the use of a Sumerian cuneiform character or group of characters as an ideogram or logogram rather than a syllabogram in the graphic representation of a language other than Sumerian, such as Akkadian, Eblaite, or Hittite. This type of logogram characterized, to a greater or lesser extent, every adaptation of the original Mesopotamian cuneiform system to a language other than Sumerian. The frequency and intensity of their use varied depending on period, style, and genre. In the same way, a written Akkadian word that is used ideographically to represent a language other than Akkadian (such as Hittite) is known as an Akkadogram.
In the transliteration of ancient texts Sumerograms are normally represented by majuscule letters. Most signs have a number of possible Sumerian sound values. The scribes and readers of texts using these Sumerograms would not necessarily have been aware of the Sumerian language, with the Sumerograms functioning as ideograms or logogram to be substituted in pronunciation by the intended word in the text's language, such as Akkadian.
Transliteration and examples
In modern Assyriological convention, a cuneiform sign used in this way is transliterated according to its Sumerian pronunciation in non-italic majuscule letters with dots separating the signs. Determinatives appear only as superscripts. For example, the Babylonian name Marduk is written in Sumerograms, as . Hittite Kurunta is usually written as (), where is the Sumerogram for 'stag', the Luwian deity Kurunta being associated with this animal.
In the Amarna letters, Lady of the Lions is the name of a Babylonian Queen mother, spelled as . While the meaning 'lady () of the lions' () is evident, the intended pronunciation is Assyrian and must be conjectured from external evidence.
See also
Aramaeograms in Pahlavi scripts
Heterograms
Hittite cuneiform
Sinograms in East Asian writing systems, including Hanja, Kanji, and Chữ Hán
References
Citations
Bibliography
Sumerian words and phrases |
15828654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%20Never%20Know%20%28musical%29 | You Never Know (musical) | You Never Know is a musical with a book by Rowland Leigh, adapted from the original European play By Candlelight, by and Karl Farkas, with music by Cole Porter and , lyrics by Cole Porter, additional lyrics by Leigh and Edwin Gilbert, directed by Leigh, and songs by others.
The show was written not long after the riding accident that left Porter semi-crippled.
Background
The show was first produced in Europe with a small cast, but the Shubert Brothers (who produced it for Broadway), did not want to produce it with no chorus or large stage numbers. They hired Porter and other composers to write extra material, and when it premiered on Broadway in 1938 it was no longer a chamber musical, but a typical 1930s "big musical".
Synopsis
Maria, maid to Mme. Baltin, impersonates her mistress while carrying out an assignation with the Baron de Romer's valet, Gaston, whom she believes to be the Baron himself. The Baron discovers the pair, but, being a good sport, he assumes the role of his servant in order to assist Gaston in his romantic pursuit. When Mme. Baltin discovers her maid's deceit, she is less of a good sport and exposes the masquerade. All ends happily, though, as the foursome sup by candlelight. Other characters include the Baron's gregarious friend Ida Courtney and Mme. Baltin's cheating husband, Henri, the dry goods king of France.
Songs
Act I
Overture
I Am Gaston
Au Revoir, Cher Baron
By Candlelight (lyrics by Rowland Leigh; music by Robert Katscher)
Maria
You Never Know
Ladies’ Room (lyrics by Edwin Gilbert and Alexander Fogarty)
What Is That Tune?
For No Rhyme or Reason
From Alpha to Omega
Don't Let It Get You Down
What Shall I Do (lyrics by Rowland Leigh)
Act II
Entr'acte
Let's Put It to Music (lyrics by Edwin Gilbert and Alexander Fogarty)
At Long Last Love
Take Yourself a Trip (lyrics by Edwin Gilbert and Alexander Fogarty)
Yes, Yes, Yes
Gendarme (lyrics by Rowland Leigh and Robert Katscher)
No (You Can't Have My Heart) (music and lyrics by Dana Suesse)
Good Evening, Princess
Cut Songs
I'll Black His Eyes
I'm Yours
What a Priceless Pleasure
Just One Step Ahead of Love
Ha, ha, ha
The Cafe Society Set
I'm Back in Circulation
I'm Going in for Love
It's No Laughing Matter
1991 Pasadena Song List
Act I
Overture
By Candlelight – Baron
You Never Know – Baron
Let's Not Talk About Love – Gaston
By Candlelight (reprise) – Gaston, Baron
By Candlelight (reprise) – Baron
Maria – Gaston
I'm Going In For Love – Maria
I'm Back In Circulation – Ida
From Alpha To Omega – Gaston, Maria
By Candlelight (reprise) – Gaston
Act II
Entr'acte
What Shall I Do? – Maria, Gaston, Baron
Let's Misbehave – Gaston, Maria
I Happen To Be In Love – Gaston, Baron
From Alpha To Omega (reprise) – Maria Baron
Act III
Entr'acte
You Never Know – Mme. Baltin
What Is That Tune? – Baron, Mme. Baltin
At Long Last Love – Baron
Ridin' High – Gaston, Maria
By Candlelight (reprise) – Baron
Finale: You Never Know/ At Long Last Love – Company
Original Broadway cast
Produced by John Shubert, the Broadway production, opened on September 21, 1938 at the Winter Garden Theatre, where it ran for 78 performances, after tryouts in New Haven, Boston, Washington, Philadelphia, Chicago, and Indianapolis, among others. The cast featured Clifton Webb, Lupe Vélez, Libby Holman, Toby Wing (later replaced by June Havoc), and Rex O'Malley.
Later productions
It was staged Off-Broadway at the Eastside Playhouse from March 12 to March 18, 1973, lasting only 8 performances. The show was directed and production design by Robert Troie and musically directed by Walter Geismar. The show starred Esteban Chalbaud, Lynn Fitzpatrick, Dan Held, Rod Loomis, Grace Theveny, and Jamie Thomas. The number Greek To You, They All Fall In Love, and You've Got That Thing was added.
In 1975, there was a regional production of the show put on in Ogunquit, Maine at the Ogunquit Playhouse from August 4 to August 9. The show starred Bob Wright, Kitty Carlisle, Joe Masiell, and Bernice Massi. This production added Porter numbers from other works, including the songs After You, Who? (Gay Divorce), Greek To You (Greek To You), It Must Be Fun To Be You (cut from Mexican Hayride), Waltz Down The Aisle (Ever Yours), What A Fair Thing Is A Woman (cut from Can Can), What Does Your Servant Dream About? (cut from Kiss Me, Kate), and Who Knows? (Rosalie).
May 26, 1991 was the opening night of You Never Know at the Pasadena Playhouse in Pasadena, California. The show was directed by Paul Lazarus, musical director John McDaniel, set design James Leonard Joy, lighting design Martin Aronstein, costume design Reve Richards, sound design Jack Allaway, choreography by Thommie Walsh, and musical supervision, arrangements, and orchestrations Steve Orich. The show starred David Garrison (Gaston), Harry Groener (Baron), Kurt Knudson (Herr Baltin), Donna McKechnie (Baltin), Megan Mullally (Maria), and Angela Teek (Ida).
The Paper Mill Playhouse staged an Off-Broadway revival in 1996. The show was directed by Charles Repole, with set design by Michael Anania, costumes by Gregg Barnes, lighting by Tom Sturge, sound by David R. Paterson, music direction by John Mulcahy, and choreography by Michael Lichtefeld. The show starred Stephanie Douglas (Maria), Nancy Hess (Baltin), Tom Ligon (Herr Baltin), Michael O'Steen (Gaston), John Scherer (Baron), and KT Sullivan (Ida).
The show had a limited run from April 14–24, 2009 at the McGinn/Cazale Theatre. It was directed by Thomas Sabella-Mills, lighting design Yingzhi Zhang, musical direction by James Stenborg. The show starred James Zanelli (Baron), Kevin Kraft (Gaston), Kate Marilley (Baltin), Jennifer Evans (Maria), Christy Morton (Ida), Bill Coyne (Waiter), and Todd Faulkner (Herr Baltin).
Critical response
Critical reception was generally poor for the original production, and the show closed after 78 performances and after a salary cut for the cast. Variety had noted, "a limited stay is indicated," and The New Yorker wrote, "it is sad to see so many handsome and talented people wandering helplessly around a stage." In the Times, Brooks Atkinson wrote that Clifton Webb "has a whole bookcase stacked against him...handfuls of bad jokes [and] innuendoes with the delicacy of an elephant stampede."
Sylvie Drake of the Los Angeles Times said of the 1991 production, " What we do know is that (Paul) Lazarus has created a pleasant surprise: a chamber musical that's something of a mix of Porter, Moliere and Georges Feydeau, based on an urbane drawing-room farce with a French-Viennese flavor...It is classy, intimate, happy, with terrific music and a cast of six."
Alvin Klein of the New York Times said of the 1996 Papermill show, "Theatre buffs get a kick out of making wish lists of lost musicals, ripe for revival. But not You Never Know. To see the show...is to know why a justly disregarded Cole Porter fiasco of 1938 is unlikely to survive the enlightened scrutiny – even the escapist fantasies – of modern sensibilities."
Howard Kissel of the Daily News said of the 1996 production, "The sets and costumes are gorgeous, and the tap-dancing is extremely jolly. Whatever its shortcomings, "You Never Know" gives you a wonderful sense of discovery."
Robert L. Daniels of Variety said of the 1996 production, "It is frightfully simple as staged and acted, completely lacking in wit and barren of comic inspiration, a chamber musical built on straw. What does survive , however, are the songs by Cole Porter, although the composer often publicly stated his own intense dislike of the musical, telling his biographer it was the worst show he was ever associated with...Director Charles Repole, a past master at period excavations, moves the action swiftly from song to song, but fails to harness the fun. Gregg Barnes' costumes are nothing short of divine, and Anania's set makes it all so very luscious. " He did praise KT Sullivan though, calling her "Manhattan's bright-eyed cabaret star" and goes on to say she was "Jilted by a rich beau, Sullivan whips a lethal fur boa , smashes champagne flutes and precious vases to announce that she is "Back in Circulation." It's a first act highlight, spiced by her golden pizzazz and kewpie-doll charm."
During the short season Libby Holman had a strong rivalry with the tempestuous Mexican actress Lupe Vélez. Vélez hit Holman in the face once. On another occasion, Velez urinated outside the dressing room of Holman. When Holman left the dressing room, she slipped and fell. Both women staged other scandalous events in the theater.
References
External links
1938 musicals
Broadway musicals
Musicals based on plays
Musicals by Cole Porter |
15828657 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%20Saints%20Church%2C%20Loughton | All Saints Church, Loughton | All Saints' Church is an ecumenical church located in Loughton, Milton Keynes, England.
Architecture and history
A church of Great Loughton was recorded as early as 1219, The present building dates from the early years of the 13th century. There were originally two buildings in two separate parishes – Little and Greater Loughton.
The chancel and nave probably date from the first years of the 13th century, though all the original details have been removed during subsequent alterations. The east window of the chancel, the blocked north doorway of the nave, and the lower part of the window immediately to the west of the latter are probably insertions of about 1250, altered later; but these are the earliest details which now remain. During the latter part of the 15th century the south chapel and aisle, the porch and the tower were added and the nave was reroofed. The fabric was restored about 1700 and again in 1851, while in 1886 the seating was renewed.
The chancel is lit only by its east window, which is of two pointed lights with a round reararch and probably dates from the 13th century, though its head was altered at a much later period. Near the west end of the north wall is a low-side window of one square-headed light, now blocked, and on the south, opening to the chapel, is a pointed arch supported by semi-octagonal responds with moulded capitals and bases. This arch is pierced in the north wall of the chapel, which, in order that it might directly abut the nave arcade, was built against but independently of the chancel wall, the western part of the latter being then entirely removed.
At the north-east of the nave is a late 15th-century three-light window with a four-centred head and modern tracery, and further west are the doorway and window mentioned above, the former being completely blocked. The window, which is a tall single light, appears to have been considerably heightened about 1700. Opposite to this on the south is another tall single-light window which has been similarly treated, but was originally of two lights and probably dates from a century later. The south doorway has a two-centred drop arch, and is of about 1400. Opening to the aisle at the south-east is a late 15th-century arcade of two pointed arches with an octagonal pillar and responds of the same details as the arch on the south side of the chancel. The pointed tower arch on the west, which is pierced through a wall of considerable thickness, is of four moulded orders supported by responds composed of three flat segmental shafts divided by fillets, these shafts having coarsely moulded capitals and plain bases. The chancel has a segmental plastered ceiling, and the nave a low-pitched open-timber roof of the late 15th century.
The south chapel and aisle form one rectangular building, which is lighted from the south by three windows of the late 15th century, each of four cinquefoiled lights with tracery in a four-centred head, and from the east by a three-light window of the same character. Between the easternmost windows of the south wall is a small plain doorway. On the east wall are two brackets with carved heads. The moulded lean-to roof is also of the late 15th century and has carved bosses, one of which bears the arms of Boteler. The porch is of slightly earlier date than the aisle and originally had a gable over the entrance, the outline of which is still visible. It is lighted by a plain square-headed window in the west wall, and has an entrance on the south with a depressed arch in a square head. The walls of the chapel, aisle and porch are crowned by a continuous embattled parapet.
The tower is of three stages surmounted by an embattled parapet. Although the walls are 5 ft. 5 in. thick, and are supported by heavy diagonal buttresses, the structure must have shown signs of weakness soon after its erection, for a strong buttress was placed against the middle of the west wall. This buttress passes through the thickness of the wall, and rises to support the head of the west window, partially blocking it and completely blocking the doorway below. The doorway has a four-centred arch in a square head with traceried spandrels, and its outer mouldings are continuous with those of the window above, so that they form one composition. Two cinquefoiled lights of the window, which originally had a traceried head, are preserved, one on either side of the buttress. The second stage is lighted from the south by a small window with two quatrefoils arranged vertically, and the bell-chamber has on each side a restored window of two trefoiled lights under a pointed head.
The plain octagonal font probably dates from about 1700. On the chancel floor there is a half-length brass of a priest in mass vestments, with the inscription . Hugh Park died in 1514. On the north wall of the chancel are monuments with arms to Mary (Tresham) wife of John Crane of Loughton (d. 1624), and to Felice [(Phyllis) Moorton], wife first of William Mortoft of Itteringham, and secondly of John Crane of London (d. 1622). On the south wall is a monument to Robert Crane, D.C.L., Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge (d. 1672), and his father John Crane of Loughton (d. 1660). On the chancel floor are slabs to all of the above, that to Felice Crane having a brass inscription.
In the tower is a large iron-bound poor-box dating probably from the late 16th century, with two holes for money, and in the south chapel are two grotesquely carved wood panels, while some fragments of old glass, mounted in a frame, are placed on the north wall of the nave. At the east end of the chancel is a painting by Gonzales of Christ and the two disciples at the supper at Emmaus. This picture was given to the church by the Rev. John Athawes on his induction to the living in 1833.
The tower contains a ring of six bells: the treble and second are modern; the third is by Robert Atton, 1631; the fourth, inscribed, , and the fifth, , are both by Henry Jordan, about 1460; and the tenor is by Bartholomew Atton, 1590.
Trivia
In 1378, the curate/parson, William Capel de Sapcote of Little Loughton was found dead on the highway. An inquest found that the priest of Great Loughton, John Gervyes, had killed him with an arrow worth 1d. The value of the bow and arrow was 14d, and 'Great Loughton' was fined by that amount. In 1408, Little and Great Loughton were merged to form the present parish.
The church today
The church recently refurbished the flooring and seating allowing the main part of the church to be used for a wider variety of activities. In addition to the church itself there is also an adjoining church room used by the children's Sunday club during services and for the serving of refreshments after services. The church and the adjoining church room are also available for hire by local groups and businesses.
For all up to date information regarding All Saints' and the Watling Valley please visit the website
Services: 8.00am and 10am most Sundays as well as additional services for principal Christian festivals
Bell-ringing practice: Monday evenings
Fetes & Fairs: Fund raising and social events take place at various times during the year
Other events: Musical and choral evenings during the year
The church now forms part of the Watling Valley Ecumenical Partnership.
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20100505141700/http://met.open.ac.uk/genuki/big/eng/BKM/Loughton/rectors.html
Web page for All Saints' Church
'Parishes : Loughton' Victoria History of the Counties of England, A History of the County of Buckingham: Volume 4 (1927), pp. 395–401.
Churches in Milton Keynes
Grade II* listed churches in Buckinghamshire
Loughton |